Current development pathways may create behavioural, 
spatial, economic and social barriers to accelerated mitigation at all 
scales (high conﬁdence). Choices made by policymakers, citizens, the 
private sector and other stakeholders inﬂuence societies’ development 
pathways (high conﬁdence). Structural factors of national circumstances 
and capabilities (e.g., economic and natural endowments, political 
systems and cultural factors and gender considerations) affect the 
breadth and depth of climate governance (medium conﬁdence). The 
extent to which civil society actors, political actors, businesses, youth, 
labour, media, Indigenous Peoples, and local communities are engaged 
inﬂuences political support for climate change mitigation and eventual 
policy outcomes (medium conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM C.3.6, WGIII SPM E.1.1, 
WGIII SPM E.2.1, WGIII SPM E.3.3}
The adoption of low-emission technologies lags in most 
developing countries, particularly least developed ones, 
due in part to weaker enabling conditions, including limited 
ﬁnance, technology development and transfer, and capacity 
(medium conﬁdence). In many countries, especially those with 
limited institutional capacity, several adverse side-effects have 
been observed as a result of diffusion of low-emission technology, 
e.g., low-value employment, and dependency on foreign knowledge 
and suppliers (medium conﬁdence). Low-emission innovation along 
with strengthened enabling conditions can reinforce development 
beneﬁts, which can, in turn, create feedbacks towards greater public 
support for policy (medium conﬁdence). Persistent and region-speciﬁc 
barriers also continue to hamper the economic and political feasibility 
of deploying AFOLU mitigation options (medium conﬁdence). Barriers to 
implementation of AFOLU mitigation include insufﬁcient institutional and 
ﬁnancial support, uncertainty over long-term additionality and trade-offs, 
weak governance, insecure land ownership, low incomes and the lack 
of access to alternative sources of income, and the risk of reversal (high 
conﬁdence).