Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. {WGIII Figure SPM.2}
2.1.2. Observed Climate System Changes and Impacts to 
Date
It is unequivocal that human inﬂuence has warmed the 
atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in 
the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred 
(Table 2.1). The scale of recent changes across the climate system as 
a whole and the present state of many aspects of the climate system 
are unprecedented over many centuries to many thousands of years. It 
is very likely that GHG emissions were the main driver74 of tropospheric 
warming and extremely likely that human-caused stratospheric ozone 
depletion was the main driver of stratospheric cooling between 1979 
and the mid-1990s. It is virtually certain that the global upper ocean 
(0-700m) has warmed since the 1970s and extremely likely that 
human inﬂuence is the main driver. Ocean warming accounted for 
91% of the heating in the climate system, with land warming, ice loss 
and atmospheric warming accounting for about 5%, 3% and 1%, 
respectively (high conﬁdence). Global mean sea level increased by 0.20 
[0.15 to 0.25] m between 1901 and 2018. The average rate of sea level 
rise was 1.3 [0.6 to 2.1]mm yr-1 between 1901 and 1971, increasing to 
1.9 [0.8 to 2.9] mm yr-1 between 1971 and 2006, and further increasing 
to 3.7 [3.2 to –4.2] mm yr-1 between 2006 and 2018 (high conﬁdence). 
Human inﬂuence was very likely the main driver of these increases 
since at least 1971 (Figure 3.4).