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Индекс на забранените книги „Индекс на забранените книги“ (на латински „Index Librorum Prohibitorum“) е списък с публикации, които Римокатолическата църква смята за опасни за себе си и за вярата на своите членове. Различните издания съдържат също правила за четенето, продажбата и цензурата на книги. Целта на списъка е да предотврати четенето на неморални или съдържащи теологични грешки книги. Първият подобен списък е публикуван в Нидерландия през 1529 г., по-късно това става и във Венеция (1543 г.) и Париж (1551 г.). Първият римски „Индекс“ е създаден при папа Павел IV (1557 г., 1559 г.). Този списък е приет като твърде строг и след Трентския събор папа Пий IV публикува „Тридентинския индекс“ (1564 г.), който става основа за следващите списъци до 1897 г., когато папа Лъв XIII издава „Index Leonianus“. Първите списъци са изготвяни от Върховната свещена конгрегация на Римската и Вселенска инквизиция (днес Конгрегация за доктрината на вярата). През 1571 г. е създадена специална Свещена конгрегация на Индекса, която има задачата да попълва и поддържа „Индекса на забранените книги“. Тази конгрегация е премахната през 1917 г., когато правилата за четене на книги са уредени с новия „Codex Iuris Canonici“ и поддръжката на списъка отново е възложена на днешната Конгрегация за доктрината на вярата. Индексът е редовно актуализиран до 1948 г.. 32-рото издание съдържа 4000 заглавия, цензурирани по различни причини - ерес, неморалност, сексуални теми, политическа некоректност и други. Много явно атеистични книги не са включени в „Индекса“, тъй като, според решенията на Трентския събор, работи, критикуващи или осъждащи някоя част от католическата вяра, са считат за забранени без специално решение. „Индексът на забранените книги“ е отменен като официален задължителен документ на Римокатолическата църква след края на Втория ватикански събор през 1966 г.. Някои известни автори, включени в Индекса[редактиране | edit source] - Оноре дьо Балзак - Френсис Бейкън - Джордано Бруно - Джордж Бъркли - Волтер - Галилео Галилей - Едуард Гибън - Даниел Дефо - Рене Декарт - Дени Дидро - Александър Дюма - баща - Александър Дюма-син - Еразъм Ротердамски - Андре Жид - Емил Зола - Никос Казандзакис - Джакомо Казанова - Имануел Кант - Николай Коперник - Джон Лок - Николо Макиавели - Никола Малбранш - Карл Маркс - Морис Метерлинк - Джон Милтън - Шарл дьо Монтескьо - Блез Паскал - Франсоа Рабле - Самюел Ричардсън - Жан-Жак Русо - Жорж Санд - Жан-Пол Сартър - Емануел Сведенборг - Барух Спиноза - Джонатан Суифт - Гюстав Флобер - Анатол Франс - Томас Хобс - Дейвид Хюм - Виктор Юго
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List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum This is a selected list of authors and works listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. The Index was abolished on June 14, 1966 by Pope Paul VI.[1] A complete list of the authors and writings present in the subsequent editions of the index are listed in J. Martinez de Bujanda, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600-1966, Geneva, 2002. Some notable authors and intellectuals whose works are widely read today in leading universities worldwide and are now considered as the foundations of science were listed on the Index. Kepler's Astronomia nova and World Harmony were quickly placed on the Index after their publication.[2] Other examples of noteworthy intellectuals and religious figures who were on the Index include Martin Luther, Jean-Paul Sartre, Voltaire, John Calvin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, René Descartes, Francis Bacon, Huldrych Zwingli and Blaise Pascal. Contents Works listed[edit] With some writers, only certain books were banned: Samuel Richardson (Pamela), Emanuel Swedenborg (The Principia), or Immanuel Kant (Critique of Pure Reason), for example. Alfred Rosenberg's Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts (The Myth of the Twentieth Century) and his An die Dunkelmänner unserer Zeit: eine Antwort auf die Angriffe gegen den "Mythus des 20. Jahrhundert" (Regarding The Dark Men of Our Time: an Answer to the Problems against the "Myth of the Twentieth Century"), were condemned by decrees of February 7, 1934 and of July 17, 1935 respectively. Ernst Bergmann's Die deutsche Nationalkirche (The German National Church) and his Die natürliche Geistlehre (Natural Spirit Teachings), by decrees of February 7, 1934 and November 17, 1937. - Libri Carolini, supposedly by Charlemagne - Maimonides (Tractate on Idolatry from the Mishneh Torah with notes by Dionysius Vossius, 1717.)[3] - Dante Alighieri (only his Monarchia) - Montaigne (Essais)[4] - Descartes (Méditations Métaphysiques et 6 autres livres, 1948)[4] - La Fontaine (Contes et Nouvelles)[4] - Pascal (Pensées with notes by Voltaire)[4] - Montesquieu (Lettres Persanes, 1948)[4] - Voltaire (Lettres philosophiques; Histoire des croisades; Cantiques des Cantiques)[4] - Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Du Contrat Social; La Nouvelle Héloïse)[4] - Helvétius (De l'Esprit; De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation)[4] - Casanova (Mémoires)[4] - Sade (Justine, Juliette)[4] - Madame de Staël (Corinne ou l'Italie)[4] - Stendhal (Le Rouge et le noir, 1948)[4] - Victor Hugo (Notre Dame de Paris; Les Misérables until 1959)[4] - Gustave Flaubert (Madame Bovary; Salammbô)[4] - Alexandre Dumas (various novels)[4] - Pierre Larousse (Grand Dictionnaire Universel)[4] - Allan Kardec (The Spirits' Book) Authors' complete works listed[edit] In a few cases, according to The Book of Lists by Irving Wallace, Amy Wallace and David Wallechinsky, all works of a particular writer were on the Index: Thomas Hobbes, Émile Zola, Jean-Paul Sartre. As for Benedict Spinoza, the Church put all of his posthumous works on the Index. Most of these were inserted in the Index at a time when the Index itself stated that the prohibition of someone’s “opera omnia” (all his works) did not cover works whose contents did not concern religion and were not forbidden by the general rules of the Index, but this explanation was omitted in the 1929 edition, an omission that was officially interpreted in 1940 as meaning that thenceforth “opera omnia” covered all the author’s works without exception.[5] - Rabelais[4] - Denis Diderot (Encyclopédie)[4] - Balzac[4] - Émile Zola[4] - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon[3] - Maurice Maeterlinck (1911 Nobel Prize in Literature)[4] - Anatole France (1921 Nobel Prize in Literature; placed on Index in 1922)[4] - André Gide (1947 Nobel Prize in Literature; placed on Index in 1952)[4] - Gregorio Leti - Jean-Paul Sartre (1964 Nobel Prize in Literature (refused); placed on Index in 1959)[4] Other[edit] Among the notable writers on the list were Simone de Beauvoir, Jean Buridan and Laurence Sterne, as well as the Dutch sexologist Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, author of the sex manual The Perfect Marriage. - Joseph Addison - Francis Bacon - Simone de Beauvoir - Cesare Beccaria - Jeremy Bentham - Henri Bergson - George Berkeley - Thomas Browne - Giordano Bruno - John Calvin - Auguste Comte - Nicolaus Copernicus (later lifted) - Jean le Rond d'Alembert - Erasmus Darwin - Daniel Defoe - John William Draper - Alexandre Dumas, père - Alexandre Dumas, fils - Desiderius Erasmus - Johannes Scotus Eriugena - Frederick II of Prussia - Galileo Galilei (later lifted) - Edward Gibbon - Vincenzo Gioberti - Heinrich Heine - Thomas Hobbes - David Hume - Cornelius Jansen - Adam F. Kollár[6] - Nikos Kazantzakis - Johannes Kepler - Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais - John Locke - Martin Luther - Niccolò Machiavelli - Nicolas Malebranche - Jules Michelet - Baruch Spinoza - John Stuart Mill[7] - John Milton - Ernest Renan - George Sand - Jonathan Swift - Miguel de Unamuno - Maria Valtorta - Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde - Gerard Walschap - Huldrych Zwingli Reversals and non-inclusions[edit] There have been cases of reversal with respect to works that were on the Index, such as those of Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei: "The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned Dialogue) in Florence. In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue. In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus's De Revolutionibus remained. All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index."[citation needed] Not on the Index were Aristophanes, Juvenal, John Cleland, James Joyce and D. H. Lawrence. According to Wallace et al., this was because the primary criterion for banning the work was anticlericalism, blasphemy and heresy. Some authors whose views are generally unacceptable to the Church (e.g. Karl Marx or Adolf Hitler) were never put on the Index; nor was Charles Darwin (see Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church).[8][9] References[edit] - ^ "Galileo and Books", Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge - ^ "The Congregation of the Index", The Galileo Project, Rice University - ^ a b Indec Librovm Prohibitorvm – 1948 - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Halsall, Paul (May l, 1998). "Modern History Sourcebook: Index librorum prohibitorum, 1557–1966 (Index of Prohibited Books)". Internet History Sourcebooks Project (Fordham University). Check date values in: |date=(help) - ^ Jesús Martínez de Bujanda, Index librorum prohibitorum: 1600-1966 (Droz 2002 ISBN 2-600-00818-7), p. 36 - ^ On the Origins and Perpetual Use of the Legislative Powers of the Apostolic Kings of Hungary in Matters Ecclesiastical. - ^ Principles of Political Economy placed on Index in 1856; Seldes, G. 1934. The Vatican - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. London. - ^ Vatican opens up secrets of Index of Forbidden Books. - ^ Heneghan, Tom, "Secrets Behind The Forbidden Books", America, The National Catholic Weekly, February 7, 2005 External links[edit] - Searchable database of Index Librorum Prohibitorum at Beacon for Freedom of Expression - Facsimile of the 1559 index - The complete list of banned books in 1948 - List of famous authors in the index