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Капитализмът: непознатият идеал „Капитализмът: непознатият идеал“ (на английски: Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal) представлява сборник с есета предимно на Айн Ранд, с допълнителни статии от Натаниъл Брандън, Алън Грийнспан и Робърт Хесен. Книгата се фокусира върху моралната същност на laissez-faire капитализма и частната собственост. Книгата дава много спецефично определение на капитализма, той е разглеждан извън традиционната рамка: право на имущество и свободно предприемачество. Сборникът се издава за първи път през 1966 г. Книгата излиза на българския книжен пазар през 2006 г., публикувана от издателска къща МаК [1] и издателство Изток-Запад [2] . Публикуване[редактиране | edit source] По-голямата част от есетата първоначално излизат в The Objectivist Newsletter и The Objectivist. Първото издание e с твърда корица, публикувано от New American Library през 1966 г. Изданието с мека корица от 1967 г. е преработено, за да се добавят нови две есета. През 1970 г. Ранд редактира увода, за да отбележи прекрататените си отношения с Натаниъл Брандън. Съдържание[редактиране | edit source] „Капитализмът: непознатият идеал“ представлява, по думите на Ранд, обстойна защита на единствената социална система, съвместима с потребностите на човек като рационално същество: laissez-faire капитализъм. След увода на Айн Ранд, книгата е разделена на две основни части. Първата, „Теория и История“, съдържа есета, фокусирани върху теоретичната основа на капитализма, и съответни исторически доводи. Тази част включва есета, оспорващи общоприети възражения срещу капитализма. Втората част, „Текущо положение“, се фокусира върху съвременните политически проблеми на 60-те години. Заложени са казуси като Войната във Виетнам, студентските протести и папската енциклика „За прогреса на народите“ (Populorum progressio). В приложението са отпечатани две есета за политическата теория от сборника „Добродетелта на егоизма“: Правата на човека и Същността на държавата. Включен е и препоръчителен лист с четива за капитализма. Съдържание': - Увод - I Теория и история Що е капитализъм?, Айн Ранд Корените на войната, Айн Ранд Големият бизнес – преследваното малцинство на Америка, Айн Ранд Антимонополно право, Алан Грийнспан Ширещи сезаблуди по отношение на капитализма, Натаниъл Брандън Златото и икономическата свобода, Алан Грийнспан Бележки към историята на американското свободно предприемачество, Айн Ранд Отражението на индустриалната революция върху жените и децата, Робърт Хесен Атаката срещу почтеността, Алан Грийнспан Статутът на ефира като собственост, Айн Ранд Патенти и авторски права, Айн Ранд Теория и практика, Айн Ранд Оставете ни на мира!, Айн Ранд - II Текущо положение Анатомия на компромиса, Айн Ранд Изправя ли Атлас рамене?, Айн Ранд Търговците на влияние, Айн Ранд „Екстремизмът“, или изкуството на очернянето, Айн Ранд Заличаването на капитализма, Айн Ранд Консерватизмът: некролог, Айн Ранд Новият фашизъм: управление с консенсус, Айн Ранд Разпадането на консенсуса, Айн Ранд Осребряването:студентският „бунт“, Айн Ранд Отчуждението, Натаниъл Брандън Реквием за човека, Айн Ранд - Приложение: - 1.Правата на човека, Айн Ранд - 2.Същността на правителството, Айн Ранд Източници[редактиране | edit source] - ↑ „Капитализмът: непознатият идеал“, Издателска къща МаК - ↑ „Капитализмът: непознатият идеал“, Издателство Изток-Запад Вижте също[редактиране | edit source] Външни препратки[редактиране | edit source] - Капитализъм - Теория Речник на Айн Ранд
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Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal is a collection of essays, mostly by Ayn Rand, with additional essays by her associates Nathaniel Branden, Alan Greenspan, and Robert Hessen. The book focuses on the moral nature of laissez-faire capitalism and private property. The book has a very specific definition of capitalism, a system it regards as broader than simply property rights or free enterprise. It was originally published in 1966. Contents Publication history[edit] Most of the essays originally appeared in The Objectivist Newsletter or The Objectivist.[1] The hardcover first edition was published by New American Library in 1966. When the book was published in paperback in 1967, it was revised to include two additional essays.[2] In 1970, Rand revised the introduction to reflect her break with Nathaniel Branden.[3] Contents[edit] Rand intended Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal to focus on the moral nature of capitalism, as opposed to focusing on its economic aspects. She contrasts this with what she says is the failure of most other defenders of capitalism to provide a moral defense of that system.[1][4][5] After an introduction by Rand, the book is divided into two main sections. The first section, "Theory and History", contains essays that focus on the theoretical basis for capitalism and historical arguments related to it. This section includes essays arguing against common objections to capitalism. The second section, "Current State", focuses on contemporary political issues from the 1960s. The topics covered in this section include the Vietnam War, student protests, and the papal encyclical Populorum progressio. An "Appendix" section reprints two essays on political theory previously published in Rand's earlier book, The Virtue of Selfishness. A recommended reading list about capitalism is also provided.[1][5][6] Themes[edit] Rand applies her philosophy of Objectivism to the subject of politics. When Rand talks of capitalism, she means laissez-faire capitalism, in which there is a complete separation of state and economics "in the same way and for the same reasons as the separation of church and state." Rand says, "Objectivists are not 'conservatives'. We are radicals for capitalism; we are fighting for that philosophical base which capitalism did not have and without which it was doomed to perish." Rand says that most people do not know what capitalism is, which is why it is "the unknown ideal." What is capitalism?[edit] As understood by Rand, capitalism is the system that emerges among a group of free individuals, each applying time and reason to sustain his or her own life, each the owner of the means to do so, freely trading among themselves. Rand regarded a mixed economy as a dangerous and unstable combination of freedom and controls which tends to develop into ever increasing statism. Reason and values[edit] Rand held capitalism to be the only moral social system, that is, one consistent with an objective theory of value and ethical individualism. The creation of wealth, according to Rand, is a fusion of mind and matter, and she argued that reason is the most fundamental tool of survival for human beings. However, rational thought is rendered inoperative under conditions of compulsion, coercion or, as she puts it, the initiation of physical force. Whether it is the force of an armed robber or the force of a law, an actor's own judgment is rendered irrelevant to his actions by a threat of force, compelling him to act on the judgment or will of another, thus neutralizing the source of wealth and survival itself. Only voluntary trade can ensure that human interaction is mutually beneficial, and an analysis of history shows that only economic and political freedom has worked to create significant growth and economic development, precisely by liberating the rational faculties of ever wider numbers of individuals, according to Rand. Individual rights[edit] In its most basic form, the right to life (as understood by Rand) is the right of each human to do any and all activities necessary to sustain his or her own life. Rand further argued that one's selfish interests can never rationally entail the use of physical force or violence against the person or the property of another. Rand saw humans as thriving only as independent beings, reason being a faculty of the individual, with each freely expending his own time, effort and reason to sustain his own life. Rand suggested that through the division of labor, specialization and voluntary trade, other people are of enormous value to an individual. Moreover, knowledge, skills and interests vary from human to human. One person may be better at shaping flint into arrowheads, another may have acquired the skill to turn mud into pottery. If the first wants a pot to cook in, he may trade an arrowhead for a pot. The central feature of free trade is that each participant judges that he or she has gained from the transaction. When physical force is banned, according to Rand, persuasion alone can organize or coordinate human activity, and, consequently, the use of reason is both liberated and rewarded. The technological innovation which characterizes capitalist systems is thus directly related to conditions of economic freedom. A producer profits and becomes wealthy only by satisfying the voluntary choices of other market participants and in direct proportion to the value those participants find in transactions with that producer. In this way, individuals who themselves could have never invented, for example, the light bulb or the steam engine can nonetheless benefit from the creativity of others – but this can be only ensured when both the innovator and the consumer are free to refuse the proposed trade. This, according to Rand, is the mechanism behind America's rapid economic development, its liberation of human reason. Freedom being the primary condition for the practical use of reason, the role of government in protecting individual rights is therefore fundamental, according to Rand, and it is equally fundamental that the government itself be limited to its role of protecting rights, for only by rendering all human interaction voluntary, i.e., free from the initiated coercion of criminals and laws, can the market operate to radically improve the lives of everyone. To the extent that it has been permitted to operate, this is what a free market has done, argued Rand. Thus, she held, "a free mind and a free market are corollaries." Reception and influence[edit] Compared to Rand's earlier books, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal received relatively few reviews. The Freeman, which had previously published some of Rand's essays that were used in the book, says the book addresses "myths" and "bromides" used against capitalism using "unique arguments" that deserve to be read.[7] A positive review appeared in the Houston Chronicle, and Barron's Magazine published a review by Rand's associate Leonard Peikoff. A negative review appeared in Book Week, and another negative review, in The New Republic, was titled "Here We Go Gathering Nuts".[8] Economist Walter E. Williams has described the work as "one of the best defenses and explanations of capitalism one is likely to read."[9] A number of libertarian activists and scholars have described the book as being a key influence in developing their support for free markets, including John A. Allison,[10] Tyler Cowen,[11] Marc Emery,[12] James Ostrowski,[11] Joseph T. Salerno,[13] Chris Matthew Sciabarra,[14] and Larry J. Sechrest.[15] As of 2008, the book had sold over 600,000 copies.[16] References[edit] - ^ a b c Baker 1987, pp. 81–83 - ^ Perinn 1990, pp. 33–36 - ^ Rand 1967, p. vii - ^ a b Gladstein 1999, pp. 81–82 - ^ Gladstein 2009, pp. 71–74 - ^ Gillette 1967, pp. 189–190 - ^ Berliner 2000, pp. 22–23 - ^ Williams, Walter. "Book Recommendation List". Walter E. Williams Homepage. Retrieved January 2, 2013. - ^ Stossel 2012 - ^ a b Block 2010, p. 92 - ^ Emery 2008 - ^ "Sales of Ayn Rand Books Reach 25 million Copies". Ayn Rand Institute. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2009. Works cited[edit] - Baker, James T. (1987). Ayn Rand. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. - Berliner, Michael S. (2000). "Ayn Rand in Review". Archives Annual: The Newsletter of the Ayn Rand Archives 3. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. - Block, Walter, ed. I Chose Liberty: Autobiographies of Contemporary Libertarians. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. - Emery, Marc (April 4, 2008). "The triumph of ideas". Western Standard. Retrieved January 2, 2013. - Gillette, Elizabeth (March 1967). "Book Reviews: Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal". The Freeman 17 (3): 189–190. - Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. - Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Ayn Rand. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum. - Perinn, Vincent L. (1990). Ayn Rand: First Descriptive Bibliography. Rockville, Maryland: Quill & Brush. Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (paperback 2nd ed.). New York: Signet. - Stossel, John (January 12, 2012). "Where are the champions of freedom?". FoxNews.com. Retrieved January 2, 2013. External links[edit] - Capitalism – Theory, The Ayn Rand Lexicon. - Commentary on Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal from 50 Prosperity Classics (2008) ISBN 978-1-85788-504-0.