Effective mitigation can be advanced at each of the design, 
construction, retroﬁt, use and disposal stages for buildings. Mitigation 
interventions for buildings include: at the construction phase, low-
155 A set of measures and daily practices that avoid demand for energy, materials, land and water while delivering human well-being for all within planetary boundaries. 
{WGIII Annex I}
emission construction materials, highly efﬁcient building envelope 
and the integration of renewable energy solutions; at the use phase, 
highly efﬁcient appliances/equipment, the optimisation of the use 
of buildings and their supply with low-emission energy sources; 
and at the disposal phase, recycling and re-using construction 
materials. Sufﬁciency155 measures can limit the demand for energy 
and materials over the lifecycle of buildings and appliances. (high 
conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.2.5; WGIII SPM C.7.2}
Transport-related GHG emissions can be reduced by demand-side 
options and low-GHG emissions technologies. Changes in urban form, 
reallocation of street space for cycling and walking, digitalisation 
(e.g., teleworking) and programs that encourage changes in consumer 
behaviour (e.g. transport, pricing) can reduce demand for transport 
services and support the shift to more energy efﬁcient transport 
modes (high conﬁdence). Electric vehicles powered by low-emissions 
electricity offer the largest decarbonisation potential for land-based 
transport, on a life cycle basis (high conﬁdence). Costs of electriﬁed 
vehicles are decreasing and their adoption is accelerating, but they 
require continued investments in supporting infrastructure to increase 
scale of deployment (high conﬁdence). The environmental footprint of 
battery production and growing concerns about critical minerals can 
be addressed by material and supply diversiﬁcation strategies, energy 
and material efﬁciency improvements, and circular material ﬂows 
(medium conﬁdence). Advances in battery technologies could facilitate 
the electriﬁcation of heavy-duty trucks and compliment conventional 
electric rail systems (medium conﬁdence).