Such actions with ﬂexible 
pathways may encourage low-regret and timely actions (very high 
conﬁdence). Integrating climate adaptation into social protection 
programmes, including cash transfers and public works programmes, 
would increase resilience to climate change, especially when supported 
by basic services and infrastructure (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.2.3, 
WGII SPM C.4.3, WGII SPM C.4.4, WGII SPM C.2.9, WGII WPM D.3}
Equity, inclusion, just transitions, broad and meaningful 
participation of all relevant actors in decision making at 
all scales enable deeper societal ambitions for accelerated 
mitigation, and climate action more broadly, and build social 
trust, support transformative changes and an equitable sharing 
of beneﬁts and burdens (high conﬁdence). Equity remains a 
central element in the UN climate regime, notwithstanding shifts 
in differentiation between states over time and challenges in 
assessing fair shares. Ambitious mitigation pathways imply large and 
sometimes disruptive changes in economic structure, with signiﬁcant 
distributional consequences, within and between countries, including 
shifting of income and employment during the transition from high to 
low emissions activities (high conﬁdence). While some jobs may be lost, 
low-emissions development can also open up opportunities to enhance 
skills and create jobs (high conﬁdence). Broadening equitable access 
to ﬁnance, technologies and governance that facilitate mitigation, and 
consideration of climate justice can help equitable sharing of beneﬁts 
4.4 Equity and Inclusion in Climate Change Action