The plug-in petrol hybrid For full-hybrid powertrains and in particular plug-in hybrid petrolelectric powertrains, the main focuses are: pp increasing range in ZEV (zero-emission vehicle) mode by using technologies that make it possible to improve the power-tobattery volume ratio, optimising electric engines and reducing agents that transfer the power of the electric engine to the wheel; pp reducing COpowertrain (adapting the technologies to full-hybrid powertrains and developing internal combustion engines that can operate in full-hybrid powertrains); pp increasing temperature comfort in the passenger compartment (air conditioning and heat) with new technologies such as heat pumps.