“No-to-moderate response” describes efforts as of today (i.e., no further signiﬁcant action or new types of actions). 
“Maximum potential response” represents a combination of responses implemented to their full extent and thus signiﬁcant additional efforts compared to today, assuming minimal 
ﬁnancial, social and political barriers. The assessment criteria include exposure and vulnerability (density of assets, level of degradation of terrestrial and marine buffer ecosystems), 
coastal hazards (ﬂooding, shoreline erosion, salinization), in-situ responses (hard engineered coastal defences, ecosystem restoration or creation of new natural buffers areas, and 
subsidence management) and planned relocation. Planned relocation refers to managed retreat or resettlement. Forced displacement is not considered in this assessment. The term 
response is used here instead of adaptation because some responses, such as retreat, may or may not be considered to be adaptation. Panel (d): Left - Heat-sensitive human 
health outcomes under three scenarios of adaptation effectiveness. The diagrams are truncated at the nearest whole ºC within the range of temperature change in 2100 under 
three SSP scenarios. Right - Risks associated with food security due to climate change and patterns of socio-economic development. Risks to food security include availability and 
access to food, including population at risk of hunger, food price increases and increases in disability adjusted life years attributable to childhood underweight. Risks are assessed 
for two contrasted socio-economic pathways (SSP1 and SSP3) excluding the effects of targeted mitigation and adaptation policies. Panel (e): Examples of regional key risks. Risks 
identiﬁed are of at least medium conﬁdence level. Key risks are identiﬁed based on the magnitude of adverse consequences (pervasiveness of the consequences, degree of change, 
irreversibility of consequences, potential for impact thresholds or tipping points, potential for cascading effects beyond system boundaries); likelihood of adverse consequences; 
temporal characteristics of the risk; and ability to respond to the risk, e.g., by adaptation.