https___pathshalanepal.com_ebola-virus_.xml
https___pathshalanepal.com_corona-virus-and-age-group-relation__1.xml
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Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic (bleeding) illness that has a high fatality rate. The virus was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. There are five strains of the Ebola virus -- Tai Forest, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Zaire, and Reston. Four of the strains (Reston is the exception) are responsible for outbreaks in humans. The Ebola virus is harbored by fruit bats, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope, chimpanzees, and porcupines. Humans can contract the virus by coming into close contact with the body or bodily fluids (including blood) of an infected animal. Once the virus spreads to a human, person-to-person transmission is possible. Since 1976, outbreaks have occurred sporadically in Zaire, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, and Uganda. The largest outbreak by far began in March 2014 and lasted into April 2016. It affected Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Nigeria. This West Africa Ebola outbreak resulted in 28,652 reported cases and 11,325 deaths. Visit the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website for the latest outbreak statistics. In between human outbreaks, Ebola is believed to be harbored in animals that act as a “reservoir” for the virus. When a human contracts Ebola by handling an infected animal, person-to-person transmission can then lead to an outbreak. Ebola can be transmitted directly or indirectly. Direct transmission refers to the virus passing from an infected person to another person via sexual contact or by infected body fluids (blood, tears, feces, urine, vomit, for example) through contact with mucous membranes or broken skin. Indirect transmission refers to a person picking up a virus from a contaminated object, such as infected surgical equipment or a needle. The signs and symptoms of Ebola virus are divided into two stages. First comes the "dry" phase, which varies from person to person. It frequently includes fever greater than 101°F, intense weakness, severe headache, joint/muscle pain, and sore throat. It may also include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and internal bleeding. Some people with the illness go on to develop symptoms associated with the "wet" phase. These include bleeding from the eyes, nose, ears, and rectum. Lab tests may reveal abnormal liver and kidney function. Levels of white blood cells and platelets may be elevated. The incubation period of Ebola, defined as the period of time from exposure to the virus until the onset of symptoms, is 21 days. The average time from exposure to symptom development is about 8 – 10 days; bleeding is usually a later symptom that signifies severe infection. 5/2007, Zika virus was found on Yap Island in the Indo-Pacific, which was the first documented account of the virus outside of Africa or Indonesia. Zika virus has continued to spread to North and South America. The first confirmed Zika outbreak in Brazil was reported in May 2015. Zika virus has continued to travel spread globally with Zika virus outbreaks now in Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, Mexico, and the United States.3/1 In lab conditions, the Ebola virus has been shown to spread through the air. However, in real-world living conditions and in hospital settings, there is no evidence that Ebola can be transmitted through the air. While there are fears that Ebola could mutate and become more easily transmissible, the director of the CDC, Dr. Tom Frieden, stated that there has been little change in the Ebola virus in the past 40 years. He also said that there is no evidence that Ebola has undergone any changes that would make it easier to spread from person to person. Every Ebola outbreak is different. Historically, the larger Ebola outbreaks have had a fatality rate of 25% to almost 90%. The Democratic Republic of the Congo Ministry of Health reports that the DRC outbreak has shown a 67% fatality rate from Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2019. There is no cure for Ebola. New therapies are being investigated. Treatment for Ebola consists of supportive care which often includes administering intravenous (IV) fluids and monitoring and maintaining appropriate electrolyte, oxygen, and blood pressure levels. Prevention and treatment of other infections that may develop in the Ebola-infected patient is important as well.8/10 More than two decades in the making, a vaccine for Ebola was approved in Europe in late 2019. While now approved in Europe, the Ebola vaccine known as Ervebo has been approved by the US FDA in December of 2019. Vaccines to stop the spread of Ebola have already been administered three times in Africa, according to the World Health Organization, starting in 2015 when more than 16,000 volunteers were vaccinated. They were used again in May-July 2016 in Equateur Province, and again in the eastern region of Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018-19. Another investigational vaccine is expected to be used in 2019 for the DRC outbreak. This vaccine requires a second booster 56 days after the first dose, and is designed to work against the Zaire ebolavirus type. Although none have been approved by the FDA yet, four Ebola treatments have been attempted during the 2018 DRC outbreak on an investigational basis. These are ZMapp, REGN-EB3, mAb114, and remdesivir. The trial of two of the experimental drugs was halted early when the other two showed greater survival rates in Ebola patients. REGN-EB3 and mAb114 therapy made survival rates “much higher” according to the CDC. Although their investigational trials ended early, both ZMapp, an antibody cocktail experimental therapy for Ebola, and remdesivir have been proven effective in the laboratory in summer 2019. These drug therapies were successful in 2014 during the West Africa Ebola outbreak. The ZMapp therapy consists of three monoclonal antibodies that are designed to treat existing Ebola infection. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to proteins in the virus and “targeting” them for destruction by the immune system. Research continues into these therapeutic approaches. Some drugs may be more effective in outbreaks with different strains of Ebola. These are difficult drugs to develop because Ebola virus is an RNA virus, and as such it is always mutating, according to the CDC. Ebola virus infection has never taken place in the United States, according to the CDC. The only people with Ebola infection in the US acquired the disease elsewhere or got the infection from someone who entered the country already infected like two US caregivers. People in areas known to have cases of Ebola can take the following precautions to minimize the risk of contracting the virus. Meticulous hygiene is necessary. Avoid people and bodily fluids of those known or suspected of having Ebola. Do not have contact with bats and wild animals; do not consume raw or undercooked animals that may have the virus. Only highly specialized, trained professionals with adequate protective gear should administer medical care to Ebola patients and handle the dead bodies of Ebola victims. Should you need medical care while you are in an area known to harbor Ebola, contact your embassy or consulate for a referral for an appropriate facility. Holders Liverpool are out of the Champions League after a dramatic last-16 second leg against Atletico Madrid went into extra time – and a finely balanced game turned on a catastrophic blunder by goalkeeper Adrian. The skull is made out of two arrangements of bones cranial and facial. Cranial bones are 8 in number, facial bones are 14. Thus, the skull is made of all-out 22 bones. 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गत डिसेम्बरमा चीनको वुहानबाट सुरु भएको नोवल कोरोना भाइरस(कोभिड–१९) को संक्रमण अहिले विश्वका ११५ देशमा फैलिइसकेको छ । पछिल्लो समय चीनमा संक्रमित र मृत्युदर भने निकै घटेको छ ।विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन(डब्लूएचओ) ले सोमबार मात्रै चीनमा संक्रमितमध्ये ७० प्रतिशत निको भएको जानकारी दिएको थियो। तर पछिल्लो समय युरोपसहित विश्वका विभिन्न मुलुकमा बढिरहेको संक्रमण भने चिन्ताको विषय बनेको डब्लूएचओले बताएको थियो। मंगलबार दिउँसोसम्म कोभिड–१९ बाट मृत्यु हुनेको संख्या ४ हजार ८५ पुगेको छ भने विश्वभर एक लाख १५ हजारभन्दा बढी संक्रमित भएका छन्। साथै संक्रमितमध्ये निको हुनेको संख्या ४६४ हजारभन्दा बढी रहेको छ।अहिलेसम्म कोभिड–१९ बाट उपचारका लागि कुनै औषधि पत्ता लागेको छैन। अहिलेसम्मका लागि आफ्नै शरीरमा रहेको रोग प्रतिरोधात्मक क्षमता नै यसबाट निको हुने एक मात्र उपाय हो। अहिलेसम्मको तथ्याङ्कअनुसार कोभिड–१९ को संक्रमणबाट पाका उमेरका व्यक्तिहरु जोखिममा रहेका छन्। अहिलेसम्म मृत्यु हुनेमा पनि बढी उमेरकै रहेको डब्लूएचओको रिपोर्टले उल्लेख गरेको छ। डब्लूएचओ र चीनको पछिल्लो संयुक्क्त रिपोर्टले उमेरअनुसार कोरोना भाइरसको मृत्यु दरको अवस्था फरक हुने बताएको छ। साथै पहिलेदेखि रोग भएका र निरोगीमा पनि संक्रमणको जोखिम फरक फरक हुने रिपोर्टमा उल्लेख छ। कोभिड–१९ बाट कुन उमेर समूह जोखिममा छन्? स्रोत : विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन डब्लूएचओ र चीनको रिपोर्टले कोभिड–१९ को संक्रमण बालबालिकामा एकदमै न्यून रहको छ। अहिलेसम्मको तथ्याङ्कअनुसार ९ वर्षसम्मका बालबालिकामा यसको संक्रमणको जोखिम अति न्यून रहेको छ। अहिलेसम्म कोभिड–१९ बाट ९ वर्षसम्मका बालबालिकाको मृत्यु भएको छैन। अहिलेसम्म कोभिड–१९ को संक्रमणको जोखिम ८० वर्षभन्दा माथिका व्यक्तिमा देखिएको छ। अहिलेसम्म मृत्यु भएकामध्ये १४.८० प्रतिशत रहेको छ। त्यस्तै ८ प्रतिशत मृत्यु ७० देखि ७९ उमेर समूहका व्यक्तिको भएको छ। संक्रमितमध्ये ६० देखि ६९ वर्ष उमेर समूहका व्यक्ति ३.६ प्रतिशत र ५० देखि ५९ वर्ष उमेर समूहका १.३ प्रतिशतको मृत्यु भएको छ। ५० वर्षमुनिका व्यक्तिमा भने कोभिड–१९ को संक्रमणको जोखिम न्यून रहेको छ। अहिलेसम्म ०.४ प्रतिशत मृत्यु ४० देखि ४९ वर्ष उमेर समूहका व्यक्तिको भएको छ। त्यस्तै ०.२ प्रतिशत १० देखि ३९ वर्ष उमेर समूहका व्यक्तिको मृत्यु भएको छ। साथै मर्ने र जोखिमको संख्या पनि पुरुष र महिलामा फरक देखिएको छ। चीनमा महिलाभन्दा पुरुषमा धुमपान गर्ने बढी छन्। धूमपानले श्वासप्रश्वासका समस्या निम्त्याउँछ। त्यसैले पनि मृत्यु हुनेमा पुरुष बढी छन्। स्रोत : विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन त्यसैगरी पहिलादेखि नै कुनै रोगबाट बिरामी छन् भने उनीहरुलाई कोरोनाको जोखिम बढ्न सक्छ। स्रोत : विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन माथिको तालिकाले पनि पहिलेदेखि नै रोग भएका र नभएकालाई कोभिड–१९ को जोखिममा फरक देखिएको छ। रोग नभएका व्यक्तिमा यसको जोखिम अत्यन्तै न्यून रहेको छ। तथ्याङ्कअनुसार अहिलेसम्म मृत्यु भएकामध्ये यसअघि कुनै पनि रोग नभएका व्यक्तिको संख्या ०.९ प्रतिशत मात्र रहेको छ। अध्ययन तथा तथ्याङ्कले कोभिड–१९ बाट मृत्यु हुनेमध्ये पाका उमेर र मुटुसम्बन्धी रोग भएका व्यक्तिहरु छन्। मुटुसम्बन्धी समस्या तथा मधुमेह भएका व्यक्तिहरुमा बढी जोखिम देखिएको छ। वृद्ध अवस्थामा रोग प्रतिरोधात्मक क्षमतामा कमी हुने हुँदा पनि जोखिम बढी रहेको चिकित्सकहरुले जनाएका छन्। इटालीमा पनि मृत्यु हुनेमध्ये पाका उमेरका धेरै चीनपछि कोरोना भाइरसले इटालीलाई आक्रान्त बनाएको छ। एकदमै द्रुत गतिमा फैलिरहेको यो भाइरसले इटालीमा मंगलबार दिउँसोसम्म ४६३ जनाको मृत्यु भएको छ भने ९ हजार १७२ जना संक्रमित भएका छन्। इटालीमा पनि सबैभन्दा बढी पाका उमेरका व्यक्तिको नै भाइरसको संक्रमणबाट मृत्यु भएको छ। इटाली विश्वमा सबैभन्दा बढी ज्येष्ठ नागरिक भएका देशमध्येको एक हो। इटालीमा ४० वर्षभन्दा माथिको जनसंख्या ६० प्रतिशत रहेको छ। त्यस्तै इटालीको जनसंख्याको २३ प्रतिशत ६५ वर्षभन्दा माथिको उमेर समूह रहेको छ। सन् २०१८ को जनगणनाअनुसार इटालीको जनसंख्या ६ करोड ४८ लाख रहेको छ। इटालीको नेसनल हेल्थ इन्स्टिच्युटका अनुसार मृत व्यक्तिको औसत उमेर ८१ वर्षको रहेको छ र धेरै जना पहिला नै केही रोग लागेका बिरामीहरु थिए। ५ जना कोरोना भाइरस संक्रमितमध्ये एक जना १९ देखि ५० उमेर समूहका रहेका छन्। जसमा के देखिन्छ भने बालबालिकाभन्दा पनि ज्येष्ठ नागरिकहरुमा संक्रमण दर बढी भएको देखाउँछ। इटालीले अहिलेसम्म कोभिड १९ का आशंकामा ५४ हजारभन्दा बढी व्यक्तिको स्वास्थ्य परीक्षण गरिसकेको छ।सोमबारको तथ्याङ्क हेर्दा इटालीमा विश्वका अन्य देशमा भन्दा मृत्युदर बढी रहेको छ। ९ हजार एक सय ७२ जना संक्रमितमध्ये ४६३ जनाको मृत्यु भएको छ। इटालीमा कोभिड–१९ को मृत्युदर ५ प्रतिशत रहेको छ। विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनले कोभिड–१९ को विश्वव्यापी मृत्युदर ३.४ प्रतिशत रहेको छ।-एजेन्सीहरुको सहयोगमा What Is Ebola Virus? Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic (bleeding) illness that has a high fatality rate. The virus was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. There […] The skull is made out of two arrangements of bones cranial and facial. Cranial bones are 8 in number, facial bones are 14. Thus, the skull is made of all-out 22 bones. The cranial bones […] PathshalaNepal.com is a Registered Company of E. Pathshala Pvt Ltd Nepal. Registration number : 289280 All right Reversed.E. Pathshala Pvt Ltd We have detected that you are using extensions to block ads. Please support us by disabling these ads blocker.