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Why is iodine deficiency a problem? It is obviously preferable to prevent iodine deficiency in a community or country than to treat each subject with a goiter. The most used, and often the best, measure is salt iodization. I – What is Iodine? Iodine is a non-metallic mineral that humans need in small quantities for growth and optimal development. It is also necessary for all body tissues. Iodine is called an endocrine mineral because it is important not only for the thyroid gland – which regulates growth and metabolism – but also for the adrenal glands, ovaries, prostate, and the entire body’s hormonal system. It is one of the most important and neglected minerals today. Iodine deficiency has consequences for health, education, and productivity. Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of learning disabilities and brain damage that can be prevented, with the most harmful effects on the fetal brain. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infant life may result in irreversible brain damage. In adults, an inadequate intake of iodine can cause hypothyroidism, cretinism, miscarriages, and goiter. Buying a Book - Free Delivery Worldwide The Iodine Crisis: What You Don’t Know About Iodine Can Wreck Your Life By (author) Lynne Farrow Lynne Farrow reveals in this book how she and many other patient-activists changed their lives by investigating and using iodine. Frequently Asked Questions include everything you want to know about iodine. II – Functions of Iodine Iodine is important for: – The Endocrine Glands Iodine helps the functioning of the endocrine glands including the pituitary gland, pancreas, and thyroid. Iodine can be considered a stimulant of the endocrine glands. – The Nervous System Iodine is essential for the proper development of the brain, especially during intrauterine life. It is used for intellectual development, participates in ideation, concentration, and all brain functions. – The Skin Iodine promotes hydration of the skin, its energy exchanges, and stimulates its secretory activity. – Infections Associated with other trace elements, such as copper, zinc, or selenium, iodine helps the body eliminate germs, including fungal infections and bacterial infections. – The Metabolism Iodine promotes energy production because it is oxidized in the body to accelerate the use of fats and sugars. III – Why Is Iodine Deficiency a Problem? – Goiter It is characterized by swelling of the anterior part of the neck, From the Latin “guttur” or throat, goiter results from an increase in the volume of the thyroid gland, which swells to extract the little iodine present in the blood. It is a common symptom of chronic iodine deficiency. – Hypothyroidism Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones results in decreased basal metabolism and clinical signs of hypothyroidism that can progress to myxedema. In adults, hypothyroidism is characterized by coarser features, dry skin, and sometimes a puffy face. The patient is gaining weight, has a slow pulse, and is feeling lethargic. Examinations would show lowered basal metabolism and decreased blood levels of thyroid hormones. – Cretinism It is characterized by a decrease or a total absence of the intellectual faculties, a physical degeneration (dwarfism, stop of the development of the genitals, slowing of various functions). It is linked to thyroid insufficiency that is most often revealed by the presence of a goiter. – Mental Retardation Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of mental retardation and brain damage that can be prevented. Its impact is particularly devastating on the fetus and young children’s brains in their first years of life. The loss of intellectual potential is perhaps the least visible, but most common, a consequence of iodine deficiency – affected children may lose 10 to 15 IQ points. 1 – The Causes of Iodine Deficiency The main cause of endemic goiter and other disorders is insufficient dietary iodine intake. According to their place of culture and in the water, the amount of iodine present in the soil varies and influences the concentration of iodine in the food. Iodine is leached from the soil and joins the rivers to finish in the oceans. Areas, where endemic goiter is widespread, are generally plateaus, mountains, or inland plains distant from the sea: the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Rocky Mountains; smaller mountain ranges in China, Tanzania, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Central African countries; and the interior plains of the United States, Central Asia, and Australia. Consumption of so-called goitrogenic foods is a less important cause of IDD. They are anti-nutrients that inhibit the absorption or use of iodine or have antithyroid activity. Brassica foods such as cabbage, kale, rapeseed, or mustard seeds are just like cassava and turnips. Unlike the aforementioned vegetables, cassava is a staple in some areas, and in Africa, especially Zaire, its consumption is considered a major cause of endemic goiter. 2 – Iodine Deficiency in the Fetus Iodine plays an important role in developing the brain and the nervous system of the future baby during pregnancy. The pregnant woman needs to have enough iodine in her diet. It is an essential nutrient for the development of the fetus, especially in the brain. Besides brain damage to the fetus, iodine deficiency during pregnancy also causes problems with low birth weight, prematurity, and increased perinatal and infant mortality. Iodine deficiency also increases the risk of maternal death, miscarriages, and stillbirths. 38 million infants are born without the protection that iodine provides for the developing brain. The University of Birmingham’s British study, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, published in The Lancet, states that lack of iodine is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation in pregnancy. According to the study’s authors, even a very slight iodine deficiency is associated with lower IQ in children. The researchers wanted to examine the potential public health benefits of iodine supplementation in pregnant women. For this, the researchers measured how much IQ a child could increase with enough iodine and its impact on his income as an adult and society in general. WHO and the European Food Safety Authority encourage pregnant women to take iodine supplementation to give their children the nutrients they need. *** Iodine Deficiency in Children Young children are also particularly vulnerable because their brain still needs iodine to develop during the first two years of life. Iodine deficiency disrupts physical development and can cause hypothyroidism. It represents the leading cause of brain damage in the infant population. This results in impaired cognitive and motor development compromising academic outcomes. Children born to mothers with iodine deficiency may suffer from cretinism, language disorders, deafness, and dwarfism. IV – Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Prevention is neither difficult nor expensive. One of the best and cheapest methods is to iodize table salt, which many countries are currently doing. An impressive improvement in iodine status has been observed in all populations where salt iodization has been carried out for at least one year. Just a teaspoon of iodine – consumed regularly in minute amounts for a lifetime – prevents iodine deficiency disorders. Salt iodization is the most logical and effective solution to these problems because iodine is then consumed gradually and is safe, viable, and inexpensive. 1 – Daily Requirement of Iodine Daily iodine requirements are expressed in micrograms. The recommendation of the World Health Organization is maintained from 150 to 300 micrograms per day. Children have lower values. An adult has a daily of 150 to 200 micrograms. Pregnant and lactating women need more. Three slices of bread provide an average of 90 grams of iodine. A teaspoon of salt still offers 100 micrograms of iodine. 2 – Foods Rich in Iodine for Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Iodine is present in most soils and is naturally absorbed by plants. Iodine is mainly in food where iodine is added. Rare in the natural environment, iodine is mainly of marine origin. The main sources of iodine come from seafood. These include seaweed, seafood, fish, and whole gray sea salt, shrimp, and cod, which are particularly rich in iodine. Other dietary sources of iodine include dairy products (milk and yogurt), fruits and vegetables, legumes, some nuts. By eating a diet rich in raw fruits and vegetables and low in meat and industrial products, you won’t suffer because of iodine deficiency. Iodine Deficiency in the World According to the latest World Health Organization estimates, more than 2 billion people are at risk of iodine deficiency, one-third of the world’s population and 54 out of 197 countries in an alarming situation. Developed countries, despite programs to limit this condition, are also exposed. In Europe, it affects one hundred and fifty million subjects, particularly in Bulgaria, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Romania. In many parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, IDDs cause mental retardation and prevent children from developing psychologically as their initial potential would allow. TCI is also associated with more frequent miscarriages, higher stillbirth, deafness, and various congenital anomalies, including neurological abnormalities. The Most Common Iodine Deficiency Is In Remote Mountainous Areas Populations most at risk of iodine deficiency live in remote mountainous areas that lack the iodine-containing foods of sea-fish and algae and infrequently flooded areas where the soil is private micronutrients. Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of brain damage in childhood. In adults, it affects productivity and the ability to find a job. It can result in a loss of 15 IQ points, and nearly 50 million people suffer from varying degrees of injury from this problem. In many populations, especially in industrialized countries and among the most affluent people everywhere, the food consumed is not exclusively local. They, therefore, have varied iodine levels and contribute to a sufficient final intake. For example, populations living in the Rocky Mountains, where goiter was endemic, no longer consume only local foods. They can eat bread made from wheat harvested in the plains of the central United States, rice from Thailand, vegetables from California or Mexico, seafood from the Atlantic coast, etc. Similarly, in La Paz, Bolivia, wealthy people consume all kinds of foods that do not come from the Altiplano and contain enough iodine. On the other hand, poor people in the same area consume only local foods and still have goiters. Because of these adverse effects on brain development, the Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly had adopted a resolution calling on the international community, including WHO and UNICEF, to redouble their efforts to combat iodine deficiency in the 54 most-affected countries. The action must include: – A resolute commitment of the public health authorities – Public education – Effective collaboration between all involved partners, including the salt industry – A good control system to ensure that salt is properly iodized – National legislation on iodized salt and measures to enforce it.
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आयोडिन र नुनको विषयमा हामीले धेरै कुरा सुन्दै आएका छौं । नुन र आयोडिन शरीरका लागि आवश्यक तत्व हो । तर यसको मात्राको विषयमा विभिन्न प्रश्न पनि उठिरहेका छन् । आयोडिन मानिसको लागि दैनिक रूपमा नभई नहुने तत्वमध्ये पर्छ । समुद्रबाट प्राप्त हुने प्राकृतिक खाद्य पदार्थ सेलफिस, फिस, कर्डफिस आदि तथा समुद्रमा पाइने वनस्पति तथा तरकारीजन्य हरियो खाद्य पदार्थमा सबैभन्दा बढी आयोडिन पाइन्छ । तर नेपालमा समुद्र नभएकाले आयोडिन प्राप्त गर्न नुनको सेवन गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । नेपालीहरूको भान्सामा प्रयोग हुने नुनमा आयोडिनको मात्रा बढी छ भन्ने कुरा केही समय अघि सुन्नमा आएको थियो । योसँगै नुन र आयोडिनको विषयमा भ्रमपूर्ण कुरा समेत सम्प्रेषण भइरहेकाले यसले सर्वसाधारणमा आशंका पैदा गरिरहेको देखिन्छ । नुनमा आयोडिनको मात्रा कति ? उत्पादन स्थलमा नुनमा आयोडिनको मात्रा ५० पीपीएम भन्दा बढी राख्नुपर्ने प्रावधान रहेको छ । नेपालमा हाल आयोडिनयुक्त नुनको मापदण्डमा उत्पादन स्थलमा ५० पीपीएम नघटाई र बिक्री स्थलमा ३० पीपीएम नघटाई हुनुपर्ने व्यवस्था रहेको छ । साथै उपभोग बिन्दुमा नुनमा आयोडिनको मात्रा कम्तीमा १५ पीपीएम हुनुपर्ने भनिएको छ । सबै स्थानमा यातायातको सुविधा नपुगेको, भण्डारणको अभ्यास र स्थल उपयुक्त नभएको देखिएकाले उपभोक्तासम्म पुग्दा नुनमा मिसाएको आयोडिन नाश भएर जान सक्छ भन्ने आधारमा उत्पादन स्थलमा ५० पीपीएम भन्दा बढी राख्नुपर्ने प्रावधान छ । तर अहिले यातायातको सुविधा विस्तार भई ढुवानी सहज भएको, भण्डारणको अभ्यासमा सुधार भएको कारणले नुनमा मिसाइएको आयोडिन धेरै नाश नहुन सक्छ । अर्कोतिर कानुनमा न्यूनतम ५० पीपीएम मिसाउनुपर्ने भनिएको, तर अधिकतम कति मिसाउन पाउने भन्ने किटान नभएका कारण पनि अधिक आयोडिन मिसाउने गरेको पाइन्छ । नुनमा आयोडिनको मात्रा उत्पादन स्थलमा न्यूनतम र अधिकतम कति हो भन्ने मापदण्ड तत्काल निर्धारण गर्नु जरुरी छ । दैनिक कति नुन खानु ठीक ? नेपालीहरूले दैनिक ९ ग्राम नुन सेवन गरिरहेका छन् । तर हाम्रो शरीरलाई भने दैनिक ५ ग्राम भन्दा कम नुन भए पुग्छ । अहिले हामी झण्डै आवश्यकता भन्दा डबल नुनको प्रयोग गरिरहेका छौं । नुनको बढी प्रयोगले उच्च रक्तचाप जस्ता नसर्ने रोगको जोखिम बढाउँछ । त्यसैले एउटा वयस्क व्यक्तिले दैनिक रूपमा करिब १५० माइक्रो ग्राम नुन खानु उपयुक्त हुन्छ । नेपालमा खानुपर्ने भन्दा झण्डै दोब्बर नुनप्रति व्यक्ति खपत भइरहेको छ । यस्तोमा आयोडिनको मात्रा भन्दा पनि नुन कम खपत गर्ने बानीको विकास गर्नु जरुरी हुन्छ । आयोडिनको कमी भएमा आउने समस्या शरीरमा आयोडिनको कमीले गर्भवती महिलालाई असर पर्छ । गर्भ तुहिने, मृत बच्चा जन्मने, अविकसित दिमाग भएको शिशु जन्मने, शारीरिक रुपमा विकलांक हुने लगायत सम्भावना हुन्छ । त्यस्तै आयोडिनको कमी भएका बालबालिकाको मानसिक विकास राम्ररी नहुने, पढाइमा कमजोर हुने, सुस्त मनस्थिति, बोल्न नसक्ने, आँखा डेढो हुने र शारीरिक विकासमा पनि बाधा पुग्छ । वयस्कहरूमा आयोडिनको कमी भएमा गलगाँड आउने, हाइपरथाइरोइडिज्म, मानसिक क्षमतामा कमी, शारीरिक क्षमतामा कमी जस्ता असर देखिन्छन् । बालबालिकामा हुने न्यूरोलोजिकल क्रेटिनिज्मको मुख्य कारण आयोडिनको कमी नै हो । शरीरलाई आवश्यक आयोडिनको मात्रा आयोडिनलाई सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व भनिन्छ । यो खनिज पदार्थ हरेक वयस्क व्यक्तिलाई दैनिक रूपमा करिब १५० माइक्रो ग्राम, गर्भवती महिलाका लागि दैनिक करिब २५० माइक्रो ग्राम र पाँच वर्षमुनिका बालबालिकालाई दैनिक करिब ९० माइक्रो ग्राम आवश्यक पर्छ । आयोडिनले थाइराइड ग्रन्थिबाट थाइराइड हर्मोन निकाल्न मद्दत गर्दछ । थाइराइड हर्मोन पोषक तत्वको पाचन प्रक्रिया र शारीरिक तथा मानसिक वृद्धि विकासका लागि नभई हुँदैन । शरीरको तौल सन्तुलनमा राख्न थाइराइड हर्मोन अत्यन्तै महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ । आयोडिनको उचित मात्राको उपभोगले थाइराइडमा हुने क्यान्सरको जोखिम कम गर्छ । साथै आयोडिनले शारीरिक र मानसिक रूपमा पनि स्वास्थ्य रहन सहयोग गर्छ । आयोडिनयुक्त नुन नै किन ? अहिले हामीले प्रयोग गरिरहेको आयोडिनयुक्त नुनको साटो बिरे नुन र सिदे नुनको प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ भन्ने अवधारणा पनि केही व्यक्तिको हुन सक्छ । तर यस्ता नुनमा शरीरलाई चाहिने आयोडिन पर्याप्त हुँदैन । नेपाल जस्तो समुद्री सतह भन्दा टाढा भएको र समुद्री खाना कम खाइने मुलुकमा आयोडिनयुक्त नुन पनि सेवन नगर्दा यसको कमीका कारण विभिन्न स्वास्थ्य समस्या देखिन सक्छन् । आज भन्दा चार दशक अगाडिसम्म नेपालमा आयोडिनयुक्त नुनको प्रयोग हुँदैन थियो । जसको कारण विभिन्न स्वास्थ्य समस्या जस्तै, गलगाँड, हाइपरथाइरोइडिज्म, मानसिक क्षमतामा कमी र शारीरिक क्षमतामा कमीजस्ता समस्या देखिन्थे । तर पछि सरकारले सन् १९७३ देखि लागु गरेको नुनमा आयोडिन मिसाएर बिक्री वितरण गरिने युनिभर्सल साल्ट आयोडाइजेसन कार्यक्रमले गर्दा हाल यो समस्यामा धेरै सुधार भएको छ । नुनमा आयो (स्रोत: onlinekhabar.com)