Global net zero 
CO2 emissions are reached in the early 2050s in pathways that limit 
warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot, and around 
the early 2070s in pathways that limit warming to 2°C (>67%). While 
non-CO2 GHG emissions are strongly reduced in all pathways that limit 
warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower, residual emissions of CH4 and N2O 
and F-gases of about 8 [5–11] GtCO2-eq yr-1 remain at the time of 
134 Net zero GHG emissions deﬁned by the 100-year global warming potential. See footnote 70.
135 See Section 3.3.3 and 3.4.1.
net zero GHG, counterbalanced by net negative CO2 emissions.  
As a result, net zero CO2 would be reached before net zero GHGs 
(high conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM C.2, WGIII SPM C.2.3, WGIII SPM C.2.4, 
WGIII Table SPM.2, WGIII 3.3} (Figure 3.6) 
the global emissions reported in WGIII SPM Section B and WGIII Chapter 2; this ensures internal consistency in assumptions about emission sources and activities, as well as 
consistency with temperature projections based on the physical climate science assessment by WGI (see WGIII SPM Footnote 49). Negative values (e.g., in C5, C6) represent 
an increase in emissions. The modelled GHG emissions in 2019 are 55 [53–58] GtCO2-eq, thus within the uncertainty ranges of estimates for 2019 emissions [53-66] GtCO2-eq 
(see 2.1.1). 
4 Emissions milestones are provided for 5-year intervals in order to be consistent with the underlying 5-year time-step data of the modelled pathways. Ranges in square 
brackets underneath refer to the range across the pathways, comprising the lower bound of the 5th percentile 5-year interval and the upper bound of the 95th percentile 
5-year interval.