The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with 
near universal participation, has led to policy development and 
target-setting at national and sub-national levels, particularly in 
relation to mitigation but also for adaptation, as well as enhanced 
transparency of climate action and support (medium confidence). 
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), required under 
the Paris Agreement, have required countries to articulate their 
priorities and ambition with respect to climate action. {WGII 17.4, 
WGII TS D.1.1; WGIII SPM B.5.1, WGIII SPM E.6}
Loss & Damage82 was formally recognized in 2013 through establishment 
of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage (WIM), 
and in 2015, Article 8 of the Paris Agreement provided a legal basis 
for the WIM. There is improved understanding of both economic and 
non-economic losses and damages, which is informing international 
climate policy and which has highlighted that losses and damages are 
not comprehensively addressed by current ﬁnancial, governance and 
institutional arrangements, particularly in vulnerable developing countries 
(high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.3.5, WGII Cross-Chapter Box LOSS}
Other recent global agreements that inﬂuence responses to climate 
change include the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 
(2015-2030), the ﬁnance-oriented Addis Ababa Action Agenda (2015) 
and the New Urban Agenda (2016), and the Kigali Amendment to 
the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 
(2016), among others. In addition, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable 
Development, adopted in 2015 by UN member states, sets out 17 
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and seeks to align efforts 
globally to prioritise ending extreme poverty, protect the planet and 
promote more peaceful, prosperous and inclusive societies. If achieved, 
these agreements would reduce climate change, and the impacts on 
health, well-being, migration, and conﬂict, among others (very high 
conﬁdence).