This report 
has a particular focus on the following system transitions: energy; industry; cities, settlements and infrastructure; land, ocean, food and water; health and nutrition; and society, 
livelihood and economies. {WGII SPM A, WGII Figure SPM.1, WGII Figure SPM.4; SR1.5 SPM C.2}
152 See Annex I: Glossary.
global GHG emissions by at least half the 2019 level by 2030 (options 
costing less than USD 20 tCO2-eq–1 are estimated to make up more 
than half of this potential) (high conﬁdence) (Figure 4.4). The 
availability, feasibility152 and potential of mitigation or effectiveness 
of adaptation options in the near term differ across systems and 
regions (very high confidence). {WGII SPM C.2; WGIII SPM C.12, 
WGIII SPM E.1.1; SR1.5 SPM B.6} 
Demand-side measures and new ways of end-use service 
provision can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors by 
40 to 70% by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios, while some 
regions and socioeconomic groups require additional energy 
and resources. Demand-side mitigation encompasses changes in 
infrastructure use, end-use technology adoption, and socio-cultural and 
behavioural change. (high conﬁdence) (Figure 4.4). {WGIII SPM C.10}
4.5 Near-Term Mitigation and Adaptation Actions
Rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary to achieve deep and sustained 
emissions reductions and secure a liveable and sustainable future for all. These system transitions involve a 
signiﬁcant upscaling of a wide portfolio of mitigation and adaptation options. Feasible, effective and low-cost 
options for mitigation and adaptation are already available, with differences across systems and regions. (high 
conﬁdence)