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Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution facts for kids The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution was proposed in Congress on December 9, 1803. It was ratified by the state legislatures on June 15, 1804. It provided new procedures for electing the President and Vice President. Before the amendment, each member of the Electoral College cast a single vote. The candidate who received the largest number of votes became the President. The candidate receiving the next highest number of votes became the Vice President. The Twelfth Amendment changed the process to the current system whereby one vote is cast for the President and one for the Vice President. Contents Text The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; -- the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. --]* The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Background The Constitutional Convention of 1787 went over several different proposals for electing the President. Some wanted Congress to choose the President. Other suggestions included selection by the state legislatures, by the state governors or by a congressional committee. Near the end of the convention the question was turned over to a committee called the Committee of Eleven for leftover business. They devised a system called the Electoral College. The plan was accepted and was added to the Constitution. In 1789 the Electoral College unanimously elected George Washington as the first president. He was reelected in 1792. In both cases he was the only president to receive all of the electoral votes. In the 1796 election, Washington declined to run. His Vice President, John Adams, and his running mate Thomas Pinckney ran for President and Vice President respectively. Alexander Hamilton tried to use his influence to get Pinckney more votes, making Adams the Vice President again. But the scheme backfired when Thomas Jefferson got more votes than Pinckney, but Adams won more of the electoral votes. This made Adams the President and Jefferson the Vice President. The 1800 Presidential election showed the deep problems in the electoral college system. Jefferson ran against Adams again. Both had running mates. Pinckney was again the running mate of Adams for the Federalist Party. Aaron Burr was Jefferson's running mate for the Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson and Burr received the same number of votes creating a tie between two candidates from the same political party. Under the Constitution, the matter was to be decided by the House of Representatives. In the House, the two tied again in 35 votes. Only on the 36th ballot was the deadlock broken and Jefferson was elected president. The solution to the problem became the Twelfth Amendment. It was proposed by Congress on December 9, 1803. Three days later it was submitted to the states for ratification. Fourteen of the seventeen states (at the time) ratified it and the amendment was added to the Constitution on September 25, 1804. Provisions The Electoral College remained much the same under the Twelfth Amendment. But the process for choosing a president and vice president changed. Under the Twelfth Amendment an elector must cast separate votes for the President and Vice President. If nobody gets the majority of the votes, the process remains the same as before; the House of Representatives decides. Images for kids The Twelfth Amendment in the National Archives Certificate for the electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana
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अमेरिकी चुनाव २०२०: राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचनमा प्रयोग हुने चुनावी मत भनेको के हो अमेरिकामा एक सय दिनभन्दा कम समयमा राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचन हुनेछ। तर आमजनताले धेरै मत दिएका उम्मेद्वार विजयी नहुन पनि सक्छन्। मतदाताको प्रत्यक्ष मतबाट राष्ट्रपति नछानिने भएकोले त्यो सम्भावना छ। राष्ट्रपति प्रत्यक्ष मतबाट नभई त्यसको आधारमा हुने चुनावी मतका आधारमा हुन्छ। त्यसैलाई इलेक्टोरल कलेज भनिन्छ। त्यसो भए अमेरिकीहरूले कसलाई मत दिइरहेका छन्? राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचनमा मत हाल्न जाँदा अमेरिकीहरू खासमा इलेक्टोरल कलेजका अधिकारीहरूको समूहलाई भोट हाल्न जान्छन्। "कलेज" शब्दले यहाँ सामान्यत: मानिसको एउटा समूहलाई जनाउँछ। यो समूहमा रहेका मानिसलाई इलेक्टर्स भनिन्छ र उनीहरूको काम भनेको राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपतिको चयन गर्नु हो। इलेक्टोरल कलेज प्रत्येक चार वर्षमा हुने चुनावको दिनको केही सातापछि हुन्छ जसले राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपति छान्ने काम गर्छ। इलेक्टोरल कलेजले कसरी काम गर्छ? प्रत्येक राज्यमा त्यहाँको जनसङ्ख्याको आकार अनुसार इलेक्टर्सको सङ्ख्या तोकिएको हुन्छ। इलेक्टर्सको जम्मा सङ्ख्या ५३८ रहेको छ। क्यालिफोर्निया राज्यमा सबैभन्दा बढी ५५ इलेक्टर्सहरू छन् भने सानो जनसङ्ख्या रहेका अलास्का र नर्थ डकोटा राज्यमा तीन जना छन्। प्रत्येक एक इलेक्टरले एउटा इलेक्टोरल भोटको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्छ र उम्मेद्वारले राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचन जित्नका लागि २७० वा त्योभन्दा बढी इलेक्टोरल मत प्रात्प गर्नुपर्छ। सामान्यतया, आम मतदाताले जसलाई धेरै मत दिन्छन् उक्त राज्यमा उसैलाई सबै इलेक्टोरल कलेजको मत दिइन्छ। उदाहरणका लागि, रिपब्लिकनतर्फको उम्मेद्वारले ५०.१ प्रतिशत मत टेक्सस राज्यमा ल्याएर जिते उक्त राज्यको सबै ३८ इलेक्टोरल कलेजको मत नै उसैलाई दिइन्छ। तर मेइन र नेब्रास्का यी दुई राज्यले भने प्रत्येक उम्मेद्वारले पाएको मत अनुसार इलेक्टोरल कलेजको मतमा भाग लगाउँछन्। त्यसैले देशभर धेरै मतदाताको मत जित्ने कोसिसभन्दा पनि राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचनका उम्मेद्वारले मत जता पनि जानसक्ने खालका "स्वीङ राज्यहरू"लाई खास लक्षित गर्छन्। उनीहरूले जित्ने प्रत्येक राज्यले उनीहरूलाई आवश्यक २७० इलेक्टोरल कलेज मत ल्याउनका लागि नजिक पुर्याउँछ। आमजनताको धेरै मत ल्याएर पनि राष्ट्रपति नबन्ने हुन्छ? पक्का हुन्छ। राष्ट्रिय रुपमा मतदातामाझ सबैभन्दा चर्चित भएर पनि २७० इलेक्टोरल मत ल्याउन नसक्ने सम्भावना पनि रहन्छ। खासमा पछिल्ला पाँच निर्वाचनमध्ये दुईवटा निर्वाचनमा त्यस्तै उम्मेद्वारहरूले राष्ट्रपतीय चुनाव जितेका हुन् जसले आफ्ना प्रतिद्वन्द्वीभन्दा आमजनताबाट कम मत पाएका थिए। सन् २०१६ मा डोनल्ड ट्रम्पले हिलरी क्लिन्टनभन्दा झण्डै ३० लाख मत कम ल्याएका थिए, तर इलेक्टोरल कलेजले उनलाई बहुमत दिएका कारण उनी राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भए। यो निर्वाचन प्रणाली किन छानियो? सन् १७८७ मा अमेरिकाको संविधान बनाइँदै गर्दा राष्ट्रिय 'पपुलर भोट'बाट राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित गर्नका लागि देशको आकार र सञ्चारको कठिनाइका कारण व्यवहारिक रुपमा सम्भव थिएन। त्यही बेला राजधानी वासिङ्टन डिसीमा राष्ट्रपति छान्नका लागि सांसदलाई अनुमति दिने विषयमा पनि थोरै उत्साह थियो। त्यसैले संविधान निर्माताहरूले प्रत्येक राज्यले इलेक्टरहरू छान्न पाउने गरी इलेक्टोरल कलेज बनाए। राज्यको जनसङ्ख्याका आधारमा इलेक्टोरल मतहरूको सङ्ख्या निर्धारण हुने भएकोले राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित गर्नका लागि दक्षिणी राज्यहरूको प्रभाव बढी हुन्छ। इलेक्टरहरूले उम्मेद्वारलाई मत दिनुपर्छ? केही राज्यहरूमा इलेक्टरहरूले आफूलाई जुन उम्मेद्वार मनपर्छ उसैलाई मत दिनसक्छन्। तर व्यवहारमा भने इलेक्टरहरूले त्यो राज्यमा जसले आममतदाताबाट धेरै मत पाएको छ उसकै उम्मेद्वारलाई मत दिन्छन्। उक्त राज्यले राष्ट्रपतिका लागि भनेर जुन उम्मेद्वारलाई दिएको हुन्छ त्योभन्दा फरकलाई यदि इलेक्टरले मत दियो भने उसलाई "विश्वासघाती" को संज्ञा दिइन्छ। यदि कुनै उम्मेद्वारले पनि बहुमत पाएनन् भने के हुन्छ? अमेरिकी संसद्को तल्लो सदन हाउस अफ रिप्रिजेन्टेटिभ्समा त्यसपछि राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित गर्नका लागि मतदान हुन्छ। तर यो एकपटक मात्रै भएको छ। सन् १८२४ मा चार उम्मेद्वारमा इलेक्टोरल भोट बाँडिदा कसैको पनि बहुमत आएको थिएन। अमेरिकाको निर्वाचन प्रणालीमा अहिले दुईवटा पार्टी हाबी भएकाले आजको दिनमा यो हुने सम्भावना देखिँदैन।