https___www.theregreview.org_2019_10_16_mancuso-would-national-popular-vote-make-every-vote-count_.xml
https___www.bbc.com_nepali_news-53712399_1.xml
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Proposed legislation could change state regulations that allocate presidential electoral votes. With the 2020 presidential election already beginning to heat up, voters are once again focusing their attention on the Electoral College—the group of electors who cast their presidential votes approximately one month after the national vote takes place in November. The votes in the Electoral College determine the winning presidential candidate. As a result of the Electoral College system, two of the last three U.S. presidents took office after losing the national popular vote. Not everyone thinks that this is a problem, but those who do have what they think is a solution: the National Popular Vote bill. The bill is an “interstate compact” that would ensure the presidential election winner is “the candidate who receives the most popular votes” in a national election. States that enter the compact agree to change their election regulations and award all of their electoral votes to the candidate who wins the nationwide popular vote. So far, 15 states and the District of Columbia have enacted the bill, but the legislation is currently dormant even where it has been adopted. According to the terms of the compact, the change would take effect only if the bill is adopted by states possessing a total of at least 270 electoral votes—the minimum number required to win a presidential election. Until then, each state’s current election regulations will remain in place. Proponents of a national popular vote argue that the current electoral system discourages presidential candidates from engaging with voters in states whose elections are “a foregone conclusion.” They also contend that “battleground” states whose elections are most competitive consistently receive the lion’s share of campaign attention and federal funding. The only way to make every vote count, they argue, is to guarantee that the winner of the national popular vote becomes the president. In contrast, supporters of the current system assert that it preserves the political power of less populated states and regions of the country. A national popular vote, they contend, would encourage candidates to focus solely on densely populated metropolitan areas at the expense of large geographic regions of the country. Advocates also highlight the fact that in more than two centuries of elections, the Electoral College has only elected five Presidents who lost the national popular vote. Eliminating the use of electoral votes would require a constitutional amendment. But the interstate compact would keep the Electoral College intact—it would only change how current state regulations allocate electoral votes to presidential candidates. The number of electors for each state matches its number of congressional representatives—two U.S. senators for each state plus the number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives as determined by population. Three additional electors represent the District of Columbia, for a total of 538 electors with 270 votes needed to secure a majority. States range from having three electors to 55. Electors are chosen differently in each state, but they all pledge to vote for a particular candidate according to a state’s election regulations. Most states allocate their electors using the “winner-take-all” method, awarding all of the state’s electoral votes to the winner of the statewide popular vote. That means that in a state like Florida, which has 29 electoral votes, a candidate who wins only 51 percent of the popular vote would receive all 29 electoral votes. Only two states—Maine and Nebraska—deviate from this winner-take-all norm. They instead allocate one electoral vote to the winner of each congressional district and an additional two votes to the statewide winner. The U.S. Constitution established the electoral vote system but gave state legislatures the power to determine how each state would allocate its electors. It specifies that “each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct,” its own electors to elect the nation’s President and vice president. State control over electors is as old as the Electoral College itself, and state legislatures have explicit authority to regulate how electors cast their votes. Since the allocation of electors is a choice made by state legislatures, they can modify it simply by passing new legislation. This is just what advocates of the interstate compact propose. The states that have already adopted the bill possess a total of 196 electoral votes. If states with 74 additional electoral votes adopt the legislation, then the interstate compact will go into effect, guaranteeing that the national popular vote winner would become the next President.
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अमेरिकी चुनाव २०२०: राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचनमा प्रयोग हुने चुनावी मत भनेको के हो अमेरिकामा एक सय दिनभन्दा कम समयमा राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचन हुनेछ। तर आमजनताले धेरै मत दिएका उम्मेद्वार विजयी नहुन पनि सक्छन्। मतदाताको प्रत्यक्ष मतबाट राष्ट्रपति नछानिने भएकोले त्यो सम्भावना छ। राष्ट्रपति प्रत्यक्ष मतबाट नभई त्यसको आधारमा हुने चुनावी मतका आधारमा हुन्छ। त्यसैलाई इलेक्टोरल कलेज भनिन्छ। त्यसो भए अमेरिकीहरूले कसलाई मत दिइरहेका छन्? राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचनमा मत हाल्न जाँदा अमेरिकीहरू खासमा इलेक्टोरल कलेजका अधिकारीहरूको समूहलाई भोट हाल्न जान्छन्। "कलेज" शब्दले यहाँ सामान्यत: मानिसको एउटा समूहलाई जनाउँछ। यो समूहमा रहेका मानिसलाई इलेक्टर्स भनिन्छ र उनीहरूको काम भनेको राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपतिको चयन गर्नु हो। इलेक्टोरल कलेज प्रत्येक चार वर्षमा हुने चुनावको दिनको केही सातापछि हुन्छ जसले राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपति छान्ने काम गर्छ। इलेक्टोरल कलेजले कसरी काम गर्छ? प्रत्येक राज्यमा त्यहाँको जनसङ्ख्याको आकार अनुसार इलेक्टर्सको सङ्ख्या तोकिएको हुन्छ। इलेक्टर्सको जम्मा सङ्ख्या ५३८ रहेको छ। क्यालिफोर्निया राज्यमा सबैभन्दा बढी ५५ इलेक्टर्सहरू छन् भने सानो जनसङ्ख्या रहेका अलास्का र नर्थ डकोटा राज्यमा तीन जना छन्। प्रत्येक एक इलेक्टरले एउटा इलेक्टोरल भोटको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्छ र उम्मेद्वारले राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचन जित्नका लागि २७० वा त्योभन्दा बढी इलेक्टोरल मत प्रात्प गर्नुपर्छ। सामान्यतया, आम मतदाताले जसलाई धेरै मत दिन्छन् उक्त राज्यमा उसैलाई सबै इलेक्टोरल कलेजको मत दिइन्छ। उदाहरणका लागि, रिपब्लिकनतर्फको उम्मेद्वारले ५०.१ प्रतिशत मत टेक्सस राज्यमा ल्याएर जिते उक्त राज्यको सबै ३८ इलेक्टोरल कलेजको मत नै उसैलाई दिइन्छ। तर मेइन र नेब्रास्का यी दुई राज्यले भने प्रत्येक उम्मेद्वारले पाएको मत अनुसार इलेक्टोरल कलेजको मतमा भाग लगाउँछन्। त्यसैले देशभर धेरै मतदाताको मत जित्ने कोसिसभन्दा पनि राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचनका उम्मेद्वारले मत जता पनि जानसक्ने खालका "स्वीङ राज्यहरू"लाई खास लक्षित गर्छन्। उनीहरूले जित्ने प्रत्येक राज्यले उनीहरूलाई आवश्यक २७० इलेक्टोरल कलेज मत ल्याउनका लागि नजिक पुर्याउँछ। आमजनताको धेरै मत ल्याएर पनि राष्ट्रपति नबन्ने हुन्छ? पक्का हुन्छ। राष्ट्रिय रुपमा मतदातामाझ सबैभन्दा चर्चित भएर पनि २७० इलेक्टोरल मत ल्याउन नसक्ने सम्भावना पनि रहन्छ। खासमा पछिल्ला पाँच निर्वाचनमध्ये दुईवटा निर्वाचनमा त्यस्तै उम्मेद्वारहरूले राष्ट्रपतीय चुनाव जितेका हुन् जसले आफ्ना प्रतिद्वन्द्वीभन्दा आमजनताबाट कम मत पाएका थिए। सन् २०१६ मा डोनल्ड ट्रम्पले हिलरी क्लिन्टनभन्दा झण्डै ३० लाख मत कम ल्याएका थिए, तर इलेक्टोरल कलेजले उनलाई बहुमत दिएका कारण उनी राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भए। यो निर्वाचन प्रणाली किन छानियो? सन् १७८७ मा अमेरिकाको संविधान बनाइँदै गर्दा राष्ट्रिय 'पपुलर भोट'बाट राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित गर्नका लागि देशको आकार र सञ्चारको कठिनाइका कारण व्यवहारिक रुपमा सम्भव थिएन। त्यही बेला राजधानी वासिङ्टन डिसीमा राष्ट्रपति छान्नका लागि सांसदलाई अनुमति दिने विषयमा पनि थोरै उत्साह थियो। त्यसैले संविधान निर्माताहरूले प्रत्येक राज्यले इलेक्टरहरू छान्न पाउने गरी इलेक्टोरल कलेज बनाए। राज्यको जनसङ्ख्याका आधारमा इलेक्टोरल मतहरूको सङ्ख्या निर्धारण हुने भएकोले राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित गर्नका लागि दक्षिणी राज्यहरूको प्रभाव बढी हुन्छ। इलेक्टरहरूले उम्मेद्वारलाई मत दिनुपर्छ? केही राज्यहरूमा इलेक्टरहरूले आफूलाई जुन उम्मेद्वार मनपर्छ उसैलाई मत दिनसक्छन्। तर व्यवहारमा भने इलेक्टरहरूले त्यो राज्यमा जसले आममतदाताबाट धेरै मत पाएको छ उसकै उम्मेद्वारलाई मत दिन्छन्। उक्त राज्यले राष्ट्रपतिका लागि भनेर जुन उम्मेद्वारलाई दिएको हुन्छ त्योभन्दा फरकलाई यदि इलेक्टरले मत दियो भने उसलाई "विश्वासघाती" को संज्ञा दिइन्छ। यदि कुनै उम्मेद्वारले पनि बहुमत पाएनन् भने के हुन्छ? अमेरिकी संसद्को तल्लो सदन हाउस अफ रिप्रिजेन्टेटिभ्समा त्यसपछि राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित गर्नका लागि मतदान हुन्छ। तर यो एकपटक मात्रै भएको छ। सन् १८२४ मा चार उम्मेद्वारमा इलेक्टोरल भोट बाँडिदा कसैको पनि बहुमत आएको थिएन। अमेरिकाको निर्वाचन प्रणालीमा अहिले दुईवटा पार्टी हाबी भएकाले आजको दिनमा यो हुने सम्भावना देखिँदैन।