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Идрис Идрис I (12 март 1890 г. - 25 май 1983 г., Кайро) е крал на Либия от 1951 г. до 1969 г. Сиди Мухамад Идрис ал-Махди ал-Сенуси става върховен ръководител на Ордена на сенусите през 1916 г. Орденът се ползва с традиционно силно влияние в Либия. През 1921 г. е избран за емир на цяла Либия, но поради италианската колониална политика е принуден да се оттегли в Египет. По време на Втората световна война Идрис поддържа съюзниците. През 1951 г. става крал на Либия. Поради неудачите в управлението на страната и няколкото опита за неговото убийство Идрис поема властта в свои ръце и налага политика на централизация на страната. Благодарение на растящите приходи от нефтодобива правителството на Идрис I инвестира значителни суми в инфраструктурата на страната и в образованието. Множество младежи са пращани да се образоват в чужбина. През 1960-те години се засилват идеите на панарабизма в страната. Като следствие от това и от Шестдневната война през 1969 г. избухват панарабски протести, които преминават в погроми над еврейското малцинство. Последното е принудено да напусне Либия. На 1 септември 1969 г., използвайки отсъствието му, военните начело с полковник Кадафи свалят Идрис I. В последвалите години Идрис I живее в изгнание в Кайро.
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Idris of Libya Idris, GBE (Arabic: إدريس الأول), also known as King Idris I of Libya (born El Sayyid Prince Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi; 12 March 1889 – 25 May 1983),[1] was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. While in Turkey for medical treatment, Idris was deposed in a 1969 coup d'etat by army officers led by Muammar Gaddafi. Contents Early life[edit] Born at Al-Jaghbub, the headquarters of the Senussi movement, on 12 March 1889, the son of Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Senussi and his third wife Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa,[2] Idris was a grandson of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi, the founder of the Senussi Muslim Sufi order and the Senussi tribe in North Africa. His lineage is considered to be descended from the Prophet Mohammed.[citation needed] He became Chief of the Senussi order in 1916 following the abdication of his cousin Sayyid Ahmed Sharif es Senussi. He was recognized by the British under the new title Emir of the territory of Cyrenaica, a position also confirmed by the Italians in 1920. He was also installed as Emir of Tripolitania on 28 July 1922. Idris spent the early part of his career attempting to negotiate independence for Cyrenaica.[3] In 1922, following the Italian military campaigns against Libya, he went into exile. Egypt then served as his base in a guerrilla war against the colonial Italian authorities.[4] World War II[edit] During World War II, Idris supported the United Kingdom in the hope of ridding his country once and for all from Italian occupation and brought the Senussi tribe and the Cyrenaican nationalists to fight alongside the Allies against the Axis. The Senussi tribesmen provided the British 8th Army in North Africa with vital intelligence[citation needed] on German and Italian troop movements. With the defeat of the German and Italian forces led by Erwin Rommel, and with the help of the British Military Administration of Cyrenaica he was finally able to return to his capital, Benghazi, as Emir of Cyrenaica and form an official government. In 1946 King Idris was honoured and awarded the British Order of Grand Cross of the British Empire for his support in the defeat of German and Italian forces in North Africa during World War II. King of Libya[edit] With the help of the British Military Administration of Cyrenaica and the backing of London, Idris as-Senussi was rewarded for the help the Senussi tribe provided in ridding Libya of the Italian and German occupation. Backed by the British, he proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania, another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan).[5] By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the United Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951. From Benghazi, Idris led the team negotiating over independence with the United Kingdom and the United Nations under UN special adviser to Libya Dutch born Adrian Pelt, which was achieved on 24 December 1951 with the proclamation of the federal United Libyan Kingdom with Idris as king. In 1963 the constitution was revised and the state became a unitary state as the Kingdom of Libya. Earl Mountbatten was a very close friend of King Idris and used to visit him in Libya often and stay at the Royal Palace. Both King Idris and Earl Mountbatten used to go together on excursion trips into the Sahara desert which Earl Mountbatten enjoyed. In 1955, failing to have produced a male heir, he convinced Fatima, his wife for 20 years, to let him marry a second wife, Aliya Abdel Lamloun, daughter of a wealthy Bedouin chief. The second marriage took place on 5 June 1955. Ironically both wives then became pregnant, and both bore him a son.[6] To the chagrin of Arab nationalists at home and supporters of Pan-Arabism in neighbouring states, Idris maintained close ties with the United Kingdom and the United States, even after the former intervened against Egypt during the 1956 Suez Crisis.[citation needed] Another threat to his kingdom was his failure to produce a surviving male heir to succeed to the throne. In 1956, Idris designated his brother's son, Prince Hasan as-Senussi, as the Black Prince or crown prince. The economy prospered from its oil fields and the presence of the United States Air Force's Wheelus Air Base near Tripoli, but the king's health began to falter and the crown prince assumed a greater role in the government and from time to time acted as regent. On 4 August 1969, Idris signed an Instrument of Abdication in favour of Crown Prince Hasan as-Senussi, to take effect on 2 September that year.[citation needed] Overthrow & exile[edit] On September 1, 1969, while Idris was in Turkey for medical treatment, he was deposed in a 1969 Libyan coup d'état by a group of Libyan army officers under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi. The monarchy was abolished & a republic proclaimed.[7] The coup pre-empted Idris' abdication & the succession of his heir the following day. From Turkey, he & the queen travelled to Kamena Vourla, Greece, by ship and went into exile in Egypt. After the 1969 coup, Idris was put on trial in absentia in the Libyan People's Court & sentenced to death in November 1971. In 1983 (age 93), Idris died at the Sultan Palace in the district of Dokki in Cairo. He was buried at Al-Baqi' Cemetery, Medina, Saudi Arabia. Libyan civil war[edit] Although the king died in exile and most Libyans were born after his reign, during the Libyan civil war, many demonstrators opposing Colonel Gaddafi carried portraits of the king, especially in the traditional Sanussi stronghold of Cyrenaica. The tricolour flag used during the era of the monarchy was frequently used as a symbol of the revolution and was re-adopted by the National Transitional Council as the official flag of Libya.[8] Family[edit] Idris married five times: - At Kufra, 1896/1897, his cousin, Sayyida Aisha binti Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi (1873 Jaghbub – 1905 or 1907 Kufra), eldest daughter of Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Sanussi, by his fourth wife, Fatima, daughter of 'Umar bin Muhammad al-Ashhab, of Fezzan, by whom he had one son who died in infancy; - At Kufra, 1907 (divorced 1922), his cousin, Sakina, daughter of Muhammad as-Sharif, by whom he had one son and one daughter, both of whom died in infancy; - At Kufra, 1911 (divorced 1915), Nafisa, daughter of Ahmad Abu al-Qasim al-Isawi, by whom he had one son who died in infancy; - At Siwa, Egypt, 1931, his cousin, Sayyida Fatima al-Shi'fa binti Sayyid Ahmad as-Sharif al-Sanussi, Fatima el-Sharif (1911 Kufra – 3 October 2009, Cairo, buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia), fifth daughter of Field Marshal H.H. Sayyid Ahmad as-Sharif Pasha bin Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi, 3rd Grand Sanussi, by his second wife, Khadija, daughter of Ahmad al-Rifi, by whom he had one son who died in infancy; - At the Libyan Embassy, Cairo, 6 June 1955 (divorced 20 May 1958), Aliya Khanum Effendi (1913 Guney, Egypt), daughter of Abdul-Qadir Lamlun Asadi Pasha. For two short periods (1911–1922 and 1955–1958) Idris kept two wives, marrying his fifth wife with a view to providing a direct heir. Idris fathered five sons and one daughter, none of whom survived childhood. He and Queen Fatima adopted a daughter, Suleima, an Algerian orphan, who survived them. Honours[edit] King Idris was Grand Master of the following Libyan Orders:[9] - Order of Idris I - High Order of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Senussi - Order of Independence - Al-Senussi National Service Star - Al-Senussi Army Liberation Medal He was a recipient of the following foreign honors: - Imperial Order of the House of Osman 1st class (Turkey) (1918) - Nobility (Nishan-i-Majidieh) 2nd class (Turkey) (1918) - Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (Jordan) - Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (1954 – KBE in 1946) (United Kingdom) - Collar of the Order of Muhammad (Morocco) - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile (Egypt) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France) - Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence (Tunisia) - Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar (Lebanon) - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece) Ancestry[edit] References[edit] - ^ "Royal Ark". Royalark.net. Retrieved 29 July 2012. - ^ Royal Ark. Royalark.net. Retrieved 26 October 2013. - ^ Vandewalle, Dirk (2006). A history of modern Libya. Cambridge University Press. - ^ Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2005). Africa since 1800. Cambridge University Press. - ^ Diller, Daniel; Moore, John (1995). The Middle East. Congressional Quarterly. - ^ Daily Mirror 23 September 1955 - ^ Bloodless coup in Libya. BBC News On This Day. September 1, 1969. - ^ "The liberated east: Building a new Libya". The Economist. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011. - ^ "Libya: Senussi Dynasty Orders and Decorations". royalark.com. Retrieved 12 June 2011. - ^ Royal Ark External links[edit] Media related to Idris of Libya at Wikimedia Commons - 1889 births - 1983 deaths - Cold War leaders - Heads of state of Libya - Leaders ousted by a coup - Libyan exiles - Libyan politicians - Libyan people of Algerian descent - Libyan prisoners sentenced to death - People sentenced to death in absentia - Prisoners sentenced to death by Libya - Senussi dynasty - World War II political leaders - Grand Sashes of the Order of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi - Recipients of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali - Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire - Grand Crosses of the Order of the Redeemer - Grand Cordons of the Order of the Nile - Grand Cordons of the Order of Independence (Tunisia) - Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur - Recipients of the Order of Muhammad - Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - Grand Cordons of the National Order of the Cedar (Lebanon) - Kings of Libya