Compound extreme events include increases in the 
frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts (high conﬁdence); ﬁre 
weather in some regions (medium conﬁdence); and compound ﬂooding in 
some locations (medium conﬁdence). Multiple risks interact, generating 
new sources of vulnerability to climate hazards, and compounding 
overall risk (high conﬁdence). Compound climate hazards can overwhelm 
adaptive capacity and substantially increase damage (high conﬁdence)). 
{WGI SPM A.3.5; WGII SPM. B.5.1, WGII TS.C.11.3}
Economic impacts attributable to climate change are increasingly 
affecting peoples’ livelihoods and are causing economic and 
societal impacts across national boundaries (high conﬁdence). 
Economic damages from climate change have been detected in 
climate-exposed sectors, with regional effects to agriculture, forestry, 
ﬁshery, energy, and tourism, and through outdoor labour productivity 
(high conﬁdence) with some exceptions of positive impacts in regions 
with low energy demand and comparative advantages in agricultural 
markets and tourism (high conﬁdence). Individual livelihoods have been 
affected through changes in agricultural productivity, impacts on human 
health and food security, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss 
of property and income, with adverse effects on gender and social equity 
(high conﬁdence). Tropical cyclones have reduced economic growth in 
the short-term (high conﬁdence). Event attribution studies and physical 
understanding indicate that human-caused climate change increases 
heavy precipitation associated with tropical cyclones (high conﬁdence). 
Wildﬁres in many regions have affected built assets, economic activity, 
and health (medium to high conﬁdence). In cities and settlements, climate 
impacts to key infrastructure are leading to losses and damages across water 
and food systems, and affect economic activity, with impacts extending 
beyond the area directly impacted by the climate hazard (high conﬁdence).