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What are Nobel Prizes? - What are Nobel Prizes? - Alfred Nobel's decisions - The will of Alfred Nobel - Other awards - Controversies and Curiosities about the Nobel Prize - You may be interested: What are Nobel Prizes? The Nobel Prizes are prestigious awards given to people who stand out in different fields of science, specifically in one of the 5 existing categories: - Physics. - Chemistry. - Literature. - Peace. - Medicine. Alfred Nobel was the creator of these awards. This Swedish industrialist was enriched by the invention of dynamite. However, seeing the warlike use that was being made of his invention, he felt guilty and signed the institution of these awards in his will. Alfred Nobel's last wish has, therefore, become one of the world's most prestigious awards and a recognition for those who have contributed in different fields of science. In Nobel's own words: "All that remains of my fortune will be disposed of as follows: the capital, invested in secure securities by my executors, will constitute a fund whose interest will be distributed each year in the form of prizes to those who, during the previous year, have done the greatest good for humanity (...) It is my express wish that, in awarding these prizes, the nationality of the candidates will not be taken into consideration, but that those who receive the prize will be the most deserving, whether they are Scandinavian or not. The first Nobel Prize ceremony took place in 1901 and since then the winners receive, in addition to the diploma, the sum of 10 million Swedish crowns - about one million euros. History The prizes were instituted as a last will of Alfred Nobel, inventor of the Swedish Dynamite and industrialist who stipulated it in his will signed in the Swedish-Norwegian Club of Paris on November 27, 1895. Alfred Nobel felt guilty for his responsibility as an enriched entrepreneur through the Dynamite producing industry whose main market was Mining. Likewise, also from the war, and this may have been the motivation to create a foundation to manage their assets and finance actions dedicated to the welfare of humanity, the main will of his famous will. Besides, it also served him to follow the custom of the time of performing actions that made his name transcend upon his death. The prize The first Nobel Prize ceremony for Literature, Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine was held at the former Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1901. Since 1902, the awards have been presented by the King of Sweden. Initially, King Oscar II did not agree to give the award to foreigners, but it is said that he changed his mind when he realized the enormous advertising potential for the country. The prizes are awarded to scientists or living personalities, never postmortem, at a ceremony held annually in the Stockholm Concert Hall, following the banquet at the City Hall on 10 December, the date of Alfred Nobel's death. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway. The names of the laureates, however, are usually announced in October by the various committees and institutions that act as selection boards for the awards. At the same time as the diplomas and a gold medal are awarded, an important financial prize is awarded. In 2015, the prize was around SEK 10 million (just over EUR 1 million), depending on the change of the period. The purpose of this sum is to avoid the economic concerns of the prizewinner so that he can better develop his future work, thus promoting the development of culture, science, and technology around the world. The various fields in which prizes are awarded are as follows: - Physics (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences). - Chemistry (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences). - Physiology or Medicine (decided by the Karolinska Institute). - Literature (decided by the Swedish Academy). - Peace (decided by the Norwegian Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament). - Economy, created in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Swedish Central Bank). Officially it is called the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Alfred Nobel's decisions The death of Alfred Nobel led to a curious situation with regard to the institutions responsible for awarding the prizes, since Alfred Nobel appointed them without prior consultation with the institutions themselves on their acceptance or on the criteria for awarding the prizes. However, after many doubts within these same institutions, they all accepted. The Nobel Prize in Economics was not provided with funds based on the"Nobel Will" and is therefore technically not a Nobel Prize (and the current Nobel family does not accept it as such). However, this prize is awarded together with the other Nobel Prizes. In 1968 it was decided not to add any more Nobel Memorial Prizes in the future. In February 1995 it was agreed that the economics prize would be redefined as a social science prize, thus opening up the Nobel Prize to major contributions in fields such as political science, psychology, and sociology. In addition, the economics prize committee was changed so that two non-economist members participated in the selection process each year (previously the prize committee was composed of only five economists). The will of Alfred Nobel As stated in the will of Alfred Bernhard Nobel: "The totality of my remaining fortune will be disposed of as follows: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, will constitute a fund whose interest will be distributed each year in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, have realized the greatest benefit to humanity. These interests shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be distributed as follows: A part to the person who has made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; a part to the person who has made the most important discovery or improvement within chemistry. A share of the person who has made the most important discovery in the field of physiology and medicine. Part to the person who has produced the most outstanding work of idealistic tendency within the field of literature, and part to the person who has worked more or better for the brotherhood of nations, the abolition or reduction of existing armies and the celebration and promotion of peace processes. The prizes for physics and chemistry will be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the prize for physiology and medicine will be awarded by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. The Literature Committee, by the Stockholm Academy, and the Peace Defenders Committee, by a committee of five people elected by the Norwegian Storting (Parliament). It is my express wish that, in awarding these prizes, the nationality of the candidates will not be taken into consideration, but that those who receive the prize, whether Scandinavian or not, will be the most deserving." Nobel Prize Medals The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Norwegian Mint since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. On all the medals there is an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the face of the medal. The five Nobel Prize medals (Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature) have the same design on their front sides. The reverse sides of the medals of the Chemistry and Physics awards share one design. Both sides of the Nobel Peace Prize and the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics have unique designs. Other awards Some disciplines without Nobel Prize have instituted their own prizes, although not so well known. Some of these awards include the following: The Polar Music Award. The Prince of Asturias Awards. The Fields Medal for Mathematics (awarded by the International Mathematical Union). The Abel Prize for Mathematics (awarded by the King of Norway). Pritzker Prize for architecture. Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. The Turing IT Awards. The Wollaston Medal in Geology. The Schock Award in logic. Philosophy. Mathematics. Visual arts Music. The Kyoto Awards These are granted by the Inamori Foundation and are divided into three categories: Advanced Technologies. Basic Sciences. Art and Philosophy. The Millennium Technology Award is an international award for outstanding technological achievements. The Prize for Good Livelihoods (known as the"Alternative Nobel Prize") is awarded to people who make important contributions in fields such as environmental protection, peace, human rights, health, etc. In 2002, the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Prize, an international prize for children's literature, was established in memory of Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren. The satirical Ig Nobel Prizes are a parody that annually rewards those Investigations that cannot or should not be repeated because this is what the Nobel's will says. Controversies and Curiosities about the Nobel Prize Inconsistencies While writers of the stature of Mark Twain, Marcel Proust, Henrik Johan Ibsen, James Joyce, Leon Tolstoy, Jorge Luis Borges, and Anton Chekhov never received the 1953 Nobel Prize for Literature, it went to Winston Churchill. Ironically, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and yet Mahatma Gandhi (nominated five times) never received it. In his case, it should be noted that two days before the 1948 awards ceremony he was assassinated and that year the prize was not awarded to anyone. Rejections of Nobel Prize winners Curiously enough, only two people have rejected a Nobel Prize: the French writer Jean-Paul Sartre and the Prime Minister of Viet Nam, Le Duc Tho in 1973, refusing to share it with Henry Kissinger. The oldest and the youngest The oldest winner is Russian-American Leonid Hurwicz (Economy Award 2007) and the youngest is Malala Yousaf-zai, a Pakistani girl shot for defending women's education in her country. Nobel Family In 1903 a couple of Pierre and Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1911 Marie received it again for her research in the field of Chemistry (she was the only woman to receive two awards) and in 1935 her daughter Irene Joliot-Curie and her husband Frédéric Joliot received it for Chemistry. Multi awardees Linus Puling won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear testing. John Barden received the Physics degree in 1956 for the invention of the transistor and in 1972 for discovering the theory of superconductivity. The Red Cross has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize three times (1917, 1944, 1963) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 1954 and 1981. Facts and curiosities about the Nobel Prize winners The most prize-winning prize is the Nobel Prize in Physics, with a total of 106 laureates, although John Bardeen won it twice. Although the Nobel prizes have been awarded annually since 1901, there are years when no prizes were awarded: 1916, 1940, 1941, 1942. The prize that has been vacant the most times has been the Peace Prize. On 19 occasions it was not delivered. The last category to join the Nobel Prize winners was Economics in 1968. It is also the only one that has never been deserted. The categories with the most shared winners have been the Nobel Prize for Medicine 65 times and Physics 59 times. If there is more than one winner, the prize money is divided equally among all winners. The Nobel Prize can be awarded to both individuals and organizations, which has been the case only with the Nobel Peace Prize. Watch your words: Laureates can't improvise during the award ceremony, according to Randy Schekman, who was awarded for his research in cell transport in 2013. The speech must be submitted to the Nobel Foundation more than 24 hours before it can be translated into Swedish. Time in prison: Three laureates were in prison at the time of receiving the prize, all Nobel Peace Prize winners. German pacifist and journalist Carl von Ossietzky in 1935, Burmese politician Aung San Suu Kyi in 991 and Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaboo in 2010. How much is it worth? Physics category winner Leon Lederman, who won in 1988 for his co-discovery of the muonic neutrino, sold his Nobel Prize earlier this year to pay for medical expenses. The buyer, whose identity was not revealed, paid $765,000 for it. Only two Nobel Prizes have been sold during the winner's lifetime. Both sales occurred this year. Return policy: Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov paid $4.7 million to buy the Nobel medal from biologist James Watson for his work deciphering the double helix of DNA, but then returned the medal to the laureate. He mentioned that the medal should remain with the winner and that the money he paid should be used for research. The average age of the Nobel laureates, across all categories, is 59. The oldest winner was Leonid Hurwicz at 90, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics. The youngest winner was Malala Yousafzai, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 at the age of 17. Where's my money? Adolf Hitler forbade three German laureates to accept the Nobel Prize? Richard Kuhn (Chemistry 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry 1939 t Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine 1939). Then they all went to get their medals and diplomas, but not the money. Time of death: In the 1970s the Nobel Foundation decided that no more posthumous prizes would be awarded (two people who had already died had previously been awarded prizes). However, in 2011 one of the winners of Physiology or Medicine, Ralph Steinman, died three days before the award was given. The Foundation decided not to rescind his Nobel Prize. You may be interested: - Albert Einstein, 7 Things You Didn't Know - Nelson Mandela Short Biography for Schools – Life, Story, Death - Who was Martin Luther King? Short Biography for schools. - What is a Neutrino? Definition, Concept and Parts of an Neutrino
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नोबेल पुरस्कार कस-कसले र किन गरे अस्वीकार ? नोबेल पुरस्कार कस-कसले र किन गरे अस्वीकार ? नोवेल पुरस्कार विश्वकै सबभन्दा ठूलो र प्रतिष्ठित प्रतियोगिता हो । यो पुरस्कार पाउनु कुनै व्यक्तिको लागि ठूलो सम्मानको कुरा हुन्छ । तर्सथ नोबेल पुरस्कार भन्ने बित्तिकै सबैको ध्यान तानिन्छ । प्रत्येक वर्षो अक्टोबरमा घोषणा हुने गरेको नोबेल पुरस्कारको स्थापना अल्फ्रेड नोबेल वसियत अनुरुप गरिएको हो । नोबेल बारुद र अन्य शक्तिशाली विस्फोटनहरूका आविष्कारकका साथै ठूलो औद्योगिक साम्राज्यको स्वामी हुनुहुन्थ्यो । रसायनशास्त्रमा रुची राख्ने अल्फ्रेडले नाईट्रोग्लीसरिन नामको विस्फोटक पदार्थको उत्पादन गर्नुभयो । करिव २० राष्ट्रहरूमा एक सयको हाराहारीमा विस्फोटक पदार्थ बनाउने उद्योग खोलेर अपार सम्पत्ति कमाउनु भयो । उहाँका ती आविष्कारले मानवकहितभन्दा विनाश बढी गर्यो । अल्फ्रेड नोबेलको जन्म सन् १८३३ अक्टुवर २१ तारिखका दिन स्वीडेनको राजधानी स्टकहोममा भएको थियो । जीवनभर अविवाहित नै बसेर १० डिसेम्बर १८९६मा ६३ वर्षो उमेरमा मृत्यु भएपछि अल्फ्रेडकै इच्छा बमोजिम उहाँको अपार सम्पत्ति कोषमा जम्मा गरी मानवहितमा कार्य गर्ने व्यक्ति/संस्थालाई पुरस्कार दिने उद्देश्यले नोबेल पुरस्कारको स्थापना गरियो र सन् १९०१, १० डिसेम्बरका दिन प्रतिवर्ष पुरस्कार प्रदान गर्न थलिएको हो । शुरुमा पाँच विधा- भौतिक, रसायन, चिकित्सा, साहित्य र शान्तिमा मात्र पुरस्कार दिने गरेकोमा सन् १९६९मा मात्र अर्थशास्त्रमा पुरस्कारलाई थप गरी छ विषयमा नोबेल पुरस्कारलाई निरन्तरता दिन थालियो । स्विडेनको स्टकहोमबाट गरिने यो घोषणा सबैको चासोको विषय बन्छ । घोषणा पश्चात् पुरस्कार विजेताका बारेमा संसारभरि नै चर्चाको विषय हुन थाल्छ भने बहस पनि तीब्र रुपमा बढ्दै जान्छ । नोबेल पुरस्कार जति चर्चामा रहेको हुन्छ, विवादमा पनि उत्तिकै रहेको पाइन्छ । नोबेलको पुरस्कारको चयन गर्दा राष्ट्र राष्ट्रियता, भाषा, समुदाय, वर्ण, औपचारिकता आदिमा ध्यान नदिई आदर्श र उच्चतम कृतिलाई दिइनुपर्ने धारणका हुनुहुन्थ्यो । उहाँको वसियतपत्रमा लेखिएको थियो- ‘मेरो इच्छा के हो भने यो पुरस्कार दिइँदा उम्मेदवारको राष्ट्रियतामा ध्यान नदिइयोस् । पुरस्कार त्यसलाई दिइनु पर्दछ जो यस पुरस्कारको सच्चा अधिकारी हो । त्यो व्यक्ति स्क्याडिनेविया नोबेलको जन्मथलो निवासी नै हुनुपर्दछ भन्ने छैन ।’ अविवादित रहने पुरस्कार विडम्बना, पुरस्कारलाई लिएर प्रारम्भदेखि नै केही न केही विवाद पाइन्छ पाइन्छ । सन् १९०१मा फ्रान्सका कवि सुली प्रुधोम्म (Sully Prudhomme)लाई दिइँदा महान साहित्यकार लियो टाल्सटायलाई दिनुपर्नेमा अर्कैलाई पर्यो भनेर विवाद उत्पन्न भयो । टाल्सटायका रचनाले समाजमा अराजकता ल्याउने भएकोले नदिइएको भनेर विवाद र आरोपलाई खण्डन गरे चयनकर्ताहरूले । सन् १९०२मा पनि यही कुरा दोहोरियो । जर्मनीका इतिहासकार थियोडोर मोमसन (Theodor Mommson)लाई साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार दिएर विवादलाई अँझ मजवुत पारियो । नोबेल पुरस्कारको इतिहासमा यस्ता विवाद क्रमशः सन् १९०८मा रुडोल्फ इयोकेनलाई, सन् १९२७मा हेनरी बर्गसन, सन् १९५०मा बर्टेन्ड रसेल र सन् १९५३मा विन्स्टन चर्चिललाई साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार दिइएको थियो, जो अर्कै क्षेत्रका व्यक्तिहरू थिए । पुरस्कार नै लिएनन् नोबेल पुरस्कारको इतिहासमा दुई व्यक्ति यस्ता छन्, जसले पुरस्कारलाई ठाडै अस्वीकार गरे । नोबेल पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्ने प्रथम व्यक्ति हुनुहुन्छ फ्रान्सका ज्या पाल सार्त्र । सन् १९६४ अक्टोबर २२मा सार्त्रलाई साहित्यतर्फो नोबेल पुरस्कार दिने घोषणा गरिएको थियो । पुरस्कारको घोषणाअघि १४ अक्टोबरमा नै र्सार्त्रले नोबेल फाउन्डेसनलाई पत्र लेख्दै पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिएमा त्यसलाई स्वीकार नगर्ने उल्लेख गर्दै नामाङ्कितहरूको सूचीबाट आफ्नो नाउँ हटाउन आग्रह गरेका थिए तर उहाँको पत्रको सुनुवाइ भएन । पुरस्कार ग्रहण नगर्नाको कारणबारे उहाँले एउटा पत्रमा उल्लेख गर्नुभएको थियो- मैले आजसम्म कुनै पनि सरकारी सम्मानलाई स्वीकार गरेको छैन । सोभियत सरकारले मलाई लेनिन पुरस्कार दिए भने पनि स्वीकार गर्दिन । मेरो भनाई छ, कुनै पनि लेखकले कुनै पनि सम्मान, पुरस्कार ग्रहण गर्छ भने उसले आफ्नो व्यक्तिगत स्वतन्त्रता, मान्यतालाई उक्त संस्थासँग सम्बद्ध गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । मेरो मान्यता लेखकलाई कुनै संस्थासँग सम्बर्द्ध हुनु हुँदैन ।’ नोबेल पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्ने अर्का व्यक्तिमा नोवेल पुरस्कार अस्विकार गर्ने अर्का व्यक्तिमा भियतमानका लि डूक थो हुनुहुन्छ । सन् १९७२ को नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कार संयुक्त रुपमा अमेरिकाका हेनरी किसिन्जर र भियतनामका लि डूक थोलाई प्रदान गरिएको थियो । सन् १९६० र १९७० को दशकमा भियतनाममा अमेरिका-भियतनाम युद्ध चलिरहेको थियो । सन् १९५४मा फ्रान्सबाट स्वतन्त्र हुँदा उत्तरी भाग साम्यवादी प्रभाव र दक्षिणी भाग प्रजातन्त्रवादी प्रभावमा रहे । ती दुई बीचको संर्घषमा अमेरिकाले दक्षिण भियतनामलाई सहयोग मात्र गरेन, सेना पठाएर आक्रमण समेत गर्यो । अमेरिका-भियतनाम युद्ध ‘प्रजातान्त्रिक विश्व’ र ‘साम्यवादी विश्व’ बीचको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रतिस्पर्धाको रुपमा व्याख्या गरिन्छ । सन् १९५९ नोभेम्बर १ मा शुरु भएको भियतनाम युद्ध सन् १९७५ अप्रिल ३०मा दक्षिण भियतनामको राजधानीमाथि कम्युनिष्टहरूको कब्जा भएपछि अन्त्य भएको थियो । नोबेल पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिँदा युद्ध जारी थियो । लिले भियतनाममा शान्ति स्थापना भई नसकेको र अमेरिका तथा दक्षिण भियतनामी सरकारले पेरिस शान्ति सम्झौता उल्लंघन गरेको भन्दै पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्नुभयो । विश्लेषकहरूका अनुसार, भियतनाम युद्धका लागि जिम्मेवार व्यक्तिसँगै पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिनु नै उहाँले पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्नुको मूल कारण थियो । बाध्य पारिएका स्वेच्छाले नोबेल पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्नेको सङ्ख्या दुइरहे पनि आ-आफ्नो मुलुकका अधिकारीद्वारा पुरस्कार ग्रहण नगर्न बाध्य पारिएकाको सङ्ख्या चार रहेको छ । यसरी बाध्य पारिएकामा हुनुहुन्छ जर्मनीका रिचार्ड कुन, एडोल्फ फ्रेडरिक, जोहान बुटेनान्द्त र गर्हार्ड डोमाग्क । उहाँहरूलेपछि नोबेल पुरस्कारको डिप्लोमा र पदक त पाउनुभयो तर पुरस्कार राशि भने पाउनु भएन । अस्ट्रियन-जर्मन कुनलाई सन् १९३८मा रसायनशास्त्र विषयमा नोबेल पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिएको थियो । उहाँले सन् १९३९मा सो पुरस्कार थाप्नुभयो । यस्तै, अर्का जर्मन नागरिक बुटेनान्द्तलाई सन् १९३९मा ‘सेक्स हर्मन’ को क्षेत्रमा उहाँले गर्नुभएको योगदानका लागि रसायनशास्त्रमा पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिएको थियो तर त्यसबेलाको सरकारी नीतिका कारण उहाँले पनि पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्नुभयो । दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धको अन्त्य भएपछि सन् १९४९मा उहाँले पुरस्कार थाप्नुभयो । यस्तै, सन् १९३९ जर्मनीका अर्का नागरिक डोमाग्कलाई पनि चिकित्साशास्त्र क्षेत्रको नोबेल पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिएको थियो तर तत्कालीन नाजी शासकले पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्न उहाँलाई बाध्य मात्र पारिएन, नाजी सरकारको गुप्तचरद्वारा एक हप्ता थुनामा पनि राखियो । त्यसबेला जर्मन नागरिकलाई कानूनले नै नोबेल पुरस्कार स्वीकार गर्नमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाएको थियो । यस्तै, रुसी भाषाका कवि, उपन्यासकार तथा साहित्यिक अनुवादक बोरिस लियोनिडोभिच पास्तरनाक पनि सरकारी नीतिका कारण पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्ने व्यक्तिको सूचीमा पर्नुहुन्छ । पास्तरनाकले पहिले पुरस्कार स्वीकार गर्न सहमति जनाउनुभएको थियो तर पछि उहाँको देश सोभियत संघले पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्न उहाँलाई बाध्य पारेको थियो । सन् १९५८ अक्टोबर २३मा पास्तरनाकलाई साहित्यतर्फको पुरस्कारको घोषणा गरिएको थियो । उहाँले ‘डाक्टर जिभागो’ नामक जुन पुस्तकबाट पुरस्कार पाउनुभएको थियो, त्यो रुसबाट नभएर इटालीबाट प्रकाशित भएको थियो । उक्त पुस्तकमा रुसी क्रान्तिप्रति निराशा व्यक्त गरिएको थियो । पुरस्कार घोषणाको पर्सिपल्ट स्विडिस एकेडेमीलाई पठाउनुभएको टेलिग्राममा आभार व्यक्त गरिएको थियो । सोही दिन मास्कोस्थित साहित्यिक संस्थाले विद्यार्थीलाई पास्तरनाकको निन्दा गरिएको एउटा याचिकामा हस्ताक्षर गर्न आग्रह गर्यो । पास्तरनाकको निष्काशनको मागसमेत गरियो । पुरस्कार थाप्न स्टकहोम गएको खण्डमा फर्कंदा सोभियत संघमा प्रवेश नै गर्न नदिइने सूचनासमेत दिइयो । अन्त्यमा उहाँले नोबेल कमिटीलाई एउटा पत्र लेख्दै पुरस्कार अस्वीकार गर्नुभयो । साभार : त्रिचन्द्र ‘प्रतीक्षा’, मझेरी डट कम/युवामन्च मासिक २०७० मंसीरमा प्रकाशित