Above 1.5°C global 
warming level, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard limits 
for small islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow melt 
124 See Annex I: Glossary. Examples of compound extreme events are concurrent heatwaves and droughts or compound ﬂooding. {WGI SPM Footnote 18}
125 There are limitations to assessing the full scope of adaptation options available in the future since not all possible future adaptation responses can be incorporated in climate 
impact models, and projections of future adaptation depend on currently available technologies or approaches. {WGII 4.7.2}
(medium confidence). By 2°C, soft limits are projected for multiple 
staple crops, particularly in tropical regions (high conﬁdence). By 3°C, 
soft limits are projected for some water management measures for 
many regions, with hard limits projected for parts of Europe (medium 
conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.3, WGII SPM C.3.3, WGII SPM C.3.4, WGII SPM C.3.5, 
WGII TS.D.2.2, WGII TS.D.2.3; SR1.5 SPM B.6; SROCC SPM C.1}
Integrated, cross-cutting multi-sectoral solutions increase the 
effectiveness of adaptation. For example, inclusive, integrated 
and long-term planning at local, municipal, sub-national and national 
scales, together with effective regulation and monitoring systems 
and ﬁnancial and technological resources and capabilities foster 
urban and rural system transition. There are a range of cross-cutting 
adaptation options, such as disaster risk management, early warning 
systems, climate services and risk spreading and sharing that have 
broad applicability across sectors and provide greater beneﬁts to other 
adaptation options when combined. Transitioning from incremental to 
transformational adaptation, and addressing a range of constraints, 
primarily in the ﬁnancial, governance, institutional and policy domains, 
can help overcome soft adaptation limits. However, adaptation does 
not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and 
before reaching soft and hard limits.