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История на Армения Армения е страна с богата история. Някога в пределите ѝ бил включен връх Арарат, където според Библията попаднал Ноевият ковчег след Големия потоп. Армения е първата държава, която официално приема християнството за държавна религия (301 г.). Съдържание Древна история[редактиране | edit source] През 6 век пр.н.е. арменците се заселват в царство Урарту (асирийското име на Арарат), което е в упадък. При управлението на Тигран Велики (95-45 г. пр.н.е.) арменската държава достига своя зенит и става една от великите сили в Азия, простирайки се от Каспийско до Средиземно море. През своята дълга история Армения е била в съюз или владение на множество империи: на македонци, римляни, персийци, византийци, монголи, араби, османски турци и руснаци. Велика и Мала Армения[редактиране | edit source] Нова история[редактиране | edit source] От 17 век до Първата световна война голяма част от Армения е притежание на техния най-жесток поробител, османските турци, които ги подлагат на дискриминация, религиозни гонения, тежки данъци и набези. В отговор на арменските национално-освободителни движения, през 1894 и 1896 г. турците организират масови кланета, в които избиват 1,5 млн. арменци. През април 1915 г., по време на Първата световна война, се състои най-големият арменски геноцид. Наредено е арменците да бъдат изселени в пустините в Сирия и Месопотамия. Според мнозина историци, между 600 000 и 1,5 млн. арменци са убити или умират от глад. Това клане е смятано за първия геноцид през 20 век. Арменците в България в голямата си част са потомци на бежанци, спасили се от тези преследвания в Турция. Съвременна история[редактиране | edit source] Република Армения е основана на 28 май 1918 г., след поражението на Османската империя в Първата световна война. Тя просъществува обаче само до 29 ноември 1920 г., когато е завладяна от съветската армия. На 12 март 1922 г. обединяват Грузия, Армения и Азербайджан, които образуват Закавказка съветска федеративна социалистическа република като арменската историческа територия Нагорни Карабах, населена предимно с арменци, се предава от Сталин на Съветски Азербайджан. ЗСФСР става част от СССР. През 1936 г., след преустройство, Армения става отделна република в състава на СССР като Арменска ССР. През 1988 г. при Арменското земетресение загиват около 25 000 души, а икономиката също е засегната. Армения обявява своята независимост от Съветския съюз на 21 септември 1991 г., а Нагорни Карабах с решение на местния си парламент от 1988 г. се отделя от Съветски Азербайджан. Понастоящем Нагорни Карабах е самопровъзгласила се република в съседство с независимите републики - Армения и Азербайджан. Диаспора[редактиране | edit source] От самото начало на държавата съществува арменска диаспора, като потокът от емигранти се увеличава значително след независимостта от СССР. Около 60% от всичките осем милиона арменци в целия свят живеят извън страната. Един милион и половина арменци има в САЩ и два милиона – в Русия. Изградени са арменски общности в Грузия, Франция, Иран, Ливан, Сирия, Аржентина, Канада и др. В България техният брой е между 13 000 и 20 000 души. Външни препратки[редактиране | edit source]
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Flag of Armenia The national flag of Armenia, the Armenian Tricolour or Yeraguyn (known in Armenian: as Եռագույն, Yeřaguyn), consists of three horizontal bands of equal width, red on the top, blue in the middle, and orange (also described as "colour of apricot") on the bottom. The Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted the current flag on 24 August 1990. On 15 June 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia, governing its usage, was passed by the National Assembly of Armenia. Throughout history, there have been many variations of the Armenian flag. In ancient times, Armenian dynasties were represented by different symbolic animals displayed on their flags.[1] In the twentieth century, various Soviet flags represented the Armenian nation. The meanings of the colors have been interpreted in many different ways. For example, red has stood for the blood of the 1.5 million Armenians,[2] blue for the Armenian pure sky, and orange represents the country's courage.[3] The official definition of the colors, as stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, is: - The Red emblematizes the Armenian Highland, the Armenian people's continued struggle for survival, maintenance of the Christian faith, Armenia's independence and freedom. The Blue emblematizes the will of the people of Armenia to live beneath peaceful skies. The Orange emblematizes the creative talent and hard-working nature of the people of Armenia.[4] Contents - 1 Design - 2 History - 3 Usage - 4 Influence - 5 See also - 6 References - 7 External links Design[edit] In 2012, the Armenian National Institute of Standards (SARM) has issued specifications about the construction and colors on the national flag.:[5] History[edit] Today's tricolor flag bears little resemblance to the earliest Armenian 'flags'; in ancient times, armies went into battle behind carvings mounted on poles. The carvings might represent a dragon, an eagle, a lion or "some mysterious object of the gods."[1] With the advent of Christianity, the Armenian empire adopted many different flags representing various dynasties. The Artaxiad Dynasty's flag, for instance, consisted of a red cloth displaying two eagles gazing at each other, separated by a flower. 19th century[edit] After Armenia was split between the Persian and Ottoman Empires, the idea of an Armenian flag ceased to exist for some time. The Armenian Catholic priest Father Ghevont Alishan created a new flag for Armenia in 1885, after the Armenian Students Association of Paris requested one for the funeral of the French writer Victor Hugo. Alishan's first design was very similar to today's Armenian flag: a horizontal tricolor. However, it looks more like an upside-down variation of the current flag of Bulgaria. The top band was red, symbolizing the first Sunday of Easter (called "Red" Sunday), followed by a green band to represent the "Green" Sunday of Easter, and finally an arbitrary color, white, was chosen to complete the combination.[1] While in France, Alishan also designed a second flag, identified today as the "Nationalist Armenian Flag." It too was a tricolor, but unlike the previous design, this one was a vertical tricolor similar to the French flag. Its colors were red, green, and blue, from left to right, representing the rainbow that Noah saw after landing on Mount Ararat.[1] Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic[edit] In 1828, Persian Armenia was annexed to the Russian Empire after the last Russo-Persian War, and became known as Russian Armenia. When the Russian Empire collapsed, Russian Armenia declared its independence and joined the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, together with Georgia and Azerbaijan. This unified state hardly lasted a year and was soon dissolved. Since the Republic was short-lived, it did not use any flags or symbols. Nevertheless, some historians consider a horizontal gold, black, and red tricolor, similar to that of the German flag but arranged differently, to have been flag of Transcaucasia.[6] The federation was dissolved on May 26, 1918, when Georgia declared its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Both Armenia and Azerbaijan declared their independence two days later, on May 28, 1918, as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, respectively. First Republic of Armenia[edit] After gaining independence, the First Republic of Armenia adopted the modern Armenian tricolor. Upon Stepan Malkhasyants's appearance in the Armenian National Council,[7] the independent Armenian government selected the colors used during the last period of Rubenid Dynasty, red, blue and yellow. An earlier prototype, which was eventually rejected, was a rainbow flag. This prototype can be seen at the Martiros Saryan House Museum in Yerevan, Armenia. They chose to replace the yellow with orange "because it merged better with the other two colors, presenting a more pleasing composition."[1] The flag of independent Armenia then had a ratio of 2:3, but on August 24, 1990, when the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted it as the flag of the Republic of Armenia, the ratio was changed to 1:2.[8] Early Soviet Armenia and the Transcaucasian SFSR[edit] On November 29, 1920 Bolsheviks established the Armenian SSR. A new flag was introduced and fixed in the constitution, accepted on February 2, 1922 by the First Congress of Soviets of the Armenian SSR.[9] That flag existed only for a month, because on March 12 the Armenian SSR united with the Georgian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR under the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR). On December 30, 1922 the Transcaucasian SFSR became one of the four Soviet republics that united to form the USSR. The flag of the republic had a hammer and sickle inserted into a star with initials "ЗCФCP" (ZSFSR) written in Russian sans-serif script. These letters stand for ЗakaBkaзckaя CoBeTckaя ФeдepaTиBHaя CoциaлиcTичeckaя Pecпyблиka (Zakavkazskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Socialisticheskaya Respublika, "Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic").[9] In 1936, the TSFSR was broken up into its three constituent regions, which were named the Georgian SSR, the Armenian SSR, and the Azerbaijan SSR. Armenian SSR[edit] As a republic of the USSR, the Armenian SSR introduced its first flag in 1936. Very similar to the flag of the Soviet Union, it was red and featured a yellow hammer and sickle in the corner. Underneath that, there were "H-Kh-S-H" initials written in Armenian serif script. These initials, in the Western Armenian language, stand for "Haygagan Khorhurtayin Sodzialistakan Hanrabedutyun," or the "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." In the 1940s, the flag was altered to use the Eastern Armenian language spoken in the Republic. The initials were changed to "H-S-S-R" meaning "Hayastani Sovetakan Sotsialistikakan Respublika" in the Eastern Armenian pronunciation. In 1952, a new flag was introduced. The initials were removed completely and in their place a horizontal blue stripe was added. In late May 1988, amid rising nationalist tensions, Armenia's new Communist party leader allowed the banned tricolour of the DRA to fly in Yerevan for the first time in over sixty years.[10] A year later, following a Nagorno-Karabakh-themed mass demonstration where the tricolour was flown, he urged its official recognition.[11] This came on August 24, 1990, a day after the Armenian Supreme Soviet declared the republic's sovereignty and renamed the country the Republic of Armenia. At that point, just over a year before Armenia declared its formal independence from the USSR, the tricolour replaced the 1952 flag. Usage[edit] The 2006 law on the National Flag of Armenia states that the flag has to be raised on the following public buildings: - Residence of the President - Parliament - Government - Constitutional court - Office of Public Prosecutor - Central Bank of Armenia - Other governmental buildings The law requires the lowering of the flag to the midpoint of the flagpole on the days of mourning or during mourning ceremonies. A black ribbon needs to be placed at the top of the flag; the length of the ribbon should be equal to the length of the flag. The flying flag has to be raised in its entirety, clean, and unfaded; moreover, the lower part of the flag should be at least 2.5 m off the ground.[12] National flag days[edit] The day of the National Flag of Armenia is being marked on 15 June of every year. The day was chosen for the reason that the Armenian law on the National Flag of Armenia was passed on 15 June 2006.[13] The day of the Armenian tricolour was celebrated for the first time on 15 June 2010 in Yerevan.[14] The daily display of the Armenian flag is encouraged, but legally required only on the following days:[15][16] - January 1, January 2 – New Year - January 6 – Christmas - March 8 – International Women's Day - April 7 – Motherhood and Beauty Day - May 1 – International Worker's Solidarity Day - May 9 – Victory and Peace Day - May 28 – First Armenian Republic Day, 1918 - July 5 – Constitution Day, 1995 - September 21 – Independence Day, 1991 - December 7 – Spitak Earthquake Memorial Day, 1988 Influence[edit] The national flag is also mentioned in the song "Mer Hayrenik", the national anthem of Armenia. Specifically, the second and third stanzas sing about the creation of the national flag: Here brother, for you a flag, That I made with my hands Nights I didn't sleep, With tears I washed it. (repeat previous two lines) Look at it, three colors It's our gifted symbol. Let it be bright against the enemy. Let Armenia always be glorious. (repeat previous two lines)[17] Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh[edit] On June 2, 1992, the self-proclaimed Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, a de facto independent republic in South Caucasus claimed by Azerbaijan, adopted a flag derived from the flag of Armenia, with only a white pattern added. A white, five-toothed, stepped carpet pattern was added to the flag, beginning at the two verges of the cloth's right side and connecting at a point equal to one-third of the distance from that side.[18] The white pattern symbolizes the current separation of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) from Armenia proper and its aspiration for eventual union with "the Motherland."[19] This symbolises the Armenian heritage, culture and population of the area and represents Nagorno-Karabakh as being a separated region of Armenia by the triangular shape and the zigzag cutting through the flag. The pattern is also similar to the designs used on rugs. The ratio of the flag's breadth to its length is 1:2, same as the Armenian Tricolor.[18] Flag of the Pan-Armenian Games[edit] In addition to the flag of Nagorno-Karabakh, the Armenian flag colors influenced the design of the Pan-Armenian Games flag. In the center of the light blue flag are six interlocking rings, derived from the Olympic rings. The sixth, orange-colored ring, interlocks with the blue and red rings, which symbolize Armenia. Above the rings is a flame in the colors of the Armenian flag.[20] See also[edit] References[edit] - ^ a b c d e "The Evolution of the Armenian Flag". Armenianheritage.com. - ^ Armenian Genocide - ^ "Armenia". Vexilla Mundi. - ^ "General Information: section the Flag". Government of Republic of Armenia. - ^ "HST 50-2012 - General Specifications of the Republic of Armenia flag (AM)". - ^ "ЗakaBkaзckaя Фeдepaция (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic)" (in Russian). Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. - ^ "Pecпyблиka ApMeHия (Republic of Armenia)" (in Russian). Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. - ^ "Armenia: First Republic (1918–1921)". Flags of the World. - ^ a b "CoBeTckaя ApMeHия (Soviet Armenia)" (in Russian). Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. - ^ De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War, pp. 60-1. - ^ King, Sarah Sanderson and Cushman, Donald P. Political Communication: Engineering Visions of Order in the Socialist World, p. 102. - ^ "The Law of the Republic of Armenia about the national flag" (in Armenian). Armenian Legal Information System. - ^ "Demotix news: State Flag Day celebrations in Armenia". - ^ "Yerevan Report: Armenian Flag Day Marked on June 15". - ^ "Flag Days Of The World". Flags of the World. - ^ "About Armenia". Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations. - ^ "Lyrics of Mer Hayrenik". National Anthems.net. - ^ a b "Attributes of Statehood". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nagorno-Karabakh. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. - ^ "Flag of Artsakh / Nagorno-Karabakh". Flags of the World. - ^ "Armenia: Sport flags". Flags of the World. External links[edit] - Armenia at Flags of the World - (Russian) Flags of Armenia - Armenica.org - Symbolic values and information about the Armenian flag and coat of arms - Yeraguyn.com - The Flag of the Republic of Armenia (in English, Armenian and Russian)