Increasing adaptive capacity minimises 
risk associated with involuntary migration and immobility and improves 
the degree of choice under which migration decisions are made, while 
policy interventions can remove barriers and expand the alternatives for 
safe, orderly and regular migration that allows vulnerable people to adapt 
to climate change (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.2.12, WGII TS.D.8.6, 
WGII Cross-Chapter Box MIGRATE in Chapter 7}
Accelerating commitment and follow-through by the private 
sector is promoted for instance by building business cases for 
adaptation, accountability and transparency mechanisms, and 
monitoring and evaluation of adaptation progress (medium 
conﬁdence). Integrated pathways for managing climate risks will 
be most suitable when so-called ‘low-regret’ anticipatory options are 
established jointly across sectors in a timely manner and are feasible 
and effective in their local context, and when path dependencies and 
maladaptations across sectors are avoided (high conﬁdence). Sustained 
adaptation actions are strengthened by mainstreaming adaptation into 
institutional budget and policy planning cycles, statutory planning, 
monitoring and evaluation frameworks and into recovery efforts 
from disaster events (high conﬁdence). Instruments that incorporate 
adaptation such as policy and legal frameworks, behavioural incentives, 
and economic instruments that address market failures, such as 
climate risk disclosure, inclusive and deliberative processes strengthen 
adaptation actions by public and private actors (medium conﬁdence). 
{WGII SPM C.5.1, WGII SPM C.5.2, WGII TS.D.10.4}