(high confidence) {WGIII SPM B.4, WGIII SPM B.4.4, 
WGIII SPM E.4.3, WGIII SPM E4.4}
International cooperation on innovation systems and technology 
development and transfer, accompanied by capacity building, 
knowledge sharing, and technical and ﬁnancial support can 
accelerate the global diffusion of mitigation technologies, 
practices and policies and align these with other development 
objectives (high conﬁdence). Choice architecture can help end-users 
adopt technology and low-GHG-intensive options (high conﬁdence). 
Adoption of low-emission technologies lags in most developing countries, 
particularly least developed ones, due in part to weaker enabling 
conditions, including limited ﬁnance, technology development and 
transfer, and capacity building (medium conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM B.4.2, 
WGIII SPM E.6.2, WGIII SPM C.10.4, WGIII 16.5}
Higher mitigation investment ﬂows required for 
all sectors and regions to limit global warming
Actual yearly ﬂows compared to average annual needs 
in billions USD (2015) per year
Multiplication 
factors*
0
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
500
2017
2018
2019
2020
Annual mitigation investment 
needs (averaged until 2030)
IEA data mean 
2017–2020
Average ﬂows
0
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
500
*Multiplication factors indicate the x-fold increase between yearly 
mitigation ﬂows to average yearly mitigation investment needs. 
Globally, current mitigation ﬁnancial ﬂows are a factor of three 
to six below the average levels up to 2030.