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Калпана Чаула Калпана Чаула (на английски: Kalpana Chawla; на панджаби: कल्पना चावला) (1 юли 1961 – 1 февруари 2003 год.) e американска астронавтка, участник в два космически полета. Загива при катастрофата на космическата совалка Колумбия, мисия STS-107. Образование[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Калпана Чаула завършва гимназията Tagore Public School в родния си град Карнал, Индия. През 1982 год. завършва университета в град Чандигарх, Пенджаб, Индия с бакалавърска степен по аерокосмическо инженерство. През 1984 год. придобива магистърска степен по същата специалност в университета на Тексас. През 1988 год. защитава втора магистратура в университета на град Боулдър, Колорадо. Калпана Чаула е лицензиран инструктор по безмоторно летене и професионален пилот на едно- и многодвигателни пътнически самолети. Тя притежава свидетелство технически клас за радиолюбители. Служба в НАСА[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Избрана е за астронавт от НАСА на 12 декември 1994, Астронавтска група №15. След приключване на общия курс на обучение е включена в летателните графици на космическата програма Спейс шатъл. Полети[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Калпана Чаула лети в космоса като член на екипажа на две мисии: По време на втората мисия космическата совалка Колумбия се разпада осем минути преди заплануваното приземяване. Калпана Чаула загива на 41 год. възраст заедно с останалите шестима астронавти от седемчленния екипаж на космическия кораб. Награди[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - На 3 февруари 2004 год., Калпана Чаула е наградена (посмъртно) от Конгреса на САЩ с Космически медал на честта - най - високото гражданско отличие за изключителни заслуги в областта на аерокосмическите изследвания. - Медал на НАСА за участие в космически полет. - Медал на НАСА за изключителна служба. Източници[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Among The Stars-Life and Dreams of Kalpana Chawla by Gurdeep Pandher - India's 50 Most Illustrious Women (ISBN 81-88086-19-3) by Indra Gupta - Kalpana Chawla, a life (ISBN 0-14-333586-3) by Anil Padmanabhan
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Kalpana Chawla Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962[2][a] – February 1, 2003) was the first Indian-American astronaut[3] and first Indian woman in space.[4] She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[5] Contents Early life[edit] Kalpana Chawla was born in Karnal, India. She completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School, Karnal and completed her Bachelor of Engineering degree in Aeronautical Engineering at Punjab Engineering College at Chandigarh in 1982. She moved to the United States in 1982 where she obtained a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984.[6] Determined to become an astronaut even in the face of the Challenger disaster, Chawla went on to earn a second Masters in 1986 and a PhD[7] in aerospace engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado at Boulder.[8] Career[edit] In 1988, she began working at the NASA Ames Research Center as Vice President of Overset Methods, Inc. where she did Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research on Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing concepts.[8] Chawla held a Certificated Flight Instructor rating for airplanes, gliders and Commercial Pilot licenses for single and multi-engine airplanes, seaplanes and gliders.[9] Becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen in April 1991, Chawla applied for the NASA Astronaut Corps.[2] She joined the Corps in March 1995 and was selected for her first flight in 1996. She spoke the following words while traveling in the weightlessness of space, "You are just your intelligence". She had traveled 10.67 million km, as many as 252 times around the Earth. Her first space mission began on November 19, 1997, as part of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Chawla was the first Indian-born woman and the second Indian person to fly in space, following cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma who flew in 1984 on the Soyuz T-11. On her first mission, Chawla traveled over 10.4 million miles in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 372 hours in space.[8] During STS-87, she was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite which malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Takao Doi to capture the satellite. A five-month NASA investigation fully exonerated Chawla by identifying errors in software interfaces and the defined procedures of flight crew and ground control. After the completion of STS-87 post-flight activities, Chawla was assigned to technical positions in the astronaut office to work on the space station, her performance in which was recognized with a special award from her peers. In 2000 she was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of STS-107. This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle engine flow liners. On January 16, 2003, Chawla finally returned to space aboard Columbia on the ill-fated STS-107 mission. Chawla's responsibilities included the microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. Death[edit] Chawla died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster which occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, with the death of all seven crew members, shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107.[10] Awards[edit] Posthumously awarded: Memorials[edit] - The girls hostel in NIT Bhopal (Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology) was renamed to Kalpana Chawla Bhavan. - The Kalpana Chawla ISU Scholarship fund was founded by alumni of the International Space University (ISU) in 2010 to support Indian student participation in international space education programs.[11] - The Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship program was instituted by the Indian Students Association (ISA) at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) in 2005 for meritorious graduate students.[12] - The Kalpana Chawla Outstanding Recent Alumni Award at the University of Colorado, given since 1983, was renamed for Chawla.[13] - In Karnal, Chawla's birthplace, at least 30,000 school children and citizens joined hands to make a 36.4-km-long human chain to support the demand for a Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College in the city, which was announced by Health Minister of India C. P. Thakur and later promised by Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. The Kalpana Chawla Medical College Nirman Committee, backed by volunteers and activists of various organizations, supported by students from 34 schools, swarmed the roads and formed a chain along the roads in Karnal to demonstrate that they continued to revere Chawla as an outstanding astronaut.[14] On November 18, 2013, the foundation stone of the college was laid in her memory by the state government. - Asteroid 51826 Kalpanachawla, one of seven named after the Columbia's crew.[15] - On February 5, 2003, India's prime minister announced that the meteorological series of satellites, MetSat, was to be renamed as "Kalpana". The first satellite of the series, "MetSat-1", launched by India on September 12, 2002, is now known as "Kalpana-1". "Kalpana-2" was expected to be launched by 2007.[16][dated info] - 74th Street in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City has been renamed 74th Street Kalpana Chawla Way in her honor.[17] - The University of Texas at Arlington, where Chawla obtained a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering in 1984, opened a dormitory named Kalpana Chawla Hall in 2004. - The Kalpana Chawla Award was instituted by the government of Karnataka in 2004 for young women scientists.[19] - The girls' hostel at Punjab Engineering College is named after Chawla. In addition, an award of INR twenty-five thousand, a medal, and a certificate is instituted for the best student in the Aeronautical Engineering department.[20] - NASA has dedicated a supercomputer to Chawla.[21] - One of Florida Institute of Technology's student apartment complexes, Columbia Village Suites, has halls named after each of the astronauts, including Chawla. - The NASA Mars Exploration Rover mission has named seven peaks in a chain of hills, named the Columbia Hills, after each of the seven astronauts lost in the Columbia shuttle disaster. One of them is Chawla Hill, named after Chawla. - Steve Morse from the band Deep Purple created the song "Contact Lost" in memory of the Columbia tragedy along with her interest in the band. The song can be found on the album Bananas.[22] - Novelist Peter David named a shuttlecraft, the Chawla, after the astronaut in his 2007 Star Trek novel, Star Trek: The Next Generation: Before Dishonor.[23] - The University of Texas at Arlington dedicated the Kalpana Chawla Memorial on May 3, 2010, in Nedderman Hall, one of the primary buildings in the College of Engineering.[24] - The Government of Haryana established the Kalpana Chawla Planetarium in Jyotisar, Kurukshetra.[25] - The Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, named the Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell in her honor.[26][27] - Delhi Technological University named a girls' hostel after Chawla.[28] - A military housing development at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, has been named Columbia Colony, and includes a street named Chawla Way. - The girls hostel in SIRT Bhopal (Sagar Institute of Research and Technology) is named Kalpana Chawla Hostel.[29] - The girls hostel in Pondicherry Central University is named Kalpana Chawla Hostel. See also[edit] Notes[edit] - ^ Though her birth date has sometimes been reported as July 1, 1961, that date entered her official records because it was used to enroll her in school at a younger-than-normal age. References[edit] - ^ "Life facts". NASA. Retrieved February 27, 2014. - ^ a b Basu, Biman (May 2012). "Book Review: Biography of Kalpana Chawla" (PDF). Science Reporter: pp.40–41. Born on 17 March 1962 in Karnal, Haryana. - ^ Salim Rizvi (December 11, 2006). "Indo-US astronaut follows Kalpana's footsteps". New York: BBC. Retrieved November 20, 2012. Almost four years after the death of the first Indian-American astronaut Kalpana Chawla in the Columbia space shuttle disaster, Nasa has sent another woman of Indian origin into space. - ^ Nola Taylor Redd. "Kalpana Chawla: Biography & Columbia Disaster". Space.com (Tech Media Network). Retrieved November 20, 2012. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla". - ^ Chawla, Kalpana (1984), MS Thesis Optimization of cross flow fan housing for airplane wing installation., University of Texas at Arlington, p. 97 - ^ Chawla, Kalpana (1988), PhD Thesis Computation of dynamics and control of unsteady vortical flows., University of Colorado at Boulder, p. 147 - ^ a b c "Kalpana Chawla (PH. Biographical Data. NASA. Retrieved September 14, 2014. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla". I Love India. Retrieved September 14, 2014. - ^ Correspondent, A. "Space Shuttle Explodes, Kalpana Chawla dead". Rediff. - ^ Kalpana Chawla International Space University Scholarship - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship". UTEP. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Award". University of Colorado. - ^ "www.tribuneindia.com". The Tribune. India. - ^ "Tribute to the Crew of Columbia". NASA JPL. - ^ "ISRO METSAT Satellite Series Named After Columbia Astronaut Kalpana Chawla". Spaceref.com. - ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (Jul 12, 2004). "NY has Kalpana Chawla Way". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 February 2014. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Hall". University of Texas at Arlington. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Award instituted". The Hindu (Chennai, India). - ^ "Punjab Engineering College remembers Kalpana". The Indian Express. - ^ "NASA Names Supercomputer After Columbia Astronaut". About.com. - ^ "Space Music – Rock/Pop". HobbySpace. - ^ David, Peter; Star Trek: Next Generation: Before Dishonor; Page 24. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Display Dedicated at Nedderman Hall". The University of Texas at Arlington. - ^ "IBN News". Ibnlive.in.com. - ^ Saxena, Ambuj. "Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. - ^ "Space Technology Cell". Kcstc.iitkgp.ernet.in. - ^ http://hostels.dtu.ac.in/girls-hostels/kalpana-chawla-hostel/ Further reading[edit] - Among The Stars-Life and Dreams of Kalpana Chawla by Gurdeep Pandher - India's 50 Most Illustrious Women (ISBN 81-88086-19-3) by Indra Gupta - Kalpana Chawla, a life (ISBN 0-14-333586-3) by Anil Padmanabhan - The Edge of Time: The Authoritative Biography of Kalpana Chawla by Jean-Pierre Harrison External links[edit] - Kalpana Chawla Family Foundation - Celebrating Life of Kalpana Chawla - Kalpana Chawla Excellence Awards 2012 - Kalpana Chawla profile in India Currents 1998 - Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor - 1962 births - 2003 deaths - Space Shuttle Columbia disaster - American aerospace engineers - American astronauts - American people of Punjabi descent - Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States - Women astronauts - Indian emigrants to the United States - Indian engineers - People from Karnal - Space program fatalities - University of Colorado alumni - University of Texas at Arlington alumni - Punjab Engineering College alumni - Panjab University, Chandigarh alumni - Indian amateur radio operators - Amateur radio women - Indian women scientists - Indian astronauts - Women in engineering - NASA civilian astronauts - Punjabi people