{WGII SPM C.1.2, WGII SPM C.3.2, WGII SPM C.5.4, WGII TS.D.1.6} 
Without effective mitigation and adaptation, losses and damages will 
continue to disproportionately affect the poorest and most vulnerable 
populations. Accelerated ﬁnancial support for developing countries 
from developed countries and other sources is a critical enabler to 
enhance mitigation action {WGIII SPM. E.5.3}. Many developing 
countries lack comprehensive data at the scale needed and lack adequate 
ﬁnancial resources needed for adaptation for reducing associated 
economic and non-economic losses and damages. (high conﬁdence) 
{WGII Cross-Chapter Box LOSS, WGII SPM C.3.1, WGII SPM C.3.2, 
WGII TS.D.1.3, WGII TS.D.1.5; WGIII SPM E.5.3} 
There are barriers to redirecting capital towards climate action both 
within and outside the global ﬁnancial sector. These barriers include: 
the inadequate assessment of climate-related risks and investment 
opportunities, regional mismatch between available capital and 
investment needs, home bias factors, country indebtedness levels, 
economic vulnerability, and limited institutional capacities. Challenges 
from outside the ﬁnancial sector include: limited local capital markets; 
unattractive risk-return proﬁles, in particular due to missing or weak 
regulatory environments that are inconsistent with ambition levels; 
limited institutional capacity to ensure safeguards; standardisation, 
aggregation, scalability and replicability of investment opportunities 
and ﬁnancing models; and, a pipeline ready for commercial investments. 
(high conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.5.4; WGIII SPM E.5.2; SR1.5 SPM D.5.2}