Several risks can be moderated 
with adaptation (high conﬁdence). The largest adaptation gaps 
exist among lower income population groups (high conﬁdence) and 
adaptation progress is unevenly distributed with observed adaptation 
gaps (high conﬁdence). Present development challenges causing high 
vulnerability are inﬂuenced by historical and ongoing patterns of 
inequity such as colonialism, especially for many Indigenous Peoples 
and local communities (high conﬁdence). Vulnerability is exacerbated 
by inequity and marginalisation linked to gender, ethnicity, low income 
or combinations thereof, especially for many Indigenous Peoples and 
local communities (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM B.2, WGII SPM B.2.4, 
WGII SPM B.3.2, WGII SPM B.3.3, WGII SPM C.1, WGII SPM C.1.2, 
WGII SPM C.2.9}
Meaningful participation and inclusive planning, informed by 
cultural values, Indigenous Knowledge, local knowledge, and 
scientiﬁc knowledge can help address adaptation gaps and 
avoid maladaptation (high conﬁdence). Such actions with ﬂexible 
pathways may encourage low-regret and timely actions (very high 
conﬁdence). Integrating climate adaptation into social protection 
programmes, including cash transfers and public works programmes, 
would increase resilience to climate change, especially when supported 
by basic services and infrastructure (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.2.3, 
WGII SPM C.4.3, WGII SPM C.4.4, WGII SPM C.2.9, WGII WPM D.3}
Equity, inclusion, just transitions, broad and meaningful 
participation of all relevant actors in decision making at 
all scales enable deeper societal ambitions for accelerated 
mitigation, and climate action more broadly, and build social 
trust, support transformative changes and an equitable sharing 
of beneﬁts and burdens (high conﬁdence).