Climate-related litigation is growing, with a large 
number of cases in some developed countries and with a much smaller 
number in some developing countries, and in some cases has inﬂuenced 
the outcome and ambition of climate governance (medium conﬁdence). 
{WGII SPM C2.6, WGII SPM C.5.2, WGII SPM C.5.5, WGII SPM C.5.6, 
WGII SPM D.3.1; WGIII SPM E3.2, WGIII SPM E.3.3}
Effective climate governance is enabled by inclusive decision 
processes, allocation of appropriate resources, and institutional 
review, monitoring and evaluation (high conﬁdence). Multi-level, 
hybrid and cross-sector governance facilitates appropriate consideration 
for co-beneﬁts and trade-offs, particularly in land sectors where decision 
processes range from farm level to national scale (high conﬁdence). 
Consideration of climate justice can help to facilitate shifting development 
pathways towards sustainability. {WGII SPM C.5.5, WGII SPM C.5.6, 
WGII SPM D.1.1, WGII SPM D.2, WGII SPM D.3.2; SRCCL SPM C.3, 
SRCCL TS.1}
Drawing on diverse knowledge and partnerships, including 
with women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and 
ethnic minorities can facilitate climate resilient development 
and has allowed locally appropriate and socially acceptable 
solutions (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM D.2, D.2.1}
Many regulatory and economic instruments have already been 
deployed successfully. These instruments could support deep 
emissions reductions if scaled up and applied more widely. 
Practical experience has informed instrument design and helped to 
improve predictability, environmental effectiveness, economic efﬁciency, 
and equity.