Multilateral governance 
efforts can help reconcile contested interests, world views and values 
about how to address climate change. International environment and 
sectoral agreements, and initiatives in some cases, may help to stimulate 
low GHG investment and reduce emissions (such as ozone depletion, 
transboundary air pollution and atmospheric emissions of mercury). 
Improvements to national and international governance structures 
would further enable the decarbonisation of shipping and aviation 
through deployment of low-emissions fuels, for example through 
stricter efficiency and carbon intensity standards. Transnational 
partnerships can also stimulate policy development, low-emissions 
technology diffusion, emission reductions and adaptation, by linking sub-
national and other actors, including cities, regions, non-governmental 
organisations and private sector entities, and by enhancing interactions 
between state and non-state actors, though uncertainties remain over 
their costs, feasibility, and effectiveness. International environmental 
and sectoral agreements, institutions, and initiatives are helping, and 
in some cases may help, to stimulate low GHG emissions investment 
and reduce emissions. (medium conﬁdence) {WGII SPM B.5.3, WGII SPM 
C.5.6, WGII TS.E.5.4, WGII TS.E.5.5; WGIII SPM C.8.4, WGIII SPM E.6.3, 
WGIII SPM E.6.4, WGIII SPM E.6.4, WGIII TS.5.3}