The magnitude and rate of climate change and 
associated risks depend strongly on near-term mitigation and adaptation 
actions, and projected adverse impacts and related losses and damages 
escalate with every increment of global warming (very high conﬁdence). 
Delayed mitigation action will further increase global warming which 
will decrease the effectiveness of many adaptation options, including 
Ecosystem-based Adaptation and many water-related options, as well 
as increasing mitigation feasibility risks, such as for options based on 
ecosystems (high conﬁdence).  Comprehensive, effective, and innovative 
responses integrating adaptation and mitigation can harness synergies 
and reduce trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, as well as in 
meeting requirements for ﬁnancing (very high conﬁdence) (see Section 
4.5, 4.6, 4.8 and 4.9). {WGII SPM B.3, WGII SPM B.4, WGII SPM B.6.2, 
WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.3, WGII SPM D.1, WGII SPM D.4.3, WGII SPM D.5, 
WG II TS D.1.4, WG II TS.D.5, WGII TS D.7.5; WGIII SPM B.6.3,WGIII SPM B.6.4, 
WGIII SPM C.9, WGIII SPM D.2, WGIII SPM E.13; SR1.5 SPM C.2.7, 
SR1.5 D.1.3, SR1.5 D.5.2}
Mitigation actions will have other sustainable development 
co-beneﬁts (high conﬁdence). Mitigation will improve air quality and 
human health in the near term notably because many air pollutants are 
148 In this context, ‘unabated fossil fuels’ refers to fossil fuels produced and used without interventions that substantially reduce the amount of GHG emitted throughout the life 
cycle; for example, capturing 90% or more CO2 from power plants, or 50 to 80% of fugitive methane emissions from energy supply.