Low-emission innovation along 
with strengthened enabling conditions can reinforce development 
beneﬁts, which can, in turn, create feedbacks towards greater public 
support for policy (medium conﬁdence). Persistent and region-speciﬁc 
barriers also continue to hamper the economic and political feasibility 
of deploying AFOLU mitigation options (medium conﬁdence). Barriers to 
implementation of AFOLU mitigation include insufﬁcient institutional and 
ﬁnancial support, uncertainty over long-term additionality and trade-offs, 
weak governance, insecure land ownership, low incomes and the lack 
of access to alternative sources of income, and the risk of reversal (high 
conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM B.4.2, WGIII SPM C.9.1, WGIII SPM C.9.3} 
99 
See Annex I: Glossary. 
100  Adaptation limit: The point at which an actor’s objectives (or system needs) cannot be secured from intolerable risks through adaptive actions. Hard adaptation limit 
- No adaptive actions are possible to avoid intolerable risks. Soft adaptation limit - Options are currently not available to avoid intolerable risks through adaptive action.
101 Maladaptation refers to actions that may lead to increased risk of adverse climate-related outcomes, including via increased greenhouse gas emissions, increased or shifted vulnerability 
to climate change, more inequitable outcomes, or diminished welfare, now or in the future. Most often, maladaptation is an unintended consequence. See Annex I: Glossary.
2.3.2. Adaptation Gaps and Barriers 
Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist between current 
levels of adaptation and levels needed to respond to impacts 
and reduce climate risks (high conﬁdence). While progress in 
adaptation implementation is observed across all sectors and regions 
(very high conﬁdence), many adaptation initiatives prioritise immediate 
and near-term climate risk reduction, e.g., through hard ﬂood protection, 
which reduces the opportunity for transformational adaptation99 (high 
conﬁdence).