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Йохан Щраус (баща) Йохан Баптист Щраус (баща) (на немски: Johann Baptist Strauß) е австрийски композитор, цигулар и диригент. [редактиране] Биография Щраус е син на собственик на скромна ферма. Майка му умира през 1811, а през 1816 баща му се самоубива (предполага се, че е заради неизплатени дългове) удавяйки се в Дунав. През 1817 по желание на неговия настойник започва работа във фабрика за подвръзване на книги, прекратява работата си там през 1822. В същото време взима уроци по цигулка и по теория на музиката от Игнац фон Зайфрид. Свири в различни оркестри, след което се присъединява към трио (което впоследствие става квартет), основано от цигуларя Йосеф Ланнер, свирейки на цигулка. Заради успеха, който жъне, групата нараства по броя на членовете и се превръща в истински оркесър. Щраус мечтае да се отдели от оркестъра и да основе собствена група, но през 1825 Анна Стреим, неговата годеница, му съобщава, че е бременна. Двамата се женят през юли и на 25 октомври 1825 се ражда Йохан. Неговите първи творби като композитор са от 1826, а през 1827 (когато се ражда вторият му син Йосеф) основава собствен оркестър. Започва много напрегната работа като творец и директор на оркестъра. През 1832 организира турне в Англия. На връщане Щраус е в състояние да си позволи цял етаж в колоритна къща на Леополдщад (Хиршинхаус), където се отделя в собствен апартамент, различен от този на семейството му. През ноември 1834 тръгва на ново турне. С 30 музиканти се запътва първо към Берлин, където изнася серия от сполучливи концерти, последният от които пред краля на Прусия и царя на Русия. Други концерти изнася в Липсия, Дрезда и Прага. Когато се връща във Виена има семейни проблеми: през май 1835, след раждането на шестото му дете, Ева Трамбуш, която е 21- годишна, ражда момиче, което Щраус признава. Проблемите в семейството му нарастват, защото връзката му с Ева (от която има още шест деца) продължава и след 1846, когато оставя жена си. Изнася много други турнета в следващите години. През октомври 1837 започва своето най-ангажиращо турне. Първо отива в Париж, където сред публиката има различни композитори: Адам, Обер, Берлиоз, Керубини, Майербер и Паганини. Турнето продължава в Белгия, Холандия и Англия (където свири на коронацията на кралица Виктория), след което отново във Франция и Англия, където ангажиментите са много и на връщане получава инфаркт. Когато се връща във Виена не се съвзема веднага и за няколко години намалява своята дейност там. През 1843 открива, че синът му Йохан взима тайно уроци по цигулка и има намерение да се посвети на музикалната кариера. Бащата се опитва да спре сина си, който е подкрепен от майка си Ана Щрайм. Същата година Йохан и Анна се развеждат, а през 1845 Йохан-син дебютира във Виена. За разногласията между баща и син се е писало много, въпреки че изглежда позицията на Йохан-баща не е продиктувана от ревност, а по-скоро от притеснение за сина си. Дейността на сина не проваля известността на бащата. Докато синът през 1848 изнася концерти за революционни групи, бащата остава верен на империята. По време на последното турне в Германия, неговата позиция е сурово критикувана от студенти и през 1849 среща в Лондон Метерних, който е заточен там. Два месеца след завръщането му, умира от скарлатина. [редактиране] Произведения [редактиране] Валсове - Täuberln-Walzer op. 1 Little Doves (1827) - Wiener Carneval op. 3 (1828) - Kettenbrücke-Walzer op. 4 Suspension Bridge (1828) - Tivoli-Rutsch Walzer op. 39 Tivoli-Slide (1830) - Das Leben ein Tanz oder Der Tanz ein Leben! Walzer op. 49 Life is a Dance - Elisabethen-Walzer op. 71 - Philomelen-Walzer op. 82 - Paris-Walzer op. 101 (1838) - Wiener Gemüths-Walzer op. 116 Viennese Sentiments (1840) - Lorelei Rhein Klänge op. 154 Echoes of the Rhine Loreley (1843) [редактиране] Полка - Seufzer-Galopp op. 9 Sighing - Chineser-Galopp op. 20 Chinese - Einzugs-galopp op. 35 Entrance Galopp - Sperl-Galopp op. 42 - Fortuna-Galopp op. 69 - Jugendfeuer-Galopp op. 90 Young Spirit - Cachucha-Galopp op. 97 - Indianer-Galopp op. 111 - Sperl-Polka op. 133 - Beliebte Annen-Polka op. 137 Beloved Anna - Piefke und Pufke Polka op. 235 [редактиране] Маршове - Маршът Радецки op. 228 (1848) - Jellečić-Marsch op. 244
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Johann Strauss I Johann Strauss I (March 14, 1804 – September 25, 1849; German: Johann Baptist Strauß, Johann Strauss (Vater); also Johann Baptist Strauss, Johann Strauss, Sr., the Elder, the Father), born in Vienna, was an Austrian Romantic composer famous for his waltzes, and for popularizing them alongside Joseph Lanner, thereby setting the foundations for his sons to carry on his musical dynasty. His most famous piece is probably the Radetzky March (named after Joseph Radetzky von Radetz), while his most famous waltz is probably the Lorelei Rheinklänge, Op. 154. [edit] Life and work Johann Strauss was the father of Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss, the last of whom had a son called Johann Strauss III, born in 1866. He also had two daughters, Anna, who was born in 1829, and Therese, who was born in 1831. His youngest son, Ferdinand, born in 1834, lived only ten months. Strauss's parents, Franz Borgias Strauss (October 10, 1764 – April 5, 1816) and Barbara Dollmann (December 3, 1770 – August 28, 1811), were innkeepers (Zum heiligen Florian). Strauss had a Jewish grandfather, Johann Michael Strauss (1720–1800), who converted to Catholicism.[1] Tragedy struck his family as his mother died of 'creeping fever' when he was seven. When he was 12, his father Franz Borgias Strauss was discovered drowned, possibly by suicide, in the Danube river. His guardian, the tailor Anton Müller, placed him as an apprentice to a bookbinder Johann Lichtscheidl; Strauss took lessons in the violin and viola in addition to fulfilling his apprenticeship.[2][3][4] Contrary to a story later told by his son, Johann jun., he never ran away from his bookbinder apprenticeship and in fact successfully completed it in 1822. He also studied music with Johann Polischansky during his apprenticeship and eventually managed to secure a place in a local orchestra of Michael Pamer which he eventually left in order to join a popular string quartet known as the Lanner Quartet formed by his would-be rival Joseph Lanner and the Drahanek brothers, Karl and Johann. This string quartet playing Viennese waltzes and rustic German dances expanded into a small string orchestra in 1824. He eventually became deputy conductor of the orchestra to assist Lanner in commissions after it became so popular during the Fasching of 1824 and Strauss was soon placed in command of a second smaller orchestra which was formed as a result of the success of the parent orchestra. In 1825, he decided to form his own band and began to write music (chiefly, dance music) for it to play after he realized that he could also possibly emulate the success of Lanner in addition to putting an end to his financial struggles. By so doing, he would have made Lanner a serious rival although the rivalry did not entail hostile consequences as the musical competition was very productive for the development of the waltz as well as other dance music in Vienna. He soon became one of the best-known and well loved dance composers in Vienna, and he toured with his band to Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Britain. The conducting reins and management of this 'Strauss Orchestra' would eventually be passed over to the hands of his sons variously until its disbandment by Eduard Strauss in 1901. On a trip to France in 1837 he heard the quadrille and began to compose them himself, becoming largely responsible for introducing that dance to Austria in the 1840 Fasching, where it became very popular. It was this very trip (in 1837) which has proved Strauss' popularity with audiences from different social backgrounds and this paved the way to forming an ambitious plan to perform his music in England for the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838. Strauss also adapted various popular melodies of his day into his works so as to ensure a wider audience, as evidenced in the incorporation of the Oberon overture into his early waltz, "Wiener Carneval", Op. 3, and also the French national anthem "La Marseillaise" into his "Paris-Walzer", Op. 101. Strauss married Maria Anna Streim in 1825 in the parish church of Liechtenthal in Vienna. The marriage was relatively unhappy due to his prolonged absences caused by frequent tours abroad which led to a gradual alienation. The family home was called 'Hirschenhaus' but was better known in Vienna as the 'Goldener Hirsch' (The Golden Stag). Strauss was a strict disciplinarian and demanded that none of his sons pursue careers in music, despite them displaying musical talent. Johann Junior was to study banking, likewise his brother Josef Strauss was destined for a military career, whereas the youngest Eduard Strauss was expected to join the Austrian consulate. By 1834 Strauss had taken a mistress, Emilie Trampusch, with whom he had six children. When her husband openly acknowledged his paternity of a daughter born to Emilie in 1844, Maria Anna sued for divorce. With the ending of the marriage Anna Strauss determined to further Johann Strauss II's musical career, allowing him to develop his skills as a composer. Despite family problems, Strauss senior continued to tour frequently and was always prepared to write novelty pieces for numerous charitable organizations. His waltzes were gradually developed from a rustic peasant dance into one which posterity would recognize as the Viennese Waltz. They were written in three-quarter time with a short introduction; often with little or no reference to the later chain of five two-part waltz structure; usually appended with a short coda and concluded in a stirring finish, although his son Johann Strauss II expanded the waltz structure and utilized more instruments than his father. While he did not possess a musical talent as rich as his eldest son's, nor a business mind as astute, he was among the handful of early waltz composers along with Joseph Lanner to actively write pieces with individual titles — with the view to boost sales of their sheet music — which enabled music enthusiasts to easily recognize those pieces. In fact, during his performances at the Sperl-Ballroom in Vienna, where he established his name, he actively pursued the concept of collecting a fixed entrance fee from the patrons of the ballroom instead of the old practice of passing around a collection plate where income was reliant on the goodwill of the patrons. Johann Strauss II often played his father's works and openly declared his admiration of them, although it was no secret to the Viennese that their rivalry was intense, with the press at that time fueling it. Johann Strauss I himself refused to play ever again at the Dommayer's Casino, which offered his son his conducting debut, and was to tower over his son during his lifetime in terms of career advancement, although Strauss II was to eclipse him in terms of popularity in the classical repertoire. In 1846, Johann Strauss I was awarded the honorary title of K.K. Hofballmusikdirektor (Director of Music for the Imperial and Royal Court Balls) by Emperor Ferdinand I. Strauss died in Vienna in 1849 from scarlet fever contracted from one of his illegitimate children.[5] He was buried at the Döblinger cemetery beside his friend Joseph Lanner. In 1904, both of their remains were transferred to the graves of honour at the Zentralfriedhof. The former Döbling Cemetery is now a Strauss-Lanner Park. Hector Berlioz himself paid tribute to the 'Father of the Viennese Waltz' by commenting that 'Vienna without Strauss is like Austria without the Danube'. [edit] Works [edit] Waltzes - Täuberln-Walzer, Op. 1 Little Doves (1827) - Döblinger Réunion-Walzer, Op. 2 Dobling Reunion Waltz - Wiener Carneval, Op. 3 Viennese Carnival (1828) - Kettenbrücke-Walzer, Op. 4 Suspension Bridge (1828) - Gesellschafts-Walzer, Op. 5 Association’s Waltz - Wiener Launen-Walzer, Op. 6 Vienna Fancies Waltz - Tivoli-Rutsch Walzer, Op. 39 Tivoli-Slide (1830) - Das Leben ein Tanz oder Der Tanz ein Leben! Walzer, Op. 49 Life is a Dance - Elisabethen-Walzer, Op. 71 - Philomelen-Walzer, Op. 82 - Paris-Walzer, Op. 101 (1838) - Huldigung der Königin Victoria von Grossbritannien, Op. 103 Homage to Queen Victoria of Great Britain - Wiener Gemüths-Walzer, Op. 116 Viennese Sentiments (1840) - Lorelei Rhein Klänge, Op. 154 Echoes of the Rhine Loreley (1843) [edit] Polkas - Seufzer-Galopp, Op. 9 Sighing - Chineser-Galopp, Op. 20 Chinese - Einzugs-galopp, Op. 35 Entrance Galopp - Sperl-Galopp, Op. 42 - Fortuna-Galopp, Op. 69 - Jugendfeuer-Galopp, Op. 90 Young Spirit - Cachucha-Galopp, Op. 97 - Indianer-Galopp, Op. 111 Red Indian Galopp - Sperl-Polka, Op. 133 - Beliebte Annen-Polka, Op. 137 Beloved Anna - Piefke und Pufke Polka, Op. 235 [edit] Marches - Radetzky-Marsch, Op. 228 (1848) - Jelačić-Marsch, Op. 244 [edit] See also [edit] References - ^ The Wedding of Johann Michael Strauss in 1762, Vienna Institute for Strauss Research - ^ "Johann Strauss Society: Johann Strauss I". Johann Strauss Society. http://www.johann-strauss.org.uk/composers/index.php3?content=johann1. Retrieved 19 October 2008. - ^ Martin Bjelik: "Biographien von Johann Strauß Vater und Sohn", Wiener Institut für Strauss-Forschung (German) - ^ Norbert Rubey: Johann Strauss (Vater) — "ein Musiker von Gottes Gnaden"?, University of Vienna (German) - ^ "Johann Strauss I on Grove Music Online". Grove Music Online. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/52380pg1?q=johann+strauss+i&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit. Retrieved 5 October 2008. [edit] External links - Norbert Rubey, “Johann Strauss, Sr. — ‘A Musician by the Grace of God’?,” tr. Jeroen H.C. Tempelman, Vienna Music, no. 100 (Spring 2011), pp. 16–19 - Michael Lorenz: "Familie Trampusch – geliebt und totgeschwiegen". In: Jahrbuch des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Wien, vol. 62/63, (2006/2007), Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien, Vienna 2011, pp. 135–49. Article online - Johann Strauss Sr. — Biography - Complete list of Johann Strauss' Works - Free scores by Johann Strauss I at the International Music Score Library Project - Free scores by Johann Strauss I in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)