Panel (a) The IPCC AR6 WGI inhabited regions are displayed as hexagons with identical size 
in their approximate geographical location (see legend for regional acronyms). All assessments are made for each region as a whole and for the 1950s to the present. Assessments made 
on different time scales or more local spatial scales might differ from what is shown in the ﬁgure. The colours in each panel represent the four outcomes of the assessment on observed 
changes. Striped hexagons (white and light-grey) are used where there is low agreement in the type of change for the region as a whole, and grey hexagons are used when there is limited 
data and/or literature that prevents an assessment of the region as a whole. Other colours indicate at least medium conﬁdence in the observed change. The conﬁdence level for the human 
inﬂuence on these observed changes is based on assessing trend detection and attribution and event attribution literature, and it is indicated by the number of dots: three dots for 
high conﬁdence, two dots for medium conﬁdence and one dot for low conﬁdence (single, ﬁlled dot: limited agreement; single, empty dot: limited evidence). For hot extremes, the evidence 
is mostly drawn from changes in metrics based on daily maximum temperatures; regional studies using other indices (heatwave duration, frequency and intensity) are used in addition. For 
heavy precipitation, the evidence is mostly drawn from changes in indices based on one-day or ﬁve-day precipitation amounts using global and regional studies. Agricultural and 
ecological droughts are assessed based on observed and simulated changes in total column soil moisture, complemented by evidence on changes in surface soil moisture, water 
balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) and indices driven by precipitation and atmospheric evaporative demand. Panel (b) shows the average level of vulnerability amongst a 
country’s population against 2019 CO2-FFI emissions per- capita per country for the 180 countries for which both sets of metrics are available. Vulnerability information is based on two 
global indicator systems, namely INFORM and World Risk Index.