CDR methods vary in terms 
of their maturity, removal process, time scale of carbon storage, storage 
medium, mitigation potential, cost, co-beneﬁts, impacts and risks, and 
governance requirements (high conﬁdence). Speciﬁcally, maturity 
ranges from lower maturity (e.g., ocean alkalinisation) to higher 
maturity (e.g., reforestation); removal and storage potential ranges 
from lower potential (<1 Gt CO2 yr-1, e.g., blue carbon management) 
to higher potential (>3 Gt CO2 yr-1, e.g., agroforestry); costs range from 
lower cost (e.g., –45 to 100 USD tCO2-1 for soil carbon sequestration) 
to higher cost (e.g., 100 to 300 USD tCO2-1 for direct air carbon dioxide 
capture and storage) (medium conﬁdence). Estimated storage timescales 
vary from decades to centuries for methods that store carbon in 
vegetation and through soil carbon management, to ten thousand years 
or more for methods that store carbon in geological formations (high 
conﬁdence). Afforestation, reforestation, improved forest management, 
agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration are currently the only widely 
practiced CDR methods (high conﬁdence). Methods and levels of CDR 
deployment in global modelled mitigation pathways vary depending on 
assumptions about costs, availability and constraints (high conﬁdence). 
{WGIII SPM C.3.5, WGIII SPM C.11.1, WGIII SPM C.11.4}
137 Limited overshoot refers to exceeding 1.5°C global warming by up to about 0.1°C, high overshoot by 0.1°C to 0.3°C, in both cases for up to several decades. {WGIII Box SPM.1}
3.3.4 Overshoot Pathways: Increased Risks and Other 
Implications
Exceeding a speciﬁc remaining carbon budget results in 
higher global warming.