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world Tuberculosis Day World Tuberculosis Day: 24 March, raise public awareness and to step up efforts to end the Global Tuberculosis epidemic. “Never give up on someone with an illness ,When I is replaced by we, Illness becomes wellness” In majority of the world, TB is not merely taken as a disease, it’s often taken as a “Curse”. A Curse which is not only restricted to the patient, it is also a curse for the family as well. Not only they are taken aback by the harshness of the disease, they also have to face the harshness of the society. Why is it so? Even when we have achieved so much advancement in the field of Science, TB is still considered as a Taboo. Generations and generations have suffered from this disease, yet it still continues to haunt our society till date. There are several reason which trigger TB, and are not only associated with environmental components only. The major reasons as mentioned by many scientific researchers have pointed out are air pollutions, poor health, malnutrition, and excessive smoking and drinking. The continued rise of pollution levels are also one of the major causes of TB. The TB is considered as one of the most incurable disease if not detected or treated within its due course. It is often is taken as a mild cough, which develops into TB and in no time start infecting the lungs. If not detected TB not only damages the lungs, but also start affecting the other vital organs. As per research data, TB is the 13th leading cause of death and the second leading infectious killer after COVID-19 (above HIV/AIDS). In 2020, an estimated 10 million people got infected with tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Among them 5.6 million men, 3.3 million women and 1.1 million children. The COVID-19 pandemic has reversed years of global progress in tackling tuberculosis and for the first time in over a decade, TB deaths have increased, according to the World Health Organization’s 2021 Global TB report. In 2020, more people died from TB, with far fewer people being diagnosed and treated or provided with TB preventive treatment compared with 2019, and overall spending on essential TB services falling. The first challenge is disruption in access to TB services and a reduction in resources. In many countries medical facilities, financial and other resources have been reallocated from tackling TB to the COVID-19 response, limiting the availability of essential services. The second major challenge is that people have struggled to seek care in the context of lockdowns. This is alarming news that must serve as a global wake-up call to the urgent need for investments and innovation to close the gaps in diagnosis, treatment and care for the millions of people affected by this ancient but preventable and treatable disease.” The increase in the number of TB deaths occurred mainly in the 30 countries with the highest burden of TB. WHO modelling projections suggest the number of people developing TB and dying from the disease could be much higher in 2021 and 2022. WHO estimates that some 4.1 million people currently suffer from TB but have not been diagnosed with the disease or have not officially reported to national authorities. This figure is up from 2.9 million in 2019. The countries that contributed most to the global reduction in TB notifications between 2019 and 2020 were India (41%), Indonesia (14%), the Philippines (12%) and China (8%). These and 12 other countries accounted for 93% of the total global drop in notifications. Some facts about Tuberculosis Where did the name tuberculosis come from? Tuberculosis, of course, gets its name from the Latin word tuber, which is a botanical term for an underground structure consisting of a solid rounded outgrowth of a stem of a more or less rounded form that bears eyes, or buds, from which new plants may arise. The most familiar example is the potato. What causes of tuberculosis? Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. The bacteria that cause TB are spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Most people infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis don’t have symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they usually include a cough (sometimes blood-tinged), weight loss, night sweats and fever. Treatment isn’t always required for those without symptoms. Patients with active symptoms will require a long course of treatment involving multiple antibiotics along with balanced diet and emotional sport. Symptoms Although your body can harbor the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, your immune system usually can prevent you from becoming sick. For this reason, doctors make a distinction between: - Latent TB. You have a TB infection, but the bacteria in your body are inactive and cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called inactive TB or TB infection, isn’t contagious. Latent TB can turn into active TB, so treatment is important. - Active TB. Also called TB disease, this condition makes you sick and, in most cases, can spread to others. It can occur weeks or years after infection with the TB bacteria. Signs and symptoms of active TB include: - Coughing for three or more weeks - Coughing up blood or mucus - Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing - Unintentional weight loss - Fatigue - Fever - Night sweats - Chills - Loss of appetite Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of your body, including the kidneys, spine or brain. When TB occurs outside your lungs, signs and symptoms vary according to the organs involved. For example, tuberculosis of the spine might cause back pain, and tuberculosis in your kidneys might cause blood in your urine. When to see a doctor See your doctor if you have a fever, unexplained weight loss, drenching night sweats or a persistent cough. These are often indications of TB but can also result from other conditions. Also, see your doctor if you think you’ve been exposed to TB. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people who have an increased risk of tuberculosis be screened for latent TB infection. This recommendation includes people who: - Have HIV/AIDS - Use IV drugs - Are in contact with infected people - Are from a country where TB is common, such as several countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia - Live or work in areas where TB is common, such as prisons or nursing homes - Work in health care and treat people with a high risk of TB - Are children who are exposed to adults at risk of TB Risk factors Anyone can get tuberculosis, but certain factors can increase your risk, including: Weakened immune system A healthy immune system often successfully fights TB bacteria. However, several conditions and medications can weaken your immune system, including: - HIV/AIDS Diabetes - Severe kidney disease - Certain cancers - Cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy - Drugs to prevent rejection of transplanted organs - Some drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and psoriasis - Malnutrition or low body weight - Very young or advanced age What precautions are used for TB? Airborne Precautions are used for diseases, because germs are carried in the air by tiny particles (usually dust). These particles may remain in the air for a while depending on the ventilation in the room Tuberculosis management Patient is prescribed at least a 6-month course of a combination of antibiotics if diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, where lungs are affected and have symptoms. The usual treatment is: - 2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months - 2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6-month treatment period It may be several weeks before you start to feel better. The exact length of time will depend on your overall health and the severity of your TB. After taking antibiotics for 2 weeks, most people are no longer infectious and feel better. However, it’s important to continue taking your medicine exactly as prescribed and to complete the whole course of antibiotics. Taking medication for 6 months is the best way to ensure the TB bacteria are killed. If you stop taking your antibiotics before you complete the course or you skip a dose, the TB infection may become resistant to the antibiotics. This is potentially serious because it can be difficult to treat and will require a longer course of treatment with different, and possibly more toxic, therapies. If you find it difficult to take your medicine every day, your treatment team can work with you to find a solution. This may include having regular contact with your treatment team at home, at the treatment clinic, or somewhere else that’s more convenient. If treatment is completed correctly, patient should not need any further checks by a TB specialist afterwards. He may be given advice about spotting signs that the illness has returned, although this is rare. Dietary Guidelines: Adding superior quality protein in the meal plan helps to build a robust immune system, the first-line defense mechanism of the body. Protein deficiency may potentially have a detrimental effect on the body’s ability to combat tuberculosis. Dairy and dairy products, lean meats, pulses, and legumes are some of the complete sources of protein-rich foods, have at least 2-3 serving daily. Whole grain cereals, pulses and sprouted legumes help to meet the demands of dietary fiber, which supports keeping the gut microbiome healthy and eliminates toxins from the diet. Add energy-dense foods like banana, cereal porridge, boiled peanut, sooji upma, dahlia kichadi and sprouted ragi porridge to meet increasing needs of calories for recuperating. Load up with a rich array of fruits and vegetables heaped with antioxidants and vitamins A, C, and E to trigger the immune response and avert free radical’s damage. Get adequate micronutrients like vitamins A, E and D3 and minerals selenium, zinc and iron which are essential for a healthy immune system. Include yellow orange fruits and vegetables like orange, mango, papaya, pumpkin, carrots heaped in vitamin A, while vitamin C needs are met by including citrus fruits and vegetables like capsicum, potato, spinach, winter squash and tomato. Nuts and seeds are heaped with vitamin E. Include green leafy vegetables twice or thrice a week to enrich iron content in the diet. Key micronutrients like selenium and zinc are vital for triggering immune activity. Mushrooms, nuts, and seeds including sunflower seeds, chia seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame, and flax seeds are rich sources of both selenium and zinc. Prefer a healthy source of unsaturated fats from nuts and seeds. Include oil such as olive oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil, sunflower oil, instead of butter or margarine. Ginger: is found to be effective as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplement along with anti-TB therapy as it possesses strong free radical scavenging property. Onion: Researchers believe the antibacterial properties extracted from the Persian shallot (type of onion) could increase the effects of existing antibiotic treatment. Turmeric: substance called Curcumin in turmeric enhances cellular defense against tuberculosis, according to researchers at National Jewish Health Foods to Avoid Limit intake of refined carbs such as Maida and sugar-laden foods as they offer only empty calories devoid of nutrients. Deep-fried foods and junk foods packed with saturated fats and trans-fat would worsen symptoms associated with TB such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fatigue. Totally steer clear of alcohol during the entire period of treatment, as it can interfere with treatment and may result in side effects. Avoid taking excessive caffeine and carbonated beverages. Conclusion: Strictly adhering to a healthy diet regimen and following a disciplined lifestyle may help TB patients to convalesce well and improve their overall health status. However, it is important to take TB medications regularly and complete the course of treatment as prescribed by the healthcare provider. Though, initially, tuberculosis medications may cause certain side effects that may lead to nausea, upset tummy or poor appetite, in such situations seek advice from your healthcare provider on ways to manage. What is the end TB strategy? The World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy aims to end the global TB epidemic by 2035, reducing global TB incidence and mortality rates by 90% and 95%, respectively, in 2035 when compared to 2015
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के क्षयरोग संक्रामक छ र यो कसरी फैलिन्छ? - के क्षयरोग संक्रामक छ र यो कसरी फैलिन्छ? - यो कसरी फैलिएको छ? - जोखिम कारक - रोकथाम - लक्षण - उपचार - टेकअवे क्षयरोग के हो? क्षयरोग (TB) एक गम्भीर जीवाणु संक्रमण हो जसले मुख्य रूपमा फोक्सो र श्वासप्रश्वास प्रणालीलाई असर गर्छ, यद्यपि यसले कुनै पनि अंगलाई आक्रमण गर्न सक्छ। यो एक संक्रामक संक्रमण हो जुन खोकी वा हाछ्युँको थोपा मार्फत पानीमा फैलिन सक्छ। TB का दुई मुख्य प्रकारहरू छन्: सुप्त TB संक्रमण (LTBI) र सक्रिय TB रोग (कहिलेकाहीँ TB रोग पनि भनिन्छ)। सुप्त क्षयरोग भनेको तपाई क्षयरोगबाट संक्रमित हुनुभएको छ, तर कुनै लक्षण छैन। यदि तपाईंलाई सुप्त TB छ भने, फोक्सोको एक्स-रेले सक्रिय रोग देखाउँदैन। तर, क्षयरोगको लक्षणमा खोकी र ज्वरो समावेश हुन्छ। यो प्रकार संक्रामक र खतरनाक छ। यो फोक्सोबाट शरीरको अन्य भागमा फैलिन सक्छ। यो कसरी फैलिन्छ? टीबी हावाबाट सर्छ। एक व्यक्तिबाट अर्को व्यक्तिमा संक्रमण फैलिनका लागि ब्याक्टेरिया भएका थोपाहरू सास फेर्नुपर्छ। यसको मतलब क्षयरोग भएको व्यक्तिले खोक्दा, हाच्छिउँ गर्दा वा लामो समयसम्म आफ्नो अनुहार नजिकै बोल्दा पनि क्षयरोग भएको व्यक्तिको नजिक हुँदा संक्रमणको जोखिम हुन्छ। क्षयरोग भएको व्यक्तिसँग चुम्बन, अंगालो हाल्ने वा हात मिलाउँदा यो रोग सर्दैन। त्यस्तै गरी, ओछ्यान, लुगा वा ट्वाइलेट सिट बाँड्दा पनि रोग सर्छ भन्ने होइन। यद्यपि, यदि तपाइँ TB भएको व्यक्तिसँग समयको अवधिमा नजिक हुनुहुन्छ भने, तपाइँ ब्याक्टेरियाले संतृप्त भएको सास फेर्ने हावाबाट रोग लाग्न सक्नुहुन्छ। क्षयरोग लागेको व्यक्तिसँग बस्ने र काम गर्ने व्यक्तिहरूलाई क्षयरोग लागेको व्यक्तिसँग क्षणिक भेटघाट भएको सर्वसाधारणको तुलनामा संक्रमित हुने सम्भावना धेरै हुन्छ। TB को जोखिममा को छ? TB ब्याक्टेरियाको सम्पर्क सधैं संक्रमण विकास गर्न पर्याप्त छैन। तपाईंको शरीरले यसलाई लड्न सक्षम हुन सक्छ। यदि तपाइँसँग कमजोर प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली छ भने एक्सपोजर पछि संक्रमित हुने तपाइँको जोखिम बढाउने प्रमुख कारकहरू मध्ये एक हो। तपाईलाई TB को बढ्दो जोखिम हुन सक्छ यदि तपाई: एचआईभी भएको क्यान्सर भएको छ भने क्यान्सरको उपचार भइरहेको छ र रुमेटोइड गठिया वा क्रोहन रोग जस्ता अवस्थाहरूको लागि औषधिहरू लिइरहेका छन् TB पनि रूस, दक्षिण अमेरिका र अफ्रिका लगायत विश्वका केही भागहरूमा बढी सामान्य छ। यदि तपाईं क्षयरोगको बढी घटना भएका क्षेत्रमा बस्नुहुन्छ वा यी क्षेत्रहरूमा यात्रा गर्नुहुन्छ भने तपाईं बढ्दो जोखिममा हुन सक्नुहुन्छ। स्वास्थ्य सेवामा काम गर्दा धुम्रपान र लागूपदार्थको दुरुपयोगले जस्तै तपाईंको क्षयरोगको जोखिम पनि बढ्छ। यदि तपाइँ ब्याक्टेरियाबाट संक्रमित हुनुभएको छ भने, तपाइँले केहि हप्ता भित्र लक्षणहरू विकास गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ, वा तपाइँले संक्रमणको संकेतहरू देख्नु अघि यो वर्षौं लाग्न सक्छ। TB को लागी तपाइँको जोखिम कसरी कम गर्ने सक्रिय TB भएका व्यक्तिहरु संग तपाइँको जोखिम कम गर्नु तपाइँको जोखिम कम गर्ने एक तरिका हो, तर यो सधैं सम्भव छैन। यदि तपाइँ विदेशमा यात्रा गर्दै हुनुहुन्छ जहाँ TB एक गम्भीर सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य समस्या हो भने, रोग नियन्त्रण र रोकथाम केन्द्रहरूबाट यात्रा चेतावनी वा खोप आवश्यकताहरूको बारेमा अद्यावधिक जानकारी प्राप्त गर्नुहोस्। TB को उच्च प्रकोप भएको क्षेत्रहरूमा यात्रा गर्दा, सम्भव भएमा भीडभाड हुने ठाउँहरूबाट टाढा रहने प्रयास गर्नुहोस्। तपाईंको एक्सपोजर कम गर्ने अन्य तरिकाहरू समावेश छन्: - आफ्नो कोठा राम्रोसँग हावामा राख्दै। TB ब्याक्टेरिया कम बाहिरी हावा संग अधिक सीमित स्थानहरुमा छिटो फैलिन्छ। - तपाईंले क्षयरोगको उपचार सुरु गरेपछि केही हप्ता वा महिनासम्म घरमै बस्नु। - त्यहाँ ब्यासिलस क्याल्मेट-गुएरिन (बीसीजी) भ्याक्सिन भनिने TB खोप छ। यो संयुक्त राज्यमा व्यापक रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको छैन। यो बच्चा र बच्चाहरु मा TB को उच्च दर संग देशहरु मा अधिक प्रयोग गरिन्छ। - यदि तपाइँ TB को बढ्दो जोखिममा हुनुहुन्छ भने, BCG ले तपाइँको जोखिम कम गर्न मद्दत गर्न सक्छ। क्षयरोगका लक्षणहरू के के हुन् ? जब लक्षणहरू उपस्थित हुन्छन्, तिनीहरू सामान्यतया खोकी समावेश गर्दछ जुन केहि हप्ता भन्दा बढी रहन्छ। खोकीले कफ उत्पादन गर्छ, र यो कहिलेकाहीँ रगतले धब्बा वा गुलाबी हुन सक्छ, रगत बग्ने र जलन सुझाव दिन्छ। छाती दुख्ने, विशेष गरी गहिरो सास फेर्दा वा खोकी लाग्दा, पनि एक सामान्य लक्षण हो। अन्य लक्षणहरू समावेश हुन सक्छन्: - थकान - अस्पष्ट तौल घट्ने - ज्वरो - चिसो - भोक नलाग्ने - यदि TB शरीरको अर्को भागमा फैलिएको छ भने, तपाईंको लक्षणहरू परिवर्तन हुन सक्छन्। एक संक्रमण जो पछाडि पुग्यो, उदाहरण को लागी, ढाड दुखाइ हुन सक्छ। के उपचार उपलब्ध छन्? TB छाला परीक्षण, रगत परीक्षण, र तपाईंको थुकको विश्लेषण मार्फत TB रोगको निदान पुष्टि भएपछि, तपाईंले सकेसम्म चाँडो उपचार सुरु गर्नुपर्छ। तपाईको थूक भनेको लार र म्युकसको मिश्रण हो जुन तपाईले बिरामी हुँदा खोक्नु हुन्छ। पत्ता लागेको क्षयरोगको प्रकारको आधारमा तपाईंलाई विभिन्न औषधिहरू सिफारिस गर्न सकिन्छ। सक्रिय क्षयरोगको लागि धेरै पटक हुने संयोजनमा एन्टिबायोटिक्स आइसोनियाजिड, रिफाम्पिन, एथाम्बुटोल र पाइराजिनामाइड समावेश छन्। तपाईले लिनुहुने औषधिको पाठ्यक्रम तपाईको उमेर र रोग कति अगाडि बढेको छ जस्ता धेरै कारकहरूमा निर्भर गर्दछ। तर क्षयरोग एन्टिबायोटिकको सामान्य पाठ्यक्रम छ देखि नौ महिनाको हुन्छ। अव्यक्त TB TB रोगमा परिणत हुनेछैन भन्ने कुनै ग्यारेन्टी छैन, तर उपचारको बारेमा सक्रिय हुनु र एन्टिबायोटिकको सम्पूर्ण पाठ्यक्रमलाई पछ्याउँदा तपाईंलाई निको हुन मद्दत गर्न सक्छ। टेकअवे टीबी हावाबाट सर्ने संक्रामक रोग हो। यो अवस्था भएका व्यक्तिहरूसँगको आफ्नो सम्पर्क कम गर्नाले तपाईंको जोखिम कम गर्न मद्दत गर्न सक्छ। तपाइँको जोखिम कम गर्न मद्दत गर्न सक्ने खोप पनि छ। यद्यपि यो सबै देशहरूमा छैन, क्षयरोग विश्वभर मृत्युको शीर्ष 10 कारणहरू मध्ये एक हो। यदि तपाईंलाई क्षयरोग भएको शंका छ भने, तत्काल चिकित्सा सहायता खोज्नुहोस्।