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Kashmir territories - full profile - Published The former princely state of Kashmir has been partitioned between India and Pakistan since 1947, to the satisfaction of neither country nor the Kashmiris themselves. Failure to agree on the status of the territory by diplomatic means has brought India and Pakistan to war on a number of occasions, and ignited an insurgency that continued unabated for decades. Partition When India and Pakistan gained independence from British rule in 1947, the various princely rulers were able to choose which state to join. The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, was the Hindu head of a majority Muslim state sandwiched between the two countries, and could not decide. He signed an interim "standstill" agreement to maintain transport and other services with Pakistan. In October 1947 tribesmen from Pakistan invaded Kashmir, spurred by reports of attacks on Muslims and frustrated by Hari Singh's delaying tactics. The Maharaja asked for Indian military assistance. India's governor-general, Lord Mountbatten, believed peace would best be served by Kashmir's joining India on a temporary basis, pending a vote on its ultimate status. Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession that month, ceding control over foreign and defence policy to India. Indian troops took two-thirds of the territory, and Pakistan seized the northern remainder. China occupied eastern parts of the state in the 1950s. Dispute Whether the Instrument of Accession or the entry of Indian troops came first remains a major source of dispute between India and Pakistan. India insists that Hari Singh signed first, thereby legitimising the presence of their troops. Pakistan is adamant that the Maharaja could not have signed before the troops arrived, and that he and India had therefore ignored the "standstill" agreement with Pakistan. Pakistan demands a referendum to decide the status of Kashmir, while Delhi argues that, by voting in successive Indian state and national elections, Kashmiris have confirmed their accesson to India. Pakistan cites numerous UN resolutions in favour of a UN-run referendum, while India says the Simla Agreement of 1972 binds the two countries to solve the problem on a state-to-state basis. There has been no significant movement from these positions in decades. In addition, some Kashmiris seek a third option - independence - which neither India nor Pakistan is prepared to contemplate. Line of Control The two countries fought wars over Kashmir in 1947-48 and 1965. They formalised the original ceasefire line as the Line of Control in the Simla Agreement, but this did not prevent further clashes in 1999 on the Siachen Glacier, which is beyond the Line of Control. India and Pakistan came close to war again in 2002. The situation was further complicated by an Islamist-led insurgency that broke out in 1989. India gave the army additional authority to end the insurgency under the controversial Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Despite occasional reviews of the AFSPA, it still remains in force in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. In the summer of 2010, 20 years after the AFSPA was imposed in Jammu and Kashmir, pro-Pakistan and pro-independence public protests erupted, and clashes with Indian security forces left more than 100 people dead. Given that India and Pakistan both have nuclear weapons, the stakes in the dispute are high. A thaw in relations after 2002, which saw some road and rail communications into Pakistan reopened, ended abruptly with the 2008 terror attacks in Mumbai. India blamed Pakistani and Kashmiri Islamists, in particular the Lashkar-e-Toiba group, for the attacks. Talks between the two countries on improving ties across the Kashmiri Line of Control resumed in 2010, and relations slowly started to improve again. By 2012, with India promising an amnesty to those who took part in the violent protests of 2010 and Pakistan gradually withdrawing financial support from insurgents fighting Indian rule in the Kashmir Valley, many former militants had become convinced of the futility of the armed struggle against the Indian authorities. But official figures show a steady increase in young men joining armed groups from 2014, with the local Hizbul Mujahideen outfit making a comeback. Kashmir analysts attribute this to anger over the hanging in 2013 of Indian Parliament terror attacker Afzal Guru, and disillusion with the governing People's Democratic Party. Division The population of historic Kashmir is divided into about 10 million people in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir and 4.5 million in Pakistani-run Azad Kashmir. There are a further 1.8 million people in the Gilgit-Baltistan autonomous territory, which Pakistan created from northern Kashmir and the two small princely states of Hunza and Nagar in 1970. The government of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir has often been led by the National Conference, a pro-Indian party led by the Abdullah political dynasty. Pakistan runs Azad Jammu and Kashmir as a self-governing state, in which the Muslim Conference has played a prominent role for decades. The National Conference moved from an almost pro-independence stance in the 1950s to accepting the status of a union state within India, albeit with more autonomy than other states. Jammu and Kashmir is diverse in religion and culture. It consists of the heavily-populated and overwhelmingly Muslim Kashmir Valley, the mainly Hindu Jammu district, and Ladakh, which has a roughly even number of Buddhists and Shia Muslims. The Hindus of Jammu and the Ladakhis back India in the dispute, although there is a campaign in the Leh District of Ladakh to be upgraded into a separate union territory in order to reflect its predominantly Buddhist identity. India gave the two districts of Ladakh some additional autonomy within Jammu and Kashmir in 1995. Kashmir's economy is predominantly agrarian. The important tourism sector in Indian-administered Kashmir was hard hit by the post-1989 insurgency, but has recently bounced back and in 2011 a record 1.1m tourists visited, mainly from India itself.
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कश्मीर आक्रमण: भारत-पाकिस्तान तनाव बढ्दा बाँकी विश्व किन चिन्तित हुन्छ? कश्मीर विश्वमा सबैभन्दा बढी सैनिकीकृत क्षेत्रमध्ये एक हो। त्यहाँ भारत र पाकिस्तानजस्ता दुई पारमाणु-शक्तिसम्पन्न देशबीच अतिसम्वेदनशील सीमारेखा पनि छ। गतसाता भारत प्रशासित कश्मीरमा कम्तीमा ४६ सुरक्षाकर्मीको ज्यान जानेगरी एउटा आत्मघाती आक्रमण भयो। भारतीय सुरक्षा बलमाथि भएको यो एउटा ठूलो रक्तपातपूर्ण आक्रमण थियो। पछि भएका भिडन्तमा सुरक्षाकर्मी, सन्दिग्ध लडाकु र गैरसैनिकको पनि मृत्यु भयो। यी घटनाहरूले त्यस क्षेत्रलाई पुन: अस्थिर पार्न सक्ने भन्दै चिन्ता व्यक्त भएका छन्। सन् २०१८ मा मात्रै त्यहाँ सर्वसाधारण, सुरक्षाबल र लडाकुसमेत पाँच सयभन्दा बढी मानिसको ज्यान गएको थियो। कश्मीरको पछिल्लो तनाव किन भयानक छ? भारत र पाकिस्तान स्वतन्त्र भएयता कश्मीर दुवै देशका लागि कलहको बीउ बनेको छ। त्यो क्षेत्र भारत र पाकिस्तान प्रशासित कश्मीरको रूपमा बाँडिएको छ। चीनको नियन्त्रणमा पनि केही भाग छ। गत साता भएको आक्रमणमा भारतीय अर्धसैनिक बलका सुरक्षाकर्मीहरूको ज्यान गएपछि खोजतलास गर्ने क्रममा सेना र विद्रोही पक्षबीच भिडन्त भएको छ। पुलवामामा भएको आक्रमणपछि भारत र पाकिस्तानबीच तनाव चुलिएको छ। तत्कालका लागि भारत-पाकिस्तान सम्बन्धमा सहज वातावरणको आशा मरेको छ। पाकिस्तानी भूमिबाट सञ्चालित हुने गरेको भनिएको लडाकु समूह जैश-ए-मोहम्मदले आक्रमणको जिम्मेवारी लिएको छ। भारतले भने पाकिस्तान सो घटना संलगन भएको आरोप लगाएको छ। भारतका विभिन्न सहरमा पाकिस्तानविरोधी प्रदर्शनहरू भएका छन् र क्रुद्ध भिडले कश्मीरी विद्यार्थी एवम् व्यापारीहरूलाई निशाना बनाएका विवरणहरू प्रकाशित भएका छन्। भारत प्रशासित कश्मीरमा सप्ताहन्तमा मोवाइलमा इन्टर्नेट सेवासमेत काटिएको थियो। पाकिस्तानले भने आक्रमणमा आफ्नो भूमिका रहेको भन्ने आरोपलाई अस्वीकार गर्दै आएको छ। पाकिस्तानका प्रधानमन्त्री इमरान खानले आफ्नो देश बिहीवार पुलवामामा भएको घटनामा संलग्न भएको प्रमाण दिन भारतलाई चुनौती दिएका छन्। वार्ताबाट मात्र कश्मीरको विवाद समाधान गर्न सकिने तर भारतले सैन्य कारबाही गरे आफूले प्रत्युत्तर दिने उनले बताएका छन्। भारत र पाकिस्तान दुवै परमाणुशक्तिसम्पन्न देश हुन्। त्यसैले गर्दा उनीहरूबीच हुने जुनसुकै द्वन्द्वले पनि नयाँ परिस्थिति सिर्जना गर्नेछ। दुई देशबीच रहेको विवादको सबैभन्दा बढी मार कश्मीरका बासिन्दाले खेप्नुपरेको छ। कश्मीर विवादकै कारण दुई देशबीच सन् १९४७ र १९६५ दुईवटा युद्ध भइसकेको छ। थुप्रै सशस्त्र अभियान, सेना र सर्वसाधारणलाई लक्षित भएका अनगिन्ती आक्रमण भइसकेका छन्। फलस्वरूप त्यस क्षेत्रको अर्थतन्त्र उच्च बेरोजगारी र राजनीतिक अस्थिरताको जगमा कमजोर बनेको छ। कश्मीरविज्ञ ब्रिटिश सांसद नजिर अहमदका अनुसार त्यस भेग आतङ्कवादी गतिविधिका लागि उर्वर भूमि बनेको छ। कश्मीरलाई बेवास्ता गरेर इस्लामिक स्टेट लडाकु र नजिकैको अफगानिस्तानमा रहेका तालिबानलाई नियन्त्रणमा राख्न गाह्रो हुने धारणा अहमद र अन्य विज्ञहरूको छ। त्यहाँ कसले शासन गर्छ? सन् १९४७ मा ब्रिटिश शासनको अन्त्य हुनुअघि नै कश्मीरबारे ठूलो विवाद थियो। जतिखेर उक्त उपमहाद्वीप हिन्दू भारत र मुस्लिम पाकिस्तानको रूपमा विभाजित भएको थियो। कश्मीरका महाराजा भारत वा पाकिस्तान कतातर्फ जाने भन्ने निर्क्योल गर्न सकेनन्। मताधिकार प्रयोग गरेर टुङ्गो लगाउने विकल्प थिएन। अन्तत: उनले भारत रोजे जसले उक्त भूमिको दाबीमाथि दुई वर्ष लामो युद्ध भयो। युद्धविराम घोषणा हुँदा पाकिस्तानले आफ्नो फौजलाई फिर्ता लैजान मानेन र कश्मीर दुई भागमा विभाजित भयो। भारत र पाकिस्तानबीच त्यस्तो विवाद चलिरहँदा सन् १९५० को दशकमा चीनले बिस्तारै पूर्वी कश्मीरलाई कब्जा गर्यो। त्यस भेगलाई अक्साईचिन चिनिन्छ। भारत र पाकिस्तानबीच दोस्रो युद्ध सन् १९६५ मा भएको थियो। सन् १९८० र १९९० को दशकको बीचमा भारतीय शासनविरुद्ध रहेको असन्तोषको रूपमा विद्रोह सुरु भयो। मानिसहरूले प्रदर्शन गर्न थाले र पाकिस्तानको सहयोगमा लडाकु समूहहरू जन्मिन थाले। सन् १९९९ मा भारतले छोटो समय पाकिस्तानद्वारा समर्थित फौजसँग तिक्ततापूर्ण लडाइँ गर्यो। त्यसबेलासम्म भारत र पाकिस्तान दुवैले आफूलाई परमाणुशक्ति भएको घोषणा गरिसकेका थिए। लडाइँ सुरु भएपछि दशौँ हजार मानिसहरूले ज्यान गुमाइसकेका छन्। कश्मीरका जनता के चाहन्छन्? सन् १९५० को दशकयता संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घले त्यस क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूको विचारलाई सम्मान गर्नेगरी कश्मीरमा जनमत सङ्ग्रह हुनुपर्छ भन्यो। भारतले सुरुमा त्यस विचारलाई अस्वीकार नगरेको भए पनि पछि उसले त्यो आवश्यक नरहेको बतायो। दिल्लीले भारत प्रशासित जम्मू-कश्मीरमा भएका निर्वाचनमार्फत् नै उनीहरू भारतीय भइसकेको भन्ने गरेको छ। पाकिस्तानले भने त्यसलाई अस्वीकार गर्दै आएको छ। उसको भनाइ छ- त्यस भूभागका धेरै मानिसहरू भारतबाट शासित हुन चाहँदैनन्। उनीहरू कि स्वतन्त्र हैसियत वा पाकिस्तानसँग मिसिन चाहन्छन्। भारत प्रशासित जम्मू-कश्मीर राज्यमा ६० प्रतिशतभन्दा बढी मुस्लिम जनसङ्ख्या छ। यो भारतमा मुस्लिम बाहुल्य भएको एक मात्र राज्य हो।