https___www.bbc.com_news_world-africa-26835233.xml
https___www.bbc.com_nepali_news_2014_08_140820_ebola_why_dangerous_1.xml
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Why Ebola is so dangerous The Ebola outbreak in West Africa is the world's deadliest to date and the World Health Organization has declared an international health emergency as more than 3,850 people have died of the virus in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria this year. What is Ebola? Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). And that is just the beginning: subsequent stages are vomiting, diarrhoea and - in some cases - both internal and external bleeding. The disease infects humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats and forest antelope. It then spreads between humans by direct contact with infected blood, bodily fluids or organs, or indirectly through contact with contaminated environments. Even funerals of Ebola victims can be a risk, if mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased. The incubation period can last from two days to three weeks, and diagnosis is difficult. The human disease has so far been mostly limited to Africa, although one strain has cropped up in the Philippines. Healthcare workers are at risk if they treat patients without taking the right precautions to avoid infection. People are infectious as long as their blood and secretions contain the virus - in some cases, up to seven weeks after they recover. World Health Organization guidance on Ebola Ebola crisis: Five ways to avoid the deadly virus Where does it strike? Ebola outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rainforests, says the WHO. It was first discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1976 since when it has mostly affected countries further east, such as Uganda and Sudan. Ebola deaths since 1976 This year's outbreak is unusual because it started in Guinea, which has never before been affected, and it quickly spread to urban areas. From Nzerekore, a remote area of south-eastern Guinea, the virus spread to the capital, Conakry, and neighbouring Liberia and Sierra Leone. There have been 20 cases of Ebola being imported by someone travelling from a country of widespread transmission to Nigeria, with eight confirmed deaths. The US and Senegal have both confirmed one case each. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in September that the virus might have been successfully contained in Nigeria and Senegal. In October, a nurse in Spain became the first person to contract the deadly virus outside of West Africa, after treating two Spanish missionaries who had eventually died of Ebola in Madrid. Ebola deaths Figures up to 13 January 2016 Deaths - probable, confirmed and suspected (Includes one in the US and six in Mali) 4,809 Liberia 3,955 Sierra Leone 2,536 Guinea 8 Nigeria The medical charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) says the outbreak is "unprecedented" in the way the cases were scattered in multiple locations across Guinea, hundreds of kilometres apart, and says it is a "race against time" to check people who come into contact with sick people in neighbouring Sierra Leone. Ebola: Why is it this disease we fear? Can cultural practices spread Ebola? Ebola is spread through close physical contact with infected people. This is a problem for many in the West African countries currently affected by the outbreak, as practices around religion and death involve close physical contact. Hugging is a normal part of religious worship in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and across the region the ritual preparation of bodies for burial involves washing, touching and kissing. Those with the highest status in society are often charged with washing and preparing the body. For a woman this can include braiding the hair, and for a man shaving the head. If a person has died from Ebola, their body will have a very high viral load. Bleeding is a usual symptom of the disease prior to death. Those who handle the body and come into contact with the blood or other body fluids are at greatest risk of catching the disease. MSF has been trying to make people aware of how their treatment of dead relatives might pose a risk to themselves. It is a very difficult message to get across. All previous outbreaks were much smaller and occurred in places where Ebola was already known - in Uganda and the DR Congo for example. In those places the education message about avoiding contact has had years to enter the collective consciousness. In West Africa, there simply has not been the time for the necessary cultural shift. The virus detective who discovered Ebola Ebola drains weak health systems What precautions should I take? Avoid contact with Ebola patients and their bodily fluids, the WHO advises. Do not touch anything - such as shared towels - which could have become contaminated in a public place. Carers should wear gloves and protective equipment, such as masks, and wash their hands regularly. The WHO also warns against consuming raw bushmeat and any contact with infected bats or monkeys and apes. Fruit bats in particular are considered a delicacy in the area of Guinea where the outbreak started. In March, Liberia's health minister advised people to stop having sex, in addition to existing advice not to shake hands or kiss. The WHO says men can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to seven weeks after recovering from Ebola. Protective Ebola suit× Surgical cap× The cap forms part of a protective hood covering the head and neck. It offers medical workers an added layer of protection, ensuring that they cannot touch any part of their face whilst in the treatment centre. Goggles× Goggles, or eye visors, are used to provide cover to the eyes, protecting them from splashes. The goggles are sprayed with an anti-fogging solution before being worn. On October 21, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced stringent new guidelines for healthcare personnel who may be dealing with Ebola patients. In the new guidelines, health workers are advised to use a single use disposable full face shield as goggles may not provide complete skin coverage. Medical mask× Covers the mouth to protect from sprays of blood or body fluids from patients. When wearing a respirator, the medical worker must tear this outer mask to allow the respirator through. Respirator× A respirator is worn to protect the wearer from a patient's coughs. According to guidelines from the medical charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), the respirator should be put on second, right after donning the overalls. Medical Scrubs× A surgical scrub suit, durable hospital clothing that absorbs liquid and is easily cleaned, is worn as a baselayer underneath the overalls. It is normally tucked into rubber boots to ensure no skin is exposed. Overalls× The overalls are placed on top of the scrubs. These suits are similar to hazardous material (hazmat) suits worn in toxic environments. The team member supervising the process should check that the equipment is not damaged. Double gloves× A minimum two sets of gloves are required, covering the suit cuff. When putting on the gloves, care must be taken to ensure that no skin is exposed and that they are worn in such a way that any fluid on the sleeve will run off the suit and glove. Medical workers must change gloves between patients, performing thorough hand hygiene before donning a new pair. Heavy duty gloves are used whenever workers need to handle infectious waste. Apron× A waterproof apron is placed on top of the overalls as a final layer of protective clothing. Boots× Ebola health workers typically wear rubber boots, with the scrubs tucked into the footwear. If boots are unavailable, workers must wear closed, puncture and fluid-resistant shoes. Fighting the fear and stigmatisation surrounding Ebola is one of the greatest challenges health workers face. But health workers themselves are becoming scared of treating patients, and are demanding better protective clothing when exposed to patients. Ebola has already claimed the lives of dozens of doctors and nurses in the Ebola-hit region, including Sierra Leone's only virologist and Ebola expert, Sheik Umar Khan. This has put a further strain on the health services of these West African states, which have long faced a shortage of doctors and hospitals. Saving lives on the Ebola front line What can be done if I catch it? You must keep yourself isolated and seek professional help. Patients have a better chance of survival if they receive early treatment. There are no vaccines, though some are being tested, along with new drug therapies. The WHO ruled in August that untested drugs can be used to treat patients in light of the scale of the current outbreak. The experimental drug ZMapp has been used to treat several people who contracted Ebola: Two US aid workers and a Briton have recovered after taking it but a Liberian doctor and a Spanish priest have died. But the US pharmaceutical company that makes it says it has for now run out of it. Patients with Ebola frequently become dehydrated so they should drink solutions containing electrolytes or receive intravenous fluids. MSF says this outbreak comes from the deadliest and most aggressive strain of the virus. The current outbreak is killing between 50% and 60% of people infected. It is not known which factors allow some people to recover while most succumb. Ebola: Experimental treatments Ethics: Resolving the Ebola dilemma I caught Ebola in Guinea and survived Ebola patients treated outside West Africa* *In all cases but two, first in Madrid and later in Dallas, the patient was infected with Ebola while in West Africa.
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इबोला भाइरस किन खतरनाक? पश्चिम अफ्रीकामा फैलिएको इबोला भाइरसको महामारी हालसम्मकै सबैभन्दा घातक देखिएको छ। यो बर्ष मात्रै गीनी, लाइबेरिया, सिएरा लियोन र नाइजेरियामा मात्रै इबोलाका कारण १२ सय जना भन्दा बढीको ज्यान गैसकेको अवस्थामा, विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्वास्थ्य संकटकालको घोषणा गरेको छ। इबोला के हो? इबोला भाइरसबाट सर्ने एक प्रकारको रोग हो। विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनका अनुसार यस्को प्रभारम्भीक लक्षणमा एक्कासी ज्वरो आउने, एकदमै कमजोर अनुभव हुने, मांशपेशी दुख्ने र घांटी खराब हुने हुन्छ। यी शुरुआतका लक्षणहरु मात्र हुन्, त्यसपछि वान्ता हुने, झाडा पखाला लाग्ने र कसैकसैलाई आन्तरिक र बाहिरी रुपमा रगत बग्ने पनि हुन्छ। यो रोग संक्रमण भएका चिम्पान्जी, चमेरो र जंगली मृग जस्ता जनावरहरुसंगको निकट सम्पर्कबाट मानिसमा सर्ने गर्छ। मानिसबाट मानिसमा चाहिं संक्रमित रगत, जीउबाट निस्कने अन्य तरल पदार्थ, संक्रमित अंगबाट प्रत्यक्ष रुपमा र संक्रमित वातावरणमा लामो समय विताउंदा अप्रत्यक्ष तवरले सर्ने गर्छ। इबोलाबाट मृत्यु भएका मानिसहरुको शवसंग प्रत्यक्ष सम्पर्क हुने अन्य मानिसलाई पनि यो रोग सर्न सक्छ। यो भाइरस संक्रमण भएपछि संक्रमित मानिसमा रोगको लक्षण देखा पर्न लाग्ने समय, इन्क्युबेशन पिरिएड, दुइ दिन देखि तीन हप्तासम्मको हुन्छ र यस्को पहिचान गर्न पनि गाह्रो छ। मानिसमा इबोला रोग हालसम्म प्राय:जसो अफ्रीका महादेशमा मात्र सिमित देखिएको छ तर भाइरसको एउटा प्रजाति फीलीपीन्समा पनि देखा परेको छ। यो रोगका विरामीहरुको उपचार र सेवामा संलग्न स्वास्थ्य अधिकारीहरुले संक्रमण फैलिन नदिने उपयुक्त पूर्वसावधानी नअपनाए तिनीहरु पनि जोखिमबाट मुक्त रहंदैनन्। इबोला संक्रमण भएका मानिसहरु निको भैसकेका भएता पनि तिनीहरुको रगत र शरिरका अन्य तरल पदार्थमा उक्त भाइरस रहुंजेल अरुलाई संक्रमण फैलाउन सक्ने जोखिमका रुपमा रहन्छन्, निको भएको झण्डै सात हप्तासम्म पनि। इबोलाबाट बच्न अपनाउन सकिने उपायहरु विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनको सुझाव छ – इबोला संक्रमण भएका विरामी र तिनको शरिरबाट निस्कने तरल पदार्थको सम्पर्कमा नआउने। सार्वजनिक स्थानमा रहेका संक्रमण भएको हुन सक्ने साझा रुमाल जस्ता बस्तुहरु नछुने। विरामीको हेरचाह गर्नेहरुले पंजा र मास्क जस्ता सुरक्षित कपडाको प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ र नियमित रुपमा आफ्नो हात धुने गर्नु पर्छ। विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनले चमेरो, बांदर र वनमान्छे जस्ता संक्रमित जंगली जनावरको मासु कांचै नखान पनि सुझाव दिएको छ। यो पछिल्लो महामारी शुरु भएको ठानिने गीनीको निश्चित क्षेत्रमा रुख चमेरोको मासु खास रुचाइने परिकार हो। गत मार्च महिनामा लाइबेरियाका स्वास्थ्यमन्त्रीले संक्रमण फैलिन नदिन मानिसहरुलाई हात नमिलाउन, चुम्बन नगर्न र यौन सम्पर्क नगर्न समेत सुझाव दिएका थिए। विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनका अनुसार इबोला संक्रमण भएर निको भएका पुरुषहरुको वीर्यबाट सात हप्ता पछि पनि उक्त भाइरस सर्न सक्ने देखिएको छ। स्वास्थ्यकर्मीहरुले सामना गर्नु परिरहेको सबैभन्दा ठूलो चुनौति भनेको इबोला संक्रमणको विषयलाई लिएर विद्यमान डर र मिथ्या अनुमानहरु हुन्। तर स्वास्थ्यकर्मीहरु स्वयं पनि विरामीहरुको उपचार गर्न डराइरहेका छन् र तिनीहरुले संक्रमित विरामीहरुको हेरचाह गर्नका लागि अझ बढी सुरक्षित लुगाकपडाहरुको माग गरिरहेका छन्। इबोलाका कारण यो महामारी फैलिएको क्षेत्रमा दर्जनौं डाक्टर तथा नर्सहरुको ज्यान गैसकेको छ। मारिनेमा सिएरा लियोनका एकमात्र भाइरसविज्ञ र इबोला विशेषज्ञ शेख उमर खान पनि छन्। यसकारणले पनि लामो समय देखि डाक्टर र अस्पतालहरुको अभाव भोगीरहेका संक्रमण प्रभावित पश्चिम अफ्रीकी देशहरुको स्वास्थ्य सेवामा थप दबाब परेको छ। इबोला संक्रमण भएमा के गर्ने? इबोला संक्रमण भएको व्यक्ति अरु कसैको सम्पर्कमा नआउने गरी अलग्गै बस्नु पर्छ र डाक्टरहरुको सेवा लिनु पर्छ। छिटो उपचारको अवसर पाएमा संक्रमित व्यक्तिको ज्यान बच्ने संभावना बढी हुन्छ। इबोला भाइरस संक्रमणबाट जोगिन कुनै खोप उपलब्ध छैन। तर नयां खोप र औषधिहरुको परिक्षण भने भैरहेको छ। इबोला भाइरस संक्रमण महामारीको अवस्थालाई विचार गरेर विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनले अगस्ट महिनामा पहिले प्रयोग र परिक्षण नगरिएका औषधिहरुलाई पनि विरामीको उपचारमा प्रयोग गर्न अनुमति दिइसकेको छ। इबोला संक्रमण भएका मानिसहरुको शरिरमा पानीको मात्रा निरन्तर रुपमा कम हुने गर्दछ। तिनीहरुले लवणहरु भएको पानी नियमित रुपमा पीइरहनु पर्छ अथवा तिनीहरुलाई सलाइन पानी चढाउनु पर्छ। स्वास्थ्य सम्बन्धि एउटा परोकारी संस्था, मेड्सां सं फ्रोन्तीए, ले भनेको छ हालको इबोला महामारी उक्त भाइरसको सबैभन्दा घातक र सकृय प्रजातिबाट भैरहेको छ। हालको महामारीमा ५०% देखि ६०% प्रतिशत संक्रमितहरुको ज्यान गैरहेको छ। इबोला संक्रमण भएका मानिसहरु मध्ये धेरै जसोको ज्यान गैरहेकोमा कोही कोही चाहिं किन र कसरी निको भएर बांच्न सफल हुन्छन् भन्ने अझै थाहा पाउन सकिएको छैन।