Increasing transboundary risks 
are projected across the food, energy and water sectors as impacts 
from weather and climate extremes propagate through supply-chains, 
markets, and natural resource ﬂows (high conﬁdence) and may interact 
with impacts from other crises such as pandemics. Risks also arise from 
some responses intended to reduce the risks of climate change, including 
risks from maladaptation and adverse side effects of some emissions 
reduction and carbon dioxide removal measures, such as afforestation of 
naturally unforested land or poorly implemented bioenergy compounding 
climate-related risks to biodiversity, food and water security, and 
livelihoods (high conﬁdence) (see Section 3.4.1 and 4.5). {WGI SPM.2.7; 
WGII SPM B.2.1, WGII SPM B.5, WGII SPM B.5.1, WGII SPM B.5.2, 
WGII SPM B.5.3, WGII SPM B.5.4, WGII Cross-Chapter Box COVID in Chapter 7; 
WGIII SPM C.11.2; SRCCL SPM A.5, SRCCL SPM A.6.5} (Figure 4.3)
With every increment of global warming losses and damages will 
increase (very high conﬁdence), become increasingly difﬁcult 
to avoid and be strongly concentrated among the poorest 
vulnerable populations (high conﬁdence). Adaptation does not 
prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and 
before reaching soft and hard limits. Losses and damages will be 
unequally distributed across systems, regions and sectors and are 
not comprehensively addressed by current ﬁnancial, governance and 
institutional arrangements, particularly in vulnerable developing 
countries. (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM B.4, WGII SPM C.3, WGII SPM C.3.5}