Globally, adaptation options related 
to agroforestry and forestry have a sharp decline in effectiveness at 3°C, 
with a substantial increase in residual risk (medium conﬁdence). 
{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.10, 
WGII Figure TS.6 Panel (e), 4.7.2} 
With increasing global warming, more limits to adaptation will be 
reached and losses and damages, strongly concentrated among the 
poorest vulnerable populations, will increase (high conﬁdence). 
Already below 1.5°C, autonomous and evolutionary adaptation 
responses by terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will increasingly 
face hard limits (high conﬁdence) (Section 2.1.2). Above 1.5°C, some 
ecosystem-based adaptation measures will lose their effectiveness 
in providing beneﬁts to people as these ecosystems will reach hard 
adaptation limits (high conﬁdence). Adaptation to address the risks of 
heat stress, heat mortality and reduced capacities for outdoor work 
for humans face soft and hard limits across regions that become 
signiﬁcantly more severe at 1.5°C, and are particularly relevant for 
regions with warm climates (high conﬁdence). Above 1.5°C global 
warming level, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard limits 
for small islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow melt 
124 See Annex I: Glossary. Examples of compound extreme events are concurrent heatwaves and droughts or compound ﬂooding. {WGI SPM Footnote 18}
125 There are limitations to assessing the full scope of adaptation options available in the future since not all possible future adaptation responses can be incorporated in climate 
impact models, and projections of future adaptation depend on currently available technologies or approaches. {WGII 4.7.2}
(medium confidence). By 2°C, soft limits are projected for multiple 
staple crops, particularly in tropical regions (high conﬁdence).