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Изолационизъм Изолационизъм е термин, обозначаващ направление във външната политика на дадена държава, което комбинира ненамеса във военните дела на други държави и политика на икономически национализъм (протекционизъм). Включва: - Ненамеса – Политическите лидери избягват влизането в съюзи с други нации, като и всички военни дейстния, които не са свързани с директната защита на териториалната цялост на страната. - Протекционизъм – Поставят се законови бариери на външната търговия и култулния обмен с други страни. В икономиката съответно, изолационизмът води до автаркия — състояние, при което външния товарооборот е сведен до минимум. Терминът изолационизъм може да се използва в различен контекст, в качеството на антоним на понятията като колаборационизъм, интернационализъм и други. В днешно време пример за изолация е Северна Корея — политиката Чучхе. Съдържание Определения[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Изолационизмът, като термин в политиката, винаги е бил въпрос на точна дефиниция. - Според „Енциклопедия Британика“, изолационизмът е национална политика на отбягване на политически или икономически взаимоотношения с други страни.[1] - В българският език, терминът е навлязъл от френски език, чрез думата isolationnisme — учение, според което мир и икономически напредък могат да се постигнат най-добре чрез изолирането на собствената страна от договори и съюзи с други страни.[2] - Изолационизмът е доброволното въздържане на една държава от участие в политиката, свързана със сигурността, в дадена област на международните отношения, над която е способна да оказва влияние. Това въздържане може, и не трябва, да е абсолютно, но колкото по-слабо е то, толкова по-малка е причината политиката на страната да се нарича изолационизъм. Случаи на изолационизъм в историята[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Китай[редактиране | редактиране на кода] След експедициите на Джън Хъ през 14 век, външната политика на династията Мин в Китай става все по-изолационистка. Император Хун Ву е първият, който предлага мярката за забрана на морската търговия — през 1371 г.[4] Династията Цин, която наследява Мин, често използва тази политика. Японските пирати са една от главните причини за това, макар че забраната не е безспорна мярка. Япония[редактиране | редактиране на кода] От 1641 до 1853 г., шогунатът Токугава налага политика, наречена кайкин. Тя забранява контактите с почти всички други държави. Все пак, идеята Япония да бъде напълно затворена, не се осъществява — всъщност, държавата поддържа ограничени търговски и дипломатически връзки с Китай, Корея, островите Рюкю и Нидерландия.[5] Културата на Япония се развива с ограничено влияние от останалия свят и има един от най-дългите периоди на мир в историята. По време на този период, страната, в Япония са изградени процъфтяващи градове и замъци и се увеличават потреблението на продукти от селското стопанство и вътрешната търговия,[6] наемния труд, увеличава се грамотността и книгопечатането,[7] поставящи основата за последваща модернизация, докато в същото време шогунатът запада.[8] САЩ[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Изолационизмът е често повтаряща се тема в политиката на САЩ, която намира място в прощалната реч на Джордж Вашингтон - първия президент на страната, и в доктрината Монро от началото на 19 век. Терминът често се използва и за политическата атмосфера в САЩ през 30-те години на 20 век. Провалът на интернационализма на президента Удроу Уилсън (виж Четиринадесетте точки на Уилсън), либералната опозиция на войната като инструмент на политиката, както и суровия ефект от Голямата депресия, са сред причините за нежеланието на американците да се замесват с нарастването на фашизма в Европа.[9] Парагвай[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Веднага след постигането на независимостта на страната, от 1814 г. Парагвай е управляван от диктатора Хосе де Франсия, който затваря границите и забранява търговията и всякакви други отношения с останалия свят — положение, котео остава до смъртта му през 1840 г. Корея[редактиране | редактиране на кода] През 1863 г. на 12-годишна възраст, Ли Дже Хуан заема трона на династията Чосон. Баща му, регентът Кейо Теуонкун, управлява вместо него, до навършването му на пълнолетие. През 60-те години на 19 век, Теуонкун е основния защитник на изолационизма и преследването на корейски и чуждестранни католици — политики, които водят директно до френската кампания през 1866 г. и военна експедиция на САЩ — през 1871 г. Бутан[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Преди 1999 г., в държавата Бутан има забрана на телевизията и интернета, за да се запазят културата, развитието и идентичността на страната. Все пак, крал Джигме Синге Вангчук вдига забраната. Неговият син — Джигме Хесар Намгиал Вангчук, е избран за крал, като Бутан е превърнат в конституционна монархия. Северна Корея[редактиране | редактиране на кода] След Корейската война и прекратяването на военните действия през 1953 г., правителството на Северна Корея поема курс на изолационизъм, превръщайки се в едно от най-авторитарните общества. Юридически, страната все още е в състояние на война с Южна Корея и Запада. Страната поддържа близки отношения с Китай и ограничава отношенията с други страни. Забранени са всякакви южнокорейски, американски медии и стоки, както и такива на други държави (включително вестници, видеоигри и т.н.) и търговията с тях се счита за незаконна. Вижте също[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Бележки[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - ↑ ((en)) Encyclopædia Britannica online - ↑ М. Филипова-Байрова и колектив. Речник на чуждите думи в българския език. Издателство на Българската академия на науките. София. 1982 г. стр. 328 - ↑ ((en)) Bear F. Braumoeller. The Myth of American Isolationism. стр.10 - ↑ ((en)) Vo Glahn, Richard. Fountain of Fortune: money and monetary policy in China, 1000-1700. University of California Press. - ↑ ((en)) Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, (1984) 1991. - ↑ ((en)) Thomas C. Smith, The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan, Stanford Studies in the Civilizations of Eastern Asia, Stanford, Calif., 1959,: Stanford University Press. - ↑ ((en)) Mary Elizabeth Berry, Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. - ↑ ((en)) Albert Craig, Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961; Marius B. Jansen, Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961. - ↑ ((en)) Encyclopædia Britannica online
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Isolationism Isolationism is a category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance, as well as a term used, sometimes pejoratively, in political debates. Most[who?] Isolationists believe that limiting international involvement keeps their country from being drawn into dangerous and otherwise undesirable conflicts. Some[who?] strict Isolationists believe that their country is best served by even avoiding international trade agreements or other mutual assistance pacts.[1] Two distinct and unrelated concepts that are occasionally erroneously categorized as Isolationism are: - Non-interventionism – is the belief that political rulers should avoid military alliances with other nations and to avoid interfering in wars bearing no direct impact on their nation. However, most non-interventionists are supporters of free trade, travel, and support certain international agreements, unlike isolationists. - Protectionism – Relates more often to economics, its proponents believe that there should be legal barriers in order to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states. Contents Introduction[edit] "Isolationism" is currently a somewhat controversial style of policy. Whether or not a country should be isolationist affects both its people's living standards and the ability of its political rulers to benefit favored firms and industries. The policy or doctrine of trying to isolate one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, and generally attempting to make one's economy entirely self-reliant; seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement, both diplomatically and economically, while remaining in a state of peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.[2] All the First World countries trade in a world economy, and experienced an expansion of the division of labor, which generally raised living standards. However, some characterize this as "a wage race to the bottom" in the manufacturing industries that should be curtailed by protectionism. Some argue that isolating a country from a global division of labor—i.e. employing protectionists trading policies—could be potentially helpful to the people.[citation needed] Free trade eliminates the economic barriers otherwise posed by geopolitical borders, such as tariffs and various taxes that would be inconvenient for both manufacturers and consumers. However, isolationism on the other hand, can preserve local jobs that would otherwise be outsourced overseas. There is no universally accepted opinion regarding isolationism, although western countries often criticise North Korea, Cuba, and other countries for pursuing isolationist policies. These countries, conversely, generally rebut that their policies are in resistance to western imperialism. Isolationism by country[edit] Albania[edit] Albania was isolated from other countries while it was under communist control from 1944 to 1990. Known officially as the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 to 1976, and then as the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1976 to 1991, Albania spent much of this time under the regime of Enver Hoxha, who severely restricted citizens' freedom[according to whom?] and contact with the outside world. Bhutan[edit] Before 1999, Bhutan had banned television and the Internet to preserve its culture, environment, identity etc. Eventually, Jigme Singye Wangchuck lifted the ban on television and the Internet. His son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck was elected as Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan which is being transformed into a democracy. China[edit] After Zheng He's voyages in the 15th century, the foreign policy of the Ming Dynasty in China became increasingly isolationist. Emperor Hongwu was the first to propose the policy to ban all maritime shipping in 1371.[3] The Qing Dynasty that came after the Ming often continued the latter dynasty's isolationist policies. Wokou or Japanese pirates were one of the key primary concerns, although the maritime ban was not without some control. At the end of China’s bloody civil war, the country quickly closed off its borders to many outside countries and only maintained diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union. In 1949 Mao turned China into an isolationist, and communist country, along the lines of its Soviet benefactors. For a period of time the Chinese attempted to become self-reliant, but found that in doing so the country could not break even economically, especially when attempting to maintain a communist vision when it came to economics. In the 1970s the People's Republic of China began large radical economic reforms, which forced the country to change from a zero competition nation to one of the most capitalistic nations in the world. In doing so it quickly began to open its borders to the trade of various other countries thus adding itself to a global trade economy. While the government still regulates many of the country's cultural interactions with others, it is very open to the concept of an open market and competition with other countries, allowing the flow of technological innovations to flow in and out of its borders freely. Japan[edit] From 1641 to 1853, the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan enforced a policy which it called kaikin. The policy prohibited foreign contact with most outside countries. However, the commonly held idea that Japan was entirely closed is misleading. In fact, Japan maintained limited-scale trade and diplomatic relations with China, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands and the Netherlands.[4] The culture of Japan developed with limited influence from the outside world and had one of the longest stretches of peace in history. During this period, Japan developed thriving cities and castle towns and increasing commodification of agriculture and domestic trade,[5] wage labor, increasing literacy and concomitant print culture,[6] laying the groundwork for modernization, even as the shogunate itself grew weak.[7] Korea[edit] Joseon Dynasty[edit] In 1863, King Gojong took the throne of the Joseon Dynasty when he was a child. His father, Regent Heungseon Daewongun, ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood. During the mid-1860s he was the main proponent of isolationism and the principal instrument of the persecution of both native and foreign Catholics. North Korea[edit] The foreign relations of North Korea are often tense and unpredictable. Since the Korean Armistice Agreement ended the armed conflict that existed during the active part of the Korean War in 1953, leaving a de facto truce in place ever since, the North Korean government has been largely isolationist, becoming one of the world's most authoritarian societies. While no formal peace treaty exists between North and South Korea, both diplomatic discussions and clashes have occurred between the two. North Korea has maintained close relations with the People's Republic of China and has often limited its contact with other nations. The North Korean government has banned all media from other countries (such as video games, newspapers, and goods), especially South Korea and the United States, and smuggling these products is illegal. Paraguay[edit] Just after independence was achieved, Paraguay was governed from 1814 by the dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, who closed the country's borders and prohibited trade or any relation with the outside world until his death in 1840. The Spanish settlers who had arrived just before independence had to intermarry with either the old colonists or with the native Guarani, in order to create a single Paraguayan people. Francia had a particular dislike of foreigners and any who came to Paraguay during his rule (which would have been very difficult) were not allowed to leave for the rest of their lives. An independent character, he hated European influences and the Catholic Church, turning church courtyards into artillery parks and confession boxes into border sentry posts, in an attempt to keep foreigners at bay. Switzerland[edit] Switzerland has been neutral in foreign relations since the Battle of Marignano in 1515. Switzerland did not participate in either of the World Wars and it joined the United Nations as late as 2002, leaving only the Vatican City as the last widely recognized non-UN member at the time of joining. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union or the European Economic Area and the general public remains opposed to full EU membership.[8] In February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved a referendum to restrict immigration and reintroduce quotas on foreigners originating from the EU. United States[edit] While some scholars, such as Robert J. Art, believe that the United States has an isolationist history, other scholars dispute this by describing the United States as following a strategy of unilateralism or non-interventionism instead.[9][10] Robert Art makes his argument in A Grand Strategy for America (2003).[9] Books that have made the argument that the United States followed unilaterism instead of isolationism include Walter A. McDougall's Promised Land, Crusader State (1997), John Lewis Gaddis's Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (2004), and Bradley F. Podliska's Acting Alone (2010).[11] Both sides claim policy prescriptions from George Washington's Farewell Address as evidence for their argument.[9][10] See also[edit] - Autarky - Imperium - International isolation - Monroe Doctrine - Non-interventionism - Sakoku - Splendid isolation - United States non-interventionism - Unilateralism in the United States Works cited[edit] - ^ (Sullivan, Michael P., "Isolationism." World Book Deluxe 2001. CD-ROM.) - ^ "Neutrality, Political," (2008). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences; retrieved 2011-09-18 - ^ Vo Glahn, Richard. Pit of Money: money and monetary policy in China, xc1000-1700. University of California Press. - ^ Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, (1984) 1991. - ^ Thomas C. Smith, The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan, Stanford Studies in the Civilizations of Eastern Asia, Stanford, Calif., 1959,: Stanford University Press. - ^ Mary Elizabeth Berry, Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. - ^ Albert Craig, Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961; Marius B. Jansen, Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961. "Swiss still prefer bilateral accords with EU". Swissinfo. - ^ a b c Art, Robert J. (2004). A grand strategy for America. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. - ^ a b McDougall, Walter A. (1998). Promised land, crusader state : the American encounter with the world since 1776. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin. - ^ Podliska, Bradley F. Acting Alone: A Scientific Study of American Hegemony and Unilateral Use-of-Force Decision Making. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010. References[edit] - Barry, Tom. “A Global Affairs Commentary: The Terms of Power,” Foreign Policy in Focus, November 6, 2002), University Press. - Berry, Mary Elizabeth. Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period. Berkeley: University of California Press. - Chalberg, John C. (1995). Isolationism: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. - Craig, Albert. Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. - Glahn, Richard Von. Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000-1700. Berkeley: University of California Press. - Graebner, Norman A. (1956). The New Isolationism; a Study in Politics and Foreign Policy Since 1950. New York: Ronald Press. - Jansen, Marius B. (1961). Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration. Princeton: Princeton University Press. - Nichols, Christopher McKnight (2011). "Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011. - Nordlinger, Eric A. (1995). Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. - Smith, Thomas C. (1959). The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press. - Sullivan, Michael P. "Isolationism." World Book Deluxe 2001. CD-ROM. - Toby, Ronald P. (1984). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Princeton: Princeton University Press. - Washington, George "Washington's Farewell Address 1796." Yale Law School Avalon Project, 2008. Web.