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Section 4
Section 1
Section 4
and marginalised communities including people living in informal 
settlements (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.6, WGII 
SPM C.2.7, WGII SPM D.3.2, WGII TS.E.1.4, WGII Cross-Chapter Box FEAS; 
WGIII SPM C.6, WGIII SPM C.6.2, WGIII SPM D.1.3, WGIII SPM D.2.1}
Responses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying 
coastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, 
accommodation, advance and planned relocation. These responses 
are more effective if combined and/or sequenced, planned well ahead, 
aligned with sociocultural values and development priorities, and 
underpinned by inclusive community engagement processes. (high 
conﬁdence) {WGII SPM C.2.8}
4.5.4. Land, Ocean, Food, and Water
There is substantial mitigation and adaptation potential from 
options in agriculture, forestry and other land use, and in the 
oceans, that could be upscaled in the near term across most 
regions (high conﬁdence) (Figure 4.5). Conservation, improved 
management, and restoration of forests and other ecosystems offer 
the largest share of economic mitigation potential, with reduced 
deforestation in tropical regions having the highest total mitigation 
potential. Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, and afforestation can 
lead to trade-offs due to competing demands on land. Minimizing 
trade-offs requires integrated approaches to meet multiple objectives 
including food security. Demand-side measures (shifting to sustainable 
healthy diets and reducing food loss/waste) and sustainable agricultural 
intensiﬁcation can reduce ecosystem conversion and CH4 and N2O emissions, 
and free up land for reforestation and ecosystem restoration. 
Sustainably sourced agriculture and forest products, including 
long-lived wood products, can be used instead of more GHG-intensive 
products in other sectors.