http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Italian_East_Africa_2.xml
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Италианска Източна Африка Колонията Италианска Източна Африка (на италиански: Africa Orientale Italiana) е административно-териториално образувание, обединило през 1936—1941 г. всички колониални владения на Кралство Италия (1861—1946) в Източна Африка — Етиопия, Италианска Еритрея и Италианска Сомалия. История[редактиране | edit source] Италианска Източна Африка е образувана след завладяването от италианските войски на Етиопия на 1 юни 1936 г. по време на Втората итало-етиопска война. През 1940 г. в състава на колонията е включена и завладяната от италианците Британска Сомалия. Разпада се през април-май 1941 г., с настъплението на британските войски от Кения и освобождението на 6 април на столицата на Етиопия Адис Абеба. Формално прекратява съществуването си на 27 ноември 1941 г. след овладяването на Гондар — последният град под италиански контрол. Остатъците от италианските войски водят партизанска вийна, приключила окончателно до октомври 1943 г. Административно деление[редактиране | edit source] С кралски указ от 1 юни 1936 г. Италианска Източна Африка е разделена на 5 губернаторства. Столица на вицекралството става Адис Абеба. На 1 ноември 1938 г. от територията, подчинена непосредствено на Адис Абеба и част от териториите на съседните губернаторства е образувано шесто губернаторство — Шоа. Губернаторствата Амхара, Гала-Сидама, Харар и Шоа образуват Италианска Етиопия (част от етиопските земи са дадени на Еритрея и Сомалия). Всяко губернаторство се управлява от губернатор с помощта на губернаторски съвет (Consiglio di Governo), членовете на който са най-висшата власт на територията на губернаторството. Губернаторствата се деляли на губернски комисариати (Commissariati di Governo), управлявани от губернски комисари (Commissario di Governo), подпомагани от вицекомисари. Вицекрале и генерал-губернатори на Италианска Източна Африка[редактиране | edit source] - Пиетро Бадолио (9 май 1936 — 11 юни 1936) - Родолфо Грациани (11 юни 1936 — 21 декември 1937) - Амадей Савойски (21 декември 1937 — 19 май 1941) - Пиетро Гацера (23 май 1941 — 6 юли 1941) - Гилелмо Наси (6 юли 1941 — 27 ноември 1941)
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Italian East Africa Italian East Africa (Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana) was an Italian colony established in 1936. It was formed through the merger of Italian Somaliland and Italian Eritrea. In August 1940, during the Second World War, British Somaliland was conquered and annexed to Italian East Africa, which in 1941 was itself conquered during the East African Campaign by a combined British, including colonial, and Ethiopian units.[3] British Somaliland, Italian Somaliland and Eritrea then came under British administration. In 1949 Italian Somaliland was reconstituted as the Trust Territory of Somalia, which was administered by Italy from 1950 until its independence in 1960. In 1951 Eritrea reunited with Ethiopia. Contents Territory[edit] When established in 1936, Italian East Africa covered the former Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. The territory was divided into the two governorates of Italian East Africa: Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, each under the authority of an Italian governor, answerable to the Italian viceroy, who represented the Emperor Victor Emmanuel. Italian East Africa was briefly enlarged in 1940, as Italian forces conquered British Somaliland, thereby bringing all Somali territories under Italian administration. However, the enlarged colony was dismembered only a year later, when in the course of the Ethiopian and British East African Campaign of June 1940 to November 1941 Italian East Africa was conquered. The other Italian colony in Africa was Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI). History[edit] The dominion was formed in 1936, by Fascist Italy, by merging the pre-existing colonies of Italian Somaliland and Italian Eritrea. In February 1937, following an assassination attempt on Italian East Africa's Viceroy Rodolfo Graziani, Graziani ordered Italian soldiers to raid the famous Ethiopian monastery Debre Libanos, where the would-be assassins had briefly taken refuge and had the monks and nuns in the monastery executed.[4] Afterwards, Italian soldiers destroyed native settlements in Addis Ababa, which resulted in 30,000 civilian Ethiopians being killed and their homes left burned to the ground.[4][5] The brutal massacre has come to be known as Yekatit 12. Fascist colonial policy in Italian East Africa had a divide and conquer characteristic. In order to weaken the Orthodox Christian Amhara people who had run Ethiopia in the past, territory claimed by Eritrean Tigray-Tigrinyas and Somalis was given to the Eritrea Governorate and Somalia Governorate.[4] Reconstruction efforts after the war in 1936 were partially focused on benefiting the Muslim peoples in the colony at the expense of the Amhara to strengthen support by Muslims for the Italian colony.[4] Italy's Fascist regime encouraged Italian peasants to colonize the colony by creating agriculture and small industries there.[4] However few Italians came to the Ethiopian colony, with most going to Eritrea, hence this was only a military occupation. By 1940, only 3200 farmers had arrived to Ethiopia, less than ten percent of the Fascist regime's goal.[6] Continued insurgency by native Ethiopians, lack of natural resources, rough terrain, and uncertainty of political and military conditions discouraged development and settlement in the countryside[6] However, Italian Eritrea enjoyed a huge development, supported by nearly 80,000 Italian colonists.[7] The occupation proved to be extremely expensive to maintain the budget in 1936-37 requested from Italy 19.136 billion lire to create the necessary infrastructure for the occupied territory.[4] At the time Italy's entire revenue that year was only 18.581 billion lire.[4] There was an urbanistic project for the enlargement of Addis Ababa, in order to become the state-of-the-art capital of the Africa Orientale Italiana, but these architectural plans -like all the other developments- were stopped by World War II.[8] In 1940, the adjacent protectorate of British Somaliland was occupied by Italian forces and absorbed into Italian East Africa. The conquest was the only victory of Italy without reinforcement from German troops during World War II against the Allies. This occupation lasted around one year. Colonial administration[edit] The occupied territory was administered by a Viceroy and Governor General of Italian East Africa, appointed by the Italian monarch. The dominion was further divided for administrative purposes into six Governorates and forty Commissionerships. Demographics[edit] In 1939, there were 165,267 Italian citizens in the area, the majority of them concentrated around the main urban centres of Asmara and Mogadishu. The total population was estimated around 12.1 million, with a density of just over 18 inhabitants per square mile. The density of population of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland were, however, very unequal. Eritrea with an area of 90,000 square miles had an estimated population of 1,500,000 or a density of 16.6 per square mile; sparsely populated Italian Somaliland finally, with an area of 271,000 square miles and a population of just 1,150,000, had a very low density of 4.2 per square mile.[9] Notes[edit] - ^ a b c Istat (December 2010). "I censimenti nell’Italia unita I censimenti nell’Italia unita Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI DEMOGRAFIA STORICA Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo". Annali di Statistica. Retrieved 24 December 2013. - ^ Melvin E. Page;Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia -page 1054 - ^ Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, Thomas P. "Ethiopia in World War II". A Country Study: Ethiopia. Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 January 2014. - ^ a b c d e f g Cannistraro, p. 5 - ^ Sarti, p. 191 - ^ a b Cannistraro, p. 6 - ^ Italian industries and companies in Eritrea - ^ Addis Abeba 1939 Urbanistic and Architectural Plan - ^ Royal Institute of International Affairs (24 August 1940). "Italian Possessions in Africa: II. Italian East Africa". Bulletin of International News 17 (17): 1065–1074. - ^ Apis Networks - Engineered Hosting Bibliography[edit] - Antonicelli, Franco (1961) Trent'anni di storia italiana 1915 - 1945, Saggi series 295, Torino : Einaudi, 387 p. [in Italian] - Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982) Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy, Westport, Conn.; London : Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-21317-8 - Del Boca, Angelo (1986) Italiani in Africa Orientale: La caduta dell'Impero, Biblioteca universale Laterza 186, Roma : Laterza, ISBN 88-420-2810-X [in Italian] - Mockler, Anthony (1984). Haile Selassie's War: The Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935-1941, New York : Random House, ISBN 0-394-54222-3 - Sarti, Roland (1974) The Ax Within: Italian fascism in action, New York : New Viewpoints, ISBN 0-531-06498-0 - Mauri, Arnaldo (1967). Il mercato del credito in Etiopia, Milano, Giuffrè, pp. XVI, 504 [in Italian]. - Calchi Novati, Gian Carlo (2011). L'Africa d'Italia, Carrocci, Roma. [in Italian] - Tuccimei, Ercole (1999). La Banca d'Italia in Africa, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Laterza, Bari, ISBN 88-420-5686-3 [in Italian] See also[edit] - Colonial heads of Italian East Africa - Italian Governors of Addis Ababa - Italian Governors of Amhara - Italian Governors of Galla-Sidamo - Italian Governors of Harar - Italian Governors of Scioa - Dubats - Political history of Eastern Africa - Italians of Ethiopia - Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia - Italian Africa Police - Italian East African lira - Augusto Turati External links[edit] - Italian East African Armed Forces, 10 June 1940 - 1940 Colonial Brigade, 10 June 1940 - Italian East Africa Air Command, 10 June 1940 - Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Eritrean Lions. Second Italo-abyssinian war. Eritrea colonial history, Eritrean ascari pictures/photos galleries and videos, historical atlas... - Geographic map of Italian business community in Africa (December 2012) , established using applied onomastics.