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Каликст III Каликст III е римски папа от 8 април 1455 до 6 август 1458 г. Рожденото му име е Алфонсо ди Борджия на италиански: di Borgia, или "Алонсо де Борха" — от на испански: de Borja. Алонсо де Борха (Борджа, Борджия) е роден на 31 декември 1378 в Ла Торета, днес близо до Каналс, Валенсия (в наши дни Испания, но тогава Кралство Валенсия под Арагонската корона). Неговата ранна кариера започва като професор по право (юрист-теолог) в Университета в Лерида. След това служи като дипломат в услуга на кралете на Арагон. Способства за примирието между краля на Неапол Алфонс I и папа Мартин V. През 1444 г. папа Евгений IV го издигна до кардинал. Управление[редактиране | edit source] В центъра на управлението на папа Каликст III било завършването на антитурската кръстоносна война. За да осъществи този си интерес, той развил бурна дипломатическа дейност. На 15 май 1455 г. се обърнал към Бургундския херцог. Опростил всички негови и на армията грехове, обложил с данък доходите на всички църкви (1/10 част) и публикувал булата "In sacra". От този момент започнал да действа нов вид папски данък, под предлог за покриване на нуждите за борба с турците. Пропагандисти за кръстоносен поход били францисканците, най-известният сред който бил свети Йоан Капистран. Според плана на папата, трябвало да се организира едновременно нападение срещу турците по суша и море. На Балканите възлагал надежди на унгарския регент Янош Хуняди, а по море със задачата трябвало да се заемат папата и Венеция. С тази цел Каликст III създал самостоятелен папски военен флот. Въпреки усилията на папата обаче борбата срещу турците легнала на плещите на Унгария и Албания. Франция тъкмо завършила Стогодишната война, а Венеция търгувала активно с Турция и не искала кръстоносния поход да нанесе удар на нейните търговски интереси. Не се отзовали нито Флоренция, нито Генуа, но въпреки заплахата от страна на папата. На 29 юни 1456 г. папата въвежда биенето на камбаните в католическите храмове по средата на деня, призовавайки вярващите към молитва за защитниците на християнството. Тази традиция се е запазила и до наши дни. Армията на кръстоносците под предводителството на Ян Хуняди през 1456 г. удържа победа над турците при Белград (виж Обсада на Белград (1456)). В резултат обаче на разразилата се след това чумна епидемия, умират и Хуняди, и Капистран. В чест на тази победа, папата установява празника Преображение Господне, който се отбелязва на 6 август. По време на управление на Каликст се връщат времената на безграничния непотизъм, раздаването на църковни длъжности и кардиналски звания на роднини и поддръжници на семейство Борджия. Той прави двама свои племенници кардинали (Педро и Родриго Борджии), като единият от тях Родриго Борха (Борджия), впоследствие става папа, под името Александър VI. През 1456 г. Каликст III иска преразглеждане на процеса, в резултат на който през 1431 г. е убита френската героиня Жана д'Арк и я признава за невинна.
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Pope Callixtus IIIRead on WikipediaTR Click to disable ads for 1 month. Pope Callixtus III or Callistus III (31 December 1378 – 6 August 1458), born Alfons de Borja, was Pope from 8 April 1455 to his death in 1458.[1] He was the last pope to take the name "Callixtus" upon his election. Your Subjective Opinions General Attitude(Positive or Negative) Which adjectives are appropriate for Pope Callixtus III? Please do not hesitate to write your subjective opinions which can not be in wikipedia but may be useful for other visitors of this article. Do you have anything to say about Pope Callixtus III? (You don't have to register to write a comment, you can write as anonymous.) Click to disable ads for 1 month. Click to disable ads for 1 month. Contents Biography[edit] Alfons de Borja was born in La Torreta, now a neighbourhood of Canals, Valencia – today in Spain – but at that time in the Señorío de Torre de Canals,[2] Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon. He was the son of Domingo de Borja and Francina Llançol. He was baptized at St. Mary's Basilica in Xativa, where he is now honored with a statue.[3][4] During the western schism, he supported Antipope Benedict XIII, and was the driving force behind Antipope Clement VIII's submission to Pope Martin V in 1429.[5] His early career was spent as a professor of law at the University of Lleida, where he received his doctorate, and he then served as a diplomat to the Kings of Aragon, especially during the Council of Basel (1431–1439). He became a cardinal after reconciling Pope Eugene IV with King Alfonso V of Aragon. While he was a young priest, he attended a sermon by St. Vincent Ferrer. At the end of his message, the Dominican said to the future pope: "My son, you one day will be called to be the ornament of your house and of your country. You will be invested with the highest dignity that can fall to the lot of man. After my death, I shall be the object of your special honor. Endeavor to persevere in a life of virtue."[6] As pope, Borja canonized Ferrer, on 3 June 1455.[7] Callixtus III's pre-papal coat of arms featured a grazing ox. Papacy[edit] He was raised to the papal chair in 1455 at a very advanced age, as a "compromise candidate" in the papal conclave that year, taking the name Callixtus III.[8] He is viewed by historians as being extremely pious, and a firm believer in the authority of the Holy See. Not quite two years after the Fall of Constantinople, as pope he was chiefly concerned with the organization of Christian Europe against an invasion by the Turks. An extensive building program under way in Rome was cancelled and the money funneled toward a crusade. Nuncios were dispatched to all the countries of Europe to beseech the princes to join once more in an effort to check the danger of a Turkish invasion. Missionaries were sent to England, France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, and Aragon to preach the Crusade, and to engage the prayers of the faithful for the success of the enterprise. It was by order of Callistus III that the bells were rung at midday to remind the faithful that they should pray for the welfare of the crusaders.[8] The princes of Europe were slow in responding to the call of the pope, largely due to national rivalries. England and France were at war. Forces led by Janos Hunyady, Captain-General of Hungary, met the Turks and defeated them at Belgrade (22 July, 1456). Shortly after his victory, Hunyady himself died of a fever.[8] On 29 June 1456, Callixtus ordered the church bells to be rung at noon (see noon bell) as a call to prayer for the welfare of those defending Belgrave. To commemorate this victory, Callixtus III ordered the Feast of the Transfiguration to be held on 6 August. In 1456, he issued the papal bull Inter Caetera to Portugal (not to be confused with Inter Caetera of 1493). This bull reaffirmed the earlier bulls Dum Diversas and Romanus Pontifex, which recognized Portugal's rights to territories it had discovered along the West African coast, and the enslavement of infidels and non-Christians captured there. This confirmation of Romanus Pontifex also gave the Portuguese the military Order of Christ under Prince Henry the Navigator.[9] Inter Caetera of 1456 was in direct contradiction to the stance taken by Pope Eugene IV in the 1435 bull Sicut Dudum, which prohibited capturing slaves in the Canary Islands. On 20 February 1456, Pope Callixtus III elevated two of his nephews to the position of cardinal. The first of them was Rodrigo de Borja ("Borgia" in Italian), who later became Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503), infamous for his alleged corruption and immorality.[10] The second was Luis Julian de Milà. Callixtus ordered a new trial for St. Joan of Arc (c. 1412–1431), at which she was posthumously vindicated.[11] He approved of the founding of the University of Greifswald that took place in the year 1456. The "bull against the comet"[edit] According to one story that first appeared in a 1475 posthumous biography and was subsequently embellished and popularized by Pierre-Simon Laplace, Callixtus III excommunicated the 1456 appearance of Halley's Comet, believing it to be an ill omen for the Christian defenders of Belgrade from the besieging armies of the Ottoman Empire.[12] No known primary source supports the authenticity of this account. The 29 June 1456 papal bull of Callixtus III calling for a public prayer for the success of the crusade, makes no mention of the comet. By 6 August, when the Turkish siege was broken the comet had not been visible in either Europe or Turkey for several weeks.[13] Notes[edit] - ^ Hibbert, Christopher, The Borgias and their enemies: 1431–1519, (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008), 11. - ^ "Anna y Canals. Valencia". palomatorrijos (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 February 2014. En el siglo XIV se construyó junto a la torre, y aprovechando parte de sus murallas, un pequeño Palacio Gótico que era la sede de la baronía de La Torre, independiente de Canals, cuyos titulares eran los Borja. En este lugar nació en 1378 Alfonso Borja, el que fuera futuro papa Calixto III. - ^ Rolfe, p. 12 - ^ Statue of Pope Calixtus III,St. Mary's Basilica,La Seu Cathedral,Xàtiva,Valencia,Spain, - ^ McBrien, Richard P. (2000). Lives of the Popes: The pontiffs from St Peter to John Paul II. San Francisco: HarperCollins. - ^ Reinhart, Albert. "St. Vincent Ferrer." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. - ^ a b c MacCaffrey, James. "Pope Callistus III." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. - ^ European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, ed. Frances Gardiner Davenport, (Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1917), 27. - ^ The Lives and Times of the Popes, Vol.4, Ed. Artaud de Montor, (Catholic Publication Society of America, 1911), 190. - ^ Gower, Ronald Sutherland, Joan of Arc, (BiblioBazaar LLC, 2007), 180. - ^ John Stein (1913). "Bartolomeo Platina". In Charles George Herbermann. The Catholic Encyclopedia 12. Robert Appleton Co. pp. 158–159. - ^ Rigge, William F. "An Historical Examination of the Connection of Callixtus III with Halley's Comet", Popular Astronomy, p.214, 1910 References[edit] - European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, Ed. Frances Gardiner Davenport, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1917. - Gower, Ronald Sutherland, Joan of Arc, BiblioBazaar LLC, 2007. - Hibbert, Christopher, The Borgias and their enemies: 1431–1519, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008. - The Lives and Times of the Popes, Vol.4, Ed. Artaud de Montor, Catholic Publication Society of America, 1911. - Frederick Rolfe, Chronicles of the House of Borgia, 1901. See also[edit] External links[edit] - European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, Ed. Frances Gardiner Davenport, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1917. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23628818 - DIARIO BORJA BORGIA (Spanish)