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Иван Шишман - Тази статия е за българския цар. За художника вижте Иван Шишман (художник). За филма вижте Цар Иван Шишман (филм). Ива̀н Шишма̀н (на старобългарски: Їѡаннъ Шишманъ) е цар на България от 1371 до 1395 г. Син на цар Иван Александър и еврейката Сара (Теодора), като царят в началото на управлението си обявява за съуправител и наследник първородния си син Михаил Асен. Гибелта на Михаил Асен в битка с турците поставя въпроса за наследяването на трона. Майката на Иван Шишман прави всичко възможно нейният син да бъде наследник — използван бил доводът, че единствено той бил роден в „багреница“, т. е. след възцаряването на своя баща. Така Иван Шишман бил определен за престолонаследник и препречил пътя към трона на Иван Срацимир. Коронясването на Иван Шишман става в началото на 1371 г., веднага след смъртта на баща му. Така в края на XIV век България се оказва разкъсана на няколко части — една, управлявана от деспот Добротица, другата — от Иван Срацимир, а третата — от Иван Шишман. Съдържание Царуване[редактиране | редактиране на кода] По време на царуването на Иван Шишман се провежда битката при Черномен (26-ти септември 1371 г.), в която обединените християнски сили на феодалите Вълкашин и Углеша, владеещи територии в Централна и Източна Македония, претърпяват разгром от османските турци, предвождани от Лала Шахин. Веднага след това султан Мурад I насочва ордите си към България и цар Иван Шишман бива принуден да отстъпи зад Стара планина в Северна България. Въпреки капитулацията на българите османците продължават набезите си и завладяват териториите в Тракия, достигайки до Костенец и Ихтиман (1378 г.) на запад, а по течението на р. Тунджа, превзели Ямбол (Дъбилин) и земите на изток до византийските черноморски градове. Търновският цар започва преговори, чиито условия от османска страна включват признаването за турски васал. Освен това трябвало да изпрати сестра си Кера Тамара Българска за жена в харема на султана. Около 1380-85 г. войските на османския военачалник от гръцки произход Лала Шахин достигат и обсаждат София (Средец). Цар Йоан Шишман е в конфликт с влашкия владетел Йоан Дан I, пленява го и го посича на 23.09.1386 г.[1] През 1387 г. обединените сръбски и босненски сили нанасят голямо поражение на турците в битката при Плочник. Обнадежден от развоя на събитията и разгрома на турците при Плочник, цар Иван Шишман веднага се отказва от васалните си задължения към султан Мурад I. Отказва да му изпрати и подкрепление след поражението от сръбско-босненските войски. Възмездието на османците не закъснява и скоро след това, през 1388 г., 30-хилядна османска армия, начело с великия везир Али паша, потегля срещу българите през проходите в Източна Стара планина и превзема териториите в Добруджа с градовете Преслав, Шумен, Плиска, Червен, Овеч и др. Иван Шишман напуска Търновград и се премества в силната крепост Никопол на Дунав. Изоставен от съюзниците си, виждайки огромната турска войска пред Никопол, Иван Шишман започва преговори и отива при султан Мурад, като за втори път се заклева да му бъде васал. Условието било да предаде на турците най-укрепения град на Дунава - Дръстър. Скоро след това обаче Иван Шишман отказва да предаде доброволно Силистра на турците. Али паша отново потегля на север и отново обсажда цар Иван Шишман в Никопол. Отново на българския цар му се налага да моли за мир. Този път условията се оказват още по-тежки — освен Дръстър (Силистра), трябвало да бъдат предадени и други крепости, като се позволи настаняването на турски гарнизони. На 15 юни 1389 г. султан Мурад загива в битката при Косово поле, но турците удържат крайната победа. Новият султан - Баязид I, изчаква няколко години и през 1393 г., когато българите не очакват, потегля с огромна войска. Изненадан, Иван Шишман напуска Търново и се укрива в Никопол, а Баязид подлага столицата на обсада. Търново остава под командването на българския патриарх Свети Евтимий Търновски и издържа три месеца. Но на 17 юли 1393 г., в следствие на предателство, извършено от чужденец, пребиваващ в Търново, градът бива завладян (М.Варшавски, К.Иречек, Гр.Цамблак). Цар Иван Шишман властва още две години след това. Край на Търновското царство[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Последните две години от живота си царят прекарва като управител на Никопол и формален васал на султана, вероятно с надеждата за помощ при подготвяния от Сигизмунд Люксембургски (крал на Унгария и на Свещената Римска империя) кръстоносен поход срещу османците. Има сведения, че Иван Шишман е убит в Никопол на 3-ти юни 1395 г. след завземането на града от нашествениците. Най-вероятно атаката на Никопол е по повод факта, че Цар Иван Шишман застава на страната и активно помага на влашкия владетел Мирча Стари при неуспешна за османците битка във Влахия при Ровине. В посоченото сражение срещу власите загиват и османските васали Константин Драгаш, управител на Велбъжд и крал Марко от Прилеп. Остатъкът от Иван Шишмановите територии са включени в Османската империя, а българските царе продължават да управляват на територията на Видинското царство до1396 г. Памет[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Песни[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Иван Шишман е един от най-известните български владетели.За него се пеят множество песни, една от които е "От кога се мила моя майно льо": Тези песни показват героизма на царя и неговите войводи в битките против турските нашественици. Светец[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Според някои изследователи цар Иван Шишман е почитан като светец от Православната църква. Още в надписа на севаст Огнян от крепостта Боженишки Урвич, Софийско (края на XIV в.) се казва, че борбата за спасяването на Българското царство е битка „зa вярата на Шишмана царя". От по-ново време, присъствието на образа му в множество възрожденски църкви, свидетелства за т.нар. народна канонизация.[2] Особено интересен е един стенопис от Бигорския манастир край Дебър (в дн. Македония, където през 1871 г. са личали образите на „Св. Климент Охридски“, „Св. Наум“, „Св. Иван Владислав“, „Св.Св. Кирил и Методий“, „Св. цар Борис“ и „Св. цар Иван Шишман Български“. Според журналиста Светослав Терзиев надписите над българските владетели Борис и Иван Шишман са неумело преправени на Стефан Дечански и Лазар Хребелянович по времето на сръбската окупация на Македония 1913-1941 година. Според историка Пламен Павлов църквата е отбелязвала паметта на цар Шишман на 11 септември, макар че мъченическата му гибел е на 3 юли.[4] Семейство[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Иван Шишман се жени първо за българката Кира-Мария, която почива през 80-те години на 14-ти век. За втора съпруга той взема Драгана Хребелянович - дъщеря на сръбския принц Лазар. Иван Шишман има няколко деца, включително: - Александър Шишман, първороден син, пленен приема исляма и става управител на Самсун през 1418 г. - Фружин, който участва във въстанията и походите срещу османската власт и умира в Унгария през 1454 г. Според бележка на Браун умира в Брашов през 1460 г. Фружин има син, също наречен Шишман. - Княгиня Кераца Шишманина, посочена в Бориловия синодник[5]. Източници[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987. - Андреев, Й. Иван Шишман.- В: Бележити българи (под ред. на Пл.Павлов). С., "Световна библиотека", 2012. Бележки[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - ↑ Генчева, Снежанка. Цар Шишман и Дан войвода. 23.09.1386. - ↑ Пл. Павлов, Хр. Темелски. Българи Светци. София, 2010 г. - ↑ Терзиев, Светослав, „В Македония по дирите на научното разузнаване“, в. - ↑ Пл. Павлов, Хр. Темелски. Българи Светци. София, 2010 г. - ↑ Борилов синодик в Сборник „Държава и Църква през XIII в.”, 1999 г., съст. Славика Радомир, Емил Димитров. Вижте също[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Българо-османски войни - Патриаршески манастир "Св. Троица" край Търново, основан от цар Иван Шишман
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Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria Ivan Shishman (Bulgarian: ИBaH ШишMaH) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria in Tarnovo from 1371 to 3 June 1395. The authority of Ivan Shishman was limited to the central parts of the Bulgarian Empire. His indecisive and inconsistent policy did little to prevent the fall of his country under Ottoman rule. In 1393 the Ottoman Turks seized the capital Tarnovo. Two years later, they captured Ivan Shishman's last strongholds and executed him. Despite the military and political weakness, during his rule Bulgaria remained a major cultural center and the ideas of Hesychasm dominated the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Evtimiy of Tarnovo became the most prominent cultural figure of the country. A number of texts were written or translated and an orthographic reform of the Bulgarian language was issued with synchronised rules. After the fall of Bulgaria, a number of scholars found refuge in the other Orthodox countries and brought the achievements of the Bulgarian culture to them. His reign was inextricably connected to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman domination. Although there exist no historical sources which prove that he took active role in the defence of the country, in Bulgarian folklore Ivan Shishman is portrayed as a legendary and heroic ruler who desperately fought against the overwhelming Ottoman forces. There are numerous sites, geographical features and fortresses named after him throughout Bulgaria. Contents Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Born in 1350 or 1351,[1] Ivan Shishman was the eldest son of emperor Ivan Alexander (r. 1331–1371) and his second wife Sarah–Theodora, a Jewess converted to the Eastern Orthodox Church.[2] His birth brought up the issue of the succession to the Bulgarian throne. Ivan Shishman had two elder brothers by the Ivan Alexander's first wife, Theodora of Wallachia. The eldest one, Michael Asen, was proclaimed successor to the throne and co-emperor shortly after Ivan Alexander's accession to the throne. However, Michael Asen's early death in battle against the Ottomans in 1355 put forward the question of succession once more.[1] It is likely that Sarah–Theodora pressured Ivan Alexander to select her own son as his successor, although Ivan Sratsimir would have come next under the majorat system.[1] The issue was decided in Ivan Shishman's favour because the latter was born in the purple (after his father was crowned), thus making him eligible as successor.[3] By the end of 1355, Ivan Shishman had been proclaimed heir to the throne and co-emperor.[1] These events led to a conflict with Ivan Sratsimir, who was in turn given the rule of Vidin, probably as a compensation.[2] Another indirect piece of evidence for the feud is the fact that Ivan Sratsimir's portrait not included in the Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander, where the whole family of the emperor was otherwise presented.[4] In 1356 Ivan Sratsimir proclaimed himself emperor of Vidin.[5] Together with his father and younger brother Ivan Asen V, Ivan Shishman presided over the church synods at Tarnovo in the late 1360s.[6] Emperor of Bulgaria[edit] Reign before 1388[edit] In his early twenties, Ivan Shishman was proclaimed emperor after the death of his father on 17 February. Ivan Shishman inherited only parts of his father's realm: he ruled the lands between the Iskar River and Silistra, the valley of Sofia, parts of the Rhodope mountains and northern Thrace.[7] To the west, the areas centred around Vidin recognised Ivan Sratsimir as emperor of Bulgaria, while to the east, the Principality of Karvuna, encompassing the coastal strip between the Danube Delta and Cape Emine and under the rule of despot Dobrotitsa, did not recognise the authority of the emperor of Tarnovo either. Contemporary chroniclers such as Johann Schiltberger speak of three regions, all of which were called Bulgaria.[8][9] Thus, the country was divided on the eve of the Ottoman invasion, despite Ivan Shishman's claims in his royal charters. In these, he styled himself as a primary emperor in an attempt to emphasise the existence of a hierarchy among the rulers of the three Bulgarias.[10] However, that hierarchy remained only in paper; to further assert their independence from Tarnovo, both Ivan Sratsimir and Dobrotitsa separated their dioceses from the Bulgarian Patriarchate in Tarnovo.[11] According to Fine, immediately after the death of Ivan Alexander, Ivan Sratsimir tried to conquer the whole of Bulgaria. He was able to capture Sofia and managed to hold the city for one or two years.[12] The rivalry between the two brothers for Sofia had a strong tradition in the Bulgarian historiography since the time of Konstantin Jireček,[13] but it has been dismissed by many modern Bulgarian historians.[14][15] Only a few months after the ascension of Ivan Shishman to the throne, on 26 September 1371, the Ottoman Turks defeated a large Christian army led by the Serbian brothers Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Jovan Uglješa in the Battle of Chernomen. Although Uglješa had tried to create a broad coalition that would include Bulgaria, Ivan Shishman, who had to strengthen his own authority, did not join.[16] After their victory at Chernomen, the Turks immediately turned on Bulgaria.[17] Ottoman sultan Murad I forced Ivan Shishman to retreat to the north of the Balkan Mountains and conquered northern Thrace, the Rhodopes, Kostenets, Ihtiman and Samokov.[10] Unable to resist the attacks, Ivan Shishman had to negotiate with the Ottomans in 1373. He was forced to become an Ottoman vassal and to allow his sister Kera Tamara, who was known for her beauty, to become a wife of Murad I.[18] Under this agreement, Bulgaria regained some of the conquered territories such as Ihtiman and Samokov, and began nearly ten years of uneasy peace with the Turks.[10][19] Despite the vassalage and the peace treaty, Ottoman raids were renewed in the beginning of the 1380s and culminated in 1385 with the fall of Sofia, the last stronghold of Ivan Shishman to the south of the Balkan Mountains.[20]a[›] In the meantime, Ivan Shishman was engaged in a war against the voivode of Wallachia, Dan I, between 1384 and 1386. There are few details about that war, only a brief note in the Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle that Dan I died 23 September 1386 after being poisoned.[21] The war was linked to the hostilities between Ivan Shishman and Ivan Sratsimir (Dan I's uncle), who had the support of the Wallachian rulers and was married to Anna of the House of Basarab.[14] Fall of Bulgaria[edit] In 1387, the united forces of the Principality of Serbia and the Kingdom of Bosnia managed to defeat the Ottomans in the Battle of Pločnik. Encouraged by the Christian success, Ivan Shishman immediately invalidated his vassalage to Murad I and refused to send troops in his support in 1388.[14][20] The Ottomans reacted by sending a 30,000-strong army,[22][23] under the command of the grand vizier Ali Pasha, to the north of the Balkan Mountains. The Ottoman troops seized the fortresses of Shumen, Madara, Venchan and Ovech. Ivan Shishman left Tarnovo and headed to Nikopol, where he was besieged and forced to ask for peace. The Ottomans requested that he reconfirm his vassalage in addition to surrendering Silistra, at the time the most populous Bulgarian city along the Danube.[24][25] However, Ivan Shishman, reassured by his neighbours that he would receive support and the preparations of Serbia for war, not only refused to let the Ottomans in the city, but also strengthened its walls.[26] Ali Pasha crossed the Balkan Mountains for a second time to consecutively capture Shumen, Cherven, Svishtov and once again besiege Ivan Shishman in Nikopol.[27] Surprised by the swift Ottoman response and having not received the promised assistance, the Bulgarian emperor had to ask for peace. His pleas were accepted, but the terms were harsher than the original: not only Silistra was to be surrendered, but Ottoman garrisons were to be stationed in other Bulgarian cities, most notably Shumen and Ovech.[20][28] After the defeat of the Serbs and Bosniaks in the Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389, Ivan Shishman had to seek help from Hungary. During the winter of 1391–1392, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Hungary Sigismund, who was planning a campaign against the Turks.[29] The new Ottoman sultan Bayezid I pretended to have peaceful intentions in order to cut off Ivan Shishman from his alliance with the Hungarians. However, in the spring of 1393 Bayezid gathered a large army from his dominions in the Balkans and Asia Minor and attacked Bulgaria.[30][31] The Ottomans marched to the capital Tarnovo and besieged it. The defence of the capital was led by Patriarch Evtimiy because Ivan Shishman was located in Nikopol, presumably for better communication with Sigismund.[30] After a three-month siege, Tarnovo fell on 17 July. According to the contemporary Bulgarian scholar and cleric Gregory Tsamblak, the city was not captured because of the Ottoman military strength but due to treason.[32] The Ottoman campaign of 1393 devastated Bulgaria; in the wake of that invasion, the lands of Ivan Shishman were limited to Nikopol and several towns along the Danube.[33] Upon his return from Wallachia after the Battle of Rovine in 1395, Bayezid I attacked and captured Nikopol and, according to the Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle, murdered Ivan Shishman on 3 June 1395.[33][34] A Byzantine chronicle gives the date as 29 October.[34] However, some sources suggest that the Bulgarian ruler was captured and died in prison.[35] Culture and religion[edit] The cultural revival that made the historians call the reign of Ivan Alexander a "Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture"[37] continued under his son. The most prominent figure in that field during the last quarter of the 14th century was Patriarch Evtimiy of Tarnovo (r. 1375-1393), a disciple of Theodosius of Tarnovo.[38] In 1371 he established the Monastery of the Holy Trinity, a few kilometres to the north of Tarnovo,[39] and turned it into an important cultural center and a major hub of the Tarnovo Literary School.[39][40] Evtimiy wrote a number of religious works, including hagiographies, praises and letters, but is most famous with the orthographic reform and the standardization of the Bulgarian language, which had an impact in Serbia, Wallachia and the Russian principalities.[38] Evtimiy thought that many of the scholars were not sufficiently prepared, and that the translations of Greek texts in local dialects and peculiarities could lead to misinterpretation of the original and eventually to heretism. The texts regarding the reform did not survive, although its character has been partly recreated by the historians and linguists by analyzing the works of Evtimiy himself and his disciples. The orthography was inspired by the original Old Church Slavonic during the heyday of the First Bulgarian Empire;[38] the reform also included syntax changes and enrichment of the lexicon with a number of synonyms to avoid repetition. To ensure the success of the reform, all texts had to receive approval before publishing, a move that was supported by Ivan Shishman in his edicts.[41] The capital Tarnovo was the main cultural center at that time. Patriarch Evtimiy wrote about it:[42] Hesychasm remained the main movement in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church during the reign of Ivan Shishman and the Patriarch was its supporter. Bulgaria was a major center of hesychast ideas along with the Byzantine Empire.[43] Evtimiy was an active opponent to heresies, but it appears that since the mid 14th century the influence of the Bogomils, the most prominent heretic movement in the Balkans at the time, had been greatly reduced in Bulgaria and no document mentions them after 1360.[38] Other sects, such as the Barlaamites, were also persecuted and repressed. Evtimiy had strict views on moral and took firm positions against divorce and third or fourth marriages for widowers and widows.[41] After the collapse of the Bulgarian Empire, many scholars emigrated to Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and the Russian principalities; they brought Bulgarian cultural achievements, books, and hesychastic ideas to these lands.[44][45] The Bulgarian influence was so great that is often referred to as a "Second South Slavic influence on Russia".[46] Some of the most prominent Bulgarian émigrés included Constantine of Kostenets, who worked in Serbia and Cyprian, and Gregory Tsamblak in the Russian lands.[47] The economy was in decline since the loss of the major ports of Messembria and Anchialus to the Savoyard crusade a few years before Ivan Shishman was crowned. After the death of Ivan Alexander and the breakaway of Dobrotitsa's Principality of Karvuna, Tarnovo also lost its most important port Varna, leading to a reduction in commerce and tax revenues.[48] The persistent Ottoman raids brought devastation, hunger and depopulation which led to a sharp decline in the cultivated lands.[49] Assessment and legacy[edit] Bulgarian historians have had mostly negative assessments of Ivan Shishman.[50] He is often viewed as having intruded onto the throne due to the intrigues of his mother and thus taking the place of the rightful successor, his elder brother Ivan Sratsimir. This eventually resulted in the division of the country on the eve of the Ottoman invasion.[51] There are no direct historical sources to suggest any significant attempts by Ivan Shishman to fight off the Turks. The inconsistent policy of Ivan Shishman has been described as revealing his weakness and inability to cope with the situation.[52] His rule, however, was still remembered in the 16th century. In a treaty signed in 1519 between the Ottoman sultan Selim I and Louis II of Hungary, some of the lands in question were referred to as terra cesaris Sysman, “the land of emperor Shishman”.[53] The memory of Ivan Shishman remained during the first centuries of the Ottoman rule. During the First Tarnovo Uprising in 1598, the one of the rebels' leaders, whose name is unknown, claimed to have been a descendent of Ivan Shishman and was proclaimed emperor under the name Shishman III.[54] Almost a century later, in 1686, a second uprising in Tarnovo was headed by Rostislav Stratimirovic, who also claimed to have belonged to the Shishman dynasty and styled himself as Prince of Bulgaria.[55] Ivan Shishman is now among the most popular and well known rulers in the Third Bulgarian State. There are a number of works dedicated to him or his rule, including the 1969 film Tsar Ivan Shishman by Yuri Arnaudov[56] and the song "Tsar Ivan Shishman" by the heavy metal band Epizod in the 2004 album "Saint Patriarch Evtimiy".[57] Shishman Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is also named after him.[58] Legends[edit] Ivan Shishman is the most prominent medieval ruler in Bulgarian folklore. His name is heard in a number of legends, myths, tales and songs.[59] He is represented as a heroic ruler who fought and died for his country, facing overwhelming enemy forces. There are a number of places throughout Bulgaria named after the him, ranging from castles and ruins to rocks, caves and localities. That legendary “geography” is mainly concentrated in the region of Sofia, Ihtiman and Samokov,[60][61] though it extends to the Rhodope Mountains, Sredna Gora, Vratsa, Pleven, Prilep, Varna, etc.[62][63] Near Samokov are the ruins of “Shishman's Fortress” with the emperor's wells, which reputedly spouted from the ruler's seven wounds. Further north, along the cliffs and heights of the Iskar Gorge, are “Shishman's Holes”, the caves where he hid while fighting the Ottomans for seven years.[59] Other related toponyms usually associated with the emperor's last stand are Kokalyane (derived from kokal, meaning “bone”), Cherepish (from cherep, “skull”) and Lyutibrod (“Fierce Ford”),[59] all thought to be hinting at the fate of the perished Bulgarian troops.[64] One of the most famous legends is about Shishman's final battle. The Ottomans camped at Kostenets, near the origins of the Maritsa river, while the Bulgarians were near Samokov, on a hill. After a fierce battle, Ivan Shishman was wounded seven times and retreated to the fortress, where he died; on the battlefield seven springs appeared, one for each of the emperor's wounds.[65] He is also said to have fought in the Balkan mountains at Shishkin grad ("Shishman's town"), between Sliven and Kazanlak, where he killed 10,000 janissaries in a huge battle.[61] The 18th century Bulgarian enlightenerc[›] Paisius of Hilendar wrote in his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya that during the siege of Tarnovo Ivan Shishman managed to reach Sofia with his boyars. He hid his treasury in the Iskar gorge and fought against the Turks for seven years before dying in battle.[61] Some versions suggest that Kokalyanski Urvich remained the last fortress to fall and before Shishman died he buried treasure under the castle and tried to escape by cutting a passage through the mountain.[60] The repeating motif of the treasure is a sacral symbol of the Bulgarian statehood and the usual locations of the imperial jewellery are monasteries, lakes or hideouts under rivers. Being undiscovered by the invaders, the treasure symbolises the sovereignty and power of the Bulgarian Empire and its inevitable resurrection.[60] There are also a number of parallels between the legends about Ivan Shishman and the hagiography of saints, especially John of Rila, including the almost identical route of the emperor, Tarnovo-Sofia-Samokov in Rila, and the route of the return of the relics of Saint John of Rila to the Rila Monastery in 15th century – Tarnovo-Sofia-Rila, and also the motif of the immortal rulers who foresees the restoration of the country.[60] Extract of a folklore song, collected by the Miladinov Brothers.[65] Ivan Shishman is one of the few rulers to be mentioned in the Bulgarian folklore songs and, as in the legends, is a subject of mystification. His figure can even be seen in Christmas carols, where he is presented either as a saint in the role of protector or as a hero fighting dragons and oppressors, usually presented as Tatars because of the resemblance with the Tartarus.[63] The songs about Ivan Shishman contain many parallels with nature and collocations which are typical of Bulgarian folklore. In a song from the region of Sliven, the death of the emperor brings chaos to nature and rivers of "black blood" (typical folklore collocation) start flowing.[63] The place of Ivan Shishman in the Bulgarian legends and folklore is most likely attributed to the fact that he was the last Bulgarian emperor in Tarnovo. There are many similarities with his contemporary King Marko, the ruler of Prilep, who did little to resist the Ottoman invasion but later became the most popular character in the Bulgarian folklore.[66] The people desired to berhyme the image of the "ideal emperor", a defender and protector, whose strength they needed to survive under Ottoman domination, and not the actual historical personality.[66] As time passed the mystification deepened and the legends became more distant from the actual events during his rule.[67] During the Bulgarian National Revival the tales about Ivan Shishman began to increasingly include patriotic elements.[63] Family[edit] Ivan Shishman was married first to a Bulgarian named Kira Maria, who died in the early 1380s. His second wife was Dragana Lazarević, a daughter of Prince Lazar of Serbia and Milica Nemanjić and kin to the previous Serbian dynasty. His eldest son Alexander converted to Islam under the name Iskender, and died as governor of Smyrna in 1418, while his second son Fruzhin participated in revolts and campaigns against the Ottomans, trying to liberate his father's realm, and died in Hungary after 1444.[68] It has been speculated by historians, such as Plamen Pavlov, that Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople was an illegitimate son of Ivan Shishman. The claim is based on a Byzantine text which says "They said that he [Jozeph II] was an illegitimate son of the emperor Shishman."[69] Timeline[edit] - 1350 or 1351 — Ivan Shishman was born - By 1355 — Proclaimed heir to the throne and co-emperor - 17 February 1371 — Succeeds his father as Emperor of Bulgaria in Tarnovo - 1373 — Becomes Ottoman vassal in return for some previously conquered lands - 1378 — Issues the Rila Charter - 1385 — Fall of Sofia - 1384 to 1386 — War against Wallachia - 1388 — The Ottomans invade eastern Bulgaria and conquer a number of towns - 17 July 1393 — Fall of Tarnovo - 3 June 1395 — The Ottomans capture Nikopol and Ivan Shishman is executed Footnotes[edit] Notes[edit] ^ a: The exact year of the fall of Sofia is uncertain. Some modern historians suggest 1382 while others – 1385.[70] ^ b: The numbers designate which wife each child was born to. ^ c: The people who participated in the Bulgarian National Revival during the Ottoman rule were called enlighteners. Citations[edit] - ^ a b c d AHдpeeB 1996, p. 281 - ^ a b Fine 1987, p. 366 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, pp. 612–613 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 612 - ^ AHдpeeB 1996, p. 292 - ^ ЗлaTapckи 2005, pp. 144–148 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 614 - ^ ДeлeB 1996 - ^ a b c AHдpeeB 1996, p. 282 - ^ a b c AHдpeeB 1996, p. 283 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 651 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 655 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, pp. 655–656 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 656 - ^ a b c Fine 1987, p. 407 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 662 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, pp. 662–663 - ^ AHдpeeB 1996, p. 284 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 663 - ^ a b AHдpeeB 1996, p. 285 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 665 - ^ a b AHдpeeB 1996, p. 286 - ^ a b БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 666 - ^ MaTeeB, Mиxaил (4 April 2002). "Pилckи xpиcoByл" [Rila Charter] (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 28 July 2011. - ^ Kǎnev, Petǎr (2002). "Religion in Bulgaria after 1989". South-East Europe Review (1): p. 81. - ^ a b c d Fine 1987, p. 442 - ^ a b MиHoBckи, BaлeHTиH (15 June 2008). "ПaTpиapшeckи MaHacTиp "CBeTa Tpoицa", изBecTeH oщe kaTo AceHoB или ШишMaHoB MaHacTиp" [Patiarchal Monastery of the Holy Trinity, also known as Asen's or Shishman's Monastery] (in Bulgarian). ДBepи Ha ПpaBocлaBиeTo. Retrieved 28 July 2011. - ^ Kay, Annie (2008). Bulgaria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. - ^ a b Fine 1987, p. 443 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 621 - ^ Иpeчek 1978, pp. 398 - ^ БoжилoB & ГюзeлeB 1999, p. 654 - ^ AHдpeeB 1996, p. 288 - ^ ГeoprиeBa & ГeHчeB 1999, p. 250 - ^ ГeoprиeBa & ГeHчeB 1999, p. 254 - ^ ""Tzar Ivan Shishman" in IMDb movie date base". Retrieved 29 July 2011. - ^ "Lyrics of "Tsar Ivan Shishman"" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 29 July 2011. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation. Retrieved 29 July 2011. - ^ a b c AHдpeeB 1996, p. 287 - ^ a b c d ДиMиTpoBa - ^ a b c Иpeчek 1978, p. 401 - ^ a b c d KaлoяHoB - ^ AHдpeeB, ЙopдaH; ИBaH ЛaзapoB; ПлaMeH ПaBлoB (1999). Koй koй e B cpeдHoBekoBHa Бълrapия [Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). - ^ a b Иpeчek 1978, p. 400 - ^ a b AHдpeeB 1996, p. 289 - ^ ГeoprиeBa & ГeHчeB 1999, p. 29 - ^ ПaBлoB, ПлaMeH. "Щpиxи kъM пopTpeTa Ha BceлeHckия пaTpиapx Йocиф II" [Remarks to the portrait of the Ecumenical Patriarch Joseph II] (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 20 September 2011. - ^ ГeoprиeBa, ГeHчeB 1999, p. 27 Sources[edit] References[edit] - AHдpeeB, ЙopдaH (Jordan Andreev); Mилчo ЛaлkoB (Milcho Lalkov) (1996). БълrapckиTe xaHoBe и цape (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars) (in Bulgarian). Beлиko TъpHoBo (Veliko Tarnovo): Aбarap (Abagar). - Bogdan, Ioan (1966). Contribuţii la istoriografia bulgară şi sârbă în Scrieri alese (Contributions from the Bulgarian and Serbian Historiography in Selected Writings) (in Romanian). Bucharest: Anubis. - БoжилoB, ИBaH (Ivan Bozhilov); ГюзeлeB, Bacил (Vasil Gyuzelev) (1999). ИcTopия Ha cpeдHoBekoBHa Бълrapия VII-XIV Bek (History of Medieval Bulgaria 7th-14th Centuries) (in Bulgarian). Coфия (Sofia): AHyбиc (Anubis). - ДeлeB, ПeTъp (Petar Delev); and collective (1996). Бълrapия пpи цap ИBaH AлekcaHдъp (Bulgaria under Emperor Ivan Alexander)". ИcTopия и циBилизaция зa 11 kлac (History and Civilization for 11th Grade) (in Bulgarian). Tpyд, CиpMa (Trud, Sirma). The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. - ГeoprиeBa, ЦBeTaHa (Tsvetana Georgieva); ГeHчeB, Hиkoлaй (Nikolay Genchev) (1999). ИcTopия Ha Бълrapия XV-XIX Bek (History of Bulgaria 15th-19th Centuries) (in Bulgarian). Coфия (Sofia): AHyбиc (Anubis). - Kazhdan, A.; and collective (1991). "Volume I". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. - Иpeчek, KoHcTaHTиH (Konstantin Jireček); пoд peдakцияTa Ha ПeTъp ПeTpoB (edited by Petar Petrov) (1978). "XXIII ЗaBлaдяBaHe Ha Бълrapия oT TypциTe (Conquest of Bulgaria by the Turks)". ИcTopия Ha бълrapиTe c пoпpaBkи и дoбaBkи oT caMия aBTop (History of the Bulgarians with corrections and additions by the author) (in Bulgarian). Coфия (Sofia): ИздaTeлcTBo Hayka и изkycTBo. - ЗлaTapckи, Bacил (Vasil Zlatarski) (2005). Бълrapия пpeз XIV-XV Bek (Bulgaria during the 14th and 15th Centuries) (in Bulgarian). ИзTok–Зaпaд (Anubis). External links[edit] - Mladjov, Ian. "Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2011. - ДиMиTpoBa, ЦBeTeлиHa. "ПpeдaHия зa rибeлTa Ha цap ИBaH ШишMaH B caMokoBcko B koHTekcTa Ha cpeдHoBekoBHaTa BлaдeTeлcka идeoлorия и kHижHиHa (Legends about the Death of Emperor Ivan Shishman in the Area of Samokov in the Context of the Medieval Ruler's Ideology and Literature)" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 14 April 2011. - KaлoяHoB, AHчo (1994). "БълrapckиTe HapoдHи пecHи зa цap ИBaH ШишMaH (The Bulgarian Folklore Songs about Emperor Ivan Shishman)". Пyблиkaция B cб. "AлMaHax VI kлac" (in Bulgarian). Beлиko TъpHoBo (Veliko Tarnovo): CлoBo. Retrieved 19 May 2011. - OrHяHoBa, EлeHa (1984). "ЛereHди — ypBичkaTa kpeпocT kpaй Coфия (Legends — The Urvich Fortress near Sofia)". ДocTиrHaлo дo Hac. ПpeдaHия и лereHди (in Bulgarian). Coфия (Sofia): издaTeлcTBo "OTeчecTBo". Retrieved 14 April 2011. - 1350s births - 1395 deaths - 14th-century Bulgarian emperors - Bulgarian people of Jewish descent - People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation - Bulgarian people executed by decapitation - Murdered Bulgarian monarchs - 14th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire - Orthodox monarchs - Sratsimir dynasty - Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars - Christians of Jewish descent