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Section 3
Section 1
Section 3
3.4.1 Synergies and trade-offs, costs and beneﬁts
Mitigation and adaptation options can lead to synergies and 
trade-offs with other aspects of sustainable development 
(see also Section 4.6, Figure 4.4). Synergies and trade-offs depend 
on the pace and magnitude of changes and the development context 
including inequalities, with consideration of climate justice. The 
potential or effectiveness of some adaptation and mitigation options 
decreases as climate change intensiﬁes (see also Sections 3.2, 3.3.3, 
4.5). (high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.2, WGII Figure SPM.4b; WGIII SPM D.1, 
WGIII SPM D.1.2, WGIII TS.5.1, WGIII Figure SPM.8; SR1.5 SPM D.3, 
SR1.5 SPM D.4; SRCCL SPM B.2, SRCCL SPM B.3, SRCCL SPM D.3.2, 
SRCCL Figure SPM.3}
In the energy sector, transitions to low-emission systems will have 
multiple co-beneﬁts, including improvements in air quality and health. 
There are potential synergies between sustainable development and, 
for instance, energy efﬁciency and renewable energy. (high conﬁdence) 
{WGIII SPM C.4.2, WGIII SPM D.1.3}
For agriculture, land, and food systems, many land management 
options and demand-side response options (e.g., dietary choices, 
reduced post-harvest losses, reduced food waste) can contribute to 
eradicating poverty and eliminating hunger while promoting good health 
and well-being, clean water and sanitation, and life on land (medium 
confidence). In contrast, certain adaptation options that promote 
intensification of production, such as irrigation, may have negative 
effects on sustainability (e.g., for biodiversity, ecosystem services, 
groundwater depletion, and water quality) (high confidence).