A. Quantification of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) showing the effect of lactate treatment on the respiration (induced) in various cells including HBVP, mBP, HASMC, BMEC and 3T3L1. The media was changed into glucose-, pyruvate- and glutamine-free media before OCR measurement and lactate (2mM) was added the media to measure induced OCR. (n=10 from independent experiments. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM) from unpaired Student's t test.) 