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Каракалпакстан Каракалпакстан (на узбекски: Qoraqalpog`iston Respublikasi) е автономна република в рамките на Узбекистан. Столица е град Нукус. Територията на Каракалпакстан е около 160 000 km2. Автономната република покрива земя, която по-рано е влизала в пределите на Хорезъм. География[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Автономната република е разположена северозападно от Узбекистан. В Каракалпакстан пустинята заема повече от 80% от територията на републиката. Освен столицата Нукус, в републиката има още 12 града и 14 населени места от градски тип. Административно републиката е разделена на 14 района, всеки от които се управлява от Хакимом. Население[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Населението на автономната република е 1 200 000 души, от които 400 000 каракалпаки, 400 000 узбеки и 300 000 казахи. Каракалпаките в миналото са били номади скотовъдци и рибари и за пръв път се споменава за тях през 16 век. Културата на този етнос се е изгубила по време на съветския период, когато има голяма асимилация на етноси. Говорят каракалпакски език, който е близък до узбекския и казахския език. По времето на Съветския съюз е базиран на кирилицата, а от от 1996 г. насам — на латиницата. Освен Нукус други големи градове са Ходжейли, Муйнак, който е бивше пристанище на Аралско море, но поради намаляването на площта на езерото, градът сега е на няколко километра от водите му. Икономика[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Икономиката на региона преди е зависела основно от риболова, но сега се отглеждат най-вече памук, ориз и пъпеши. ВЕЦа построен по съветско време по течението на Амударя също е с важно знчение за Каракалпакстан. Делтата на Амударя е била добре населена в миналото, като е поддържала напоени близките земеделски площти. По времето на Хорезъм тази територия е процъфтявала. Постепенното изменение на климата през вековете и екологичната катастрофа с Аралско море променят ситуацията за този регион. Близките оазиси, реки, езера и други водоеми пресъхват и има силно засоляване на почвите.
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Karakalpakstan Coordinates: 43°10′N 58°45′E / 43.167°N 58.750°E Karakalpakstan (Karakalpak: Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi (ҚapaқaлпaқcTaH Pecпyблиkacы); Uzbek: Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi (ҚopaқaлпoғиcToH Pecпyблиkacи) is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It occupies the whole northwestern end of Uzbekistan. The capital is Nukus (Karakalpak: No'kis (Hөkиc)). The Republic of Karakalpakstan has an area of 160,000 square kilometres (62,000 sq mi). Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarezm, though in classical Persian literature the area was known as "Kāt" (کات). Contents History[edit] From about 500 BC to 500 AD, the region of Karakalpakstan was a thriving agricultural area supported by extensive irrigation.[5] The Karakalpak people, who were formerly nomadic herders and fishers, were first recorded in the 16th century.[3] Karakapakstan was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Khanate of Khiva in 1873.[6] Under Soviet rule, it was originally an autonomous area within Kazakhstan before becoming part of Uzbekistan in 1936.[4] The region was probably at its most prosperous in the 1960s and 1970s when irrigation from the Amu Darya was being expanded. Today, however, the drainage of the Aral Sea has rendered Karakalpakstan one of Uzbekistan's poorest regions.[3] The region is suffering from extensive drought, partly due to weather patterns, but also largely because the Amu and Syr Darya rivers are exploited mostly in the eastern part of the country. Crop failures have deprived about 48,000 of their main source of income and shortages of potable water have created a surge of infectious diseases.[7] Geography[edit] Karakalpakstan is mostly desert and is located in western Uzbekistan near the Aral Sea, in the lowest part of the Amu Darya basin.[1][7][8] It has an area of 164,900 km²[2] and is surrounded by desert. The Kyzyl Kum desert is located to the east and the Kara Kum desert is located to the south. A rocky plateau extends west to the Caspian Sea.[5] Politics[edit] The republic of Karakalpakstan is formally sovereign and shares veto power over decisions concerning it with Uzbekistan. According to the constitution, relations between Karakalpakstan and Uzbekistan are "regulated by treaties and agreements" and any disputes are "settled by way of reconciliation". Its right to secede is limited by the veto power of Uzbekistan's legislature over any decision to secede.[2] Demographics[edit] The population of Karakalpakstan is estimated to be around 1.7 million,[9] and in 2007 it was estimated that about 400,000 of the population are of the Karakalpak ethnic group, 400,000 are Uzbeks, and 300,000 are Kazakhs.[3] Their name means "Black Hat", but Karakalpak culture was so lost through Sovietization that the original meaning of the black hat is now unknown[verification needed]. The Karakalpak language is considered closer to Kazakh than to Uzbek.[10] The language was written in a modified Cyrillic in Soviet times and in the Latin alphabet since 1996. Other than the capital Nukus, large cities include Xojeli (Uzbek: Xo'jayli; Russian: Xoджeйли), Taxiatosh (Uzbek: Taxiatosh; Russian: TaxиaTaш), Shimbai (ШыMбaй), Konirat (ҚoңыpaT) and Moynaq (Uzbek: Mo'ynoq; Russian: MyйHak), a former Aral Sea port now some 85 kilometres (53 mi) inland. Economy[edit] The economy of the region, formerly heavily dependent on fisheries, is now supported by cotton, rice and melons. Hydroelectric power from a large Soviet-built station on the Amu Darya is also important. The Amu Darya delta was once heavily populated, and supported extensive irrigation based agriculture for thousands of years. Under the Khorezm, the area attained considerable power and prosperity. However, the gradual climate change over the centuries, accelerated by human induced evaporation of the Aral Sea in the late 20th century has created a desolate scene in the region. The ancient oasis of rivers, lakes, reed marshes, forests and farms are drying up and being poisoned by wind-borne salt as well as fertilizer and pesticide residues from the dried bed of the Aral Sea. Summer temperatures have risen 10 degrees Celsius and winter temperatures have decreased by 10 degrees Celsius. The rate of anemia, respiratory diseases, and other health problems has risen dramatically.[11] Administrative divisions[edit] *Kegeyli district was created in 2004 by the merger of former Bozatau district (the northern part of district 5 on the map) and former Kegeyli district (the south-eastern part of district 5). This merger was effected by Resolution 598-II of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan (11 February 2004) and Resolution 225 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan (11 May 2004), which abolished Bozatau district and created the enlarged Kegeyli district. Prior to that date, there were 15 districts in Karakalpakstan. See Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and Karakalpakstan on gov.uz. Independence movement[edit] In 2008, the website of Radio Free Europe broadcast a report on the beginnings of an independence movement in Karakalpakstan due to the bad environmental and social conditions of the republic, though other residents and politicians from the region strongly deny the existence or desire for a genuine independence movement.[12] Media[edit] Radio[edit] In 2009, the first radio station of Karakalpakstan was opened. The station is called Nukus FM, which broadcasts on radiowave 100.4 MHz and only in Nukus. The radio doesn't broadcast online, but one can listen to the samples online on the music website of Karakalpakstan.[13] See also[edit] - Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast - Karakalpak language - Provinces of Uzbekistan - Aral Sea - Delta Blues (documentary film) - Human rights in Uzbekistan References[edit] - ^ a b Batalden, Stephen K.; Batalden, Sandra L. (1997). The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. - ^ a b c Roeder, Philip G. (2007). Where nation-states come from: institutional change in the age of nationalism. Princeton University Press. - ^ a b c d Mayhew, Bradley (2007). Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan. Lonely Planet. - ^ a b Europa Publications Limited (2002). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis. - ^ a b Bolton, Roy (2009). Russian Orientalism: Central Asia and the Caucasus. Sphinx Fine Art. - ^ Richardson, David; Richardson, Sue (2012). Qaraqalpaqs of the Aral Delta. Prestel Verlag. |isbn=value (help). - ^ a b Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D.; Casebeer, William D. (2005). Warlords rising: confronting violent non-state actors. Lexington Books. - ^ Merkel, Broder; Schipek, Mandy (2011). The New Uranium Mining Boom: Challenge and Lessons Learned. Springer. - ^ The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics - ^ Karakalpakstan: Uzbekistan’s latent conflict, January 6, 2012 - ^ Pearce, Fred (2007). When the Rivers Run Dry: Water, the Defining Crisis of the Twenty-first Century. Beacon Press. - ^ Saidazimova, Gulnoza (2008). Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan', Radio Free Europe, April 5, 2008 - ^ Nukus FM samples. External links[edit] - (English) Official website of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan - Karakalpakstan Tourism Site - (Russian) Photos of Nukus city - Tours to Karakalpkstan - http://karakalpak.homestead.com - Karakalpak music