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Индокитайски войни Индокитайските войни (на виетнамски: Chiến tranh Đông Dương) са поредица от военни конфликти в Югоизточна Азия в периода 1947-1979 г. между виетнамски и френски, американски и китайски въоръжени сили. Името на войните произтича от мястото на конфликтите Френски Индокитай, включващ днешните територии на Виетнам, Лаос и Камбоджа. В конкретната употреба се има предвид повече географския район, отколкото политическата област. Четирите индокитайски войни са: - Първата индокитайска война (наричана Индокитайската война във Франция и Френската война във Виетнам) започва в началото на Втората световна война и трае до окончателната френска загуба през 1954 година. След продължителна съпротива силите на Виетмин постигат победа срещу предалите се на север въоръжени сили на Имперска Япония и Вишиска Франция. За време на Втората световна война британски войни окупират южната част и възстановяват колониалната френска република. След края на войната Франция търси да възвърне контрола си над Индокитай чрез съюзниците си в НАТО Великобритания и САЩ, за да противостои на съветската експанзия в региона с началото на Студената война. Доскоро подпомаганото от Съюзниците комунистическо и националистическо движение на Виетмин, с помощта на Китай и СССР, успява да прогони в края на войната френските сили от Индокитай. - Втората индокитайска война (наричана Виетнамската война на запад и Американската война във Виетнам) започва като конфликт между поддържаното от САЩ правителство на Южен Виетнам, от една страна и Националния фронт за освобождение на Южен Виетнам (Vietcong) и Армията на Северен Виетнам (NVA) от друга. Войната продължава от края на 50-те години на 20 век до 1975 година. Съединените щати, подкрепящи Франция по време на първата война, застават на страната на правителството на Южен Виетнам срещу прокомунистическите сили на Северен Виетнам, получаващ военна и материална помощ от Китай и Съветския съюз. Войната се разраства на територията на Камбоджа (Камбоджанска гражданска война 1967-1975) и Лаос (Лаоска гражданска война 1962-1975), където американските сили се сражават срещу Армията на Северен Виетнам, Червените Кхмери и Патет Лао. - Камбоджанско-виетнамската война започва след края на Втората индокитайска война. Войските на Виетнам нахлуват в Камдбоджа, за да свалят режима на Пол Пот и Червените кхмери, извършващи геноцид върху собственото камбоджанско население. Войната продължава от май 1975 година до декември 1989 с различна интензивност. - Третата индокитайска война (или Китайско-виетнамската война) е военен конфликт от февруари-март 1979 година между Народна република Китай и Социалистическа република Виетнам. Китайците нахлуват във Виетнам, като ответна реакция срещу виетнамската офанзива в Камбоджа, целяща да свали поддържания от Китай режим на Пол Пот там. След месец войските на Китай се изтеглят, като и двете държави претендират да са спечелили сражението.
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Pathet Lao The Pathet Lao (Lao ປະເທດລາວ, "Lao Nation"[1]) was a communist political movement and organization in Laos, formed in the mid-20th century. The group was ultimately successful in assuming political power after the Laotian Civil War. The Pathet Lao were always closely associated with Vietnamese communists. During the civil war, it was effectively organized, equipped and even led by the army of North Vietnam. The Pathet Lao were the Laotian equivalent of North Vietnam's Vietnam People's Army, South Vietnam's Viet Minh and later Viet Cong, and Cambodia's Khmer Rouge.[2] Eventually, the term became the generic name for Laotian communists. The political movement of the Pathet Lao was called first the Lao People's Party (1955–1972) and later the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1972–present). Key Pathet Lao leaders include Prince Souphanouvong, Kaysone Phomvihane, Phoumi Vongvichit, Nouhak Phoumsavanh and Khamtay Siphandone. [edit] History The organization can trace its roots from the Second World War just as the Khmer Issarak in Cambodia and the Viet Minh & Vietnam People's Army in Vietnam did in the war as well. It's original name has been forgotten but in 1950 it was renamed the Pathet Lao, when it was adopted by Lao forces under Prince Souphanouvong, who joined the Viet Minh's revolt against the colonial French authorities in Indochina during the First Indochina War. Prince Souphanouvong, who had spent seven years in Nha Trang[3] during his sixteen years in Vietnam,[4] met Ho Chi Minh, and acquired a Vietnamese wife while in Vietnam, solicited Viet Minh aid in founding a guerrilla force. In August 1950, Souphanouvong joined the Viet Minh in their headquarters north of Hanoi, Vietnam, and become the head of the Pathet Lao, along with its political arm dubbed Neo Lao Hak Sat (Lao Patriotic Front).[5] This was an attempt to give a false front of authority to the Lao communist movement by claiming to represent a united non-partisan effort. Two of its most important founders were members of the Indochinese Communist Party, which advocated overthrow of the monarchy as well as expulsion of the French.[4] In 1953, Pathet Lao fighters accompanied an invasion of Laos from Vietnam led by Viet Minh forces; they established a government at Viengxay in Houaphan province in northeast Laos. The communists began to make incursions into central Laos with the support of the Viet Minh, and a civil war erupted; the Pathet Lao quickly occupied substantial sections of the country. The 1954 Geneva Conference agreements required the withdrawal of foreign forces, and allowed the Pathet Lao to establish itself as a regime in Laos' two northern provinces. The Viet Minh/North Vietnamese, in spite of the agreement, never really withdrew from the border areas of Laos and the Pathet Lao continued to operate almost as a branch organization of the Viet Minh. Two months after the conference, the Viet Minh/North Vietnam formed the unit Group 100 with headquarters at Ban Nameo. The unit effectively controlled and directed the Pathet Lao movement. It was formed into an official party, the Lao Patriotic Front (Neo Lao Hak Sat), in 1956. Its stated goal was to wage the communist struggle against capitalism and Western colonialism and imperialism. Unstated was its subordination to Communist Party of Vietnam. A coalition government was established in 1957 between the monarchists and communists, but it collapsed in 1959, bringing about a resumption of fighting. By the late 1950s, North Vietnam had occupied areas of eastern Laos. The area was used as a transit route for men and supplies destined for the insurgency in South Vietnam. In September 1959, North Vietnam formed Group 959 in Laos with the aim of building the Pathet Lao into a stronger counterforce against the Lao Royal government. Group 959 openly supplied, trained and militarily supported the Pathet Lao. The typical strategy during this era was for North Vietnamese regulars to attack first but then send in the Pathet Lao at the end of the battle to claim "victory". In the 1960s, more attempts at neutrality agreements and coalition government were attempted but as North Vietnam had no intention of withdrawing from Laos, these agreements all failed. By the middle 1960s, the country had fallen into proxy warfare between pro-US and pro-Vietnamese irregular military groups. In 1968, the Army of North Vietnam launched a multi-division invasion of Laos. The Pathet Lao were pushed to the side in the conflict and reduced to the role of an auxiliary force to the North Vietnamese army. Unable to match the heavy Soviet and Chinese weapons in addition to the numerical strength of the Vietnamese forces, the Royal Lao Army took itself out of the conflict after heavy losses. The communist forces battled the Royal Lao Army, U.S. irregular forces (including Air America and other contract employees and Hmong commandos), and Thai "volunteer" forces in Laos winning effective control in the north and east. The government itself was effectively powerless. The Pathet Lao held hundreds of US "detainees" as prisoners of war during and after the Vietnam War (Second Indochina War). Shortly after the Paris Peace Accords ended US involvement in the Vietnam war, the Pathet Lao and the government of Laos signed a cease-fire agreement, the Vientiane Treaty, in February 1973. The coalition government envisaged by the treaty did not long outlast it. The Pathet Lao refused to disarm and the North Vietnamese Army did not leave the country. In 1975, the Pathet Lao with the direct assistance of the North Vietnamese Army began attacking government strongholds. With the fall of the South Vietnamese government in April 1975 in their minds, the non-communist elements of the national government decided that allowing the Pathet Lao to enter power would be better than to have them take it by force. In November 1975, the Pathet Lao took over Laos, abolishing the monarchy and establishing the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Shortly thereafter, the Pathet Lao signed an agreement with Vietnam that allowed Vietnam to station its army in the country and to send political and economic advisors into the country. Vietnam afterward forced Laos to cut any remaining economic ties to its other neighbours. After 1975 Pathet Lao government of Laos has been accused of committing genocide against that country’s Hmong ethnic minority.[6] After the Pathet Lao took over the country in 1975, the conflict continued in isolated pockets. In 1977 a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the “American collaborators” and their families “to the last root”. Rudolph Rummel has estimated that 100,000 Hmong perished in genocide between 1975 and 1980 in collaboration with Vietnam People's Army.[7] With the demise of the Soviet Union, control of Laos by Vietnam waned at the end of the 1980s. Nowadays 'Pathet Lao' is often invoked as a general term signifying Lao Nationalism. [edit] See also - Indochina - Laotian Civil War (the Secret War) - Vietnam War - Lao People's Revolutionary Party [edit] References - ^ Andrea Matles Savada, ed. "The Pathet Lao". Laos: A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/laos/18.htm. Retrieved August 8, 2011. The basic stance of this front's propaganda was the united struggle against the French without reference to political parties or ideology. Illustrative of this stance was the use henceforth of the name Pathet Lao (Lao Nation)." - ^ Pathet Lao Uprising in Laos, 1960s-1970s Human Security Gateway - ^ At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U. S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955 - 1975. - ^ a b Laos: The Pathet Lao Library of Congress Country Studies - ^ At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U. S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955 - 1975. - ^ Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. "WGIP: Side event on the Hmong Lao, at the United Nations". http://www.unpo.org/article/5095. Retrieved 20 April 2011. - ^ Statistics of Democide Rudolph Rummel