Increased ﬁnance would 
address soft limits to adaptation and rising climate risks while also averting 
157 Finance can originate from diverse sources, singly or in combination: public or private, local, national or international, bilateral or multilateral, and alternative sources 
(e.g., philanthropic, carbon offsets). It can be in the form of grants, technical assistance, loans (concessional and non-concessional), bonds, equity, risk insurance and ﬁnancial 
guarantees (of various types).
some related losses and damages, particularly in vulnerable developing 
countries (high conﬁdence). Enhanced mobilisation of and access to 
ﬁnance, together with building capacity, are essential for implementation 
of adaptation actions and to reduce adaptation gaps given rising risks 
and costs, especially for the most vulnerable groups, regions and sectors 
(high conﬁdence). Public ﬁnance is an important enabler of adaptation 
and mitigation, and can also leverage private ﬁnance (high conﬁdence). 
Adaptation funding predominately comes from public sources, and 
public mechanisms and ﬁnance can leverage private sector ﬁnance by 
addressing real and perceived regulatory, cost and market barriers, for 
instance via public-private partnerships (high conﬁdence). Financial and 
technological resources enable effective and ongoing implementation 
of adaptation, especially when supported by institutions with a strong 
understanding of adaptation needs and capacity (high conﬁdence). 
Average annual modelled mitigation investment requirements for 
2020 to 2030 in scenarios that limit warming to 2°C or 1.5°C are a 
factor of three to six greater than current levels, and total mitigation 
investments (public, private, domestic and international) would need 
to increase across all sectors and regions (medium conﬁdence). Even 
if extensive global mitigation efforts are implemented, there will be a 
large need for ﬁnancial, technical, and human resources for adaptation 
(high conﬁdence).