http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_James_Bond__character_.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 17.1 17.2 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 19.1 19.2 20.1 21.1 21.2 21.3 22.1 22.2 22.3 23.1 23.2 24.1 24.2 24.3 25.1 26.1 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 28.1 28.2 28.3 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 31.1 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 33.1 33.2 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 35.1 36.1 37.1 37.2 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 39.1 39.2 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 46.1 47.1 48.1 48.2 48.3 49.1 49.2 49.3 50.1 50.2 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 56.2 57.1 57.2 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 61.2 61.3 62.1 62.2 62.3 63.1 63.2 63.3 64.1 64.2 64.3 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 68.2 69.1 70.1 71.1 72.1 73.1 74.1 74.2 75.1 76.1 76.2 77.1 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 83.1 83.2 83.3 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 91.1 91.2 91.3 91.4 92.1 93.1 93.2 94.1 95.1 96.1 97.1 98.1 99.1 100.1 101.1 102.1 102.2 103.1 104.1 105.1 106.1 107.1 108.1
Иън Флеминг - Вижте пояснителната страница за други значения на Иън Флеминг. Ѝън Ланкастър Флеминг (на английски: Ian Lancaster Fleming, накратко Иън Флеминг, у нас известен като Ян Флеминг) е английски писател, автор на поредицата книги за Джеймс Бонд. Написва за него 12 новели и 9 разказа. Също така е написал разказа за деца „Чити Чити Банг Банг: Магическата кола“ и няколко публицистични книги. Съдържание - 1 Ранни години - 2 Втора световна война - 3 Писателска кариера - 4 Късни години и смърт - 5 Избрана библография - 6 Биографии - 7 Биографични филми - 8 Бележки - 9 Източници - 10 Външни препратки Ранни години[редактиране | edit source] Иън Флеминг е роден в Мейфеър, Лондон в семейството на народния представител Валънтайн Флеминг и жена му Евелин Сейнт Кроа Роуз. Иън е по-малък брат на автора на пътеписи Питър Флеминг и по-голям брат на Майкъл и Ричард Флеминг, както и полубрат на виолончелистката Амарилис Флеминг. Също така е и внук на шотландския финансист Робърт Флеминг, създател на Шотландско-американския инвестиционен тръст и на търговската банка Robert Fleming & Co. (от 2000 част от JP Morgan Chase). Братовчед е на актьора Кристофър Лий и девер на актрисата лейди Селия Джонсън (жена на брат му Питър), както и прачичо на композитора Алън Флеминг-Беърд.[1] Неговият племенник Матю Флеминг е английски играч на крикет.[2] Флеминг учи в начално училище на остров Пърбък, Дорсет, близо до имението на семейство Бонд, чието мото е Светът не е достатъчен.[3] Също така е учил в Бъркшир, Итънския колеж и Кралската военна академия Сандхърст. В Итън той две години подред печели званието най-добър спортист Victor Ludorum, което преди това се било случвало само веднъж. След като преждевременно напуска Сандхърст, който не му допада, майка му го изпраща да учи езици в Европа. Първо учи немски в Кицбюел, Австрия, после в Мюнхенския университет и накрая в Женевския университет, подобрявайки и своя френски. Кандидатства във Форин Офис, но се проваля на изпитите. Скоро започва работа като журналист в Ройтерс. През 1933 г. работи като пратеник на Ройтерс в Москва, а по-късно става брокер. От 1944 и до смъртта си през 1964 е член на Boodle's, джентълменски клуб от Сейнт Джеймс Стрийт в Лондон.[4] През 1952 се жени в Ямайка за аристократката Ан Картрис, бивша втора жена на втория виконт Ротмар и вдовица на третия барон О'Нийл. Кумува му драматургът Ноел Кауърд. Втора световна война[редактиране | edit source] През 1939 г., в навечерието на Втората световна война, шефът на морското военно разузнаване контраадмирал Джон Годфри привлича Флеминг за свой личен помощник. По-късно Иън прави кариера последователно като лейтенант, подпоручик и накрая поручик. Известно е, че кодовото му име е било 17F.[5] Работата му в разузнаването е увлекателна. През 1940 Флеминг и Годфри поръчват на Кенет Мейсън, професор по география в Оксфорд, да напише доклади за географията на страните, участващи във военните действия. Тези доклади поставят началото на томовете на Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series между 1941 и 1946.[6] Флеминг е автор на хитър план за симулиране на авария на немски самолет в Ламанша, при което английски войници ще се представят за търпящи бедствие пилоти от Луфтвафе с идеята да завладеят немската подводница, която евентуално ще им се притече на помощ и така да се доберат до кодовата книга на шифровъчната машина Енигма. Планираната акция обаче не се осъществява, за голямо съжаление на Алън Тюринг и сътрудниците му в Блечли парк. Той привлича и окултиста Алистър Кроули да участва в план, в който да свържат Рудолф Хес с фалшиви участници в уж нелегално движение против Уинстън Чърчил. Но и този план не се осъществява, защото Хес междувременно заминава за Шотландия в опит да уговори мир тайно от Хитлер. В книгата на Антъни Мастърс "The Man Who Was M: The Life of Charles Henry Maxwell Knight" се твърди, че именно Флеминг успял да убеди Хес да замине за Шотландия и да преговаря за сепаративен мир с Чърчил, което завършва със залавянето на Хес, но никакви други източници не подкрепят същата теза.[7] Флеминг е автор на операция „Златно око“ - план за поддържане на комуникацията с Гибралтар, в случай че Испания влезе във войната на страната на Оста и атакува средиземноморската колония на Великобритания. Щурмови отряд 30[редактиране | edit source] През 1944 година Флеминг участва в командването на специализиран отряд от командоси, известен като Щурмови отряд 30 (30 Assault Unit, 30AU или 30 Commando). Въпреки че не той основава звеното, нито пък е негов полеви командир, той е този, който планира действията му. Като офицер от морското разузнаване (Naval Intelligence Division, NID), Флеминг знаел приблизително с каква информация и въоръжение разполагал врагът и къде са разположени. Той уточнявал „скалповете“, които ще са му необходими, и изпращал за тях своите „индианци“, както наричал командосите. Щурмови отряд 30 обединявал екипи от тренирани командоси, специализирани в щурмуването на вражески щабквартири и набавянето на документи и образци от въоръжението на врага с потенциално значение за разузнаването, които обикновените войници от Съюзническите сили, а дори и командоси без специално обучение биха могли да пренебрегнат или дори да унищожат. Щурмоваците умеели да отварят с шперц на ключалки и сейфове, да водят бой с голи ръце и владеели и други по-общи техники и умения за събиране на разузнавателен материал. В отряда участвали някои от най-способните командоси. Организационно отрядът не функционирал отделно, а екипите му се присъединявали към някоя военна част, настъпваща към врага. Вече достигнали целта, щурмоваците били обучени и екипирани да си проправят сами пътя към щабовете и бързо да се снабдяват с необходимото, преди врагът сам да го разруши при отстъплението. Щурмоваците разчитали на изненадата, издръжливостта и безпощадността си. Преди Десанта в Нормандия, Флеминг имал само косвен контакт с щурмовия отряд, тъй като повечето военни действия били по Средиземноморието. Въпреки това, благодарение на успехите си в Сицилия и Италия, щурмоваците (чиято база била Marine Hotel Littlehampton в Западен Съсекс, днес обществена сграда и домакин на годишната сбирка на ветераните от Щурмови отряд 30) си спечелват особеното доверие на морското разузнаване. Осъзнали мащаба на постиженията и потенциала, от разузнаването предоставят нужната подкрепа и съставът му бива разширен. Поставят му се и преки задачи: конкретни предмети и документи, които трябвало да бъдат иззети от врага. Флеминг бил човекът, който издавал тези конкретни заповеди.[8] По време на Операция Овърлорд, и по-специално след Битката за Шербур, Флеминг посетил Щурмови отряд 30 на бойното поле. Той установил, че вместо да действат като специални разузнавачи, командосите били некоректно използвани като редници в бойните действия. Това водело до излишни жертви и излагало на риск изпълнението на основната им задача. След намесата му командването ревизирало отношението си.[9] Писателска кариера[редактиране | edit source] Работата му през войната дава съвсем естествено идеите за неговите шпионски новели. Първата си творба Казино Роял публикува през 1953. Тя разказва за тайния агент Джеймс Бонд, по-известен с кодовото си име 007. В тази книга негов противник е руски шпионин, чието кодово име е Ле Шифр. Двамата играят бакара в „Казино Роял“ и на Бонд му се удава да победи противника си. Но Ле Шифр спира да играе по правилата и примамва Бонд в капан с красива девойка. А от този капан няма изход. Книгата е филмирана на два пъти - един път през 1968[n 1] с Дейвид Нивън в ролята на Бонд и един път през 2006 с Даниъл Крейг в ролята на Бонд. След това Иън Флеминг пише още 13 книги със същия главен герой: Живей, а другите да умрат, Муунрейкър, Диамантите са вечни, От Русия с любов, Доктор Но, Голдфингър, Само за твоите очи, Тъндърбол, Шпионинът, който ме обичаше, В тайна служба на Нейно величество, Човек живее само два пъти, Мъжът със златния пистолет и Октопъси и живите светлини. Продажбите рязко скачат, щом Джон Кенеди поставя От Русия с любов в списъка на най-добрите книги, които е чел. В края на 50-те, след финансовия успех на книгите за Джеймс Бонд, той се премества да живее в имението Златно око в Сейнт Мери, Ямайка. Има много версии, обясняващи името на имота. Една от най-известните е, че името е взето от операция Златно око от Втората световна война, в която самият Флеминг е взел участие. Други възможности са Отражения в златисто око - книга от 1941 на Карсън Маккалърс, която Флеминг много харесвал. Местността наоколо се наричала Оракабеса, което в превод от испански значи "златна глава", а пък разположен в имението испански гроб прилича на око. А друга версия е, че всичко това заедно е накарало писателя да нарече имението си по този начин. Днес имението е в центъра на едноименен скъп курорт. Освен книгите за Бонд Флеминг е написал и детската книга Чити Чити Банг Банг: Магическата кола, като и нехудожествените книги Трептящи градове и Контрабанда на диаманти. Късни години и смърт[редактиране | edit source] Флеминг бил библиофил и притежавал огромна библиотека с книги, които според него "са дали начало на нещо" и затова са важни за цивилизацията. Той особено се интересувал от наука и харесвал научни книги като Произход на видовете, но четял книги и на друга тематика като Моята борба и Скаутство за момчета. 6 000 от книгите си той дарява на Библиотеката на лилията на университета Блумингтън, Индиана, САЩ. Флеминг е страстен пушач и пие много и през 1961 получава инфаркт. Следва втори инфаркт на 12 август 1964 и писателят умира. Погребан е в църквата в Севънхамптън, малко селце в Англия близо до Суиндъм. След смъртта на вдовицата му — Ан Джералдин Мери Флеминг (1913-1981) и сина му, Каспар Робърт Флеминг (1952-1975) и те са погребани там. Каспар се самоубива със свръхдоза наркотици. По случай стогодишнината от рождението на писателя през май 2008 Ian Fleming Publications публикува книгата Дяволът може да е загрижен на Себастиан Фолкс. На корицата пише "Себастиан Фолкс, пишещ като Иън Флеминг".[10] Избрана библография[редактиране | edit source] Книги за Джеймс Бонд[редактиране | edit source] Детска литература[редактиране | edit source] - Чити Чити Банг Банг: Магическата кола (1964) Нехудожествени книги[редактиране | edit source] - Контрабанда на диаманти (1957) - Трептящи градове (1963, в американските издания понякога съдържа късия разказ "007 в Ню Йорк") Незавършени или непубликувани книги[редактиране | edit source] - Флеминг има бележник, където са описани неговите идеи за нови книги на тема Джеймс Бонд. Там са открити части от къси разкази и новели за Бонд, които никога не са публикувани. Някои от тях могат да се открият в книгата на Джон Пиърсън Животът на Иън Флеминг.[25] - Писателят Джефри Дженкинс работи заедно с Флеминг по идеята за Бонд между 1957 и 1964. По-късно, през 1967 той написва по тази тема още една книга За чиста унция, но тя никога не е публикувана. Идеята за нея е била на Флеминг. - През 1960 Кувейтската петролна компания възлага на Флеминг да напише книга за страната и нейната петролна индустрия. Книгата била озаглавена Място на вълнението: Впечатления от Кувейт, но никога не е публикувана поради неодобрението на кувейтското правителство.[26] Биографии[редактиране | edit source] - Хенри Зелгър, Иън Флеминг: Шпионинът, който влезе със златото (Ню Йорк, 1965) - Елинор и Денис Пълрин, Иън Флеминг: Мъжът със златния химикал (Торонто, 1966) - Джон Пиърсън, Животът на Иън Флеминг (Лондон, 1966) - Ричард Гант, Иън Флеминг: Мъжът със златния химикал (Лондон, 1966) - Айвър Брайс. Човек живее само един път: Спомени от Иън Флеминг (Лондон, 1975) - Брус А. Розънбърг и Ан Харлман Стюарт, Иън Флеминг (Бостън, 1989) - Доналд Маккормик, 17F: Животът на Иън Флеминг (Лондон, 1993) - Андрю Лайсет, Иън Флеминг (Лондон, 1995) Биографични филми[редактиране | edit source] - Златно око: Тайният живот на Иън Флеминг, 1989. ТВ филм с участието на Чарлз Денс като Флеминг. Фокусира се върху живота му през Втората световна война, любовта му и написването на книгите за Джеймс Бонд. - Създател на шпиони: Тайният живот на Иън Флеминг, 1990. ТВ филм с участието на Джейсън Конъри (син на Шон Конъри) в ролята на писателя. Фокусира се върху военната кариера на Флеминг. - Иън Флеминг: Създателят на Джеймс Бонд, 2005. ТВ филм на компанията Wall to Wall, за първи път показан по BBC през август 2005. Носителя на наградата Лорънс Оливие Бен Дейниълс играе Иън Флеминг.[27] - Иън Флеминг: Където започна Бонд, 2008. Документален филм за живота на писателя, за първи път излъчен по BBC на 20 октомври 2008. Създател е Джоана Лъмни. Бележки[редактиране | edit source] - ↑ Филмът от 1968 е комедийна пародия и не се причислява официално към филмите за Джеймс Бонд Източници[редактиране | edit source] - ↑ Henry A. Zelger, Ian Fleming: The Spy Who Came in with the Gold (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1965) - ↑ Fleming fears he's a one-day wonder by ALASDAIR ROSS (Jan 18, 1998)Sunday Mirror - ↑ BBC News item 31 October 2008 - ↑ Eleanor and Dennis Pelrine, Ian Fleming: Man with the Golden Pen (Toronto: Swan Publishing, 1966) - ↑ Richard Gant, Ian Fleming: Man with the Golden Pen (London: Mayflower-Dell, 1966) - ↑ The Naval Intelligence Handbooks: a monument in geographical writing Clout and Gosme Prog Hum Geogr.2003; 27: 153-173 - Progress in Human Geography - платен достъп - ↑ Ivar Bryce. You Only Live Once (London: Weldenfeld and Nicolson, 1975) - ↑ John Pearson, The Life of Ian Fleming (London: Jonathan Cape, 1966) - ↑ Bruce A. Rosenberg and Ann Harleman Stewart, Ian Fleming (Boston: Twayne, 1989) - ↑ Gregory Kirschling, "James Bond's New Book", Entertainment Weekly/EW.com, Feb. 29, 2008, accessed March 4, 2008. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Casino Royale. Jonathan Cape, 13 April 1953. с. 213. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Live and Let Die. Jonathan Cape, 5 April 1954. с. 234. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Moonraker. Jonathan Cape, 7 April 1955. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Diamonds Are Forever. Jonathan Cape, 26 March 1956. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. From Russia with Love. Jonathan Cape, 8 April 1957. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Jonathan Cape, 31 March 1958. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Goldfinger. Jonathan Cape, 23 March 1959. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. For Your Eyes Only. Jonathan Cape, 11 April 1960. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Thunderball. Jonathan Cape, 27 March 1961. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. The Spy Who Loved Me. Jonathan Cape, 16 April 1962. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Jonathan Cape, 1 April 1963. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. You Only Live Twice. Jonathan Cape, 16 March 1964. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. The Man with the Golden Gun. Jonathan Cape, 1 April 1965. - ↑ Fleming, Ian. Ian Fleming Publications Inc. Octopussy and The Living Daylights. Jonathan Cape, 1966. - ↑ Ian Fleming’s Unpublished Legacy - ajb007.co.uk - ↑ Annotation by Fleming in the original typescript. Fleming mss., Lilly Library, Indiana. http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/fleming/ - ↑ Ian Fleming: Bondmaker (2005) (TV) - Full cast and crew Външни препратки[редактиране | edit source] - Център Ян Флеминг - официален уебсайт на Ian Fleming Publications Limited - Годишнината на Иън Флеминг, празнуването на 100 години от раждането на писателя - Списание 007, печатано между 1979 и 2005, посветено на творбите на Флеминг - Библиография на Иън Флеминг - Биография на писателя - 30 Щурмови отдел - „Индианците“ на Иън Флеминг - "James Bond's TLS": колекция от статии, интервюта и коментари от и за Иън Флеминг в сайта на в. Таймс, Times Literary Supplement - Интервю с Иън Флеминг, 1958 - CBC дигитални архиви, Мъжът със златния химикал - интервю с Флеминг - Иън Флеминг в Internet Movie Database - Иън Флеминг в Кемп Хикс - факт или измислица? - Колекцията на писателя с материали от 19 и 20 век за културата на Дивия запад и влиянието върху книгите за Бонд, Библиотека на лилията, Блумингтън, Индиана, 1971 - Колекция от книги на Иън Флеминг в Библиотеката на Лилията, Индиански университет, Блумингтън, Индиана
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 16.2 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 25.2 26.1 27.1 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 29.1 29.2 30.1 31.1 32.1 32.2 33.1 33.2 34.1 34.2 35.1 35.2 36.1 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1 40.2 41.1 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 43.1 43.2 44.1 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 46.1 46.2 47.1 47.2 48.1 49.1 50.1 50.2 50.3 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 57.1 57.2 58.1 58.2 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 60.1 60.2 61.1 62.1 62.2 62.3 63.1 64.1 64.2 65.1 65.2 66.1 67.1 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 69.1 69.2 70.1 71.1 72.1 73.1 74.1 75.1 76.1 77.1 77.2 78.1 78.2 79.1 80.1 81.1 82.1 83.1 84.1 85.1 86.1 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 88.1 89.1 90.1 91.1 92.1 92.2 93.1 94.1 95.1 95.2 95.3 96.1 97.1 98.1 99.1 100.1 100.2 101.1 102.1 103.1 103.2 103.3 104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 105.1 106.1 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 109.1 110.1 111.1 111.2 113.1 113.2 113.3 114.1 114.2 115.1 116.1 118.1 118.2 118.3 118.4 118.5 119.1 119.2 119.3 120.1 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 122.1 123.1 125.1 126.1 129.1 130.1 131.1 132.1 133.1 135.1 136.1 137.1 138.1 139.1 140.1 141.1 142.1 143.1 146.1 147.1 148.1 148.2 148.3 149.1 152.1 153.1 154.1 155.1 156.1 156.2 156.3 156.4 157.1 158.1 159.1 160.1 160.2 160.3 160.4 161.1 162.1 163.1 165.1 166.1 168.1 169.1 170.1 171.1 172.1 173.1 173.2 174.1 176.1 177.1 179.1 180.1 182.1 182.2 182.3 184.1 186.1 187.1 187.2 187.3 187.4 188.1 189.1 189.2 189.3 189.4 190.1 190.2 190.3 191.1 191.2 191.3 191.4 194.1 194.2 194.3 194.4 196.1 196.2 196.3 198.1 198.2 198.3 201.1 201.2 201.3 202.1 202.2 202.3 202.4 203.1 204.1 204.2 204.3 204.4 205.1 205.2 205.3 205.4 206.1 206.2 207.1 207.2 207.3 208.1 209.1 210.1 210.2 210.3 210.4 213.1 213.2 213.3 214.1 214.2 214.3 214.4 215.1 215.2 215.3 216.1 216.2 216.3 216.4 217.1 217.2 217.3 218.1 218.2 218.3 218.4 219.1 219.2 219.3 220.1 220.2 220.3 220.4 221.1 221.2 221.3 222.1 222.2 222.3 222.4 223.1 223.2 223.3 223.4 224.1 224.2 224.3 224.4 225.1 225.2 225.3 225.4 226.1 226.2 226.3 227.1 227.2 227.3 229.1 229.2 229.3 230.1 231.1 233.1 234.1 235.1 235.2 235.3 235.4 236.1 237.1 238.1 238.2 238.3 239.1 239.2 239.3 239.4 239.5 240.1 240.2 240.3 241.1 241.2 241.3 242.1 242.2 242.3 243.1 243.2 243.3 244.1 244.2 244.3 245.1 245.2 245.3 246.1 246.2 246.3 247.1 247.2 247.3 248.1 248.2 248.3 249.1 249.2 249.3 250.1 250.2 250.3 251.1 251.2 251.3 252.1 252.2 252.3 253.1 253.2 253.3 254.1 254.2 254.3 254.4 255.1 255.2 255.3 256.1 256.2 256.3 257.1 257.2 257.3 258.1 258.2 258.3 259.1 259.2 259.3 260.1 261.1 262.1 263.1 264.1 265.1 266.1 267.1 268.1 269.1 270.1 271.1 272.1 273.1 274.1
James Bond (literary character) Royal Navy Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR, is a fictional character created by British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the James Bond series of novels, films, comics and video games. Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections before his death, although the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously. The Bond character is a Secret Service agent, code number 007, residing in London but active internationally. Bond was a composite character who was based on a number of commandos whom Fleming knew during his service in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, to whom Fleming added his own style and a number of his own tastes; Bond's name was appropriated from American ornithologist James Bond. Bond has a number of character traits which run throughout the books, including an enjoyment of cars, a love of food and drink, and an average intake of sixty custom-made cigarettes a day. Since Fleming's death in 1964, there have been other authorised writers of Bond material, including John Gardner, who wrote fourteen novels and two novelizations and Raymond Benson, who wrote six novels, three novelizations and three short stories. There have also been other authors who wrote one book each, Kingsley Amis (writing as Robert Markham), Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver and William Boyd, with a further instalment due in September 2015 by Anthony Horowitz. Additionally a series of novels based on Bond's youth—Young Bond—was written by Charlie Higson. As spin-offs from the literary works, there was a television adaptation of the first novel, Casino Royale, in which Bond was played as an American agent. A comic strip series also ran in the Daily Express newspaper. There have been 25 Bond films; seven actors have played Bond in these films. Contents - 1 Fleming's concept of Bond - 2 Continuation Bond works - 3 Young Bond - 4 Adaptations - 5 See also - 6 References - 7 Bibliography - 8 External links Fleming's concept of Bond[edit] The central figure in Ian Fleming's work was the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the "Secret Service". Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. James Bond is the culmination of an important but much-maligned tradition in English literature. As a boy, Fleming devoured the Bulldog Drummond tales of Lieutenant Colonel Herman Cyril McNeile (aka "Sapper") and the Richard Hannay stories of John Buchan. His genius was to repackage these antiquated adventures to fit the fashion of postwar Britain ... In Bond, he created a Bulldog Drummond for the jet age. During World War II, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel.[2] It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, that Fleming began to write Casino Royale, to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.[3] Fleming started writing on his first book, Casino Royale, at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February 1952, typing out 2,000 words in the morning, directly from his own experiences and imagination.[4] He finished work on the script in just over a month,[5] completing it on 18 March 1952.[6] Describing the work as his "dreadful oafish opus",[7] Fleming showed it to an ex-girlfriend, Clare Blanchard, who advised him not to publish it at all, but that if he did so, it should be under another name.[8] Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels and two short story collections; he died on the morning of 12 August 1964.[9] The last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously.[10] Inspiration for the character[edit] Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".[11] Among those types were his brother, Peter, whom Fleming worshipped[11] and who had been involved in behind the lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.[12] Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, a skiing spy whom Fleming had met in Kitzbühel in the 1930s, Patrick Dalzel-Job, who served with distinction in 30 AU during the war, and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale, station head of MI6 in Paris, who wore cufflinks and handmade suits and was chauffeured around Paris in a Rolls-Royce.[11][13] Sir Fitzroy Maclean was another figure mentioned as a possibility, based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans, as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov.[14] Origins of the name[edit] Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies; Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".[15] When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."[17] After Fleming met the ornithologist and his wife, he described them as "a charming couple who are amused by the whole joke".[18] In the first draft of Casino Royale he decided to use the name James Secretan as Bond's cover name while on missions.[19] Bond's number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligence's key achievements of World War I: the breaking of the German diplomatic code.[20] One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075,[21] and which was one of the factors that led to the US entering the war. Looks[edit] Facially, Bond resembles the composer, singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael. In Casino Royale Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."[22] Others, such as journalist Ben Macintyre, identify aspects of Fleming's own looks in his description of Bond.[23] General references in the novels describe Bond as having "dark, rather cruel good looks".[24] In the novels (notably From Russia, with Love), Bond's physical description has generally been consistent: slim build; a three-inch long, thin vertical scar on his right cheek; blue-grey eyes; a "cruel" mouth; short, black hair, a comma of which falls on his forehead. Physically he is described as 183 centimetres (6 feet) in height and 76 kilograms (167 lb) in weight.[24] After Casino Royale, Bond also had the faint scar of the Russian cyrillic letter "Ш" (SH) (for Shpion: "Spy") on the back of one of his hands, carved by a SMERSH agent.[25] Background[edit] In Ian Fleming's stories, James Bond is in his mid-to-late thirties, but does not age.[26] In Moonraker, he admits to being eight years shy of mandatory retirement age from the 00 section—45—which would mean he was 37 at the time.[27] Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, gives him a birth date of 11 November 1920,[28] while a study by Bond scholar John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.[29] According to Griswold, the Fleming novels take place between around May 1951,[30] to February 1964, by which time Bond was aged 42.[31] If the quality of these books, or their degree of veracity, had been any higher, the author would certainly have been prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act. It is a measure of the disdain in which these fictions are held at the Ministry, that action has not yet—I emphasize the qualification—been taken against the author and publisher of these high-flown and romanticized caricatures of episodes in the career of a outstanding public servant. It was not until the third- and second-last novels that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background, using a visit to the College of Arms and a fictional obituary, purportedly from The Times.[33] The books were written during then after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.[34] The novel reveals Bond is the son of a Scottish father, Andrew Bond, of Glencoe, and a Swiss mother, Monique Delacroix, of the Canton de Vaud.[35] The young James Bond spends much of his early life abroad, becoming multilingual in German and French because of his father's work as a Vickers armaments company representative. Bond is orphaned at the age of 11 when his parents are killed in a mountain climbing accident in the Aiguilles Rouges near Chamonix.[36] After the death of his parents, Bond goes to live with his aunt, Miss Charmian Bond, in the village of Pett Bottom, where he completes his early education. Later, he briefly attends Eton College at "12 or thereabouts", but is removed after two halves because of girl trouble with a maid.[33] After being sent down from Eton, Bond was sent to Fettes College in Scotland, his father's school.[35] On his first visit to Paris at the age of 16, Bond loses his virginity, later reminiscing about the event in "From a View to a Kill".[37] Fleming used his own upbringing for his creation, with Bond alluding to briefly attending the University of Geneva,[38] (as did Fleming) before being taught to ski in Kitzbühel (as was Fleming) by Hannes Oberhauser, who is later killed in "Octopussy".[39][37] In 1941 Bond joins a branch of what was to become the Ministry of Defence and becomes a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserves, ending the war as a commander. Bond applies to M for a position within the "Secret Service", part of the Civil Service, and rises to the rank of principal officer.[40] At the start of Fleming's first book, Casino Royale, Bond is already a 00 agent, having been given the position after killing two enemy agents, a Japanese spy on the thirty-sixth floor of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City and a Norwegian double agent who had betrayed two British agents; it is suggested by Bond scholar John Griswold that these were part of Bond's wartime service with Special Operations Executive, a British World War II covert military organisation.[41] In 1954, according to the Soviet file on him in From Russia, With Love, Bond is made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.[40] Tastes and style[edit] Beverages[edit] Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that, "within the first few pages [of Casino Royale] Ian had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits.[42] The full details of Bond's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after Vesper Lynd. 'A dry martini,' he said. In a deep champagne goblet.' 'Oui, monsieur.' 'Just a moment. Three measures of Gordon's, one of vodka, half a measure of Kina Lillet. Shake it very well until it's ice-cold, then add a large thin slice of lemon peel. Got it?' 'Certainly monsieur.' The barman seemed pleased with the idea. 'Gosh, that's certainly a drink,' said Leiter. Bond laughed. 'When I'm ... er ... concentrating,' he explained, 'I never have more than one drink before dinner. But I do like that one to be large and very strong and very cold, and very well-made. I hate small portions of anything, particularly when they taste bad. This drink's my own invention. I'm going to patent it when I think of a good name.' Bond's drinking habits run throughout the series of books. During the course of On Her Majesty's Secret Service alone, Bond consumes forty-six drinks: Pouilly-Fuissé, Riquewihr and Marsala wines, most of a bottle of Algerian wine, some 1953 Château Mouton Rothschild claret, along with Taittinger and Krug champagnes and Babycham; for whiskies he consumes three bourbon and waters, half a pint of I.W. Harper bourbon, Jack Daniel's whiskey, two double bourbons on the rocks, two whisky and sodas, two neat scotches and one glass of neat whisky; vodka consumption totalled four vodka and tonics and three double vodka martinis; other sprits included two double brandies with ginger ale, a flask of Enzian Schnaps and a double gin: he also washed this down with four steins of German beer.[44][45] Bond's alcohol intake does not seem to affect his performance.[46] For his non-alcoholic drinks Bond eschews tea, calling it "mud" and blaming it for the downfall of the British Empire. He instead prefers to drink coffee.[47] Cuisine[edit] When in England and not on a mission, Bond dines as simply as Fleming did on dishes such as grilled sole, oeufs en cocotte and cold roast beef with potato salad.[48] When on a mission, however, Bond eats more extravagantly.[49] This was partly because in 1953, when Casino Royale was published, many items of food were still rationed in the UK,[1] and Bond was "the ideal antidote to Britain's postwar austerity, rationing and the looming premonition of lost power".[50] This extravagance was more noteworthy with his contemporary readers for Bond eating exotic, local foods when abroad,[51] at a time when most of his readership did not travel abroad.[52] On 1 April 1958 Fleming wrote to The Manchester Guardian in defence of his work, referring to that paper's review of Dr. No.[17] While referring to Bond's food and wine consumption as "gimmickery", Fleming bemoaned that "it has become an unfortunate trade-mark. I myself abhor Wine-and-Foodmanship. My own favourite food is scrambled eggs."[17] Fleming was so keen on scrambled eggs that he used his short story, "007 in New York" to provide his favourite recipe for the dish: in the story, this came from the housekeeper of his friend Ivar Bryce, May, who gave her name to Bond's own housekeeper.[53] Academic Edward Biddulph observed that Fleming fully described seventy meals within the book series and that while a number of these had items in common—such as scrambled eggs and steaks—each meal was different from the others.[54] Smoking[edit] Bond is a heavy smoker, at one point smoking 70 cigarettes a day.[55] Bond has his cigarettes custom-made by Morland of Grosvenor Street, mixing Balkan and Turkish tobacco and having a higher nicotine content than normal; the cigarettes have three gold bands on the filter.[56] Bond carried his cigarettes in a wide gunmetal cigarette case which carried fifty; he also used a black oxidised Ronson lighter.[57] The cigarettes were the same as Fleming's, who had been buying his at Morland since the 1930s; the three gold bands on the filter were added during the war to mirror his naval Commander's rank.[56] On average, Bond smokes sixty cigarettes a day, although he cut back to around twenty five a day after his visit to a health farm in Thunderball:[57] Fleming himself smoked up to 80 cigarettes a day.[58] Drugs[edit] Bond occasionally supplements his alcohol consumption with the use of other drugs, for both functional and recreational reasons: Moonraker sees Bond consume a quantity of the amphetamine benzedrine accompanied by champagne, before his bridge game with Sir Hugo Drax (also consuming a carafe of vintage Riga vodka and a vodka martini);[59] he also uses the drug for stimulation on missions, such as swimming across Shark Bay in Live and Let Die,[60] or remaining awake and alert when threatened in the Dreamy Pines Motor Court in The Spy Who Loved Me.[61] Attitudes[edit] According to academic Jeremy Black, Bond is written as a complex character, even though he was also often the voice of Fleming's prejudices.[62] The output of the prejudices, combined with the tales of Bond's actions, led journalist Yuri Zhukov to write an article in 1965 for the Soviet daily newspaper Pravda, describing Bond's values: James Bond lives in a nightmarish world where laws are written at the point of a gun, where coercion and rape are considered valour and murder is a funny trick ... Bond's job is to guard the interests of the property class, and he is no better than the youths Hitler boasted he would bring up like wild beasts to be able to kill without thinking. Black does not consider Bond to be the unthinking wild beast Zhukov writes about, however.[63] From Russia, with Love sees Bond watching Kerim Bey shoot the Bulgarian killer Krilencu and Bond observing that he had never killed anyone in cold blood.[64] In "The Living Daylights" Bond deliberately misses his target, realising the sniper he has been sent to kill is a beautiful female cello player.[65] Bond settles this in his mind by thinking that "It wasn't exactly murder. Pretty near it, though."[66] Goldfinger opens with Bond thinking through the experience of killing a Mexican assassin days earlier.[67] He is philosophical about it: It was part of his profession to kill people. He had never liked doing it and when he had to kill he did it as well as he knew how and forgot about it. As a secret agent who held the rare double-O prefix—the licence to kill in the Secret Service—it was his duty to be as cool about death as a surgeon. If it happened, it happened. Regret was unprofessional—worse, it was a death-watch beetle in the soul. Another general attitude and prejudice of Fleming's that Bond gives voice to includes his approach to homosexuality. While Fleming had a number of gay friends, including Noël Coward and his editor, William Plomer, he said that his books were "written for warm-blooded heterosexuals".[69] His attitude went further, with Bond opining that homosexuals were "a herd of unhappy sexual misfits – barren and full of frustrations, the women wanting to dominate and the men to be nannied", adding that "he was sorry for them, but he had no time for them."[70] Personal life[edit] Bond lives in a flat off the King's Road in Chelsea. His flat is looked after by an elderly Scottish housekeeper named May. May's name was taken from May Maxwell, the housekeeper of Fleming's close friend, the American Ivar Bryce.[53] In 1955 Bond earned around £2,000 a year net (£45,783 in 2014 pounds[71]), although when on assignment he worked on an unlimited expense account.[61] Much of Fleming's own daily routine while working at The Sunday Times was woven into the Bond stories[72] and he summarised it at the beginning of Moonraker: ... elastic office hours from around ten to six; lunch, generally in the canteen; evenings spent playing cards in the company of a few close friends, or at Crockford's; or making love, with rather cold passion, to one of three similarly disposed married women; weekends playing golf for high stakes at one of the clubs near London. Only once in the series does Fleming install a partner for Bond in his flat, with the arrival of Tiffany Case, following Bond's mission to the US in Diamonds Are Forever. By the start of the following book, From Russia, With Love, Case had left to marry an American.[61] Bond was married only once, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, to Teresa "Tracy" di Vicenzo, but their marriage ends tragically when she is killed on their wedding day by Ernst Stavro Blofeld.[74] In the penultimate novel of the series, You Only Live Twice, Bond suffers from amnesia and has a relationship with an Ama diving girl, Kissy Suzuki. As a result of the relationship Kissy becomes pregnant, although she does not reveal this to Bond before he leaves the island.[75] Abilities[edit] From Casino Royale to From Russia, with Love Bond's preferred weapon is a .25 ACP Beretta automatic pistol carried in a light-weight chamois leather holster.[76] However Fleming was contacted by a Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, who criticised Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond[77] and suggested a Walther PPK 7.65mm instead.[78] Fleming used the suggestion in Dr. No, also taking advice that it should be used with the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster.[79] By way of thanks, the Secret Service Armourer who gives Bond his gun was given the name Major Boothroyd, and is introduced by M as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".[78] I wish to point out that a man in James Bond's position would never consider using a .25 Beretta. It's really a lady's gun - and not a very nice lady at that! Dare I suggest that Bond should be armed with a .38 or a nine millimetre - let's say a German Walther PPK? That's far more appropriate. Kingsley Amis, in The James Bond Dossier, noted that although Bond is a very good shot and the best in the Secret Service, he is still beaten by the instructor, something that added realism to Bond's character.[81] Amis identified a number of skills where Bond is very good, but is still beatable by others. These included skiing, hand-to-hand combat, underwater swimming and golf.[82] Driving was also an ability Amis identified where Bond was good, but others were better;[82] one of those who is a better driver than Bond is Sir Hugo Drax, who causes Bond to write off his battleship-grey supercharged Bentley 4½ Litre.[83] Bond subsequently drives a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he uses in the remaining books of the series,[84] although he is issued an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device during the course of Goldfinger.[84] Continuation Bond works[edit] John Gardner[edit] In 1981 writer John Gardner was approached by the Fleming estate and asked to write a continuation novel for Bond.[85] Although he initially almost turned the series down,[86] Gardner subsequently wrote fourteen original novels and two novelizations of the films between Licence Renewed in 1981[87] and COLD in 1996.[88] With the influence of the American publishers, Putnam's, the Gardner novels showed an increase in the number of Americanisms used in the book, such as a waiter wearing "pants", rather than trousers, in The Man from Barbarossa.[85] James Harker, writing in The Guardian, considered that the Gardner books were "dogged by silliness",[85] giving examples of Scorpius, where much of the action is set in Chippenham, and Win, Lose or Die, where "Bond gets chummy with an unconvincing Maggie Thatcher".[85] Ill health forced Gardner to retire from writing the Bond novels in 1996.[89] Gardner stated that he wanted "to bring Mr Bond into the 1980s",[90] although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.[40] Even though Gardner kept the ages the same, he made Bond grey at the temples as a nod to the passing of the years.[91] Other 1980s effects also took place, with Bond smoking low-tar cigarettes[92] and becoming increasingly health conscious.[93] The return of Bond in 1981 saw media reports on the more politically correct Bond and his choice of car—a Saab 900 Turbo;[89] Gardner later put him in a Bentley Mulsanne Turbo.[94] Gardner also updated Bond's firearm: under Gardner, Bond is initially issued with the Browning 9mm before changing to a Heckler & Koch VP70 and then a Heckler & Koch P7.[40] Bond is also revealed to have taken part in the 1982 Falklands War.[95] Gardner updated Fleming's characters and used contemporary political leaders in his novels; he also used the high-tech apparatus of Q Branch from the films,[96] although Jeremy Black observed that Bond is more reliant on technology than his own individual abilities.[97] Gardner's series linked Bond to the Fleming novels rather than the film incarnations and referred to events covered in the Fleming stories.[98] Raymond Benson[edit] Following the retirement of John Gardner, Raymond Benson took over as Bond author in 1996; as the first American author of Bond it was a controversial choice.[99] Benson had previously written the non-fiction The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984.[100] Benson's first work was a short story, "Blast From the Past", published in 1997.[101] By the time he moved on to other projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelizations and three short stories.[102] His final Bond work was The Man with the Red Tattoo, published in 2002.[103] In Bond novels and their ilk, the plot must threaten not only our hero but civilization as we know it. The icing on the cake is using exotic locales that "normal people" only fantasize about visiting, and slipping in essential dollops of sex and violence to build interest. Benson followed Gardner's pattern of setting Bond in the contemporary timeframe of the 1990s[105] and, according to Jeremy Black, had more echoes of Fleming's style than John Gardner,[106] he also changed Bond's gun back to the Walther PPK,[101] put him behind the wheel of a Jaguar XK8[94] and made him swear more.[107] James Harker noted that "whilst Fleming's Bond had been an Express reader; Benson's is positively red top. He's the first to have group sex ... and the first to visit a prostitute",[85] whilst Black notes an increased level of crudity lacking in either Fleming or Gardner.[106] Others[edit] Kingsley Amis[edit] In 1967, four years after Fleming's death, his literary executors, Glidrose Productions, approached Kingsley Amis and offered him £10,000 (£158,366 in 2014 pounds[71]) to write the first continuation Bond novel.[85] The result was Colonel Sun published in 1968 under the pen-name Robert Markham.[108] Journalist James Harker noted that although the book was not literary, it was stylish.[85] Raymond Benson noted that Bond's character and events from previous novels were all maintained in Colonel Sun,[109] saying "he is the same darkly handsome man first introduced in Casino Royale.[110] Sebastian Faulks[edit] After Gardner and Benson had followed Amis, there was a gap of six years until Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the one hundredth anniversary of Ian Fleming's birth.[111] The book—entitled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.[112] Faulks ignored the timeframe established by Gardner and Benson and instead reverted to that used by Fleming and Amis, basing his novel in the 1960s;[105] he also managed to use a number of the cultural touchstones of the sixties in the book.[113] Faulks was true to Bond's original character and background too, and provided "a Flemingesque hero"[105] who drove a battleship grey 1967 T-series Bentley.[94] Jeffery Deaver[edit] On 26 May 2011 American writer Jeffery Deaver, commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications, released Carte Blanche.[114] Deaver restarted the chronology of Bond, separate from the timelines of any of the previous authors, by stating he was born in 1980;[115] the novel also saw Bond in a post-9/11 agency, independent of either MI5 or MI6.[116] The films didn't influence me at all and nor did the continuation novels. I wanted to get back to the original Bond who's dark and edgy, has quite a sense of irony and humour and is extremely patriotic and willing to sacrifice himself for Queen and country. He is extremely loyal but he has this dark pall over him because he's a hired killer - and he wrestles with that. I've always found him to be quite a representative of the modern era. Whilst the chronology changed, Deaver included a number of elements from the Fleming novels, including Bond's tastes for food and wine, his gadgets and "the rather preposterous names of some of the female characters."[115] William Boyd[edit] In 2013 the William Boyd-written continuation novel Solo was released; it ignored Deaver's new timeframe and was set in 1969.[118] Anthony Horowitz[edit] In October 2014 it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a further Bond book. The book is due to be set in the 1950s, and it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming.[119] Young Bond[edit] In 2005 author and comedian Charlie Higson released SilverFin, the first of five novels and one short story in the life of a young James Bond;[120] his final work was the short story "A Hard Man to Kill", released as part of the non-fiction work, Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier, the companion book to the Young Bond series.[121] Young Bond is set in the 1930s, which would fit the chronology with that of Fleming.[122] I deliberately steered clear of anything post Fleming. My books are designed to fit in with what Fleming wrote and nothing else. I also didn't want to be influenced by any of the other books ... for now my Bible is Fleming. Higson stated that he was instructed by the Fleming estate to ignore all other interpretations of Bond, except the original Fleming version.[124] As the background to Bond's childhood, Higson used Bond's obituary in You Only Live Twice as well as his own and Fleming's childhoods.[125] In forming the early Bond character, Higson created the origins of some of Bond's character traits, including his love of cars and fine wine.[124] Adaptations[edit] Adaptations of Bond started early in Fleming's writings, with CBS paying him $1,000[126] ($8,782 in 2014 dollars[127]) to adapt his first novel, Casino Royale, into a one-hour television adventure;[128] this was broadcast on 21 October 1954.[129] The Bond character, played by Barry Nelson, was changed to "Card Sense" Jimmy Bond, an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence".[130] In 1957 the Daily Express newspaper adapted Fleming's stories into comic strip format.[131] In order to help the artists, Fleming commissioned a sketch to show how he saw Bond; illustrator John McLusky considered Fleming's version too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.[132] In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No, featuring Sean Connery as 007.[133] Connery was the first of seven actors to play Bond on the cinema screen, six of whom appeared in the Eon series of films. As well as looking different, each of the actors has interpreted the role of Bond in a different way.[134] See also[edit] References[edit] - ^ a b Cook, William (28 June 2004). "Novel man". New Statesman. - ^ Lycett, Andrew (2004). "Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) (subscription needed)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press). Retrieved 19 November 2011. - ^ Bennett & Woollacott 2003, p. 1. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 4. - ^ "Ian Fleming". About Ian Fleming. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 7 September 2011. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 19. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 5. - ^ "Obituary: Mr. Ian Fleming". The Times. - ^ a b c Macintyre, Ben (5 April 2008). "Bond - the real Bond". The Times. - ^ "Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer". The Times. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 68-9. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 54. - ^ Hellman, Geoffrey T. (21 April 1962). "Bond's Creator (subscription needed)". Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 September 2011. - ^ a b c Fleming, Ian (5 April 1958). ""The Exclusive Bond" Mr. Fleming on his hero". The Manchester Guardian. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 230. - ^ O'Brien, Liam (14 April 2013). "'The name's Secretan... James Secretan': Early draft of Casino Royale reveals what Ian Fleming wanted to call his super spy". The Independent on Sunday. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 65. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 190. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 51. - ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 62. - ^ Fleming 2006c, p. 11. - ^ Pearson 2008, p. 21. - ^ Griswold 2006, p. 27. - ^ Griswold 2006, p. 7. - ^ Griswold 2006, p. 33. - ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 59. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 205. - ^ a b Chancellor 2005, p. 59. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 58. - ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 60. - ^ Pearson 2008, p. 42. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 61. - ^ a b c d Benson 1988, p. 61. - ^ Griswold 2006, p. 14. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 178. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 90. - ^ Johnson, Graham; Guha, Indra Neil; Davies, Patrick (12 December 2013). "Were James Bond's drinks shaken because of alcohol induced tremor?" British Medical Journal 347 (f7255). - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 88. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 85-6. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 87. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 169. - ^ a b Chancellor 2005, p. 113. - ^ Biddulph, Edward (1 June 2009). ""Bond Was Not a Gourmet": An Archaeology of James Bond's Diet". Food, Culture and Society: an International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 12 (2): 134. (subscription required) - ^ Cabrera Infante 1985, p. 212. - ^ a b Chancellor 2005, p. 70. - ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 70. - ^ Burns, John F (19 May 2008). "Remembering Fleming, Ian Fleming". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2011. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 176. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 77. - ^ a b c Benson 1988, p. 71. - ^ a b Black 2005, p. 82. - ^ Lindner 2009, p. 71. - ^ Fleming 2006e, p. 96. - ^ Comentale, Watt & Willman 2005, p. 244. - ^ Fleming 2006d, p. 3. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 160. - ^ Fleming 2006d, p. 300. - ^ a b UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2014), "What Were the British Earnings and Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth. - ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 58. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 205. - ^ Comentale, Watt & Willman 2005, p. 166. - ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 160. - ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 132. - ^ "Bond's unsung heroes: Geoffrey Boothroyd, the real Q". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 November 2011. - ^ a b Amis 1966, p. 18. - ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 63. - ^ a b c d e f g Harker, James (2 June 2011). "James Bond's changing incarnations". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2011. - ^ Simpson 2002, p. 58. - ^ "Licence Renewed". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 23 November 2011. The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 23 November 2011. - ^ a b Ripley, Mike (2 November 2007). "Obituary: John Gardner: Prolific thriller writer behind the revival of James Bond and Professor Moriarty". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2011. - ^ Fox, Margalit (29 August 2007). "John Gardner, Who Continued the James Bond Series, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2011. - ^ a b c Davis, Kylie (23 November 2007). "A Bond with the devil". The Sydney Morning Herald. - ^ "Obituary: John Gardner". The Times. 9 August 2007. - ^ Binyon, Michael (20 January 2011). "Sex, spies and sunblock: James Bond feels the heat". The Times. - ^ Raymond Benson. "Books--At a Glance". RaymondBenson.com. Retrieved 3 November 2011. - ^ a b Simpson 2002, p. 62. - ^ "Raymond Benson". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 23 November 2011. - ^ "The Man With The Red Tattoo". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 23 November 2011. - ^ Benson, Raymond (November 2010). "The 007 way to write a thriller: The author of 6 official James Bond novels offers a process for building a compelling tale". - ^ a b c Dugdale, John (29 May 2011). "Spy another day". The Sunday Times. - ^ a b Black 2005, p. 198. - ^ Simpson 2002, p. 63. - ^ "Colonel Sun". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 25 November 2011. - ^ "Faulks pens new James Bond novel". BBC News. Retrieved 25 November 2011. - ^ "Sebastian Faulks". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 25 November 2011. - ^ Weisman, John (22 June 2008). "Close to 007 original, but not quite". The Washington Times. - ^ "James Bond book called Carte Blanche". BBC News. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011. - ^ a b Hickman, Angela (25 June 2011). "In others' words; Many iconic literary characters outlive their creators, presenting a unique challenge to the next authors in line". National Post. - ^ "Jeffery Deaver". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 25 November 2011. - ^ Stephenson, Hannah (28 May 2011). "The mantle of James Bond has been passed to thriller writer Jeffery Deaver". Norwich Evening News. - ^ "William Boyd takes James Bond back to 1960s in new 007 novel". BBC News (London). BBC. Retrieved 12 April 2012. - ^ "Anthony Horowitz to write new James Bond novel". BBC News. 2 October 2014. - ^ "Charlie Higson". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 28 November 2011. - ^ "Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Retrieved 2 November 2011. - ^ "Young Bond books". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 27 November 2011. - ^ Cox, John. "The Charlie Higson CBn Interview". CommanderBond.net. Retrieved 27 November 2011. - ^ a b Turner, Janice (31 December 2005). "Man and boy". The Times. - ^ Malvern, Jack. "Shaken and stirred: the traumatic boyhood of James Bond". The Times. - ^ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved 27 February 2014. - ^ Lindner 2009, p. 14. - ^ Britton 2004, p. 30. - ^ Jütting 2007, p. 6. - ^ Simpson 2002, p. 21. - ^ Sutton, Mike. Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 4 November 2011. - ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 23. Bibliography[edit] - Amis, Kingsley (1966). The James Bond Dossier. London: Pan Books. - Bennett, Tony; Woollacott, Janet (2003). "The Moments of Bond". In Lindner, Christoph. The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press. - Benson, Raymond (1988). The James Bond Bedside Companion. London: Boxtree Ltd. - Black, Jeremy (2005). The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen. University of Nebraska Press. - Britton, Wesley Alan (2004). Spy television (2 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. - Cabrera Infante, Guillermo (1985). Holy Smoke. New York: Harper & Row. - Caplen, Robert (2010). Shaken & Stirred: The Feminism of James Bond. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris. - Chancellor, Henry (2005). James Bond: The Man and His World. London: John Murray. - Comentale, Edward P; Watt, Stephen; Willman, Skip (2005). Ian Fleming & James Bond: the cultural politics of 007. Indiana University Press. - Cork, John; Stutz, Collin (2007). James Bond Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. - Fleming, Ian (2006a). Casino Royale. London: Jonathan Cape. - Fleming, Ian (2006b). You Only Live Twice. London: Jonathan Cape. - Fleming, Ian (2006c). Moonraker. London: Jonathan Cape. - Fleming, Ian (2006d). Goldfinger. London: Jonathan Cape. - Fleming, Ian (2006e). Octopussy and The Living Daylights. London: Jonathan Cape. - Griswold, John (2006). Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories. AuthorHouse. - Jütting, Kerstin (2007). - James Bond Over the Decades: Formula Vs. Innovation. GRIN Verlag. - Lindner, Christoph (2009). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. - Lycett, Andrew (1996). Ian Fleming. London: Phoenix. - Macintyre, Ben (2008). For Your Eyes Only. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. - Pearson, John (2008). James Bond: The Authorised Biography. Random House. - Simpson, Paul (2002). The Rough Guide to James Bond. Rough Guides. External links[edit] - Characters in British novels of the 20th century - Fictional assassins - Fictional British people - Fictional British secret agents - Fictional characters introduced in 1953 - Fictional commanders - Fictional double agents - Fictional gamblers - Fictional martial artists - Fictional orphans - Fictional people educated at Eton College - Fictional secret agents and spies - Fictional socialites - James Bond characters