{WGII SPM B.2.5; 
WGIII SPM C.6.2, WGIII SPM C.8, WGIII SPM C.8.1, WGIII SPM C.8.2, 
WGIII SPM C.10.2, WGIII SPM C.10.3, WGIII SPM C.10.4} 
Green/natural and blue infrastructure such as urban forestry, green 
roofs, ponds and lakes, and river restoration can mitigate climate change 
through carbon uptake and storage, avoided emissions, and reduced 
energy use while reducing risk from extreme events such as heatwaves, 
heavy precipitation and droughts, and advancing co-beneﬁts for health, 
well-being and livelihoods (medium conﬁdence). Urban greening can 
provide local cooling (very high conﬁdence). Combining green/natural 
and grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses has potential 
to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to ﬂood control, sanitation, 
water resources management, landslide prevention and coastal 
protection (medium conﬁdence). Globally, more ﬁnancing is directed 
at grey/physical infrastructure than green/natural infrastructure 
and social infrastructure (medium conﬁdence), and there is limited 
evidence of investment in informal settlements (medium to high 
conﬁdence). The greatest gains in well-being in urban areas can be 
achieved by prioritising ﬁnance to reduce climate risk for low-income