http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Ern_C5_91_Ger_C5_91_3.xml
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Имре Над Имре Над (в по-старата литература Имре Наги, на унгарски: Nagy Imre, произнася се Надь Имре) е унгарски политически деец. Биография[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Роден е в Капошвар, Унгария на 7 юни 1896 г. в селско семейство. Чирак е при шлосер, преди да бъде мобилизиран в австро-унгарската армия по време на Първата световна война. Служи на Източния фронт. През 1915 г. е пленен от руснаците. Става член на Руската комунистическа партия и се включва в Червената армия. Член е на отряда, който през юли 1918 г. охранява в Екатеринбург бившия цар Николай II и семейството му. След Първата световна война Над се връща в Унгария и взема участие в правителството на Унгарската съветска република, ръководено фактически от Бела Кун. През 1929 г. отива в Съветския съюз, където се включва в селскостопански изследвания и започва работа в Унгарската секция на Коминтерна. По времето, когато Над пребивава в Съветския съюз, много комунисти, които не са родом от СССР, са арестувани и екзекутирани от съветската власт. Бела Кун също изчезва в средата на 1930-те год. Това поражда паника у много унгарски комунисти и те емигрират. По това време Над става агент на съветските тайни служби. Спира да им служи в края на 1940-те год. След войната Над се връща в Унгария. Като експерт по проблемите на селското стопанство той взема участие в комунистическото правителство като министър на земеделието. За 2 год. министър-председател, през които прокарва своя "нов курс". Съпартийците му не одобряват либералните тенденции, които внася. Наги е принуден да отстъпи и е изключен от комунистическата партия, в която първи секретар е Матяш Ракоши. Над става министър-председател отново по време на антисъветската революция през 1956 г. На 31 октомври той обявява, че Унгария се оттегля от Варшавския договор и на 1 ноември се обръща към Обединените нации и по-точно към САЩ и Великобритания да признаят Унгария за независима. След потушаването на бунта от съветските войски Над се скрива в Югославското посолство. Арестуван е на 22 ноември и е прехвърлен в Румъния. Върнат е в Будапеща и след таен процес е обесен на 16 юни 1958 г. Погребан е със съмишлениците му извън Будапеща. Достъпът до гробовете е забранен до 1989 г. Литература[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Heresch, Elisabeth: "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992. - Гранвилл, Джоанна (Johanna Granville), Първа Домино: международен вземане на решения по време на унгарската криза на 1956 The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956, Texas A & M University Press, 2004. - Гранвилл, Джоанна (Johanna Granville) Имре Над по друг начин, известен като шпионин 'Володя'"Cold War International History Project Bulletin", no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 28, and 34-37.
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Ernő Gerő Ernő Gerő [ˈɛrnøː ˈɡɛrøː] (born Ernő Singer; 8 July 1898 – 12 March 1980) was a Hungarian Communist Party leader in the period after World War II and briefly in 1956 the most powerful man in Hungary as first secretary of its ruling communist party. Early career[edit] Gerő was born in Terbegec, Hungary (now Trebušovce, Slovakia) to Jewish parents, though he later totally repudiated religion. An early Hungarian communist, Gerő fled Hungary for the Soviet Union after Béla Kun's brief communist government was overthrown in August 1919. During his two decades living in the USSR, Gerő was an active KGB agent. Through that association, Gerő was involved in Comintern—the international organization of communists—in France, and also fought in the Spanish Civil War. He directed the campaign against Trotskyist groups in the International Brigades and earned the epithet of "Butcher of Barcelona".[1] The outbreak of the Second World War found him in Moscow again, and he remained for the duration of the war. After the dissolution of the Communist International in 1943, he was in charge of propaganda directed at enemy forces and prisoners of war. Gerő was among the very first communist functionaries to return to Hungary in early November 1944.[1] Ernő Gerő was a member of Hungary's High National Council (provisional government) between 26 January, and 11 May 1945. In the November 1945 election, Hungary, the Hungarian Communist Party, under Gerő and Mátyás Rákosi got 17% of the vote, compared to 57% for the Smallholders' Party, but the Soviet commander in Hungary, Marshal Kliment Voroshilov installed a coalition government with communists in key posts. The communists staged a sham election and took full control in 1949, with Rákosi as party leader, prime minister (and effective head of state). Gerő and Mihály Farkas were Rákosi's right-hand men. Rákosi's authority was shaken in 1953 by the death of Stalin, when the Soviet Union insisted on Imre Nagy taking over as prime minister, but Gerő was retained as a counterweight to the reformers. Rákosi, having managed to regain control, was then undermined by Nikita Khrushchev's secret speech in early 1956 denouncing Stalinism, and forced to leave office on 18 July 1956 by Anastas Mikoyan, although he was able to designate Gerő to succeed him as party leader. Gerő interregnum[edit] After Rákosi stepped down, Gerő was instated as party leader in his stead. Gerő had been Rákosi's close associate since 1948, and was fully implicated in the purges, the industrialization and collectivization of Hungary. Gerő led the country for a brief period, known as the 'Gerő Interregnum', from 18 July 1956 to 24 October 1956, just over three months. Later life and death[edit] The Soviet envoys finally forced Gerő to resign on 25 October 1956, during the second day of the Hungarian Uprising, after he gave an unduly harsh speech that enraged the people. The central committee met and agreed that János Kádár should be made party leader and Imre Nagy be made prime minister, marking the end of the Gerő interregnum. Gerő fled to the Soviet Union, but after the revolution was crushed, the more moderate Communist regime of Kádár initially refused to let him return to Hungary. He was finally allowed to return from exile in 1960, but was promptly expelled from the Communist Party. He worked as an occasional translator in Budapest during his retirement. His character plays a central role in Vilmos Kondor's 2012 novel Budapest Noir and the whole series. He died in Budapest in 1980 at the age of 81. References[edit] - ^ a b Eric Roman, Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. Infobase Publishing, 2003, p. 478. Bibliography[edit] - Almendros, Joaquín: Situaciones españolas: 1936–1939. El PSUC en la guerra civil. Dopesa, Barcelona, 1976. - Chacón, R.L.: Por qué hice las checas de Barcelona. Laurencic ante el consejo de guerra. Editorial Solidaridad nacional, Barcelona, 1939. - The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 Texas A & M University Press, 2004, p. 33. - Johanna Granville, "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October – 4 November 1956", Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22–23, 29–34. - Thomas, Hugh (1976). Historia de la Guerra Civil Española. Círculo de Lectores (in Spanish) (Barcelona). - 1898 births - 1980 deaths - People from Veľký Krtíš District - Hungarian Jews - Hungarian Communist Party politicians - Members of the Hungarian Working People's Party - Members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party - Hungarian Interior Ministers - Finance ministers of Hungary - Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–47) - Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1947–49) - Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1949–53) - Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1953–58) - Jewish atheists - Hungarian atheists - Hungarian people of the Spanish Civil War - Hungarian People's Republic - Hungarian expatriates in the Soviet Union - People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956