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Even as thousands of COVID-19 cases are still being reported daily in India, despite the fact that the worst peaks of coronavirus disease spread have abated since the first wave last year from April to September 2020 and the second wave between April to June 2021, yet another viral ailment has been identified recently. The Nipah Virus disease was confirmed in a 12-year-old boy in Kozhikode, Kerala and the youngster who had suffered from encephalitis – swelling in the brain and myocarditis – inflammation in the heart muscles, eventually succumbed to the disease on September 5, 2021, Sunday. Also Read: Coronavirus: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Immediate action has been taken since then lead by the efforts of the Kerala State Health Minister Veena George, to contain the spread of this infectious virus. Rigorous contact tracing has identified 11 more people displaying typical symptoms who have been admitted to the hospital for close monitoring and appropriate treatment. Moreover, the Central Health Ministry has advocated a list of stringent measures, including marking containment areas to spot possible cases early on, besides instructing local officials to alert the districts neighbouring Kozhikode, Kerala, namely Malappuram, Kannur, Wayanad, among others. What Is Nipah Virus? The Nipah virus is a communicable disease that is transmitted to humans from animals, mainly bats, besides dogs, pigs, cats, goats, sheep and already infected people. It is named after a Malaysian village – Sungai Nipah, where it was first reported in the year 1998. Subsequent outbreaks of Nipah have been recorded since, predominantly in the South-East Asian countries of Singapore, Bangladesh and India, aside from Malaysia. Causes Of Nipah Virus Disease: The causative microorganism of Nipah virus disease is the pathogenic specimen Nipah virus, scientifically referred to as Nipah henipavirus. It belongs to the Henipavirus genus of viral strains and is categorised in the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses, also termed paramyxoviruses. Transmission of the Nipah virus among humans occurs directly through contact with infected bats, other infested animals or sick individuals afflicted with the disease. The Nipah virus, abbreviated as NiV, is thus a zoonotic virus, implying that it spreads from animals to humans, with fruit bats – otherwise known as flying foxes being the primary hosts harbouring considerable reservoirs of the viral strains. The Nipah virus disease also afflicts humans by transmission from infected cats, goats, dogs, sheep, pigs that have encountered diseased fruit bats, apart from already sick persons. History Of Nipah Virus: The origins of the Nipah virus are in the village of Sungai Nipah in Malaysia, where it was first reported in 1998, amongst a group of pigs and farmers rearing the infected animals, which had, in turn, contracted the virus from bats. Hundred of cases were identified in Malaysia and a few instances were reported from the neighbouring country of Singapore as well, making it the world’s first Nipah virus outbreak, that took place in 1998-1999. Following this, numerous outbreaks have been reported from the nation of Bangladesh, usually in the winter season, in the years 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011. Nipah virus disease seemed to have been curtailed for a phase since 2011 when it was once again reported in India in 2018. Incidence Of Nipah Virus In India: Nipah virus was first reported in India in the year 2001 in West Bengal, which was followed by another outbreak in 2007, again in the state. In recent times, Nipah virus cases have been recorded in India in Kerala, in the years 2018, 2019 and 2021. Symptoms Of Nipah Virus Disease: Infection with the Nipah virus often results in inflammation of the brain - encephalitis, severe respiratory illness and even death can occur. Following an exposure and incubation period of 5 to 14 days with this virus, several signs and symptoms can be noticed in different time scales. Subsequently, in 3 to 14 days after the incubation period, the infected person displays some flu-like symptoms such as: - Fever - Headaches - Muscle pain - Dizziness - Stomach pain - Choking - Vomiting - Respiratory illness - Blurred vision However, these symptoms can intensify rapidly, resulting in mental confusion, seizures, encephalitis, myocarditis and even progress to coma within 24 to 48 hours. How Is Nipah Virus Diagnosed? Once the patient showcases symptoms of Nipah virus, an extract is collected from their nasal and throat swabs, besides blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid if encephalitis i.e. swelling in the brain arises. These samples are analysed in the diagnostic laboratory facility using an RT-PCR test, which looks for genetic fragments of the Nipah virus in the tissue/fluid samples and amplifies, highlights the portions in case they are present, which confirms the instance of Nipah virus disease in the patient. Apart from RT-PCR, few other analytical tests including serology, histopathology are carried out, which investigate blood, tissue extracts from patients employing microscopes, to probe for the presence of the Nipah virus. Treatment For Nipah Virus Disease: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is presently no treatment available for Nipah virus disease. Furthermore, no preventive vaccine exists up till now to avert Nipah virus infection, which makes it essential for patients with symptoms to be taken to the hospital at once for timely diagnosis and remedial measures. The only methods to treat Nipah virus disease currently are supportive care, with the patient being admitted in the hospital, observing their vitals, ensuring they get ample rest, hydration to recuperate from sickness. Furthermore, antiviral drugs are prescribed to alleviate nausea, vomiting, convulsions and other accompanying symptoms as they develop. Are Patients With COVID-19 At Higher Risk Of Contracting Nipah Virus? While COVID-19 and Nipah Virus are both infectious viral ailments presenting with symptoms resembling the flu, like dry cough, fever, cold, headache, fatigue, the RT-PCR test is the gold standard utilised in diagnosing the disorders and clearly distinguishes the two. Also, COVID-19 triggers only mild to moderate symptoms in the majority of people which can be managed at home, while the Nipah virus is far more lethal requiring advanced medical care in the hospital. Hence doctors state that COVID-19 patients do not face a high risk of acquiring the Nipah virus. Also Read: The RT-PCR Test: How This Assay Detects COVID-19 And Other Details Explained The only situation that poses a hazard is hospital transmissions, wherein patients admitted for Nipah virus could come in contact with those having severe symptoms of COVID-19 with subsequent spread of Nipah virus infection. However, the chances of this instance taking place in hospitals are very rare, owing to the strict protective measures of PPE kits, sanitisers as well as clearly demarcating the wards where Nipah cases and COVID-19 cases are being treated.
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भारतमा निपाह भाइरसका बिरामी देखिन थालेपछि नेपालको स्वास्थ्य सेवा विभागअन्तर्गत इपिडिमियोलोजी तथा रोग नियन्त्रण महाशाखाले सजग रहन आग्रह गरेको छ । एनआईभी भनिने निपाह भाइरसको सङ्क्रमण भरतमा देखिएकाले नेपालमा पनि फैलिने सम्भावना रहेको स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालयका सहप्रवक्ता डा. समीरकुमार अधिकारी बताउँछन् । रोग नियन्त्रण महाशाखाले रोगको यकिन निदान नहुँदै वा तीव्र भाइरस सङ्क्रमणको अवस्था बिग्रँदै गएका र मृत्यु भएका बिरामीहरूको समयमै अनुसन्धान गरी न्यूनीकरण गर्न र तत्काल रिपोर्टिङ गर्न देशभरका अस्पताललाई निर्देशन दिएको छ । नेपाल–भारत खुला सीमा भएकाले यो भाइरस नेपालमा पनि फैलन सक्ने जोखिम बढेको स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रालयको भनाइ छ । २१ मे २०१८ मा दक्षिण भारतीय राज्य केरलामा निपाह भाइरसका कारण १२ जनाको मृत्यु भएको थियो । भारतकै केरला र उत्तर प्रदेशमा निपाह भाइरस सङ्क्रमितहरूको उपचारमा संलग्न नर्सको पनि मृत्यु भएको थियो । भारतमा निपाह भाइरसका बिरामी देखिन थोलेपछि नेपाली पनि सचेत हुनुपर्ने मन्त्रालयका सहप्रवक्ता डा. अधिकारी बताउँछन् । ‘सरुवा रोग भारतमा देखियो भने नेपालमा पनि देखिने सम्भावना बढी हुन्छ,’ उनले भने, ‘कोरोना सङ्क्रमण भारतमा बढ्यो भने नेपालमा पनि बढ्छ, सङ्क्रमण त्यहाँ घट्यो भने यहाँ पनि घट्छ । त्यसैले सजग हुनुपर्छ ।’ विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठनले निपाह भाइरसलाई ठूलो महामारीका रूप लिन सक्ने दस घातक रोगमध्ये एउटा भनेको छ । भारतका विभिन्न ठाउँमा नेपाली कामदार कार्यरत छन् । चाडपर्व नजिकिँदै गर्दा भारतका विभिन्न भागबाट स्वदेश भित्रिने नेपाली बढेसँगै निपाह भाइरस पनि सर्ने जोखिम बढ्छ । निपाह भाइरस मान्छेबाट मान्छेमा एक त छँदैछ अर्कोतिर यो भाइरस पाइने चमेरा नेपालमा पनि पाइन्छ । यस्तै भारतबाटै सुँगुर, बङ्गुर यहाँ आयात गरिने हुँदा यो भाइरसको सङ्क्रमणको जोखिम धेरै छ । सरकारले निपाह भाइरस सङ्क्रमणको जोखिम बढ्न सक्ने भनेको छ तर यस भाइरस बारेमा अध्ययन अनुसन्धान भने थालिएको छैन । यो कस्तो प्रकारको रोग हो ? निपाह भाइरस पशुबाट मानिसमा सर्ने भाइरसजन्य रोग हो । यो गम्भीर प्रकृतिको सङ्क्रामक रोग हो । प्राकृतिक रूपमा फ्रुट ब्याट भन्ने प्रजातिको चमेरोमा यो भाइरस पाइन्छ । चमेरो, बङ्गुरबाट निपाह भाइरस मान्छेमा सर्छ । सरुवा रोग विशेषज्ञहरूका अनुसार चमेराले खाएका फलफूलमा –याल मिसिन्छ र त्यस्ता फलफूल मानिसले खाएपछि सर्ने जोखिम हुन्छ । फ्रुट ब्याट जातको चमेरोले खाएको जुठो फलफूलबाट सर्छ । निपाह भाइरस जनावरबाट जनावरमा, जनावरबाट मानिसमा र मानिसबाट मानिसमा पनि सर्छ । यस्तै सङ्क्रमित व्यक्तिको रगत, दिसा, पिसाबसँग प्रत्यक्ष सम्पर्कमा आएमा पनि सर्छ । निपाह भाइरसको सङ्क्रमण पहिलो पटक सन् १९९९ मा सिङ्गापुर र मलेसियामा पहिचान भएको थियो । त्यसपछि २१ मे २०१८ मा दक्षिण भारतीय राज्य केरलामा देखिएको थियो । त्यही फ्रुट ब्याट भाइरस पशुपन्छी तथा फलफूलको माध्यमबाट निपाह भाइरस सर्ने जोखिम हुने सरुवारोग विशेषज्ञहरूको भनाइ छ । लक्षण मान्छेमा निपाह भाइरसको सङ्क्रमण भएमा यस्ता लक्षण देखिन्छन् । साता दस दिनपछि ज्वरो आउने, टाउको दुख्ने, रिँगटा लाग्ने, श्वासप्रश्वासमा समस्या, स्मरण शक्तिमा कमी र मस्तिष्क सुनिने जस्ता लक्षण देखापर्छन् । निपाह भाइरसबाट कसरी जागिने ? निपाह भाइरसको सङ्क्रमणबाट बच्नका लागि विशेष सतर्कता अपनाउनुपर्ने हुन्छ । निपाह भाइरस भएका बिरामीको स्याहार सम्भार तथा हेरचाह गरेपछि राम्रोसँग साबुनपानीले हात सफा गर्नुपर्छ । –बङ्गुर तथा सुँगुरको नजिक जाँदा सचेत हुने । –चमेराले जुठो हालेका फलफूल खानु हुँदैन । –फलफूल राम्रोसँग पखालेर मात्रै खाने । –गाईवस्तुको गोठ र फार्म सफा राख्ने । –मासु काट्दा र पकाउँदा पञ्जा र मास्कको प्रयोग गर्ने । –सकेसम्म पानी उमालेर मात्रै पिउने । –बेलाबेलामा साबुन पानीले हात धुने । –भीडभाडमा जाँदा मास्क लगाउने । –निपा भाइरसको लक्षणको जस्तो देखिएमा सङ्क्रमण भएको हो कि होइन भनेर प्रयोगशालामा पीसीआर वा एलैजा विधिको प्रयोग गरेर रगत, पिसाब, नाक, कान र घाँटीको परीक्षण गराउने । यसको औषधि छ कि छैन ? निपाह भाइरसबाट लाग्ने रोगको उपचार छैन । हालसम्म यो भाइरसको औषधिको विकास भएको छैन । विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठनका अनुसार यो भाइरस विरुद्धको औषधि पत्ता लागेको छैन । यस्तै निपाह भाइरसविरुद्धको खोप पनि विकास भएको छैन । यो रोग लागेपछि आईसीयूमा राखेर उपचार गर्नुपर्छ । विशेषज्ञका अनुसार यो रोगको लक्षण देखापरेको २४ देखि ४८ घण्टाभित्रै बिरामी कोमामा जान सक्छन् । यो भाइरसबाट रोग लागेका मध्ये ७० प्रतिशत मानिसको मृत्यु हुनेगरेको पाइन्छ ।