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In discussing divine right from the viewpoint of the American founding, one must follow the thread of history’s tapestry back to ancient Israel. After the nation of Israel was established by God in the land of Canaan, it was ruled by God through judges and guided by prophets. That changed into kingship at the request of the people. The story is told in 1 Samuel, chapter 8: When Samuel grew old, he appointed his sons as Israel’s leaders. 2 The name of his firstborn was Joel and the name of his second was Abijah, and they served at Beersheba. 3 But his sons did not follow his ways. They turned aside after dishonest gain and accepted bribes and perverted justice. 4 So all the elders of Israel gathered together and came to Samuel at Ramah. 5 They said to him, “You are old, and your sons do not follow your ways; now appoint a king to lead us, such as all the other nations have.” 6 But when they said, “Give us a king to lead us,” this displeased Samuel; so he prayed to the Lord. 7 And the Lord told him: “Listen to all that the people are saying to you; it is not you they have rejected, but they have rejected me as their king. 8 As they have done from the day I brought them up out of Egypt until this day, forsaking me and serving other gods, so they are doing to you. 9 Now listen to them; but warn them solemnly and let them know what the king who will reign over them will claim as his rights.” 10 Samuel told all the words of the Lord to the people who were asking him for a king. 11 He said, “This is what the king who will reign over you will claim as his rights: He will take your sons and make them serve with his chariots and horses, and they will run in front of his chariots. 12 Some he will assign to be commanders of thousands and commanders of fifties, and others to plow his ground and reap his harvest, and still others to make weapons of war and equipment for his chariots. 13 He will take your daughters to be perfumers and cooks and bakers. 14 He will take the best of your fields and vineyards and olive groves and give them to his attendants. 15 He will take a tenth of your grain and of your vintage and give it to his officials and attendants. 16 Your male and female servants and the best of your cattle and donkeys he will take for his own use. 17 He will take a tenth of your flocks, and you yourselves will become his slaves. 18 When that day comes, you will cry out for relief from the king you have chosen, but the Lord will not answer you in that day.” 19 But the people refused to listen to Samuel. “No!” they said. “We want a king over us. 20 Then we will be like all the other nations, with a king to lead us and to go out before us and fight our battles.” 21 When Samuel heard all that the people said, he repeated it before the Lord. 22 The Lord answered, “Listen to them and give them a king.” Then Samuel said to the Israelites, “Everyone go back to your own town.” In 1 Samuel, chapter 10, verse 1 the king is annointed: Then Samuel took a flask of olive oil and poured it on Saul’s head and kissed him, saying, “Has not the Lord anointed you ruler over his inheritance? Although the Lord had already shown Samuel who was to be king, and Saul had been told and anointed, the people had not been told yet. The announcement is made later in chapter 10: 17 Samuel summoned the people of Israel to the Lord at Mizpah 18 and said to them, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says: ‘I brought Israel up out of Egypt, and I delivered you from the power of Egypt and all the kingdoms that oppressed you.’ 19 But you have now rejected your God, who saves you out of all your disasters and calamities. And you have said, ‘No, appoint a king over us.’ So now present yourselves before the Lord by your tribes and clans.” 20 When Samuel had all Israel come forward by tribes, the tribe of Benjamin was taken by lot. 21 Then he brought forward the tribe of Benjamin, clan by clan, and Matri’s clan was taken. Finally Saul son of Kish was taken. But when they looked for him, he was not to be found. 22 So they inquired further of the Lord, “Has the man come here yet?” And the Lord said, “Yes, he has hidden himself among the supplies.” 23 They ran and brought him out, and as he stood among the people he was a head taller than any of the others.24 Samuel said to all the people, “Do you see the man the Lord has chosen? There is no one like him among all the people.” Then the people shouted, “Long live the king!” 25 Samuel explained to the people the rights and duties of kingship. He wrote them down on a scroll and deposited it before the Lord. Then Samuel dismissed the people to go to their own homes. The only other king directly appointed by God was David. David was chosen to replace Saul after God removed the kingdom from him due to his disobedience. 1 Samuel, chapter 13: 11 “What have you done?” asked Samuel. Saul replied, “When I saw that the men were scattering, and that you did not come at the set time, and that the Philistines were assembling at Mikmash, 12 I thought, ‘Now the Philistines will come down against me at Gilgal, and I have not sought the Lord’s favor.’ So I felt compelled to offer the burnt offering.” 13 “You have done a foolish thing,” Samuel said. “You have not kept the command the Lord your God gave you; if you had, he would have established your kingdom over Israel for all time. 14 But now your kingdom will not endure; theLord has sought out a man after his own heart and appointed him ruler of his people, because you have not kept theLord’s command.” 1 Samuel, chapter 16: The Lord said to Samuel, “How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him as king over Israel? Fill your horn with oil and be on your way; I am sending you to Jesse of Bethlehem. I have chosen one of his sons to be king.” 2 But Samuel said, “How can I go? If Saul hears about it, he will kill me.” The Lord said, “Take a heifer with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord.’ 3 Invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what to do. You are to anoint for me the one I indicate.” 4 Samuel did what the Lord said. When he arrived at Bethlehem, the elders of the town trembled when they met him. They asked, “Do you come in peace?” 5 Samuel replied, “Yes, in peace; I have come to sacrifice to the Lord. Consecrate yourselves and come to the sacrifice with me.” Then he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice. 6 When they arrived, Samuel saw Eliab and thought, “Surely the Lord’s anointed stands here before the Lord.” 7 But the Lord said to Samuel, “Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The Lord does not look at the things people look at. People look at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.” 8 Then Jesse called Abinadab and had him pass in front of Samuel. But Samuel said, “The Lord has not chosen this one either.” 9 Jesse then had Shammah pass by, but Samuel said, “Nor has the Lord chosen this one.” 10 Jesse had seven of his sons pass before Samuel, but Samuel said to him, “The Lord has not chosen these.” 11 So he asked Jesse, “Are these all the sons you have?” “There is still the youngest,” Jesse answered. “He is tending the sheep.” Samuel said, “Send for him; we will not sit down until he arrives.” 12 So he sent for him and had him brought in. He was glowing with health and had a fine appearance and handsomefeatures. Then the Lord said, “Rise and anoint him; this is the one.” 13 So Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed him in the presence of his brothers, and from that day on the Spirit of the Lord came powerfully upon David. Samuel then went to Ramah. From then on it was kingship by inheritance and God did not directly intervene to choose a king. But the people understood that this was the will of God and that kings would rule and should be honored and that they would be punished and removed at His timing. An aside about kings and kingdoms in ancient history: the reign of kings was not neat and orderly the way we think they should be – one king dies and a new one takes the throne on a specific date. In ancient times kings sometimes overlapped because of rival claims over the same land and people. Don’t get stuck on dates and territories. Here I am just discussing the general idea of kingship and where if came from to explain the belief system of the founders. There are too many verses to list them all here, but the Old Testament is full of stories of kings both good and bad. Kings used as examples to follow and not to follow. And kings being confronted by God’s prophets telling them what to do or how to behave or warning them of punishment to come. The New Testament has few mentions of earthly kings, but does have verses that pertain to this discussion of divine right in light of the American founding: Christians are instructed to treat the government and God as separate, not one and the same – Luke 20:25 (also in Matthew 22:21 and Mark 12:17) He said to them, “Then render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.” Christians are to put God above the government – Acts 5:29 But Peter and the apostles answered, “We must obey God rather than men. Christians are to pray for kings and other leaders – 1 Timothy 2:1-2 First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way. And most critically, Christians are to obey authority – Romans 13:1-7 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. 2 Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. 3 For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, 4 for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer. 5 Therefore one must be in subjection, not only to avoid God’s wrath but also for the sake of conscience. 6 For because of this you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this very thing. 7 Pay to all what is owed to them: taxes to whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed, respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed. Note especially verse 7: Pay to all what is owed to them: taxes to whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed, respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed. Verse seven is the most important in relation to the founding as will be shown when I discuss the documents of the settlement and founding of the United States. Christians only owe obedience to kings that act in accordance with God’s law. The Old Testament habit of confronting kings who behaved badly will figure prominently in the founding.
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1 शमूएल अध्याय 8 शमूएल जब वृद्ध भए, तिनले आफ्ना छोराहरूलाई इस्राएलका न्यायकर्त्ता नियुक्त गरे। 2 शमूएलका जेठा छोराको नाउँ योएल थियो। माहिला छोराको नाउँ चाहिं अबियाह थियो। योएल र अबियाह बेर्शबामा न्यायकर्ता थिए। 3 तर शमूएलका छोराहरू बाबुको चालमा हिडेनन् योएल र अबियाहले घूस खाने गर्थे। चुपचाप घूस लिएर न्यायलयमा अन्याय गर्थे। 4 यसर्थ इस्राएलका सबै बूढा-प्रधानहरू शमूएललाई भेट्न रामामा भेला भए। 5 बूढा-प्रधानहरूले शमूएललाई भने, “तपाईं बूढा हुनुभयो, तपाईंका छोराहरू तपाईं जस्ता ठीक बाटामा छैनन्। अब, हामीलाई शासन अनि न्याय गर्न अरू देशहरूको जस्तै राजा दिनुहोस्।” 6 यसरी बूढा-प्रधानहरूले तिनीहरूलाई मार्ग दर्शन गर्ने एउटा राजा मागे। शमूएलले ठाने यो युक्ति गलत छ। यसर्थ शमूएलले परमप्रभुमा प्रार्थना गरे। 7 शमूएललाई परमप्रभुले भन्नुभयो, “मानिसहरूले जसो भन्छन् त्यसै गर। तिनीहरूले तँलाई अस्वीकार गरेका छैनन्। बरू मलाई अस्वीकार गर्दैछन्। तिनीहरूले मलाई तिनीहरूको राजा हुन अस्वीकार गरिरहेका छन्। 8 तिनीहरूले सधैं जे गर्थे त्यही गर्दैछन्। मैले तिनीहरूलाई मिश्रबाट बाहिर ल्याएँ। तर तिनीहरूले आज मलाई छाडेर अन्य देवताहरूको सेवा गरे। तिनीहरूले तँलाई पनि त्यस्तै गर्दैछन्। 9 यसर्थ मानिसहरूका कुरा सुनेर तिनीहरूले भने झैं गर। तर तिनीहरूलाई एउटा चेतावनी भने दिनू। तिनीहरूलाई भनिदिनु राजाले तिनीहरूलाई के गर्छ। एउटा राजाले मानिसहरूलाई कसरी शासन गर्छन्।” 10 ती मानिसहरूले एउटा राजाको माग गरे। यसकारण परमप्रभुले भन्नु भएका सम्पूर्ण कुराहरू शमूएलले मानिसहरूलाई बताए। 11 शमूएलले भने, “यदि तिमीहरू तिमीहरूमाथि शासन गर्ने राजा चाहान्छौ भने राजाले यसो गर्नेछन्। उसले तिमीहरूको छोराहरूलाई लाने छन् अनि उसको सेवा गर्न तिनीहरूलाई विवश पार्नेछन्। राजाले तिमीहरूका छोराहरूलाई सैनिक बनाएर उनका रथ सँगसँगै दौडन लगाउँने छन् र घोडचढी बनाएर आफ्नो सैनिकमा राख्नेछन्। तिमीहरूका छोरालाई आफ्ना रथको अघि दौडने रक्षक बनाउने छन्। 12 राजाले तिम्रो छोराहरूलाई सैनिक बन्न वाध्य गराउने छन्। त्यसमध्ये कोही 1,000 मानिसहरूका अधिकारी बन्ने छन अनि अरू 50 जना भन्दा ज्यादा मानिसका।राजाले तिम्रा छोरालाई उनको खेत जोत्न र फसल काट्न बाध्य गराउनेछन्। कतिलाई फेरि युद्धको निम्ति हातहतियार बनाउन लाउनेछन्। कतिलाई रथको चीजहरू बनाउँन लाउँनेछन्।” 13 “राजाले तिमीहरूका छोरीहरूलाई पनि लानेछन्। तिनीहरूमध्ये कतिलाई खाना पकाउन र रोटी पकाउन विवश गर्नेछन्। अनि कसैलाई अत्तर बनाउन बाध्य गर्नेछन्। 14 “राजाले तिमीहरूको सबभन्दा असल खेतहरू, दाखको बगैचा र भद्राक्षका रूखहरू लानेछन्। अनि तिनीहरूलाई उसको सेवकहरूको हातमा सुम्पिदिनेछन्। 15 तिमीहरूको अन्न र दाखको फसलको दशौ भाग राजाले लिनेछन्। अनि अधिकारीहरू अनि सेवकहरूको हातमा सुम्पिदिनेछन् 16 राजाले तिमीहरूका कमारा-कमारीहरूलाई पनि लैजाने छन्। उनले असल जातका पशु र गधाहरू पनि तिमीहरूबाट लिनेछन्। यी सबै लगेर आफ्नै प्रयोगमा लगाउँने छन्। 17 तिमीहरूका भेडा बाख्राको दशौ भाग पनि तिनले लिनेछन्।“अनि तिमी आफै पनि राजाको दास बनिनेछौ। 18 तब तिनीहरू आफूले चुनेको राजाबाट छुटकाराको निम्ति रूनेछौ। तर त्यस समय परमप्रभुले कुनै जवाफ दिनुहुने छैन।” 19 तर मानिसहरूले शमूएलको कुरा सुन्दैसुनेन्। तिनीहरूले भने, “होइन! हामीलाई शासन गर्ने एउटा राजा नै चाहिन्छ। 20 तब हामी पनि अरू देश सरह हुनेछौ, हामीलाई नेतृत्व दिने, हाम्रो अघि युद्ध लडने, हाम्रा निम्ति युद्ध गर्ने हाम्रा राजा हुनेछन्।” 21 शमूएलले मानिसहरूको भनाइ सुने पछि शमूएलले परमप्रभुलाई तिनीहरूका कुरा दोहोर्याइदिए। 22 परमप्रभुले जवाफ दिनु भयो, “तिनीहरूले चाहे जस्तै! तिनीहरूलाई एउटा राजा देऊ।”तब शमूएलले इस्राएलका मानिसहरूलाई भने, “ठीकै छ! तिमीहरूले एउटा राजा पाउँने भयौ। अहिले सबै तिमीहरूको शहरमा जाऊ।”