Adaptation responses are immediately needed to reduce rising climate risks, especially for the most vulnerable. 
Equity, inclusion and just transitions are key to progress on adaptation and deeper societal ambitions for 
accelerated mitigation. (high conﬁdence)
Adaptation and mitigation actions, across scales, sectors and 
regions, that prioritise equity, climate justice, rights-based 
approaches, social justice and inclusivity, lead to more 
sustainable outcomes, reduce trade-offs, support transformative 
change and advance climate resilient development (high 
conﬁdence). Redistributive policies across sectors and regions that 
shield the poor and vulnerable, social safety nets, equity, inclusion 
and just transitions, at all scales can enable deeper societal ambitions 
and resolve trade-offs with sustainable development goals.(SDGs), 
particularly education, hunger, poverty, gender and energy access (high 
conﬁdence). Mitigation efforts embedded within the wider development 
context can increase the pace, depth and breadth of emission reductions 
(medium conﬁdence). Equity, inclusion and just transitions at all 
scales enable deeper societal ambitions for accelerated mitigation, 
and climate action more broadly (high conﬁdence). The complexity in 
risk of rising food prices, reduced household incomes, and health and 
climate-related malnutrition (particularly maternal malnutrition and 
child undernutrition) and mortality increases with little or low levels 
of adaptation (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM B.5.1, WGII SPM C.2.9, 
WGII SPM D.2.1, WGII TS Box TS.4; WGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM D.3.3, 
WGIII SPM WGIII SPM E.3, SR1.5 SPM D.4.5} (Figure 4.3c)
Regions and people with considerable development constraints 
have high vulnerability to climatic hazards. Adaptation 
outcomes for the most vulnerable within and across countries 
and regions are enhanced through approaches focusing on 
equity, inclusivity, and rights-based approaches, including 3.3 to 
3.6 billion people living in contexts that are highly vulnerable 
to climate change (high conﬁdence).