The aggregate effects of climate change 
mitigation on global GDP (excluding damages from climate change and 
adaptation costs) are small compared to global projected GDP growth. 
Projected estimates of global aggregate net economic damages and 
the costs of adaptation generally increase with global warming level. 
(high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM B.4.6, WGII TS.C.10; WGIII SPM C.12.2, 
WGIII SPM C.12.3} 
Cost-beneﬁt analysis remains limited in its ability to represent all 
damages from climate change, including non-monetary damages, 
or to capture the heterogeneous nature of damages and the risk of 
catastrophic damages (high conﬁdence). Even without accounting for 
these factors or for the co-beneﬁts of mitigation, the global beneﬁts 
of limiting warming to 2°C exceed the cost of mitigation (medium 
conﬁdence). This ﬁnding is robust against a wide range of assumptions 
about social preferences on inequalities and discounting over time 
(medium conﬁdence). Limiting global warming to 1.5°C instead of 2°C 
would increase the costs of mitigation, but also increase the beneﬁts 
in terms of reduced impacts and related risks (see 3.1.1, 3.1.2) and 
reduced adaptation needs (high confidence)140. {WGII SPM B.4, WGII 
SPM B.6; WGIII SPM C.12, WGIII SPM C.12.2, WGIII SPM C.12.3 WGIII Box TS.7; 
SR1.5 SPM B.3, SR1.5 SPM B.5, SR1.5 SPM B.6}
Considering other sustainable development dimensions, such as the 
potentially strong economic beneﬁts on human health from air quality 
improvement, may enhance the estimated beneﬁts of mitigation 
(medium conﬁdence). The economic effects of strengthened mitigation 
action vary across regions and countries, depending notably on economic 
structure, regional emissions reductions, policy design and level of 
international cooperation (high conﬁdence).