Right - Risks associated with food security due to climate change and patterns of socio-economic development. Risks to food security include availability and 
access to food, including population at risk of hunger, food price increases and increases in disability adjusted life years attributable to childhood underweight. Risks are assessed 
for two contrasted socio-economic pathways (SSP1 and SSP3) excluding the effects of targeted mitigation and adaptation policies. Panel (e): Examples of regional key risks. Risks 
identiﬁed are of at least medium conﬁdence level. Key risks are identiﬁed based on the magnitude of adverse consequences (pervasiveness of the consequences, degree of change, 
irreversibility of consequences, potential for impact thresholds or tipping points, potential for cascading effects beyond system boundaries); likelihood of adverse consequences; 
temporal characteristics of the risk; and ability to respond to the risk, e.g., by adaptation. {WGI Figure SPM.8; WGII SPM B.3.3, WGII Figure SPM.3, WGII SM 16.6, WGII SM 16.7.4; 
SROCC Figure SPM.3d, SROCC SPM.5a, SROCC 4SM; SRCCL Figure SPM.2, SRCCL 7.3.1, SRCCL 7 SM} (Cross-Section Box.2)
3.1.3 The Likelihood and Risks of Abrupt and Irreversible 
Change
The likelihood of abrupt and irreversible changes and their impacts 
increase with higher global warming levels (high conﬁdence). 
As warming levels increase, so do the risks of species extinction or 
irreversible loss of biodiversity in ecosystems such as forests (medium 
conﬁdence), coral reefs (very high conﬁdence) and in Arctic regions 
(high conﬁdence). Risks associated with large-scale singular events 
or tipping points, such as ice sheet instability or ecosystem loss from 
tropical forests, transition to high risk between 1.5°C to 2.5°C (medium 
conﬁdence) and to very high risk between 2.5°C to  4°C (low conﬁdence).