{WGI SPM B.2.4, WGI SPM C.2.2, WGI SPM C.2.6, WGI 11.7} 
• High risks from dryland water scarcity, wildﬁre damage, and 
permafrost degradation (medium conﬁdence). {SRCCL SPM A.5.3.}
• Continued sea level rise and increased frequency and 
magnitude of extreme sea level events encroaching on coastal 
human settlements and damaging coastal infrastructure (high 
conﬁdence), committing low-lying coastal ecosystems to 
submergence and loss (medium conﬁdence), expanding land 
salinization (very high conﬁdence), with cascading to risks to 
livelihoods, health, well-being, cultural values, food and water 
security (high conﬁdence). {WGI SPM C.2.5, WGI SPM C.2.6; 
WGII SPM B.3.1, WGII SPM B.5.2; SRCCL SPM A.5.6; SROCC SPM B.3.4, 
SROCC SPM 3.6, SROCC SPM B.9.1} (Figure 3.4, 4.3)
• Climate change will signiﬁcantly increase ill health and premature 
deaths from the near to long term (high conﬁdence). Further 
warming will increase climate-sensitive food-borne, water-borne, 
and vector-borne disease risks (high conﬁdence), and mental health 
challenges including anxiety and stress (very high conﬁdence). 
{WGII SPM B.4.4}