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Икуменизъм Икуменизмът (на гръцки: oιkouuevιkός, икуменикос, в превод вселенски) е движение за сливане в едно на всички християнски църкви. Основният инструмент на икуменизма е диалог и обща молитва. Съдържание История[редактиране | edit source] Движението се приема като католическа инициатива, като движение на римокатолическото мисионерство. От друга страна движението произхожда от различни протестантски общности, от където най-широко се разпространява. Икуменизмът се оформя и утвърждава като организация в 1948 година на конгреса в Амстердам, на който се създава Световен съвет на църквите (ССЦ).[1] Българската православна църква и руската православна църква встъпват в ССЦ в 1961 година, но в 1998 година БПЦ напуска ССЦ. Множество старостилни църкви отхвърлят икуменизма.[1] Литература[редактиране | edit source] Папа Йоан Павел Втори : " Да прекрачиш прага на надеждата" , 2011г. изд. Комунитас Архим. Серафим и архим. Сергий „Православие и икуменизъм“, С., 1992 г. Visser't Hooft, The Genesis of the World Council of Churches, w: A History of The Ecumenical Movement 1517-1948, R. Rose, S. Neill (red.), Londyn: SPCK 1967
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World Council of Churches The World Council of Churches (WCC) is an inter-church organization founded in 1948. Its members today include most mainstream Christian churches, but not the Roman Catholic Church, which sends accredited observers to meetings.[1] It arose out of the ecumenical movement and has as its basis the following statement: - The World Council of Churches is a fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Saviour according to the scriptures, and therefore seek to fulfil together their common calling to the glory of the one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The WCC describes itself as "a worldwide fellowship of 349 global, regional and sub-regional, national and local churches seeking unity, a common witness and Christian service."[2] It is based at the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland.[3] The organization members include denominations, which claim to collectively represent some 590 million people, across the world in ca. 150 countries, including 520,000 local congregations served by 493,000 pastors and priests, in addition to elders, teachers, members of parish councils and others.[4] [edit] History After the initial successes of the Ecumenical Movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910 (chaired by future WCC Honorary President John R. Mott), church leaders agreed in 1937 to establish a World Council of Churches, based on a merger of the Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement organisations. Its official establishment was deferred with the outbreak of World War II until August 23, 1948. Delegates of 147 churches assembled in Amsterdam to merge the Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement.[5] This was consolidated by a second meeting at Lund in 1950, for which the British Methodist Robert Newton Flew edited an influential volume of studies, The Nature of the Church.[6] Subsequent mergers were with the International Missionary Council in 1961 and the World Council of Christian Education, with its roots in the 18th century Sunday School movement, in 1971. WCC member churches include most of the Orthodox Churches; numerous Protestant churches, including the Anglican Communion, some Baptists, many Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian and other Reformed, a sampling of united and independent churches, and some Pentecostal churches; and some Old Catholic churches. Delegates sent from the member churches meet every seven or eight years in an Assembly, which elects a Central Committee that governs between Assemblies. A variety of other committees and commissions answer to the Central Committee and its staff. Assemblies have been held since 1948. An assembly last met in Porto Alegre, Brazil in February 2006, under the theme "God, in your grace, transform the world".[7] During the first Assemblies, theologians Vasileios Ioannidis and Amilkas Alivizatos contributed significantly to the debates that led to the drafting of the "Toronto Statement", a foundational document which facilitated Eastern Orthodox participation in the organization and today it constitutes its ecclesiological charter.[8] [edit] The WCC and religious persecution in Eastern Europe The WCC policy towards the persecution of Christians in the Soviet bloc was seriously compromised by the presence of KGB agents on its committees.[9] At the 1961 conference, a 32-year old Russian Orthodox Bishop named Aleksey Ridiger was sent as delegate to the assembly, and then appointed to the WCC's central committee. He was an officer in the Estonian KGB.[citation needed] He was later elected as Russian patriarch in 1990 as Alexei II.[10] [edit] Events and presidents [edit] Assemblies - Amsterdam, Netherlands, 22 August – 4 September 1948 - Evanston, Illinois, United States, 15–31 August 1954 - New Delhi, India, 19 November – 5 December 1961 - Uppsala, Sweden, 4–20 July 1968 - Nairobi, Kenya, 23 November – 10 December 1975 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 24 July – 10 August 1983 - Canberra, ACT, Australia, 7–21 February 1991[11] - Harare, Zimbabwe, 3–14 December 1998 - Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 14–23 February 2006 [edit] Presidents The Presidents of the World Council of Churches are:[12] - Archbishop Anastasios of Albania, Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania - John Taroanui Doom, Maohi Protestant Church (French Polynesia) - Rev. Dr Simon Dossou, Methodist Church in Benin - Rev. Dr Soritua Nababan, Protestant Christian Batak Church (Indonesia) - Rev. Dr Ofelia Ortega, Presbyterian-Reformed Church in Cuba - Rev. Dr Bernice Powell Jackson, United Church of Christ (United States) - Dame Mary Tanner, Church of England A former president of the WCC was Rev. Martin Niemöller, the famous Protestant anti-Nazi theologian. [edit] General Secretaries [edit] Commissions and Teams There are two complementary approaches to ecumenism: dialogue and action. The Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement represent these approaches.[13] These approaches are reflected in the work of the WCC in its commissions, these being: - Echos- Commission on Youth (ages 18–30) - Commission of the Churches on Diakonia and Development - Commission on Education and Ecumenical Formation - Commission of the Churches on International Affairs - Commission on Justice, Peace and Creation - Commission on World Mission and Evangelism - Faith and Order Plenary Commission and the Faith and Order Standing Commission - Joint Consultative Group with Pentecostals - Joint Working Group WCC – Roman Catholic Church (Vatican) - Reference Group on the Decade to Overcome Violence - Reference Group on Inter-Religious Relations - Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC [edit] Diakonia and Development & International Relations Commissions The WCC acts through both its member churches and other religious and social organizations to coordinate ecumenical, evangelical, and social action. Current WCC programmes include a Decade to Overcome Violence, an international campaign to combat AIDS/HIV in Africa and the Justice, Peace and Creation initiative. [edit] Faith and Order Commission WCC's Faith and Order Commission has been successful in working toward consensus on Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry, on the date of Easter, on the nature and purpose of the church (ecclesiology), and on ecumenical hermeneutics. [edit] Texts - Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (Faith and Order Paper No. 111, the “Lima Text”; 1982) [14] - The Nature and Mission of the Church – A Stage on the Way to a Common Statement (Faith and Order Paper no. 198; 2005 [15]) after The Nature and Purpose of the Church (Faith and Order Paper no. 181; 1998 [16]) - Towards a Common Date of Easter [17] [edit] Justice, Peace and Creation Commission Justice, Peace and Creation has drawn many elements together with an environmental focus. Its mandate is: - To analyze and reflect on justice, peace and creation in their interrelatedness, to promote values and practices that make for a culture of peace, and to work towards a culture of solidarity with young people, women, Indigenous Peoples and racially and ethnically oppressed people.[18] Focal issues have been globalization and the emergence of new social movements (in terms of people bonding together in the struggle for justice, peace, and the protection of creation).[19] Attention has been given to issues around: - economy[20] - environment[21] - Indigenous Peoples[22] - people with disabilities [24] - racism [25] [edit] Relations with the Roman Catholic Church The largest Christian body, the Roman Catholic Church, is not a member of the WCC, but has worked closely with the Council for more than three decades and sends observers to all major WCC conferences as well as to its Central Committee meetings and the Assemblies (cf Joint Working Group). The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity also nominates 12 members to the WCC's Faith and Order Commission as full members. While not a member of the WCC, the Roman Catholic Church is a member of some other ecumenical bodies at regional and national levels, for example, the National Council of Churches in Australia and the National Council of Christian Churches in Brazil (CONIC). [edit] Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC A Special Commission was set up by the eighth Harare Assembly in December 1998 to address Orthodox concerns about WCC membership and the Council's decision-making style, public statements, worship practices, and other issues. The Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC represents the potential for fresh and creative high-level discussion about the structure and life of the Council, a discussion explicitly seen as continuing the foundations laid by the process and the policy document "Towards a Common Understanding and Vision of the World Council of Churches". [edit] Peace Journalism The WCC is also a prominent supporter and practitioning body for Peace Journalism: journalism practice that aims to avoid a value bias in favour of violence that often characterises coverage of conflict.[28] [edit] Endorsement of Kairos Palestine and condemnation of Israel WCC general secretary, Rev. Dr Samuel Kobia, said in December 2009 the endorsement by the Patriarchs and Heads of Churches in Jerusalem of the “Kairos Palestine” document “adds integrity, authority and force to the message of the document," which includes a call for an "end to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land and for a boycott of Israel."[29] [edit] The ACT Alliance, bringing together over 100 church-backed relief and development organizations worldwide, was born out of the merger of ACT International (Action by Churches Together International) and ACT Development (Action by Churches Together for Development) in March 2010. Both ACT International, established in 1995, and ACT Development (2007) were created through the leadership of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The two bodies coordinated the work of agencies related to the member churches of the WCC and the Lutheran World Federation in the areas of humanitarian emergencies and poverty reduction respectively.[30] The Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance was officially founded in December 2000 at a meeting convened by the WCC. There are currently 73 churches and Christian organizations that are members of the Alliance, from Catholic, Evangelical, Orthodox and Protestant traditions. These members, representing a combined constituency of tens of millions of people around the world, are committed to working together in public witness and action for justice on defined issues of common concern. Current campaigns are on Food and on HIV and AIDS.[31] The Ecumenical Church Loan Fund (ECLOF) was founded in 1946 as one of the world's first international micro-credit institutions in the service of the poor. Willem Visser 't Hooft, then general secretary of the "WCC in process of formation" played an important role in founding ECLOF. It was he who sketched the prospects and challenges for the proposed institution and gave specific ideas on potential sources of funds. His inspiration and team work marked the beginning of a long and fruitful cooperation between ECLOF and the WCC.[32] Ecumenical News International (ENI) was launched in 1994 as a global news service reporting on ecumenical developments and other news of the churches, and giving religious perspectives on news developments worldwide. The joint sponsors of ENI, which is based at the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland, are the World Council of Churches, the Lutheran World Federation, the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, and the Conference of European Churches, which also have their headquarters at the Ecumenical Centre.[33] [edit] Regional/national councils The WCC has not sought the organic union of different Christian denominations — it has however facilitated dialogue and supported local, national, and regional dialogue and cooperation. Membership in a regional or national council does not mean that the particular group is also a member of the WCC. - Africa – All Africa Conference of Churches [34] - Asia (including Australia and New Zealand) – Christian Conference of Asia,[35] Hong Kong - Caribbean – Caribbean Conference of Churches - Europe – Conference of European Churches,[36] Geneva, Switzerland - Latin America – Latin American Council of Churches [37] - Middle East – Middle East Council of Churches [38] - North America - Pacific – Pacific Conference of Churches,[39] Suva, Fiji [edit] See also - John R. Mott - John Romanides - Joseph Oldham - Nathan Soderblom - Charles Henry Brent - Christian ecumenism - World Summit of Religious Leaders - Programme to Combat Racism [edit] References - ^ Cross & Livingstone The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church OUP(1974) art. - ^ http://publications.oikoumene.org/index.php?2070&backPID=2046&alp=A&aalp=A&tt_products=343 - ^ http://www.oikoumene.org/?id=3582#c14065 - ^ "Who are we?". World Council of Churches. http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/who/index-e.html. - ^ "WCC Assemblies 1948 - today". World Council of Churches. http://www.oikoumene.org/en/who-are-we/background/history/assemblies.html. Retrieved 22 August 2011. - ^ Flew's ODNB entry: Retrieved 18 September 2011. Subscription required. - ^ Strong impact, lasting memories - ^ "WCC General Secretary Welcome Speech of the Official Visit of His Beatitude Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens and of All Greece to the World Council of Churches, 29 May 2006". World Council of Churches. http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/other-meetings/visits/archbishop-christodoulos/wcc-general-secretary-welcome-speech.html. Retrieved 3 May 2011. - ^ Christopher Andrew, "KGB Foreign Intelligence from Brezhnev to the Cou"', in: Wesley K. Wark (ed), Espionage: past, present, future?, Routledge, 1994, p. 52: "One recently declassified document of 1969 describes the work of five KGB agents on the WCC Central Committee and the appointment of another to a 'high WCC post'. A similar report from 1989 claims that, as a result of agent operations to implement 'a plan approved by the KGB leadership', the WCC Executive and Central Committee adopted public statements (eight) and messages (three) which corresponded to the political course of Socialist [Communist] countries'. While it would be naive to take such boasting entirely a face value, there can be little doubt about the reality of Soviet penetration of the WCC." - ^ John Gordon Garrard et al., Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia., p. 37 f. Google books preview here. - ^ http://www.wcc-assembly.info/index.php?id=514 - ^ http://www.presbyterian.ca/pcconnect/daily/4321 - ^ What is Faith and Order? - ^ Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (Faith and Order Paper No. 111, the “Lima Text” - ^ Archive copy at the Wayback Machine - ^ Archive copy at the Wayback Machine - ^ Towards a Common Date of Easter, (10 March 1997), World Council of Churches/Middle East Council of Churches Consultation held at Aleppo, Syria, 5 - 10 March 1997 - ^ World Council of Churches Justice, Peace and Creation - ^ Schmitthenner, Ulrich (1999). Contributions of churches and civil society to justice, peace and the integrity of creation: a compendium (with CD-ROM). Frankfurt, Germany: IKO. - ^ JPC Concerns - economy - ^ Climate change and water - ^ JPC Concerns - indigenous - ^ JPC Concerns - Peace - ^ http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/disabil.html - ^ JPC: Racism (E) - ^ JPC Concerns - Women - ^ Youth in the ecumenical movement - ^ World Council of Churches Living Letters - Ecumenical team visits - ^ WCC general secretary applauds church support for the “Kairos Palestine” document - ^ WCC press release: Churches launch major humanitarian alliance (24/03/2010) - ^ WCC press release: Christian alliance for advocacy marks successes, future challenges (09/12/2010) - ^ ECLOF press release: Happy Birthday WCC! - ^ eni.ch - ^ All Africa Conference of Churches - Welcome - ^ Index - ^ CEC-KEK.org - ^ Consejo Latinoamericano de Iglesias - ^ The Middle East Council of Churches - ^ Pacificforum.com - Stay Tuned! - World Council of Churches. Members by country and by church Retrieved 2010-03-31 [edit] External links - World Council of Churches - Controversy about the doctorate Mr. Kobia (WCC General Secretary 2004-2009) [edit] Bibliography - W. A. Visser't Hooft, The Genesis of the World Council of Churches, in: A History of The Ecumenical Movement 1517-1948, R. Rose, S. Ch. Neill (ed.), London: SPCK 1967, second edition with revised bibliography, pp. 697–724.