Reductions 
in GHG emissions in industry, transport, buildings, and urban areas 
can be achieved through a combination of energy efﬁciency and 
conservation and a transition to low-GHG technologies and energy 
carriers (see also 4.5, Figure 4.4). Socio-cultural options and behavioural 
change can reduce global GHG emissions of end-use sectors, with most 
of the potential in developed countries, if combined with improved 
136 CCS is an option to reduce emissions from large-scale fossil-based energy and industry sources provided geological storage is available. When CO2 is captured directly from the 
atmosphere (DACCS), or from biomass (BECCS), CCS provides the storage component of these CDR methods. CO2 capture and subsurface injection is a mature technology for 
gas processing and enhanced oil recovery. In contrast to the oil and gas sector, CCS is less mature in the power sector, as well as in cement and chemicals production, where it 
is a critical mitigation option. The technical geological storage capacity is estimated to be on the order of 1000 GtCO2, which is more than the CO2 storage requirements through 
2100 to limit global warming to 1.5°C, although the regional availability of geological storage could be a limiting factor. If the geological storage site is appropriately selected and 
managed, it is estimated that the CO2 can be permanently isolated from the atmosphere. Implementation of CCS currently faces technological, economic, institutional, ecological 
environmental and socio-cultural barriers. Currently, global rates of CCS deployment are far below those in modelled pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C to 2°C. Enabling 
conditions such as policy instruments, greater public support and technological innovation could reduce these barriers. (high conﬁdence) {WGIII SPM C.4.6}
infrastructure design and access.