By integrating 
equity and climate justice, national and international policies can help 
to facilitate shifting development pathways towards sustainability, 
especially by mobilising and enhancing access to ﬁnance for vulnerable 
regions, sectors and communities (high conﬁdence). International 
cooperation and coordination, including combined policy packages, 
may be particularly important for sustainability transitions in emissions-
intensive and highly traded basic materials industries that are exposed 
to international competition (high conﬁdence). The large majority of 
emission modelling studies assume signiﬁcant international cooperation 
to secure ﬁnancial ﬂows and address inequality and poverty issues in 
pathways limiting global warming. There are large variations in the 
modelled effects of mitigation on GDP across regions, depending 
notably on economic structure, regional emissions reductions, policy 
design and level of international cooperation (high confidence). 
Delayed global cooperation increases policy costs across regions 
(high confidence). {WGII SPM D.2, WGII SPM D.3.1, WGII SPM D.5.2; 
WGIII SPM D.3.4, WGIII SPM C5.4, WGIII SPM C.12.2, WGIII SPM E.6, 
WGIII SPM E.6.1, WGIII E.5.4, WGIII TS.4.2, WGIII TS.6.2; SR1.5 SPM D.6.3, 
SR1.5 SPM D.7, SR1.5 SPM D.7.3}
The transboundary nature of many climate change risks (e.g., for 
supply chains, markets and natural resource ﬂows in food, ﬁsheries, 
energy and water, and potential for conﬂict) increases the need 
for climate-informed transboundary management, cooperation, 
responses and solutions through multi-national or regional 
governance processes (high conﬁdence). Multilateral governance 
efforts can help reconcile contested interests, world views and values 
about how to address climate change.