Clean energy supply systems have multiple 
co-benefits, including improvements in air quality and health. 
Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response 
systems, approaches that mainstream health into food, livelihoods, 
social protection, water and sanitation benefit health and well-
being. There are potential synergies between multiple Sustainable 
Development Goals and sustainable land use and urban planning 
with more green spaces, reduced air pollution, and demand-side 
mitigation including shifts to balanced, sustainable healthy diets. 
Electriﬁcation combined with low-GHG energy, and shifts to public 
transport can enhance health, employment, and can contribute to 
energy security and deliver equity. Conservation, protection and 
restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, 
together with targeted management to adapt to unavoidable impacts 
of climate change can generate multiple additional beneﬁts, such as 
agricultural productivity, food security, and biodiversity conservation. 
(high confidence) {WGII SPM C.1.1, WGII C.2.4, WGII SPM D.1, 
WGII Figure SPM.4, WGII Cross-Chapter Box HEALTH in Chapter 17, 
WGII Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB in Chapter 18; WGIII SPM C.4.2, 
WGIII SPM D.1.3, WGIII SPM D.2, WGIII Figure SPM.8; SRCCL SPM B.4.6}
When implementing mitigation and adaptation together, and 
taking trade-offs into account, multiple co-beneﬁts and synergies 
for human well-being as well as ecosystem and planetary health 
can be realised (high conﬁdence). There is a strong link between 
sustainable development, vulnerability and climate risks. Social safety 
nets that support climate change adaptation have strong co-beneﬁts 
with development goals such as education, poverty alleviation, gender 
inclusion and food security. Land restoration contributes to mitigation 
and adaptation with synergies via enhanced ecosystem services and 
with economically positive returns and co-beneﬁts for poverty reduction 
and improved livelihoods.