http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Romanian_People_s_Salvation_Cathedral.xml
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Избавление на румънския род (катедрала) Катедралата „Избавление на румънския род“ (на румънски: Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului Românesc, произнася се Катедрала мънтуирии нямулуи ромънеск) е православна катедрала, която се строи в румънската столица Букурещ. Проектът за построяването на катедралата е спечелен след обществен конкурс, проведен на 3 етапа. За победител в конкурса е определен архитект Йоан Аугустин (на румънски: Ioan Augustin). Съдържание История[редактиране | edit source] Идеята за изграждане на национален катедрален храм на Румънската православна църква не е нова — тя се ражда още в първите години след Първата световна война, от когато датират и първите скици и проекти на архитекти от този период (най-известният проект от това време е този на арх. Петре Антонеску). Тази идея е горещо подкрепяна от тогавашния румънски патриарх Мирон Кристя. Трябва да се отбележи, че желанието за изграждане на една национална църква, която да е символ на цялата нация, не принадлежи единствено на православното вероизповедание. Тя има последователи и в протестантския свят (в Белгия е изградена такава катедрала, но популярността й е сравнително ограничена). Забравен по времето на комунизма, проектът се завръща след 1989 г. с идеята катедралата да бъде изградена на площад „Съединение“ (на румънски: Piaţa Unirii) — един от централните и най-големи площади на Букурещ. Проектът обаче е отхвърлен от определени кръгове (включително църковни и на архитекти), които твърдят, че това е непосилно голяма инвестиция и че изграждането на подобна постройка в един от комуникационните възли на столицата е неоправдано. Друг аргумент е, че църквите, изоставени по времето на комунизма, все още не са възстановени, а за архитектите, занимаващи се с градоустройство, проблемът е, че ще е трудно да се намери нов маршрут за трамвайните линии, обслужващи югозападния и североизточен край на столицата, тъй като по тази ос няма линия на метрото. Други протести идват от група изкуствоведи и архитекти, които смятат, че изграждането на подобна катедрала не е част от румънската традиция. Предвижда се общата площ да е 11 хектара, върху 5 от които да е разположена сградата[1]. Проект[редактиране | edit source] Темата на конкурса постоянно се изменя заради промените на местоположението на катедралата. Понастоящем мястото, на което вече е поставен крайъгълният камък и е изградено първото ниво, е зад Палатата на парламента, на хълма Арсенал (на румънски: dealul Arsenalului). Други изисквания, поставени при конкурса, са: капацитетът на сградата да е 5000 души, да има място за хор от 300 души, в приземния етаж да има мултифункционална зала и музейно пространство за 2000 души със санитарни възли и гардеробна. Максималната височина при кръста над катедралата трябва да е 90 метра. Друг проект предвижда височина от 114 м[1] Размерите на сградата предизвикват многобройни коментари, включително и във френския вестник „Фигаро“, който нарича проекта „фараонски“ и „съответстващ на мегаломанията на Николае Чаушеску“[2]. За изграждането на катедралата е необходимо първо да бъде приет закон, с който терен собственост на държавата да се дари на Румънската православна църква. Сегашното решение за изграждане на катедралата на място на Паметника на героите в парк „Карол“ предизвика многобройни протести и спорове. Финансиране[редактиране | edit source] Към 2006 г. цената на проекта според в-к „Evenimentul Zilei“ е над € 500 милиона (включително цената на терена),[1], докато Le Figaro през 2008 г. сочи сумата от € 1 милиард[2]. Правителството обявява, че ще дари 30 милиона леи (€ 8 милиона), а румънският парламент приема закон, според който половината от стойността на катедралата ще бъде платена от държавния бюджет[3]. Крайната цена ще бъде определена едва при приключването на проекта[3]. Източници[редактиране | edit source] - ↑ а б в „Catedrala Zgârie-nori“, във в. Evenimentul Zilei, 23 февруари 2006 г. - ↑ а б „Les projets pharaoniques de l'Église orthodoxe à Bucarest“, в „Le Figaro“, 1 февруари 2008 г. - ↑ а б „Catedrala Bugetului Neamului“, във в. România Liberă, 13 декември 2007 г.
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Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral The Cathedral for the Salvation of Romanian People (Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului Românesc) is a Romanian Orthodox cathedral to be built in Bucharest. It will be the patriarchate of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The concept for a new cathedral originated in 1990.[5] Most Eastern Orthodox churches are dedicated to a saint. However, the new cathedral will be dedicated to the salvation of the Romanian people. Archbishop Bartolomeu Anania (1921 - 2011) said, - "A nation is not just a socio-historical reality, but also a metaphysical, religious and theological reality... salvation must be obtained collectively, by the whole nation".[6] The plan of the cathedral complex includes a cathedral building; below the cathedral building, a soup kitchen with capacity for 1,000; two hotels; and parking for about 500 cars. The cathedral is designed with seating for approximately 5,000 worshipers, a greater than tenfold increase on the current patriarchal cathedral.[7][8] Contents History[edit] The earliest idea of a national cathedral came about after the Romanian War of Independence (1877 - 1878). It would symbolise the victory of Orthodoxy against the Ottoman Muslims. The idea was shelved for lack of consensus on design, location and funding.[9](pp56–57) In 1920, King Ferdinand sent a letter to the Metropolitan, Miron Cristea, supporting the project, but this had no effect. In 1925, after the Romanian Orthodox Church became an independent patriarchate, Cristea suggested Carol Park as a site but his idea was defeated in favour of Bibescu Vodă Square. There, in 1929, a troiţă was raised. Lack of funds meant the construction was postponed and later forgotten.[9](pp56–57) In September 1995, as the Romanian Orthodox Church celebrated its 70th anniversary of independence, Patriarch Teoctist proposed a new large cathedral on the scale of the newly built Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow.[9](pp56–57). He envisioned a standing capacity of 10,000. On 12 October 2004, the senate voted for the project, estimated to take 6 years.[10] On 27 and 28 November 2004, officials, up to 1,000 priests and worshippers from Bucharest and other cities gathered in Bucharest.[11] The Holy Synod came into session. On 29 November 2007, Patriarch Daniel of Romania laid the foundation stone, gave his blessing and consecrated the site at Arsenal Hill. Design[edit] The location and design of the new cathedral was debated by parties including the Romanian Senate and the Mayor of Bucharest. The winning design featured elements of architectural details from all the Romanian provinces and territories in an area that would make the cathedral complex one of the largest religious sites in the world. It was envisaged that 12,000 worshipers could stand in the main cathedral building and the whole complex could accommodate 125,000 visitors over an area of 11 hectares.[12] can fit 125,000 worshipers. The cathedral would be is 124 metres (407 ft), width 70 metres (230 ft) and height 120 metres (390 ft) (125m from ground level).[2] The planned above ground section is 5,795 square meters. The main building would be elevated 5 metres (16 ft) with the basement area extending to 17 metres (56 ft) below the ground level. The main building has three floors with a height of 22.5 meters. The first two levels form a main hall with a height of 11 meters, where can participate 3,000 standing worshippers. The planned underground area is larger (152m by 93m, 13,534 square meters), divided into spaces including a main hall, other halls and rooms for events; an icon and religious clothing shop; a workshop (for carpentry, upholstery and metal work for example); a museum, gallery-exhibition, liturgical performance media shop; as well as storage rooms, a refectory, parking access, cultic objects and an employees rooms.[13][14][15] Opposition[edit] The sheer size of the building drew criticism from various sources, including the French newspaper Le Figaro, which named it "a pharaonic project" and "worthy of the megalomania of Nicolae Ceauşescu".[16] Alexandru Paleologu called for the cathedral project to be stopped. He compared it to the Soviet-inspired Casa Scânteii and the House of the People, and argued, - "[The cathedral] is a catastrophic, fatal kitsch...an ecclesiastical Ceauşescuism...[and] parasitical, immoral and impertinent."[9](p60) Cristian Tudor Popescu, a journalist called the cathedral a "God mall". He said it was not churches, either big nor small, that Romania was lacking.[17] The Romanian Orthodox Church's answer to such criticism was that the new cathedral would not imitate the gigantic buildings of the communist era, but would "correct them, through a decent and harmonious volumetry".[18] Location[edit] Three locations were proposed. In 2004, the historic area of Arsenal Hill on 13 September Avenue was selected. This area once contained two monasteries: the Mihai Vodă monastery and the Hermitage convent. There were also three parochial settlements: Albă Postăvari, Spirea Veche and Izvorul Tămăduirii which were destroyed or removed in the communist years. The first proposed location was a park in Piaţa Unirii, where in 1998, without a proper authorization, Patriarch Teoctist laid the cornerstone of the Cathedral, in the presence of President Emil Constantinescu.[5][19] During the discussions which followed, Orthodox theologians warned that, according to church's doctrine, people who want to change the purpose of a plot of land where a church is destined to be built will be anathemized.[5] In the end, the site was not appropriate for a large building because it was the point where two metro lines crossed the Dâmboviţa River, where it was channeled underground.[9](pp59) The Orthodox Church next proposed Carol Park as a site, and in 2004, the Năstase government gave 5 hectares of the park to the Romanian Orthodox Church, so that the cathedral could be built in place of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Bucharest and the Mausoleum of Communist Heroes.[9](pp59)[19] The Architects' Union of Romania opposed the site, arguing that it went against certain national and international laws regarding environmental protection, architecture and the protection of monuments.[20] Following protests by local Bucharesters and opposition in the press, as well as conflicts with Traian Băsescu, the Mayor of Bucharest, the proposed site was abandoned. A new site, Izvor Park, close to the Palace of the Parliament was suggested.[20] The government of Romania granted the Church 11 hectares (27 acres) of land at this site. The Church then planned to use 5 hectares (12 acres) of the land to construct the new cathedral.[21] On 29 November 2007, a new cornerstone was laid by Patriarch Daniel.[22] A 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft) plot has since been claimed by former owners of the land. (The land had been confiscated from them during the communist era).[10] Cost and financing[edit] In 2006, Evenimentul Zilei estimated the cost of the new cathedral to be more than €500 million, including the price of the land.[21] In 2007, Patriarch Daniel estimated the cost of the building, excluding the land, to be approximately €400 million.[23] In 2008, Le Figaro estimated the cost to be €1 billion.[16] In 2007, the government announced it would donate 30 million lei (€8 million) towards the construction of the new cathedral. The parliament legislated that a further half of the cost of the Cathedral would come from the state.[24] This act was criticised. Daniel Dăianu, a Liberal European MP suggested it was populist spending and funds would come from other areas of spending.[24] Remus Cernea, head of the Solidaritatea pentru libertatea de conştiinţă Association complained that funding of the cathedral with public money discriminated against others.[25] Construction[edit] On 15 December 2010, construction of the cathedral began.[26] The completion date is in 2014 - 2015. See also[edit] - List of large Orthodox cathedrals - List of largest church buildings in the world - List of tallest Orthodox church buildings - List of tallest church buildings in the world References[edit] - ^ "The Cathedral plan exposed in the Palace of Romanian Patriarchal" Patriarhia. Ro - ^ a b "Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului" Basilica Byzantine blog - ^ "Lucrările la Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului continuă (2011-05-20); Basilica - details." Biserici. Org - ^ "Finalizarea structurii de rezistenţă a Catedralei Mântuirii Neamului" Basilica. Ro - ^ a b c Stan L. and Turcescu L. "The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratisation", in Europe-Asia Studies December 2000 52(8) p.1472. - ^ Bartolomeu Anania, "Totul e să începem construcţia", Dilema no. 248, 24–30 October 1997. - ^ "World biggest orthodox cathedral." Laurentiu, Elenaworld website September 2011. - ^ "Romania's costly passion for building churches." BBC News Accessed 7 August 2013. - ^ a b c d e f Stan L. and Turcescu L. Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-530853-0. - ^ a b "Punerea pietrei de temelie a Catedralei Neamului", BBC, 28 November 2007 - ^ "Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral", Catedralaneamului.ro. - ^ "Ansamblului Arhitectural Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului" Patriarhia. Ro - ^ "Săli polivalente în subsolul Catedralei Neamului, de aceeaşi mărime cu biserica de deasupra" Gândul. Info - ^ "Pe cine mântuieşte Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului?" Mugetul Carpatilor - ^ "România în top 10 al celor mai mari edificii de cult din lume" Adevarul.ro - ^ a b "Les projets pharaoniques de l'Église orthodoxe à Bucarest." Le Figaro 1 February 2008. - ^ Cristian Tudor Popescu "Catedrala Mântuirii în Țara Mântuielii." Adevărul, 23 March 2004. - ^ "Fericiţi cei ce construiesc biserici, nu cei ce le demolează." Romanian Patriarchy press release. - ^ a b "Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului ar putea fi inaugurată peste şase ani", Adevărul, 26 November 2007. - ^ a b "Unde se va construi Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului?", BBC, 4 November 2004 - ^ a b "Catedrala Zgârie-nori", in Evenimentul Zilei, 23 February 2006 - ^ "Catedrala Patriarhală rămâne un proiect controversat." BBC, 29 November 2007 - ^ "PF Daniel: Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului costă mai puţin decât aeroportul din Iaşi", Gândul, 29 November 2007. - ^ a b "Catedrala Bugetului Neamului" România Liberă, 13 December 2007. - ^ "A doua plângere prealabilă demersului în instanţă privind acordarea de fonduri publice pentru Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului", Humanism.ro - ^ "Bucharest's new cathedral to out-do." Romania News Watch website. Sources[edit] - Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, "Politics, National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral," Europe-Asia Studies, November 2006, 58 (7) pp. 1119–1139. - Dunlop T. "Romania's costly passion for building churches." 7 August 2013. BBC News website. Accessed 7 August 2013.