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Канемска империя Канемската империя (или Канемско-борнуанско царство) е голяма историческа държава, съществувала на територията на днешните Нигерия, Нигер, Чад, Камерун и Либия от началото на VIII век до около 1900 година. Основана е от племето Теда, чиито предци са коренното население на централна Сахара. Върховният владетел на страната се е наричал маи. След XIV век основен източник на информация за царството е царската хроника Гиргам. Канемско царство[редактиране | edit source] В началото на VIII век на североизток от езерото Чад е основана държава близо до транссахарския търговски път. Новото Канемско царство бързо се разраства, появяват се големи градове. Голяма част от населението са били номади от народите Теда-Даза. Според една от теориите, базираща се на древни арабски ръкописи, благородническият елит и номадските племена са били обединени от народът Загава, който е бил най-многобройният в централна Сахара. Известно е, че в целия период на съществуване на Канемската империя са управлявали само две династии - Дугува и Сайфава. Последната взима увеличава влиянието си паралелно с разпространението на Исляма в Африка. В езическия период на Канемското царство владетелят е смятан за божество. Около 1068 първият мюсюлманин-Сайфава Хумай сваля от власт последният владетел от династията Дугува - маи Селма. Хумай е смятал Исляма за извор на полезни идеи от Арабия и Средиземноморието, както и възможност за увеличаване на грамотността на населението. Езическият народ Загава (дал началото на Дугува) вероятно е започнал да се противопоставя на новата религия. Новата династия премества столицата от Манан в Нджими. С течение на времето мощта на мюсюлманската държава нараства толкова много, че почти всички номадски народи и земеделци на нейната територия признават императора, плащайки му данък. Най-голямото териториално разширение е осъществено по време на маи Дунама Дабалеми. По време на енергичното си управление той влиза в приятелски взаимоотношения със северноафриканските султани и създава специален лагер в Кайро, който да улеснява поклонниците при пътуванията им до Мека. Дунама Дабалеми обявява свещена война (джихад) на езическите племена в империята. Канемското царство навлиза в период на интензивно териториално разширение - на север е завзет регионът Фесан (в днешна Либия), на изток границата стига до царство Уадаи, на юг до равнините на днешен Камерун и на запад до дн. Кано (Нигерия). Дунама Дабалеми също въвел система за възнаграждаване на по-висшите военни - те получавали територията, която са завзели с войниците си. По-късно този вид възнаграждаване е отменено, защото офицерите започнали да предават земите на своите наследници. Период на нестабилност[редактиране | edit source] Вижте също: Борнуанско царство След смъртта на Дабалеми в Канемското царство настъпва период на упадък и нестабилност. Избухва гражданска война заради противоречията кой от синовете му да заеме престола. Населението престава да плаща данъците си, територията и влиянието на царството намаляват. До края на XIV век вътрешнополитическите борби предизвикват разпада на Канемското царство. Около 1376 година е имало шест владетели, обявили се за маи. Народът билала избива пет от тях и към 1396 принуждават Умар Идрисми да напусне столицата Нджими и да се установи на западния бряг на езерото Чад. Това действие полага началото на Борнуанското царство, което се счита за наследник на Канемското. То просъществува до края на XIX век. Източници[редактиране | edit source] - Barkindo, Bawuro, "The early states of the Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D.", in: J. Ajayi und M. Crowder (Hg.), History of West Africa, Bd. Ausg. - Lange, Dierk, Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: Africa-Centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives, Dettelbach 2004. (авторът предполага връзка на канемското царство с финикийската експанзия) - Urvoy, Yves, L'empire du Bornou, Париж 1949. - Annie M.-D. Lebeuf, Les populations du Tchad (Nord du 10 parallèle), L'Harmattan, Париж, 2006 (ISBN2296004474) - Lange, Dierk: "The Chad region as a crossroads", in: M. Elfasi (Hg.), General History of Africa, vol. III, UNESCO, Лондон 1988, p. 436-460. - Lange, Dierk, "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad", in: D. Niane (ed.), General History of Africa, vol. IV, UNESCO, Лондон 1984, p. 238-265. Външни препратки[редактиране | edit source] - "The emergence of social complexity in the southern Chad Basin towards 500 BC: Archaeological and other evidence", Borno Museum Society Newsletter, 68-71 (2007), 49-68. - Времева линия на владетелите - The Story of Africa: Kanem — BBC World Service
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Kanem Empire The Kanem Empire (ca. 600 BCE - 1380 CE) was located in the present countries of Chad, Nigeria and Libya.[1] At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of southern Libya (Fezzan), northern Cameroon, eastern Niger and north-eastern Nigeria. The history of the Empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Dīwān discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth.[2] [edit] Origins There are two views concerning the foundation of Kanem. The accepted view based on the vast bulk of scholarship is that the state was founded by local Zaghawa. According to a single piece of research by historian Dierk Lange,[3] the Kanem state was claimed to have been founded by immigrants from the Near East, however, due to its novelty, lack of historical, genetic and linguistic evidence, and contradictions within these claims, this view is not widely accepted. According to the majority scholarly opinion, the empire of Kanem began forming around 700 CE under the nomadic Tebu-speaking Zaghawa.[4] Comparison of the information provided by the Dīwān and by Arab geographers shows that the Zaghawa were forced southwest towards the fertile lands around Lake Chad by political pressure and desertification in their former territory. The area already possessed independent, walled city-states belonging to the Sao culture. Under the leadership of the Duguwa dynasty, the Zaghawa would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs. War between the ruling establishment and the Sao continued in Bornu up to the late 16th century. [edit] Kanem under the rule of pre-Islamic kings: 600 BCE - 1068 CE Though the Duguwa claim to descend from the same ancestor Sef as the Sayfawa, there must have existed a marked difference between the two, since the Dīwān clearly indicates that the rule of the Banū Dūkū finished with rise of the great Muslim king Hume (1068-1080). [edit] The Duguwa or Sayfawa-Duguwa dynasty The name of the Duguwa dynasty is derived from that of Dūkū, the third ruler mentioned in the Dīwān. Succeeding to Sef, the Banū Dūkū or Duguwa ruled until Abd al-Jalil (1064-1068), the first Muslim king of Kanem.[5] From the evidence provided by Arab geographers it appears that Kanem was located at the southern end of the trans-Saharan trade route between Tripoli and the region of Lake Chad and that it was dominated by the Zaghawa from their capital Manan.[6] The mais of the Duguwa were regarded as divine kings and belonged to the ruling establishment known in the internal records as Magumi and in the external sources as Zaghawa. Despite changes in dynastic power, the Magumi and the title of mai would persevere for over a thousand years.[7] [edit] Expansion of the Duguwa Empire Writing in 873, the Arab historian al-Ya'qubi mentions that Kanem was dominated by the Zaghawa. It had a king called Kakarah whose power seems to have extended far to the west because "the king of Malal/Mali hated him". In particular he seems to have ruled over the Hausa who are said to have had a king from among the Zaghawa. Al-Muhallabi notes in the tenth century that Kanem extended over "fifteen stages in length and the same in width". [edit] Sacred kingship Arabic texts provide some information concerning the rituals of kingship. Al-Muhallabi writes that the people "exalted and worshipped the king instead of Allah. They imagine that he does not eat any food... and if it happens that one of his subjects meets the camels carrying his provisions, he is killed instantly on the spot." Ibn Battuta reported with respect to his visit in Takedda in 1351 that the king of Bornu whould "appear to the people and would not address them except from behind a curtain".[9] According to the Dīwān, the Magira (queen mother) had such great power that she could order the imprisonment of the king. A similar institution existed in the neighbouring kingdom of Daura where the Magajiya was entitled to order the destitution of the king. Seclusion and other ritual restrictions to royal power were common in African sacred kingships.[10] [edit] Rule of the Sayfawa in Kanem: 1068-1380 The name of the Sayfuwa dynasty is derived from that of Sēf, the first ruler mentioned in the Dīwān. Usually called Banū Sayf and hence Sayfuwa, the new dynasty should in contradistinction to the preceding Sefuwa-Duguwa be called more properly Sefuwa-Humewa .[11] Evidence derived from the writings of Arab geographers with respect to the disappearance of the Zaghawa from Kanem under the early Sefuwa-Humewa confirms that the fall of the Duguwa involved important changes. [edit] Rise of the Sayfuwa-Humewa The major factor that influenced the history of the state of Kanem was the early penetration of Islam. North African traders, Berbers and Arabs, brought the new religion. In 1068, a Muslim official by the name of Hummay removed the last Duguwa king Abd al-Jalil or Selma from power and thus established the new dynasty named after him Humewa (Arabic: Banū Hume).[12] The establishment of the Sefuwa dynasty (later known as Sayfawa) meant radical changes for the Kanem Empire. First, it meant the Islamization of the court and state policies. Second, the identification of founders had to be revised. After the 13th century, the empire began associating Mai Sef with the legendary Yemenite hero Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan. Hence, it became customary to call the new ruling dynasty by the Arabized name Sayfawa instead of the more appropriate name Sefuwa. The coming of Islam corresponded in Kanem to the demise of the Duguwa and the rise of the Sayfawa. Islam provided the ruling Sayfawa with a new power base, facilitating the expansion to Bornu west of Lake Chad and thus the rise of the Kanem-Bornu Empire. [edit] Spread of Islam in Kanem Islam offered the Sayfawa rulers the advantage of new ideas from Arabia and the Mediterranean world, as well as literacy in administration. But many people resisted the new religion, favouring traditional beliefs and practices. When Hummay had assumed power on the basis of his strong Islamic following, for example, it is believed that the Sefuwa-Duguwa began some kind of internal opposition. This pattern of conflict and compromise with Islam occurs repeatedly in Chad's history. By the 12th century, the Sayfawa ruled all over Kanem. At the same time, the Kanembu people drew closer to the new rulers and increased the growing population in Njimi. Even though the Kanembu became the main power base of the Sayfawa, Kanem's rulers continued to travel frequently throughout the kingdom and especially towards Bornu, west of lake Chad. Herders and farmers alike recognized the government's power and acknowledged their allegiance by paying tribute. [edit] Mai Dunama Dabbalemi: 1203-1242 Kanem's expansion peaked during the long reign of the energetic Mai Dunama Dabbalemi (ca. 1203–1242), also of the Sayfawa dynasty. Dabbalemi initiated diplomatic exchanges with sultans in North Africa and arranged for the establishment of a special hostel in Cairo to facilitate pilgrimages to Mecca. During his reign, he declared jihad against some neighbouring tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest. After consolidating their territory around Lake Chad, the Fezzan region (in present-day Libya) fell under Kanem's authority, and the empire's influence extended westward to Kano (in present-day Nigeria), eastward to Ouaddaï, and southward to the Adamawa grasslands (in present-day Cameroon). However, he also destroyed the national Mune cult and thus precipitated widespread revolt culminating in the uprise of the Tubu and the Bulala. The former could be quenched but the latter continued to linger on and finally led to the retreat of the Sayfawa from Kanem to Bornu c. 1380. Dabbalemi devised a system to reward military commanders with authority over the people they conquered. This system, however, tempted military officers to pass their positions to their sons, thus transforming the office from one based on achievement and loyalty to the mai into one based on hereditary nobility. Dabbalemi was able to suppress this tendency, but after his death, dissension among his sons weakened the Sayfawa Dynasty. Dynastic feuds degenerated into civil war, and Kanem's outlying peoples soon ceased paying tribute. [edit] Kanem under pressure: 14th century After the death of Dunama Dabbalemi Kanem soon fell into a downward spiral. By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks forced the Sayfuwa to leave their ancient capital Njimi in Kanem and to establish their court in Bornu. Desiccation and foreign incursions contributed to the destitution of Kanem and its desorganization in the nineteenth century. [edit] Sao Resurgence in Bornu Between 1342 and 1352, the Sao, who had dominated Kanem prior to the Zaghawa, killed four mais in battle. These defeats also contributed to the weakening of Sayfawa power in Kanem.[13] [edit] Bulala Invasion in Kanem The death knell of Sefawa power in Kanem was dealt by the Bulala, invaders from the area around Lake Fitri to the east claiming also descent from Sef. By 1380, the Bulala had driven the Sayfawa from their capital. The Sayfawa and their followers were forced to withdraw to their province west of Lake Chad, eventually establishing a new empire in Bornu.[14] [edit] Kanem as a province of Bornu: 1577-1900 [edit] Rule of the Bornoan vasall dynasty of the Dalatoa: ca. 1600-1846 The Bulala of Kanem were decisively defeated by Idris Alooma in the battle of Kiyayeka in 1577. He first installed a tributary Bulala king but later nomminated his slave official Dalatu Afno as governor of Kanem. Descendants of this official were known as the Dalatoa and they are still today in Mao the traditional kings of Kanem. [edit] Rule of the Awlad Sulayman: 1846-1900 Expelled from Tripolitania the Awlad Sulayman established themselves in Kanem in 1846. On account of their connections with the defeated Sayfawa the Kanemi Shehus of Kukawa in Bornu recognized the Awlad Sulayman as their official representatives in Kanem without pushing them to abolish the dynasty of the Dalatoa. [edit] French colonial occupation: 1900-1960 After Rabih's defeat at Kusseri in 1900, French troops occupied Kanem and integrated it into the newly created Protectorat du Tchad. [edit] See also - Bornu Empire - Sayfawa dynasty - Chronology of the Sayfawa (Kanem-Bornu) - Dīwān (Girgam) - Ibn Furṭū (Ibn Furtuwa) [edit] References - ^ Lange, Founding of Kanem, 31-38. - ^ Barth, Travels, II, 15-26, 581-599; publ. Blau, "Chronik der Sultane von Bornu", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 6 (1852), 305-330. - ^ Lange, "Biblical patriarchs", , 589-597; id., "Prologue of the Diwan", 84-100. - ^ Urvoy, Empire, 21-23; Trimingham, History, 110. - ^ Barth, Travels, II, 582. - ^ Levtzion/Hopkins, Corpus, 21, 112, 114, 171. - ^ Levtzion/Hopkins, Corpus, 171; Barkindo, "Early states", 227-249. - ^ Levtzion/Hopkins, Corpus, 21, 171. - ^ Levtzion/Hopkins, Corpus, 171, 302. - ^ T. Irstam, The King of Ganda, Lund, 1944, 78-88, 167-175. - ^ Lange, Founding of Kanem, 38-39. - ^ For the chronology see Lange, Kingdoms, 552, and Chronology of the Sefuwa (Kanem-Bornu). - ^ Barkindo, Early states, 240. - ^ Barkindo, Early states, 244; Lange, Ancient Kingdoms, 85-94. [edit] Bibliography - Barkindo, Bawuro: "The early states of the Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D.", in: J. Ajayi und M. Crowder (eds.), History of West Africa, vol. I, 3rd ed. - Barth, Heinrich: Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, vol. II, New York, 1858. - --: "Chronological table, containing a list of the Sefuwa", in: Travel and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, vol. - Ibn Furṭū: "The Kanem wars", in: Herbert R. Palmer: Sudanese Memoirs, vol. - Lange, Dierk: Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu, Wiesbaden 1977. - --: "The Chad region as a crossroads", in: M. Elfasi (eds.), General History of Africa, vol. III, UNESCO, London 1988, 436-460. - --: "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad", in: D. T. Niane (ed.), General History of Africa, vol. IV, UNESCO, London 1984, 238-265. - --: "The Mune-Symbol as the Ark of the Covenant between Duguwa and Sefuwa (in ancient Kanem)" Borno Museum Society Newsletter, 66-67 (2006), 15-25. - --: "Biblical patriarchs from a pre-canonical source mentioned in the Dīwān of Kanem-Bornu", Zeitschrift für Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 12 (2009), 588-598. - --: "An introduction to the history of Kanem-Borno: The prologue of the Dīwān", Borno Museum Society Newsletter 76-84 (2010), 79-103. - --: The Founding of Kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca. 600 BCE: Documentary, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence, Boston 2011. - Levtzion, Nehemia; and John Hopkins: Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, Cambridge 1981. - Smith, Abdullahi: The early states of the Central Sudan, in: J. Ajayi and M. Crowder (ed.), History of West Africa, vol. - Trimingham, Spencer: A History of Islam in West Africa, Oxford 1962. - Urvoy, Yves: L'empire du Bornou, Paris 1949. - Van de Mieroop, Marc: A History of the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., Oxford 2007. - Zeltner, Jean-Claude : Pages d'histoire du Kanem, pays tchadien, Paris 1980. [edit] External links - Former monarchies of Africa - Former countries in Africa - Sahelian kingdoms - States of Medieval Africa - 1387 disestablishments - States of Ancient Africa - History of Chad - History of Nigeria - Muslim empires - Muslim dynasties - History of Islam - 8th century in Africa - Kanem Empire - States and territories established in the 6th century BC