Accelerated support 
from developed countries and multilateral institutions is a critical 
enabler to enhance mitigation and adaptation action and can address 
inequities in ﬁnance, including its costs, terms and conditions, and 
economic vulnerability to climate change. Scaled-up public grants for 
mitigation and adaptation funding for vulnerable regions, e.g., in Sub-
Saharan Africa, would be cost-effective and have high social returns 
in terms of access to basic energy. Options for scaling up mitigation 
and adaptation in developing regions include: increased levels of public 
ﬁnance and publicly mobilised private ﬁnance ﬂows from developed 
to developing countries in the context of the USD 100 billion-a-year 
goal of the Paris Agreement; increase the use of public guarantees 
to reduce risks and leverage private ﬂows at lower cost; local capital 
markets development; and building greater trust in international 
cooperation processes. A coordinated effort to make the post-
pandemic recovery sustainable over the long term through increased 
ﬂows of ﬁnancing over this decade can accelerate climate action, 
including in developing regions facing high debt costs, debt distress 
and macroeconomic uncertainty. (high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.5.2, 
WGII SPM C.5.4, WGII SPM C.6.5, WGII SPM D.2, WGII TS.D.10.2; 
WGIII SPM E.5, WGIII SPM E.5.3, WGIII TS.6.4, WGIII Box TS.1, WGIII 15.2, 
WGIII 15.6} 
4.8.2. International Cooperation and Coordination 
International cooperation is a critical enabler for achieving 
ambitious climate change mitigation goals and climate resilient 
development (high conﬁdence). Climate resilient development is 
enabled by increased international cooperation including mobilising 
and enhancing access to ﬁnance, particularly for developing countries, 
vulnerable regions, sectors and groups and aligning ﬁnance ﬂows 
for climate action to be consistent with ambition levels and funding 
needs (high conﬁdence).