especially in coastal cities and settlements
-Biodiversity loss and habitat shifts as well as associated disruptions in dependent 
human systems across freshwater, land, and ocean ecosystems
-More frequent, extensive coral bleaching and subsequent coral mortality induced by 
ocean warming and acidiﬁcation, sea level rise, marine heat waves and resource 
extraction
-Decline in coastal ﬁshery resources due to sea level rise, decrease in precipitation in 
some parts and increase in temperature
-Risk to food and water security due to increased temperature extremes, rainfall 
variability and drought
Central
and
South
America
-Risk to water security
-Severe health effects due to increasing epidemics, in particular vector-borne diseases
-Coral reef ecosystems degradation due to coral bleaching
-Risk to food security due to frequent/extreme droughts
-Damages to life and infrastructure due to ﬂoods, landslides, sea level rise, storm 
surges and coastal erosion 
North 
America
-Climate-sensitive mental health outcomes, human mortality and morbidity due to 
increasing average temperature, weather and climate extremes, and compound 
climate hazards
-Risk of degradation of marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems, including loss of 
biodiversity, function, and protective services 
-Risk to freshwater resources with consequences for ecosystems, reduced surface water 
availability for irrigated agriculture, other human uses, and degraded water quality 
-Risk to food and nutritional security through changes in agriculture, livestock, hunting, 
ﬁsheries, and aquaculture productivity and access
-Risks to well-being, livelihoods and economic activities from cascading and 
compounding climate hazards, including risks to coastal cities, settlements and 
infrastructure from sea level rise
Delayed
impacts of
sea level
rise in the
Mediterranean
Food
production
from crops,
ﬁsheries and
livestock
in Africa
Mortality and
morbidity
from heat and
infectious
disease
in Africa
Biodiversity
and
ecosystems
in Africa
Health and
wellbeing
in the
Mediterranean
Water scarcity
to people in
southeastern
Europe
Coastal
ﬂooding to
people
and
infrastructures
in Europe
Heat stress,