{WGII SPM C1.1} 
Globally tracked adaptation ﬁnance has shown an upward trend 
since AR5, but represents only a small portion of total climate 
ﬁnance, is uneven and has developed heterogeneously across 
regions and sectors (high conﬁdence). Adaptation ﬁnance has come 
predominantly from public sources, largely through grants, concessional 
and non-concessional instruments (very high conﬁdence). Globally, 
private-sector ﬁnancing of adaptation from a variety of sources such 
as commercial ﬁnancial institutions, institutional investors, other 
private equity, non-ﬁnancial corporations, as well as communities 
and households has been limited, especially in developing countries 
(high conﬁdence). Public mechanisms and ﬁnance can leverage 
private sector ﬁnance for adaptation by addressing real and perceived 
regulatory, cost and market barriers, for example via public-private 
partnerships (high conﬁdence). Innovations in adaptation and 
resilience ﬁnance, such as forecast-based/anticipatory ﬁnancing 
systems and regional risk insurance pools, have been piloted and are 
growing in scale (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.3.2, WGII SPM C.5.4; 
WGII TS.D.1.6, WGII Cross-Chapter Box FINANCE; WGIII SPM E.5.4}
There are adaptation options which are effective84 in reducing 
climate risks85 for speciﬁc contexts, sectors and regions and 
contribute positively to sustainable development and other 
societal goals. In the agriculture sector, cultivar improvements, 
on-farm water management and storage, soil moisture conservation, 
irrigation86, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, and farm and 
landscape level diversiﬁcation, and sustainable land management 
approaches, provide multiple beneﬁts and reduce climate risks. 
Reduction of food loss and waste, and adaptation measures in support 
of balanced diets contribute to nutrition, health, and biodiversity beneﬁts.