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Източен Съсекс - Тази статия е за административното графство. За историческото графство вижте Съсекс. Източен Съсекс e Англия в Югоизточна Англия. Граничи с графствата Кент, Съри и Западен Съсекс, а на юг с Ламанша. Съдържание История[редактиране | edit source] Източен Съсекс е част от древното царство на южните саксонци, установили се там през 5 век, след напускането на римляните. Областта е била населена в продължение на много хиляди години преди това. Археологическите останки са в изобилие, особено в планинските райони. Разположението по крайбрежието предполага, че е посрещал много нашественици, включително римляните и по-късно норманите. В миналото са се произвеждали желязо и вълна. Управление[редактиране | edit source] Съсекс обикновено се разделя на шест подразделения. От XII век трите източни подразделения и трите западни си имали отделно управление, като столицата на трите източни подразделения е Луис. Тази ситуация е редактирана от Парламента през 1865 и двете части са били направени в административни графства, всяко със свои различни избрани съвети. В Източен Съсекс е имало също и три самоадминистративни борота: Брайтън, Истборн и Хейстингс. През 1974 Източен Съсекс е превърнат в церемониално графство и трите графски борота станали общини в графството. В същото време западната граница се изменила, така че регионът Среден Съсекс (включващ Бъргес Хил и Хейуърдс Хийт) е бил включен към графство Западен Съсекс. Източен Съсекс се разделя на пет местни общини. Трите най-големи, провинциални общини (от запад на изток) са: Луис, Уийлдън и Ротър. Истборн и Хейстингс са в по-голямата си част градски площи. География[редактиране | edit source] От географска гледна точка Източен Съсекс е част от южна антиклинала в Уийлд. На север паралелни долини и хълмове, най-големият от които е самият Уийлд. Пясъчниците и пръстта се срещат в морето в Хейстингс, Бийчи Хед. Релефът в графството отразява геологията. Икономика[редактиране | edit source] Това е таблица на тенденцията на регионалната брутна добавена стойност на неметрополитното графство Източен Съсекс. Забележителности[редактиране | edit source] Бийчи Хед е един от най-известните местни атракции, заедно с апартаментите край Normans Bay. Графството е известно с зеленината си в цялата страна. Освен с материалните забележителности като Долините и Уийлда, Източен Съсекс има още много забележителности с исторически характер. Има замъци в Бодиам, Херстмонзо, Луис и Певънси. Домът на Ръдиард Киплинг и Съсексият университет са сред интерестните сгради. Има също и много паркове, подходящи за туристи. Паркът Седемте сестри скоро ще бъде обявен за национален парк. Транспорт[редактиране | edit source] Пътища[редактиране | edit source] Обикновено Източен Съсекс няма автомагистрала. Главните пътища през графството са тези, които са част от възлите от Лондон: A21 до Хейстингс; А22 до Истборн; и А23 до Брайтън. Пресечните пътища включват А26, по който минава трафик от Нюхавен и Луис северно към Кент; и пътя на южното крайбрежие, което започва от Фолкостон (Кент) и минава по пътя на южното крайбрежие за Истборн. Пътят А27, който свързва Истборн с Портсмаут, е един от най-натоварените пътища в Обединеното кралство. Образование[редактиране | edit source] Съсекският университет е разположен в Брайтън. В Източен Съсекс има 150 начални училища, повечето от които са малки и служат на малки общности. Източен Съсекс има изчерпателна образователна система с 27 държавни гимназии и 12 частни гимназии. Всеки по-голям град разполага с колеж.
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East Sussex East Sussex /ˈsʌsɨks/ is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel. Contents History[edit] East Sussex is part of the historic county of Sussex, which has its roots in the ancient kingdom of the South Saxons, who established themselves there in the 5th century AD, after the departure of the Romans. Archaeological remains are plentiful, especially in the upland areas. The area's position on the coast has also meant that there were many invaders, including the Romans and later the Normans. Earlier industries have included fishing, iron-making, and the wool trade, all of which have declined, or been lost completely. Governance[edit] Sussex is traditionally divided into six sub-divisions known as rapes. From the 12th century the three eastern rapes and the three western rapes each had separate quarter sessions, with the county town of the three eastern rapes being Lewes.[2] This situation was formalised by Parliament in 1865, and the two parts were made into administrative counties, each with distinct elected county councils in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888. In East Sussex there were also three self-administered county boroughs: Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings. In 1974 East Sussex was made a ceremonial county, and the three county boroughs became districts within the county. At the same time the western boundary was altered, so that the Mid Sussex region (including Burgess Hill and Haywards Heath) was transferred to the county of West Sussex. In 1997, Brighton and Hove became a self-administered unitary authority; it was granted city status in 2000, whilst remaining part of the ceremonial county of East Sussex. East Sussex is divided into five local government districts. Three are larger, rural, districts (from west to east) are: Lewes; Wealden; and Rother. Eastbourne and Hastings are mainly urban areas. The rural districts are further subdivided into civil parishes.[3] Geography[edit] Geology[edit] From a geological point of view East Sussex is part of southern anticline of the Weald: the South Downs, a range of moderate chalk hills which run across the southern part of the county from west to east and mirrored in Kent by the North Downs. To the north lie parallel valleys and ridges, the highest of which is the Weald itself (the Hastings beds and Wealden Clay). The sandstones and clays meet the sea at Hastings; the Downs, at Beachy Head. Climate[edit] East Sussex, such as most of the southern counties by the south coast, hold annual average totals of around 1,750[4] hours of sunshine per year. This is much higher than the UK's average of about 1340 hours of sunshine a year. Relief and drainage[edit] The relief of the county reflects the geology. The chalk uplands of the South Downs occupies the coastal strip between Brighton and Eastbourne. There are two river gaps: the Rivers Ouse and Cuckmere. The Seven Sisters, where the Downs meet the sea, are the remnants of dry valleys cut into the chalk; they end at Beachy Head, 530 feet (162 m) above sea level. To the east of Beachy Head lie the marshlands of the Pevensey Levels, formerly flooded by the sea but now enclosed within a deposited beach. At Bexhill the land begins to rise again where the sands and clays of the Weald meet the sea; these culminate in the sandstone cliffs east of Hastings. Further east are the Pett Levels, more marshland, beyond which is the estuary of the River Rother. On the far side of the estuary are the dunes of Camber Sands. The highest point of the Downs within the county is Ditchling Beacon, at 814 feet (248 m): it is termed a Marilyn. The Weald occupies the northern borderlands of the county. Between the Downs and Weald is a narrow stretch of lower lying land; many of the rivers and streams occupying this area originate in the Weald. The High Weald is heavily wooded in contrast to the South Downs; the Low Weald less so. Part of the Weald is the Ashdown Forest. Settlements[edit] The location of settlements in East Sussex has been determined both by its history and its geography. The original towns and villages tended to be where its economy lay: fishing along the coast and agriculture and iron mining on the Weald. Industry today tends to be geared towards tourism, and particularly along the coastal strip. Here towns such as Bexhill-on-Sea, Eastbourne, and Hastings lie. Newhaven and Rye are ports, although the latter is also of historical importance. Peacehaven and Seaford are more dormitory towns than anything else. Away from the coast lie former market towns such as Hailsham, Heathfield and Uckfield; Crowborough is a centre for the Ashdown Forest. Lewes, the County town of East Sussex; and Battle, with its Norman Conquest beginnings. are the other two towns of significance. Economy[edit] This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of East Sussex (Brighton & Hove has a separate table) at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Politics[edit] Landmarks[edit] The Seven Sisters Park is part of the South Downs National Park. Beachy Head is one of the most famed local attractions, along with the flats along Normans Bay. Apart from the physical landmarks such as the Downs and the Weald, East Sussex has a great many landmarks of historical interest. There are castles at Bodiam, Herstmonceux, Lewes and Pevensey; and defence works such as the Martello towers and Eastbourne Redoubt.[9] Battle Abbey, built to commemorate the Battle of Hastings; Bateman's, home of Rudyard Kipling, and the University of Sussex buildings at Falmer are among interesting buildings. Transport[edit] Roads[edit] East Sussex has no motorways. The main roads through the county are those part of the radial pattern from London: the A21 to Hastings; the A22 to Eastbourne; and the A23 to Brighton. Cross-country routes include the A26 which carries traffic from Newhaven and Lewes north into Kent; and the south coast trunk route, which starts in Folkestone (Kent) as the A259 trunk road, and traverses the south coast to Eastbourne, where it becomes the A27 trunk road and heads westwards towards Chichester in West Sussex and ultimately to Honiton in Devon. All the main roads suffer from congestion and traffic problems: the A27 which connects Eastbourne to Portsmouth is one of the busiest trunk roads in the UK. Bus routes serve all the main areas of settlement and many of the villages in the county. Railways[edit] The railways serve the main towns in a similar fashion to the roads. Until the closures of many branch railways in the 20th century, rural East Sussex was well-served by rail: few such branch lines escaped the Beeching Axe so that today only main-line services remain. They include the East Coastway Line (including the Marshlink Line); the London-Hastings line; and the Uckfield branch, the terminus of the Oxted Line. There are three heritage railways: the Kent and East Sussex Railway operates from Tenterden in Kent to Bodiam; the Bluebell Railway from Sheffield Park to East Grinstead; and the Lavender Line Steam Railway near Lewes. Trains in the county are operated by Southern, Southeastern, First Capital Connect and First Great Western. Southern is the key operator for the county, operating services along the West Coastway and East Coastway routes, as well as trains from Brighton, Eastbourne, Seaford and Hastings to London Victoria, and to a lesser extent London Bridge, which is also where trains to/from Uckfield go. Southeastern operate trains from London Charing Cross to Hastings. First Capital Connect operate trains from Brighton to Bedford, and First Great Western operate from Brighton to Bristol Temple Meads, Cardiff Central, Gloucester, Worcester Shrub Hill and Great Malvern. Footpaths[edit] Among the long-distance footpaths in East Sussex are the South Downs Way; 1066 Country Walk, High Weald Landscape Trail, Saxon Shore Way, Sussex Border Path, Sussex Ouse Valley Way, Vanguard Way, Wealdway and The Monarch's Way Education[edit] The University of Sussex is based in Brighton, as well as this there are 150 primary schools in East Sussex, many of them small and serving small communities. East Sussex has a comprehensive education system with 27 state secondary schools (not including sixth form colleges) and 12 independent secondary schools including Lewes Old Grammar School which celebrated its 500th Anniversary in 2012. Each of the larger towns also has a further education college. There are also a number of independent boarding schools in the county. The Pestalozzi Children's Village, an international foundation, is located at Sedlescombe. See also[edit] - Outline of England - ESCIS - List of High Sheriffs of East Sussex - List of Lord Lieutenants of East Sussex - The Keep: the county's archive and record office, under construction near Falmer References[edit] - ^ "Flag of Sussex - Council Arms". Retrieved 8 September 2011. - ^ Connections West Sussex - ^ See List of civil parishes in East Sussex - ^ "Met Office:English Climate". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2007-05-25. - ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding - ^ includes hunting and forestry - ^ includes energy and construction - ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured - ^ Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum Eastbourne Redoubt is the home of the Royal Sussex Regimental Museum External links[edit] Coordinates: 50°55′N 0°20′E / 50.917°N 0.333°E - Bedfordshire - Berkshire - City of Bristol - Buckinghamshire - Cambridgeshire - Cheshire - Cornwall - Cumbria - Derbyshire - Devon - Dorset - Durham - East Riding of Yorkshire - East Sussex - Essex - Gloucestershire - Greater London - Greater Manchester - Hampshire - Herefordshire - Hertfordshire - Isle of Wight - Kent - Lancashire - Leicestershire - Lincolnshire - City of London - Merseyside - Norfolk - Northamptonshire - Northumberland - North Yorkshire - Nottinghamshire - Oxfordshire - Rutland - Shropshire - Somerset - South Yorkshire - Staffordshire - Suffolk - Surrey - Tyne and Wear - Warwickshire - West Midlands - West Sussex - West Yorkshire - Wiltshire - Worcestershire