(high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM B.5.4, WGII SPM C.2.4; 
WGIII SPM C.11.2; SR1.5 SPM C.3.4, SR1.5 SPM C.3.5; SRCCL SPM B.3, 
SRCCL SPM B.7.3, SRCCL Figure SPM.3}
139 The impacts, risks, and co-beneﬁts of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-speciﬁc context, 
implementation and scale (high conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM C.11.2}
140 The evidence is too limited to make a similar robust conclusion for limiting warming to 1.5°C. {WGIII SPM footnote 68}
Modelled pathways that assume using resources more efﬁciently or shift 
global development towards sustainability include fewer challenges, such 
as dependence on CDR and pressure on land and biodiversity, and have 
the most pronounced synergies with respect to sustainable development 
(high conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM C.3.6; SR1.5 SPM D.4.2} 
Strengthening climate change mitigation action entails more 
rapid transitions and higher up-front investments, but brings 
beneﬁts from avoiding damages from climate change and 
reduced adaptation costs. The aggregate effects of climate change 
mitigation on global GDP (excluding damages from climate change and 
adaptation costs) are small compared to global projected GDP growth. 
Projected estimates of global aggregate net economic damages and 
the costs of adaptation generally increase with global warming level. 
(high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM B.4.6, WGII TS.C.10; WGIII SPM C.12.2, 
WGIII SPM C.12.3} 
Cost-beneﬁt analysis remains limited in its ability to represent all 
damages from climate change, including non-monetary damages, 
or to capture the heterogeneous nature of damages and the risk of 
catastrophic damages (high conﬁdence).