All assessed modelled pathways 
that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower by 2100 include land-based 
mitigation and land-use change, with most including different 
combinations of reforestation, afforestation, reduced deforestation, and 
bioenergy. However, accumulated carbon in vegetation and soils is at 
risk from future loss (or sink reversal) triggered by climate change and 
disturbances such as ﬂood, drought, ﬁre, or pest outbreaks, or future 
poor management. (high conﬁdence) {WGI SPM B.4.3; WGII SPM B.2.3, 
WGII SPM B.5.4; WGIII SPM C.9, WGIII SPM C.11.3, WGIII SPM D.2.3, 
WGIII TS.4.2, 3.4; SR1.5 SPM C.2.5; SRCCL SPM B.1.4, SRCCL SPM B.3, 
SRCCL SPM B.7}
In addition to deep, rapid, and sustained emission reductions, 
CDR can fulﬁl three complementary roles: lowering net CO2 
or net GHG emissions in the near term; counterbalancing 
‘hard-to-abate’ residual emissions (e.g., some emissions from 
agriculture, aviation, shipping, industrial processes) to help reach 
net zero CO2 or GHG emissions, and achieving net negative 
CO2 or GHG emissions if deployed at levels exceeding annual 
residual emissions (high conﬁdence). CDR methods vary in terms 
of their maturity, removal process, time scale of carbon storage, storage 
medium, mitigation potential, cost, co-beneﬁts, impacts and risks, and 
governance requirements (high conﬁdence).