A peak-over-threshold (99.7%) method 
was applied to the historical tide gauge observations available in the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis version 2 database, which is the same information as WGI Figure 9.32, 
except here the panel uses relative sea level projections under SSP2-4.5 for the year 2040 instead of 2050 The absence of a circle indicates an inability to perform an assessment 
due to a lack of data, but does not indicate absence of increasing frequencies. Panel (c) Climate hazards can initiate risk cascades that affect multiple sectors and propagate across 
regions following complex natural and societal connections. This example of a compound heat wave and a drought event striking an agricultural region shows how multiple risks are 
interconnected and lead to cascading biophysical, economic, and societal impacts even in distant regions, with vulnerable groups such as smallholder farmers, children and pregnant 
women particularly impacted. {WGI Figure 9.32; WGII SPM B4.3, WGII SPM B1.3, WGII SPM B.5.1, WGII TS Figure TS.9, WGII TS Figure TS.10 (c), WGII Fig 5.2, WGII TS.B.2.3, 
WGII TS.B.2.3, WGII TS.B.3.3, WGII 9.11.1.2} 
Actions that prioritise equity, climate justice, social justice and inclusion lead to more sustainable outcomes, 
co-beneﬁts, reduce trade-offs, support transformative change and advance climate resilient development. 
Adaptation responses are immediately needed to reduce rising climate risks, especially for the most vulnerable. 
Equity, inclusion and just transitions are key to progress on adaptation and deeper societal ambitions for 
accelerated mitigation. (high conﬁdence)
Adaptation and mitigation actions, across scales, sectors and 
regions, that prioritise equity, climate justice, rights-based 
approaches, social justice and inclusivity, lead to more 
sustainable outcomes, reduce trade-offs, support transformative 
change and advance climate resilient development (high 
conﬁdence).