105
Near-Term Responses in a Changing Climate
Section 4
transformational changes in production processes (high conﬁdence). 
Light industry and manufacturing can be largely decarbonized through 
available abatement technologies (e.g., material efﬁciency, circularity), 
electriﬁcation (e.g., electrothermal heating, heat pumps), and switching 
to low- and zero-GHG emitting fuels (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia, and 
bio-based and other synthetic fuels) (high conﬁdence), while deep 
reduction of cement process emissions will rely on cementitious 
material substitution and the availability of Carbon Capture and Storage 
(CCS) until new chemistries are mastered (high conﬁdence). Reducing 
emissions from the production and use of chemicals would need to rely 
on a life cycle approach, including increased plastics recycling, fuel and 
feedstock switching, and carbon sourced through biogenic sources, and, 
depending on availability, Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU), direct 
air CO2 capture, as well as CCS (high conﬁdence). Action to reduce 
industry sector emissions may change the location of GHG-intensive 
industries and the organisation of value chains, with distributional 
effects on employment and economic structure (medium conﬁdence). 
{WGII TS.B.9.1, WGII 16.5.2; WGIII SPM C.5, WGIII SPM C.5.2, 
WGIII SPM C.5.3, WGIII TS.5.5}
Many industrial and service sectors are negatively affected by climate 
change through supply and operational disruptions, especially from 
extreme events (high conﬁdence), and will require adaptation efforts. 
Water intensive industries (e.g., mining) can undertake measures to 
reduce water stress, such as water recycling and reuse, using brackish 
or saline sources, working to improve water use efﬁciency. However, 
residual risks will remain, especially at higher levels of warming 
(medium conﬁdence).