49
Current Status and Trends
Section 2
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Ocean
Changes in 
ecosystem structure
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Ocean
Species range shifts
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Ocean
Changes in seasonal 
timing (phenology)
Water availability 
and food production
Health and wellbeing
Cities, settlements 
and infrastructure
Asia
Africa
Global
Australasia
Europe
Central & 
South America
North 
America
Small Islands
Physical water availability
Agriculture/crop production
Fisheries yields and aquaculture production
Animal and livestock
health and productivity
Infectious diseases
Displacement
Mental health
Heat, malnutrition and harm from wildﬁre
Inland ﬂooding and
associated damages
Flood/storm induced
damages in coastal areas
Damages to key economic sectors
Damages to infrastructure
c) Observed impacts and related losses 
and damages of climate change
2019 emissions per capita of 180 nations in tons of CO2
b) Vulnerability of population & per capita emissions per country in 2019
more vulnerable 
countries generally 
have lower emissions 
per capita
Increased climate impacts 
HUMAN SYSTEMS 
ECOSYSTEMS 
Adverse impacts
Adverse and positive impacts
Climate-driven changes observed, 
no assessment of impact direction
/
10
20
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
0
30
20
40
70
80
high
low
ECOSYSTEMS
HUMAN SYSTEMS
Key
Conﬁdence in attribution
to climate change
High or very high
Medium
Low
Evidence limited, insufﬁcient
Not assessed
Vulnerability
Dimension 
of Risk:
Impact
Dimension 
of Risk:
Vulnerability assessed on national data. 
Vulnerability differs between and within countries 
and is exacerbated by inequity and marginalisation. 
Relative average national 
vulnerability per capita by global 
indices INFORM and WRI (2019)