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Йерусалимски храм Йерусалимският храм, според Библията, бил построен с цел в него да бъде поставен Ковчегът на завета и бил най-важната и свята сграда според юдаизма. Храмът бил разрушаван и построяван наново няколко пъти. [редактиране] Етимология На иврит Йерусалимския храм се нарича Бейт ха-Микдаш, буквално превеждащо се като "Свещен дом", но в Библията той бива наричан също Бейт Адонай ("Господен Дом") или само Бейти ("Дома"). Според легендата Храмът бил построен съгласно волята на цар Давид, който бил получил заръка от самия Господ. Въпреки желанието на Давид да види готовия Храм, той бил построен от наследилия го негов син Соломон. [редактиране] Хронология на храмовете според Библията - Соломоновият храм или Първият храм - бил построен според Библията от цар Соломон (през 10 век пр.Хр). Бил изцяло разрушен от Навуходоносор II през 586 г.пр.Хр. - Вторият храм - строителството му започнало през 536 г.пр.Хр, след завръщането на евреите от вавилонския плен. Храмът бил завършен на 15 март 515 г.пр.Хр. По-късно, през 164 г.пр.Хр, бил реставриран от Иуда Макавей - Храмът на Ирод - представлява значимо преустройство и разширяване на Втория храм, придружено с преустройство и на Храмовия хълм. Бил започнат от Ирод Велики към края на 19 г. пр.Хр. и изцяло завършен през 64 г.сл.Хр. Храмът бил разрушен през 70 г.сл.Хр. от император Тит. От постройката на Храма до нас е достигнала само западата подпорна стена, наричана още Стена на плача. [редактиране] В монотеистските религии Йерусалимският храм и мястото, където той се издигал, е от голямо значение за трите монотеистсичнии религии - юдаизъм, християнство и ислям. [редактиране] Юдаизъм С разрушаването на Втория храм, в юдаизма престанала и практиката на жертвоприношенията, които се извършвали единствено в храма. По този начин се обезсмислила и ролята на свещенослужителите, които извършвали дейността си в храма. Разрушаването на храма е важен момент от юдейската традиция - от този момент юдаизмът приема практиката на открития култ, съсредоточен върху Книгата (култа в синагогата), а не върху жертвоприношението. Западната стена, наричана още Стена на плача - обект на поклонничество и място, където много хора се събират да се молят, се превръща след 1967 г. в просторна синагога на открито. Повечето религиозни евреи не отиват на самия Храмов хълм - мястото на Храма, за да не стъпват там, където се е намирало най-свещеното място Светая Светих. Има групи в юдейските среди, които обмислят възможността за реконструкция на Храма - издигането на Третия храм. [редактиране] Християнство Храмът е споменат на няколко пъти в Новия завет. Самият Исус го е посетил няколко пъти през живота си. Апостолите на Исус продължили да посещават Храма и след неговото възкресение. След обсадата и превземането на Йерусалим и разрушаването на Храма от император Тит, на мястото на някогашния еврейски град Йерусалим, римляните подигат римски град - Елия Капитолина, а на Храмовия хълм е издигнат Храм на Юпитер. След като Йерусалим става християнски град, мястото на Храма, превърнало се в развалини по време на персийско-византийските войни и превземането на града от персите по времето на Ираклий, било оставено непокътнато, но в непосредствена близост до него била построена църква в памет на Исус, който посетил Храма. Тази църква била по-късно разрушена от мюсюлманите, а на нейно място била построена джамията Ал Акса. [редактиране] Ислям Джамията Ал Акса е едно от най-святите места за мюсюлманите. Тя е на трето място по значимост в ислямския свят след двете свещенни джамии в Мека и Медина . Джамията Ал Акса, със значение на български "Отдалеченета джамия" е една от основните забележителности на Йерусалим. Често се бърка с Купола на Скалата (на иврит: כיפת הסלע на арабски: مسجد قبة الصخرة) , който представлява светилище (не джамия), разположено на Храмовия хълм в стария град на Йерусалим, близо до джамията Ал-Акса. [редактиране] Вижте също [редактиране] Външни препратки
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Jerusalem Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities in the world that people have lived in continuously. It is important to many major religions. Jews consider Jerusalem a holy city because it was their religious and political center during Biblical times and the place where the Temple of God stood. Christians consider Jerusalem holy because many events in the life of Jesus Christ took place there. Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad rose to heaven from there. Jerusalem is the city with the most people in Israel [1] and its capital by Israeli law. The President of Israel's house, government offices, the Supreme Court and the Knesset (parliament) are in Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority wants east Jerusalem as the capital of a future state of Palestine. The United Nations and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital. They say that it depends on negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries have their embassies in Tel Aviv or towns just outside of Jerusalem, such as Mevaseret Zion. Jerusalem is about 40 miles (64 kilometers) east of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a hilly city with many valleys around it. [change] History Jerusalem is a very old city. It has great importance for three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Bible says King David, the second king of the Israel, took this city from pagans and settled his palace there. King Solomon, David's son and the next king, built the Temple in Jerusalem. Later, as capital of Judah, Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylon. The Palace of King David and the Temple of Solomon were burned and the Jews were captured and taken to Babylon. Seventy years later, the Persian King Cyrus allowed them to return to Jerusalem and to rebuild the Temple. Later the area was occupied by Romans. King Herod the Great, who ruled for the Roman Emperor, made the Temple larger to try and win Jewish favor. The Temple was famous for its greatness and beauty. Jesus Christ died in Jerusalem around AD 33. In AD 70, the Jews rebelled against the Romans, but the Romans destroyed the city and the Temple. Jewish people who lived in Jerusalem were caught and became slaves. The Romans renamed Jerusalem with a Latin name. Since then, the Temple has not been rebuilt, and only a part of its wall remains until today. After the Roman Empire was split into two, the Byzantine Empire ruled Jerusalem. Later, Muslims took over the city from them. The Muslims believed Muhammad went to heaven from Jerusalem. Later, the Pope in Rome sent the Crusaders from Western Europe to try and take it back. They succeeded for a while, but eventually the city fell again to the Saracens. Until the 20th century, Jerusalem was a part of the Ottoman Empire. There were some Jews in Jerusalem all along, even though they were ruled by other people. The "New City" of Jerusalem is the part outside the old stone walls. People started building the new city in the 1800s. Mishkenot Sha'annanim, Mea Shearim, and the Bukharan Quarter are some of the first neighborhoods in the new city. In 1949, at the end of the first Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan. Israel controlled the western part of the city. Jordan controlled the eastern section, including the Old City, a walled section of Jerusalem dating from Biblical times. Israel took control of the entire city during the Six Day War in 1967. Jerusalem today is claimed by both the Palestinians and the Israelis as their capital. The United Nations do not agree to Israel saying that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel, according to international law. [change] Holy places Jerusalem has a central place in the worship, doctrine, and daily practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The city's large number of synagogues, churches, mosques, and other religious institutions reflects the significance of the city for all three faiths. Each religious community supervises its own holy sites. [change] Jewish According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is where God told the patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac, to Him. The Jews built the Temple, the center of Jewish worship in ancient times, at the site of Abraham's sacrifice on the Temple Mount in the Old City. Two buildings, one after the other, the First Temple and the Second Temple, stood at the site. The First Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant, a sacred box holding the tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments. The Western Wall is a part of the Second Temple and Judaism's most sacred shrine. It is a stone wall that streghthened the western side of the Temple Mount in ancient times. The wall is sometimes called the Wailing Wall because of the sad prayers Jewish people said there to mourn the destroyed Temple. Other sites in the city that are sacred to the Jews include King David's tomb on Mount Zion, and the Jewish Cemetery and the Tombs of the Prophets on the Mount of Olives, a hill just east of the Old City. Many sites associated with Biblical figures are sacred to Christians, too. [change] Christian Many monasteries, convents, shrines, and religious seminaries in Jerusalem mark events in the life of Jesus Christ and in the formation of the Christian Church. Jesus taught in Jerusalem and performed numerous miracles there. The Last Supper supposedly took place in a room known as the Cenacle (also called Coenaculum) on Mount Zion. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the Old City is said to be the place of Jesus's Crucifixion (called Calvary or Golgotha), as well as His burial and Resurrection. Several Christian sects own the church, which was originally built by Constantine the Great, then rebuilt and dedicated by the Crusaders in 1149 C.E. The building stands at the end of the Via Dolorosa (Way of Sorrows), believed to be the path over which Jesus carried His cross to Calvary. Jesus was last seen by His followers on the Mount of Olives before He went up to heaven. All of these sites attract many religious pilgrims each year. [change] Islamic Jerusalem is Islam's third holiest city, after Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. According to Muslim tradition, the Prophet Muhammad originally selected Jerusalem as the qibla, the direction Muslims should face during prayer. However, he later told his followers to face Mecca instead of Jerusalem when praying. Muhammad is said to have gone up to heaven from a stone now covered by a golden-domed shrine called the Dome of the Rock. The Dome of the Rock and an ancient mosque called Al Aqsa Mosque are among the holiest sites in Islam. They are the main buildings on the Temple Mount, which Muslims call Haram al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary). [change] Architecture Jerusalem's architecture is a mixture of old and new. The Old City contains architectural examples from each major period in the city's history. Many ancient historical sites and places of worship stand near modern shopping centers and industrial zones. Architecture from the late 1800s and early 1900s shows European influences. Usefulness rather than style characterizes new apartment buildings constructed by the government as housing for immigrants. Many buildings, old and new, have matching exteriors because all construction is required to be faced with a cream-colored limestone called Jerusalem stone, produced by nearby quarries. [change] References - ↑ "Press Release: Jerusalem Day" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf. - ↑ "Israel". CIA Factbook. date. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html. Retrieved 5 November 2012. - ↑ "Israel". United Nations. date. [change] Other websites - Media related to Jerusalem at Wikimedia Commons