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Инцидент от 12 април Шанхайското клане от 12 април 1927 г., наричано още и Инцидентът от 12 април, е насилствено потушаване на организациите на Комунистическата партия в Шанхай от военни части на Чан Кайшъ и консервативни фракциии на Гоминдан (Китайска националистическа партия, или КМТ). След инцидента, консервативни елементи на КМТ извършват пълно прочистване на комунистите във всички райони под техен контрол, а също се извършват и жестоки репресии в градове като Гуанджоу и Чангша.[1] Чистката води до открит разрив между лявото и дясното крило на КМТ, а Чан Кайшъ се утвърждава като лидер на дясното крило в Нанджинг в опозиция на левичаството правителство на КМТ, водено от Ванг Джингвей в Вухан. До 15 юли 1927 режимът във Вухан също прочиства комунистите от редиците си, слагайки по този начин край на четиригодишната близост между КМТ и Съветска Русия и тяхното сътрудничество с Китайската комунистическа партия. В периода до края на 1927 г., комунистите организират няколко бунта в опит да си върнат властта, давайки началото на Китайската гражданска война. След провала на Въстанието от Гуанджоу (11–13 декември 1927), упадъкът на Китайската комунистическа партия е пълен; необходими са им две десетилетия преди да са в състояние на организират следваща голяма градска офанзива.[2] Инцидентът е ключов момент в сложната поредица от събития, които подготвят почвата за първите десет години на правителството на националистите. В зависимост от политическите възгледи на пишещите, инцидентът се нарича също и "Чистката от 12 април" (四·一二清黨), "Шанхайското клане",[3] "Контрапревратът от 12 април" (四·一二反革命政變), или "Трагедията от 12 април" (四·一二慘案). Предистория на инцидента: Съглашение със СССР и Северната екпедиция[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Корените на инцидента от 12 април водят своето начало от съюза на Гоминдан със Съветския съюз, формално иницииран от основателя на КМТ Сун Ятсен след дискусии със съветския дипломат Адолф Жофе през януари 1923. Този съюз включва както финансова, така и военна помощ, а също така и малка, но важна група от съветски политически и военни съветници, водена от Михаил Бородин.[4] Условията на Съветския съюз за съюз и помощ включват коопериране с малката Китайска комунистическа партия. Сун се съгласява да разреши комунистите да се присъединят към КМТ като индивидуални членове, но изключва възможността за алианс с тях или тяхното участие като организиран блок; в допълнение, веднъж приети в КМТ, той настоява комунистите да поддържат партийната идеология на КМТ и да спазват партийната дисциплина. След тяхното приемане, дейностите на комунистите вътре в КМТ, често прикрити, скоро създават опозиция на тази политика измежду видните членове на Гоминдан.[5] Вътрешните конфликти между лидерите на лявото и дясното крило на КМТ по отношение на проблема с ККП продължават чак до началото на Северната експедиция.
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First United Front The First United Front (a.k.a. the KMT–CPC Alliance) of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) was formed in 1923 as an alliance to end warlordism in China. Together, they formed the National Revolutionary Army and set out in 1926 on the Northern Expedition. The CPC joined the KMT as individuals, making use of KMT's superiority in numbers to help spread communism. The KMT, on the other hand, wanted to control the communists from within. Both parties had their own aims and the Front was unsustainable. In 1927, Nationalist Field Marshal (Generalissimo) Chiang Kai-shek purged the Communists from the Front while the Northern Expedition was still half-complete. This initiated a civil war between the two parties which lasted until the Second United Front was formed in 1936 to prepare for the coming Second Sino-Japanese War. Contents The resurrection of Kuomintang[edit] During the time of warlords Sun Yat-sen kept the idea of a united Chinese republic alive. Sun's goal was to establish a rival government in Guangzhou, southern China, and go from there to fight against the warlords in the North and their Beiyang government. Upon his return from exile in 1917, Sun revived his banned nationalist party, the Kuomintang, but this time he gave it the new name, the Kuomintang of China. His plan was that after defeating the warlords the party would guide China until the country would be ready to move to democracy. The rival government led by Sun, however, was at a disadvantage against the warlords from a military point of view. Despite his requests for aid from the West, the badly needed financial and arm support never arrived in the country. In the 1920s the Kuomintang eventually received helped from a surprising source: the Russian Bolsheviks. Material aid from Russia was good enough for Sun, who had previously shown flexibility when the question was about the promotion of the republic. He had neither sympathy towards Marxism, nor did he see communism as a solution to China's problems. In Sun's view China was not of the rich and the poor, rather, it was the country of the poor and the poorer. The guidelines of the Kuomintang were based on Sun's “three principles of the people”: nationalism, democracy and the people's livelihood (socialism). The Kuomintang gradually became a powerful and disciplined party under Russian guidance. The decisive factor was the Bolshevik assistance to the Kuomintang in the formation of its own army, the National Revolutionary Army. In order to train the army the Whampoa Military Academy was established near Guangzhou. As its director, Sun appointed his loyal supporter, Chiang Kai-shek, who received his military and political education in Moscow. Financially the Whampoa Military Academy operated with the support of the Soviet Union. The quality of education was guaranteed by regularly visiting Russian officers. Many of the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the Chinese communist party graduated from the academy. Also, the chief commander of the People's Liberation Army, Lin Biao graduated from Whampoa. Zhou Enlai, who later became prime minister had worked for the academy as well. Together against the warlords and imperialists[edit] The Soviet Union had its own interests in supporting the Kuomintang. The Bolsheviks, in exchange for the help, demanded the Kuomintang to form an alliance with the Chinese communists. Moscow was not convinced that the communist party alone would be able to complete the revolution in the country, which was thought to be ready for communism right after the bourgeoisie felled the old Chinese dynastic system. China's newly founded communist party had only a few hundred members at the beginning of the 1920s, whereas the Kuomintang had over fifty thousand. The idea was, that the communists would gain broader support by joining the common front with the nationalists, after which they would eventually take over from the Kuomintang. At the request of the Russians, the Chinese communists – among them Mao Zedong – became the members of the Kuomintang, and thus the first coalition of the two parties was born. With the help of the Soviet Union the Kuomintang did succeed in gaining more support and with renewed vehemence it continued to vigorously pursue its goal, the foundation of the republic. Securing its strong hold on Southern China, the Kuomintang was ready to unite the country by launching a military campaign against the North. The coalition with the communists, however, was a forced union, held together only by their common enemies - the warlords and imperialism. After the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925 the cooperation began to weaken, and the right wing of the Kuomintang soon put an end to the brotherhood with the Soviet Union and the Chinese communists. Fall[edit] The First United Front was formed so the KMT and the CCP could join together to help China. The initial aim was to help defeat the warlord threat (through the northern expedition, 1926–28), but both parties actually had ulterior motives with this alliance. The CCP formed it mainly so they could spread Communism through the KMT's numbers, whilst Chiang's aim for this formation was to help control the Communist party from the inside. Having said that, Chiang was also the main reason the relationship fell apart due to his desire to control the Communist party, ultimately leading to the disintegration of the United Front. All of this was further by Chiang's decision to kill a large amount of Communist forces in mid-1927, which is aptly called the Shanghai massacre. The Shanghai massacre was considered a purge initiated by Chiang, which was also halfway through the Northern Expedition. Chiang wanted to control all of China, controlling the Communist party would make this a lot easier for him. Also, note that this United Front was first formed when Sun Yat-sen was still alive, in 1923 (died March 1925). Sun mainly agreed to this so he could receive aid from the Soviet Union. But Chiang ultimately ruined this by purging the communists, which resulted in a civil war that ended when they formed the Second United Front to combat the Japanese.