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Йоркска катедрала Йоркската катедрала (на английски: York Minster), официално назована Катедрала и архиепископска църква на Св. Петър в Йорк (на английски: The Cathedral and Metropolitan Church of St Peter in York) е готическа катедрала в Йорк, Англия и една от най-големите катедрали в Северна Европа, наред с Кьолнската катедрала. Катедралата е седалище на архиепископа на Йорк, вторият най-висш пост в Англиканската църква и катедрала на Йоркската епархия. Управлява се от декан и съвет. Понякога се счита, че службите в катедралата се доближават до англо-католическото течение в Англиканската църква. Катедралата има богато декориран готически неф и дом на катедралния съвет (Chapter house), перпендикулярен готически презвитериум и източен край, и ранноанглийски северен и южен трансепт. Нефът съдържа Западния прозорец, създаден през 1338 г., а в Параклиса на Богородица (Lady Chapel) в източния край е Големият източен прозорец (завършен през 1408 г.), най-големият средновековен стъклопис в света. В северния трансепт е Прозорецът на петте сестри, всеки от стреловидните прозорци на който е висок над 16 м. Южният трансепт съдържа известния Розетен прозорец. Църквата е дълга 158 м, хорът е висок 31 м, а трите кули по 60 м. История[редактиране | edit source] Датчаните унищожават дотогавашната църква през 1075 г. и от 1080 г. започва строежът на съвременната катедрала. Построена в нормански стил, тя е дълга 111 м и са ѝ придадени червени и бели линии. Новата структура е повредена от пожар през 1137 г., но скоро е ремонтирана. Хорът и криптата са реконструирани през 1154 г. и е построен нов параклис, всичките в нормански стил. Готическият стил в катедралите пристига в средата на 12 век. Уолтър де Грей е ръкоположен за архиепископ през 1215 г. и нарежда построяването на готическа катедрала, сравнима с Кентърбърийската катедрала; строежът започва през 1220 г. Северният и южният трансепт са първите нови структури; и двете са изградени в ранноанглийски готически стил, но имат подчертано различни стени. Завършена е също значителна централна кула с дървена островърха кула. Катедралата е обявена за завършена и е осветена през 1472 г. Английската реформация води до ръкополагането на първия Англикански архиепископ, ограбването на много от богатствата на катедралата и загубата на много от земите на църквата. При Елизабет I са положени организирани усилия да се премахнат всякакви римокатолически следи в катедралата: унищожени са гробници, прозорци и олтари. По време на Английската гражданска война градът е обсаден и попада във владение на силите на Оливър Кромуел през 1644 г., но главнокомандващият Томас Феърфакс предотвратява нанасянето на повече щети на катедралата. Галерия[редактиране | edit source] York-minster chapter-house.jpg An example of the intricate and ornate carvings. (Chapter House Ceiling) Oak doors in west facade.jpg Oak doors in the west facade Външни връзки[редактиране | edit source] - York Minster - Photo essay on interior of York Minster - VR York Tour Virtual Tour of York Minster - view the interior and exterior of the Minster in York - York Minster, Quicktime image - Photos - The Guardian Christmas illuminations - Photos and plans
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York Minster Coordinates: 53°57′43″N, 1°4′55″W York Minster is the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe.[1][2][3][4] The title Minster is given to churches which in the Anglo-Saxon period were missionary teaching churches.[4] York Minster is in the city of York, Yorkshire, north-east England. It is the 'seat' of the Archbishop of York, the second-ranked religious official of the Church of England. The Minster is run by a Chapter (committee) under the Dean of York, who manages the affairs of the Minster. Contents Architecture[change | change source] The architecture of the Minster is English Gothic architecture, from Early English in 1270 to Perpendicular in 1472. The Minster has a wide, Decorated Gothic nave (where the congregation sits) and Chapter house. The choir (spelled 'quire' by the church) is slightly later English Gothic architecture. The east end, and north and south transepts are in a similar style.[5] The nave contains the West Window, constructed in 1338. Stained glass[change | change source] Some of the stained glass in York Minster dates back to the twelfth century. Over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window (finished in 1408), one of the largest areas of mediaeval stained glass in the world.[6][7][8] The window is known to be the work of John Thornton of Coventry a master glazier and stained glass artist who was active in England during the first half of the 15th century. In the north transept is the Five Sisters Window, each narrow window being over 16 metres (52 ft) high. The south transept contains the famous Rose window. About 2 million individual pieces of glass make up the cathedral's 128 stained glass windows. Much of the glass was removed before and pieced back together after the First and Second World Wars, and the windows are constantly being cleaned and restored to keep their beauty intact. Towers and bells[change | change source] A total of seven clock bells, 14 change ringing bells and 22 carillon bells are lodged in the towers. The carillon bells are played on a baton keyboard in the ringing chamber. The largest bell is Great Peter, which strikes the hour. It weighs 10.8 tons. History[change | change source] York has had a Christian presence from the 300s. The first church on the site was a wooden structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin, King of Northumbria. A stone building was completed in 637, and was dedicated to Saint Peter. Its school and library were started in the 7th century. In 741 the church was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt as a bigger building, with thirty altars. The church and the entire area then passed through the hands of Norse invaders. The Benedictine archbishop Ealdred travelled to Westminster to crown William in 1066. Ealdred died in 1069 and was buried in the church.[9] The church was damaged in 1069, but the first Norman archbishop, arriving in 1070, organised repairs. The Danes destroyed the church in 1075, but it was again rebuilt from 1080. Built in the Norman style, it was 111 m (364.173 ft) long. The new structure was damaged by fire in 1137 but was soon repaired. The choir and crypt were remodelled in 1154, and a new chapel was built, all in the Norman style. The Gothic style in cathedrals had arrived in the mid 12th century. Walter de Gray was made archbishop in 1215 and ordered the construction of a Gothic structure to compare with Canterbury; building began in 1220. The cathedral was declared complete and consecrated in 1472.[10] The English Reformation led to the first Anglican archbishop. Some of the cathedral's treasures were taken by the Crown, and the church lost some of its land. Under Elizabeth I there was an effort to remove all traces of the Roman Catholic Church from the cathedral; there was much destruction of tombs, windows, and altars. In the English Civil War the city was besieged and fell to the forces of Cromwell in 1644, but Thomas Fairfax prevented any further damage to the cathedral. Other websites[change | change source] - York Minster - Photo essay on interior of York Minster - VR York Tour Virtual Tour of York Minster - view the interior and exterior of the Minster in York References[change | change source] - ↑ Otondo F. 2006. Shaping sounds in York Minster. - ↑ The Minster's web-site claims it is "northern Europe's greatest cathedral". - ↑ Cathedrals may be compared by overall length, volume, floor area, nave area or height at highest point. In N. Europe, the Minster is the largest by volume. Cologne Cathedral would be comparable to York in many ways. In England, Canterbury Cathedral is the premier cathedral, not so much for size, as for historical significance. - ↑ 4.0 4.1 The formal title of York Minster is The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter in York: York Minster FAQs, www.yorkminster.org.] Retrieved on 1 January 2010. - ↑ The transept is the area which crosses the nave, giving the church the shape of a cross. - ↑ "York Glaziers Trust". http://www.yorkminster.org/history-and-conservation/york-glaziers-trust.html. - ↑ "York Minster: Great East Window". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/image_galleries/minster_great_east_window_gallery.shtml. - ↑ "York Minster: Great East Window". Salvo Internet. http://www.salvonet.com/yorkweb/minster/b.htm. - ↑ "Britannia Biographies: Ealdred, Archbishop of York". notesfromtheroad.net. http://notesfromtheroad.net/bhc/bios/abofy/ealdred.html. - ↑ "The Medieval Minster: History of York". www.historyofyork.org.uk. http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/medieval/the-medieval-minster.