Increases in hot and decreases in 
cold climatic impact-drivers, such as temperature extremes, are 
projected in all regions (high conﬁdence). At 1.5°C global warming, 
heavy precipitation and ﬂooding events are projected to intensify 
and become more frequent in most regions in Africa, Asia (high 
conﬁdence), North America (medium to high conﬁdence) and Europe 
(medium conﬁdence). At 2°C or above, these changes expand to more 
regions and/or become more signiﬁcant (high conﬁdence), and more 
frequent and/or severe agricultural and ecological droughts are projected 
in Europe, Africa, Australasia and North, Central and South America 
(medium to high conﬁdence). Other projected regional changes include 
117 Particularly over South and South East Asia, East Asia and West Africa apart from the far west Sahel. {WGI SPM B.3.3}
118 See Annex I: Glossary.
119 See Annex I: Glossary.
intensification of tropical cyclones and/or extratropical storms 
(medium conﬁdence), and increases in aridity and ﬁre weather119 
(medium to high conﬁdence). Compound heatwaves and droughts 
become likely more frequent, including concurrently at multiple 
locations (high conﬁdence). {WGI SPM C.2, WGI SPM C.2.1, WGI SPM C.2.2, 
WGI SPM C.2.3, WGI SPM C.2.4, WGI SPM C.2.7}