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Former South African President Nelson Mandela, who served 27 years in prison for anti-apartheid activities and led his continent into a new era, has died at age 95. South African President Jacob Zuma confirmed the news: "He is now resting. He is now at peace," Zuma said. "Our nation has lost its greatest son. Our people have lost a father." Born Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela in Transkei, South Africa, the civil rights activist would become the linchpin in South Africans' move to end the country's notorious apartheid regime. The impact of his efforts -- to reconcile generosity with pragmatism and to find the common ground between humanityâs higher values and his own aspiration to power, as journalist John Carlin once described them -- would ultimately reach well beyond South Africaâs borders, and earn him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Prior to doing so, however, Mandela earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Fort Hare, during which time he was elected onto the Student's Representative Council and suspended from college for joining in a protest boycott. Mandela was qualified in law in 1942, an accomplishment that would ultimately help him make the kind of contribution to the freedom struggle of his people that he'd reportedly dreamed about since hearing stories of valor by his forebears during the wars of resistance in defense of their land. That law degree allowed Mandela to practice law and in August 1952 he and Oliver Tambo established South Africaâs first black law firm, Mandela and Tambo. But by Dec. 5, 1955, he would be on the other side of the law following a country-wide sweep by police that would put him and 155 other activists on trial for treason. The case, known as the 1956 Treason Trial, dragged on until the last 28 accused, including Mandela, were acquitted on March 29, 1961. During the trial, on June 14, 1958, Nelson Mandela married Winnie Madikizela, a social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani and Zindziswa. The couple divorced in 1996. Rising through the ranks of the African National Congress (ANC), initially by way of the organizationâs youth wing, which he helped establish in 1944, Mandela was ultimately asked to lead the armed struggle and help form Umkhonto weSizwe ("Spear of the Nation"). On Jan. 11, 1962, using the adopted name David Motsamayi, Mandela left South Africa secretly. He traveled the continent and abroad to gain support for the armed struggle. Before returning to South Africa in July 1962, Mandela also received military training in Morocco and Ethiopia. His training would hardly be put to use, however. In 1964, alongside eight members of the ANC and its armed wing, Mandela stood trial for plotting to overthrow the government by way of violent acts. The following year he was sentenced to life in prison, a term he served until Feb. 11, 1990. The would-be South African president spent 18 of his 27 prison years on Robben Island confined to a small cell with the floor for a bed and a bucket for a toilet. During his imprisonment, Mandela was forced to do hard labor in a quarry and was allowed one visitor a year for 30 minutes. Jack Swart, who served as Mandela's chef when he was moved to a private house inside the Victor Verster prison compound in 1988, recalled encounters with Mandela on Robben Island, in an interview for PBS Frontline's "The Long Walk Of Nelson Mandela," documentary: We got the order that while they worked in the quarries, we had to keep time on our watches ... of what their resting periods were, because they had to work. [A prisoner] was only allowed to rest or stop working if he wanted to go to the toilet and we had to keep note, and if one, for example, rested too much, then he was charged, and then Mandela was always the man who went to represent them ... they always went to him when there were problems, asked him for advice ... He was always the person, the central person. When they broke for lunch also, they always went to sit with him and talk to him. He was the person who sort of went to defend them when they were charged with a misdemeanor in prison. As Swart noted, those years in prison would prove to be transformative, leading Mandela to become the most significant black leader in South Africa and the country's first black president in 1994, the first to be elected in a fully representative democratic election in South Africa. During his presidency, from 1994 until June 1999, Mandela used the nation's enthusiasm for sports as a pivot point to promote reconciliation between whites and blacks, encouraging black South Africans to support the once-hated national rugby team. Actor Morgan Freeman's portrayal of Mandela in the 2009 film "Invictus," based on events leading up to the 1995 Rugby World Cup, is said to offer a glimpse of the leader's legendary sense of humor, which has also been described alongside his charisma and a notable lack of bitterness over his harsh treatment. In addition to his continued fight for the civil rights of his people -- including the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), a court-like restorative justice arm of Mandelaâs democratically elected government and a new constitution, which he signed into law in 1996, establishing a central government based on majority rule that would guarantee the rights of minorities -- Mandela worked to protect South Africa's economy throughout his presidency. In 1994, he established the Reconstruction and Development Plan through which the South African government funded the creation of jobs, housing and basic healthcare. After his health began to fail -- he was hospitalized in February 2012 for a long-standing stomach ailment -- Mandela returned to the rural community where he was born. Mandelaâs death comes months afer his 95th birthday on July 18, which his foundation, various charities and businesses vowed to celebrate with a nationwide day of service that includes painting schools, handing out food and books, and running a 41-mile relay marathon in the spirit of Mandela's 67 years of activism and public work. Nelson Mandela is survived by his wife, Graca Machel, his former wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and three daughters Pumla Makaziwe, Zenani and Zindziswa Mandela. Zuma has ordered that all flags in the nation be flown at half staff from Friday till Mandela's funeral. "What made Nelson Mandela great was precisely what made him human," Zuma said in his address. "We saw in him what we seek in ourselves."
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दक्षिण अफ्रिकाका पहिलो अश्वेत राष्ट्रपति नेल्सन मण्डेलाको निधन भएको छ । दक्षिण अफ्रिकाको सबैभन्दा प्रभावशाली राजनीतिज्ञ मण्डेलाको ९५ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन भएको हो । सेप्टम्बरमा अस्पतालबाट डिस्चार्ज भएपछि उहाँको घरमै उपचार हुँदै आएको थियो । nelson mandelaदक्षिण अफ्रिकी राष्ट्रपति ज्याकब जूमाले राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा एक वयानमा भन्नु भएको छ–हाम्रो देशले आफ्नो सबैभन्दा महान सपुत गुमाएको छ ।’ उहाँले भन्नुभयो–‘नेल्सन मण्डेलाले हामीलाई एकजुट बनाउनुभयो । अब हामी सबै मिलेर उहाँको विदाई गछौं । तबसम्म हाम्रो राष्ट्रिय झण्डा झुक्नेछ ।’ मण्डेलाको निधनप्रति विश्वभरका नेताहरुले पनि शोक व्यक्त गरेका छन् । मण्डेलाले रंगभेदविरुद्धको आन्दोलनको नेतृत्व गर्नु भएको थियो, जसका लागि उहाँलाई २७ वर्षसम्म जेल सजाय भएको थियो । १९५६ मा मण्डेलामाथि देशद्रोहको आरोप लागेको थियो भने १९६४ मा आजीवन कारावास सजाय भएको थियो । मण्डेला जेल गएपछि विश्वभरमा रंगभेदविरुद्धका आन्दोलनको एक प्रतिक बन्नुभयो । मण्डेला १९९० मा जेलबाट छुट्नुभयो भने सन् १९९३ मा नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कारबाट सम्मानित गरिएको थियो । उहाँ १९९४ मा देशको पहिलो अश्वेत राष्ट्रपति बन्नुभयो । ५ वर्ष राष्ट्रपति बनेपछि पद छाड्नु भयो र २००४ मा सार्वजनिक जीवनबाट अबकास दिनु भएको थियो । यस्तो रह्यो मण्डेलाको राजनीतिक जीवन · दक्षिण अफ्रिकाको रंगभेदी शासन अन्त्यका लागि नेतृत्वदायी भूमिका खेलेका मण्डला २७ वर्ष लामो जेल जीवनपछि देशकै पहिलो अश्वेत राष्ट्रपति बन्नुभएको थियो । · जसले उहाँलाई जेलमा बन्द गरेर राखे, यातना दिए, उनीहरुप्रति उहाँले कुनै कठोरता देखाउनु भएन । उहाँ सँधै हसिलो मुद्रामा देखिनुहुन्थ्यो र उहाँको व्यक्तित्च्व र जीवन कथाले पूरा विश्वलाई रिझाएको थियो । बोलीमा कसैप्रति पनि छुद्रता नभएका मण्डेला शालीन र शान्त स्वाभावका नेता हुनुहुन्थ्यो । उहाँले लोकतान्त्रिक अफि्रकाको प्रथम राष्ट्रपतिका साथै शान्ति प्रक्रियालाई टुंगोमा पुर्याउनसमेत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निर्वाह गर्नुभयो । · सन् १९५५ मा मण्डलाले पार्टीको ‘फि्रडम चार्टर’ लेख्नुभयो, जसमा भनिएको थियो-’ दक्षिण अफि्रका ती सबैको हो, जो यहाँ बसोबास गर्छन्- अश्वेत अथवा श्वेत- सरकार शासन गर्ने अधिकार अवसम्म दावा गर्न सक्दैन, जवसम्म उस यी सबै नागरिकको इच्छामा आधारित हुँदैन ।’ · मण्डेला १९४३ मा अफि्रकी नेशनल कांग्रेससँग आवद्ध हुनुभयो । पहिला समान्य कार्यकर्ता रहेका उहाँ युवा शाखाको संस्थापक हुँदै अध्यक्ष बन्नुभयो । वर्षौसम्म जेल जीवन विताएपछि उहाँ अफि्रकी नेशनल कांग्रेसको अध्यक्ष पनि बन्नुभयो । · चार वर्षपछि मण्डेलासहित १ सय ५५ जनामाथि देशद्रोहको आरोप लग्यो । चार वर्षसम्म चलेको सुनुवाईपछि मण्डेलामाथिको आरोप खारेज भयो । १९६० मा अफ्रिन नेशनल कांग्रेसमाथि प्रतिवन्ध लागेपछि मण्डेला भूमिगत हुनुभयो । रंगभेदी सरकारसँग तनाव त्यसबेला झन बढ्यो, जब १९६० मा ६९ काला मानिस पुलिसको गोलीको शिकार बने । यो शार्पविल हत्याण्डले चर्चित छ । यो घटनाले शान्तिपूर्ण संघर्षमा पूर्णविराम लाग्यो भने मण्डेलाले देशलाई आर्थिक धरासायी बनाउने घोषणा गर्नुभयो । रंगभेदी सरकारले उहाँलाई गिरफ्तार गरेर हिंस्रक तरिकाले कूको प्रयास गरेको आरोप लगयो । · रिभोनियनको अदालतको कठघरामा उभिएर मण्डेलाले प्रजातन्त्र, स्वतन्त्रता र समानताको पक्षमा आफ्नो दृढ विश्वास व्यक्त गर्नुभयो । उहाँले भन्नुहुन्थ्यो-मेरो कल्पना एक यस्तो लोकतान्त्रिब र स्वतन्त्र समाजको छ, जहाँ सबै मानिस मिलेर बस्न र समान अवसर पाउने सक्छन ।’ उहाँले भन्नुभयो-यो त्यो सोच हो, जसलाई पाउन म जिउन चान्हन्छु । तर, आवश्यक पर्छ भने त्यसका लागि मर्न पनि तयार छु ।’ उहाँलाई १९९६ मा जन्मकैदको सजाय सुनाइयो । · रोबेन आइल्याण्डमा मण्डेलालाई १८ वर्ष थुनेपछि १९८२ मा पोल्समूर जेलमा स्थानान्तरण गरियो । जतिबेला मण्डेला र उहाँका साथीहरु जेलमा थुनिएका थिए, दक्षिण अपि|mकाको काला बाहुल्य शहरमा युवाहरु श्वेत अल्पमत सत्ताविरुद्ध जुटेका थिए । सयौं मारिए, हजारौं घाइते भए, स्कुलका विद्यार्थीहरु यो आन्दोलनमा किचिए । मण्डेलाका वकिल साथी ओलिभरदे १९८० मा उहाँको रिहाईका लागि अन्तराष्ट्रिय अभियान सुरु गर्नुभयो । विश्व समुदायले रंगभेदी दक्षिण अपि|mकी सरकारमाथि १९६७ मा लगाएको प्रतिवन्ध कडा पारे । · दबावको असरका रुपमा १९९० मा राष्ट्रपति एफ डब्ल्यू डी क्लार्कले अफ्रिकन नेशनल कांग्रेसमाथिको प्रतिवन्ध हटाउनुभयो भने मण्डेला रिहा हुनुभयो । · ५ वर्ष राष्ट्रपति बनेपछि उहाँले १९९९ मा पद छोड्नुभयो र दक्षिण अफि्रकाको प्रभावशाली राजनीतिज्ञ बन्नुभयो । उहाँले एचआईभी र एड्सविरुद्ध अभियान चलाउनुभयो । सन् २०१० मा अपि|mकालाई विश्वकप फुटबलको आयोजकको जिम्मेवारी दिलाउन महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्नुभयो । उहाँ कंगो, बुरुन्डीसहितका अफि्रकी देशमा शान्ति स्थापना गर्ने प्रक्रियामा समेत सामेल हुनुभयो । · २००१ मा प्रोस्टेट क्यान्सर भएपछि २००४ मा सार्जवनिक जीवनबाट सन्यास लिनु भएका मण्डेला निकै कम सार्वजनिक हुनुभयो । कार्यक्रमको निम्तो पठाउनेहरुलाई उहाँले भन्नुहुन्थ्यो-’तपाईहरु मलाई फोन नर्गनुस्, म तपाईलाई फोन गर्छु ।’ · १९९३ मा मण्डेलासँगै क्लार्कलाई नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कारबाट सम्मानित गरियो । ५ महिनापछि दक्षिण अफ्रिकामा भएको इतिहासको पहिलो लोकतान्त्रिक चुनावमा सबैले मतदान गर्ने मौका पाए । · नेल्सन मण्डेला राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित हुनुभयो । राष्ट्रपति हुँदा गरिबका लागि घरको व्यवस्था गर्नु उहाँको कार्यकालको सबैभन्दा ठूलो चुनौती बन्यो । उहाँले आफ्नो सहयोगी थाबो अंबेकीलाई सरकारको प्रशासनिक जिम्मेवारी दिएर आफ्नो ध्यान दक्षिण अफ्रिकाको नयाँ छवि विश्वसामु पेश गर्न जुट्नुभयो । उहाँले देशका बहुराष्ट्रिय कम्पनीलाई देशमै रहन र लगानी गर्न सहमत गराउनुभयो । · राष्ट्रपति पद छाडेपछि पनि उहाँले विश्वको भ्रमण गरिरहनुभयो र विभिन्न कार्यक्रममा सहभागी हुन छाड्नु भएन । · आधाकारिक रुपमा २००४ मा सार्वजनिक जीवनबाट अबकास लिएपछि भने उहाँ आफैंले स्थापना गरेको मण्डेला फाउन्डेसनको काममा जुट्नुभयो । आफ्नो ८९ औं जन्मदिनको अबसर पारेर उहाँले ठूला र जटिल समस्या समाधान र सुझाव दिन विश्वभरका प्रमुख नेताहरु रहने गरी एल्डर्स नामको संस्था समेत स्थापना गर्नुभएको थियो । · जेलबाट छुटेपछि मण्डेला निजी रुपमा मण्डेला भारतमा आउनुभएको थियो । । उहाँले भारतमा गान्धीसँग सम्बन्धित स्मारकहरुको भ्रमण गर्नुभएको थियो । भारतीय विश्लेषकहरुका अनुसार मण्डेला गान्धीबाट प्रभावित हुनुहुन्थ्यो । भारतीयहरुले मण्डेलालाई ‘दक्षिण अफि्रकाका माहात्मा गान्धी’ भनेका छन् । · नेल्सनको निधनपछि दक्षिण अफि्रकाका वर्तमान राष्ट्रपति जैकव जुमाले भन्नुभयो छ- ‘ दक्षिण अफि्रकाका साथीहरु, हामीले आफ्ना पितालाई गुमाएका छौं । नेल्सन मण्डेलाले हामीलाई एकजुट गर्नुभयो, अब हामी सबैले एकै साथमा रहेर उहाँको विदाइ गर्नेछौं ।’ (बीबीसीको रिर्पोटमा आधारित ) – See more at: http://www.onlinekhabar.com/2013/12/142365/#sthash.HZRnesMm.dpuf