Climate laws have been growing in number and 
have helped deliver mitigation and adaptation outcomes (medium 
conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.5, WGII SPM C.5.1, WGII SPM C5.4, WGII SPM C.5.6; 
WGIII SPM B.5.2, WGIII SPM E.3.1}
Effective 
municipal, 
national 
and 
sub-national 
climate 
institutions, such as expert and co-ordinating bodies, enable 
co-produced, multi-scale decision-processes, build consensus 
for action among diverse interests, and inform strategy settings 
(high conﬁdence). This requires adequate institutional capacity at 
all levels (high conﬁdence). Vulnerabilities and climate risks are often 
reduced through carefully designed and implemented laws, policies, 
participatory processes, and interventions that address context 
speciﬁc inequities such as based on gender, ethnicity, disability, age, 
location and income (high conﬁdence). Policy support is inﬂuenced by 
Indigenous Peoples, businesses, and actors in civil society, including, 
youth, labour, media, and local communities, and effectiveness is 
enhanced by partnerships between many different groups in society 
(high conﬁdence). Climate-related litigation is growing, with a large 
number of cases in some developed countries and with a much smaller 
number in some developing countries, and in some cases has inﬂuenced 
the outcome and ambition of climate governance (medium conﬁdence). 
{WGII SPM C2.6, WGII SPM C.5.2, WGII SPM C.5.5, WGII SPM C.5.6, 
WGII SPM D.3.1; WGIII SPM E3.2, WGIII SPM E.3.3}
Effective climate governance is enabled by inclusive decision 
processes, allocation of appropriate resources, and institutional 
review, monitoring and evaluation (high conﬁdence).