http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court.xml
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Източно крайбрежие на САЩ Източното крайбрежие на САЩ наричано понякога и Източният бряг (на английски: East Coast) или Атлантическото крайбрежие на САЩ е географско и културно понятие за крайбрежните щати разположени на източния бряг на САЩ на Атлантическия океан. Често "Източното крайбрежие" е и термин, който се използва за регионите Нова Англия и Среден Атлантик по специфично. Щати[редактиране | edit source] Географското понятие "Източно крайбрежие на САЩ" се състои от следните щати (списък на щатите с излаз на Атлантическия океан): - Вирджиния - Делауеър - Джорджия - Кънектикът - Масачузетс - Мейн - Мериленд - Ню Джърси - Ню Йорк - Ню Хампшър - Род Айлънд - Северна Каролина - Флорида - Южна Каролина Като културно понятие към Източното крайбрежие се включват понякога и следните щати: Вижте също[редактиране | edit source] - Региони в САЩ - География на Вирджиния - География на Делауеър - География на Джорджия - География на Кънектикът - География на Масачузетс - География на Мейн - География на Мериленд - География на Ню Джърси - География на Ню Йорк (щат) - География на Ню Хампшир - География на Род Айлънд - География на Северна Каролина - География на Флорида - География на Южна Каролина
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Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The SJC has the distinction of being the oldest continuously functioning appellate court in the Americas,[1] with a recognized history dating to the establishment of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature in 1692 under the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.[2] Although it was historically composed of four associate justices and one chief justice, the court is currently composed of six associate justices and one chief justice. Contents - 1 History - 2 Location - 3 Landmark cases - 4 Composition - 5 Citation - 6 Notes - 7 References - 8 External links History[edit] The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court traces its history back to the high court of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay, which was chartered in 1692. Under the terms of that charter, Governor Sir William Phips established the Superior Court of Judicature as the province's local court of last resort (some of the court's decisions could be appealed to courts in England). When the Massachusetts State Constitution was established in 1780, legislative and judicial records show that the state's high court, although renamed, was a continuation of provincial high court. During and after the period of the American Revolution the court had members who were appointed by royal governors, the executive council of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress (which acted as the state's executive from 1775 to 1780), and governors elected under the state constitution. Location[edit] The SJC is sits at the John Adams Courthouse, One Pemberton Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, which also houses the Massachusetts Appeals Court and the Social Law Library. Landmark cases[edit] - Rex v. Preston (1770) – Captain Thomas Preston, the Officer of the Day during the Boston Massacre, was acquitted when the jury was unable to determine whether he had ordered the troops to fire. The defense counsel in the case was a young attorney named John Adams, later the second President of the United States.[3] - Rex v. Wemms, et al. (1770) – Six soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre were found not guilty, and two more – the only two proven to have fired – were found guilty of manslaughter.[4] - Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison (1783) – The Court declared slavery unconstitutional in the state of Massachusetts by allowing slaves to sue their masters for freedom. Boston lawyer, and member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779, John Lowell, upon the adoption of Article I for inclusion in the Massachusetts Constitution, exclaimed: "... I will render my services as a lawyer gratis to any slave suing for his freedom if it is withheld from him..."[5] With this case, he fulfilled his promise. Slavery in Massachusetts was denied legal standing. - Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – The Court established that trade unions were not necessarily criminal or conspiring organizations if they did not advocate violence or illegal activities in their attempts to gain recognition through striking. This legalized the existence of non-socialist or non-violent trade organizations, though trade unions would continue to be harassed legally through anti-trust suits and injunctions. - Roberts v. Boston (1850) – The Court established the "separate but equal" doctrine that would later be used in Plessy v. Ferguson by maintaining that the law gave school boards complete authority in assigning students to schools and that they could do so along racial lines if they deemed it appropriate. - Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003) – The Court ruled that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples violated the Massachusetts Constitution. Composition[edit] The Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices appointed by the Governor of Massachusetts with the consent of the Governor's Council. The Justices hold office until the mandatory retirement age of seventy, like all other Massachusetts judges. Current composition[edit] The currently serving justices are: Notable members[edit] - William Cushing, Horace Gray, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. were Chief Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court when they appointed to serve as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - Lemuel Shaw was one of the greatest American judges of the mid-19th century - Charles Fried, who served on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1995 to 1999, was United States Solicitor General from 1985 to 1989 under Ronald Reagan List of Chief Justices[edit] Associate justices appointed by royal governors (1692-1775)[edit] All judges appointed before 1695 were reappointed in that year (except John Richards, who had died) because the legislation creating the court was vetoed in that year by the Privy Council. Several further attempts to legislate the court's existence were vetoed, and it was not until 1699 that the provincial assembly enacted laws creating courts that satisfied the Privy Council. Justices appointed by the Provincial Congress (1775-1780)[edit] Associate justices appointed under the state constitution (1780-present)[edit] Citation[edit] The proper legal citation for the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court is "Mass." Notes[edit] - ^ "Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts home page". - ^ Eichholz, Alice (2004). Alice Eichholz, ed. Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources (3rd Revised ed.). Ancestry Publishing. - ^ Zobel, Hiller (1970). Boston Massacre, pp. 243–265 - ^ Zobel, pp. 269–286 - ^ Lowell, Delmar R., The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899 (p 35); Rutland VT, The Tuttle Company, 1899; ISBN 978-0-7884-1567-8. - ^ Boston Herald: "Newest Mass. SJC Justice ‘Nan’ Duffly takes seat," February 7, 2011, accessed April 4, 2011 - ^ Levenson, Michael (May 4, 2011). "Lenk approved for SJC; first openly gay justice on state's highest court". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 4, 2011. References[edit] - Davis, William (1900). History of the Judiciary of Massachusetts - Massachusetts Civil List for the Colonial and Provincial Periods - Reno, Conrad. Memoirs of the Judiciary and the Bar of New England, Volume 1 External links[edit] - Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts - List of Chief Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court (since 1801) - Office of the Reporter of Decisions of the SJC - Gay-Marriage Decision: Just the Beginning of the Debate - Memoirs v. 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