Enhancing natural water retention 
such as by restoring wetlands and rivers, land use planning such as no 
build zones or upstream forest management, can further reduce ﬂood risk 
(medium conﬁdence). For inland ﬂooding, combinations of non-structural 
measures like early warning systems and structural measures like levees 
have reduced loss of lives (medium confidence), but hard defences 
against flooding or sea level rise can also be maladaptive 
(high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.4.1, WGII SPM C.4.2, 
WGII SPM C.2.5}
Protection and restoration of coastal ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems 
(e.g., mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows) could 
reduce emissions and/or increase carbon uptake and storage (medium 
conﬁdence). Coastal wetlands protect against coastal erosion 
and ﬂooding (very high conﬁdence). Strengthening precautionary 
approaches, such as rebuilding overexploited or depleted ﬁsheries, and 
responsiveness of existing ﬁsheries management strategies reduces 
negative climate change impacts on ﬁsheries, with beneﬁts for regional 
economies and livelihoods (medium conﬁdence). Ecosystem-based 
management in fisheries and aquaculture supports food security, 
biodiversity, human health and well-being (high confidence). 
{WGII SPM C.2.2, WGII SPM C.2; SROCC SPM C2.3, SROCC SPM C.2.4} 
4.5.5. Health and Nutrition
Human health will beneﬁt from integrated mitigation and 
adaptation options that mainstream health into food, 
infrastructure, social protection, and water policies (very high 
conﬁdence). Balanced and sustainable healthy diets156 and reduced 
food loss and waste present important opportunities for adaptation 
and mitigation while generating signiﬁcant co-beneﬁts in terms 
of biodiversity and human health (high conﬁdence).