Various tools, measures and processes are available 
that can enable, accelerate and sustain adaptation implementation 
(high conﬁdence). Growing public and political awareness of climate 
impacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities 
including adaptation in their climate policies and planning processes 
(high conﬁdence). Decision support tools and climate services are 
increasingly being used (very high conﬁdence) and pilot projects and 
local experiments are being implemented in different sectors (high 
conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.1, WGII SPM.C.1.1, WGII TS.D.1.3, WGII TS.D.10}
Adaptation to water-related risks and impacts make up the majority (~60%) 
of all documented83 adaptation (high conﬁdence). A large number of 
these adaptation responses are in the agriculture sector and these 
include on-farm water management, water storage, soil moisture 
conservation, and irrigation. Other adaptations in agriculture include 
cultivar improvements, agroforestry, community-based adaptation and 
farm and landscape diversiﬁcation among others (high conﬁdence). 
For inland ﬂooding, combinations of non-structural measures like 
early warning systems, enhancing natural water retention such as by 
restoring wetlands and rivers, and land use planning such as no build 
zones or upstream forest management, can reduce ﬂood risk (medium 
conﬁdence). Some land-related adaptation actions such as sustainable 
food production, improved and sustainable forest management, 
soil organic carbon management, ecosystem conservation and land 
restoration, reduced deforestation and degradation, and reduced 
food loss and waste are being undertaken, and can have mitigation 
co-beneﬁts (high conﬁdence). Adaptation actions that increase the 
resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to climate change 
include responses like minimising additional stresses or disturbances, 
reducing fragmentation, increasing natural habitat extent, connectivity 
and heterogeneity, and protecting small-scale refugia where 
microclimate conditions can allow species to persist (high conﬁdence).