Deep, rapid, and sustained mitigation actions would reduce future adaptation costs 
and losses and damages, enhance sustainable development co-beneﬁts, avoid locking-in emission sources, 
and reduce stranded assets and irreversible climate changes. These near-term actions involve higher up-front 
investments and disruptive changes, which can be moderated by a range of enabling conditions and removal or 
reduction of barriers to feasibility. (high conﬁdence)
Accelerated implementation of adaptation responses will bring 
beneﬁts to human well-being (high conﬁdence) (Section 4.3).  As 
adaptation options often have long implementation times, long-term 
planning and accelerated implementation, particularly in this decade, is 
important to close adaptation gaps, recognising that constraints remain 
for some regions. The beneﬁts to vulnerable populations would be high 
(see Section 4.4). (high conﬁdence) {WGI SPM B.1, WGI SPM B.1.3, WGI 
SPM B.2.2, WGI SPM B.3; WGII SPM C.1.1, WGII SPM C.1.2, WGII SPM 
C.2, WGII SPM C.3.1, WGII Figure SPM.4b; SROCC SPM C.3.4, SROCC 
Figure 3.4, SROCC Figure SPM.5}
Near-term actions that limit global warming to close to 1.5°C 
would substantially reduce projected losses and damages related 
to climate change in human systems and ecosystems, compared 
to higher warming levels, but cannot eliminate them all (very 
high conﬁdence). The magnitude and rate of climate change and 
associated risks depend strongly on near-term mitigation and adaptation 
actions, and projected adverse impacts and related losses and damages 
escalate with every increment of global warming (very high conﬁdence). 
Delayed mitigation action will further increase global warming which 
will decrease the effectiveness of many adaptation options, including 
Ecosystem-based Adaptation and many water-related options, as well 
as increasing mitigation feasibility risks, such as for options based on 
ecosystems (high conﬁdence).