Many regions are projected to experience an increase in 
the probability of compound events with higher global warming, such 
as concurrent heatwaves and droughts, compound ﬂooding and ﬁre 
weather. In addition, multiple climatic and non-climatic risk drivers 
such as biodiversity loss or violent conﬂict will interact, resulting 
in compounding overall risk and risks cascading across sectors and 
regions. Furthermore, risks can arise from some responses that are 
intended to reduce the risks of climate change, e.g., adverse side effects 
of some emission reduction and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures 
(see 3.4.1). (high confidence) {WGI SPM C.2.7, WGI Figure SPM.6, 
WGI TS.4.3; WGII SPM B.1.7, WGII B.2.2, WGII SPM B.5, WGII SPM B.5.4, 
WGII SPM C.4.2, WGII SPM B.5, WGII CCB2}
Solar Radiation Modiﬁcation (SRM) approaches, if they were 
to be implemented, introduce a widespread range of new risks 
to people and ecosystems, which are not well understood. 
SRM has the potential to offset warming within one or two decades 
and ameliorate some climate hazards but would not restore climate to 
a previous state, and substantial residual or overcompensating climate 
change would occur at regional and seasonal scales (high conﬁdence). 
Effects of SRM would depend on the speciﬁc approach used122, and 
a sudden and sustained termination of SRM in a high CO2 emissions 
scenario would cause rapid climate change (high conﬁdence). SRM 
would not stop atmospheric CO2 concentrations from increasing nor 
reduce resulting ocean acidiﬁcation under continued anthropogenic 
emissions (high conﬁdence). Large uncertainties and knowledge 
gaps are associated with the potential of SRM approaches to reduce 
climate change risks. Lack of robust and formal SRM governance 
poses risks as deployment by a limited number of states could create 
international tensions.