International Cooperation and Coordination 
International cooperation is a critical enabler for achieving 
ambitious climate change mitigation goals and climate resilient 
development (high conﬁdence). Climate resilient development is 
enabled by increased international cooperation including mobilising 
and enhancing access to ﬁnance, particularly for developing countries, 
vulnerable regions, sectors and groups and aligning ﬁnance ﬂows 
for climate action to be consistent with ambition levels and funding 
needs (high conﬁdence). While agreed processes and goals, such as 
those in the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, are helping 
(Section 2.2.1), international ﬁnancial, technology and capacity building 
support to developing countries will enable greater implementation 
and more ambitious actions (medium conﬁdence). By integrating 
equity and climate justice, national and international policies can help 
to facilitate shifting development pathways towards sustainability, 
especially by mobilising and enhancing access to ﬁnance for vulnerable 
regions, sectors and communities (high conﬁdence). International 
cooperation and coordination, including combined policy packages, 
may be particularly important for sustainability transitions in emissions-
intensive and highly traded basic materials industries that are exposed 
to international competition (high conﬁdence). The large majority of 
emission modelling studies assume signiﬁcant international cooperation 
to secure ﬁnancial ﬂows and address inequality and poverty issues in 
pathways limiting global warming. There are large variations in the 
modelled effects of mitigation on GDP across regions, depending 
notably on economic structure, regional emissions reductions, policy 
design and level of international cooperation (high confidence). 
Delayed global cooperation increases policy costs across regions 
(high confidence).