http___simple.wikipedia.org_wiki_Haydn.xml
1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 12.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 19.2 20.1 21.1
Йозеф Хайдн Франц Йозеф Хайдн (Franz Joseph Haydn) е австрийски композитор. Изключително продуктивен творец, наричан Бащата на класическата симфония и Бащата на струнния квартет. [редактиране] Биография [редактиране] Детство Роден е в австрийското село Рорау, близо до унгарската граница, в семейството на Матиас Хайдн - майстор на каруци, и Мария Колер - работила като готвачка в замъка на местния аристократ. Има двама братя - Михаел Хайдн, също композитор и Йохан Евангелист Хайдн - тенор. Въпреки че нито един от родителите му не се занимава с музика, баща му е ентусиазиран народен певец и семейството на Хайдн се е събирало често с приятели и съседи, за да пеят заедно. Родителите на Хайдн забелязали отрано музикалния талант на сина си и, знаейки, че в малкото селце няма особено големи перспективи, го изпращат при своя роднина Йохан Матиас Франц, учител по хорово майсторство в Хайнбург, на около 16 километра. Той отива там 6 годишен и повече никога не се връща да живее при родителите си. Животът му при Франц не бил лесен – младият Хайдн често гладувал и състоянието на облеклото му било плачевно. Но той започнал обучението си там и скоро свирел на клавесин и цигулка. Започнал да пее и в църковния хор. Две години по-късно е забелязан от Георг фон Рутер – диригента на катедралата „Свети Стефан“ във Виена, който търсел млади таланти за хора си. Хайдн минава прослушване и през следващите девет години работи във Виена като хорист, заедно с по-младия си брат Михаел. [редактиране] На свободна практика През 1749 година Хайдн вече възмъжал и не можел да изпълнява сопранови партии в хора, откъдето е освободен и буквално изхвърлен на улицата. През следващите няколко месеца той живее при приятеля си – Йохан Михаел Спанглер, който живее с цялото си семейство в таванска стая. Тогава Хайдн започва да работи като музикант на свободна практика и сменя много длъжности – работи като учител по музика, уличен музикант и преписвач на ноти при италианския композитор Никола Порпора, от когото по-късно казва, че е научил основите на композицията. По време на работата си като хорист, Хайдн не успява да получи сериозно обучение по музикална теория и композиция, което е сериозен пропуск за него и той започва изучаването на контрапункт от Gradus ad Parnassum, написан от Йохан Йозеф Фукс и изучава задълбочено работата на Карл Филип Емануел Бах (вторият син на Йохан Себастиан Бах), за когото по-късно казва, че най-сериозно е повлиял върху творчеството му. Скоро талантът на Хайдн му донася обществено признание и той забелязва, че много от творбите му са публикувани и продавани в музикалните магазини. Увеличаващата му се известност довежда до аристократично покровителство, което е решаващо за кариерата му. Графиня Тун, видяла негова творба, го кани за свой учител по пеене и клавирно майсторство. Тя го препоръчва на барон Карл Йозеф Фюрнбург, за когото Хайдн написва няколко квартета, които са изпълнени в двореца му. Баронът от своя страна го препоръчва на граф Карл Йозеф Франц Морзин, който през 1759 г. става първият постоянен работодател на Хайдн. [редактиране] Капелмайстор За съжаление през 1761 г. на графа се налага да освободи Хайдн, защото е затруднен финансово, но композиторът скоро получава добро предложение и е назначен за капелмайстор в имението на унгарския княз Естерхази, където работи 30 години като придворен музикант, задължен да пише музика по желание на господаря си. Особено тежко за композитора било поетото задължение да не напуска имението без разрешението на княза. В същото време, възможността да работи с оркестър, да чуе и провери всяко свое произведение, носело огромно удовлетворение за Хайдн. [редактиране] Пътувания в Англия През 1791 г., след смъртта на граф Естерхази, Хайдн предприема пътуване до Англия, където дирижира свои произведения. [редактиране] Произведения Творчеството на Йозеф Хайдн включва 104 симфонии (една от най-известните е 101-ва симфония), над 70 струнни квартета, инструментални концерти, 52 сонати за пиано, 24 опери, ораториите "Сътворението" и "Годишните времена", обработки на народни песни. [редактиране] Външни препратки - Albert Christoph Dies: (German) Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn. Wien: Camesinaische Buchhandlung, 1810. - Йозеф Хайдн и класическата епоха Видео
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 14.2 14.3 15.1 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 19.1 20.1 21.1
Joseph Haydn Joseph Haydn (also known as Franz Joseph Haydn) was an Austrian composer. He was born on March 31 or April 1, 1732 and died on May 31, 1809. He was one of the most famous composers in the Classical music period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony". [change] Early years We do not know much detail about his life. Mozart, who lived at the same time, wrote lots of letters to his family, so we know a lot about what he did and thought. The only letters of Haydn that we still have were business letters, so we do not know much detail about how he lived. Haydn was born in 1732 in a small village called Rohrau in Austria near the border with Hungary. His father was a wheelwright (someone who makes wheels). His parents liked music and wanted their son to be musical, so they sent him to a boarding school several miles away when he was only six. Two years later, the school was visited by a man called Georg von Reutter. He was travelling around the country looking for boys who could sing well because he wanted them for the choir of the cathedral (St Stephen’s) in Vienna. He was very impressed with Haydn and so young Joseph was taken to Vienna where he spent the rest of his childhood in the cathedral choir. He was taught music there and learned the harpsichord and violin. He does not seem to have been taught any music theory. Haydn had to teach himself how to compose. Haydn’s treble voice broke when he was about 17 or 18 (boys’ voices broke much later in those days) so he had to leave school. For the next ten years, he did not have much money. He lived in an attic room and gave music lessons to young pupils. He started to compose, writing short pieces for his pupils to play. He also played in bands and orchestras. It was probably in 1757 that he got a good job: he became music director for Count Karl von Morzin. He had to conduct the orchestra and write symphonies for them. Then, in 1761, he got a very good job as assistant Director of Music for Prince Esterhazy. [change] Years at Esterhazy Haydn spent 30 years working for Prince Esterhazy, who was one of the most important princes in the Austrian Empire. A lot of princes and other noblemen kept orchestras at their palaces just to show off, but Prince Esterhazy really did appreciate music and played an instrument called the baryton, which looked a bit like a cello with lots of strings. In 1766, Haydn was made Kapellmeister (Director of Music). Like all the other musicians at the prince’s court, Haydn was a servant and had to wear livery (uniform). In the winter, the prince liked to be in his palace in Vienna, but in the summer, he liked to go to his new palace in what is now Hungary. Haydn had a busy job. He had to compose music whenever the prince wanted it. He had to conduct and organize the orchestra, play in small instrumental groups (chamber music), and even put on operas. These operas were often performed with puppets. Haydn was not really interested in writing music for puppet operas, but he had to do what he was told. His best pieces were his symphonies and string quartets. Haydn wrote at least 104 symphonies. These are pieces of music for orchestra, usually with four movements. He also wrote lots of string quartets: pieces for two violins, viola, and cello. Haydn is often known as the “Father of the Symphony”, and even “Father of the String Quartet”. He did not invent them, but he was the first really great composer who wrote them. Many of his symphonies and string quartets have nicknames. Symphony No. 45 is called the “Farewell Symphony”. The reason was that, one autumn, the musicians were fed up with being in the country palace and wanted to go back to Vienna to see their families. The prince wanted to stay on. So, Haydn wrote a symphony in which, towards the end, the musicians stop playing one by one, blow out their candles, and walk off the stage. The prince took the hint, and ordered everyone to return to Vienna. Another symphony is called the "Surprise symphony". Haydn was playing a trick on the people in the audience who often fell asleep during the music. The music is very quiet indeed, then suddenly, there is a very loud chord. One of his string quartets has a tune that became the Austrian national anthem. Haydn married in 1760, but his wife did not like music. They never had children, and Haydn often felt lonely. He had a lady friend, a singer called Luigia Polzelli, and he often wrote to her when he was on his travels. Around 1781, Haydn became friends with Mozart. Mozart was 24 years younger than Haydn, but they learned a lot from one another. They often played string quartets together with two friends. [change] The London journeys In 1790, Prince Nikolaus died and his son became prince. His son did not think music was as important as the economy, so a lot of the musicians lost their jobs. Haydn was put on a pension. This had a good side: he was free to travel whenever he wanted. He went to England and stayed in London, where he wrote twelve symphonies during two visits. He was greatly admired by the British audiences. [change] Final years in Vienna Haydn nearly stayed in England to live, like Handel had done almost a century earlier. In the end, he decided to retire to Vienna. There, he spent his last years writing religious works for chorus and orchestra. He wrote The Creation and The Seasons, which are both oratorios. He died in 1809 while Vienna was being attacked by the French army under Napoleon. [change] References - The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie.