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Lan Mei, Armed Conflict and Civilian Protection Initiative This past month, the humanitarian disarmament community prepared to observe two important anniversaries: the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These anniversaries have provided an opportunity to reflect on both the legacies of these historical events and the actions needed to achieve greater progress towards humanitarian disarmament. Entry into Force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions August 1 marked the 10th anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. The convention has already left a significant humanitarian legacy in its first decade. Related developments include: - Just ahead of the decennial, on July 29 and 31, respectively, Montenegro and Croatia declared fulfillment of their clearance obligations under Article 4 of the convention. - The Implementation Support Unit published a summary of the achievements of the convention to date. Notable milestones include the destruction of 99% of the total declared cluster munition stocks and the clearance of 500 square kilometers of cluster munition contaminated lands. - Supporters of the ban on cluster munitions celebrated the 10th anniversary in numerous creative ways. Mines Action Canada and Seguridad Humana en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (SEHLAC) produced a video about the convention that advocated for its universal adoption. Proud Students Against Landmines and Cluster Bombs, based in West Virginia, launched a postcard drive to urge members of the United States Congress to support the bans on landmines and cluster munitions. The Afghan Landmine Survivors Organization created a piece of street art outside of the parliament building in Kabul to raise awareness of the plight of victims and to encourage stronger implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. - On August 6, Niue acceded to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, becoming its 109th state party. Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Humanitarian disarmament advocates across the world organized activities to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945. The events honored the lives lost and suffering caused while highlighting the global support for the appeal of the hibakusha: to “achieve a nuclear-free world in our [hibakusha’s] lifetime, so that succeeding generations of people will not see hell on earth ever again.” Related developments include: - Calls to join the Treaty on the Prohibition on Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) came from numerous sources, including Setsuko Thurlow, a hibakusha who jointly accepted the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), the African Commission on Nuclear Energy, Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, and the presidents of the International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. - The official Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony and Nagasaki Peace Memorial Ceremony, held on August 6 and August 9 respectively, paid tribute to the victims of the two bombings and the hibakusha who survived. - Advocates organized commemorative events around the world. Events took place in Argentina, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Scotland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and elsewhere. Some local events, such as this set of commemoration programs in Massachusetts, were in-person. Global events, including New York City and Hiroshima City’s collaborative commemoration broadcast, were often held virtually. - Art was a popular medium for discussion and reflection, as evidenced by this book discussion and film screening. - Many events focused on activism and advocacy for a nuclear-free world. They included the Japan Council against Atomic and Hydrogen Bomb’s World Conference, a rally against Raytheon for its development of nuclear weapons, and the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom’s 4 Days of Action against Nuclear Spending. - Several states chose this past month to join the TPNW, in a fitting commemoration of the bombings. On July 15, Botswana became the 40th state to ratify the TPNW. Sudan became the 82nd signatory to the treaty on July 22. Ireland and Nigeria ratified the TPNW and Niue acceded to it on the anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing. St. Kitts and Nevis ratified the treaty on the anniversary of the Nagasaki bombing. To date, only six more ratifications are needed to bring the TPNW into force. Other Updates While the humanitarian disarmament community was focused this month on cluster munitions and nuclear weapons, work in other areas did not stop. In case you missed it: - On July 28 and 29, respectively, São Tomé and Príncipe, Afghanistan, and Niue became the 108th, 109th, and 110th states parties to the Arms Trade Treaty. - Action on Armed Violence released two reports last month on the environmental and health effects of the use of explosive weapons. - The Goettingen Journal of International Law published a special issue focused on the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict. Its articles reflect upon the International Law Commission’s draft principles on the topic and other relevant areas of law. Next month, the humanitarian disarmament community will strive to build on its recent momentum and advance work on other issues. The Sixth Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty will take place by written procedure from August 17-21, and numerous side events have been scheduled. While the August session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems has been postponed, the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots will continue its global discussions via Insta Live sessions with experts. The humanitariandisarmament.org website continues to post resources on humanitarian disarmament and COVID-19 on this page.
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आणविक हतियार निषेध सन्धी अनुमोदन गर्न अपिल ज्ञापनपत्र काठमाडौं । सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्वका लागि चिकित्सकहरु (पिएसआरएन, नेपाल), नेपाल संस्थाले आणविक हतियार निषेध सन्धीमा सन् २०१७ मा नेपाल सरकारले हस्ताक्षर गरेको कुरा स्मरण गराउँदै प्रधानमन्त्री केपी शर्मा ओलीलाई लिखित ज्ञापन बुझाएको छ । पिएसआरएन, नेपालका अध्यक्ष डा. शरद राज वन्त, बरिष्ठ उपाध्यक्ष डा. गणेश गुरुङ र सचिव डा. अरुणमणि दीक्षितले संयुक्त रुपमा हस्ताक्षर गर्नुभएको ज्ञापनपत्रमा भनिएको छ– सो सन्धीमा नेपाल सरकारले हस्ताक्षर गरे पनि संसदबाट अनुमोदन भइनसकेकाले संघीय संसदबाट यथासिघ्र अनुमोदन गर्नका लागि प्रधानमन्त्री मार्फत नेपाल सरकारलाई अपिल गर्दछौँ र संघीय सदनको ध्यान समेत आकर्षण गर्दछौँ । ज्ञापन पत्रको पूर्णपाठ निम्न अनुसार रहेको छ : श्री सम्माननीय प्रधाममन्त्रीज्यू दोश्रो विश्व युद्धको अन्त्यमा आणविक विष्फोटनको बिध्वँसबाट भएको मानव सँहारको गहिरो पीडा भोगेको विश्वको सन्त्रास शीतयुद्धकालीन दशकहरुमा चुलिएको थियो । यस अबधिमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा आणविक हतियारको निर्माण र भण्डारनलाई निश्तेज गरी विश्व शान्ती स्थापनाका अनेकौँ प्रयासहरु भए । यस क्रममा आणविक हतियार बिरुद्धको विश्व अभियानको लागि सन् १९८५ मा International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) लाई नोबल शान्ती पुरस्कारले सम्मानित गरिएको सन्दर्भ स्मरण गर्न चाहन्छौँ । शीत युद्धको अन्त्यपछि पनि विश्वका बिभिन्न क्षत्रहरुमा भएका द्धन्द, युद्ध र आतँकले विश्व शान्ती बिक्षिप्त भैरह्यो । आणविक शस्त्रको परिक्षण र भण्डारन तथा युद्धको सम्भावना अझै बाक्लिएको अनुभुत गरिरहेको विश्व मानव समाज सम्भाबित आणविक बिपतको त्रासबाट मुक्त हुन सकेन । दुइ दशकदेखि IPPNWको सँयोजकत्वमा आणविक हतियार मुक्त विश्व बनाउने दीर्घकालीन लक्ष सहित आणविक हतियारलाई कानुनी बन्देज लगाउने International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)को निरन्तर अभियानले बहुसँख्यक विश्व जनमतलाई सहमतिको बिन्दुमा ल्याउन सक्यो । परिणाम स्वरुप सयुँक्त राष्ट्र सँघले सन् २०१७ जुलाइमा Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), अर्थात Nuclear Weapon Ban Treatyलाई बहुमतबाट पारित गर्यो । आणविक हतियार सम्पन्न केही राष्ट्रहरुले हस्ताक्षर नगरेको भए पनि यस सन्धीलाई आणविक हतियारलाई उन्मुलन गर्ने लक्ष प्राप्तीको लागि विश्व सहमतिको पहिलो कानुनी दस्ताबेज मानिन्छ । हस्ताक्षर गर्ने राष्ट्रले आणविक हतियारको बिकास, परिक्षण, उत्पादन्, भण्डारन, तथा ढुवानी गर्न बन्देज गर्नु पर्दछ र आणविक हतियार बनाइ सकेको राष्ट्रले हस्ताक्षर गरेपछि त्यसको ब्यबस्थापन गर्न समय सीमा तोकिने छ । विश्वलाई आणविक सँहारको त्रासबाट मुक्त गराउने यो अथक अभियानको सम्मान गर्दै ICAN-IPPNWलाई त्यसै बर्ष सन् २०१७ नोबल शान्ती पुरस्कारले बिभूषित गरियो । सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्वका लागि चिकित्सक नेपाल (PSRN)ले शुरुकै दिनदेखि यस अभियानमा सहकार्य गर्दै आएको सन्दर्भ उल्लेख गर्न पाउँदा हामीलाई गर्व लाग्दछ । नेपालले सन् २०१७ सेप्टेम्बरमा TPNWमा सहमतिको हस्ताक्षर गरेर विश्वको अगाडि आफूलाई आणविक हतियार मुक्त विश्व निर्माणमा सकृय भूमिका निर्वाह गर्ने शान्तीपृय राष्ट्रको पहिचान बनाएको छ ।विश्वले यसको प्रशँसा गरेको छ र हामी नेपाली गर्वान्वित भएका छौँ । स्पष्ट छ हस्ताक्षर गरेर मात्र कुनै राष्ट्र सन्धीको हकदार (Party of Treaty)हुँदैन, कानुनी हकदार हुनको लागि राष्ट्रले सन्धीलाई अनुमोदन गर्नु पर्दछ । सयुँक्त राष्ट्र सँघको प्राबधान अनुसार कम्तिमा ५० वटा राष्ट्रहरुले अनुमोदन गरेपछि मात्र TPNWप्रभावकारी हुन सक्छ, सन् २०१९ को जुलाइसम्म २३ राष्ट्रहरुले मात्र अनुमोदन गरेको हुनाले पारित भएको दुई बर्षमा पनि यो महत्वपूर्ण सन्धीको कार्यान्वयन् हुन सकेको छैन । नेपाललाई यतिबेला Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)लाई अनुमोदन गर्ने ऐतिहासिक भूमिका निर्वाह गरेर आफ्नो शान्तीपृय राष्ट्रको पहिचानलाई सुद्रिढ बनाउने र TPNWलाई सकृय बनाउन योगदान गर्ने महत्वपूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त भएको छ । यो सफल भूमिकाले नेपाल दक्षिण एसिया मै अग्रीम स्थानमा उभिन सक्ने र यो क्षत्रका लगायत विश्वका अन्य राष्ट्रहरुका लागि अनुशरणीय उदाहरण बन्नेछ । यही अवसरमा नेपालले आफ्नो देश बुद्धको जन्मभूमी भएको सार्थकतालाई पनि पूनः एक पटक स्थापित गर्न पाउनेछ । तसर्थ हामी Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)लाई चालु संघीय सदनबाट यथासिघ्र अनुमोदन गर्नको लागि सम्मानमाननीय प्रधानमन्त्रीज्यू मार्पmत नेपाल सरकारलाई अपिल गर्दछौँ र सँघीय सदनको ध्यान समेत आकर्षण गर्दछौँ ।