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Near-Term Responses in a Changing Climate
Section 4
4.8.3. Technology Innovation, Adoption, Diffusion and 
Transfer 
Enhancing 
technology 
innovation 
systems 
can 
provide 
opportunities to lower emissions growth and create social and 
environmental co-beneﬁts. Policy packages tailored to national 
contexts and technological characteristics have been effective 
in supporting low-emission innovation and technology diffusion. 
Support for successful low-carbon technological innovation 
includes public policies such as training and R&D, complemented by 
regulatory and market-based instruments that create incentives and 
market opportunities such as appliance performance standards and 
building codes. (high confidence) {WGIII SPM B.4, WGIII SPM B.4.4, 
WGIII SPM E.4.3, WGIII SPM E4.4}
International cooperation on innovation systems and technology 
development and transfer, accompanied by capacity building, 
knowledge sharing, and technical and ﬁnancial support can 
accelerate the global diffusion of mitigation technologies, 
practices and policies and align these with other development 
objectives (high conﬁdence). Choice architecture can help end-users 
adopt technology and low-GHG-intensive options (high conﬁdence). 
Adoption of low-emission technologies lags in most developing countries, 
particularly least developed ones, due in part to weaker enabling 
conditions, including limited ﬁnance, technology development and 
transfer, and capacity building (medium conﬁdence).