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Италианска Северна Африка Колонията Италианска Северна Африка (на италиански: Africa Settentrionale Italiana) е съвкупност от територии и колонии, контролирани от Кралство Италия в Северна Африка от 1911 г. до Втората световна война. Съдържание История[редактиране | edit source] Колонията е съществувала в две фази: 1911-1934 като Триполитания и Киренайка и от 1934 г. като Италианска Северна Африка, но често наричана и Либия. Италианският диктатор Бенито Мусолини през 1939 г., нарича бреговете на Либия "Четвърти бряг" (Quarta Sponda) на т.нар. "Велика (Имперска) Италия". Велика Италия включвала територии освен тези, за които претендирали иредентистите (Корсика, Ница, Далмация, Малта) и други средиземноморски територии, населени с италианци, включително и северна Либия. През 1940 - 1943 г., по време на Втората световна война, Италия прави опит да завладее Египет и Тунис. Първоначалните военни успехи на Оста в Северна Африка позволява на Италия да окупира голяма част от западен Египет в периода 1941 - 1942 г. и Тунис през 1942-1943 г. Всички владения на Италия преминават под контрола на англо-американските войски през 1943 г. и на практика Италианска Северна Африка престава да съществува. Колонии и територии в състава на Италианска Северна Африка[редактиране | edit source] От 1912 до 1927 г., Италианска Северна Африка се състои от самостоятелните Италианска Триполитания и Италианска Киренайка. През 1934 г. те са обединени в една колония - Италианска Либия. През 1939 г. крайбрежната северна част е "вкарана" в т.нар. "Велика Италия", а южната (Сахара) остава колониална територия под военен контрол. От 1942-1943 и Тунис е добавен към т.нар. "Велика Италия". 1927 - 1934[редактиране | edit source] 1934 - 1941[редактиране | edit source] - Италианска Либия
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Italian North Africa Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI) was the aggregate of territories and colonies controlled by Italy in North Africa from 1911 until World War II. In 1939, Benito Mussolini coined the name Fourth Shore, in Italian Quarta Sponda, to refer to coastal Italian Libya in Italian North Africa (later he added coastal Tunisia). [edit] Brief history Italian North Africa, unlike Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI) existed in two phases: from 1911 to 1934, as Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, and after 1934, as Libya. Indeed, from 1934 to 1939, Italian North Africa was then known even as Libya as the North African territories were consolidated into one colony, Italian Libya. Successively Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1939 called coastal Libya the Fourth Shore (Quarta Sponda) of Italy: it was united to metropolitan Italy. The term Fourth Shore derives from the geography of Italy being a long and narrow peninsula jutting into the Mediterranean with two main shorelines, the First Shore on the east along the Adriatic Sea and the Second Shore on the west along the Tyrrhenian Sea. The third shore was the one facing south the Ionian sea and central Mediterranean (from Cape Leuca in the southern tip of Puglia, to the southern shores of Sicily near Trapani). The Adriatic Sea's opposite southern Balkans shore, with Dalmatia, Montenegro, and Albania, was planned for Italian expansion as a possible Fifth Shore, with Libya on the Mediterranean Sea becoming the Fourth.[1] Thus the Fourth Shore was the southern part of Imperial Italy, an early 1940s Fascist project of enlarging Italy's national borders around the Italian Mare Nostrum. From 1940 to 1943, during World War II, Italy attempted to conquer Egypt and Tunisia to enlarge the Italian North Africa. Indeed Axis's military advances (with Rommel) in North Africa allowed Italy to lay claim to significant portions of western Egypt: Italian fascists anticipated creating a client Kingdom of Egypt under Italian control from 1941 to 1942 and successively claimed Tunisia from 1942 to 1943. After Italy's ill-fated South of France invasion, Mussolini demanded Tunisia, along with Djibouti, Corsica and Nice from France.[2] However it wasn't until November 1942 that Italian troops seized Tunisia, with German Field Marshal Rommel's Afrika Korps troop support, from the French Vichy regime colonial administrators. Tunisia was added administratively to the existing northern Italian Libya Fourth Shore, in Mussolini's last attempt to accomplish the fascist project of Imperial Italy.[3] In the last months of 1942 some Tunisian Italians did join the Italian Fascist Army. All legally established territory of Italian North Africa was dissolved by early 1943, but Tunisia remained the last de facto Italian administered territory until all Tunisia fell to American and British forces. In May 1943 the Allies victorious Tunisia Campaign (1942—1943), part the Western Desert Campaign, regained all the Tunisian territory for France. The French colonial authorities then closed all Italian schools and newspapers.[4] [edit] Colonies and territories within Italian North Africa From 1912 to 1927, Italian North Africa (Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica) was an entity to itself, and from 1934 to 1941, Italian North Africa was united into the single colony of Italian Libya. But in 1939 coastal Italian Libya was added to metropolitan Italy, while Saharan Italian Libya remained as a colonial territory under military control. From 1942 to 1943 Tunisia was added, and was administered as part of the Fourth Shore of Italy. - Italian Libya - German and Italian occupied western Egypt - German and Italian occupied Tunisia (from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943) [edit] See also - Italian Empire - Fourth Shore - History of Libya as Italian Colony - Italian Libya - Italian Cyrenaica - Italian Tripolitania - Military Territory of the South (Italian Libya) - History of Libya - History of Egypt - History of Tunisia [edit] Notes - ^ Moore, Martin (1940). Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonization of Libya African Affairs XXXIX (CLV), p. 129-133. - ^ Mussolini, Benito; Child, Richard Washburn; Ascoli, Max; Lamb, Richard (1998). Ascoli, Max. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=lGCi2-tu2yIC. - ^ Knox, MacGregor (1986). Mussolini Unleashed, 1939-1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge University Press. - ^ Watson, Bruce Allen Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942-43 p. 103