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Интерпол Международната организация на криминалната полиция, широко известна като Интерпол, (на английски: International Criminal Police Organization, INTERPOL) координира международното сътрудничество на полицейските органи в различните страни в борбата с криминалната престъпност. Седалището на Интерпол в Лион, Франция. Съдържание Възникване и история[редактиране | edit source] През 1914 г. в Монако под патронажа на херцог Алберт I е проведен I-ят международен конгрес на криминалната полиция, на който представителите от 14 страни обсъждат за първи път въпроса за координиране на усилията на полицейските органи в борбата с нарастващата престъпност. През Първата световна война този въпрос остава нерешен. През 1919 г. Ван Хутен - командващ кралския жандармерийски корпус на Нидерландия, предлага във всяка страна да бъдат създадени национални полицейски центрове, които да осъществяват постоянен контакт помежду си. На 7 септември 1923 г. във Виена на II-я международен конгрес на криминалната полиция е създадена Международната комисия на криминалната полиция (International Criminal Police Commission, ICPC). Тя приема свой устав и задачи. Сред тях са да допринася за установяването на делови контакти между органите по охраната на реда в рамките на законите, действащи в отделните държави, и да се грижи за успешната работа на всички учреждения, натоварени да водят борба с криминалните престъпления. В ICPC участват 17 страни. През 1932 г. тя вече има представители в над 30 страни. През 1938 г. след “присъединяването” на Австрия към Германия цялата документация на Комисията попада в ръцете на фашисткото правителство. Много от престъпниците са привлечени на работа в спецслужбите на Третия райх, а сътрудничеството в рамките на комисията е прекратено. Едва през 1946 г. на конгрес в Брюксел отново е заявена необходимостта от възобновяване на контактите, приети са временни решения за целите, задачите и принципите на действие. На сесия във Виена през 1956 г. е приет нов Устав на комисията и тя започва да се нарича Международна организация на криминалната полиция (МОКП), съкратено (от английски) Интерпол. През 1966 г. Интерпол е признат от ООН като международна организация, през 1971 г. е признат като междуправителствена организация. На конгрес в Стокхолм през 1977 г. са внесени последните изменения в устава на Интерпол и той се превръща в междудържавна специализирана полицейска организация. През 1982 г. членки са 131 държави. През 1996 г. получава статут на наблюдател на сесиите и работата на Общото събрание на ООН. През 2008 г. в Санкт Петербург, Русия е проведена 77-та редовна сесия на Общото събрание на Интерпол и е приета 187-та държава членка - Ватиканът. През октомври 2009 г. е приета 188-та държава членка - Самоа. Първата централа на Интерпол е в Париж, а по-късно - през 1989 г., е построено ново здание в Лион, Франция, където тя се помещава и в наше време. Интерпол е втората по численост организация след ООН. Ползва се със статут на международна организация наблюдател на ООН, която е независима от правителствено влияние. Задачи[редактиране | edit source] В Интерпол (INTERPOL) участват 188 страни членки. Основната цел на Интерпол е взаимодействие и подпомагане на нейните членове в борбата с престъпността - корупция, тероризъм, наркотрафик, подправяне на парични знаци (фалшификация на пари) и електронни банкови карти, престъпления против личността, престъпления против собствеността, нелегална търговия с огнестрелни оръжия и материали с двойно предназначение, от които може да се създаде оръжие за масово унищожение, кражба и незаконна търговия на произведения на изкуството, компютърни престъпления и т.н. Служителите на страните, които членуват в организацията, работят съвместно и използват 4-те официални езика — английски,арабски, испански и френски. През 1997 г. ООН и Интерпол подписват споразумение за сътрудничество, а през 2005 г. е приет първият съвместен документ, посветен на „Ал Каида“ и талибаните. Конституцията на Интерпол строго забранява на организацията да се намесва в политически, военни, религиозни или расови спорове в суверенните държави. Принципи на организацията[редактиране | edit source] - спазване на човешки права; - интегритет на общностите; - бързина и качество на обмен на информация: - осигуряване на възможност за предвиждане на бъдещи ситуации. Структура[редактиране | edit source] Интерпол се състои от следните структурни звена. - Общо събрание (Генерална асамблея) - висш орган. В него участват делегати от всички страни членки на Интерпол. Общото събрание приема най-важните решения, засягащи общата политика, ресурсите, необходими за международното сътрудничество, методите на работа, финансирането и програмата на мероприятията. Заседанията са закрити, обикновено са веднъж годишно и всяка страна членка има право на 1 глас. Всички решения се вземат с обикновено мнозинство. Работата на Асамблеята се организира от Изпълнителния комитет. - Изпълнителен комитет - състои се от от 13 члена: президент, 3 вицепрезиденти и 9 делегати. Обикновено Изпълнителният комитет заседава 3 пъти годишно. Той осъществява избора на президент (с мандат от 4 год. без право на повторно избиране). Първият президент е Йохан Шобер. На 77-та асамблея през октомври 2008 г. в Санкт-Петербург за президент е избран началникът на сингапурската полиция Ку Бун Хюи. Изпълнителният комитет следи за изпълнението на решенията на Общото събрание, подготвя работни програми и проекти, контролира работата на Генералния секретариат. - Генерален секретариат - постоянно действащ орган, който се намира в Лион, Франция. Работи денонощно, без почивни дни. Има 7 регионални офиса: в Аржентина, Камерун, Ел Салвадор, Кения, Тайланд, Зимбабве и Кот д'Ивоар. Привежда в изпълнение решенията на Общото събрание и Изпълнителния комитет. Представлява Интерпол, действа като специализиран информационен център, извършва международни разследвания, поддържа връзка с националните и международни организации. Състои се от: Служба на генералния секретар, Административен отдел, Полицейски отдел, Научно-изследователски отдел и Технически отдел. Генералният секретар се избира на всеки 5 год. Той е основна фигура в Интерпол, участва в приемането на всички решения и следи за тяхното изпълнение. През 2010 г. американецът Робърт Нобъл, който е генерален секретар на Интерпол през последните 10 год., е преизбран на поста за още 1 мандат. - Национални централни бюра (НЦБ) - всяка държава, която членува в МОКП (Интерпол), изгражда НЦБ на своята територия. Основната функция на бюрата е координация на взаимодействието и обмена на информация между държавите членки на организацията и Генералния секретариат. Всяко бюро изгражда и поддържа собствени информационни фондове. - Съветници - експерти с чисто консултативни функции. Председателят на Общото събрание и генералният секретар са със статут на държавен глава. България в Интерпол[редактиране | edit source] България става член на Интерпол през 1989 г. Със заповед на Директора на полицията в Република България от 15.01.1990 г. е изградено Национално централно бюро, което е представител на ИНТЕРПОЛ в страната. Други европейски страни, които работят по същите стандарти, са Германия, Андора, Белгия, Дания, Русия, Финландия, Франция, Гърция, Люксембург, Монако, Португалия и Словакия. На 67 сесия на Общото събрание на Интерпол, проведена в Кайро, е отчетено, че България има НЦБ, което е най-ефективно сред всичките 45 европейски бюра. Бюджет на Интерпол[редактиране | edit source] Ресурсите на Интерпол са от: - финансова помощ от членовете на организацията; - дарения, средства от завещания и други.
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Interpol Coordinates: 45°46′56″N 4°50′54″E / 45.78219°N 4.84838°E The International Criminal Police Organization (French: Organisation internationale de police criminelle, OIPC - ICPO), or INTERPOL, is an intergovernmental organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.[2] Interpol has an annual budget of around €78 million, most of which is provided through annual contributions by its membership of 190 countries (as of 2015). The organization's headquarters is in Lyon, France. It is the second largest political organization after the United Nations in terms of international representation. In 2013, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 756, representing 100 member countries.[1] Its current Secretary-General is Jürgen Stock, the former deputy head of Germany's Federal Criminal Police Office. He replaced Ronald Noble, a former United States Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement, who stepped down in November 2014 after serving 14 years.[3] Interpol's current President is Mireille Ballestrazzi, former Deputy Central Director of the French Judicial Police. Her predecessor was Khoo Boon Hui of Singapore. To keep Interpol as politically neutral as possible, its charter forbids it, at least in theory, from undertaking interventions or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial nature or involving itself in disputes over such matters.[4] Its work focuses primarily on public safety and battling terrorism, crimes against humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war crimes,[5] organized crime, piracy, illicit traffic in works of art, illicit drug production, drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, human trafficking, money laundering, child pornography, white-collar crime, computer crime, intellectual property crime and corruption. Contents - 1 History - 2 Constitution - 3 Methodology - 4 Finances - 5 Controversy - 6 The reform of Interpol mechanisms - 7 Emblem - 8 Members - 9 Sub-bureaus - 10 UN member states without membership - 11 Partially recognised states without membership - 12 Offices - 13 Secretaries-general and presidents - 14 See also - 15 References - 16 External links History[edit] In the first part of the 20th century, several efforts were taken to formalize international police cooperation, but they initially failed.[6] Among these efforts were the First International Criminal Police Congress in Monaco in 1914, and the International Police Conference in New York in 1922. The Monaco Congress failed because it was organized by legal experts and political officials, not by police professionals, while the New York Conference failed to attract international attention. In 1923, a new initiative was taken at the International Criminal Police Congress in Vienna, where the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) was successfully founded as the direct forerunner of Interpol. Founding members included police officials from Russia, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Poland, China, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia.[7] The United Kingdom joined in 1928.[8] The United States did not join Interpol until 1938, although a US police officer unofficially attended the 1923 congress.[9] Following Anschluss in 1938, the organization fell under the control of Nazi Germany, and the Commission's headquarters were eventually moved to Berlin in 1942.[10] From 1938 to 1945, the presidents of Interpol included Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. All were generals in the SS, and Kaltenbrunner was the highest ranking SS officer executed after the Nuremberg Trials. After the end of World War II in 1945, the organization was revived as the International Criminal Police Organization by officials from Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Its new headquarters were established in Saint-Cloud, a suburb of Paris. They remained there until 1989, when they were moved to their present location in Lyon. Until the 1980s, Interpol did not intervene in the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in accordance with Article 3 of its Charter, which prohibited intervention in "political" matters.[11] In July 2010, former Interpol President Jackie Selebi was found guilty of corruption by the South African High Court in Johannesburg for accepting bribes worth €156,000 from a drug trafficker.[12] After being charged in January 2008, Selebi resigned as president of Interpol and was put on extended leave as National Police Commissioner of South Africa.[13] He was temporarily replaced by Arturo Herrera Verdugo, the National Commissioner of Investigations Police of Chile and former vice president for the American Zone, who remained acting president until October 2008 and the appointment of Khoo Boon Hui.[14] On 8 November 2012, the 81st General Assembly closed with the election of Deputy Central Director of the French Judicial Police Mireille Ballestrazzi as the new President of the organization. She thus became Interpol's first female president.[15] Constitution[edit] The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution. Article 2 states that its role is: - To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. - To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes. Article 3 states:[16] It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character. Methodology[edit] Interpol is not a supranational law enforcement agency and has no agents who are able to make arrests.[17] Instead, it is an international organization that functions as a network of criminal law enforcement agencies from different countries. The organization thus functions as an administrative liaison among the law enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications and database assistance, assisted via the central headquarters in Lyon, France.[18] Interpol’s collaborative form of cooperation is useful when fighting international crime because language, cultural and bureaucratic differences can make it difficult for police officials from different nations to work together. For example, if ICE and FBI special agents track a terrorist to Italy, they may not know whom to contact in the Polizia di Stato, if the Carabinieri have jurisdiction over some aspect of the case, or who in the Italian government must be notified of the ICE/FBI's involvement. ICE and FBI can contact the Interpol National Central Bureau in Italy, which would act as a liaison between the United States and Italian law enforcement agencies. Interpol's databases at the Lyon headquarters can assist law enforcement in fighting international crime.[17] While national agencies have their own extensive crime databases, the information rarely extends beyond one nation's borders. Interpol’s databases can track criminals and crime trends around the world, specifically by means of collections of fingerprints and face photos, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples and travel documents. Interpol’s lost and stolen travel document database alone contains more than 12 million records. Officials at the headquarters also analyze these data and release information on crime trends to the member countries. An encrypted internet-based worldwide communications network allows Interpol agents and member countries to contact each other at any time. Known as I-24/7, the network offers constant access to Interpol's databases.[17] While the National Central Bureaus are the primary access sites to the network, some member countries have expanded it to key areas such as airports and border access points. Member countries can also access each other's criminal databases via the I-24/7 system. Interpol issued 13,637 notices in 2013, of which 8,857 were Red Notices, compared to 4,596 in 2008 and 2,037 in 2003. As of 2013, there are currently 52,880 valid notices in circulation.[1] In the event of an international disaster, terrorist attack or assassination, Interpol can send an Incident Response Team (IRT). IRTs can offer a range of expertise and database access to assist with victim identification, suspect identification and the dissemination of information to other nations' law enforcement agencies. In addition, at the request of local authorities, they can act as a central command and logistics operation to coordinate other law enforcement agencies involved in a case. Such teams were deployed 8 times in 2013.[1] Interpol began issuing its own travel documents in 2009 with hopes that nations would remove visa requirements for individuals travelling for Interpol business, thereby improving response times.[19] Finances[edit] In 2013, Interpol's operating income was €78 million, of which 68% was contributed by member countries, mostly in the form of statutory contributions (67%) and 26% came from externally funded projects, private foundations and commercial enterprises. Financial income and reimbursements made up the other 6% of the total.[1] From 2004 to 2010, Interpol's external auditors was the French Court of Audit.[20][21] In November 2010, the Court of Audit was replaced by the Office of the Auditor General of Norway for a three-year term with an option for a further three years.[22][23] Controversy[edit] Despite its political neutral stance, some have criticized the agency for its role in arrests that critics contend were politically motivated. In 2008, the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees pointed to the problem of arrests of refugees on the request of Interpol[24] in connection with politically motivated charges. In their declaration, adopted in Oslo (2010),[25] Monaco (2012),[26] Istanbul (2013)[27] and Baku (2014),[28] the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly criticised some OSCE member States for their abuse of mechanisms of the international investigation and urged them to support the reform of Interpol in order to avoid politically motivated prosecution. The Istanbul Declaration of the OSCE cited specific cases of such prosecution, including those of the Russian activist Petr Silaev, financier William Browder, businessman Ilya Katsnelson, Belorussian politician Ales Michalevic and Ukrainian politician Bohdan Danylyshyn. The resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 31 January 2014 criticises the mechanisms of operation of the Commission for the Control of Interpol's files, in particular, non-adversarial procedures and unjust decisions.[29][30] In 2014, PACE adopted a decision to thoroughly analyse the problem of the abuse of Interpol and to compile a special report on this matter.[31] In May 2015, within the framework of the preparation of the report, the PACE Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights organised a hearing, during which both representatives of NGOs and Interpol had the opportunity to speak.[32] Organisations, such as the Open Dialog Foundation,[33][33] Fair Trials International,[34] Centre for Peace Studies,[35] International Consortium of Investigative Journalists[36] indicate that non-democratic states use Interpol in order to harass opposition politicians, journalists, human rights activists and businessmen. According to them, countries that frequently abuse the Interpol system include: Russia, Iran, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Tunisia.[33][34][36] The Open Dialog Foundation’s report analysed 44 high-profile political cases, which went through the Interpol system.[33] A number of persons who have been granted refugee status in the EU and the US, including: Russian businessman Andrey Borodin,[37] a native of Chechnya Arbi Bugaev,[38] the Kazakh opposition politician Mukhtar Ablyazov[39] and his associate Artur Trofimov,[40] a journalist from Sri Lanka Chandima Withana[41] continue to remain on the public Interpol list. Some of the refugees remain on the list of Interpol even after courts have refused to extradite them to a non-democratic state (for example, Pavel Zabelin,[42] a witness in the case of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Alexandr Pavlov,[43] former security chief of the Kazakh oppositionist Ablyazov). Interpol has recognised some requests to include persons on the wanted list as politically motivated, e.g., Indonesian activist Benny Wenda, Georgian politician Givi Targamadze,[44] ex-president of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili,[45] ex-president of Honduras Manuel Zelaya Rosales;[46] these persons have been removed from the wanted list. However, in most cases, Interpol removes a ‘red notice’ against refugees only after an authoritarian state closes a criminal case or declares amnesty (for example, the cases of Russian activists, and political refugees: Petr Silaev, Denis Solopov, Aleksey Makarov and Turkish sociologist Pinar Selek).[47][48][49][50] Refugees who are included in the list of Interpol can be arrested when crossing the border.[34] The procedure for filing an appeal with Interpol is a long and complex one. For example, the Venezuelan journalist Patricia Poleo and a colleague of Kazakh oppositionist Ablyazov, Tatiana Paraskevich, who were granted refugee status, sought to overturn the politically motivated request for as long as one and a half years, and six months, respectively.[51][52][53] In 2013, Interpol was criticized over its multimillion-dollar deals with such private sector bodies as FIFA, Philip Morris, and the pharmaceutical industry. The criticism was mainly about the lack of transparency and potential conflicts of interest.[54][55][56][57][58][59] 2014 Russian intervention in Ukraine[edit] On 25 July 2014, despite the fact that Constitution prohibits Interpol to undertake any intervention or activities of a political or military nature, the nationalist paramilitary leader of Ukraine Dmytro Yarosh was placed on Interpol's international wanted list at the request of Russian authorities,[60] which made him the only person wanted internationally after the beginning of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia in 2014. For a long time, Interpol refused to place on the wanted list the former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych who is being suspected in mass killing of protesters during Euromaidan.[61][62] He was finally placed on the wanted list on 12 January 2015.[63] However, on 16 July 2015, after an intervention of Joseph Hage Aaronson LLP, British law firm hired by the former Ukrainian President Yanukovych, the international arrest warrant against the former president of Ukraine was suspended pending further review.[64] In December 2014, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) liquidated sabotage and reconnaissance group that was led by a former agent of the Ukrainian Bureau of Interpol that also has family relations in the Ukrainian counter-intelligence agencies.[65] This year, Russia has made attempts to place on the Interpol wanted list Ihor Kolomoyskyi, Ukrainian politician, and Pavel Ushevets, Ukrainian civic activist, subjected to criminal persecution in Russia, following his pro-Ukrainian art performance in Moscow.[66] The Open Dialog Foundation alleges that Russia and other former Soviet republics like Azerbaijan, Belarus and Kazakhstan frequently misuse Interpol system. Their report mentions 44 cases, which have passed through the Interpol system that they allege were politically motivated. Of these, 18 cases originated in Russia, 10 – in Kazakhstan and 5 – in Belarus.[67] The reform of Interpol mechanisms[edit] From 1–3 July 2015, Interpol organised a session of the Working Group on the Processing of Information, which was formed specifically in order to verify the mechanisms of information processing. The Working Group heard the recommendations of civil society as regards the reform of the international investigation system and promised to take them into account.[68] The human rights organisation Open Dialog Foundation recommended that Interpol, in particular: creates mechanism for the protection of rights of people having international refugee status; initiates closer cooperation of the Commission for the Control of Files with human rights NGO and experts on asylum and extradition; enforces sanctions for violations of Interpol’s rules; strengthens cooperation with NGOs, the UN, OSCE, the PACE and the European Parliament.[69] Fair Trials International proposed to create effective remedies for individuals who are wanted under a Red Notice on unfair charges; to penalise nations, which frequently abuse the Interpol system; to ensure more transparency of Interpol’s work.[70] The Centre for Peace Studies also created recommendations for Interpol, in particular to delete Red Notices and Diffusions for people who were granted refugee status according to 1951 Refugee Convention issued by their countries of origin, and to establish an independent body to review Red Notices on regular basis.[35] Emblem[edit] The current emblem of Interpol was adopted in 1950 and comprises the following elements:[2] - the globe indicates worldwide activity - the olive branches represent peace - the sword represents police action - the scales signify justice Members[edit] Sub-bureaus[edit] UN member states without membership[edit] Partially recognised states without membership[edit] Offices[edit] In addition to its General Secretariat headquarters in Lyon, Interpol maintains seven regional bureaus:[1] - Buenos Aires, Argentina - San Salvador, El Salvador - Yaoundé, Cameroon - Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire - Nairobi, Kenya - Harare, Zimbabwe - Bangkok, Thailand (Liaison Office) Interpol's Command and Coordination Centres offer a 24/7 point of contact for national police forces seeking urgent information or facing a crisis. The original is in Lyon with a second in Buenos Aires added in September 2011. A third is scheduled to open in Singapore in September 2014.[72] Interpol opened a Special Representative Office to the United Nations in New York in 2004[73] and to the European Union in Brussels in 2009.[74] The organization has constructed the Interpol Global Complex for Innovation (IGCI) in Singapore to act as its research and development facility, and a place of cooperation on digital crimes investigations. It was officially opened in April 2015, but had already become active beforehand. Most notably, a world-wide takedown of the SIMDA botnet infrastructure was co-ordinated and executed from IGCI's Cyber Fusion Centre in the weeks before the opening, as was revealed at the launch event.[75] Secretaries-general and presidents[edit] Secretaries-general since organization's inception in 1923: Presidents since organization's inception in 1923: See also[edit] - Europol, a similar EU-wide organization. - Intelligence assessment - International Criminal Court - Interpol Terrorism Watch List - Interpol Travel Document - UN Police References[edit] - Notes - ^ a b c d e f g "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Interpol. Retrieved 9 November 2014. - ^ a b "Name and logo". Interpol. Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "Germany's Jurgen Stock new Interpol chief". Sky News Australia. APP. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014. - ^ "Neutrality (Article 3 of the Constitution)". Interpol. Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "War crimes". Interpol. Retrieved 9 November 2014. "Bureaucratization and Social Control: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation". Law & Society Review 34 (3): 739. - ^ "Interpol: Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Fair Trials International. November 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "Interpol Member States: The United Kingdom". Interpol. Retrieved 17 August 2012. - ^ "Interpol Member States: The United States". Interpol. Retrieved 5 January 2012. "The Logic of Nazification: The Case of the International Criminal Police Commission("Interpol")". International Journal of Comparative Sociology 43: 21. - ^ Barnett, M.; Coleman, L. (2005). "Designing Police: Interpol and the Study of Change in International Organizations". International Studies Quarterly 49 (4): 593. - ^ "Ex-S Africa police chief convicted". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 November 2010. - ^ Craig Timberg (13 January 2008). African Chief of Police Put On Leave". The Washington Post (Rustenburg). Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "Interpol President Jackie Selebi resigns from post". Lyon: Interpol. 13 January 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2011. - ^ "France’s Ballestrazzi becomes first female President of INTERPOL". Rome: Interpol. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012. - ^ "ICPO-Interpol Constitution and General Regulations". Interpol. Retrieved 18 December 2010. - ^ a b c Anheier, Helmut K.; Juergensmeyer, Mark, eds. Encyclopedia of Global Studies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Retrieved 17 October 2014. - ^ "Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World". - ^ "INTERPOL issues its first ever passports". Singapore: Interpol. 13 October 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "Appointment of Interpol External Auditor" (PDF). Cancún: Interpol. 8 October 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2010. - ^ "Questions and Answers". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Retrieved 4 March 2010. - ^ "Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2011" (PDF). Interpol. Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "Audit assignments and secondments". Riksrevisjonen - Office of the Auditor General of Norway. Retrieved 1 July 2013. - ^ http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=478e03702&query=Interpol - ^ Admin. "2010 Oslo Annual Session". oscepa.org. - ^ Admin. "Se confirma victoria europeísta en elecciones ucranianas avaladas por la OSCE". oscepa.org. - ^ Admin. "Kiew hat ein neues Parlament, aber keine Aufbruchstimmung". oscepa.org. - ^ Admin. "2014 Baku Annual Session". oscepa.org. - ^ http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp? FileID=20310&Lang=EN - ^ "Voting results (participants)". coe.int. - ^ "Parliamentary Assembly". coe.int. - ^ http://www.assembly.coe.int/Committee/JUR/2015/JUR004E.pdf - ^ a b c d "The report: The Interpol system is in need of reform". The Open Dialog Foundation. - ^ a b c "Policy report: INTERPOL and human rights". FairTrials.org. - ^ a b "Safeguarding non refoulement within Interpol’s mechanisms". Safeguarding non refoulement within Interpol’s mechanisms - CMS. - ^ a b "Interpol's Red Notices used by some to pursue political dissenters, opponents". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. - ^ "- INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "- INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "- INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "- INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "- INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "- INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "- INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "ИHTepпoл и ЛиTBa coчли пpecлeдoBaHиe TapraMaдзe пoлиTичeckиM". lenta.ru. - ^ "Пpec-cлyжбa Oдecbkoï OДA пpo piшeHHя IHTepпoлa". odessa.gov.ua. - ^ "PR065 / 2009 / News / News and media / Internet / Home - INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "INTERPOL reinstates alert against Russian refugee". FairTrials.org. - ^ "ГpaHи. Py: ФиrypaHTы 'xиMkиHckoro дeлa' CoлoпoB и CилaeB aMHиcTиpoBaHы - AMHиcTия". grani.ru. - ^ "B ФPГ apecToBaH бeжeHeц из Poccии Aлekceй MakapoB. - Pycckaя плaHeTa". rusplt.ru. - ^ "Turkey: Sociologist Pınar Selek acquitted for the fourth time in 16 years". pen-international.org. - ^ Ida Karlsson. "Interpol accused of undermining justice". aljazeera.com. - ^ http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa29513.pdf - ^ "Written question - Impact of Interpol Red Notice on Schengen Information System - E-009196/2015". europa.eu. - ^ "The smoke and mirrors of the tobacco industry's funding of Interpol". mediapart.fr. - ^ Trina Tune. "Industry-INTERPOL deal signals challenges to illicit trade protocol". fctc.org. - ^ ZEIT ONLINE GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (21 October 2013). "Interpol: Wer hilft hier wem?". ZEIT ONLINE. - ^ ZEIT ONLINE GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (7 June 2013). "Tabakindustrie: Interpol, die Lobby und das Geld". ZEIT ONLINE. - ^ http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2013/03/11/tobaccocontrol-2012-050796.full.pdf - ^ Mathieu Martinière et Robert Schmidt. "Interpol : le lobby du tabac se paie une vitrine". lyoncapitale.fr. - ^ "Interpol issues wanted notice for nationalist leader Yarosh at Russia’s behest", KyivPost, 25 July 2014 - ^ Interpol refuses to place Yanukovych and Co on wanted list. Ukrinform. 8 December 2014 - ^ MVS investigates political motives of Interpol on matters of Yanukovych and Co. Ukrinform. 17 November 2014 - ^ "YANUKOVYCH, VIKTOR: Wanted by the judicial authorities of Ukraine for prosecution / to serve a sentence". - ^ "Ex-Ukrainian president Yanukovych no longer on Interpol wanted list". uatoday.tv. - ^ Group of militants was led by former Interpol agent - SBU. Ukrayinska Pravda. 19 December 2014 - ^ "Russia continues to abuse the mechanisms of international criminal prosecution". The Open Dialog Foundation. - ^ "The Open Dialog Foundation". The Open Dialog Foundation. - ^ "N2015-094 / 2015 / News / News and media / Internet / Home - INTERPOL". interpol.int. - ^ "ODF drafted recommendations on the reform of Interpol". The Open Dialog Foundation. - ^ "Fair Trials Makes Recommendations to Interpol on Red Notice Abuse". FairTrials.org. - ^ Taiwan was an Interpol member as the Republic of China until 1984, when it was replaced by the People's Republic of China. Taiwan was offered an option to continue as China's sub-bureau under name "Taiwan, China", but it refused and withdrew from the organisation. - ^ "Command & Coordination Centre". Interpol. Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "Order on Interpol Work Inside U.S. Irks Conservatives". The New York Times (New York). 30 December 2009. - ^ "Official opening of INTERPOL's office of its Special Representative to the European Union marks milestone in co-operation". Brussels: Interpol. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2013. - ^ "S'pore, Interpol reaffirm excellent partnership". Channel NewsAsia. Singapore: MediaCorp. Retrieved 9 July 2013.