Impacts in ecosystems 
from slow-onset processes such as ocean acidiﬁcation, sea level rise 
or regional decreases in precipitation have also been attributed to 
human-caused climate change (high conﬁdence). Climate change 
has contributed to desertiﬁcation and exacerbated land degradation, 
particularly in low lying coastal areas, river deltas, drylands and in 
permafrost areas (high conﬁdence). Nearly 50% of coastal wetlands 
have been lost over the last 100 years, as a result of the combined 
effects of localised human pressures, sea level rise, warming 
and extreme climate events (high confidence). {WGII SPM B.1.1, 
WGII SPM B.1.2, WGII Figure SPM.2.A, WGII TS.B.1; SRCCL SPM A.1.5, 
SRCCL SPM A.2, SRCCL SPM A.2.6, SRCCL Figure SPM.1; SROCC SPM A.6.1, 
SROCC SPM, A.6.4, SROCC SPM A.7}