48
Section 2
Section 1
Section 2
Climate change has impacted human and natural systems across the 
world with those who have generally least contributed to climate 
change being most vulnerable
a) Synthesis of assessment of observed change in hot extremes, heavy precipitation and 
drought, and conﬁdence in human contribution to the observed changes in the world’s regions 
Increase
Decrease
Limited data and/or literature
Low agreement in the type of change
Key
Type of observed change since the 1950s
High
Medium
Low due to limited agreement
Low due to limited evidence
Conﬁdence in human contribution 
to the observed change
NWN
Each hexagon corresponds 
to a region
North-Western
North America
IPCC AR6 WGI reference regions: 
North America: NWN (North-Western North 
America, NEN (North-Eastern North 
America), WNA (Western North America), 
CNA (Central North America), ENA (Eastern 
North America), Central America: NCA 
(Northern Central America), SCA (Southern 
Central America), CAR (Caribbean), South 
America: NWS (North-Western South 
America), NSA (Northern South America), 
NES (North-Eastern South America), SAM 
(South American Monsoon), SWS 
(South-Western South America), SES 
(South-Eastern South America), SSA 
(Southern South America), Europe: GIC 
(Greenland/Iceland), NEU (Northern Europe), 
WCE (Western and Central Europe), EEU 
(Eastern Europe), MED (Mediterranean), 
Africa: MED (Mediterranean), SAH (Sahara), 
WAF (Western Africa), CAF (Central Africa), 
NEAF (North Eastern Africa), SEAF (South 
Eastern Africa), WSAF (West Southern 
Africa), ESAF (East Southern Africa), MDG 
(Madagascar), Asia: RAR (Russian Arctic), 
WSB (West Siberia), ESB (East Siberia), RFE 
(Russian Far East), WCA (West Central Asia), 
ECA (East Central Asia), TIB (Tibetan 
Plateau), EAS (East Asia), ARP (Arabian 
Peninsula),