53
Current Status and Trends
Section 2
than single policies (high conﬁdence). Combining mitigation with 
policies to shift development pathways, policies that induce lifestyle or 
behaviour changes, for example, measures promoting walkable urban 
areas combined with electriﬁcation and renewable energy can create 
health co-beneﬁts from cleaner air and enhanced active mobility (high 
conﬁdence). Climate governance enables mitigation by providing an 
overall direction, setting targets, mainstreaming climate action across 
policy domains and levels, based on national circumstances and in the 
context of international cooperation. Effective governance enhances 
regulatory certainty, creating specialised organisations and creating the 
context to mobilise ﬁnance (medium conﬁdence). These functions can 
be promoted by climate-relevant laws, which are growing in number, or 
climate strategies, among others, based on national and sub-national 
context (medium conﬁdence). Effective and equitable climate 
governance builds on engagement with civil society actors, political 
actors, businesses, youth, labour, media, Indigenous Peoples and local 
communities (medium conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM E.2.2, WGIII SPM E.3, 
WGIII SPM E.3.1, WGIII SPM E.4.2, WGIII SPM E.4.3, WGIII SPM E.4.4}
The unit costs of several low-emission technologies, including 
solar, wind and lithium-ion batteries, have fallen consistently 
since 2010 (Figure 2.4). Design and process innovations in 
combination with the use of digital technologies have led to 
near-commercial availability of many low or zero emissions 
options in buildings, transport and industry. From 2010-2019, 
there have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy 
(by 85%), wind energy (by 55%), and lithium-ion batteries (by 85%), 
and large increases in their deployment, e.g., >10× for solar and >100× for 
electric vehicles (EVs), albeit varying widely across regions (Figure 2.4).