{WGII SPM B.4, WGII 
SPM B.6; WGIII SPM C.12, WGIII SPM C.12.2, WGIII SPM C.12.3 WGIII Box TS.7; 
SR1.5 SPM B.3, SR1.5 SPM B.5, SR1.5 SPM B.6}
Considering other sustainable development dimensions, such as the 
potentially strong economic beneﬁts on human health from air quality 
improvement, may enhance the estimated beneﬁts of mitigation 
(medium conﬁdence). The economic effects of strengthened mitigation 
action vary across regions and countries, depending notably on economic 
structure, regional emissions reductions, policy design and level of 
international cooperation (high conﬁdence). Ambitious mitigation 
pathways imply large and sometimes disruptive changes in economic 
structure, with implications for near-term actions (Section 4.2), equity 
(Section 4.4), sustainability (Section 4.6), and ﬁnance (Section 4.8) 
(high conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM C.12.2, WGIII SPM D.3.2, WGIII TS.4.2}
3.4 Long-Term Interactions Between Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development
Mitigation and adaptation can lead to synergies and trade-offs with sustainable development (high conﬁdence). 
Accelerated and equitable mitigation and adaptation bring beneﬁts from avoiding damages from climate 
change and are critical to achieving sustainable development (high conﬁdence). Climate resilient development138 
pathways are progressively constrained by every increment of further warming (very high conﬁdence). There is a 
rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all (very high conﬁdence).
138 See Annex I: Glossary.
139 The impacts, risks, and co-beneﬁts of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-speciﬁc context, 
implementation and scale (high conﬁdence).