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Йоханес Бласковиц Йоханес Албрехт Бласковиц (на немски: Johannes Blaskowitz) (1883 – 1948) е германски офицер, служил през Първата и Втората световна война, генерал-полковник и кавалер на орден Рицарски кръст с дъбови листа и мечове. Съдържание Биография[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Ранни години[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Йоханес Бласковиц е роден на 10 юли 1883 г. в Патерсвалд, Вехлау (днешна Калининградска област) в семейството на лутеранския пастор Херман Бласковиц. От 1894 г. се присъединява към Кошалинското кадетско училище, а малко след това е приет в училище в Лихтерфелд, Берлин. През 1901 г. стартира военната си кариера като офицерски кандидат, от 18-ти пехотен полк „Фон Гролман“, разположен в Острода, Източна Прусия. Първа световна война[редактиране | редактиране на кода] По време на войната служи на Източния и Западния фронт, както и в Генералния щаб на армията. Малко преди края ѝ е издигнат до пехотен командир и награден с Железен кръст II-ра и I-ва степен, Ордена на „Хоенцолерните“ - с мечове, и Значка за раняване. Между световните войни[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Службата му през Първата световна война, му осигурява значително място в следвоенния Райхсвер по време на Ваймарското управление. След като нацистите поемат властта по-късно, отношението му към насилието и властта им става безразлично, като смята, че въоръжените сили трябва да бъдат „политическо-неутрални“. От 1939 г. командва германските части във вече окупираните Австрия и Чехословакия, за което е повишен в чин генерал от пехотата и назначен за командир на 8-ма армия - точно преди избухването на Втората световна война. Втора световна война[редактиране | редактиране на кода] В стартовата фаза на Полската кампания, неговата армия воюва в Битката за Бзура, за което на 20 октомври 1939 г. е награден с Рицарски кръст (Ritterkreuz Des Eisernen Kreuzes), повишен до звание генерал-полковник и зачислен към главното командване на източния фронт. Като военен от старата школа, Бласковиц често следи контрола на хората под негово командване, отношенията им с цивилното население и остава възмутен от зверствата, извършвани от СС и айнзацгрупите срещу евреите. Между ноември 1939 и февруари 1940 г. дори пише няколко доклада до Върховното командване, в които описва подробно жестокостите на СС в Полша и тяхното нагло отношение, въздействащо върху войниците на Вермахта. Въпреки това, неговите протести не водят до осъждане на подобни поведения, а само му печелят вражда с лидерите на СС Ханс Франк, Райнхард Хайдрих, Хайнрих Химлер и дори от Адолф Хитлер, а началникът на щаба Алфред Йодл ги определя като наивни и „ненужни“. През май 1940 г. е командир на 9-та армия, с която взима участие в сраженията по френската граница. След това е зачислен към резерва на армията, а от октомври с.г. поема командването на 1-ва армия, разположена в Северна Франция. На 18 ноември главнокомандващият армията фон Браухич изпраща първия мемоариум, адресиран до Хитлер, с който започва и тирадата на Бласковиц, денонсирана за загриженоста на справедливия процес като "детински" и показващ презрението си към "Спасението на армията". В резултат на това се озовава в черния списък на Хитлер[1], за което е освободен от командния си пост, на 29 май 1940 г. 4 г. по-късно е привикан отново в армията, като поема командването на група армии „Г“, с която се сражава в Елзас, Франция. През октомври с.г. е награден с Дъбовите листа (№ 640) към Рицарския кръст. С идването на арпил 1945 г. е назначен за главнокомандващ на войските в Нидерландия, където си извоюва отличието Мечове (№ 146) към Рицарския кръст с дъбовите листа. На 5 май е взет в плен от съюзническите сили. Нюрнбергски процеси и смърт[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Обвинен е от Нюренбергския процес във военни престъпления, но се самоубива в затвора през 1948 г. Венни отличия[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Железен кръст (1914) - II-ра степен (2 март 1914) - I-ва степен (2 март 1915) - „Орден Церигенски лъв“ III-ра степен с мечове (Баден, 1915) - Австро-унгарски „Орден за военни заслуги“ - III-та степен с военна декорация (10 февруари 1916) - Баварски „Орден за военни заслуги“ IV-ра степен с мечове (15 май 1916) - Кръст на „Фридрих-Аугуст“ на княжество Олденбург II-ра степен (26 май 1916) - Кръст на „Фридрих-Аугуст“ на княжество Олденбург I-ра степен (26 май 1916) - „Орден за военни заслуги“ на „Вилхелм фон Брауншвайг“ II-ра степен (4 юни 1916) - Турска Галиполска звезда на Османската империя (11 юни 1917) - „Орден на Хоенцолерните“ с Рицарски кръст и мечове (Прусия, 1 септември 1917) - Кръст на честта (10 ноември 1934) - Споменателен медал от 1 октомври 1938 - Закопчалка към Железния кръст - II-ра степен (11 септември 1939) - I-ва степен (11 септември 1939) - Рицарски кръст с дъбови листа, мечове и диаманти - Носител на Рицарски кръст (№ 1) на 30 септември 1939 г. - Носител на Дъбови листа (№ 640) на 29 октомври 1944 г. - Носител на Мечове (№ 146) на 25 април 1945 г. - Упоменат в ежедневния доклад на „Вермахтберихт“ (27 септември 1939) Източник на Вермахтберихт[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Източници[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - ↑ Martin Kitchen. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany:- Cambridge University Press 1996 ISBN 0-521-45341-0 - ↑ Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 1, p. 40. Литература[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Richard Giziowski. The Enigma of General Blaskowitz. — New York, NY: Hippocrene Books Inc., 1996. - Gerd F. Heuer. Die Generalobersten des Heeres, Inhaber Höchster Kommandostellen 1933—1945. — Rastatt: Pabel-Moewig Verlag GmbH, 1997. — (Dokumentationen zur Geschichte der Kriege).
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Johannes Blaskowitz Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (10 July 1883 – 5 February 1948) was a German general during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. [edit] Early years Johannes Blaskowitz was born on July 10, 1883, in Paterswalde, Kreis Wehlau (East Prussia), now in Kaliningrad Oblast. His father was a Lutheran pastor. In 1894, Blaskowitz joined cadet school at Köslin (Koszalin) and also afterwards at Berlin Lichterfelde. In 1901, he started his military career as a Fähnrich in an East Prussian regiment in Osterode (Ostróda). [edit] World War I During World War I, Blaskowitz served on the Eastern and Western Front and was employed in the Generalstab. He rose to command an infantry company by 1918, and was awarded the Iron Cross for bravery. [edit] Postwar Blaskowitz's war service secured him a place in the postwar Reichswehr during the Weimar Republic, through whose ranks he rose until 1938, when Adolf Hitler sacked virtually all the other senior generals. His attitude towards the Nazis' seizure of power (Machtergreifung) was reportedly indifferent because he believed that the armed forces should be "politically neutral". In early 1939 he commanded the German forces that occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia, and was promoted to General of Infantry and given command of the 8th Army just prior to the outbreak of World War II [edit] Poland 1939 During the Invasion of Poland that began World War II, the 8th Army under Blaskowitz's command participated in the Battle of the Bzura. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), was promoted to Colonel-General, and was installed as Commander-in-Chief East (Oberbefehlshaber Ost) in Poland on 20 October 1939. As a traditional soldier, Blaskowitz kept a firm control on the men under his command in their dealings with civilians, Blaskowitz was opposed to the Army committing war crimes with the SS. Between November 1939 and February 1940 he wrote several memoranda to higher command, in which he detailed SS atrocities in Poland, their effects on Wehrmacht soldiers, and the insolent attitude of the SS to the army. However, his protests produced no condemnations of such behavior, and merely earned him the enmity of Hans Frank, Reinhard Heydrich, Heinrich Himmler, and Adolf Hitler, while Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl dismissed them as naive and "uncalled for".[1] Commander-in-Chief Walther von Brauchitsch forwarded Blaskowitz's first memorandum to Hitler on 18 November, who launched a tirade against Blaskowitz, denouncing his concerns about due process as "childish" and poured scorn on his "Salvation Army attitude".[2] As a result, Blaskowitz found himself placed on a blacklist, and he was relieved of his command on 29 May 1940. [edit] Occupation of France Following the Fall of France in May 1940, Blaskowitz was initially slated to command the 9th Army for occupation duties, but the appointment was blocked by Hitler and instead he was appointed to relatively minor position as Military Governor of Northern France, a position he held until October 1940, when he was transferred to the command of the 1st Army, on the southwest coast between Brittany and the Spanish border. In May 1944, following the appointment of Gerd von Rundstedt as Commander-in-Chief in the West, Blaskowitz was appointed head of Army Group G. This comparatively small command, consisting of the 1st Army and the 19th Army, was given the task of defending southern France from the imminent Allied invasion. The invasion of southern France commenced on 15 August 1944, with Operation Dragoon, when Allied forces landed on the Riviera between Toulon and Cannes. Blaskowitz, badly outnumbered and lacking air superiority, brought up units, stabilized his front, and led a fighting withdrawal to the north to avoid encirclement. US army units pursued Blaskowitz up through the Vosges mountains before pausing to regroup. There, Blaskowitz's forces were reinforced by the 5th Panzer Army under Hasso von Manteuffel. Blaskowitz wanted to entrench his forces, but Hitler ordered him to immediately counterattack the US Third Army. Both Manteuffel and Blaskowitz realized the futility of such an action, but obeyed their orders, and their attack caught the US forces in disarray and pushed them back to near Lunéville on 18–20 September 1944, at which point resistance stiffened and the attack was suspended. Furious over this failure, Hitler summarily relieved Blaskowitz, replacing him with Hermann Balck. [edit] Campaign in the West 1944-45 Blaskowitz remained unoccupied for some time, until in December 1944 he was suddenly recalled and ordered to attack in the vicinity of Alsace-Lorraine in support of the ongoing Ardennes offensive. On 1 January 1945 Army Group G hit the US 7th Army during Operation Nordwind, forcing them to withdraw. Blaskowitz was subsequently transferred to Holland, where he succeeded Kurt Student as commander of Army Group H. For the following three months he conducted a fighting withdrawal against the British 2nd Army, being awarded the Swords to his Knights Cross. This command was redesignated in early April 1945 and Blaskowitz became commander-in-chief of the northern (still occupied) part of the Netherlands. Despite ruling the troops under his command with an iron hand, and threatening to execute deserters, from April 29, Blaskowitz allowed Allied airdrops of food and medicine to the Dutch civilian population. On May 5, Blaskowitz was summoned to the Hotel de Wereld (Hotel the World) in Wageningen by General Charles Foulkes (commander of I Canadian Corps) to discuss the surrender of the German forces in the Netherlands. Prince Bernhard, acting as commander-in-chief of the Dutch Interior Forces, attended the meeting as well. Blaskowitz agreed with all proposals by Foulkes. However, nowhere in the building - some sources claim nowhere in the whole town - could a typewriter be found. Thus, the surrender document could not be typed. The next day, both parties returned and, in the presence of both General Foulkes and Prince Bernhard, Blaskowitz signed the surrender document which, in the meantime, had been typed.[1] [edit] Post war Blaskowitz was charged with war crimes during the Nuremberg Trials in the High Command Trial (Case No. XII), but died on February 5, 1948 by committing suicide. After breaking away from his guards he threw himself off a balcony into the inner courtyard of the court building. [edit] Summary of his military career [edit] Dates of rank - Fähnrich: March 2, 1901 - Leutnant: January 27, 1902 - Oberleutnant: January 27, 1910 - Hauptmann: February 17, 1914 - Major: January 1, 1922 - Oberstleutnant: April 6, 1926 - Oberst: October 1, 1929 - Generalmajor October 1, 1932 - Generalleutnant: December 1, 1933 - General der Infanterie: August 1, 1936 - Generaloberst: October 1, 1939 [edit] Notable decorations - Iron Cross (1914) - Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) - German Cross in Silver on 30 October 1943 as Generaloberst and commander-in-chief of the 1. Armee[4] - Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Anschluss Medal (1938) - Sudetenland Medal (1938) with Prague Castle bar (1938) - Wound Badge- 1918 type (?) - Cross of Honor (1934) - Bavarian Military Merit Cross 3rd Class with Swords (1916) - Prussian Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (1917) - Baden Knight's Cross 2nd Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion with Swords(1915) - Oldenburg Friedrich August Cross Second (1916) and First (1916) Classes - War Merit Cross Second (?) and First (?) Classes - Order of the Crown of Italy, Grand Cross (1941) - Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht (27 September 1939) [edit] Reference in the Wehrmachtbericht [edit] See also [edit] Notes - ^ Robert B., Kane (2002). Disobedience and conspiracy in the German Army, 1918-1945. McFarland. - ^ Kitchen, Martin (2008). The Third Reich: Charisma and Community. Pearson Education. - ^ a b c d Thomas 1997, p. 49. - ^ Patzwall and Scherzer 2001, p. 537. - ^ a b c Scherzer 2007, p. 224. - ^ Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 1, p. 40. [edit] References - Berger, Florian (2000). Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern. Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Selbstverlag Florian Berger, 2006. - Blaskowitz, Johannes - German reaction to the invasion of southern France - (ASIN B0007K469O) - Historical Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe, Foreign Military Studies Branch, 1945 - Blaskowitz, Johannes - Answers to questions directed to General Blaskowitz - (ASIN B0007K46JY) - Historical Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe, Foreign Military Studies Branch, 1945 - Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000). Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945. Friedburg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. - Giziowski, Richard - The Enigma of General Blaskowitz (Hardcover) (ISBN 0-7818-0503-1) - Hippocrene Books, November 1996 - Kemp, Anthony (1990 reprint). German Commanders of World War II (#124 Men-At-Arms series). Osprey Pub., London. - Information on his death - The New York Times, February 6, 1948, p. 13 - Information on his death - The Times, February 8, 1948, p. 3 - Patzwall, Klaus D. and Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941–1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall (in German). - Schaulen, Fritjof (2003). Eichenlaubträger 1940 - 1945 Zeitgeschichte in Farbe I Abraham - Huppertz (in German). Selent, Germany: Pour le Mérite. - Scherzer, Veit (2007). Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. - Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. - Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939-1945 Band 1, 1. September 1939 bis 31. Dezember 1941 (in German). München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 1985. - Helden der Wehrmacht - Unsterbliche deutsche Soldaten (in German). München, Germany: FZ-Verlag GmbH, 2004. - Wilhelm Adam - Hans-Jürgen von Arnim - Ludwig Beck - Johannes Blaskowitz - Eduard Dietl - Nikolaus von Falkenhorst - Johannes Frießner - Werner von Fritsch - Friedrich Fromm - Heinz Guderian - Curt Haase - Franz Halder - Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord - Josef Harpe - Gotthard Heinrici - Walter Heitz - Carl Hilpert - Erich Hoepner - Karl-Adolf Hollidt - Hermann Hoth - Hans-Valentin Hube - Erwin Jaenecke - Alfred Jodl - Georg Lindemann - Eberhard von Mackensen - Erhard Raus - Georg-Hans Reinhardt - Lothar Rendulic - Richard Ruoff - Hans von Salmuth - Rudolf Schmidt - Eugen Ritter von Schobert - Adolf Strauß - Karl Strecker - Heinrich von Vietinghoff - Walter Weiß - Kurt Zeitzler - Johannes Blaskowitz1 - 1 Committed suicide - 1883 births - 1948 deaths - People from East Prussia - Wehrmacht generals - German military personnel of World War I - German military personnel of World War II - Recipients of the Knight's Cross - Recipients of the Iron Cross - Recipients of the German Cross - Recipients of the Order of the Crown of Italy - Recipients of the Cross of Honor - Recipients of the War Merit Cross - Military personnel referenced in the Wehrmachtbericht - Suicides in Germany - Suicides by jumping from a height - People indicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals - Nazis who committed suicide in prison custody - German military personnel who committed suicide - History of Wageningen