system
Context: Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region. 

A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. 

The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948, incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region. 

Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming. Global warming results in redistributions. For example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. Therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones".
human
Were direct observations of the climate around before the 19th century?
gpt
No.
human
What is paleocimatology?
gpt
The study of ancient climates.
human
What are those climates called?
gpt
Paleoclimates.
human
What kind of variables are used to study them?
gpt
Proxy variables.
human
What are two categories that the evidence falls under?
gpt
Non-biotic and biotic.
human
Which one are sediments?
gpt
Non-biotic.
human
Where do scientists gather those?
gpt
In lake beds.
human
Anywhere else?
gpt
Ice cores,
human
Do you know of any biotic evidence?
gpt
Yes.
human
What?
gpt
Tree rings.
human
Anything else?
gpt
Coral.
human
What is climate?
gpt
Statistics of weather over long periods of time.
human
Is it the same as weather?
gpt
No.
human
What is the difference?
gpt
Weather only describes the short-term conditions.
human
What kind of patterns are examined to measure climate?
gpt
Variation in temperature.
human
anything else?
gpt
humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation.
human
Are they studied regionally or for the whole world?
gpt
Regionally.
human
What creates a region's climate?
gpt
The climate system.
human
How many parts does it have?
gpt
Five.
human
Is one of them the atmosphere?
gpt
Yes.