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Section 4
Section 1
Section 4
in WGIII Figure SPM.8 under Urban systems, under Buildings and under Transport and adaptation options listed in WGII Figure SPM.4b under Urban and infrastructure systems. Land 
system comprises mitigation options listed in WGIII Figure SPM.8 under AFOLU and adaptation options listed in WGII Figure SPM.4b under Land and ocean systems: forest-based 
adaptation, agroforestry, biodiversity management and ecosystem connectivity, improved cropland management, efﬁcient livestock management, water use efﬁciency and water 
resource management. Ocean ecosystems comprises adaptation options listed in WGII Figure SPM.4b under Land and ocean systems: coastal defence and hardening, integrated 
coastal zone management and sustainable aquaculture and ﬁsheries. Society, livelihood and economies comprises adaptation options listed in WGII Figure SPM.4b under Cross-
sectoral; Industry comprises all those mitigation options listed in WGIII Figure SPM.8 under Industry. SDG 13 (Climate Action) is not listed because mitigation/ adaptation is being 
considered in terms of interaction with SDGs and not vice versa (SPM SR1.5 Figure SPM.4 caption). The bars denote the strength of the connection and do not consider the strength 
of the impact on the SDGs. The synergies and trade-offs differ depending on the context and the scale of implementation. Scale of implementation particularly matters when there is 
competition for scarce resources. For the sake of uniformity, we are not reporting the conﬁdence levels because there is knowledge gap in adaptation option wise relation with SDGs 
and their conﬁdence level which is evident from WGII ﬁg SPM.4b. {WGII Figure SPM.4b; WGIII Figure SPM.8}
Effective climate governance enables mitigation and adaptation 
by providing overall direction based on national circumstances, 
setting targets and priorities, mainstreaming climate action across 
policy domains and levels, based on national circumstances and 
in the context of international cooperation.