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Magnetic Materials And Background The history of the usefulness of magnetic substances is very long and extends to the period of Ved-Vedanta. But now the usefulness and importance of magnetic materials has increased exponentially, especially with the development of new devices. In the last 20 years, I have never witnessed such an increase in the use of magnetic substances in the industry. These include computers, medical instruments, etc. as magnetic sensors (known as GMR sensors, which have the effect of electromagnetic force of matter, a sensor that has a very small effect even with a small magnetic field) have been used since before the 1990s. But in 1997, IBM first used the GMR sensor as a “read head” on a computer. Later, it brought a revolution on the internet. I don’t want to go there now. The subject I have been researching now is the “GMR sensor” and the “nano-particles” (a meter-long object, a fraction of a million times the size of a micrometer, called a nanometer) and the combination of the two (i.e., the GMR sensor and the nano-particles). Using these sensors, many chronic diseases, such as the early stages of cancer (as soon as the disease is diagnosed), can be detected and prevented and treated immediately. Despite the significant achievement in the field, there are some barriers to using GMR sensors and nano-ears. For practical use in hospitals, for example, the sensitivity of the sensor and the magnetic moment of the nanoparticles must be by 10 / Oe (Orested) and more than 300 EMU/g, respectively. And there is a lot of research going on right now for the development of new technology and my main priority is related to research on how to detect the disease as soon as it is diagnosed (called Early Disease Detection Technology) and prevent the disease from spreading by treating it immediately. You will find another utility of magnetic nano-ear in the field of magnetic imaging. Extensive research is underway, too. The use of magnetic nanoparticles is not limited to this. Cancer cells can be killed using magnetic nanoparticles using alternating magnetic fields. Similarly, the use of magnetic nanoparticles can be further expanded to be used as medicine. Can also be expanded to produce energy and space research. As far as I know, strong, friendly, and long-term collaboration between engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, etc. is needed to develop potential new technologies. Interested dignitaries can study through the link below. For now, I want permission to end this brief description. Also, in the near future, I will be more interested in the use of magnetic materials. Thank you. HISTORY OF MAGNETISM I informed the usefulness of magnetic matter in the biomagnetic field in my January 8, 2016 report. Shortly afterward, I also give a brief overview of the history of magnetic matter in a report published on January 21, 2016. We know that to understand anything basic, one has to go to the root of the thing. In the same way, in order to understand the usefulness of magnetic substances, one should not go to the root of Tesco. In today’s report too, I have decided to continue the history of magnetic matter. Just as a driver can reach the destination quickly or not, that is, he can get into an accident in the middle, but if you drive slowly, follow the traffic rules, follow the traffic rules and drive slowly, you will reach the destination. Like a sweet Nepali proverb, However, I will continue to introduce you to the history of magnetic materials, in simple Nepali language, through MyWorld’s Science Blog, in a way that everyone can understand, starting with the history of magnetic materials, how they are being used in the medical field and how they will continue to grow in the future. As simple as it sounds to hear the magnetic matter, it is just as difficult to understand and recognize, but it is not impossible! In the January 21 report, we discussed the contribution from Gilbert, Bernoulli, (Franklin, Orested, Ampere,) and Michael Faraday in particular, who proved that there is a correlation between the electric charge and the magnet, and later in 1945, it was shown again that there is a correlation between the magnet and the ray of light. Well-known physicist and mathematician James Clark Maxwell was encouraged at the time, but so was his concern, that the discovery by a bookstore (in his eyes, Michael Faraday) how could he (Michael Faraday) invent such a miracle? Inspired by new discoveries one after another by Michael Faraday, Maxwell came up with four famous mathematical formulas, known polularly by his name. These four equations theoretically explain the experimentals results of Michael Faraday. Surprisingly, these four sutras are looked very simple in nature, but they are very difficult to understand, like Sanskrit verses, which are easy to read but very difficult to explain! In this report, I will try to explain the four questions: DIV. E = r (i) DIV. B = 0 (ii) Curl × E = -dB/dt (iii) (1/µ0) Curl × B = j + x dE/dt (iv) (1) in a simple terms. Here, formula one (i) represents the electrical law of Gauss. This means that the electricity emitted from any volume is directly related to the charge within the volume. The second formula represents Gauss’s magnetic law, which means that the single-pole north or the single-pole south of a magnet is never alone, just as the electric is positively and negatively charged. That is, the magnetic flux that enters or tries to enter the closed field is zero. Formula three, known as Faraday-Maxwell’s formula, is directly related to the rate at which the voltage accumulated within any closed field changes the magnetic flux. (This formula is also known as Faraday’s law of induction) and the formula is also known as the circuit law of four amperes, which means that within a closed circle, the change of electric current and the time of the electric field coincide directly within the magnetic field. Relates to the penetrating area. Even if you explain it in simple language, it may still be difficult to understand the meaning of these four sutras. So I want to briefly express S’s shar. In short, just as the formulas of an electric field are related to the electric charge and electric field located around a point, so the formulas of a magnetic field are related to the magnetic field located near a point and the current density located around that point. The most important of these four Maxwell formulas is that they can detect any electromagnetic radiation, such as a ray of sun, in which both electric and magnetic rays travel together at the speed of light, and the speed of light, in a vacuum, is its wavelength. ) And comes to be a qualitative value of frequency. It is important to understand that this formula applies not only to light but also to all kinds of electromagnetic waves in the universe. Fig. 1: electric and magnetic pair., Traveling (speed @ 3 × 108 m / sec). E and H are 90 degrees apart. As seen in Maxwell’s four formulas above, the magnetic and electric constants, just called permeability and permeability, respectively, are multiplied by the square root, inverted, and the speed of the sun’s rays in a vacuum is exactly 30 million per meter, ie , c =. Surprisingly, the Sun’s motion corresponds exactly to the ratio of the average electric field (Eavg) and magnetic field (BAvg) mentioned in Maxwell’s formula (i.e. 30 million meters per second). There is no doubt that the basis of electricity and magnetic matter is electric charges and magnetic dipoles (magnetic dipoles and loops of electric current are the same). In the magnetic field, Maxwell’s Sutra, as well as Lorenz’s Sutra, is another important discovery. Lorenz’s law states that any moving particle with charge, q, and speed, v, the electric and magnetic force it experiences, is given by the following formula (2).f=q(E+ v×B) (2) There is no doubt that the basis of electricity and the magnetic matter is electric charges and magnetic dipoles (magnetic dipoles and loops of electric current are the same). In the magnetic field, Maxwell’s Sutra, as well as Lorenz’s Sutra, is another Mahota full-fledged. Lorenz’s law states that any moving particle with charge, q, and speed, v, the electric and magnetic force it experiences, is given by the following formula (2). Magnetic materials are now widely used, especially in telecom, computers, and other consumer goods. Widely used electromagnets are being replaced by smaller permanent magnets. As I mentioned in a report published on January 8, these magnets have been widely used in the field of computers and have now resulted in the revolution of the Internet. Other areas where they shine include Earth Science, Space Technology, Food Science, Environmental Monitoring, etc. Also, the use of magnetic materials in the medical field has increased dramatically. In the coming days, I will report other important materials of significant interest in the industrial sectors such as medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, point of care testing, cancer detection, prevention, and treatment. Please keep checking back the blog page for important updates.
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HISTORY OF MAGNETISM (CONTD.) मैले माइसंसार को जनवरी ८, २०१६ को रिपोर्टमा म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थको बायोम्याग्नेटिक छेत्रमा उपयोगिताबारे जानकारी दिएकोथिए । त्यसको लगत्तै मैले जनवरी २१, २०१६ मा प्रकाशित रिपोर्टमा म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थको इतिहास बारे संछेपमा जानकारी दिने प्रयास गरेको थिए । हामीलाई थाहा छ कि कुनै पनि मूल कुरा बुझ्नको लागि त्यस बस्तुको जरा सम्म नपुगी हुदैन । त्यसै गरि म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थहरुको उपयोगिता बुझ्नको लागि तेस्को जरा सम्म नपुगी हुदैन भन्ने ठानी जनवरी २१ को रिपोर्टमा म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थको इतिहास सम्बन्धि संछिप्तमा प्रस्तुत गरेको थिए । आजको रिपोर्टमा पनि म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थको इतिहासलाईनै निरन्तरता दिने जमर्को गेरको छु । जसरि गाडी चालकले छिटो – छिटो गाडी हाकेमा गन्त्यब्य पुग्न पनि सकिन्छ वा नपुग्न पनि सकिन्छ, अर्थात् बिच्मै दुर्घटनमा पनि पर्न सकिन्छ, तर , ढिलो गरेर नियेमले दिए बमोजिम, ट्राफिक नियेम पालना गरि, बिस्तारै हतार नगरी गाडी चलाएमा, गन्तब्य स्थानमा अबस्य पनि पुगिन्छ भन्ने हाम्रो नेपाली मिठो उखान टुक्का जस्तै, मैले बिसतारै भएपनि, तपाईहरुलाई म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थको इतिहास बाट सुरु गरि, इनिहरुको उपयोगिता मेडिकल छेत्रमा कसरि भैरहेको छ र भविष्यमा पनि यसको महत्तो कसरि बढ्दै जाने छ भन्ने बारेमा माइसंसार को बिज्ञान ब्लग मार्फत सरल नेपाली भाषामा, सबैले भुझ्न सक्ने गरि मा प्रस्तुत गर्दै जानेछु । म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थ सुन्दा जति सरल लाग्छ, एस्लाई बुझ्न र पहिचान गर्न तेती नै कठिनछ, तर असम्भव चाही छैन है! जनवरी २१ को रिपोर्टमा, हामीले, गिल्बर्ट, बर्नोउलि, (फ्रंक्लिन, ओरेस्टेड, एमपेर,), र बिशेष गरि माइकल फ्याराड़ेले १९२१ इ.वि. मा गरेको इलेक्ट्रिक चार्ज र चुम्बकको आपशी सम्बन्ध छ भनि प्रमाणित गरेको र पछि १९४५ मा फेरि चुम्बक र प्रकाशको किरणको बिचमा आपसी संम्बन्ध छ भनि प्रयोगगरि देखाइ दिए । तेतिबेला नाम चलेका भौतिक शास्त्री र गणित् शास्त्री जेम्स क्लार्क म्याक्सवेल लाइ प्रोत्सान त मिल्यो नै तर चिन्ता पनि उत्तिकै लागेर आयो । जाबो पुस्तक पसलेले (उनको दृस्टीमा) एस्तो चमत्कार गर्ने? भनेर उनि तात्तीय पनि । माइकल फ्याराड़ेको एकपछि अर्को नया अविस्कारबाट प्रेरितभै, म्याक्सवेलले चार वटा प्रसिद्द गणितिए शुत्र, जुन उनको आफ्नै नाम बाट चिनिन्छन, ल्याए जसले माइकल फ्याराड़े ले गरेको प्रयोगको रिजल्टलाइ थेउरिटकल रुपमा ब्याख्या गर्न सकोस । अचम्म को कुरा के छ भने, यी चार शुत्रहरु हेर्दा ज्यादै सरल प्रकृतिका छन् तर बुझ्न, सस्कृतको श्लोक झैँ गारो छ, र ब्याख्या गर्न पनि गारो नै छ, तर असम्भव चाइ छैन है! धेरै बैगानिक साथी हरु संग कुरा गर्दा पनि म्याक्सवेल का शुत्रलाइ सरल भाषामा ब्याख्या गर्न धौ धौ परेको मैले देखे । तेसैले मैले यहा, सरल भाषामा बुझ्ने गरि ब्याख्या गर्न प्रयास गर्ने छु. र तिनी हरु एस् प्रकार छन्: DIV.E = r (i) DIV.. B = 0 (ii) Curl × E = -dB/dt (iii) (1/µ0) Curl × B = j + x dE/dt (iv) (1) यहा, शुत्र एक (i) ले गस (Gauss) को बिधुत नियेमलाइ प्रतिनिधित्य गर्छ. जसको अर्थ हो कुनै पनि भोलुम (Volume) बाट निस्कने बिधुत तेस भोलुम (Volume) भित्र रहेको चार्ज संग सिधै सम्बन्ध राख्छ । दोस्रो शुत्रले गसको (Gauss’s) म्याग्नेटिक नियेम्लाई प्रतिनिधित्य गर्छ, जसको अर्थ हो इलेक्ट्रिकको पोजीटीभ र नेगेटिभ चार्ज भए जस्तै म्याग्नेट को एकल पोल उत्तर वा एकल पोल दक्षीण कहिलेइ पनि एक्लै हुदैन । अर्थात, बन्द छेत्रमा पस्ने वा घुस्न खोज्ने म्याग्नेटिक फ्ल्क्स शुन्य हुन्छ । शुत्र तिन, जुन फ्याराड़े – म्याक्सवेलको शुत्रको रुपमा चिनिन्छ, कुनै पनि बन्द छेत्र भित्र जम्मा हुने भोल्टेज, म्याग्नेटिक फ्लाक्स परिबर्तनको दर संग सिधा सम्बन्ध राख्छ । (यो शुत्र लाइ फ्याराड़ेको ल ओफ इन्डक्सन को रुपमा पनि चिनिन्छ ) र शुत्र चार अम्पेरे को सर्कुटल ल को रुपमा चिनिन्छ, जसको अर्थ हो, कुनै पाएँ बन्द घेरा भित्र, इलेक्ट्रिक करेन्ट र इलेक्ट्रिक फिल्ड को समय सगैं हुने परिबर्तन सिधै ओरिपरि रहेको म्याग्नेटिक फिल्ड भित्र छिर्ने छेत्र संग सम्बन्धित् हुन्छ । तपाइहरुलाइ, सरल भाषामा ब्याख्या गर्द गर्दे पनि यी चारवटा शुत्रको अर्थ बुझ्न अझै पनि गारो भएको हुन सक्छ । तेसैले मैले छोटकरीमा एसको शार व्यक्त गर्न चाहन्छु । संछिप्तामा भन्ने हो भने, जसरि, इलेक्ट्रिक फिल्ड को शुत्रहरुले कुनै पनि एक पोइन्टको ओरिपरि आवस्थित इलेक्ट्रिक चार्ज र इलेक्ट्रिक फिल्ड संगको सम्बन्ध राख्छन, तेसै गरि म्याग्नेटिक फिल्ड को शुत्रहरुले कुनै एउटा पोइन्ट को ओरिपरि म्याग्नेटिक फिल्ड र त्यो पोइन्टको ओरिपरि अवस्थित करेन्ट डेनसीटी संग सम्बन्ध राख्छन । म्याक्सवेल को यी चारओटा शुत्र हरुको सभैभन्दा महत्यपूर्ण कुरा के हो भने यी शुत्रहरुले कुनै पनि इकेट्रोम्याग्नेटिक विकिरण, जस्तै शुर्य को किरण, जसमा दुवै इलेक्ट्रिक र म्याग्नेटिक किरण संग-सगै प्रकास को गतिमा यात्रा गरेका हुन्छन, र प्रकासको गति, भ्याकुममा, येस्को वेवलेन्थ (Wavelength) र फ़्रिक़ुएन्सि (Frequencey) को गुणात्मक मान हुन आउछ । येहा बुझ्नु पर्ने कुरा के छ भने यो शुत्र, प्रकासको लागि मात्र नभएर ब्रह्माण्डमा रहेका सबै खाले इलेक्ट्रो म्याग्नेटिक तरङ्ग हरुमा लागु हुन्छ। Fig. 1: इलेक्ट्रिक र म्याग्नेटिक जोडा., यात्रा गरि रहेका छन् (गति @ 3 × 108 मीटर/सेकेंड्स ). E र H ९० डिग्री फरक छन् । माथि म्याक्सवेलका चार शुत्र हरुमा देख्नु भएको, म्यनेटिक र इलेक्ट्रिक कन्सटेन्ट, जुस्त क्रमश:, पर्मिअबिलिटि र पर्मिटीविटी भनिन्छ, तिनी हरुलाई गुणा गरेर स्कुयर रुट गरि, इन्भ्र्स गर्दा, भ्याकुम मा सुर्य को किरण को गति ठ्याक्कै, ३ करोड प्रति मिटर हुन आउछ, i.e., c = । अचम को कुरा त के छ भने, सुर्यको गति म्याक्सवेल को शुत्रमा उल्लेखित एभरेज इलेक्ट्रिक फिल्ड (Eavg) र म्याग्नेटिक (BAvg) फिल्डको अनुपात संग ठ्याक्कै मिल्न आउछ (अर्थात् ३ करोड मीटर प्रति सेकेण्ड)। इलेकट्रीसिटी र म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थको अधार इलेक्ट्रिकचार्जहरु र म्याग्नेटिक डाइपोल (म्याग्नेटिक डाइपोलहरु र इलेक्ट्रिक करेन्ट को लुप हरु भन्नु एकै हो ) हो भन्ने कुरामा अब कुनै शंका छैन । म्याग्नेटिक छेत्रमा, म्यक्सवेलको शुत्र को साथ साथै लारेंज़को शुत्र अर्को महोत्त पूर्ण अबिषाकर हो । लोरेंज़ को शुत्रले कुनै पनि एउटा गतिशील पार्टीकल जसको चार्ज, q र गति, v छ, तेस्ले अनुभव गर्ने इलेक्ट्रिक र म्याग्नेटिक बल, तल को शुत्र (२) ले दिन्छ । इलेकट्रीसिटी र म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थ को आधार इलेक्ट्रिक चार्जहरु र म्याग्नेटिक डाइपोल (म्याग्नेटिक डाइपोलहरु र इलेक्ट्रिक करेन्ट को लुप हरु भन्नु एकै हो ) हो भन्ने कुरामा अब कुनै शंका छैन । म्याग्नेटिक छेत्रमा, म्याक्सवेलको शुत्र को साथ साथै लारेंज़ को शुत्र अर्को महोत्त पूर्ण अभिस्कार हो । लोरेंज़ को शुत्रले कुनै पनि एउटा गतिशील पार्टीकल जसको चार्ज, q र गति, v छ, तेस्ले अनुभव गर्ने इलेक्ट्रिक र म्याग्नेटिक बल, तल को शुत्र (२) ले दिन्छ । अहिले आएर म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थ को व्यापक प्रयोग हुदै आएको छ, विषेस गरेर, टेलीकम, कम्प्युटर, र अन्य कन्जुमेर समान हरु. व्यापक रुपमा प्रयोग हुदै आएका इलेट्रोम्याग्नेट हरु पुन: साना साना पर्मानेन्ट म्याग्नेट हरु बाट रुपान्तरित हुदैछन । मैले जनवरी ८ मा प्रकाशित रिपोर्टमा उल्लेख गरे झैँ यी म्याग्नेट हरुको सर्बाधिक प्रयोग कम्प्युटर छेत्र मा भएको छ र जसको फलशोरूप अहिले इन्टरनेटको रेभोलुसन भएको छ। कम्प्युटर बाहेक अरु छेत्रहरु, जस्तै, अर्थ साइन्स, स्पेस टेक्नोलोजी, फुड साइन्स, इन्भैरोमेंट मोनीटरिङ्ग, इत्यादी. र, मग्नेटिक पदार्थको प्रयोग मेडिकल छेत्र मा अत्येन्त बढेर गएको छ। मैले आउदो दिनमा म्याग्नेटिक पदार्थको उपयोग मेडिकल डायेगनोस्टिकस, DNA सीक्योंसिंग (Sequencing), पोइन्ट ओफ केयेर जाच (point of care testing), क्यान्सर पत्ता लगाउने, रोकथाम र उपचार सम्बन्धि सामग्री हरु प्रस्तुत गर्ने छु । माइ संसार हेर्दै गर्नु होला । अंग्रेजी रुपान्तर पढ्न चाहने हरुले तलको लिंक क्लिक गर्नु होला.