{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.4.4; WGIII SPM C.6.3, WGIII SPM C.6, 
WGIII SPM C.7.2, WGIII SPM C.8.5, WGIII SPM D.1.2, WGIII SPM D.1.5, 
WGIII SPM E.1.2}
Mitigation and adaptation when implemented together, and 
combined with broader sustainable development objectives, 
would yield multiple beneﬁts for human well-being as well as 
ecosystem and planetary health (high conﬁdence). The range of 
such positive interactions is signiﬁcant in the landscape of near-term 
climate policies across regions, sectors and systems. For example, 
AFOLU mitigation actions in land-use change and forestry, when 
sustainably implemented, can provide large-scale GHG emission 
reductions and removals that simultaneously beneﬁt biodiversity, food 
security, wood supply and other ecosystem services but cannot fully 
compensate for delayed mitigation action in other sectors. Adaptation 
measures in land, ocean and ecosystems similarly can have widespread 
beneﬁts for food security, nutrition, health and well-being, ecosystems 
and biodiversity. Equally, urban systems are critical, interconnected 
sites for climate resilient development; urban policies that implement 
multiple interventions can yield adaptation or mitigation gains with 
equity and human well-being. Integrated policy packages can improve 
the ability to integrate considerations of equity, gender equality 
and justice. Coordinated cross-sectoral policies and planning can 
maximise synergies and avoid or reduce trade-offs between mitigation 
4.9 Integration of Near-Term Actions Across Sectors and Systems 
The feasibility, effectiveness and beneﬁts of mitigation and adaptation actions are increased when multi-sectoral 
solutions are undertaken that cut across systems. When such options are combined with broader sustainable 
development objectives, they can yield greater beneﬁts for human well-being, social equity and justice, and 
ecosystem and planetary health. (high conﬁdence)