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This post was contributed by Ms Charlotte Crilly, Teaching Fellow and Module Convenor for Undergraduate Laws. What do you know about Human Rights Day? Every year this is marked on 10th December to celebrate the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948. The Universal Declaration forms part of the United Nations’ protection of human rights. As well as this international level of protection, different regions around the world have their own human rights instruments, such as the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, and the European Convention on Human Rights. In this blogpost I will focus on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which impacts directly on English law through the Human Rights Act 1998. To mark Human Rights Day, the Council of Europe issued a statement looking back at the achievements of the ECHR and looking forward to the 70th anniversary of the ECHR in 2020. The Council of Europe notes that - The European Convention on Human Rights followed in the footsteps of the Universal Declaration of Human Right, being opened for signature shortly afterwards on 4 November 1950. - The Convention now protects the rights and freedoms of over 830 million people across 47 countries, with the European Court of Human Rights having given more than 20,000 judgments. - The European Convention on Human Rights is the strongest system of international human rights protection anywhere in the world. - The Convention has also brought about many positive changes when applied domestically by national authorities. - Many problems still remain. There is a continuing backlog of cases at the court; despite recent improvements around 60,000 applications are still waiting to be assessed and over 5,000 judgments have yet to be fully implemented. What does all this have to do with the English legal system? It has always been possible to take a claim for breach of Convention rights directly to the European Court of Human Rights (provided certain conditions are fulfilled). But importantly, as those of you who have studied Legal System and Method will recall, the Human Rights Act 1998 also incorporated the main provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights into English law. This means that people can now bring cases about potential breaches of Convention rights in the English courts, rather than in the European Court of Human Rights. Public authorities must act in accordance with the Convention rights (section 6) and as far as possible, legislation must be interpreted to comply with these rights (section 3). In any question involving Convention rights, the English courts must take into account the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (section 2). The human rights protected by the ECHR are therefore very much embedded into English law. The Human Rights Act may be under threat, however, from the newly elected Conservative government. In their election manifesto, the Conservative party stated that they would “update the Human Rights Act …to ensure that there is a proper balance between the rights of individuals, our vital national security and effective government.” What does the future hold for the Human Rights Act and the protection of Convention rights in English law? While we may be celebrating Human Rights Day internationally on 10th December, the future is not so clear in England for human rights at home.
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७३औँ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानवअधिकार दिवसको सन्देश ७३औँ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानवअधिकार दिवसको अवसरमा स्वदेश तथा विदेशमा रहनुभएका सम्पूर्ण नेपाली दिदीबहिनी तथा दाजुभाइहरूमा शुभकामना व्यक्त गर्दछु । संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ महासभाद्वारा सन् १९४८ डिसेम्बर १० का दिन मानवअधिकारको विश्वव्यापी घोषणापत्र जारी भएको दिनलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानवअधिकार दिवसको रूपमा प्रत्येक वर्ष मनाउने गरिन्छ । सदाझैँ यस वर्ष नेपालमा पनि विविध कार्यक्रमका साथ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानव अधिकार दिवस मनाइँदैछ । मानव सभ्यता र समाज विकासको क्रम अगाडि बढ्दै जाँदा मानवअधिकारका विभिन्न आयामहरू थपिंदै गएका छन् । लोकतान्त्रिक शासन व्यवस्थाको आधारस्तम्भको रूपमा रहेका मानवअधिकारको विश्वव्यापी अवधारणाहरूलाई गहिरोसँग आत्मसात् गर्दै तिनको प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयनमा विशेष जोड दिनु पर्दछ । हाम्रो संविधानद्वारा प्रत्याभूत गरिएका मौलिक अधिकारका प्रावधानले मानवअधिकारको दायरालाई फराकिलो बनाएको छ । हाम्रो मुलुक मानवअधिकारसम्बन्धी विभिन्न अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सन्धि सम्झौताको पक्ष राष्ट्र भएको हैसियतले मानवअधिकारको संरक्षण, संवर्द्धन र परिपूर्तिसम्बन्धी दायित्वसमेत राज्यको नै हुन्छ । राज्यले ती दायित्वहरू पूरा गरे–नगरेको ’boutमा निगरानी गरी उत्तरदायी बनाउने जिम्मेवारी संवैधानिक आयोगका रूपमा राष्ट्रिय मानवअधिकार आयोगलाई दिइएको छ । मानवअधिकारको संरक्षण, संवर्द्धनका विषयमा राज्य र राज्यका निकायहरू मात्र जिम्मेवार भएर पुग्दैन । यसका लागि सबै क्षेत्र, सबै पक्ष जिम्मेवार र जवाफदेही हुन आवश्यक छ । मानवअधिकारको अर्को महत्त्वपूर्ण विषयका रूपमा रहेको सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा सांस्कृतिक अधिकार सुनिश्चित गर्दै न्यायपूर्ण र समतामूलक समाज निर्माण गर्नेतर्फ सम्बद्ध निकाय अग्रसर हुनु पर्दछ भन्ने मलाई लाग्दछ । जनचेतनाको विस्तारद्वारा संविधान र कानुनमा भएका व्यवस्थालाई कार्यान्वयन गरी समाजबाट सबै प्रकारका विभेद र असमानताको अन्त्य गर्न संघीय सरकार, प्रदेश सरकार, स्थानीय तह र सामाजिक संघ संस्थाहरू क्रियाशील रहनुपर्दछ । अन्त्यमा, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानवअधिकार दिवसको यस अवसरमा हामी सबैलाई मानवअधिकारको मर्म तथा भावना आत्मसात् गर्ने प्रेरणा मिलोस् भन्ने कामना गर्दछु । धन्यवाद । २०७८ मङ्सिर २४ गते, शुक्रबार ।