http___globaledge.msu.edu_Countries_Lithuania_History.xml
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История на Литва Наименованието Литва (Lituae) за първи път е споменато в Кведлинбургските анали в 1009 г. В края на 12 век (според някои изследователи — около 1240 г.) на територията на сегашните Литва и Беларус се образувало Великото литовско княжество (ВЛК). [редактиране] Средновековие и нова история [редактиране] Велико литовско княжество Първият известен владетел на Литва е Миндаугас (Миндовг, 1238 — 1263 г.) който е приел християнството през 1251 г. и е бил коронован на 6 юли 1253 г. (национален празник на Литва). През 1261 г. обаче се върнал към езичеството. През 13 — 14 век територията на ВЛК стремително нараства и достига бреговете на Черно море. В същото време литовските князе водят тежка борба с Тевтонския орден, който е разбит в 1410 г. в Грюнвалдската битка от обединените войски на Литва и Полша. [редактиране] Кревски договор През 1385 г. Великият литовски княз Ягайло в Кревския договор се задължава да обедини Литва и Полша, ако го изберат за полски крал. В 1386 г. той е коронован, а в 1387 г. официално покръства Литва. Литва фактически се управлява от великия княз Витаутас (Витовт), братовчед и формален наместник на Ягайло. По време на неговото управление (1392 — 1430 г.) Литва достига върха на своето могъщество. От края на неговото управление за държавата окончателно се е закрепило името — „Велико княжество Литовско, Жемайтско и Руско“. [редактиране] 16 — 18 век Казимир Ягелончик (1440-1492) разширява международното влияние на династията Ягелони — подчинява Полша, Прусия, слага своя син на чешкия и унгарския трон. През 1569 г. е сключена уния с Полша в Люблин, съгласно която Литва и Полша се управлява от съвместно избран крал, и държавата има общ Сейм. Правовите системи, армията и правителствата, обаче остават отделни. През 16 — 18 век в Литва ВЛК губи своя литовско-беларуски национален характер, в нея започва да се развива полска култура. [редактиране] Разделяне През 18 век, след Северната война, Полско-литовската държава влиза в упадък и попада под протекторат на Русия. През 1772, 1793 и 1795 г. цялата територия на Полша и Литва е поделена между Русия, Прусия и Австрия. [редактиране] Световни войни През Първата световна война Литва е окупирана от Германия (1915). На 16 февруари 1918 г. във Вилнюс представителството на литовския народ — Съвет на Литва (Lietuvos Taryba) — провъзгласява независима Литва. В периода 1920-1922 г. литовската държава е призната от международната общност. Тъй като Вилнюс, историческата столица на Литва, през 1920 — 1939 г. е окупиран от Полша, той се е считал за официална столица, а временна столица става Каунас. На 15 юни 1940 г. на територията на Литва са въведени съветски войски. Литва е присъединена към СССР като една от съюзните социалистически републики. Тогава е присъединен и Вилнюския край. Литва е окупирана от нацистка Германия. От 1944 г., когато Съветската армия разгромява немско-фашистките войски на територията на Литва, до 1991 година тя остава в състава на СССР. [редактиране] Съвременна история На 11 март 1990 г. Върховния Съвет на Литовската Република провъзгласява акт за възстановяване на независимостта на Литва. През 1991 г. Литовската Република е призната от Русия, СССР и международната общност. Същата година е приета за член на ООН. През 2003 г. е подписан договор за влизане на Литва в Европейския съюз, който е приет на референдум. На 1 май 2004 г. Литва става член на ЕС, НАТО.
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Lithuania: History Between the 7th and 2nd centuries BC, Baltic tribes established themselves on what is presently known as Lithuanian territory. These tribes were made up of a distinct Indo-European ethnic group whose descendents are the present-day Lithuanian and Latvian nations. The name of Lithuania, however, did not appear in European records until 1009 AD, when it was mentioned in the German manuscript Annals of Quedlinburg. During the period 1236-1263, Duke Mindaugas united the various Baltic tribes and established the state of Lithuania, which was better able to resist the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Knights. In 1253, Mindaugas embraced Christianity for political reasons and accepted the crown from the Pope of Rome, becoming the first and only king in Lithuanian history. After the assassination of Mindaugas and the ensuing civil war, Grand Duke Gediminas took control of Lithuania. He reigned from 1316 to 1341, during which the long-term expansion of Lithuania into the lands of the eastern Slavs began. He founded the modern capital city of Vilnius and started the Gediminas dynasty, which ruled Lithuania until 1572. By the end of the 14th century, Lithuania was the largest country in Europe, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. In 1386, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania was crowned the King of Poland, which intensified Lithuania's economic and cultural development and oriented it toward the West. It was at this time that the people of Lithuania embraced Christianity. In 1401, the formal union between Poland and Lithuania was dissolved. While Jogaila remained the King of Poland, his cousin Grand Duke Vytautas became the ruler of Lithuania. In 1410, the armies of Poland and Lithuania together defeated the Teutonic Order in the Battle of Grunewald, the biggest battle of medieval Europe. The 16th century witnessed a number of wars against the growing Russian state over the Slavic lands ruled by Lithuania. Needing an ally in those wars, Lithuania again united with Poland through The Union of Lublin in 1569. As a member of this Commonwealth, Lithuania retained its sovereignty and its institutions, including a separate army and currency. In 1795, the joint state was dissolved by the third Partition of the Commonwealth, which forfeited its lands to Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Over 90% of Lithuania was incorporated into the Russian Empire and the remainder into Prussia. Attempts to restore independence in the uprisings of 1794, 1830-31, and 1863 were suppressed and followed by a tightened police regime and increasing Russification, including the 1864 ban on printing Lithuanian books in traditional Latin characters. A market economy slowly developed with the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Lithuanian farmers grew stronger, and an increase in the number of intellectuals of peasant origin led to the growth of a Lithuanian national movement. In German-ruled East Prussia, also called Lithuania Minor, or Kaliningrad, Lithuanian publications were printed in large numbers and then smuggled into Russian-ruled Lithuania. The ban on the Lithuanian press was lifted in 1904. During World War I, the German Army occupied Lithuania, and the occupation administration allowed a Lithuanian conference to convene in Vilnius in September 1917. The conference adopted a resolution demanding the restoration of an independent Lithuanian state and elected the Lithuanian Council. On February 16, 1918, the council declared Lithuania's independence. The Seimas (Parliament) of Lithuania adopted a constitution on August 1, 1922 and declared Lithuania a parliamentary republic. The interwar period of independence gave birth to the development of Lithuanian press, literature, music, arts, and theater as well as a comprehensive system of education with Lithuanian as the language of instruction. However, territorial disputes with Poland (over the Vilnius region and the Suvalkai region) and with Germany (over the Klaipeda region) preoccupied the foreign policy of the new state. During the interwar period, the constitutional capital was Vilnius, although the city itself was annexed by Poland from 1920 to 1939. During this period the Lithuanian Government was relocated to Kaunas, which officially held the status of temporary capital. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939 first pulled Lithuania into the German sphere of influence and then brought it under Soviet domination. Soviet pressure and a complicated international situation forced Lithuania to sign an agreement with the U.S.S.R. on October 10, 1939. By means of this agreement, Lithuania was given back the city of Vilnius and the part of the Vilnius region seized by the Red Army during the Soviet-Polish war; in return, some 20,000 Soviet soldiers were deployed in Lithuania. On August 3, 1940, Lithuania was proclaimed a Soviet Socialist Republic. Totalitarian rule was established, Sovietization of the economy and culture began, and Lithuanian state employees and public figures were arrested and exiled to Russia. During the mass deportation campaign of June 14-18, 1941, about 12,600 people were deported to Siberia without investigation or trial, 3,600 people were imprisoned, and more than 1,000 were killed. Between 1940 and 1954, under the Nazi and then Soviet occupations, Lithuania lost over 780,000 residents. In World War II, German occupiers sent Lithuanians to forced labor camps in Germany. Almost 200,000, or 91%, of Lithuanian Jews were killed, one of the worst death rates of the Holocaust. After the retreat of the Wehrmacht in 1944, Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviet Union, and an estimated 120,000 to 300,000 Lithuanians were either killed or deported to Siberia and other remote parts of the Soviet Union. Conversely, Soviet authorities encouraged the immigration to Lithuania of other Soviet workers, especially Russians, as a way of integrating Lithuania into the U.S.S.R. With the advent of perestroika and glasnost, Gorbachev's programs of social and political reforms in the late 1980s, communist rule eroded. Lithuania, led by Sajudis, an anti-communist and anti-Soviet independence movement, proclaimed its renewed independence on March 11, 1990--the first Soviet republic to do so. The Lithuanian Supreme Soviet formed a new Cabinet of Ministers and adopted the Provisional Fundamental Law of the State with a number of by-laws. In response, on the night of January 13, 1991, the Red Army attacked the Vilnius TV Tower, killing 14 civilians and injuring 700. Soviet forces, however, were unsuccessful in suppressing Lithuania's secession. On February 4, 1991, Iceland became the first country to recognize Lithuanian independence. Sweden was the first to open an embassy in the country. The United States never recognized the Soviet claim to Lithuania and views the present Lithuanian Government as the legal continuation of the interwar republic. In July 2007, Lithuania celebrated the 85th anniversary of continuous diplomatic relations with the United States. Lithuania joined the United Nations on September 17, 1991. Despite Lithuania's achievement of complete independence, sizable numbers of Russian forces remained on its territory. Withdrawal of those forces was one of Lithuania's top foreign policy priorities. On August 31, 1993, Lithuania and Russia signed an agreement whereby the last Red Army troops left the country. On May 31, 2001, Lithuania became the 141st member of the World Trade Organization. Desiring closer ties with the West, Lithuania became the first of the Baltic states to apply for membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and on March 29, 2004, it joined the Alliance. On May 1 of the same year, Lithuania also joined the European Union. Lithuania has been a staunch U.S. ally, contributing to military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. In Afghanistan, Lithuania has led a Provincial Reconstruction Team in Ghor province since 2005, and has deployed Lithuanian Special Operation Forces to southern Afghanistan to operate under NATO’s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). In Iraq, Lithuania had an infantry platoon serving in Multinational Division Center near Al Kut until July 2008; five trainers currently serve in the NATO Training Mission-Iraq in Baghdad. Lithuania has also participated in the peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Kosovo. Similarly, Lithuania is a strong supporter of U.S. objectives in the area of democracy promotion. In 2009 Lithuania assumed the chairmanship of the Community of Democracies. Making this a high priority for its foreign policy, Lithuania has provided development assistance and advice to Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and other Caucasus states. Lithuania also actively supports democratization efforts in Belarus. As a result of the broader global financial crisis, the Lithuanian economy in 2009 experienced its worst recession since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. After experiencing a boom in growth sparked by Lithuania’s 2004 accession to the European Union (EU), Lithuania’s GDP contracted by 15% in 2009. To stabilize the economy, the government that took power in December 2008 approved a U.S. $2.3 billion stimulus plan as well as a fiscal austerity package that cut spending and raised taxes to shore up finances. This was followed by several more rounds of budget cuts throughout 2009, and the 2010 government budget started to cut into Lithuania’s social benefit programs. Lithuania’s GDP grew slightly in 2010. Sources:CIA World Factbook (May 2011) U.S. Dept. of State Country Background Notes ( May 2011)