Conservation, improved 
management, and restoration of forests and other ecosystems offer 
the largest share of economic mitigation potential, with reduced 
deforestation in tropical regions having the highest total mitigation 
potential. Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, and afforestation can 
lead to trade-offs due to competing demands on land. Minimizing 
trade-offs requires integrated approaches to meet multiple objectives 
including food security. Demand-side measures (shifting to sustainable 
healthy diets and reducing food loss/waste) and sustainable agricultural 
intensiﬁcation can reduce ecosystem conversion and CH4 and N2O emissions, 
and free up land for reforestation and ecosystem restoration. 
Sustainably sourced agriculture and forest products, including 
long-lived wood products, can be used instead of more GHG-intensive 
products in other sectors. Effective adaptation options include cultivar 
improvements, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and 
landscape diversiﬁcation, and urban agriculture. These AFOLU response 
options require integration of biophysical, socioeconomic and other 
enabling factors. The effectiveness of ecosystem-based adaptation 
and most water-related adaptation options declines with increasing 
warming (see 3.2). (high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.2, 
WGII SPM C.2.5; WGIII SPM C.9.1; SRCCL SPM B.1.1, SRCCL SPM B.5.4, 
SRCCL SPM D.1; SROCC SPM C} 
Some options, such as conservation of high-carbon ecosystems 
(e.g., peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests), have 
immediate impacts while others, such as restoration of high-carbon 
ecosystems, reclamation of degraded soils or afforestation, take decades 
to deliver measurable results (high conﬁdence). Many sustainable land 
management technologies and practices are ﬁnancially proﬁtable in three 
to ten years (medium conﬁdence).