Such measures can also achieve 
greater beneﬁts through cascading effects across sectors 
(medium conﬁdence). For example, the feasibility of using land for 
both agriculture and centralised solar production can increase when 
such options are combined (high conﬁdence). Similarly, integrated 
transport and energy infrastructure planning and operations can 
together reduce the environmental, social, and economic impacts of 
decarbonising the transport and energy sectors (high conﬁdence). The 
implementation of packages of multiple city-scale mitigation strategies 
can have cascading effects across sectors and reduce GHG emissions 
both within and outside a city’s administrative boundaries (very high 
conﬁdence). Integrated design approaches to the construction and 
retroﬁt of buildings provide increasing examples of zero energy or 
zero carbon buildings in several regions. To minimise maladaptation, 
multi-sectoral, multi-actor and inclusive planning with ﬂexible 
pathways encourages low-regret and timely actions that keep options 
open, ensure beneﬁts in multiple sectors and systems and suggest the 
available solution space for adapting to long-term climate change 
(very high conﬁdence). Trade-offs in terms of employment, water 
use, land-use competition and biodiversity, as well as access to, 
and the affordability of, energy, food, and water can be avoided 
by well-implemented land-based mitigation options, especially those 
that do not threaten existing sustainable land uses and land rights, with 
frameworks for integrated policy implementation (high conﬁdence). 
{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.4.4; WGIII SPM C.6.3, WGIII SPM C.6, 
WGIII SPM C.7.2, WGIII SPM C.8.5, WGIII SPM D.1.2, WGIII SPM D.1.5, 
WGIII SPM E.1.2}
Mitigation and adaptation when implemented together, and 
combined with broader sustainable development objectives, 
would yield multiple beneﬁts for human well-being as well as 
ecosystem and planetary health (high conﬁdence).