{WGI SPM C.2.6; WGII SPM B.1.5, WGII Figure TS.9, 
WGII 6 ES}
Climate change has adversely affected human physical health globally 
and mental health in assessed regions (very high conﬁdence), and is 
contributing to humanitarian crises where climate hazards interact 
with high vulnerability (high conﬁdence). In all regions increases in 
extreme heat events have resulted in human mortality and morbidity 
(very high conﬁdence). The occurrence of climate-related food-borne and 
water-borne diseases has increased (very high conﬁdence). The incidence 
of vector-borne diseases has increased from range expansion and/or 
increased reproduction of disease vectors (high conﬁdence). Animal and 
human diseases, including zoonoses, are emerging in new areas (high 
conﬁdence). In assessed regions, some mental health challenges are 
associated with increasing temperatures (high conﬁdence), trauma from 
extreme events (very high conﬁdence), and loss of livelihoods and culture 
Figure 2.3: Both vulnerability to current climate extremes and historical contribution to climate change are highly heterogeneous with many of those who have 
least contributed to climate change to date being most vulnerable to its impacts. Panel (a) The IPCC AR6 WGI inhabited regions are displayed as hexagons with identical size 
in their approximate geographical location (see legend for regional acronyms). All assessments are made for each region as a whole and for the 1950s to the present. Assessments made 
on different time scales or more local spatial scales might differ from what is shown in the ﬁgure. The colours in each panel represent the four outcomes of the assessment on observed 
changes. Striped hexagons (white and light-grey) are used where there is low agreement in the type of change for the region as a whole, and grey hexagons are used when there is limited 
data and/or literature that prevents an assessment of the region as a whole. Other colours indicate at least medium conﬁdence in the observed change.