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Iran nuclear deal: Tehran may increase uranium enrichment Iran has suspended commitments under the 2015 international nuclear deal, a year after it was abandoned by the US. President Hassan Rouhani said he would keep enriched uranium stocks in the country rather than sell them abroad. He also threatened to resume production of more-highly-enriched uranium in 60 days if other signatories did not act to protect Iran from US sanctions. The 2015 accord was aimed at curbing Iran's nuclear ambitions in return for relief from sanctions. But since the US left the deal it has imposed new sanctions, hitting Iran's economy and raising Iran-US tensions. Iran informed the remaining parties to the deal - France, Germany, Russia, China and the UK - of its decision on Wednesday morning. Foreign Minister Javad Zarif said Iran was acting within its rights under the deal and it was up to the three European powers to act. Under the deal Iran is required to sell its surplus enriched uranium abroad, rather than keep it. - Iran nuclear deal - all you need to know - How reinstated sanctions have hit Iranians - Is it about to become more expensive to fill my car? This is important as the material, which is a by-product of Iran's civilian nuclear power generation, can be used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. By selling it abroad, Iran can continue to generate nuclear power and the parties to the agreement can be sure it is not building nuclear weapons. Iran's announcement comes after US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo made an unscheduled visit to Iraq, and a US aircraft carrier was deployed to the Gulf region. US officials have reported threats to US forces and their allies from Iran, but have given few details about the exact nature of the threat. What did President Rouhani say? Mr Rouhani said he was suspending two parts of the deal, which is known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), that Iran was adhering to - the sale of surplus enriched uranium and heavy water. He then gave the European powers, Russia and China 60 days to meet their financial and oil commitments to the deal. If they did so, Iran would resume the sales. If, however, those commitments were not met and the powers chose to follow US sanctions, he said Iran would begin higher enrichment of uranium, which is currently capped, and begin developing its Arak heavy water reactor based on plans made prior to the deal. But Iran's president added: "We do not want to leave the agreement. All the people of the world should know that today is not the end of the JCPOA; it is a new step within the framework of the JCPOA." However, he said the five powers would face a "very decisive reaction" if Iran's nuclear case was referred to the UN Security Council. What has the reaction been? Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov quickly urged all of the remaining parties to the deal to fulfil their obligations. Both Russia and China have blamed Washington's withdrawal from the deal for the current situation. A spokesman for UK PM Theresa May said the deal was "crucial" and that Britain would ensure it remained in place as long as Iran upheld its commitments. Foreign Office minister Mark Field told parliament Iran's move was an "unwelcome step". French Defence Minister Florence Parly told French media that the European powers were doing everything they could to keep the deal alive but there would be consequences and possibly sanctions if the deal was not adhered to. Germany remained "fully committed" to its pledges on the deal if Iran reciprocated, a German foreign ministry spokesman said. Huge dilemma for Europeans Iran is seeking to strike a difficult balance: pushing back against some of the restrictions imposed by the JCPOA, while not doing so much as to withdraw from it altogether. This is an alarm signal but also a warning. Iran is facing growing pain from re-imposed US sanctions. It wants the Europeans to take urgent practical steps to provide some relief. And if relief does not come, then Iran may well have to re-consider its overall adherence to the JCPOA - which the US abandoned a year ago. This presents the Europeans with a huge dilemma. They are caught between the Iranians and the Trump administration. Can they continue to back the agreement if Iran is not fully complying with its terms? The US is likely to insist that there can be no middle way. Iran is either honouring the terms of the JCPOA or it is not. What is the Europeans' role in all this? In January, the UK, Germany and France set up a new payments mechanism to allow businesses to trade with Iran without being subject to sanctions. The three countries opposed last year's decision by President Donald Trump to abandon the deal. The system, known as Instex, is supposed to focus on "legitimate trade" in goods "where the immediate need of the Iranian people is greatest", for example food, pharmaceutical products and consumer goods not subject to sanctions. Oil, Iran's main source of foreign exchange, is at the moment not covered, and it is thought so far that the payment system has done little to soften the impact of sanctions. Iran now wants the Europeans to give the system more bite. Why is the nuclear deal in crisis? The landmark nuclear deal was thrown into flux when President Trump announced the US withdrawal one year ago. The value of Iran's currency has since been pushed to record lows, its annual inflation rate quadrupled and foreign investment driven away. Despite this, Iran has upheld its commitments to the deal, according to inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Why is there such hostility between the US and Iran? Tensions between the US and Iran can be traced back to Iran's Islamic Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the pro-Western Shah and established a radical anti-US regime in its place. President Trump has taken a particularly hard line towards Iran since he took office in 2016. His administration wants to renegotiate the nuclear deal and widen its scope so that it also curbs Iran's ballistic missile programme and "malign" activities in the Middle East. The US has recently raised the pressure on Iran, with two significant moves in April: - It ended exemptions from sanctions for five of Iran's main customers still buying oil, including China, India and Turkey - It blacklisted Iran's elite Islamic Revolution Guard Corps, designating it a foreign terrorist group And earlier this week, National Security Adviser John Bolton said the US was deploying an aircraft carrier to the Middle East following a number of "troubling and escalatory indications and warnings" from Iran.
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इरान-अमेरिका तनाव: इरान भन्छ, ह्वाइट हाउस 'मानसिक रूपमा कमजोर' इरानका राष्ट्रपति हसन रुहानीले अमेरिकाले नयाँ प्रतिबन्ध लगाएर उसले वार्ता गर्न चाहेको भनी झूटो बोलेको देखाएको आरोप लगाएका छन्। इरानका सर्वोच्च नेता विरूद्ध अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति डोनल्ड ट्रम्पले सोमवार लगाएको प्रतिबन्धलाई रुहानीले 'निरर्थक' भन्दै उसका विदेशमन्त्रीलाई निशानामा पार्ने अमेरिकी कदमको निन्दा गरेका हुन्। उक्त कार्यले ह्वाइट हाउस 'मानसिक रूपमा कमजोर' रहेको देखाएको रुहानीले बताए। ट्रम्पले चाहिँ इरानले हालै देखाएको 'आक्रामक व्यवहार' को प्रतिक्रिया दिएको टिप्पणी गरेका छन्। उनले कार्यकारी आदेशमार्फत् इरानमाथि थप प्रतिबन्ध लगाइएको घोषणा गरेका हुन्। देशका सर्वोच्च नेता आयातोल्लाह अली खामेनेईप्रति लक्षित नयाँ प्रतिबन्धहरूलाई ट्रम्पले अमेरिकी ड्रोन खसालिएको र 'अन्य थप कुराको' प्रत्युत्तर भएको बताएका छन्। राष्ट्रपति ट्रम्पले इरानी शासनको उत्तेजक व्यवहारका लागि सर्वोच्च नेता आयातोल्लाह अली खामेनेई सबैभन्दा बढी जिम्मेवार रहेको भन्दै उनीविरुद्ध त्यस्तो कदम चालिएको बताएका छन्। इरानी विदेशमन्त्री जावाद जरिफले अमेरिकीहरू "कूटनीतिलाई घृणा गर्छन्" भन्दै टिप्पणी गरेका छन्। अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपतिले नयाँ प्रतिबन्ध घोषणा गरेपछि उनले ट्रम्प प्रशासनले 'युद्धको तृष्णा' देखाएको भन्दै एउटा ट्वीट गरेका थिए। केही सातायता इरान र अमेरिकाबीच तनाव चर्किएको छ। संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घको सुरक्षा परिषद्ले दुवै पक्षलाई शान्तिपूर्ण ढङ्गले कूटनीतिक बाटो प्रयोग गर्न आग्रह गरेको छ। कसलाई कस्तो प्रभाव? दुई देशबीच तनाव चुलिएकै बेला अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपतिले इरानमा आक्रमण गर्ने योजना बनाएको तर पछि त्यसो नगरिएको कुरा सार्वजनिक गरे। - अमेरिकाद्वारा 'इरानी अस्त्र प्रणालीमा साइबर हमला' - इरानमाथि हमला गर्ने अमेरिकाको तयारी, स्वीकृति दिएपनि ट्रम्पले रोके अहिले थप प्रतिबन्धको घोषणा भएको छ। अमेरिकी अर्थ मन्त्रालयका अनुसार नयाँ प्रतिबन्धहरू इरानको सत्तामा बस्ने र इस्लामिक रेभ्युलूशनरी गार्ड कोर भनिने इरानी सेनाको "हानिकारक क्षेत्रीय गतिविधि" को नेतृत्व गर्ने आठ वरिष्ठ नेताप्रति लक्षित छन्। यी प्रतिबन्धले इरानको नेतृत्वले आर्थिक स्रोतको पहुँच रोकिदिनेछ र इरानका सर्वोच्च नेता वा उनको कार्यालयले नियुक्त गरेका अधिकारीविरुद्ध कारबाही गर्न सघाउने अमेरिकाको अपेक्षा छ। अमेरिकी अर्थमन्त्री स्टिभ मनुशिनका अनुसार इरानी विदेशमन्त्रीविरुद्ध पनि यही साता प्रतिबन्ध लगाइनेछ। - ड्रोन खसालेर इरानले भयङ्कर गल्ती गर्यो: ट्रम्प - तेल ट्याङ्करमा आक्रमण गरेको आरोप इरानद्वारा अस्वीकार बीबीसी संवाददाता बार्बरा प्लेट भन्छिन्- असीमित आर्थिक अधिकार भएका सर्वोच्च नेतामाथि लगाइएका यी प्रतिबन्ध अर्थपूर्ण छन्। के भन्छन् दुई पक्ष? सुरक्षा परिषद्ले एउटा आपत्कालीन बैठकमा अमेरिकी प्रतिनिधिले तेहरानलाई खाडीमा व्यावसायिक रूपमा तेल ओसार्ने पानीजहाजमाथि आक्रमण गरेको दोष लगाएका थिए। राष्ट्रसङ्घका लागि अमेरिकाका कार्यवाहक स्थायी प्रतिनिधि जनथन कोहेनले त्यस्तो काम अस्वीकार्य भएको कुरा विश्वले तेहरानलाई भन्नुपर्ने बताए। इरानले आफ्नो सीमाक्षेत्रमा प्रवेश गरेकाले अमेरिकी ड्रोन खसालिएको दाबी गरेको छ। उसले आफ्नो सीमाको रक्षा गरिने "स्पष्ट सन्देश" अमेरिकालाई दिइएको जनाएको छ। अमेरिकी पक्षले ड्रोन स्ट्रेट अफ होर्मुजमाथि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय हवाई क्षेत्रमा उडेको दाबी गरेको छ। राष्ट्रसङ्घमा इरानी राजदूतले अमेरिकाले आफ्नो सैन्य दम्भ देखाउने काम बन्द गर्नुपर्ने टिप्पणी गरेका छन्। "नयाँ प्रावधानहरूले अहिले अमेरिकासँग वार्ता गर्ने समय नभएको बताउँछ। आफूलाई तर्साइरहेको कसैसँग वार्ता सम्भव छैन।" सुरक्षा परिषद्ले ओमानको खाडीमा भएका आक्रमणलाई ऊर्जा आपूर्ति र शान्तिको लागि खतरा भन्दै एकमतले भर्त्सना गरेको छ। तर आक्रमणबारे गरिएको टिप्पणी कसैमाथि लक्षित छैन। इरानले त्यसमा आफ्नो संलग्नतालाई अस्वीकार गर्दै आएको छ। पहिला के भएको थियो? सन् २०१८ को मे महिनामा ह्वाइट हाउसले सन् २०१५ को इरानी परमाणु सम्झौताअन्तर्गत हटाएका प्रतिबन्धहरू फेरि लगाएको थियो। इरानको परमाणु महत्त्वकाङ्क्षालाई सीमित पारिएको उक्त सम्झौताबाट अमेरिका पछि हटेपछि उसले इरानविरुद्ध थप प्रतिबन्ध लगाउँदै आएको छ। केही समययता अमेरिकाले इरानी पेट्रोलियम किन्ने छुट पाएका देशहरूलाई पनि इरानसँग व्यापारिक सम्बन्ध नराख्न दबाव दिएको थियो। इरानले पनि परमाणु सम्झौताबाट आफू आंशिक रूपमा छुट्टिएको बतायो। केही समयअघि उनले ऊर्जा उत्पादनका लागि सञ्चय गर्ने अनुमति पाएको भन्दा बढी 'लो इनरिच्ड युरेनियम' उत्पादन गर्ने घोषणा गरेको छ। एउटा बेग्लै वक्तव्यमा ब्रिटेन, फ्रान्स र जर्मनीले इरान परमाणु सम्झौतामा रहेको आफ्नो प्रतिबद्धतालाई दोहोर्याएका छन्। तर एक वर्षअघि अमेरिका सो सम्झौताबाट पछि हटेको थियो। पुराना प्रतिबन्धको असर कस्तो? पहिला अमेरिकी प्रतिबन्ध ऊर्जा, सामानको ओसारप्रसार र आर्थिक क्षेत्रमा केन्द्रित थियो। त्यसले इरानमा वैदिशिक लगानी सुक्यो र तेल निर्यात प्रभावित भयो। अमेरिकाले अमेरिकी कम्पनीहरूलाई इरानसँग व्यापार गर्न दिँदैन। इरानसँग व्यापारिक सम्बन्ध भएका देश र कम्पनीसँग पनि सम्बन्ध हुन उसले दिँदैन। त्यसैले इरानमा आयातीत वस्तुको अभाव हुन्छ। विदेशबाट कच्चा पदार्थ झिकाएर बनाउने बच्चाहरूको न्याप्किन पनि हत्तपत्त पाइँदैन। इरानको मुद्रा रियालको मूल्य घटेको छ। त्यसले स्थानीय रूपमा उत्पादन हुने खाद्यपदार्थ, मासु र अण्डाको भाउ पनि बढेको छ।