85 
 See Annex I: Glossary. 
86 
Irrigation is effective in reducing drought risk and climate impacts in many regions and has several livelihood beneﬁts, but needs appropriate management to avoid potential 
adverse outcomes, which can include accelerated depletion of groundwater and other water sources and increased soil salinization (medium conﬁdence). 
87 
EbA is recognised internationally under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD14/5). A related concept is Nature-based Solutions (NbS), see Annex I: Glossary.
in disaster risk management, social safety nets and green/blue 
infrastructure (medium conﬁdence). Many adaptation measures that 
beneﬁt health and well-being are found in other sectors (e.g., food, 
livelihoods, social protection, water and sanitation, infrastructure) 
(high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.2, WGII TS.D.1.2, 
WGII TS.D.1.4, WGII TS.D.4.2, WGII TS.D.8.3, WGII 4 ES; SRCCL SPM B.1.1}
Adaptation can generate multiple additional beneﬁts such as improving 
agricultural productivity, innovation, health and well-being, food 
security, livelihood, and biodiversity conservation as well as reduction 
of risks and damages (very high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C1.1} 
Globally tracked adaptation ﬁnance has shown an upward trend 
since AR5, but represents only a small portion of total climate 
ﬁnance, is uneven and has developed heterogeneously across 
regions and sectors (high conﬁdence). Adaptation ﬁnance has come 
predominantly from public sources, largely through grants, concessional 
and non-concessional instruments (very high conﬁdence). Globally, 
private-sector ﬁnancing of adaptation from a variety of sources such 
as commercial ﬁnancial institutions, institutional investors, other 
private equity, non-ﬁnancial corporations, as well as communities 
and households has been limited, especially in developing countries 
(high conﬁdence).