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Калпана Чаула Калпана Чаула (на английски: Kalpana Chawla; на панджаби: कल्पना चावला) (1 юли 1961 – 1 февруари 2003 год.) e американска астронавтка, участник в два космически полета. Загива при катастрофата на космическата совалка Колумбия, мисия STS-107. Образование[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Калпана Чаула завършва гимназията Tagore Public School в родния си град Карнал, Индия. През 1982 год. завършва университета в град Чандигарх, Пенджаб, Индия с бакалавърска степен по аерокосмическо инженерство. През 1984 год. придобива магистърска степен по същата специалност в университета на Тексас. През 1988 год. защитава втора магистратура в университета на град Боулдър, Колорадо. Калпана Чаула е лицензиран инструктор по безмоторно летене и професионален пилот на едно- и многодвигателни пътнически самолети. Тя притежава свидетелство технически клас за радиолюбители. Служба в НАСА[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Избрана е за астронавт от НАСА на 12 декември 1994, Астронавтска група №15. След приключване на общия курс на обучение е включена в летателните графици на космическата програма Спейс шатъл. Полети[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Калпана Чаула лети в космоса като член на екипажа на две мисии: По време на втората мисия космическата совалка Колумбия се разпада осем минути преди заплануваното приземяване. Калпана Чаула загива на 41 год. възраст заедно с останалите шестима астронавти от седемчленния екипаж на космическия кораб. Награди[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - На 3 февруари 2004 год., Калпана Чаула е наградена (посмъртно) от Конгреса на САЩ с Космически медал на честта - най - високото гражданско отличие за изключителни заслуги в областта на аерокосмическите изследвания. - Медал на НАСА за участие в космически полет. - Медал на НАСА за изключителна служба. Източници[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Among The Stars-Life and Dreams of Kalpana Chawla by Gurdeep Pandher - India's 50 Most Illustrious Women (ISBN 81-88086-19-3) by Indra Gupta - Kalpana Chawla, a life (ISBN 0-14-333586-3) by Anil Padmanabhan Външни препратки[редактиране | редактиране на кода]
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Kalpana Chawla Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was an American astronaut and the first woman of Indian origin to go to space.[2][3] She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster when the craft disintegrated during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.[4] Chawla was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor,[5] and several streets, universities and institutions have been named in her honor.[6][7][8] Contents Early life[edit] Chawla was born on 17 March 1962 in Karnal, India, but her official date of birth was altered to 1 July 1961 to allow her to become eligible for the matriculation exam.[9] As a child, Kalpana liked to draw pictures of airplanes.[10]After getting a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh. She moved to the United States in 1982 where she obtained a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984.[11] Chawla went on to earn a second Masters in 1986 and a PhD[12] in aerospace engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado Boulder. Career[edit] In 1988, she began working at NASA, where she did computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research on vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) concepts. In 1993, she joined Overset Methods, Inc. as Vice President and Research Scientist specializing in simulation of moving multiple body problems.[13] Chawla held a Certificated Flight Instructor rating for airplanes, gliders and Commercial Pilot licenses for single and multi-engine airplanes, seaplanes and gliders.[14] After becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen in April 1991, Chawla applied for the NASA Astronaut Corps.[15] She joined the corps in March 1995 and was selected for her first flight in 1996. First Air mission Her first space mission began on May 2, 1997, as part of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Chawla was the first Indian woman to fly in space. She spoke the following words while traveling in the weightlessness of space, "You are just your intelligence." On her first mission, Chawla traveled over 10.4 million miles (16737177.6 km) in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 372 hours (15 Days and 12 Hours) in space.[13] During STS-87, she was responsible for deploying the Spartan satellite which malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Takao Doi to capture the satellite. A five-month NASA investigation fully exonerated[citation needed] Chawla by identifying errors in software interfaces and the defined procedures of flight crew and ground control. After the completion of STS-87 post-flight activities, Chawla was assigned to technical positions in the astronaut office to work on the space station. Second space mission[edit] In 2000, Chawla was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of STS-107. This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle engine flow liners. On January 16, 2003, Chawla finally returned to space aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on the ill-fated STS-107 mission. The crew performed nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. During the launch of STS-107, Columbia's 28th mission, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter. Previous shuttle launches had seen minor damage from foam shedding,[16] but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more serious. NASA managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed.[17] When Columbia re-entered the atmosphere of Earth, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and break apart.[18] After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, similar to the aftermath of the Challenger disaster. Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) was put on hold; the station relied entirely on the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation for resupply for 29 months until Shuttle flights resumed with STS-114 and 41 months for crew rotation. Death[edit] Chawla died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster which occurred on February 1, 2003; she was killed, along with the other six crew members, when the Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107.[19] Chawla's remains were identified along with the rest of the crew members and were cremated and scattered at National Park in Utah in accordance with her wishes. Honors and recognition[edit] - Asteroid 51826 Kalpana chawla, one of seven named after the Columbia's crew.[20] - On February 5, 2003, the Prime Minister of India announced that the meteorological series of satellites, MetSat, was to be renamed "Kalpana". The first satellite of the series, "MetSat-1", launched by India on September 12, 2002 was renamed "Kalpana-1".[21] - 74th Street in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City has been renamed "Kalpana Chawla Way" in her honor.[6] - The Kalpana Chawla Award was instituted by the Government of Karnataka in 2004 to recognize young women scientists.[22] - NASA has dedicated a supercomputer to Chawla.[23] - One of Florida Institute of Technology's student apartment complexes, Columbia Village Suites, has halls named after each of the astronauts, including Chawla. - The NASA Mars Exploration Rover mission has named seven peaks in a chain of hills, named the Columbia Hills, after each of the seven astronauts lost in the Columbia shuttle disaster. One of them is Chawla Hill, named after Chawla. - Steve Morse from the band Deep Purple created the song "Contact Lost" in memory of the Columbia tragedy along with her interest in the band. The song can be found on the album Bananas.[24] - Novelist Peter David named a shuttlecraft, the Chawla, after the astronaut in his 2007 Star Trek novel, Star Trek: The Next Generation: Before Dishonor.[25] - The Kalpana Chawla ISU Scholarship fund was founded by alumni of the International Space University (ISU) in 2010 to support Indian student participation in international space education programs.[26] - The Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship program was instituted by the Indian Students Association (ISA) at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) in 2005 for meritorious graduate students.[27] - The Kalpana Chawla Outstanding Recent Alumni Award at the University of Colorado, given since 1983, was renamed after Chawla.[28] - The University of Texas at Arlington, where Chawla obtained a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering in 1984, opened a dormitory named Kalpana Chawla Hall in 2004.[29]Nedderman Hall, one of the primary buildings in the College of Engineering.[30] - The girls' hostel at Punjab Engineering College is named after Chawla. In addition, an award of INR twenty-five thousand, a medal, and a certificate is instituted for the best student in the Aeronautical Engineering department.[31] - The Government of Haryana established the Kalpana Chawla Planetarium in Jyotisar, Kurukshetra.[8] - The Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, named the Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell in her honor.[7][32] - Delhi Technological University named a girls' hostel block after Chawla.[33] - A military housing development at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, has been named Columbia Colony, and includes a street named Chawla Way. - Hostel blocks in Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Sagar Institute of Research & Technology, VIT University, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute and Pondicherry University have been named after Chawla.[34][35][36] - Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College (KCGMC) is a Medical College formed for women located in Karnal, Haryana, India named after Chawla. - Kalpana Chawla Chowk is a name given/dedicated to a crossroad in Borivli, Mumbai in memory of the astronaut. See also[edit] References[edit] - ^ "Life facts". NASA. Retrieved February 27, 2014. - ^ Salim Rizvi (December 11, 2006). "Indo-US astronaut follows Kalpana's footsteps". New York: BBC. Retrieved November 20, 2012. Almost four years after the death of the first American astronaut Kalpana Chawla in the Columbia space shuttle disaster, Nasa has sent another woman of Indian origin into space. - ^ Nola Taylor Redd. "Kalpana Chawla: Biography & Columbia Disaster". Space.com. Tech Media Network. Retrieved November 20, 2012. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla". - ^ "Astronaut Bio: Kalpana Chawla 5/04". www.jsc.nasa.gov. - ^ a b Rajghatta, Chidanand (Jul 12, 2004). "NY has Kalpana Chawla Way". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 February 2014. - ^ a b Saxena, Ambuj. "Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. - ^ a b "IBN News". Ibnlive.in.com. - ^ Salwi, Dilip M (February 20, 2004). "Did you know Kalpana was called Monto?". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017. - ^ http://harrisonpublishing.net/pdf/book/kalpana_book.1.1.pdf - ^ Chawla, Kalpana (1984), MS Thesis Optimization of cross flow fan housing for airplane wing. installation, University of Texas at Arlington, p. 97 - ^ Chawla, Kalpana (1988), PhD Thesis Computation of dynamics and control of unsteady vortical flows., University of Colorado at Boulder, p. 147 - ^ a b "Kalpana Chawla (PH. Biographical Data. NASA. Retrieved September 14, 2014. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla". I Love India. Retrieved September 14, 2014. - ^ Basu, Biman (May 2012). "Book Review: Biography of Kalpana Chawla" (PDF). Science Reporter. Born on 17 March 1962 in Karnal, Haryana - ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board (August 2003). "6.1 A History of Foam Anomalies (page 121)" (PDF). Retrieved June 26, 2014. - ^ Marcia Dunn (February 2, 2003). "Columbia's problems began on left wing". Associated Press via staugustine.com. - ^ "Molten Aluminum found on Columbia's thermal tiles". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved August 13, 2007. - ^ Correspondent, A. "Space Shuttle Explodes, Kalpana Chawla dead". Rediff. - ^ "Tribute to the Crew of Columbia". NASA JPL. - ^ "ISRO METSAT Satellite Series Named After Columbia Astronaut Kalpana Chawla". Spaceref.com. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Award instituted". The Hindu. Chennai, India. - ^ "NASA Names Supercomputer After Columbia Astronaut". About.com. - ^ "Space Music – Rock/Pop". HobbySpace. - ^ David, Peter; Star Trek: Next Generation: Before Dishonor; Page 24. - ^ Kalpana Chawla International Space University Scholarship Archived March 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship". UTEP. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2008. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Award". University of Colorado. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2012. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Hall". University of Texas at Arlington. - ^ "Kalpana Chawla Display Dedicated at Nedderman Hall". The University of Texas at Arlington. - ^ "Punjab Engineering College remembers Kalpana". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on August 27, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2007. - ^ "Space Technology Cell". Kcstc.iitkgp.ernet.in. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30. - ^ "Delhi University". - ^ "Pondicherry University". - ^ "Truba". Further reading[edit] - among The girl stars-Life and Dreams of Kalpana Chawla by Gurdeep Pandher - India's 50 Most Illustrious Women (ISBN 81-88086-19-3) by Indra Gupta - Kalpana Chawla, a life (ISBN 0-14-333586-3) by Anil Padmanabhan - The Edge of Time: The Authoritative Biography of Kalpana Chawla (ISBN 978-0976827917) by Jean-Pierre Harrison External links[edit] - Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor - 1962 births - 2003 deaths - Space Shuttle Columbia disaster - American aerospace engineers - American astronauts - American people of Punjabi descent - Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States - Women astronauts - Indian emigrants to the United States - People from Karnal - University of Colorado alumni - University of Texas at Arlington alumni - Punjab Engineering College alumni - Panjab University, Chandigarh alumni - Amateur radio women - Amateur radio people - NASA civilian astronauts - 20th-century American women - Age controversies - American women scientists of Indian descent - 20th-century American scientists - Kalpana Chawla - Scientists from Haryana - 21st-century American women - Women scientists from Punjab, India - Engineers from Punjab, India - Commercial aviators - Female commercial aviators