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Section 4
Section 1
Section 4
Many mitigation and adaptation actions have multiple synergies 
with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but some actions 
can also have trade-offs. Potential synergies with SDGs exceed 
potential trade-offs. Synergies and trade-offs are context specific 
and depend on: means and scale of implementation, intra- and 
inter-sectoral interactions, cooperation between countries and regions, 
the sequencing, timing and stringency of actions, governance, and 
policy design. Eradicating extreme poverty, energy poverty, and 
providing decent living standards to all, consistent with near-
term sustainable development objectives, can be achieved 
without significant global emissions growth. (high confidence) 
{WGII SPM C.2.3, WGII Figure SPM.4b; WGIII SPM B.3.3, WGIII SPM C.9.2, 
WGIII SPM D.1.2, WGIII SPM D.1.4, WGIII Figure SPM.8} (Figure 4.5)
Several mitigation and adaptation options can harness near-
term synergies and reduce trade-offs to advance sustainable 
development in energy, urban and land systems (Figure 4.5) 
(high conﬁdence). Clean energy supply systems have multiple 
co-benefits, including improvements in air quality and health. 
Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response 
systems, approaches that mainstream health into food, livelihoods, 
social protection, water and sanitation benefit health and well-
being. There are potential synergies between multiple Sustainable 
Development Goals and sustainable land use and urban planning 
with more green spaces, reduced air pollution, and demand-side 
mitigation including shifts to balanced, sustainable healthy diets. 
Electriﬁcation combined with low-GHG energy, and shifts to public 
transport can enhance health, employment, and can contribute to 
energy security and deliver equity. Conservation, protection and 
restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, 
together with targeted management to adapt to unavoidable impacts 
of climate change can generate multiple additional beneﬁts, such as 
agricultural productivity, food security, and biodiversity conservation.