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Йоан Кръстни Свети Йоан Кръстни (на испански: San Juan de la Cruz) (24 юни 1542 г. – 14 декември 1591 г.) е испански мистик, поет, теолог и католически реформатор. Заедно със Света Тереза Авилска той се счита за основател на ордена на Босите кармелити. Както поезията му, така и творбите му за растежа на душата са считани за върховно постижение на испанската мистична литература и едно от върховните постижения на испанската литература като цяло. Обявен е за един от тридесет и тримата Учители на църквата. Съдържание Живот[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Ранни години[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Йоан Кръстни е роден под името Хуан де Йепес Алварез в семейство на покръстени евреи в малкото село Фонтиверос, близо до Авила. Баща му умира докато той е малък и заедно с двамата си по-възрастни братя и майка си Йоан живее в бедност и се мести в различни кастилски села, последното от които е Медина дел Кампо, където отива през 1551 г. Там той работи в болница и учи хуманитарни науки в Йезуитското училище от 1559 до 1563 г. На 24 февруари 1563 г. влиза като послушник в Кармелитския орден, а на следващата година е приет за негов пълноправен член и се мести в Саламанка, където изучава теология и философия в университета Сан Андрес. Тамошният преподавател по изучаване на Библията Луис де Леон е направил противоречив превод на Песен на песните на испански (превеждането на Библията на говорим език по онова време е било забранено в Испания), който може да е повлиял творчеството му. Работа с Тереза Авилска[редактиране | редактиране на кода] През 1567 г. Йоан е ръкоположен за свещеник и се среща с харизматичната Света Тереза Авилска, която го убеждава в да отложи обмисленото си присъединяване към Картузианския орден, който насърчава уединеното съзерцание, за да се включи в нейните проекти за реформиране на Кармелитския орден. На 28 ноевмри 1568 г. той започва реформаторската си работа в Дуруело заедно с брат Антонио и градчето се превръща в религиозен център. Йоан работи като помощник на Св. Тереза до 1577 г., основавайки манастири из Испания и участвайки в тяхното управление. Реформите срещат съпротива и Св. Тереза дори не е допусната в някои манастири. Нейните и на Йоан последователи се отличават от нереформираните кармелити като се назовават „боси“, за разлика от „обутите“ кармелити. Затвор, писане и смърт[редактиране | редактиране на кода] В нощта на 3 срещу 4 декември 1577 г. Йоан Кръстни е затворен от висшестоящи служители на Кармелитския орден заради опитите му да реформира ордена и отказа му да си тръгне и е хвърлен в затвор в Толедо, където е държан в малка задушлива килия, едва достатъчна да побере тялото му и поне веднъж седмично е бичуван пред общността. На 15 август 1578 г. той успява да избяга през малък прозорец на съседна на килията му стая (на предния ден успява да изкърти пантите на вратата, свързваща двете помещения). В затвора Йоан Кръстни успява да съчини голяма част от най-известната си поема Духовна песен. Хартията за писане му е подавана от един от калугерите, които охраняват килията му. След бягството си той продължава да основава манастири за новия орден на Босите кармелити, който основава заедно със Света Тереза Авилска. Умира на 14 декември 1591 г. Творбите му са публикувани за първи път през 1618 г. През 1726 г. Йоан Кръстни е канонизиран от папа Бенедикт XIII. През 1926 г. папа Пий XI го обявява за Учител на църквата. Англиканската църква го почита заедно с Католическата на 14 декември. Литературни творби[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Свети Йоан Кръстни е считан за един от най-великите поети на испански език. Въпреки че събраната му поезия наброява по-малко от 2500 стиха, две от творбите му, Духовна песен (Cántico espiritual) и Тъмната нощ на душата (Noche oscura del alma) се считат за едни от най-добрите поетични произведения на испански език, както заради стилистичната си гледна точка, така и заради богатия си символизъм и образност. Духовна песен е еклога, в която булката (символизираща душата) търси младоженеца (представляващ Исус Христос) и е разтревожена от това, че го е загубила. И двамата са изпълнени с радост, когато се събират. Творбата може да се разгледа като испанска версия в свободна форма на Песен на песните. Тъмната нощ на душата разказва за пътешествието на душата от телесния ѝ дом до единението ѝ с Бог. Тази книга е класическо произведение на християнската мистика. Душата пътува през нощта, която символизира трудностите и бедите, които среща в откъсването си от света и достигането на светлината на единение със Създателя. Душата преминава през няколко стъпала, които са описани в последователни строфи. Основната идея на поемата е за страданията, които хората понасят, търсейки растеж към духовна зрялост и единение с Бог. Година след написването на поемата, през 1586 г., Йоан Кръстни пише коментар, обясняващ поемата стих по стих. Поемата е разделена на две книги, които отразяват двете фази на тъмната нощ. Първата е пречистване на сетивата. Втората фаза е по-интензивна от двата етапа и това е пречистване на духа, което се среща по-рядко, отколкото първия етап. Тъмната нощ на душата допълнително описва десет стъпки по стълбата на мистична любов, преди това описани от Свети Тома от Аквино и частично от Аристотел. Йоан Кръстни пише този шедьовър когато е хвърлен в затвора от неговите събратя кармилити, които се противопоставят на реформата на Ордена. Свети Йоан също пише четири трактата по мистична теология. Изкачване на планинатата Кармил (Subida Del Monte Carmelo) е систематично изучаване на аскетичния стремеж на душата, която търси съвършено единство, Бог, и мистичните събития, които я съпътстват. Живият пламък на любовта (Llama de amor viva) описва с по-голяма интимност отклика на душата на Божествената любов. Заедно със неговите Сказания за светлината и любовта (Dichos de Luz y Amor) и творбите на Тереза Авилска, тези творби са най-важните мистични произведения на испански език и дълбоко са повлияли на по-късни духовни писатели по целия свят. Преводи на български език[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Максими и размисли, София, 1998 - Тъмната нощ, София, 2008 - Максими и духовни съвети, София 2008 - Изкачване на планината Кармил, София 2011 - Духовна песен, София 2013 Външни връзки[редактиране | редактиране на кода]
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John of the Cross John of the Cross, O.C.D., (San Juan de la Cruz) (1542[1] – 14 December 1591), was a major figure of the Counter-Reformation, a Spanish mystic, Catholic saint, Carmelite friar and priest, born at Fontiveros, Old Castile. John of the Cross was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered, along with Saint Teresa of Ávila, as a founder of the Discalced Carmelites. He is also known for his writings. Both his poetry and his studies on the growth of the soul are considered the summit of mystical Spanish literature and one of the peaks of all Spanish literature. He was canonized as a saint in 1726 by Pope Benedict XIII. He is one of the thirty-five Doctors of the Church. [edit] Life [edit] Early life and education He was born Juan de Yepes y Álvarez[2] into a Jewish converso family in a small community, Fontiveros, near Ávila.[3] His father, Gonzalo, was an accountant to richer relatives who were silk merchants. However, when in 1529 he married John's mother, Catalina, who was an orphan of a lower class, Gonzalo was rejected by his family and forced to work with his wife as a weaver.[4] John's father died in 1545, while John was still only around seven years old.[5] Two years later, John's older brother Luis died, probably as a result of insufficient nourishment caused by the penury to which John's family had been reduced. After this, John's mother Catalina took John and his surviving brother Francisco, and moved first in 1548 to Arevalo, and then in 1551 to Medina del Campo, where she was able to find work weaving.[6][7] In Medina, John entered a school for poor children, usually orphans, receiving a basic education, mainly in Christian doctrine, as well as some food, clothing, and lodging. While studying there, he was chosen to serve as acolyte at a nearby monastery of Augustinian nuns.[6] Growing up, John worked at a hospital and studied the humanities at a Jesuit school from 1559 to 1563; the Society of Jesus was a new organization at the time, having been founded only a few years earlier by the Spaniard St. Ignatius Loyola. In 1563[8] he entered the Carmelite Order, adopting the name John of St. Matthias.[6] The following year (1564)[9] he professed his religious vows as a Carmelite and travelled to Salamanca, where he studied theology and philosophy at the prestigious University there (at the time one of the four biggest in Europe, alongside Paris, Oxford and Bologna) and at the Colegio de San Andrés. Some modern writers[citation needed] claim that this stay would influence all his later writings, as Fray Luis de León taught biblical studies (Exegesis, Hebrew and Aramaic) at the University: León was one of the foremost experts in Biblical Studies then and had written an important and controversial translation of the Song of Songs into Spanish. (Translation of the Bible into the vernacular was not allowed then in Spain.) [edit] Joining the Reform of Teresa of Jesus John was ordained a priest in 1567, and then indicated his intent to join the strict Carthusian Order, which appealed to him because of its encouragement of solitary and silent contemplation. A journey from Salamanca to Medina del Campo, probably in September 1567, changed this.[10] In Medina he met the charismatic Carmelite nun, Teresa of Jesus. She was in Medina to found the second of her convents for women.[11] She immediately talked to him about her reformation projects for the Order: she was seeking to restore the purity of the Carmelite Order by restarting observance of its "Primitive Rule" of 1209, observance of which had been relaxed by Pope Eugene IV in 1432. Under this Rule, much of the day and night was to be spent in the recitation of the choir offices, study and devotional reading, the celebration of Mass and times of solitude. For the friars, time was to be spent evangelizing the population around the monastery.[12] Total abstinence from meat and lengthy fasting was to be observed from the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross (September 14) until Easter. There were to be long periods of silence, especially between Compline and Prime. Coarser, shorter habits, more simple than those worn since 1432, were to be worn.[13] They were to follow the injunction against the wearing of shoes (also mitigated in 1432). It was from this last observance that the followers of Teresa among the Carmelites were becoming known as "discalced", i.e., barefoot, differentiating themselves from the non-reformed friars and nuns. Teresa asked John to delay his entry into the Carthusians and to follow her. Having spent a final year studying in Salamanca, in August 1568 John traveled with Teresa from Medina to Valladolid, where Teresa intended to found another monastery of nuns. Having spent some time with Teresa in Valladolid, learning more about this new form of Carmelite life, in October 1568, accompanied by Friar Antonio de Jesús de Heredia, John left Valladolid to found a new monastery for friars, the first for men following Teresa's principles. The were given the use of a derelict house at Duruelo (midway between Avila and Salamanca), which had been donated to Teresa. On 28 November 1568, the monastery,[14] was established, and on that same day John changed his name to John of the Cross. Soon after, in June 1570, the friars found the house at Duruelo too small, and so moved to the nearby town of Mancera de Abajo. After moving on from this community, John set up a new community at Pastrana (October 1570), and a community at Alcalá de Henares, which was to be a house of studies for the academic training of the friars. In 1572[15] he arrived in Avila, at the invitation of Teresa, who had been appointed prioress of the Monastery of the Visitation there in 1571.[16] John become the spiritual director and confessor for Teresa and the other 130 nuns there, as well for as a wide range of laypeople in the city.[6] In 1574, John accompanied Teresa in the foundation of a new monastery in Segovia, returning to Avila after staying there a week. Beyond this, though, John seems to have remained in Avila between 1572 and 1577.[17] One day at some point between 1574 and 1577, while praying in the monastery of the Incarnation in Ávila, in a loft overlooking the sanctuary, John had a vision of the crucified Christ, which led him to create his famous drawing of Christ "from above." In 1641 this drawing was placed in a small monstrance, and kept in Avila. This drawing inspired the artist Salvador Dali's 1951 work, Christ of Saint John of the Cross. [edit] The height of Carmelite tensions The years 1575-77, however, saw a great increase in the tensions among the Spanish Carmelite friars over the reforms of Teresa and John. Since 1566 the reforms had been overseen by Canonical Visitors from the Dominican Order, with one appointed to Castile and a second to Andalusia. These Visitors had substantial powers: they could move the members of religious communities from house to house and even province to province. They could assist religious superiors in their office, and could depute other superiors from either the Dominicans or Carmelites. In Castile, the Visitor was Pedro Fernández, who prudently balanced the interests of the Discalced Carmelites against those of the friars and nuns who did not desire reform.[18] In Andalusia to the south, however, where the Visitor was Francisco Vargas, tensions rose due to his clear preference for the Discalced friars. Vargas asked them to make foundations in various cities, in explicit contradiction of orders from the Carmelite Prior General against their expansion in Andalusia. As a result, a General Chapter of the Carmelite Order was convened at Piacenza in Italy in May 1575, out of concern that events in Spain were getting out of hand, which concluded by ordering the total suppression of the Discalced houses.[6] This measure was not immediately enforced. For one thing, King Philip II of Spain was supportive of some of Teresa’s reforms, and so was not immediately willing to grant the necessary permission to enforce this ordinance. Moreover the Discalced friars also found support from the papal nuncio to King Philip II, Nicolò Ormanetto, Bishop of Padua, who still had ultimate power as nuncio to visit and reform religious Orders. When asked by the Discalced friars to intervene, Ormanetto replaced Vargas as Visitor of the Carmelites in Andalusia (where the troubles had begun) with Jerónimo Gracián, a priest from the University of Alcalá, who was in fact a Discalced Carmelite friar himself.[6] The nuncio's protection helped John himself avoid problems for a time. In January 1576 John was arrested in Medina del Campo by some Carmelite friars. However, through the nuncio's intervention, John was soon released.[6] When Ormanetto died on 18 June 1577, however, John was left without protection, and the friars opposing his reforms gained the upper hand. [edit] Imprisonment, writings, torture, death and recognition On the night of 2 December 1577, a group of Carmelites opposed to reform broke into John’s dwelling in Avila, and took him prisoner. John had received an order from some of his superiors, opposed to reform, ordering him to leave Avila and return to his original house, but John had refused on the basis that his reform work had been approved by the Spanish Nuncio, a higher authority than these superiors.[19] The Carmelites therefore took John captive. John was taken from Avila to the Carmelite monastery in Toledo, at that time the Order's most important monastery in Castile, where 85 friars lived. John was brought before a court of friars, accused of disobeying the ordinances of Piacenza. Despite John's argument that he had not disobeyed the ordinances, he received a punishment of imprisonment. He was jailed in the monastery, where he was kept under a brutal regimen that included public lashing before the community at least weekly, and severe isolation in a tiny stifling cell measuring ten feet by six feet, barely large enough for his body. Except when rarely permitted an oil lamp, he had to stand on a bench to read his breviary by the light through the hole into the adjoining room. He had no change of clothing and a penitential diet of water, bread and scraps of salt fish.[20] During this imprisonment, he composed a great part of his most famous poem Spiritual Canticle, as well as a few shorter poems. The paper was passed to him by the friar who guarded his cell.[21] He managed to escape nine months later, on 15 August 1578, through a small window in a room adjoining his cell. (He had managed to pry the cell door off its hinges earlier that day). After being nursed back to health, first with Teresa's nuns in Toledo, and then during six weeks at the hospital of Santa Cruz, John continued with reform. In October 1578 he joined a meeting at Almodovar del Campo of the supporters of reform, increasingly known as the Discalced Carmelites. There, in part as a result of the opposition faced from other Carmelites in recent years, they decided to demand from the Pope their formal separation from the rest of the Carmelite Order.[6] At this meeting John was appointed superior of El Calvario, an isolated monastery of around thirty friars in the mountains near Beas in Andalucia. During this time he befriended the nun Ana de Jesús, superior of the Discalced nuns at Beas, through his visits every Saturday to the town. While at El Calvario he composed his first version of his commentary on his poem, The Spiritual Canticle, perhaps at the request of the nuns in Beas. In 1579 he moved to Baeza, a town of around 50,000 people, to serve as rector of a new college, the Colegio de San Basilio, to support the studies of Discalced friars in Andalucia. This opened on 13 June 1579, and he remained there until 1582, spending much of his time as a spiritual director for the friars and townspeople. 1580 was an important year in the resolution of the disputes within the Carmelites. On 22 June, Pope Gregory XIII signed a decree, titled Pia Consideratione, which authorised a separation between the Calced and Discalced Carmelites. The Dominican friar, Juan Velázquez de las Cuevas, was appointed to carry out the decisions. At the first General Chapter of the Discalced Carmelites, in Alcalá de Henares on 3 March 1581, John of the Cross was elected one of the ‘Definitors’ of the community, and wrote a set of constitutions for them.[22] In November 1581 John was sent by Teresa to help Ana de Jesus in founding a convent in Granada. Arriving in January 1582, she set up a monastery of nuns, while John stayed in the friars' monastery of Los Martires, beside the Alhambra, becoming its prior in March 1582.[23] While here, he learned of the death of Teresa in October of that year. In February 1585, John travelled to Malaga and established a monastery of Discalced nuns there. In May 1585, at the General Chapter of the Discalced Carmelites in Lisbon, John was elected Provincial Vicar of Andalusia, a post which required him to travel frequently, making annual visitations of the houses of friars and nuns in Andalusia. During this time he founded seven new monasteries in the region. In June 1588, he was elected third Councillor to the Vicar General for the Discalced Carmelites, Father Nicolas Doria. To fulfill this role, he had to return to Segovia in Castile, where in this capacity he was also prior of the monastery. After disagreeing in 1590-1 with some of Doria's remodeling of the leadership of the Discalced Carmelite Order, though, John was removed from his post in Segovia, and sent by Doria in June 1591 to an isolated monastery in Andalusia called La Peñuela. There he fell ill, and traveled to the monastery at Úbeda for treatment. His condition worsened, however, and he died there on 14 December 1591, of erysipelas.[6] [edit] Veneration The morning after John’s death, huge numbers of the townspeople of Úbeda entered the monastery to view John’s body; in the crush, many were able to take home parts of his habit. He was initially buried at Úbeda, but, at the request of the monastery in Segovia, his body was secretly moved there in 1593. The people of Úbeda, however, unhappy at this change, sent representative to petition the pope to move the body back to its original resting place. Pope Clement VIII, impressed by the petition, issued a Brief on 15 October 1596 ordering the return of the body to Ubeda. Eventually, in a compromise, the superiors of the Discalced Carmelites decided that the monastery at Úbeda would receive one leg and one arm of the corpse from Segovia (the monastery at Úbeda had already kept one leg in 1593, and the other arm had been removed as the corpse passed through Madrid in 1593, to form a relic there). A hand and a leg remain visible in a reliquary at the Oratory of San Juan de la Cruz in Úbeda, a monastery built in 1627 though connected to the original Discalced monastery in the town founded in 1587.[24] The head and torso was retained by the monastery at Segovia. There, they were venerated until 1647, when on orders from Rome designed to prevent the veneration of remains without official approval, the remains were buried in the ground. In the 1930s they were disinterred, and now sit in a side chapel in a marble case above a special altar built in that decade.[24] Proceedings to beatify John began with the gathering of information on his life between 1614 and 1616, although he was only beatified in 1675 by Pope Clement X, and was canonized by Benedict XIII in 1726. When his feast day was added to the General Roman Calendar in 1738, it was assigned to 24 November, since his date of death was impeded by the then-existing octave of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.[25] This obstacle was removed in 1955 and in 1969 Pope Paul VI moved it to the dies natalis (birthday to heaven) of the saint, 14 December.[26] The Church of England commemorates him as a "Teacher of the Faith" on the same date. In 1926, he was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius XI. [edit] Editions of his works His writings were first published in 1618 by Diego de Salablanca. The numerical divisions in the work, still used by modern editions of the text, were introduced by Salablanca (they were not in John's original writings), in order to help make the work more manageable for the reader.[6] This edition does not contain the ‘’Spiritual Canticle’’, however, and also omits or adapts certain passages, perhaps for fear of falling foul of the Inquisition. The ‘’Spiritual Canticle’’ was first included in the 1630 edition, produced by Fray Jeronimo de San Jose, at Madrid. This edition was largely followed by later editors, although editions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries gradually included a few more poems and letters.[27] [edit] Literary works St. John of the Cross is considered one of the foremost poets in the Spanish language. Although his complete poems add up to fewer than 2500 verses, two of them—the Spiritual Canticle and The Dark Night of the Soul are widely considered masterpieces of Spanish poetry, both for their formal stylistic point of view and their rich symbolism and imagery. His theological works often consist of commentaries on these poems. All the works were written between 1578 and his death in 1591, meaning there is great consistency in the views presented in them. The poem The Spiritual Canticle, is an eclogue in which the bride (representing the soul) searches for the bridegroom (representing Jesus Christ), and is anxious at having lost him; both are filled with joy upon reuniting. It can be seen as a free-form Spanish version of the Song of Songs at a time when translations of the Bible into the vernacular were forbidden. The first 31 stanzas of the poem were composed in 1578 while John was imprisoned in Toledo. It was read after his escape by the nuns at Beas, who made copies of these stanzas. Over the following years, John added some extra stanzas. Today, two versions exist: one with 39 stanzas and one with 40, although with some of the stanzas ordered differently. The first redaction of the commentary on the poem was written in 1584, at the request of Madre Ana de Jesus, when she was prioress of the Discalced Carmelite nuns in Granada. A second redaction, which contains more detail, was written in 1585-6.[6] The Dark Night (from which the spiritual term takes its name) narrates the journey of the soul from her bodily home to her union with God. It happens during the night, which represents the hardships and difficulties she meets in detachment from the world and reaching the light of the union with the Creator. There are several steps in this night, which are related in successive stanzas. The main idea of the poem can be seen as the painful experience that people endure as they seek to grow in spiritual maturity and union with God. The poem of this title was likely written in 1578 or 1579. In 1584-5, John wrote a commentary on the first two stanzas and first line of the third stanza of the poem.[6] The Ascent of Mount Carmel is a more systematic study of the ascetical endeavour of a soul looking for perfect union, God, and the mystical events happening along the way. Although it begins as a commentary on the poem ‘’The Dark Night’’, it rapidly drops this format, having commented on the first two stanzas of the poem, and becomes a treatise. It was composed sometime between 1581 and 1585.[6] A four stanza work, Living Flame of Love describes a greater intimacy, as the soul responds to God's love. It was written in a first redaction at Granada between 1585-6, apparently in two weeks,[6] and in a mostly identical second redaction at La Penuela in 1591. These, together with his Dichos de Luz y Amor, or "Sayings of Light and Love," and St. Teresa's writings, are the most important mystical works in Spanish, and have deeply influenced later spiritual writers all around the world. Among these can be named T. S. Eliot, Thérèse de Lisieux, Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta of the Cross), and Thomas Merton. John has also influenced philosophers (Jacques Maritain), theologians (Hans Urs von Balthasar), pacifists (Dorothy Day, Daniel Berrigan, and Philip Berrigan) and artists (Salvador Dalí). Pope John Paul II wrote his theological dissertation on the mystical theology of Saint John of the Cross. [edit] See also - Book of the First Monks - Byzantine Discalced Carmelites - Calendar of saints (Church of England) - Carmelite Rule of St. Albert - Christian Meditation - Constitutions of the Carmelite Order - Miguel Asín Palacios - Saint Raphael Kalinowski, the first friar to be canonized (in 1991 by Pope John Paul II) in the Order of Discalced Carmelites since Saint John of the Cross - Spanish Renaissance literature - Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites [edit] Books - The Dark Night: A Masterpiece in the Literature of Mysticism (Translated and Edited by E. Allison Peers), Doubleday, 1959. - The Poems of Saint John of the Cross (English Versions and Introduction by Willis Barnstone), Indiana University Press, 1968, revised 2nd ed. New Directions, 1972. - The Dark Night, Saint John of The Cross (Translated by Mirabai Starr), Riverhead Books, New York, 2002, ISBN 1-57322-974-1 - Poems of St John of The Cross (Translated and Introduction by Kathleen Jones), Burns and Oates, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK, 1993, ISBN 0-86012-210-7 - The Collected Works of St John of the Cross (Eds. Kavanaugh and O. Rodriguez), Institute of Carmelite Studies, Washington DC, revised edition, 1991 [edit] Further reading - Sr. Pascale-Dominique Nau, When God Speaks: Lectio Divina in Saint John of the Cross and the Ladder of Monks (Rome: Lulu.com, 2011) - E Howells, ‘Spanish Mysticism and Religious Renewal: Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Avila, and John of the Cross (16th Century, Spain)’, in Julia A Lamm, ed., Blackwell Companion to Christian Mysticism, (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) - K Kavanaugh, John of the Cross: doctor of light and love, (2000) - Iain Matthew, The Impact of God, Soundings from St John of the Cross (Hodder & Stoughton, 1995) - Stephen Payne, John of the Cross and the Cognitive Value of Mysticism, (1990) - Rowan Williams, The wound of knowledge: Christian spirituality from the New Testament to St. John of the Cross, (1990) - K Wojtyla [Pope John Paul II], Faith According to St. John of the Cross, (1981) [edit] References - ^ The day is unknown. The parish registers were destroyed by a fire in 1546, and the only serious evidence is an inscription on the font in the church, dated 1689. Midsummer Day is sometimes cited as the date of John’s birth, but since this is also the Feast of St John the Baptist, this may simply be conjecture. See E Allison Peers, Spirit of Flame: A Study of St John of the Cross, (London: SCM Press, 1943), p11 - ^ Rodriguez, Jose Vincente, Biographical Narrative. God Speaks in the Night. The Life, Times, and Teaching of St. John of the Cross, Washington D.C.: ICS Publications, 1991, p. 3 - ^ Norman Roth, Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995, pp. 157, 369 - ^ Desmond Tillyer, Union with God: The Teaching of St John of the Cross, London & Oxford: Mowbray, 1984, p4 - ^ Gerald Brenan, St John of the Cross: His Life and Poetry, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), p4 - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kavanaugh, Kieran (1991). "General Introduction: Biographical Sketch". In Kieran Kavanaugh. The Collected Works of St John of the Cross. Washington: ICS Publications. - ^ Matthew, Iain (1995). The Impact of God, Soundings from St John of the Cross.. Hodder & Stoughton. - ^ Kavanaugh (1991) names the date as 24 February. However, E Allison Peers (1943), p13, points out that although this, the Feast of St Matthias, is often assumed to be the date, Father Silverio postulates a date in August or September. - ^ At some point between 21 May and October. See E Allison Peers, Spirit of Flame: A Study of St John of the Cross, (London: SCM Press, 1943), p13 - ^ E Allison Peers (1943, p16) suggests that the journey was in order to visit a nearby Carthusian monastery; Richard P Hardy, The Life of St John of the Cross: Search for Nothing, (London: DLT, 1982), p24, argues that the reason was for John to say his first mass - ^ E Allison Peers, Spirit of Flame: A Study of St John of the Cross, (London: SCM Press, 1943), p16 - ^ Desmond Tillyer, Union with God: The Teaching of St John of the Cross, (London & Oxford: Mowbray, 1984), p.8 - ^ Richard P Hardy, The Life of St John of the Cross: Search for Nothing, (London: DLT, 1982), p27 - ^ The monastery may have contained three men, according to E Allison Peers (1943), p27, or five, according to Richard P Hardy, The Life of St John of the Cross: Search for Nothing, (London: DLT, 1982), p35 - ^ The month generally given is May. E Allison Peers, Complete Works Vol I (1943, xxvi), agreeing with P Silverio, thinks it must have been substantially later than this, though certainly before 27 September. - ^ http://translate.google.com/translate?&u=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean+de+la+Croix&sl=fr&tl=en - ^ Richard P Hardy, The Life of St John of the Cross: Search for Nothing, (London: DLT, 1982), p56 - ^ He is possibly the same Pedro Fernández who became the Bishop of Avila in 1581. It was he who appointed Teresa in 1571 as prioress in Avila, but who also enjoyed good relations with the Carmelite Prior Provincial of Castile. - ^ Bennedict Zimmermann. "Ascent of Mt Carmel , introductory essay THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYSTICISM IN THE CARMELITE ORDER". Thomas Baker and Internet Archive. http://www.archive.org/details/ascentofmountcar00johnuoft. - ^ Desmond Tillyer, Union with God: The Teaching of St John of the Cross, (London & Oxford: Mowbray, 1984), p.10 - ^ Dark night of the soul. Translation by Mirabai Starr. - ^ "Jean de la Croix". http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_la_Croix. - ^ Richard P Hardy, The Life of St John of the Cross: Search for Nothing, (London: DLT, 1982), p90 - ^ a b Richard P Hardy, The Life of St John of the Cross: Search for Nothing, (London: DLT, 1982), pp113-130 - ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 110 - ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 146 - ^ The Complete Works of Saint John of the Cross. Translated and edited by E Allison Peers, from the critical edition of Silverio de Santa Teresa. 3 vols, (Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1943). Vol I, pp.l-lxxvi [edit] External links - Catholic Encyclopedia on John of the Cross - Works by or about John of the Cross in libraries (WorldCat catalog) - The Metaphysics of Mysticism: The Mystical Philosophy of Saint John of the Cross Biography of St. John of the Cross - Christian Classics Ethereal Library: St. John of the Cross - Thomas Merton on St. John of the Cross - Lectio divina and St John of the Cross - The Life and Miracles of St. John of the Cross, Doctor and Confessor of the Church - Verse-translation of The Dark Night of the Soul at Poems Found in Translation - http://www.mercaba.org/FICHAS/Santos/juandelacruz.htm - St. Gregory the Great - St. Ambrose - St. Augustine - St. Jerome - St. John Chrysostom - St. Basil - St. Gregory Nazianzus - St. Athanasius of Alexandria - St. Cyril of Alexandria - St. Cyril of Jerusalem - St. John Damascene - St. Bede the Venerable - St. Ephrem - St. Thomas Aquinas - St. Bonaventure - St. Anselm - St. Isidore - St. Peter Chrysologus - St. Leo the Great - St. Peter Damian - St. Bernard of Clairvaux - St. Hilary of Poitiers - St. Alphonsus Liguori - St. Francis de Sales - St. Peter Canisius - St. John of the Cross - St. Robert Bellarmine - St. Albertus Magnus - St. Anthony of Padua - St. Lawrence of Brindisi - St. Teresa of Ávila - St. Catherine of Siena - St. Thérèse of Lisieux - St. John of Ávila - St. Hildegard of Bingen - Clement of Rome - Ignatius of Antioch - Polycarp of Smyrna - Irenaeus of Lyons - Clement of Alexandria - Athanasius of Alexandria - John Chrysostom - Cyril of Alexandria - Maximus the Confessor - John of Damascus - Cyprian of Carthage - Hilary of Poitiers - Ambrose of Milan - Jerome of Stridonium - Augustine of Hippo - Gregory the Great - Isidore of Seville - Cappadocian Fathers - Desert Fathers - Gregory the Great - Ambrose of Milan - Augustine of Hippo - Jerome of Stridonium - John Chrysostom - Basil the Great - Gregory of Nazianzus - Athanasius - Thomas Aquinas - Bonaventure - Anselm - Isidore of Seville - Peter Chrysologus - Leo the Great - Peter Damian - Bernard of Clairvaux - Hilary of Poitiers - Alphonsus Liguori - Francis de Sales - Cyril of Alexandria - Cyril of Jerusalem - John of Damascus - Bede - Ephrem - Peter Canisius - John of the Cross - Robert Bellarmine - Albertus Magnus - Anthony of Padua - Lawrence of Brindisi - Teresa of Ávila - Catherine of Siena - Thérèse of Lisieux - John of Avila - Hildegard of Bingen - 1542 births - 1591 deaths - Spanish people of Jewish descent - People from the Province of Ávila - Spanish hermits - Carmelite mystics - 16th-century Roman Catholic priests - Spanish Roman Catholic saints - Spanish Roman Catholic priests - Doctors of the Church - Catholic spirituality - Founders of Roman Catholic religious communities - Counter-Reformation - Spanish Roman Catholic theologians - Carmelite spirituality - Spanish escapees - Spanish spiritual writers - Spanish Catholic poets - Roman Catholic writers - 16th-century Spanish people - 16th-century Christian saints - Renewers of the church - University of Salamanca alumni - Deaths from streptococcus infection - Burials in Segovia - Anglican saints - Discalced Carmelite Order - Incorrupt saints