(high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.2, 
WGII SPM C.2.5; WGIII SPM C.9.1; SRCCL SPM B.1.1, SRCCL SPM B.5.4, 
SRCCL SPM D.1; SROCC SPM C} 
Some options, such as conservation of high-carbon ecosystems 
(e.g., peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests), have 
immediate impacts while others, such as restoration of high-carbon 
ecosystems, reclamation of degraded soils or afforestation, take decades 
to deliver measurable results (high conﬁdence). Many sustainable land 
management technologies and practices are ﬁnancially proﬁtable in three 
to ten years (medium conﬁdence). {SRCCL SPM B.1.2, SRCCL SPM D.2.2} 
Maintaining the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem 
services at a global scale depends on effective and equitable 
conservation of approximately 30–50% of Earth’s land, 
freshwater and ocean areas, including currently near-natural 
ecosystems (high conﬁdence). The services and options provided by 
terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems can be supported 
156 Balanced diets refer to diets that feature plant-based foods, such as those based on coarse grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and animal-sourced food 
produced in resilient, sustainable and low-GHG emission systems, as described in SRCCL.
by protection, restoration, precautionary ecosystem-based management 
of renewable resource use, and the reduction of pollution and other 
stressors (high confidence). {WGII SPM C.2.4, WGII SPM D.4; 
SROCC SPM C.2} 
Large-scale land conversion for bioenergy, biochar, or afforestation 
can increase risks to biodiversity, water and food security. In contrast, 
restoring natural forests and drained peatlands, and improving 
sustainability of managed forests enhances the resilience of carbon 
stocks and sinks and reduces ecosystem vulnerability to climate change.