The 
continued installation of unabated fossil fuel148 infrastructure 
will ‘lock-in’ GHG emissions (high conﬁdence). Limiting global 
warming to 2°C or below will leave a substantial amount of fossil fuels 
unburned and could strand considerable fossil fuel infrastructure 
(high confidence), with globally discounted value projected to be 
around USD 1 to 4 trillion from 2015 to 2050 (medium conﬁdence). 
Early actions would limit the size of these stranded assets, whereas 
delayed actions with continued investments in unabated high-emitting 
infrastructure and limited development and deployment of low-emitting 
alternatives prior to 2030 would raise future stranded assets to the 
higher end of the range – thereby acting as barriers and increasing 
political economy feasibility risks that may jeopardise efforts to limit 
global warming. (high conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM B.6.3, WGIII SPM C.4, 
WGIII Box TS.8}