While global net GHG emissions have increased since 
2010, global energy intensity (total primary energy per unit GDP) 
decreased by 2% yr–1 between 2010 and 2019. Global carbon 
intensity (CO2-FFI per unit primary energy) also decreased by 0.3% 
yr–1, mainly due to fuel switching from coal to gas, reduced expansion 
of coal capacity, and increased use of renewables, and with large 
regional variations over the same period. In many countries, policies 
have enhanced energy efﬁciency, reduced rates of deforestation and 
accelerated technology deployment, leading to avoided and in some 
cases reduced or removed emissions (high conﬁdence). At least 
18 countries have sustained production-based CO2 and GHG and 
consumption-based CO2 absolute emission reductions for longer than 
10 years since 2005 through energy supply decarbonization, energy 
efﬁciency gains, and energy demand reduction, which resulted from 
both policies and changes in economic structure (high conﬁdence). 
Some countries have reduced production-based GHG emissions by a 
third or more since peaking, and some have achieved reduction rates 
of around 4% yr–1 for several years consecutively (high conﬁdence). 
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that mitigation policies have led to 
avoided global emissions of several GtCO2-eq yr–1 (medium conﬁdence).