102
Section 4
Section 1
Section 4
and burdens, especially for vulnerable countries and communities. 
{WGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM D.3.2, WGIII SPM D.3.3, WGIII SPM D.3.4, 
WGIII TS Box TS.4}
Development priorities among countries also reﬂect different 
starting points and contexts, and enabling conditions for 
shifting development pathways towards increased sustainability 
will therefore differ, giving rise to different needs (high 
conﬁdence). Implementing just transition principles through collective 
and participatory decision-making processes is an effective way of 
integrating equity principles into policies at all scales depending 
on national circumstances, while in several countries just transition 
commissions, task forces and national policies have been established 
(medium conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM D.3.1, WGIII SPM D.3.3}
Many economic and regulatory instruments have been 
effective in reducing emissions and practical experience has 
informed instrument design to improve them while addressing 
distributional goals and social acceptance (high conﬁdence). The 
design of behavioural interventions, including the way that choices are 
presented to consumers work synergistically with price signals, making 
the combination more effective (medium conﬁdence). Individuals with 
high socio-economic status contribute disproportionately to emissions, 
and have the highest potential for emissions reductions, e.g., as 
citizens, investors, consumers, role models, and professionals (high 
conﬁdence). There are options on design of instruments such as taxes, 
subsidies, prices, and consumption-based approaches, complemented 
by regulatory instruments to reduce high-emissions consumption while 
improving equity and societal well-being (high conﬁdence). Behaviour 
and lifestyle changes to help end-users adopt low-GHG-intensive 
options can be supported by policies, infrastructure and technology 
with multiple co-beneﬁts for societal well-being (high conﬁdence). 
Broadening equitable access to domestic and international ﬁnance, 
technologies and capacity can also act as a catalyst for accelerating 
mitigation and shifting development pathways in low-income contexts 
(high conﬁdence).