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Канемска империя Канемската империя (или Канемско-борнуанско царство) е голяма историческа държава, съществувала на територията на днешните Нигерия, Нигер, Чад, Камерун и Либия от началото на VIII век до около 1900 година. Основана е от племето Теда, чиито предци са коренното население на централна Сахара. Върховният владетел на страната се е наричал маи. След XIV век основен източник на информация за царството е царската хроника Гиргам. [редактиране] Канемско царство В началото на VIII век на североизток от езерото Чад е основана държава близо до транссахарския търговски път. Новото Канемско царство бързо се разраства, появяват се големи градове. Голяма част от населението са били номади от народите Теда-Даза. Според една от теориите, базираща се на древни арабски ръкописи, благородническият елит и номадските племена са били обединени от народът Загава, който е бил най-многобройният в централна Сахара. Известно е, че в целия период на съществуване на Канемската империя са управлявали само две династии - Дугува и Сайфава. Последната взима увеличава влиянието си паралелно с разпространението на Исляма в Африка. В езическия период на Канемското царство владетелят е смятан за божество. Около 1068 първият мюсюлманин-Сайфава Хумай сваля от власт последният владетел от династията Дугува - маи Селма. Хумай е смятал Исляма за извор на полезни идеи от Арабия и Средиземноморието, както и възможност за увеличаване на грамотността на населението. Езическият народ Загава (дал началото на Дугува) вероятно е започнал да се противопоставя на новата религия. Новата династия премества столицата от Манан в Нджими. С течение на времето мощта на мюсюлманската държава нараства толкова много, че почти всички номадски народи и земеделци на нейната територия признават императора, плащайки му данък. Най-голямото териториално разширение е осъществено по време на маи Дунама Дабалеми. По време на енергичното си управление той влиза в приятелски взаимоотношения със северноафриканските султани и създава специален лагер в Кайро, който да улеснява поклонниците при пътуванията им до Мека. Дунама Дабалеми обявява свещена война (джихад) на езическите племена в империята. Канемското царство навлиза в период на интензивно териториално разширение - на север е завзет регионът Фесан (в днешна Либия), на изток границата стига до царство Уадаи, на юг до равнините на днешен Камерун и на запад до дн. Кано (Нигерия). Дунама Дабалеми също въвел система за възнаграждаване на по-висшите военни - те получавали територията, която са завзели с войниците си. По-късно този вид възнаграждаване е отменено, защото офицерите започнали да предават земите на своите наследници. [редактиране] Период на нестабилност Вижте също: Борнуанско царство След смъртта на Дабалеми в Канемското царство настъпва период на упадък и нестабилност. Избухва гражданска война заради противоречията кой от синовете му да заеме престола. Населението престава да плаща данъците си, територията и влиянието на царството намаляват. До края на XIV век вътрешнополитическите борби предизвикват разпада на Канемското царство. Около 1376 година е имало шест владетели, обявили се за маи. Народът билала избива пет от тях и към 1396 принуждават Умар Идрисми да напусне столицата Нджими и да се установи на западния бряг на езерото Чад. Това действие полага началото на Борнуанското царство, което се счита за наследник на Канемското. То просъществува до края на XIX век. [редактиране] Източници - Barkindo, Bawuro, "The early states of the Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D.", in: J. Ajayi und M. Crowder (Hg.), History of West Africa, Bd. Ausg. - Lange, Dierk, Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: Africa-Centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives, Dettelbach 2004. (авторът предполага връзка на канемското царство с финикийската експанзия) - Urvoy, Yves, L'empire du Bornou, Париж 1949. - Annie M.-D. Lebeuf, Les populations du Tchad (Nord du 10 parallèle), L'Harmattan, Париж, 2006 (ISBN2296004474) - Lange, Dierk: "The Chad region as a crossroads", in: M. Elfasi (Hg.), General History of Africa, vol. III, UNESCO, Лондон 1988, p. 436-460. - Lange, Dierk, "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad", in: D. Niane (ed.), General History of Africa, vol. IV, UNESCO, Лондон 1984, p. 238-265. [редактиране] Външни препратки - "The emergence of social complexity in the southern Chad Basin towards 500 BC: Archaeological and other evidence", Borno Museum Society Newsletter, 68-71 (2007), 49-68. - Времева линия на владетелите - The Story of Africa: Kanem — BBC World Service
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Kanem Empire The Kanem Empire (ca. 700 - 1376) was located in the present countries of Chad, Nigeria and Libya.[2] At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of southern Libya (Fezzan) and eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. The history of the Empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Girgam discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth. Contents Origins[edit] The empire of Kanem began forming around AD 300 under the nomadic Tebu-speaking Kanembu. According to the Girgam, the Kanembu were forced southwest towards the fertile lands around Lake Chad by political pressure and desiccation in their former range. The area already possessed independent, walled city-states belonging to the Sao culture. Under the leadership of the Duguwa dynasty, the Kanembu would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs. War between the two continued up to the late 16th century. One theory proposes that the lost state of Agisymba (mentioned by Ptolemy in the middle of the 2nd century AD) was the antecedent of the Kanem Empire.[3] Duguwa Dynasty (Kanembu)[edit] Kanem was located at the southern end of the trans-Saharan trade route between Tripoli and the region of Lake Chad. The Kanembu eventually abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and founded a capital around 700 AD under the first documented Kanembu king ("mai") known as Sef of Saif. The capital of N'jimi (the word for "south" in the Teda language) grew in power and influence under Sef's son, Dugu. This transition marked the beginning of the Duguwa Dynasty. The mais of the Duguwa were regarded as divine kings and belonged to the ruling establishment known as the Magumi. Despite changes in dynastic power, the magumi and the title of mai would persevere for over a thousand years. Sayfawa Dynasty[edit] The major factor that later influenced the history of the state of Kanem was the early penetration of Islam. North African traders, Berbers and Arabs, brought the new religion. In 1085, a Muslim noble by the name of Hummay removed the last Duguwa king Selma from power and thus established the new dynasty of the Sefuwa. The introduction of the Sefuwa dynasty meant radical changes for the Kanem Empire. First, it meant the Islamization of the court and state policies. Second, the identification of founders had to be revised. Islam and Kanem[edit] Islam offered the Sayfawa rulers the advantage of new ideas from Arabia and the Mediterranean world, as well as literacy in administration. But many people resisted the new religion, favouring traditional beliefs and practices. When Hummay had assumed power on the basis of his strong Islamic following, for example, it is believed that the Duguwa/Sefuwa began some kind of internal opposition. This pattern of conflict and compromise with Islam occurs repeatedly in Chad's history. By the 12th century, the Sayfawa ruled all over Kanem. At the same time, the Kanembu people drew closer to the new rulers and increased the growing population in Njimi. Even though the Kanembu became the main power base of the Sayfawa, Kanem's rulers continued to travel frequently throughout the kingdom and especially towards Bornu, west of lake Chad. Herders and farmers alike recognized the government's power and acknowledged their allegiance by paying tribute. Mai Dunama Dabbalemi[edit] Kanem's expansion peaked during the long and energetic reign of Mai Dunama Dabbalemi (ca. 1221–1259), also of the Sayfawa dynasty. Dabbalemi initiated diplomatic exchanges with sultans in North Africa and apparently arranged for the establishment of a special hostel in Cairo to facilitate pilgrimages to Mecca. During his reign, he declared jihad against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest. After consolidating their territory around Lake Chad, the Fezzan region (in present-day Libya) fell under Kanem's authority, and the empire's influence extended westward to Kano (in present-day Nigeria), eastward to Ouaddaï, and southward to the Adamawa grasslands (in present-day Cameroon). However, he also destroyed the national Mune cult and thus precipitated widespread revolt culminating in the uprise of the Tubu and the Bulala. The former could be quenched but the latter continued to linger on and finally led to the retreat of the Sayfuwa from Kanem to Bornu c. 1380. Dabbalemi devised a system to reward military commanders with authority over the people they conquered. This system, however, tempted military officers to pass their positions to their sons, thus transforming the office from one based on achievement and loyalty to the mai into one based on hereditary nobility. Dabbalemi was able to suppress this tendency, but after his death, dissension among his sons weakened the Sayfawa Dynasty. Dynastic feuds degenerated into civil war, and Kanem's outlying peoples soon ceased paying tribute. Fall of Kanem[edit] After the death of Dunama II, Kanem quickly fell into a downward spiral. By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. So Resurgence[edit] Between 1342 and 1352, the Sao, who had dominated Kanem prior to the Zaghawa, killed four mais in battle. The proliferation of mai claimants to the throne led to a series of internecine wars. Bulala Invasion[edit] The death knell of Sayfawa power in Kanem was dealt by the Bulala, invaders from the area around Lake Fitri to the east. By 1376, the Bulala had driven the Sayfawa from their capital. By 1388, they had taken Kanem altogether. The Kanuri were forced back into their nomadic ways and migrated west of Lake Chad, eventually establishing a new empire in Bornu. See also[edit] References[edit] - ^ Shillington, page 733 - ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/310975/Kanem-Bornu - ^ "The Mune as the Ark of the Covenant between Duguwa (Kanembu) and Sefuwa (Kanembu - Mayi)" Borno Museum Society Newsletter 66-67 (2006), 15-25. (The article has a map (page 6) of the ancient Central Sahara and proposes to identify Agisymba of 100 CE with the early Kanem state). Sources[edit] - Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History Volume 1 A-G. New York: Routledge. pp. 1912 pages. - Kanem-Borno, in Thomas Collelo, ed. Chad: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1988. - Lange, Dierk: "The Chad region as a crossroads", in: M. Elfasi (Hg.), General History of Africa, vol. III, UNESCO, London 1988, p. 436-460. - Lange, Dierk, "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad", in: D. T. Niane (ed.), General History of Africa, vol. IV, UNESCO, London 1984, p. 238-265. Further reading[edit] - Barkindo, Bawuro, "The early states of the Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D.", in: J. Ajayi und M. Crowder (Hg.), History of West Africa, Bd. Ausg. - Lange, Dierk, Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: Africa-Centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives, Dettelbach 2004. (the book suggests a pre-Christian origin of Kanem in connection with the Phoenician expansion) - Urvoy, Yves, L'empire du Bornou, Paris 1949. - Lange, Dierk, "Immigration of the Chadic-speaking Sao towards 600 BCE" Borno Museum Society Newsletter, 72-75 (2008), 84-106. External links[edit] - Former monarchies of Africa - Former countries in Africa - States and territories established in the 700s - States and territories disestablished in the 1380s - Sahelian kingdoms - States of Medieval Africa - 1387 disestablishments - States of Ancient Africa - History of Chad - History of Nigeria - Muslim empires - Muslim dynasties - History of Islam - 8th century in Africa - Kanem Empire - History of Libya - History of Cameroon - History of Niger