The bars denote the strength of the connection and do not consider the strength 
of the impact on the SDGs. The synergies and trade-offs differ depending on the context and the scale of implementation. Scale of implementation particularly matters when there is 
competition for scarce resources. For the sake of uniformity, we are not reporting the conﬁdence levels because there is knowledge gap in adaptation option wise relation with SDGs 
and their conﬁdence level which is evident from WGII ﬁg SPM.4b. {WGII Figure SPM.4b; WGIII Figure SPM.8}
Effective climate governance enables mitigation and adaptation 
by providing overall direction based on national circumstances, 
setting targets and priorities, mainstreaming climate action across 
policy domains and levels, based on national circumstances and 
in the context of international cooperation. Effective governance 
enhances monitoring and evaluation and regulatory certainty, 
prioritising inclusive, transparent and equitable decision-making, 
and improves access to ﬁnance and technology (high conﬁdence). 
These functions can be promoted by climate-relevant laws and 
plans, which are growing in number across sectors and regions, 
advancing mitigation outcomes and adaptation benefits (high 
confidence). Climate laws have been growing in number and 
have helped deliver mitigation and adaptation outcomes (medium 
conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.5, WGII SPM C.5.1, WGII SPM C5.4, WGII SPM C.5.6; 
WGIII SPM B.5.2, WGIII SPM E.3.1}
Effective 
municipal, 
national 
and 
sub-national 
climate 
institutions, such as expert and co-ordinating bodies, enable 
co-produced, multi-scale decision-processes, build consensus 
for action among diverse interests, and inform strategy settings 
(high conﬁdence). This requires adequate institutional capacity at 
all levels (high conﬁdence).