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Иксел Координати: 50.833° с.ш. 4.367° и.д. Иксел (на френски: Ixelles, на нидерландски: Elsene, Елсене) е селище в Централна Белгия, една от 19-те общини на Столичен регион Брюксел. Състои се от 2 части, разделени от авеню „Луиза“, което е част от територията на град Брюксел. Населението на Иксел е около 78 000 души (2006). [редактиране] История Иксел възниква през 14 век около основаното през 1196 абатство Камерен и построената край него около 1300 странноприемница. През 1478 войните между френския крал Луи XI и император Максимилиан I довеждат до опустошение на абатството и съседните земи. През 1585 испанците изгарят повечето сгради, за да попречат на калвинистите да се укриват в тях. През 1795, след Френската революция, Иксел става самостоятелна община. През 19 век населението му нараства почти сто пъти от 677 души през 1813 до повече от 58 000 през 1900. Към края на века селището се превръща в престижно жилищно предградие на Брюксел. През 1884 е прокарана първата трамвайна линия, а през 1919 е открит първият киносалон. В наши дни Иксел е известен със значителното си негърско население. Районът е известен като Матонже, по името на известен пазар в Киншаса. В края на 50-те години близо до Намюрската порта е основана Африканската къща, център на студентите от Белгийско Конго. След като Конго получава независимост, голям брой имигранти от тази страна се заселват в квартала. Освен конгоанци днес там живеят и общности от Руанда, Бурунди, Мали, Камерун и Сенегал. В началото на 21 век стават поредица от сблъсъци между различни африкански банди. [редактиране] Известни личности - Родени в Иксел - Емил Вандервелд (1866-1938), политик - Анес Варда (р. 1928), френска режисьорка - Мишел дьо Гелдерод (1898-1962), драматург - Одри Хепбърн (1929-1993), британска актриса - Починали в Иксел - Хендрик Консианс (1812-1883), писател - Ернест Солвей (1838-1922), химик [редактиране] Други - На територията на Иксел се намират Брюкселският свободен университет и Свободният университет Брюксел. [редактиране] Източници [редактиране] Външни препратки - Официален сайт (на френски и нидерландски)
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Ixelles Ixelles (French, pronounced [ikˈsɛl]) or Elsene (Dutch, pronounced [ˈɛlsənə] ( listen)) is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. [edit] Geography Ixelles or Elsene is located in the south of Brussels and is divided into two parts by Avenue Louise, which is part of the City of Brussels municipality. The smaller west part of the municipality includes Rue du Bailli/Baljuwstraat and extends roughly from Avenue Louise to Avenue Brugmann/Brugmannlaan. The larger east part of the municipality includes the sites of the Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and the Eugène Flagey square. The Bois de la Cambre is located just south of Ixelles. The construction of Avenue Louise was commissioned in 1847 as a monumental avenue bordered by chestnut trees that would allow easy access to the popular recreational area of the Bois de la Cambre. It was also to be the first Haussmann-esque artery of the city of Brussels. However, fierce resistance to the project was put up by the town of Ixelles (which was then still separate from Brussels) through whose land the avenue was supposed to run. After years of fruitless negotiations, Brussels finally annexed the narrow band of land needed for the avenue plus the Bois de la Cambre itself in 1864. That decision accounts for the unusual shape of today's City of Brussels and for Ixelles being split in two separate parts. [edit] History [edit] Medieval origins The origins of the village of Ixelles date from the foundation of the Abbey of La Cambre by a Benedictine nun in 1196. The abbey was located near the springs of the Maelbeek in the Sonian Forest, the remnant of which closest to Brussels became known as Bois de la Cambre. The abbey was consecrated by the Bishop of Cambrai soon after its foundation. Boniface of Brussels and Alice of Schaarbeek were two of its most famous residents in the 13th century. Around 1300, during the reign of John II, Duke of Brabant, a hostel was built near the abbey to provide meals to the wood bearers working in the forest. Soon, a hamlet and a couple of chapels were built, including the Church of the Holy Cross (French: Sainte Croix, Dutch: Heilige Kruis), also dedicated by the Bishop of Cambrai in 1459. The area included several ponds, still visible today, that provided fish to the abbey and to the neighbouring hamlets. At that time, part of Ixelles was a dependence of Brussels; the other part was the property of the local lord. [edit] Before the Revolution In 1478, the wars between Louis XI of France and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor brought devastation to the abbey and the surrounding areas. In 1585, the Spanish burnt down most of the buildings to prevent them from being used as a refuge by the Calvinists. The abbey was restored in time for the Joyous Entry of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in 1599. Further manors and castles (Ermitage, Ten Bosch, Ixelles) were built in Ixelles in the 16th century, gradually transforming the hamlet into a full-fledged village. The purity of the pond water attracted breweries to the area, some of which survived well into the 20th century. [edit] A municipality of its own In 1795, like many of the other towns surrounding Brussels, Ixelles was proclaimed a municipality of its own by the French regime after the Revolution. The abbey was stripped of its religious functions, becoming among others a cotton-manufacturing plant, a farm, a military school, and a hospital. Many of the medieval gates of Brussels that lined what is now the inner ring road were taken down and more streets were built to accommodate the migration towards the suburbs. Ixelles' population grew nearly one-hundredfold, from 677 in 1813 to more than 58,000 in 1900. At the end of the 19th century, some of the ponds were drained and a new Church of the Holy Cross was built. The first streetcars appeared in 1884 and the first movie theatre in 1919. Ixelles and the Avenue Louise became one of the classy areas of Brussels. Artists and celebrities moved in, leading to architectural novelties such as Art Nouveau and Art Deco. [edit] Economy Solvay has its head office in Ixelles.[2] Aiplex Software maintains its Belgium office in Ixelles.[3] [edit] Matongé Ixelles is known throughout Belgium for its large community of people of African origin. This population is mainly concentrated near the Porte de Namur/Naamsepoort, and is known as Matongé or Matongué after the marketplace and the commercial district with the same name in Kalamu, Kinshasa. The core of Matongé was formed in late 1950s by the foundation of Maisaf (Maison Africaine, "African House") which served as a centre and residence for university students from the Belgian Congo. After the independence of Congo, the district faced an influx of immigrants from Congo who shaped the neighbourhood in a style to resemble the original Matongé. During the sixties and into the seventies the area was a well known meeting place for students and diplomats from the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the time they were known locally as Belgicains. There are also communities from other African countries like Rwanda, Burundi, Mali, Cameroon, and Senegal present in the district. The famous shopping arcades, the Galerie d'Ixelles and the Galerie de la Porte de Namur are both located in the heart of Matongé. In the gallery and more notably the adjoining streets you can find a large number of specialised food shops and suppliers. The area is renowned for its clothes, shoes and material shops, hairdressers and wigmakers, booksellers, jewellers and craft shops, making the area unmissable for many local and even international visitors, men and women, young and older. Over 45 different nationalities amongst the residents and shopkeepers can be counted including most of the African countries. Statistically, many of the shopkeepers are not necessarily local residents and the colourful and lively atmosphere of mid-afternoon quietens down in the early evening. Amongst the visitors and window shoppers to Matongé are many who appreciate African fashion and the life-style, not least Belgians who have returned home after having spent time in the colony that once was the Belgian Congo. The district also attained notoriety from the early 2000s with gang violence perpetrated by African gangs, partly composed of exiled child soldiers like Black Démolition. It was the scene of race riots in January 2001. Matongé, with its more recent immigrant communities from Latin America, Pakistan, and India along with African ones, is seen as a symbol of multiculturalism in Belgium. The local authorities, community groups and residents with a certain degree of success have more recently re-established the area as a safe place to visit. As the area and property ages there is increased pressure and interest from property developers to expand the European Quarter on one side and the fashionable Avenue Louise on the other, effectively Matongé is sandwiched between the two. Every year since 2001 at the end of June, a successful multi-cultural festival, "Matonge en Couleurs", has been organised in the area. The date coincides with the celebration of independence from Belgium. The film Juju Factory, released in 2006 was at least partly filmed in the area. The local television channel Télé Bruxelles diffuses a weekly magazine programme, Téle Matongé XL. The pedestrian street rue Longue-Vie is full of snack-bars where you can enjoy African food. Most of these authentic places have been decorated by the famous afro-European artist John Bush. Le Soleil d'Afrique has almost become his museum, with not only his original paintings on display, but also other painted surfaces and furniture. [edit] Main sights - The buildings of the Abbey of la Cambre house a renowned school for the visual arts, the National Geographic Institute, and various parish functions. - The Ixelles Ponds and Tenbosch Park offer a welcome green spot in the middle of the city. - The Art Deco building on the Flagey square used to house the studios of the Belgian radio and television broadcasting companies (RTBF and VRT). The Résidence de la Cambre is another notable Art Deco building. - Several Art Nouveau houses were built by Victor Horta and can still be seen today. - Two universities—the Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel—have their campuses in Ixelles. As a result, the southeast part of the municipality is home to a large number of students. - The Ixelles Cemetery is one of the most important cemeteries in the country as it contains the graves of a number of famous Belgian personalities. The French General Georges Boulanger committed suicide here, on the tomb of his mistress, who had died a couple of months earlier. - Ixelles also houses several interesting churches and museums, including a fine-arts museum and the Constantin Meunier museum, established in the residence where the artist lived part of his life. [edit] Events - Several fairs are organized in Ixelles, including the Spring Fair on the Flagey square, which takes place between the fourth and sixth Sunday after Easter, and the Boondael Fair at the end of July. [edit] Famous inhabitants The following people were born in Ixelles: - Camille Lemonnier, writer and poet (1844–1913) - Albert Crahay, soldier and celebrated commander of the Belgian battalion at the Battle of the Imjin River during the Korean War. - Paul Saintenoy, architect, teacher, architectural historian, and writer (1862–1952) - Paul Hymans, politician and former president of the League of Nations (1865–1941) - Emile Vandervelde, statesman (1866–1938) - Auguste Perret, architect (1874–1954) - Jacques Feyder, screenwriter and film director (1885–1948) - Michel de Ghelderode, avant-garde dramatist (1898–1962) - Leo Joseph Suenens, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (1904–1996) - Agnes Varda, film director (b. 1928) - Audrey Hepburn, actress, fashion model, and humanitarian (1929–1993) - Michel Regnier, also known as Greg, comic-book writer and artist (1931–1999) - Jaco Van Dormael, screenwriter and film director (b. 1957) - Natacha Régnier, actress (b. 1974) - Julio Cortázar, writer of novels (1914–1984) - Ursula von der Leyen, German Federal Minister for Labor and Social Affairs (b. 1958) - Marc Dutroux, (born 6 November 1956) is a Belgian serial killer and child molester, convicted of having kidnapped, tortured and sexually abused six girls during 1995 to 1996, ranging in age from 8 to 19, four of whom he murdered The following people lived part of their life in Ixelles: - Giacomo Puccini, composer (1858–1924); lived and died at nr1, avenue de la Couronne; a tablet with an inscription is visible on the building wall - Antoine Wiertz, painter and sculptor (1806–1865) - Maria Malibran, mezzo-soprano (1808–1836) - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, anarchist thinker (1809–1865) - Karl Marx, philosopher, political economist, and social revolutionary (1818–1883) - Charles de Coster, novelist (1827–1879) - Elisée Reclus, geographer and anarchist (1830–1905) - Constantin Meunier, painter and sculptor (1831–1905) - Jean-Baptiste Moens, philatelist and stamp dealer (1833–1908) - Johan Michiel Dautzenberg, writer, (1834–1878) - Ernest Solvay, chemist, industrialist, and philanthropist (1838–1922) - Auguste Rodin, sculptor (1840–1917) - Anna Boch, artist and important art collector, owner of the Villa Anna (1848–1936) - Octave Maus, art critic, writer, and lawyer (1856–1919) - Neel Doff, writer (1858–1942) - August de Boeck, composer, organist, and music pedagogue (1865–1937) - Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary and first head of the Soviet Union (1870–1924) - Henri Michaux, poet, writer, and painter (1899–1984) - Barbara, singer (1930–1997) - Amélie Nothomb, writer (b. 1967) - Pierre Kolp, composer (b. 1969) - Edith Cavell (1865–1915) British nurse and WWI martyr ran a nursing school here from 1907 [edit] See also [edit] References - ^ Population per municipality on 1 January 2011 (XLS; 322 KB) - ^ "Solvay Headquarters access map." Solvay. Retrieved on 5 July 2011. "Rue du Prince Albert, 33 - 1050 Ixelles" - ^ "Contact Us." Aiplex Software. Retrieved on 18 September 2012. av du Derby, 1050 Brussels, Belgium." [edit] External links - Official site of Elsene / Ixelles municipality (only in French or Dutch) - museum of Ixelles ( french,dutch,english)