{WGIII SPM footnote 8}
72 
Comprising a gross sink of -12.5 (±3.2) GtCO2 yr-1 resulting from responses of all land to both anthropogenic environmental change and natural climate variability, and 
net anthropogenic CO2-LULUCF emissions +5.9 (±4.1) GtCO2 yr-1 based on book-keeping models. {WGIII SPM Footnote 14}
73 
This estimate is based on consumption-based accounting, including both direct emissions from within urban areas, and indirect emissions from outside urban areas related to 
the production of electricity, goods and services consumed in cities. These estimates include all CO2 and CH4 emission categories except for aviation and marine bunker fuels, 
land-use change, forestry and agriculture. {WGIII SPM footnote 15}
2010 and 2019 slowed compared to the previous decade in energy 
supply (from 2.3% to 1.0%) and industry (from 3.4% to 1.4%) but 
remained roughly constant at about 2% yr–1 in the transport sector 
(high conﬁdence). About half of total net AFOLU emissions are from 
CO2 LULUCF, predominantly from deforestation (medium conﬁdence). 
Land overall constituted a net sink of –6.6 (±4.6) GtCO2 yr–1 for the period 
2010–201972 (medium conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM B.2, WGIII SPM B.2.1, 
WGIII SPM B.2.2, WGIII TS 5.6.1} 
Human-caused climate change is a consequence of more than 
a century of net GHG emissions from energy use, land-use and 
land use change, lifestyle and patterns of consumption, and 
production. Emissions reductions in CO2 from fossil fuels and industrial 
processes (CO2-FFI), due to improvements in energy intensity of GDP 
and carbon intensity of energy, have been less than emissions increases 
from rising global activity levels in industry, energy supply, transport, 
agriculture and buildings.