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Each judge of the Supreme Court possesses the following essential qualifications: - He is a citizen of India. - He has been, for at least 5 years, a judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession; or - He has been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years; or - He is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist. Form of oath or affirmation To be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court: A person having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the Supreme Court shall solemnly affirm that: - He will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, - That he will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, - That he will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will, - And that he will uphold the Constitution and the laws. Tenure Supreme Court judges retire at the age of 65. However, there have been suggestions, including from the judges of the Supreme Court of India, to provide for a fixed term for the judges there including the Chief Justice of India. Removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court The procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court is regulated by the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968, by the process of impeachment. There are two grounds for removal – proved misbehaviour or incapacity. A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his office by an order of the President. The President can issue the removal order after an address by the Parliament, supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (that is, a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two thirds of the members of that house present and voting), has been presented to the President in the same session of Parliament for such a removal. The step-wise process is: - A removal motion signed by 100 members (in case of Lok Sabha) or 50 members (in case of Rajya Sabha) is to be given to the Speaker/Chairman. (The removal motion can be introduced in any of the two Houses of Parliament). - The Speaker/Chairman may admit and reject the motion. - If it is admitted, then the Speaker/Chairman is to constitute a three-member committee to investigate into the charges. The Committee should consist of the Chief Justice or a judge of the Supreme Court, a chief justice of a high court and a distinguished jurist. - If the committee finds the judge to be guilty of the charges (misbehaviour or incapacity), the House in which the motion was introduced, can take up the consideration of the motion. - Once, the House in which removal motion was introduced passes it with special majority, it goes to the second House which also has to pass it with special majority. - After the motion is passed by each House of the Parliament by special majority, an address is presented to the President for removal of the judge. - Finally, the President passes an order removing the judge. So far, no judge of the Supreme Court has been impeached. The only case where an impeachment motion was initiated and the Inquiry Committee found the judge guilty, was of Justice V Ramaswami of the Supreme Court (1991-1993). But, this motion was defeated in the Lok Sabha. Salaries of Supreme Court Judges There shall be paid to the Chief Justice of India, by way of salary, one lakh rupees A Judge of the Supreme Court shall be paid ninety thousand rupees. Pension payable to Judges a pension shall be payable in accordance with the provisions of Part I of the Schedule to a Judge of the Supreme Court on his retirement if, but only if, - He has attained the age of sixty-five years. - His retirement is medically certified to be necessitated by ill-health. Acting Chief Justice The Chief Justice of India and the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution. Appointment to the office of the Chief Justice of India should be of the senior most Judge of the Supreme Court considered fit to hold the office. The Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs would, at the appropriate time, seek the recommendation of the outgoing Chief Justice of India for the appointment of the next Chief Justice of India. Whenever there is any doubt about the fitness of the senior most Judge to hold the office of the Chief Justice of India, consultation with other Judges as envisaged in Article 124 (2) of the Constitution would be made for appointment of the next Chief Justice of India. After receipt of the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India, the Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs will put up the recommendation to the Prime Minister who will advise the President in the matter of appointment. Appointment of Ad Hoc Judges Article 127 of the Constitution provides that if at any time there should not a quorum of Judges of the Supreme Court available to hold or continue any session of the Court the Chief Justice of India may, with the previous consent of the President and after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned request, in writing, a Judge of a High Court duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court to attend, for such period as may be necessary, the sittings of the Supreme Court . Whenever the necessity for such an appointment arises, the Chief Justice of India will consult the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned whether a Judge is available to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of India will then communicate to the Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs the name of the Judge and the period for which he will be required to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court, certifying that the release of the Judge has been agreed to by the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned and the Chief Minister of the State. The Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs will put up the recommendation to the Prime Minister, who will advise the President as to the person to be appointed to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court. As soon as the President gives his consent to the appointment, the Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Justice will - Iinform the Chief Justice of India, who will formally request the Judge concerned, in writing, to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court as an ad hoc Judge - Announce the appointment and issue the necessary notification in the Gazette of India. Retired Judges Under Article 128 of the Constitution, the Chief Justice of India may, at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Whenever, the necessity for such an appointment arises, the Chief Justice of India will informally sound the retired Judge, whom he proposes to recommend, as to the latter’s willingness to serve and will there upon communicate to the Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs the name of the Judge and the period for which he will be required to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court. If the Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs considers it desirable to bring any point to the notice of the Chief Justice of India or to suggest some other name, he may by personal correspondence convey his suggestions to the Chief Justice of India. On obtaining the views of the Chief Justice of India finally the Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs will put up the proposal to the Prime Minister who will advise the President as to the person to be appointed to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court. As soon as the President gives his consent to the appointment, the Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Justice will inform the Chief Justice of India and will announce and issue the necessary notification in the Gazette of India. Seat of Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in any such place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the president from time to time, appoint. Procedure of the Court The Supreme Court can, with the approval of the president, make rules for regulating generally the practice and procedure of the Court. The Constitutional cases or references made by the President under Article 143 are decided by a Bench consisting of at least five judges. All other cases are usually decided by a bench consisting of not less than three judges. The judgements are delivered by the open court. All judgements are by majority vote but if differing, then judges can give dissenting judgements or opinions.
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२६ पुस, काठमाडौं । सात प्रदेशका उच्च अदालतहरुका लागि ८२ जना न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ति मंगलबारै टुंगो लाग्ने सम्भावना रहेको न्याय परिषद स्रोतले जनाएको छ । न्यायाधीशको नाम टुंगो लगाउन केही दिनदेखि न्याय परिषदको बैठक निरन्तर बसिरहेको छ । प्रत्येक दिन आज टुंगो लगाउने भन्दै बैठक बसे पनि कुरा मिलिसकेको छैन । न्याय परिषद अध्यक्ष समेत रहेकी प्रधानन्यायाधीश सुशीला कार्कीले चाँडो टुंगो लगाउन चाहेको स्रोतले जनाएको छ । परिषद सदस्य रहेका बरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश बैद्यनाथ उपाध्पाय उमेर हदका कारण पुस मसान्तमा अवकाश हुँदैछन् । उपाध्यायको बहिर्गमन अगावै न्यायाधीश नियुक्ति टुङ्याउने तयारी न्याय परिषदले गरेको छ । उपाध्यायपछि बरिष्ठताका आधारमा गोपालप्रसाद पराजुली न्याय परिषद सदस्य हुनेछन् । कार्की र पराजुलीबीच सुमधुर सम्बन्ध नरहेका कारण पराजुली आउनुअघि नै न्यायाधीसको टुंगो लगाउन खोजिएको स्रोतले जनाएको छ । पराजुली उमेर विवादमा फसेका न्यायाधीश हुन् । न्याय परिषद स्रोतका अनुसार परिषद अध्यक्षसहित ५ जना सदस्यलाई ६/६ जना न्यायाधीश नियुक्तिको कोटा छुट्याइएको छ । यस हिसाबले ३० जना न्यायाधीश न्याय सेवा बाहिर अर्थात कानुन व्यवसायीहरुबाट आउनेछन् । बाँकी ५२ जना न्यायाधीश भने सर्बोच्च अदालतका रजिष्ट्रार, सह रजिष्टार, महान्यायाधिवक्ताको कार्यालय, कानुन मन्त्रालयका सचिव, सहसचिवहरुको कोटा मध्येबाट चयन हुनेछन् । न्याय परिषदमा हाल प्रधानन्यायाधीश कार्की र बरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश बैद्यनाथ उपाध्याय बाहेक अन्य तीनजना राजनीतिक पार्टीका व्यक्ति छन् । कानुनमन्त्री अजयशंकर नायक र सदस्य पदमप्रसाद वैदिक माओवादीका हुन् भने रामप्रसाद सिटौला कांग्रेसका हुन् । यसपटकको न्यायाधीश भागबण्डामा एमाले न्यायपरिषदमा भूमिकाविहीन अवस्थामा छ । को-को छन् चर्चामा ? न्याय परिपषद सदस्यहरुको कोटाबाट सबैभन्दा धेरै कांग्रेसका वकिलहरु न्यायाधीश बन्न पाउने भएका छन् । किनकि बरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश बैद्यनाथ उपाध्यायको झुकाब पनि कांग्रेसतिरै छ । स्रोतका अनुसार प्रधानन्यायाधीश र माओवादीकै कोटाभित्रबाट केही एमालेकिट वकिलहरु न्यायाधीश हुने सम्भावना छ । माओवादीले एमालेलाई भाग दिन यसकारण बाध्य छ कि सभामुख ओनसरी घर्तीले संसद सचिवालयको सचिवका लागि सिफारिस गरेका गोपाल योगीको नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति कार्यालयमा रोकिएको छ, त्यसमा उनीहरुवीच सम्झौता हुन सक्छ । माओवादीसँग न्यायाधीश बन्ने वकिलहरुको संख्या पनि कांग्रेस र एमालेको तुलनामा निकै कम छ । योगीको नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति कार्यालयले फुकुवा गर्न एमालेले राष्ट्रपतिलाई मनाउने र त्यसवापत एमाले निकट वकिलहरु वामदेव ज्ञवाली, यमुना भट्टराई, मिलन राई, मिरा ढुंगाना, सानुराज पोखरेल मध्येबाट न्यायाधीश बनाउने गरी लेनदेनको तयारी भइरहेको स्रोतले जनाएको छ । नेपाली कांग्रेसको कोटाबाट लीलामणि पौडेल, शान्ता सेढाई, जनकराज पाण्डे लगायतको नाम चर्चामा छ । सर्वोच्चका रजिष्ट्रार श्रीकान्त पौडेल पनि उच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश हुँदैछन् । उच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशमा कानुन मन्त्रालयका सचिव टेकप्रसाद ढुंगानाको नाम पनि प्रस्ताव भएको न्याय परिषद स्रोतले जनाएको छ । त्यस्तै प्रधानमन्त्री कार्यालयका सचिव कमलशाली घिमिरे, कानुन आयोगका सचिव रवि शर्मा अर्याल पनि न्यायाधीशको दौडमा छन् । जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरुबाट ३७ जनालाई ल्याउने तयारी भइरहेको छ । न्याय सेवाका अधिकृतहरु असन्तुष्ट कानुन व्यवसायीहरुबाट न्याय परिषद सदस्यहरुको कोटामा एकैपटक ३० जना न्यायाधीश बनाउन लागिएको भन्दै न्याय सेवाका कर्मचारीहरुबीच असन्तुष्टि बढेको छ । दलको कोटाबाट न्यायाधीश बन्न पाइने भएपछि लोकसेवा पास गरेर दुःख गरेकाहरु निराश बनेको एक अधिकृतले बताए । त्यसैले पछिल्लो समय लोकसेवाले न्याय सेवाको दरवन्दी माग्दा कोटा पुग्न समेत मुस्किल हुने गरेको छ । ‘लोकसेवा पास गरेर अधिकृत, उपसचिव, सहसचिव हुन दुृःख गर्नुभन्दा बीएल गरेर सिधै पार्टीको कोटामा न्यायाधीश बन्न पाउने भएपछि किन दुःख गर्ने भन्ने भएको छ’ ती अधिकृतले भने । अन्य मुलुकमा आधारभूत रुपमा न्याय सेवाका कर्मचारीलाई उच्च अदालतमा लाने प्रचलन छ । शुरुको अदालतमा काम नगरेको न्यायाधीश एकैचोटि माथिको अदालतमा राम्रोसँग काम गर्न सक्दैन भन्ने मान्यताले वकिललाई जिल्ला न्यायाधीशबाट शुरु गराउने प्रचलन हुनुपर्नेमा नेपालमा उल्टो भएको न्ययासेवाका अधिकारीको गुनासो छ ।