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Section 2
Section 1
Section 2
Climate change has reduced food security and affected water 
security due to warming, changing precipitation patterns, 
reduction and loss of cryospheric elements, and greater frequency 
and intensity of climatic extremes, thereby hindering efforts to 
meet Sustainable Development Goals (high conﬁdence). Although 
overall agricultural productivity has increased, climate change has slowed 
this growth in agricultural productivity over the past 50 years globally 
(medium conﬁdence), with related negative crop yield impacts mainly 
recorded in mid- and low latitude regions, and some positive impacts 
in some high latitude regions (high conﬁdence). Ocean warming in 
the 20th century and beyond has contributed to an overall decrease 
in maximum catch potential (medium conﬁdence), compounding the 
impacts from overﬁshing for some ﬁsh stocks (high conﬁdence). Ocean 
warming and ocean acidiﬁcation have adversely affected food production 
from shellﬁsh aquaculture and ﬁsheries in some oceanic regions (high 
conﬁdence). Current levels of global warming are associated with 
moderate risks from increased dryland water scarcity (high conﬁdence). 
Roughly half of the world’s population currently experiences severe water 
scarcity for at least some part of the year due to a combination of climatic 
and non-climatic drivers (medium conﬁdence) (Figure 2.3). Unsustainable 
agricultural expansion, driven in part by unbalanced diets77, increases 
ecosystem and human vulnerability and leads to competition for land 
and/or water resources (high conﬁdence). Increasing weather and climate 
extreme events have exposed millions of people to acute food insecurity78 
and reduced water security, with the largest impacts observed in many 
locations and/or communities in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, 
LDCs, Small Islands and the Arctic, and for small-scale food producers, 
low-income households and Indigenous Peoples globally (high conﬁdence).