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Section 4
Section 1
Section 4
Scaling-up near-term climate actions (Section 4.1) will mobilise a 
mix of low-cost and high-cost options. High-cost options, as in energy 
and infrastructure, are needed to avoid future lock-ins, foster innovation 
and initiate transformational changes (Figure 4.4). Climate resilient 
development pathways in support of sustainable development for all are 
shaped by equity, and social and climate justice (very high conﬁdence). 
Embedding effective and equitable adaptation and mitigation in 
development planning can reduce vulnerability, conserve and restore 
ecosystems, and enable climate resilient development. This is especially 
challenging in localities with persistent development gaps and limited 
resources. (high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.5, WGII SPM D1; WGIII TS.5.2, 
WGIII 8.3.1, WGIII 8.3.4, WGIII 8.4.1, WGIII 8.6}
Scaling-up climate action may generate disruptive changes in 
economic structure with distributional consequences and need 
to reconcile divergent interests, values and worldviews, within 
and between countries. Deeper ﬁscal, ﬁnancial, institutional and 
regulatory reforms can offset such adverse effects and unlock mitigation 
potentials. Societal choices and actions implemented in this decade will 
determine the extent to which medium and long-term development 
pathways will deliver higher or lower climate resilient development 
outcomes. (high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM D.2, WGII SPM D.5, WGII Box TS.8; 
WGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM E.2, WGIII SPM E.3, WGIII SPM E.4, WGIII TS.2, 
WGIII TS.4.1, WGIII TS.6.4, WGIII 15.2, WGIII 15.6}
Enabling conditions would need to be strengthened in the near-
term and barriers reduced or removed to realise opportunities 
for deep and rapid adaptation and mitigation actions and 
climate resilient development (high conﬁdence) (Figure 4.2).