Linear decomposition of the TI feedrate (f) from data in Figure 2A separated the division (Ψ /Yx/s) and maintenance terms (ms): $$f = \frac{1}{Y_{\frac{X}{S}}}\psi + m_{s}$$ For the division term, the division rate (Ψ, units of 1/h • [number of new and existing cells]/[number of existing cells]) was calculated to be the slope after the lag ends (inset). For each pulsing system, the calculated yield (Yx/s, units of g DCW/mmol glucose • [number of new and existing cells]/[number of existing cells]) was constant and the extrapolated maintenance term (ms) was not significantly detected (ms = -0.1 ± 0.1 mmol/g/h for spin flask system and ms = 0.006 ± 0.1 mmol/g/h for the plate reader setup) 