WASH, nutrition and diets)
Green infrastructure and
ecosystem services
Sustainable land use and urban planning
Sustainable urban water management
Climate services, including
Early Warning Systems
Livelihood diversiﬁcation
Disaster risk management
Social safety nets
Risk spreading and sharing
Planned relocation and resettlement
Human migration
Agroforestry
Sustainable aquaculture and ﬁsheries
Efﬁcient livestock systems
Biodiversity management and
ecosystem connectivity
Integrated coastal zone management
Water use efﬁciency and water
resource management
Improved cropland management
Coastal defence and hardening
Forest-based adaptation
Resilient power systems
Energy reliability (e.g.
diversiﬁcation, access, stability)
Improve water use efﬁciency
Potential
feasibility
up to 1.5°C
ENERGY SUPPLY
LAND, WATER, FOOD
HEALTH
SETTLEMENTS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
SOCIETY, LIVELIHOOD
AND ECONOMY
INDUSTRY AND WASTE
20
10
0
20
10
0
Electricity
Land transport
Buildings
Industry
Food
67% 
66% 
29% 
44% 
73% reduction (before 
additional electriﬁcation) 
Additional electriﬁcation (+60%)
GtCO2-eq/yr 
GtCO2/yr 
Key
Total emissions (2050)
Percentage of possible reduction 
Demand-side mitigation potential
Potential range
% 
Efﬁcient lighting, appliances
and equipment
Efﬁcient shipping and aviation
Avoid demand for energy services
Efﬁcient buildings
Electric vehicles
Public transport and bicycling
Biofuels for transport
Onsite renewables
Fuel efﬁcient vehicles
Shift to sustainable healthy diets
options costing 100 USD tCO2-eq-1 or 
less could reduce global emissions by 
at least half of the 2019 level by 2030
b) Potential of demand-side 
mitigation options by 2050
the range of GHG emissions 
reduction potential is 40-70% 
in these end-use sectors