There are potential synergies between sustainable development and, 
for instance, energy efﬁciency and renewable energy. (high conﬁdence) 
{WGIII SPM C.4.2, WGIII SPM D.1.3}
For agriculture, land, and food systems, many land management 
options and demand-side response options (e.g., dietary choices, 
reduced post-harvest losses, reduced food waste) can contribute to 
eradicating poverty and eliminating hunger while promoting good health 
and well-being, clean water and sanitation, and life on land (medium 
confidence). In contrast, certain adaptation options that promote 
intensification of production, such as irrigation, may have negative 
effects on sustainability (e.g., for biodiversity, ecosystem services, 
groundwater depletion, and water quality) (high confidence). {WGII 
TS.D.5.5; WGIII SPM D.10; SRCCL SPM B.2.3}
Reforestation, improved forest management, soil carbon sequestration, 
peatland restoration and coastal blue carbon management are 
examples of CDR methods that can enhance biodiversity and ecosystem 
functions, employment and local livelihoods, depending on context139. 
However, afforestation or production of biomass crops for bioenergy 
with carbon dioxide capture and storage or biochar can have adverse 
socio-economic and environmental impacts, including on biodiversity, 
food and water security, local livelihoods and the rights of Indigenous 
Peoples, especially if implemented at large scales and where land 
tenure is insecure. (high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM B.5.4, WGII SPM C.2.4; 
WGIII SPM C.11.2; SR1.5 SPM C.3.4, SR1.5 SPM C.3.5; SRCCL SPM B.3, 
SRCCL SPM B.7.3, SRCCL Figure SPM.3}
139 The impacts, risks, and co-beneﬁts of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-speciﬁc context, 
implementation and scale (high conﬁdence).