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Section 2
Section 1
Section 2
International climate agreements, rising national ambitions for climate action, along with rising public awareness 
are accelerating efforts to address climate change at multiple levels of governance. Mitigation policies have 
contributed to a decrease in global energy and carbon intensity, with several countries achieving GHG emission 
reductions for over a decade. Low-emission technologies are becoming more affordable, with many low or 
zero emissions options now available for energy, buildings, transport, and industry. Adaptation planning and 
implementation progress has generated multiple beneﬁts, with effective adaptation options having the potential 
to reduce climate risks and contribute to sustainable development. Global tracked ﬁnance for mitigation and 
adaptation has seen an upward trend since AR5, but falls short of needs. (high conﬁdence)
2.2.1. Global Policy Setting 
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 
Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement are supporting rising levels of 
national ambition and encouraging the development and implementation 
of climate policies at multiple levels of governance (high conﬁdence). 
The Kyoto Protocol led to reduced emissions in some countries and 
was instrumental in building national and international capacity 
for GHG reporting, accounting and emissions markets (high 
confidence). The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with 
near universal participation, has led to policy development and 
target-setting at national and sub-national levels, particularly in 
relation to mitigation but also for adaptation, as well as enhanced 
transparency of climate action and support (medium confidence). 
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), required under 
the Paris Agreement, have required countries to articulate their 
priorities and ambition with respect to climate action. {WGII 17.4, 
WGII TS D.1.1; WGIII SPM B.5.1, WGIII SPM E.6}
Loss & Damage82 was formally recognized in 2013 through establishment 
of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage (WIM), 
and in 2015, Article 8 of the Paris Agreement provided a legal basis 
for the WIM.