https___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Silly_putty.xml
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Интелигентен пластилин Интелигентният пластилин е играчка от силиконови полимери, която има необичайни физични свойства. Съдържа вискоеластичен течен силикон, вид ненютонов флуид, което го кара да действа като гъста течност в дълъг период от време и като еластично твърдо тяло в кратък период от време. Създаден е погрешка по време на проучвания за заместител на каучука от САЩ по време на Втората световна война. Първообраза на Интелигентния пластилин се появява в САЩ под името "[Silly Putty]", в последствие се появяват много негови разновидности базирани на същия материал като "Thinking Putty", "Bouncing Putty", "Tricky Putty" и "Potty Putty" вече в много повече цветове и с повече свойства, като флуоресцентност и промяна на цвета от топлина. В България навлиза под търговското наименование "Интелигентен пластилин". Описание[редактиране | edit source] Интелигентният пластилин е известен със своите необичайни характеристики: подскача, когато е оформен като топка, чупи се на малки парчета, когато се приложи голяма сила върху него за кратък период от време и действа като течност, когато му действа сила за продължителен период от време. При бавно дърпане Интелигентният пластилин се разтяга почти до безкрай, но при рязко дърпане се къса като хартия. При удар с чук се втвърдява временно и се пръска на малки парчета. Съществуват повече от трийсет вида Интелигентни пластилини, като някои от тях притежават и допълнителни свойства: светят в тъмното, променят си цвета при промяна на температурата, привличат се от магнит. История[редактиране | edit source] По време на Втората световна война, Япония окупира страни, които са основни производители на естествен каучук. Каучука е бил жизненоважен за производството на салове, гуми, авто и самолени части, противогази и ботуши. В САЩ гражданите са насърчавани да даряват своите резервни гуми, както ботуши и палта. Междувременно правителството финансира проучване за създаване на синтетичен каучук, който да раши проблема с недостига. През 1943 г. д-р Earl Warrick се присъединява към новосформираната Dow Corning Corporation. Неговите проучвания са фокусирани към създаването на синтетичен заместител на каучука. Въпреки че не успява да произведе подходящ материал преди края на войната, един от резултатите от неговите експерименти е бил материал подобен на пластилин с доста странни свойства. През 1949 г. този материал достига до Ruth Fallgatter - собственик на магазин за играчки. Тя се свързва с Peter Hodgson – маркетинг консултант. Двамата решават да предложат странната материя като оригинална играчка. Въпреки, че се продава добре, Ruth Fallgatter се отказва да предлага играчката. За разлика от нея Hodgson вижда потенциала и. В следващите години той ще продаде милиони бройки. Други приложения[редактиране | edit source] Интелигентният пластилин освен като играчка за моделиране, намира и доста други приложения: антистрес играчка, за рехабилитация при травми на ръцете, при упражнения за ръцете.
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Silly Putty Silly Putty is a toy based on silicone polymers that have unusual physical properties. It bounces, but breaks when given a sharp blow and can also flow like a liquid. It contains a viscoelastic liquid silicone, a type of non-Newtonian fluid, which makes it act as a viscous liquid over a long time period but as an elastic solid over a short time period. It was originally created during research into potential rubber substitutes for use by the United States in World War II.[1] The name Silly Putty is a trademark of Crayola LLC; the company's factory is based in Easton, Pennsylvania, USA.[2] Other names are used to market similar substances from other manufacturers. Description[edit] As a bouncing putty, Silly Putty is noted for its unusual characteristics: it bounces, but breaks when given a sharp blow; it can also float in a liquid and will form a puddle given enough time. Silly Putty and most other retail putty products have thixotropic agents added to reduce the flow and enable the putty to hold its shape.[3] The original coral-colored Silly Putty is composed of 65% dimethyl siloxane (hydroxy-terminated polymers with boric acid), 17% silica (crystalline quartz), 9% Thixatrol ST (castor oil derivative), 4% polydimethylsiloxane, 1% decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane, 1% glycerine, and 1% titanium dioxide.[4] Silly Putty's unusual flow characteristics are due to the ingredient polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a viscoelastic substance. Viscoelasticity is a type of non-Newtonian flow, characterizing material that acts as a viscous liquid over a long time period but as an elastic solid over a short time period.[5] Because its apparent viscosity increases directly with respect to the amount of force applied, Silly Putty can be characterized as a dilatant fluid.[3] Silly Putty is also a fairly good adhesive. When newspaper ink was petroleum based, Silly Putty could be used to transfer newspaper images to other surfaces, possibly after introducing distortion. Newer papers with soy-based inks are more resistant to this activity.[6] Generally, Silly Putty is difficult to remove from textured items such as hair and clothing. Hand sanitizers containing alcohol are often helpful. Silly Putty will dissolve when in contact with an alcohol; after the alcohol evaporates, the material will not exhibit its original properties.[7] The maker, Crayola, suggests WD-40.[8] If Silly Putty is submerged in warm or hot water, it will become softer and thus "melt" much faster. It also becomes harder to remove small amounts of it from surfaces. After a long period of time, it will return to its original viscosity.[4] Silly Putty is sold as a 13 g (0.46 oz) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is available in various colors, including glow-in-the-dark and metallic. The brand is owned by Crayola LLC (formerly the Binney & Smith company), which also owns Crayola crayons. As of July 2009[update], twenty thousand eggs of Silly Putty are sold daily. Since 1950, more than 300 million eggs of Silly Putty (approximately 4,500 short tons or 4,100 tonnes) have been sold.[9] Other brands offer similar materials in larger size containers and in a wide variety of colors, such as pink, blue and yellow, or with different properties, such as magnetism and iridescence. History[edit] During World War II, Japan invaded rubber-producing countries as they expanded their sphere of influence in the Pacific Rim. Rubber was vital for the production of rafts, tires, vehicle and aircraft parts, gas masks, and boots. In the U.S., all rubber products were rationed; citizens were encouraged to make their rubber products last until the end of the war and to donate spare tires, boots, and coats. Meanwhile, the government funded research into synthetic rubber compounds to attempt to solve this shortage.[10] Credit for the invention of Silly Putty is disputed[11] and has been attributed variously to Earl Warrick,[12] of the then newly formed Dow Corning; Harvey Chin; and James Wright, a Scottish inventor working for General Electric in New Haven, Connecticut.[13] Throughout his life, Warrick insisted that he and his colleague, Rob Roy McGregor, received the patent for Silly Putty before Wright did; but Crayola's history of Silly Putty states that Wright first invented it in 1943.[10][14][15] Both researchers independently discovered that reacting boric acid with silicone oil would produce a gooey, bouncy material with several unique properties. The non-toxic putty would bounce when dropped, could stretch farther than regular rubber, would not go moldy, and had a very high melting temperature. However, the substance did not have all the properties needed to replace rubber.[1] In 1949, Ruth Fallgatter, the owner of a toy store, came across the putty. She contacted Peter Hodgson, a marketing consultant. The two decided to market the bouncing putty by selling it in a clear case. Although it sold well, Fallgatter did not pursue it further. However, Hodgson saw its potential.[1][3] Already US$12,000 in debt, Hodgson borrowed US$147 to buy a batch of the putty to pack 1 oz (28 g) portions into plastic eggs for US$1, calling it Silly Putty. Initially sales were poor, but after a New Yorker article mentioned it, Hodgson sold over 250,000 eggs of silly putty in three days.[3] However, Hodgson was almost put out of business in 1951 by the Korean War. Silicone, a main ingredient in silly putty, was put on ration, harming his business. A year later the restriction on silicone was lifted and the production of Silly Putty resumed.[16][9] Initially, it was primarily targeted towards adults. However, by 1955 the majority of its customers were aged 6 to 12. In 1957, Hodgson produced the first televised commercial for Silly Putty, which aired during the Howdy Doody Show.[17] In 1961, Silly Putty went worldwide, becoming a hit in the Soviet Union and Europe. In 1968, it was taken into lunar orbit by the Apollo 8 astronauts.[16] Peter Hodgson died in 1976. A year later, Binney & Smith, the makers of Crayola products, acquired the rights to Silly Putty. As of 2005[update], annual Silly Putty sales exceeded six million eggs.[18] Silly Putty was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame on May 28, 2001. Other uses[edit] In addition to its success as a toy, other uses for the putty have been found. In the home, it can be used to remove substances such as dirt, lint, pet hair, or ink from various surfaces. The material's unique properties have found niche use in medical and scientific applications. Physical therapists use it for rehabilitative therapy of hand injuries.[20] A number of other brands (such as Power Putty and TheraPutty) alter the material's properties, offering different levels of resistance. The material is also used as a tool to help reduce stress, and exists in various viscosities based on the user's preference. Because of its adhesive characteristics, it was used by Apollo astronauts to secure their tools in zero-gravity.[21] Scale model building hobbyists use the putty as a masking medium when spray painting model assemblies.[22][23] See also[edit] References[edit] - ^ a b c Roberts, Jacob (2015). "A Successful Failure". Distillations Magazine (Chemical Heritage Foundation) 1 (2): 8–9. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ "SILLY PUTTY - Trademark Details". Justia Trademarks. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ a b c d Thayer, Ann (November 27, 2000). "What's That Stuff? Silly Putty". Chemical & Engineering News 78 (48). Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ a b "The Synthesis of Bouncing Putty". Western Oregon University. Retrieved 27 February 2015. See patent pages - ^ Clegg, Brian (22 July 2015). "Polydimethylsiloxane". Chemistry World. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ Holmes, Owen (August 1, 2006). "Silly Putty Doesn't Work Anymore". Folio Weekly. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ "How to Get Silly Putty Out Of Clothes". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ "Do you have stain removal information for Silly Putty on fabric?". Crayola. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ a b "Silly Putty History". Crayola LLC. Retrieved March 28, 2013. - ^ a b "Silly Putty Timeline". Binney & Smith. Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. - ^ Glater, Jonathan D. (November 22, 2002). "Earl L. Warrick, 91, a Dow Corning Creator of Silly Putty". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ Bohning, James J. (January 16, 1986). "Interview with Earl L. Warrick". Center for Oral History. Chemical Heritage Foundation. External link in |work=(help) - ^ The Big Book of Boy Stuff, page 88. - ^ U.S. Patent 2,431,878 - Treating dimethyl silicon polymer with boric acid - ^ U.S. Patent 2,541,851 - Process for making puttylike elastic plastic, siloxane derivative composition containing zinc hydroxide - ^ a b Nowak, Peter (2011). Sex, bombs, and burgers : how war, pornography, and fast food have shaped modern technology. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ Sunshine, Linda (1990). 101 uses for Silly Putty. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel. - ^ Sterngass, Jon; Kachur, Matthew (2005). Plastics. Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library. - ^ Scott, Sharon M. (2010). Toys and American culture : an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. - ^ "17 Surprisingly Practical Uses for Silly Putty". Escape Adulthood. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless toys : classic toys and the playmakers who created them. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub. - ^ "Silly Putty masking". The Butterfingered Modelbuilder's Adventures. Retrieved 30 September 2015. - ^ Scale Auto Magazine, various issues