51
Current Status and Trends
Section 2
(high conﬁdence) (Figure 2.3). Climate change impacts on health are 
mediated through natural and human systems, including economic 
and social conditions and disruptions (high conﬁdence). Climate and 
weather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in Africa, 
Asia, North America (high conﬁdence), and Central and South America 
(medium conﬁdence) (Figure 2.3), with small island states in the 
Caribbean and South Paciﬁc being disproportionately affected relative 
to their small population size (high conﬁdence). Through displacement 
and involuntary migration from extreme weather and climate 
events, climate change has generated and perpetuated vulnerability 
(medium conﬁdence). {WGII SPM B.1.4, WGII SPM B.1.7}
Human inﬂuence has likely increased the chance of compound 
extreme events80 since the 1950s. Concurrent and repeated climate 
hazards have occurred in all regions, increasing impacts and 
risks to health, ecosystems, infrastructure, livelihoods and food 
(high conﬁdence). Compound extreme events include increases in the 
frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts (high conﬁdence); ﬁre 
weather in some regions (medium conﬁdence); and compound ﬂooding in 
some locations (medium conﬁdence). Multiple risks interact, generating 
new sources of vulnerability to climate hazards, and compounding 
overall risk (high conﬁdence). Compound climate hazards can overwhelm 
adaptive capacity and substantially increase damage (high conﬁdence)). 
{WGI SPM A.3.5; WGII SPM. B.5.1, WGII TS.C.11.3}
Economic impacts attributable to climate change are increasingly 
affecting peoples’ livelihoods and are causing economic and 
societal impacts across national boundaries (high conﬁdence).