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The ability to store and recover information gives an organism a clear advantage when searching for food or avoiding harmful environments. Traditionally it has been attributed to organisms that have a nervous system. A new study authored by Mirna Kramar (MPI-DS) and Prof. Karen Alim (TUM and MPI-DS) challenges this view by uncovering the surprising abilities of a highly dynamic, single-celled organism to store and retrieve information about its environment. The slime mold Physarum polycephalum has been puzzling researchers for many decades. Existing at the crossroads between the kingdoms of animals, plants and fungi, this unique organism provides insight into the early evolutionary history of eukaryotes -- to which also humans belong. Its body is a giant single cell made up of interconnected tubes that form intricate networks. This single amoeba-like cell may stretch several centimeters or even meters, featuring as the largest cell on earth in the Guinness Book of World Records. The striking abilities of the slime mold to solve complex problems, such as finding the shortest path through a maze, earned it the attribute "intelligent." It intrigued the research community and kindled questions about decision making on the most basic levels of life. The decision-making ability of Physarum is especially fascinating given that its tubular network constantly undergoes fast reorganization -- growing and disintegrating its tubes -- while completely lacking an organizing center. The researchers discovered that the organism weaves memories of food encounters directly into the architecture of the network-like body and uses the stored information when making future decisions. "It is very exciting when a project develops from a simple experimental observation," says Karen Alim, head of the Biological Physics and Morphogenesis group at the MPI-DS and professor on Theory of Biological Networks at the Technical University of Munich. When the researchers followed the migration and feeding process of the organism and observed a distinct imprint of a food source on the pattern of thicker and thinner tubes of the network long after feeding. "Given P. polycephalum highly dynamic network reorganization, the persistence of this imprint sparked the idea that the network architecture itself could serve as memory of the past," says Karen Alim. However, they first needed to explain the mechanism behind the imprint formation. For this purpose the researchers combined microscopic observations of the adaption of the tubular network with theoretical modeling. An encounter with food triggers the release of a chemical that travels from the location where food was found throughout the organism and softens the tubes in the network, making the whole organism reorient its migration towards the food. "The gradual softening is where the existing imprints of previous food sources come into play and where information is stored and retrieved," says first author Mirna Kramar. "Past feeding events are embedded in the hierarchy of tube diameters, specifically in the arrangement of thick and thin tubes in the network." "For the softening chemical that is now transported, the thick tubes in the network act as highways in traffic networks, enabling quick transport across the whole organism," adds Mirna Kramar. "Previous encounters imprinted in the network architecture thus weigh into the decision about the future direction of migration." "Given the simplicity of this living network, the ability of Physarum to form memories is intriguing. It is remarkable that the organism relies on such a simple mechanism and yet controls it in such a fine-tuned manner," says Karen Alim. "These results present an important piece of the puzzle in understanding the behavior of this ancient organism and at the same time points to universal principles underlying behavior. We envision potential applications of our findings in designing smart materials and building soft robots that navigate through complex environments," concludes Karen Alim. (Summary: Researchers have identified how the slime mold Physarum polycephalum saves memories -- although it has no nervous system.) Source:Technical University of Munich (TUM) A record 53.6 million tons of electronics were discarded in 2019 The planet’s hefty pile of discarded electronics is getting a lot heavier, a new report finds. In 2014, the world collectively tossed an […] The skull is made out of two arrangements of bones cranial and facial. Cranial bones are 8 in number, facial bones are 14. Thus, the skull is made of all-out 22 bones. The cranial bones […] PathshalaNepal.com is a Registered Company of E. Pathshala Pvt Ltd Nepal. Registration number : 289280 All right Reversed. Pathshala Pvt Ltd We have detected that you are using extensions to block ads. Please support us by disabling these ads blocker.
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November 21, 2019 पाठेघर वा आङ खस्ने समस्या महिलामा देखिने जटिल समस्या हो । कलिलै उमेरमा विवाह गर्ने, असुरक्षित गर्भपतन गराउने, गर्भवती अवस्थामा भारी काम गर्ने र सुत्केरी अवस्थामा उचित स्याहार–सुसार पाउन नसकेका महिलामा यो समस्या बढी देखिन्छ । के हो आङ खस्ने समस्या ? पाठेघरले आफ्नो ठाउँ छाडेर योनीमार्गतिर झर्नुलाई आङ खस्नु भनिन्छ । यो एक प्रजनन समस्या हो । पाठेघरलाई अड्याएर राख्ने मांसपेशी कमजोर हुँदा पाठेघर तल खस्ने प्रक्रिया सुरु हुन्छ । मांशपेसी कमजोर भएपछि पाठेघर मात्रै खस्दैन, यसको अघिल्तिर रहने पिसाब थैली र पछाडिको दिशाको थैलीसमेत योनीमार्ग हुँदै बाहिर निस्कन्छन् । कहाँ छ समस्या ? पिउने पानीको समस्या र भारी काम गर्नुपर्ने पहाडी जिल्लाका महिलामा यो समस्या बढी देखिएको छ । तराईमा दलित, सीमान्तकृत, मुस्लिमलगायत पिछडिएका समुदायका महिलामा यो समस्या धेरै छ । आङ खस्ने कारण लक्षण उपचार आङ खस्ने समस्याको अवस्था हेरेर यसको उपचार गरिन्छ । बच्चा जन्माउनुपर्नेछ भने पाठेघरलाई जोगाएर गुप्तांगमा रिङ पेसरीको माध्यमबाट झरेको पाठेघरलाई भित्रै अड्याउनुपर्छ । र, प्रत्येक तीन महिनामा रिङ पेसरी फेर्नुपर्छ । विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनले बुधबार राती कोरोना भाइरसलाई महामारी घोषणा गरेसँगै भारत सरकारले सोही रातीबाट विदेशी नागरिकलाई प्रदान गर्दै आएको सबै भिसा र इ-भिसा रद्द गरेको छ। २०२० मार्च ११ वा सो भन्दाअघि प्रदान गरिएको भिसा […] The skull is made out of two arrangements of bones cranial and facial. Cranial bones are 8 in number, facial bones are 14. Thus, the skull is made of all-out 22 bones. The cranial bones […] PathshalaNepal.com is a Registered Company of E. Pathshala Pvt Ltd Nepal. Registration number : 289280 All right Reversed.E. Pathshala Pvt Ltd We have detected that you are using extensions to block ads. Please support us by disabling these ads blocker.