http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Elon_Musk_3.xml
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Илон Мъск Ѝлон Мъск (на английски Elon Musk, /ˈiːlɒn ˈmʌsk/) е роден на 28 юни 1971 г. в Южна Африка. Той е канадско-американски инженер, бизнес-магнат, инвеститор и изобретател. Понастоящем е главен изпълнителен директор и главен технически директор на компанията SpaceX (СпейсЕкс), както и главен изпълнителен директор и главен продуктов архитект на Tesla Motors (Тесла Моторс). Той е основател на SpaceX и е сред основателите на Tesla Motors и PayPal (ПейПал) (последната е продадена през 2002 г. за 1,5 млрд долара, като делът на Мъск е 165 млн долара). Член е на Съвета на директорите на компанията SolarCity, основана от негови племенници. Съдържание Ранен живот[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Мъск е роден на 28 юни 1971 в Претория, Южна Африка. Майка му, Майе Мъск, е от канадско-английски произход и е известен модел. Баща му, Ерол Мъск, е британец, роден в Южна Африка и е електронен/машинен инженер. След като родителите му се развеждат през 1980 година, Мъск заживява с баща си на различни места из Южна Африка. Изучава самостоятелно компютърно програмиране и на 12-годишна възраст продава кода на видеоиграта Blastar за 500 долара. Мъск посещава Waterkloof House Preparatory School (Подготвително училище Уотърклауф), преди да завърши в Pretoria Boys High School (Мъжка гимназия в Претория). На 17 години той се премества Канада, след като получава канадско гражданство благодарение на майка си. Той прави това преди да го привикат в казармата, защото е по-лесно да се емигрира в САЩ през Канада, отколкото през Южна Африка. На 19 години Мъск е приет в Queen's University в Кингстън, Онтарио, и през 1992 г., след като прекарва две години там, Мъск се прехвърля в University of Pennsylvania, където получава бакалавърска степен по физика и бакалаварска степен по икономика от Wharton School. През 1995 година, когато Мъск е на 24 години, той се премества в Калифорния, за да започне докторска степен по приложна физика в Станфорд, но напуска само два дни по-късно, за да преследва предриемаческите си амбиции в областта на Интернет, възобновяема енергия и Космоса. През 2002 г. Мъск става американски гражданин. Кариера[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Zip2[редактиране | редактиране на кода] През 1995 г. Мъск създава Zip2, софтуер компания за уеб разработки, заедно с неговия брат, Кимбал. Компанията разработва и рекламира Интернет „пътеводител“ за вестникарската индустрия. Мъск подписва договори с The New York Times и Chicago Tribune и успява да убеди борда на директорите да изоставят идеята за сливане с компания на име CitySearch. Compaq придобива Zip2 за 307 милиона долара в брой и 34 милиона долара в акции през 1999 г. Мъск придобива 7% или 22 милиона долара от продажбата. X.com и PayPal[редактиране | редактиране на кода] През март 1999 година Мъск става съосновател на x.com – компания за онлайн финансови услуги и разплащания чрез електронна поща. Една година по-късно x.com се слива с компанията Confinity, която има услуга за за превод на пари, на име PayPal. Новосъздадената компания се фокусира върху PayPal и през 2001 година се преименува на PayPal. Първоначалният растеж на компанията е благодарение на популярна кампания, чрез която нови клиенти биват привлечени, след като получат превод през услугата. През октомври 2002 година компанията е закупена от eBay за 1,5 милиарда долара в акции, от които Мъск получава 165 милиона долара. Преди продажбата Мъск, който е най-големият притежател на акции, е бил собственик на 11,7% от PayPal. SpaceX[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Мъск използва около 100 милиона долара от своите лични пари, за да финансира и основе Space Exploration Technologies (Технологии за изследване на космоса) или SpaceX. Това се случва през юни 2002 година в Хоторн, Калифорния. Мъск е главен изпълнителен директор (CEO) и основен дизайнер (CTO). SpaceX разработва и произвежда ракета-носители, като фокусът е да се подобри състоянието на ракетните технологии. Първите две ракета-носители са Falcon 1 („Сокол 1“) и Falcon 9 („Сокол 9“), а първият космически апарат се казва Dragon („Дракон“). SpaceX успява да направи дизайна на ракетите Falcon и апарата Dragon за 7 години, като започва от самото начало. През септември 2009 година Falcon 1 (по дизайн на Мъск) става първата частно финансирана ракета с течно гориво, която извежда сателит в орбита. На 25 май 2012 година космическият апарат Dragon се скачва с Международната космическа станция (МКС), ставайки първия апарат на частна компания, който се скачва с МКС. През 2006 година SpaceX сключва договор с НАСА за разработка и тестване на нов космически апарат, Falcon 9, за транспортиране на товар до МКС. Последва нов договор за 1,6 милиарда долара през 2008 година, за 12 полета на Falcon 9 и Dragon до МКС, които да заменят редовните полети на совалките, след излизането им от употреба през 2011 година. SpaceX е една от двете частни компании (другата е Orbital), участнички в програмата за „Комерсиални услуги за снабдяване“ (Commercial Resupply Services), които доставят космически товар, вместо совалките. Транспортирането на астронавти до МКС в момента се извършва единствено от руската Союз, но от 2014 година SpaceX е една от двете компании, които са участнички в програмата „Комерсиална поддръжка на екипажи“ (Commercial Crew Development), чиято цел е да възстанови възможностите за доставяне на екипажи на САЩ. Мъск е повлиян от поредицата на Айзък Азимов „Фондацията“ и вижда изследването на Космоса като важна стъпка в разширението и дори запазването на съзнанието на човешкия живот. Мъск казва, че междупланетарния живот може да служи като преграда срещу заплахи за оцеляването на човешкия род. „Астероид или супер-вулкан може да ни унищожи, а също така сме изправени пред рискове, които динозаврите не са срещали: изкуствено създаден вирус, непреднамерено създаване на микро черна дупка, катастрофално глобално затопляне или някакъв вид технология, която още не сме измислили. Човешкият вид е еволюирал милиони години наред, но през последните шестдесет години беше създадено ядрено оръжие, с което можем да се унищожим сами. Рано или късно трябва да разширим живота отвъд това зелено-синьо кълбо – или да умрем.“ Неговата цел е да се намалят разходите за човешки космически полети 10 пъти. В интервю през 2011 година той казва, че се надява да изпрати хора на Марс в следващите 10-20 години. Фабриката на SpaceX е използвана за снимките на филма Железният човек 2 и в него Мъск играе себе си. Tesla Motors[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Създателите на компанията Tesla Motors (Тесла Моторс) са Мартин Еберхард, Марк Тарпенинг, ДжейБи Страубел и Иан Райт през 2003 година. Една година по-късно Илон Мъск инвестира в компанията и става нейн председател. След началото на финансовата криза от 2008 година Мъск става главен изпълнителен директор (CEO) на компанията и задържа тази позиция до днес. Първата създадена кола на Tesla Motors, Tesla Roadster, се продава в около 2500 бройки в 31 държави. Tesla Motors започва доставките на своя модел седан Model S на 22 юни 2012 година и показва третия си продукт, Model X, който е предназначен за любителите на SUV, на 9 февруари 2012 година. Model X ще започне да се продава през началото на 2015 година. Като допълнение на своите автомобили, Tesla Motors продава електрически задвижващи системи на Daimler за Smart EV, Mercedes B-Class Electric Drive и Mercedes A Class и на Toyota за RAV4 EV. Мъск успява да убеди и двете компании да станат дългосрочни инвеститори в Tesla Motors. Желанието на Мъск е построяването на компактен автомобил на цена под 30 000 долара и изработката и продажбата на компоненти за електрически задвижващи системи на други производители на автомобили на достъпни цени, без те да трябва да разработват продуктите сами. Няколко широкопопулярни публикации го сравняват с Хенри Форд заради неговата работа по напреднали системи за задвижване. За да преодолее ограничението на изминатото разстояние на електрическите автомобили, Мъск заявява в интервю за All Things D през май 2013 г., че Tesla Motors възнамерява „драстично да увеличи“ своята мрежа от суперзарядни (supercharger) устройства, увеличавайки тройно техния брой на източното и западното крайбрежие на САЩ още този юни, с планове за увеличаване на броя им в цяла Северна Америка, включително Канада до края на годината. Според документи, към ноември 2013 той притежава 32% от акциите на Tesla Motors, които се оценяват на 18 милиарда долара. Неговата заплата в Тесла е един долар и също както Стив Джобс и други, остатъкът от неговото възнаграждение е във формата на акции и бонуси за добро представяне. Споделяне на технологии[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Главният изпълнителен директор на Tesla Motors Илон Мъск заявява в съобщение до медиите и конферентен разговор и статия в блог на 12 юни 2014 година, че компанията ще разреши нейните технологични патенти да се използват на добра воля, с цел да съблазни останалите производители на електрически автомобили да побързат с техните разработки. „За нещастие, програмите за електрически автомобили (а в това число и всички програми на превозни средства, които не изгарят въглеводород), на основните производители са нищожни, почти несъществуващи, съставляващи средно по-малко от 1% от продажбите на техните автомобили“, казва той по това време. SolarCity[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Мъск измисля концепцията за SolarCity (Слънчев град), а през 2006 година съосновава заедно с братовчедите си Линдън и Питър Райв. Мъск е най-големият притежател на акции. В момента SolarCity е втория по големина доставчик на системи за слънчева енергия в САЩ. Основната мотивация за финансирането на SolarCity и Tesla е желанието му да помогне в борбата с глобалното затопляне. През 2012 година, Мъск обявява, че Tesla Motors и SolarCity ще си сътрудничат (Tesla ще доставя батерии), за да увеличат процента на слънчевата енергия в енергийната мрежа на САЩ, като програмата ще започне през 2013. На 17 юни 2014 година, Мъск се ангажира да построи модерна фабрика в Бъфало, щата Ню Йорк, която ще утрои размера на най-голямата слънчева електрическа централа в САЩ. Мъск заявява, че ел. фабриката ще е "една от най-големите плантации за производство на соларни панели в света" и че ще бъде последвана от една или повече подобни фабрики през следващите години. Hyperloop[редактиране | редактиране на кода] На 12 август 2013 година Мъск предлага нова форма на транспорт между Големият район на Лос Анджелис и Залива на Сан Франциско, след като се е разочаровал от одобрената система за бързи влакове на Калифорния. След като първоначално си е представил идеята за Hyperloop (Хайпърлууп), Мъск назначава дозина от инженерите работещи за Tesla Motors и SpaceX, които в продължение на девет месеца работят на концепцията и дизайна на транспортната система. Ранен дизайн на системата е пусната в блоговете на Tesla Motors и SpaceX. Мъск я назовава с името "Hyperloop" (хипотетична свръхзвукова въздушна машина за пътуване, чиято дължина е приблизително 560 километра от Силмар (северен квартал на Лос Аднжелис) до Хейуърд (на изток от Сан Франциско) и на теория ще позволява на пътуващите да се придвижват между двата града за по-малко от 35 минути, предоставяйки им по-малко време за пътуване дори и от самолет. Предложението на Мъск, ако е технологично обоснована на цената, която той предполага, ще предлага по-евтин транспорт, от който и да е друг вид за такова разстояние. Системата се предполага, че ще използва вакуум, за да намали аеродинамичното съпротивление, което на теория ще позволи пътуване с голяма скорост и ниска консумация на енергия. Той оценява крайната цена на около 6 милярда долара, но това е много спекулативна оценка. Предполага се, че системата ще разчита изцяло на слънчева енергия. На 15 януари 2015 година, Илон Мъск обявява през Twitter, че ще построи отсечка от Hyperloop с дължина от 8 километра, най-вероятно в щата Тексас, на която студенти и компании да се упражняват.
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Elon Musk Elon Reeve Musk (/ˈiːlɒn ˈmʌsk/; born June 28, 1971) is a South-African–born, Canadian-American entrepreneur, engineer, inventor and investor.[7][8][9][10][11] He is the CEO and CTO of SpaceX, CEO and chief product architect of Tesla Motors, and chairman of SolarCity. He is the founder of SpaceX and a cofounder of PayPal,[12] Tesla Motors, and Zip2.[13][14][15][16] He has also envisioned a conceptual high-speed transportation system known as the Hyperloop. Contents Early life[edit] Musk was born June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa,[17] to a Canadian-English mother and prominent model Maye Musk and a South African-born British father and electrical/mechanical engineer Errol Musk.[18][19][20] After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk lived mostly with his father in locations in South Africa.[21] He taught himself computer programming and at age 12 sold the computer code for a video game called Blastar for $500.[22] Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School before graduating from Pretoria Boys High School and moving to Canada in 1988 at age 17, after obtaining Canadian citizenship through his mother.[23][24] He did so before his South African military service, reasoning that it would be easier to emigrate to the United States from Canada than from South Africa.[22][25][26] At age 19, Musk was accepted into Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario for undergraduate study, and in 1992, after spending two years at Queen's University, Musk transferred to the University of Pennsylvania where he eventually received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics from the Wharton School. Musk stayed on a year to finish his second bachelor's degree[27] In 1995, age 24, Musk moved to California to begin a PhD in Applied physics at Stanford, but left the program after two days to pursue his entrepreneurial aspirations in the areas of the Internet, renewable energy and outer space.[22][28] In 2002, he became an American citizen.[25][29] Career[edit] Zip2[edit] In 1995, Musk started Zip2, a web software company, with his brother, Kimbal. The company developed and marketed an Internet "city guide" for the newspaper publishing industry.[30] Musk obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune[31] and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with a company called CitySearch.[32] Compaq acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash and US$34 million in stock options in 1999.[33] Musk received 7% or $22 million from the sale.[31] X.com and PayPal[edit] In March 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[30][32] One year later, the company merged with Confinity,[31][34] which had a money transfer service called PayPal. The merged company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed as PayPal in 2001. PayPal's early growth was driven mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new customers were recruited when they received money through the service.[35] In October 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for US$1.5 billion in stock, of which $165 million was given to Musk.[36] Before its sale, Musk, the company's largest shareholder, owned 11.7% of PayPal's shares.[37] SpaceX[edit] With $100 million of his early fortune, [38] Musk founded his third company, Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, in June 2002.[39] Musk is CEO and Chief Designer (CTO) of the Hawthorne, California-based company. SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology. The company's first two launch vehicles are the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets, and its first spacecraft is the Dragon.[40] In seven years, SpaceX designed the family of Falcon launch vehicles and the Dragon multi-purpose spacecraft from the ground up.[citation needed] In September 2009, SpaceX's Falcon 1 rocket, designed by Musk, became the first privately funded liquid-fuelled vehicle to put a satellite into Earth orbit.[citation needed] On May 25, 2012, the SpaceX Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, making history as the first commercial company to launch and berth a vehicle to the International Space Station.[41] SpaceX was awarded a contract from NASA in 2006 to develop and test a new launch vehicle, Falcon 9, to transport cargo to the space station,[42] followed by a $1.6 billion NASA contract on December 23, 2008 for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011. SpaceX is one of two contractors in the Commercial Resupply Services program, which replaces the cargo transport function of the Space Shuttle. Astronaut transport to the ISS is currently handled solely by the Soyuz, but as of 2014 SpaceX is also one of two companies remaining in the Commercial Crew Development program, which is intended to develop a US astronaut transport capability. Musk was influenced by Isaac Asimov's Foundation series[43] and views space exploration as an important step in expanding—if not preserving—the consciousness of human life.[44] Musk said that multiplanetary life may serve as a hedge against threats to the survival of the human species. "An asteroid or a super volcano could destroy us, and we face risks the dinosaurs never saw: an engineered virus, inadvertent creation of a micro black hole, catastrophic global warming or some as-yet-unknown technology could spell the end of us. Humankind evolved over millions of years, but in the last sixty years atomic weaponry created the potential to extinguish ourselves. Sooner or later, we must expand life beyond this green and blue ball—or go extinct." His goal is to reduce the cost of human spaceflight by a factor of 10.[45] In a 2011 interview, he said he hopes to send humans to Mars' surface within 10–20 years.[46] SpaceX is both the largest private producer of rocket motors in the world, and holder of the record for highest power to weight ratio for any known rocket motor. In two years, SpaceX has produced more than 100 operational Merlin 1D engines, currently the world's most powerful motor for its weight. The relatively immense power to weight ratio allows each Merlin 1D motor to vertically lift the weight of 40 average family cars. In combination, a set of the Merlin engines produces anywhere from 1.3 to 1.5 million pounds of thrust, depending on altitude.[47] Tesla Motors[edit] The company was co-founded by Elon Musk, Martin Eberhard, Marc Tarpenning, JB Straubel, and Ian Wright. Following the financial crisis in 2008,[48] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect, positions he still holds today. Tesla Motors first built an electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster, with sales of about 2,500 vehicles to 31 countries. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan on June 22, 2012 and unveiled its third product, the Model X, aimed at the SUV/minivan market, on February 9, 2012. Model X is scheduled to begin production in early 2015.[49] In addition to its own cars, Tesla sells electric powertrain systems to Daimler for the Smart EV, Mercedes B-Class Electric Drive and Mercedes A Class and to Toyota for the RAV4 EV. Musk was able to bring in both companies as long-term investors in Tesla.[50] Musk observing an assembly demo at the reopening of the NUMMI plant, now known as the Tesla Factory (Fremont, CA) in 2010 Musk and Senator Dianne Feinstein next to a Tesla Model S (2010) Musk has favored building a sub-$30,000 subcompact and building and selling electric vehicle powertrain components so that other automakers can produce electric vehicles at affordable prices without having to develop the products in house.[51] Several mainstream publications have compared him with Henry Ford for his work on advanced vehicle powertrains.[52] To overcome the range limitations of electric cars, Musk said in an interview with All Things D in May 2013 that Tesla is "dramatically accelerating" their network of supercharger stations, tripling the number on the East and West coasts of the U.S. that June, with plans for more expansion across North America, including Canada, throughout the year.[53] He is reported to have a 32% stake in Tesla, which is valued at US$18 billion, as of November 2013.[54][55] His annual salary at Tesla is one dollar, and similar to Steve Jobs and others, the remainder of his compensation is in the form of stock and performance-based bonuses.[5][56] Technology patents sharing[edit] Musk announced in a press release, conference call and blog post[57] on June 12, 2014 that the company will allow its technology patents for use by anyone in good faith in a bid to entice automobile manufacturers to speed up development of electric cars. "The unfortunate reality is electric car programs (or programs for any vehicle that doesn't burn hydrocarbons) at the major manufacturers are small to non-existent, constituting an average of far less than 1% of their total vehicle sales," he said. SolarCity[edit] Musk provided the initial concept for SolarCity, which was then co-founded in 2006 by his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive.[58][59] Musk remains the largest shareholder. SolarCity is now the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[60] The underlying motivation for funding both SolarCity and Tesla is to help combat global warming.[61] In 2012, Musk announced that SolarCity and Tesla Motors are collaborating to use electric vehicle batteries to smooth the impact of rooftop solar on the power grid, with the program going live in 2013.[62] On June 17, 2014, Musk committed to building a SolarCity advanced production facility in Buffalo, NY that would triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Musk stated the plant will be "one of the single largest solar panel production plants in the world," and it will be followed by one or more even bigger facilities in subsequent years.[63] Hyperloop[edit] On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled a proposal for a new form of transportation between the Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area, after being disappointed with the approved California High-Speed Rail system.[64] After envisioning Hyperloop, Musk assigned a dozen engineers from Tesla Motors and SpaceX who worked for nine months, establishing the conceptual foundations and creating the designs for the transportation system.[65] An early design for the system was then published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[66][67] Musk named it "hyperloop," a hypothetical subsonic air travel machine that stretches approximately 350 miles (560 km) from Sylmar (a northern district of Los Angeles) to Hayward (east of San Francisco) and would theoretically allow commuters to travel between the cities in 35 minutes or less, providing a shorter traveling time than even a commercial airplane can currently provide.[68] Musk's proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would make travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances. The system is proposed to use a partial vacuum to reduce aerodynamic drag, which it is theorized would allow for high speed travel with relatively low power. He has estimated the total cost of the system at $6 billion, but this amount is speculative.[69] It was proposed to rely completely on solar energy for all power requirements. On January 15, 2015 Elon Musk announced via Twitter that he would be building a 5 mile long Hyperloop track most likely in Texas for students and companies to work with.[70] Philanthropy[edit] Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which focuses its philanthropic efforts on science education, pediatric health, and clean energy. In 2010, the foundation created a program focused on donating solar-power systems for critical needs in disaster areas. The first such solar-power installation was donated to a hurricane response center in Alabama that had been neglected by state and federal aid. To make it clear that this program was not serving Musk's own commercial interests, SolarCity noted that it had no presence or planned business activity in that state.[71] In a 2011 visit to Soma City in Fukushima, Japan, which had been devastated by tsunami, Musk donated a solar power project valued at $250,000 to the city.[72] Musk had plans for a "Mars Oasis" project in 2001, which would land a miniature experimental greenhouse on Mars, containing food crops growing on Martian regolith.[73][74] Ultimately Musk ended up founding SpaceX with the long-term goal of creating a true spacefaring civilization.[75] Musk's philosophy and description of what is needed to solve the problem are provided in the IEEE podcast "Elon Musk: a founder of PayPal, Tesla Motors, and SpaceX"[76] and article "Risky Business."[74] In April 2012, Musk joined The Giving Pledge, committing to donate the bulk of his fortune to philanthropic causes.[77] Musk became a member of the campaign first popularised by Warren Buffett and Bill Gates with a class of 12 of America's wealthiest families and individuals.[77] In January 2015 Musk donated $10M to the Future of Life Institute to run a global research program aimed at keeping artificial intelligence beneficial to humanity.[78] Car blog Jalopnik reported on August 16, 2012 that Musk was supporting an effort by Matthew Inman of The Oatmeal to preserve the site of Nikola Tesla's lab on Long Island, New York and turn it into a museum, the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe.[79] After further discussion with Inman, Elon Musk agreed to donate $1 million toward the construction of a museum on the Wardenclyffe property. As well, Musk pledged to build a Tesla Supercharger station for use in the museum's parking lot.[80][81] Musk is a trustee of the X Prize Foundation, promoting renewable-energy technologies. He also sits on the boards of The Space Foundation, The National Academies Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, Stanford Engineering Advisory Board and on the board of trustees of Caltech.[82] Positions and opinions[edit] Politically, Musk has described himself as half-Democrat, half-Republican. In his own words "I'm somewhere in the middle, socially liberal and fiscally conservative."[83] Musk had been a supporter of the U.S. political action committee FWD.us, which was started by fellow high-profile entrepreneur Mark Zuckerberg and advocates for immigration reform. However, in May 2013, Musk publicly withdrew his support in protest of advertisements the PAC was running that supported causes like the Keystone Pipeline. Musk and other members, including David Sacks, pulled out, criticizing the strategy as "cynical."[84] When asked about his views on the "destiny" and grandness of the universe Musk responded: Do I think that there's some sort of master intelligence architecting all of this stuff? I think probably not because then you have to say: "Where does the master intelligence come from?" So it sort of begs the question. So I think really you can explain this with the fundamental laws of physics. You know its complex phenomenon from simple elements.[85] Musk has also stated that he hopes there is other intelligent life in the known universe. In his own words, intelligent life in the universe is "probably more likely than not, but that's a complete guess."[86] Musk is routinely attacked for having used government financing, despite having paid off his loan years early and not having required the finances in the first place. "Technically, I 'got rich' from Zip2 & PayPal w zero govt anything," he tweeted in May, and "put 100% of that into SpaceX, Tesla & SolarCity." Tesla "would still be around" with or without the DOE loan... We were bailed in, not bailed out" as Tesla was not facing bankruptcy in the same manner as competitors GM and Chrysler. Musk has stated that he no longer believes the government should provide such assistance, but that they should tax carbon in order to discourage "bad behavior". He has stated that the free market solution would be best, but that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences. "Yes, am arguing against subsidies and in favor of a tax on the end bad created. Market will then achieve best solution."[87] When asked about how he chooses which of the world's many problems he will solve, he stated that he chooses whatever problems he sees as most challenging to human survival, and those which present the most important future developments for humanity. Musk also stated that he often experiences "dark" dreams, which serve to motivate him, and that they are often in response to the level of stress he is experiencing.[88] Personal life[edit] Musk previously owned a McLaren F1 sports car. He crashed and 'wrecked' the car while it was uninsured.[89] He also previously owned a Czech-made jet trainer aircraft Aero L-39.[90] The 1994 model Dassault Falcon 900 aircraft used in the 2005 film Thank You for Smoking is registered to Musk (N900SX),[91] and Musk had a cameo as the pilot of his plane, opening the door for Robert Duvall and escorting Aaron Eckhart aboard. Musk owns Wet Nellie, the Lotus Esprit from the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. He plans to convert it into the functional car-submarine from the film.[92] Musk attended the Burning Man festival in 2004 and has said he first thought up the idea for SolarCity at the festival.[62] Musk has been married three times, twice to the same woman. He met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Musk (née Wilson), while both were students at Ontario's Queen's University, Kingston. They married in 2000 and separated eight years later after having six sons, five of whom they share custody.[20] Their first son, Nevada Alexander, died of SIDS when he was 10 weeks old.[93][94] Following the divorce, Justine Musk gave an interview describing her marriage with Musk in Marie Claire magazine.[95] Musk announced in January 2012 that he had recently ended a four-year relationship with his second wife, British actress Talulah Riley.[20][96] On January 18, 2012, he tweeted to Riley, "It was an amazing four years. I will love you forever. You will make someone very happy one day."[97] In July 2013, he decided to remarry Riley. On February 11, 2014, Musk was invited to attend a state dinner at the White House; the guest list included Musk and Riley.[98] In a 60 Minutes interview on March 30, 2014 with CBS journalist Scott Pelley, Elon and Riley were shown together with Elon's five children.[99] In December 2014, Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley.[100] Tosca Musk, Elon's sister, is the founder of Musk Entertainment and has produced various movies.[101] Awards and recognition[edit] - The world governing body for aerospace records, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, presented Musk in 2010 with the highest award in air and space, the FAI Gold Space Medal, for designing the first privately developed rocket to reach orbit. Prior recipients include Neil Armstrong, Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites and John Glenn.[citation needed] - Named as one of the 75 most influential people of the 21st century by Esquire magazine.[44] - In June 2011, Musk was awarded the $250,000 Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization[102] - In February 2011, Forbes listed Musk as one of "America's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under".[103] - Recognized as a Living Legend of Aviation in 2010 by the Kitty Hawk Foundation for creating the successor to the Space Shuttle (Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft). Other recipients include Buzz Aldrin and Richard Branson.[104] - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low award for the most outstanding contribution in the field of space transportation in 2007/2008. Musk was recognized for his design of the Falcon 1, the first privately developed liquid fuel rocket to reach orbit.[105] - National Space Society's Von Braun Trophy in 2008/2009, given for leadership of the most significant achievement in space. Prior recipients include Burt Rutan and Steve Squyres.[106] - National Wildlife Federation 2008 National Conservation Achievement award for Tesla Motors and SolarCity. Other 2008 recipients include journalist Thomas Friedman, U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), and Florida Governor Charlie Crist.[107] - The Aviation Week 2008 Laureate for the most significant achievement worldwide in the space industry.[108] - R&D Magazine Innovator of the Year for 2007 for SpaceX, Tesla and SolarCity.[109] - Automotive Executive of the Year (worldwide) in 2010 for demonstrating technology leadership and innovation via Tesla Motors. Prior awardees include Bill Ford Jr, Bob Lutz, Dieter Zetsche and Lee Iacocca. Musk is the youngest ever recipient of this award.[110] - Inc Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award for 2007 for his work on Tesla and SpaceX.[111] - 2007 Index Design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster.[112] Global Green 2006 product design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster, presented by Mikhail Gorbachev.[113] - Listed as one of Time's 100 people who most affected the world in 2010.[114] In the review, Jon Favreau mentions that Elon Musk also helped him make the character of Tony Stark seem real. - In 2010, Musk was elected to the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology.[115] - In 2011, Musk was honored as a Legendary Leader at the Churchill Club Awards.[116] - In 2012, Musk was awarded with the Royal Aeronautical Society's highest award – a Gold Medal.[117] - Musk was the 2012 recipient of Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Technology category. - In 2013, Musk was named the Fortune Businessperson of the year for SpaceX, SolarCity, and Tesla Motors.[118] - In 2014, Musk was awarded the World Technology Award in the categories of Energy and Space, winning two of the twenty awards given by the World Technology Network.[119] - In 2015 he was awarded IEEE Honorary Membership.[citation needed] - On January 25, 2015, Musk made a guest appearance on The Simpsons episode titled "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" playing himself. The episode poked fun at many of the inventor's ideas.[120] Musk is a Trustee of The X-Prize Foundation and a member of the Stanford University Engineering Advisory Board. He has previously served as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board.[121] In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, he was ranked as the No. 10 (tied with rocketry pioneer and scientist Wernher von Braun) most popular space hero.[122] Honorary doctorates[edit] - Honorary doctorate in Design from the Art Center College of Design[123] - Honorary doctorate (DUniv) in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Surrey[124] References[edit] - ^ "Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For $6.75 Million". Forbes. Retrieved November 1, 2013. - ^ "Inside Elon Musk's $17M Bel Air Mansion". Bloomberg News. Retrieved August 21, 2013. - ^ "Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments". mercurynews.com. - ^ "Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies". C-Suite Quarterly. - ^ a b "Rich people who make $1 a year". New Republic. Retrieved January 15, 2014. - ^ "Bloomberg Profile Elon Musk". Retrieved February 16, 2015. - ^ Profile, inventors.about.com; accessed April 27, 2014. - ^ "Early Career Engineers, Conferences and Careers - ASME". asme.org. - ^ Profile, forbes.com; accessed April 27, 2014. - ^ [1], wsj.com; accessed April 27, 2014. - ^ Profile, businessinsider.com; accessed April 27, 2014. - ^ "History". PayPal. Retrieved April 18, 2014. - ^ "A Brief history Of Tesla". Tech Crunch. January 4, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2014. - ^ "#162 - Elon Musk". Forbes. Retrieved April 21, 2014. Stock in Tesla Motors, the electric carmaker he founded, is up 625% in the past year... Musk left for the U.S. at 17 and made his first fortune as a co-founder of PayPal - ^ "Start-Ups Aim to Conquer Space Market". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2014. Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, started by the Tesla founder Elon Musk - ^ "Trust Your Own Focus Group of One". Entrepreneur.com. Retrieved April 21, 2014. Elon Musk, founder of PayPal, Tesla and SpaceX - ^ "Elon Musk (South African entrepreneur)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 23, 2012. - ^ Friend, Tad (2009). "Plugged In". The New Yorker 85 (23–30): 53. Retrieved December 23, 2012. - ^ Masia, Seth (May 2011). "A Family Leads to the Installer Universe". Solar Today. Retrieved December 23, 2012. - ^ a b c Elliott, Hannah (March 3, 2012). "At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire". Forbes. Retrieved August 12, 2013. - ^ Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). "Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved April 14, 2014. - ^ a b c Belfiore, Michael (2007). "Chapter 7: Orbit on a Shoestring". Rocketeers. HarperCollins. - ^ Davis, Johnny (August 4, 2007). "One more giant leap". The Daily Telegraph. 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Retrieved August 15, 2013. - ^ Surrey celebrates its honorary graduates, Surrey Graduate, Surrey Alumni Society (Autumn/Winter 2009) External links[edit] - Musk Foundation website; accessed April 27, 2014 - Viral Marketing, MBAs and pesky governments; accessed April 27, 2014 - Statement of Elon Musk at House Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee Hearings on the Future Market for Commercial Space; accessed April 27, 2014 - Bloomberg Risk Takers (Elon Musk's August 2011 documentary) - Gimien, Mark (August 17, 1999). "Fast Track". Salon.com. - Hoffman, Carl. "Elon Musk Is Betting His Fortune on a Mission Beyond Earth's Orbit". Wired Magazine. Retrieved April 27, 2014. - Carlson, Nicholas (February 19, 2008). "Elon Musk's Tesla caught on video smoking Scoble and Calacanis". Valleywag. Retrieved April 27, 2014. - Kanellos, Michael (February 15, 2008). "Elon Musk on rockets, sports cars, and solar power". CNET News.com. - Chafkin, Max (December 2007). "Entrepreneur of the Year: Elon Musk". 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Retrieved January 7, 2015. - Grasshopper (retired) - F9R Dev1 (destroyed) - F9R Dev2 - DragonFly - Hawthorne headquarters and factory - McGregor test site - Jacksonville ASDS base - Seattle satellite development facility - Regional offices (Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC.) - Elon Musk (CEO) - Gwynne Shotwell (President & COO) - Tom Mueller (Vice President of Propulsion Development) - Elon Musk - 1971 births - 20th-century American businesspeople - 21st-century American businesspeople - Alumni of Pretoria Boys High School - American aerospace businesspeople - American aerospace designers - American aerospace engineers - American billionaires - American chairmen of corporations - American computer businesspeople - American computer programmers - American founders of automobile manufacturers - American inventors - American investors - American libertarians - American nonprofit executives - American people of British descent - American people of Canadian descent - American philanthropists - American software engineers - American technology chief executives - American technology company founders - Automotive pioneers - Businesspeople from Los Angeles, California - Businesspeople in information technology - California Institute of Technology trustees - Chief technology officers - Engineers from California - Giving Pledgers - Living people - PayPal people - Pennsylvania Dutch people - People associated with solar power - People from Pretoria - People with acquired Canadian citizenship - Pioneers of rail transport - Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal winners - South African emigrants to the United States - South African people of Canadian descent - South African people of British descent - South African people of German descent - Space advocates - SpaceX people - Stanford University people - Sustainable transport pioneers - Tesla Motors people - Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni - White South African people