(E) Inhibition of autophagy generates Δψm heterogeneity. INS1 cells were treated with 3‐MA (2 mM for 5 days) and then stained with TMRE and mitotracker green. Ratio image of red/green represents Δψm and is shown in pseudocolor where depolarized mitochondria appear blue. Note the increase in subcellular Δψm heterogeneity and the appearance of depolarized units with low TMRE (see also Supplementary Figure S4A-C). Scale bar, 5 μm. 