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Near-Term Responses in a Changing Climate
Section 4
There are multiple opportunities for scaling up climate action
Costs are lower than the reference
0–20 (USD per tCO2-eq)
20–50 (USD per tCO2-eq)
50–100 (USD per tCO2-eq)
100–200 (USD per tCO2-eq)
Cost not allocated due to high 
variability or lack of data
Net lifetime cost of options:
Feasibility level and synergies 
with mitigation
Insufﬁcient evidence
Conﬁdence level in potential feasibility
and in synergies with mitigation
Medium
High
Low
a) Feasibility of climate responses and adaptation, and potential of mitigation options in the near term
High
Medium
Low
Synergies 
with
mitigation
not 
assessed
0
1
2
3
4
5
Potential contribution to 
net emission reduction, 2030
Carbon capture with 
utilisation (CCU) and CCS
Material efﬁciency
Enhanced recycling
Construction materials substitution
Energy efﬁciency
Wind
Solar
Reduce methane and N2O in agriculture
Reduce food loss and food waste
Geothermal and hydropower
Carbon sequestration in agriculture
Reduce conversion of natural ecosystems
Nuclear
Reduce methane from coal, oil and gas
Bioelectricity (includes BECCS)
Fossil Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Ecosystem restoration,
afforestation, reforestation
Fuel switching
Reduce emission of ﬂuorinated gas
Reduce methane from
waste/wastewater
Improved sustainable forest management
Climate responses and
adaptation options
Mitigation options
GtCO2-eq/yr
Enhanced health services
(e.g.