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Section 3
Section 1
Section 3
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Europe -Risks to people, economies and infrastructures due to coastal and inland ﬂooding
-Stress and mortality to people due to increasing temperatures and heat extremes
-Marine and terrestrial ecosystems disruptions
-Water scarcity to multiple interconnected sectors
-Losses in crop production, due to compound heat and dry conditions, and extreme 
weather
Small
Islands
-Loss of terrestrial, marine and coastal biodiversity and ecosystem services
-Loss of lives and assets, risk to food security and economic disruption due to 
destruction of settlements and infrastructure
-Economic decline and livelihood failure of ﬁsheries, agriculture, tourism and from 
biodiversity loss from traditional agroecosystems 
-Reduced habitability of reef and non-reef islands leading to increased displacement
-Risk to water security in almost every small island 
Africa -Species extinction and reduction or irreversible loss of ecosystems and their services, 
including freshwater, land and ocean ecosystems
-Risk to food security, risk of malnutrition (micronutrient deﬁciency), and loss of 
livelihood due to reduced food production from crops, livestock and ﬁsheries
-Risks to marine ecosystem health and to livelihoods in coastal communities
-Increased human mortality and morbidity due to increased heat and infectious diseases 
(including vector-borne and diarrhoeal diseases)
-Reduced economic output and growth,