The height of each rectangle shows per capita emissions, the width shows the population of the region, so that the area of the rectangles 
refers to the total emissions for each region. Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. In the case of two regions, the area for CO2-LULUCF is below the 
axis, indicating net CO2 removals rather than emissions. Panel (c) shows global net anthropogenic GHG emissions by region (in GtCO2-eq yr–1 (GWP100-AR6)) for the time period 
1990–2019. Percentage values refer to the contribution of each region to total GHG emissions in each respective time period. The single-year peak of emissions in 1997 was due to 
higher CO2-LULUCF emissions from a forest and peat ﬁre event in South East Asia. Regions are as grouped in Annex II of WGIII. Panel (d) shows population, gross domestic product 
(GDP) per person, emission indicators by region in 2019 for total GHG per person, and total GHG emissions intensity, together with production-based and consumption-based CO2-FFI data, 
which is assessed in this report up to 2018. Consumption-based emissions are emissions released to the atmosphere in order to generate the goods and services consumed by a 
certain entity (e.g., region). Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. {WGIII Figure SPM.2}
2.1.2. Observed Climate System Changes and Impacts to 
Date
It is unequivocal that human inﬂuence has warmed the 
atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in 
the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred 
(Table 2.1). The scale of recent changes across the climate system as 
a whole and the present state of many aspects of the climate system 
are unprecedented over many centuries to many thousands of years. It 
is very likely that GHG emissions were the main driver74 of tropospheric 
warming and extremely likely that human-caused stratospheric ozone 
depletion was the main driver of stratospheric cooling between 1979 
and the mid-1990s.