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Игор Стравински Ѝгор Фьо̀дорович Стравѝнски (на руски: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) е руски композитор, работил през по-голямата част от живота си във Франция и Съединените щати. Той е определян като един от най-значимите композитори на 20 век,[1][2][3] а понякога и като една от най-влиятелните личности на столетието.[4] Освен признанието, което получава за своите композиции, той е известен и с работата си като пианист и диригент, често при премиерите на своите произведения. Кариерата на Стравински като композитор е забележителна със стилистичното разнообразие на работите му. Той получава международна известност с три балета, написани по поръчка на импресариото Сергей Дягилев за неговата балетна трупа - „Жар-птица“ (1910), „Петрушка“ (1911/1947) и „Пролетно тайнство“ (1913). „Пролетно тайнство“, чиято премиера предизвиква обществени безредици, напълно променя начина, по който по-късните композитори разглеждат ритмичната структура, и до голяма степен утвърждава трайната репутация на Стравински като революционер в музиката. След този пръв руски период на творческото си развитие, през 20-те години Стравински се насочва към неокласицизма. През този период той обикновено използва традиционни музикални форми, като кончерто гросо, фуга или симфония, в които често нишка на силни емоции е прикрита под външното впечатление за сдържаност и безстрастност. В много от тези композиции той отдава почит на класически композитори, като Йохан Себастиан Бах или Пьотър Чайковски. През 50-те години Игор Стравински възприема техниките на сериализма, които заемат важно място в последните двадесет години от творческата му работа. Композициите от този период запазват много сходства с по-ранните му работи - ритмична енергия, конструиране на разширени мелодични идеи от няколко кратки компонента, чистота на формата, на инструментацията, на изказа. Съдържание Биография[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Ранни години[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Игор Стравински е роден на 17 юни (5 юни стар стил) 1882 година в Ораниенбаум (днес Ломоносов), но израства в столицата Санкт Петербург. Баща му, Фьодор Стравински, е оперен певец и работи в Мариинския театър.[5] По бащина линия той произлиза от полската благородническа фамилия Стравински. Пишейки по-късно за детството си, Игор Стравински отбелязва: „Никога не попаднах на някой, който да изпитва истинска привързаност към мен“.[6] Израстнал в музикално семейство, Игор започва да свири на пиано от ранна възраст, а по-късно взима уроци и по музикална теория и прави някои опити за композиране. През 1890 година гледа в Мариинския театър балета на Пьотър Чайковски „Спящата красавица“, който силно го впечатлява.[6] Четиринадесетгодишен, той усвоява добре Концерт за пиано №1 на Феликс Менделсон Бартолди, а през следващата година завършва преработката за пиано на един от струнните квартети на Александър Глазунов. Самият Глазунов, обаче, няма особено високо мнение за композиторските умения на младия Стравински, наричайки го немузикален.[6] Въпреки ентусиазма на Игор Стравински към музиката, неговите родители планират той да стане юрист. През 1901 година той започва да учи право в Санктпетербургския университет, но с голямо нежелание, като за четири години посещава по-малко от 50 лекции.[7] Когато баща му умира през 1902 година, той вече е започнал да отделя повече време на музикалните си интереси. През 1905 година университетът е затворен след Кървавата неделя, поради което Стравински така и не полага финалните изпити и през 1906 година получава само частична диплома.[5] През следващите години Игор Стравински се концентрира върху музиката. По съвет на видния композитор Николай Римски-Корсаков той не постъпва в Санктпетербургската консерватория, до голяма степен заради възрастта си. Вместо това от 1905 до 1908 година той взема два пъти седмично частни уроци от Римски-Корсаков.[7] Кариера[редактиране | редактиране на кода] След завършването си той се отдава на композирането. През 1907 г. написва първата си симфония, а дотогава е писал само произведения за пиано. През 1908 г. прави първия си авторски концерт, където присъства Сергей Дягилев - бивш балетист и настоящ директор на частна балетна трупа в Русия. През 1909 г. Стравински се запознава в Санкт Петербург със Дягилев, който по това време организира фестивал „Руски сезони“ в Западна Европа и Америка. Дягилев предлага на неизвестния автор да напише музика за балет по мотиви на руските народни приказки в направление импресионизъм и така се ражда „Жар-птица“. През 1910 г. премиерата на парижка сцена на балета предизвиква фурор. На следващата година Стравински го преработва и след като е поставен отново на сцена, той до такава степен допада на зрителите, че се заговаря за създаването на нов музикален стил, станал по-късно известен като „неокласицизъм“. През 1913 г. се жени и се премества да живее в Париж, но с течение на времето започва да получава повиквателни да се върне в Русия, защото не притежава френско гражданство. Впоследствие се мести в Швейцария, където живее от 1920 до 1940 г, когато най-накрая получава френски паспорт и се връща в Париж. Въпреки това през 1939 г. известният композитор напуска френската столица и заминава за Америка, защото в рамките на около година майка му, жена му и голямата му дъщеря умират и там всичко го потиска. Той решава да започне отначало като диригент и композитор във филмово студио в Холивуд.По-късно работи и като преподавател в Харвард. През 1945 г. се жени повторно за прима-балерина. Смърт[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Игор Стравински почива на 88-годишна възраст на 6 април 1971 г. в Ню Йорк, но е погребан в православната част на острова-гробище Сан Микеле (Венеция), до гроба на Сергей Дягилев. Творчество[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Балети[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - "Жар-птица" - "Петрушка" - "Пролетно тайство" - "История на войника" - "Пулчинела" - "Сватба" - "Целувката на феята" - "Аполон Мусагет" - "Игра на карти" - "Балетна сцена" - "Балет ревю" - "Агон" - "Орфей" Награди[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Награда Сонинг, 1959 г. Външни препратки[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Бележки[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - ↑ ((en)) Page, Tim. Classical Music: Great Composers, a Less-Than-Great Poser and an Operatic Impresario. // Washington Post. 30 юли 2006. - ↑ ((en)) Strawinsky, Théodore и др. Catherine and Igor Stravinsky: A Family Chronicle 1906–1940. New York, Schirmer Trade Books, 2004. - ↑ ((en)) Cohen, Allen. Howard Hanson in Theory and Practice. Westport, Conn, Praeger Publishers, 2004. - ↑ ((en)) Glass, Philip. The Classical Musician Igor Stravinsky. // time.com. Посетен на 22 април 2011. - ↑ а б ((en)) Walsh, Stephen. Stravinsky, Igor. // Sadie, Stanley и др. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London, MacMillan Publishers, 2001. - ↑ а б в Dubal 2001, с. 564. - ↑ а б Dubal 2001, с. 565. - Цитирани източници - ((en)) Dubal, David. The Essential Canon of Classical Music. New York, North Point Press, 2001.
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Igor Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky was born in Lomonosov (then Oranienbaum), 17 June 1882 and died in New York, 6 April 1971. He was one of the most important composers of the 20th century, and a leader in modernism in music. He was brought up in Russia. When the Russian Revolution started he moved to Switzerland and then to Paris, and finally, when World War II started in 1939, he moved to the United States. Stravinsky wrote music in different styles. At first he wrote music similar to his teacher Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He loved his native Russian music. He wrote music which had very complicated chords and rhythms. It is lively music, and some of his best known works of this kind were written for the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev: The Firebird, Petrushka, The Rite of Spring, Les noces, Pulcinella and Apollo musagète. They were written from 1910 to 1928. Then he changed his style and wrote in what is called a “neo-classical” way. He based it on music from the Classical music period but changed it. His only full-length opera The Rake's Progress was written in this way. In his later years he wrote serial music. Early years[change | edit source] Igor was the third of four children, all boys. As a child he spent the winter months in St Petersburg and the summers in the country where several of his relatives on his mother’s side had large estates. Igor was not particularly good at school, but he often went to see the operas in which his father Fyodor was performing. Fyodor was an opera singer with a fine bass voice. He sang at the opera house in Kiev and later at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg. Igor also went to ballets and even heard Tchaikovsky conduct in 1893, at the end of his life. For a time Stravinsky studied law at the university of St Petersburg, but gave up in 1906. Then he married one of his cousins. They soon had a son and a daughter. Meanwhile, since his school days, Igor played the piano, and had lessons in harmony and counterpoint. He enjoyed improvising and he started to be interested in composing. He wrote some short piano pieces and showed them to the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, the father of a friend. Rimsky-Korsakov told him he ought to continue to have private music lessons instead of going to the conservatoire. Shortly after this, Stravinsky’s father died. Igor went to stay with Rimsky-Korsakov. He met many musical people there, and Rimsky-Korsakov taught him how to write for the different instruments. In 1905, he began to take twice-weekly private lessons from Rimsky-Korsakov, whom he came to regard as a second father. These lessons continued until Rimsky-Korsakov's death in 1908. Early career[change | edit source] In 1908 Rimsky-Korsakov died. Stravinsky met Sergei Diaghilev, the ballet impresario. Diaghilev wanted to put on performances of new operas and ballets. He needed a composer to write the music and saw that Stravinsky might be the ideal person. He asked him to write music for a ballet called The Firebird, which was a Russian fairytale. Stravinsky wrote it at Rimsky-Korsakov’s country house and finished it in St Petersburg. The ballet was first performed at the Paris Opéra on 25 June 1910 by the Ballets Russes who were very famous in Europe. Mikhail Fokin was the choreographer. It has remained one of Stravinsky’s most famous pieces of music. Some of the music is often performed in a concert hall without the dancing. This version is called a “suite” (literally “a collection of dances”). It shows his love of Russian folk melody. The success of The Firebird made Stravinsky world famous. His music was especially well known in Europe, and in Paris where the Ballets Russes were based. The next work Stravinsky wrote for them was Petrouchka. It was the story of a puppet which comes to life. It was performed in Paris on 13 June 1911 and became just as famous as The Firebird. This music, too, is often performed as a concert piece. Stravinsky also made an arrangement of three of the dances for piano solo. It is very hard to play and needs a virtuoso pianist. Stravinsky was becoming well known among musicians. His friends included Debussy and Ravel. He met Schoenberg in Berlin and was very impressed by his piece called Pierrot Lunaire. He spent a lot of his time with his family in Switzerland where he had peace and quiet to compose. On 29 May 1913 a new ballet by Stravinsky called The Rite of Spring was performed at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in Paris. It was an absolute sensation. Some people loved it and others hated it. There was a big fight in the theatre and the police were called in. People were shouting so much that no one could hear the music. Stravinsky became ill afterwards and spent some weeks to recover. When the ballet was performed again people were quieter and listened to the music. There were lots of new ideas in the music: harsh chords and very complicated rhythms. The music of The Rite of Spring had an great influence on the development of music in the 20th century. Stravinsky’s next idea for a ballet was Les noces, French for 'The Wedding'. Stravinsky went back to Russia to collect some things that would help him to compose it. When he returned to Switzerland World War I started. The war years[change | edit source] Stravinsky’s family spent most of their time in Switzerland during the war. He was short of money because there was no more income from the Russian estates. The Ballets Russes could not perform any more in Paris. Stravinsky spent a lot of time working at Les Noces. He finished it in 1917 and played it to Diaghilev. It was another six years before it was performed. Stravinsky eventually chose to arrange it for four pianos, percussion, chorus and vocal soloists. It was performed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté Lyrique on 13 June 1923. Because Switzerland was neutral in the war, Stravinsky was able to travel. He went to Italy where he met Gerald Tyrwhitt (who later became Lord Berners) and Prokofiev. He wrote Reynard and Rag-Time. He performed in America with Ballets Russes. When the Russian Revolution broke out in February 1917 Stravinsky thought this would be good, but when the Bolshevik Revolution followed it became obvious that he would never be able to go back to Russia. He wrote L’histoire du soldat (The Soldier’s Tale). It was performed in Lausanne with Ernest Ansermet conducting. There would have been more performances but many people had influenza. When the war ended Stravinsky decided to move to France. He wrote a ballet called Pulcinella which was based on music by the 18th century composer Pergolesi. It was performed at the Paris Opéra on 15 May 1920. For some years Igor became interested in the music of the late 18th century, and the style of his work after 1920 is often described as neoclassical. France[change | edit source] In 1920 Stravinsky’s family moved from Stravinsky to Brittany, then the following year they moved to Biarritz. Stravinsky composed a piece called Symphonies for Wind Instruments. It was soon performed in London at a concert which also included The Rite of Spring, conducted by Eugene Goossens in the Queen's Hall. He met a theatre designer called Serge Soudeikine and fell madly in love with Vera, who would later become his second wife. Meanwhile, his first wife, Katerina, was in a sanitorium suffering from tuberculosis. Vera and Stravinsky saw one another as much as possible for the next 18 years. Meanwhile Stravinsky’s mother managed to get out of Russia and she joined Stravinsky’s family in Biarritz. Stravinsky had to support a large family, and he decided he needed to work more as a conductor and pianist instead of composing large works. He composed smaller pieces, including the piano version of three dances from Petrouchka. Later, when his son was grown up, he composed a Concerto for two solo pianos for himself to play with his son. He did not compose any more for the Ballets Russes, but he did compose Oedipus rex as a special tribute to them. This work was a mixture of opera and oratorio. The words were in Latin and were written by Jean Cocteau. It was performed as a concert performance. Although he did not write for Diaghilev any more, he accepted an invitation from Ida Rubinstein to write a ballet called Le baiser de la fée (The fairy’s kiss) which was based on music by Tchaikovsky. Diaghilev was annoyed, but then he died in 1929 and the Ballets Russes company no longer carried on. In 1926 Stravinsky, who belonged to the Russian Orthodox Church, had a deep religious experience which effected his music. The best of these religious pieces is the Symphony of Psalms, written for the Boston Symphony Orchestra’s 50th birthday celebrations. Stravinsky met the violinist Dushkin and composed a Violin Concerto as well as the Duo concertante for violin and piano which the two musicians played together at many concerts. He became more and more in demand in the United States and wrote several works for American people. He was offered a job as professor at Harvard University. At this time a lot of his family were ill. Then his daughter died, his wife died and his mother died. He was ill himself. Then, by September 1939, just as World War II started, he was well enough to travel to North America. American years[change | edit source] Stravinsky was immediately invited to conduct many concerts in America. Vera arrived in America four months later and she and Stravinsky were married in Bedford, Massachusetts. They applied for American citizenship and settled in Hollywood. He was quite short of money and he accepted any invitation to compose music. He even accepted a private pupil. Stravinsky composed a mass. It was not commissioned, he just wanted to compose it. It was performed in La Scala, Milan, in 1948 conducted by Ansermet. He then decided to compose a full-length opera in English. This was The Rake’s Progress. It was first performed in Venice in 1951. It is the best of his works in the neo-classical style. Another work from this period is his Symphony in C. It shows a different way of composing tonal music to the tonal works of classical composers. He met a musician called Robert Craft who came to live with the family and helped Stravinsky sort out his compositions and papers. He was surprised to find that Stravinsky never visited Schoenberg, who only lived a few streets away. After Schoenberg died in 1951 Craft encouraged Stravinsky to listen to Schoenberg’s serial music. Soon Stravinsky started to use serialism in his own compositions. Craft travelled with Stravinsky and helped him a great deal, for example, by conducting some of the concerts, or rehearsing the orchestras before Stravinsky came. In 1962 he was invited to the White House by President Kennedy. In the same year he returned to Russia for a visit. He had not been there for nearly half a century. It was a great success, and people in the USSR became more interested in Stravinsky’s music. It made Stravinsky very happy to know that Russians were interested in him again. During his last years he became rather ill. Threni is one of his last compositions. It is a setting of the parts of the Lamentations of Jeremiah for voices and orchestra. He composed other religious works including Requiem Canticles. In 1969 he moved with his family to New York where he died two years later. Stravinsky was buried in Venice, near Diaghilev’s grave. References[change | edit source] - The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. - Craft, Robert. Stravinsky: glimpses of a life. London: Lime Tree; New York: St Martins Press. Martins). - Craft, Robert. Stravinsky: chronicle of a friendship, revised and expanded edition. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. - Stravinsky, Igor. An Autobiography. New York: Norton. Originally published in French as Chroniques de ma vie, 2 vols. Paris: Denoël et Steele, 1935; translated as Chronicle of my life. London: Gollancz, 1936. Reprinted as An Autobiography (1903–1934) London: Boyars, 1990 ISBN 0-7145-1063-7 (cased); ISBN 0-7145-1082-3 (pbk). Also published as Igor Stravinsky: an autobiography New York: Steuer, 1958.