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Илханат Илханат (персийски:سلسله ایلخانی, монголски: Ил Хан улс), е монголско ханство създаден на териториите на Персия през 13-ти век, считан за част от Монголската империя. Монголските владетели на Илханат, започвайки с хан Газан, почитат Исляма, религия следвана от по-голямата част от населението на страната. Териториите на страната обхващат днешен Иран, по-голямата част от Ирак, Афганистан, Туркменистан, Армения, Азербайджан, Грузия, Турция и западен Пакистан. Ханството е основано през 1256 от внука на Чингис хан, хан Хулагу. Съдържание Хулагу[редактиране | edit source] След битката при Кьосе даг през 1243 г., монголската армия окупира Анатолия и впоследствие принуждават Румелийския султанат да стане васал на държавата Илханат. Основател на управляващата династия в ханството е хан Хулагу, внук на Чингис хан и брат на Великите Ханове Монгке и Кубилай. Тръгвайки от Баиджу през 1255 или 1256 г., той има задачата да превземе мюсюлманските държави на запад. Тази инвазия води до преместването на значителни групи тюрки на запад към Анатолия, бягащи от монголските племена. Той основава династия в югозападната част на монголската империя, която се простира от териториите на Трансоксания до Сирия. Но смъртта на Великия хан Монгке го принуждава да се завърне от Персия, за да участва в избирането на следващия Велик хан. В негово отсъствие монголските сили претърпяват поражение в битката при Айн Джалут, която маркира крайния предел на монголските завоевания в Близкия изток. Ранният Илханат[редактиране | edit source] Терминът Ил-хан означава „подчинен хан“ и се свързва с основната разлика на Илхановете с Великите ханове на Монголската империя. До края на управлението си, Кублаидите на изток успяват да запазват своята власт над илхановете. Наследниците на Хулагу удържат властта си в Персия за следващите осемдесет години, като в началото те са последователи на Шаманизма, впоследствие на Будизма и накрая на Исляма. Въпреки всичко илхановете през цялата си власт остават противници на Мамелюците (които побеждават монголските нашественици и кръстоносците), но никога не успяват да организират мащабен поход срещу тях, защото биват въвлечени в конфликти с други монголски държави — Златната орда на север и Чагатайското ханство на изток. Френско-монголски съюз[редактиране | edit source] Много опити са били направени за формирането на съюз между монголците и държавите от Западна Европа през периода на 13-ти и 14-ти век, започвайки от времето на Седмия кръстоносен поход. Въпреки че са обединени от своя общ враг (главно Мамелюците), илхановете и европейците никога не успяват да съберат своите сили срещу своя общ враг — виж Втори Лионски събор. Приемане на Исляма[редактиране | edit source] В периода след смъртта на Хулагу, жителите на Илханата главоломно заповат да приемат Тибетския будизъм. Въпреки враждебното настроение на по-голямата част от мюсюлманското население на ханството, хан Газан приема исляма и официално фаворизира Исляма, за да приобщи немонголското население към режима. Вследствие на това християните и евреите губят своя равноправен статут и отново започват да плащат допълнителни данъци. Приемането на Исляма няма почти никакъв външно-политически ефект и хан Газан продължава войната с Мамелюците за контрол над Сирия. Неговият престолонаследник продължава политиката на хан Газан, въпреки предположенията че може да започне да поддържа шиитския ислям, съдейки по голямото влияние на шиитския теологист Ал-Хилли над него. Разпадане[редактиране | edit source] След смъртта на последния илхан Абу Саид през 1335 г., ханството започва да се разпада мълниеносно, като се разпада на няколко малки държави. Впоследствие Тимур успява да обедини отново териториите на Илаханата, с цел възстановяване на старото ханство. Наследство[редактиране | edit source] Илаханатът постила път за формирането на държавата на Сефевидите и така за формирането на модерен Иран. Военните успехи на Хулагу също така отварят Иран за европейско влияние от запад и китайско от изток. Това, в комбинация с патронажа на неговите наследници, създава основата за развитието на иранската архитектура. Под управлението на илхановете, иранските историци спират да пишат на арабски и започват да използват персийски. Вижте още[редактиране | edit source]
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Ilkhanate The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (Mongolian: XүлэrийH yлc Hülegü-yn Ulus Persian: سلسله ایلخانی Selsele-ye ilkhāni), was a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, covering neighboring territories such as present-day Azerbaijan, considered a part of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on Genghis Khan's campaigns in the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, Hulagu, in territories which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, including much of western Afghanistan and the southwestern part of Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, embraced Islam. [edit] Definition According to the historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Kublai granted Hulagu (Hulegu) the title of Ilkhan after his defeat of Ariq Boke. The term il-Khan means "subordinate khan" and refers to their initial deference to Möngke Khan and his successor Great Khans of the entire empire. The title "Ilkhan", borne by the descendants of Hulagu and later another Borjigin princes in Persia, does not materialize in the sources until after 1260.[2] [edit] Early Mongol rule in Persia When Muhammad II of Khwarezm executed the merchants dispatched by the Mongols, Genghis Khan declared war on Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty in 1219. The Mongols overran the whole empire, occupying all major cities and centers between 1219 to 1221. Persian Iraq was ravaged by the Mongol detachment under Jebe and Subedei, they left the area in ruin. Transoxiana came under the Mongol control after the invasion. The undivided area west of the Transoxiana was the inheritance of Genghis Khan's Borjigin family.[3] Thus, families of the latter's four sons appointed their officials under the Great Khan's governors, Chin-Temur, Nussal and Korguz, there. Muhammad's son Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu returned to Iran in c. 1224 after his exile in India. Rival Turkic states remained of his father's empire quickly declared their allegiance to him. He repulsed the first Mongol attempt to take Central Persia. However, Jalal ad-Din was overwhelmed and crushed by Chormaqan's army sent by the Great Khan Ögedei in 1231. During the Mongol expedition, Azerbaijan and southern Persian dynasties in Fars and Kerman voluntarily submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tributes.[4] To the west, Hamadan and the rest of Persia was secured by Chormaqan. The Mongols turned their attention to Armenia and Georgia in 1234 (or 1236). They completed the conquest of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1238; however, the Mongol Empire began to attack western parts of Greater Armenia which was under the Seljuks the next year. In 1236 Ogedei commanded to raise up Khorassan and populated Herat. The Mongol military governors mostly made their camp in Mughan plain, Azerbaijan. Realizing the danger of the Mongols, rulers of Mosul and Cilician Armenia submitted to the Great Khan. Chormaqan divided the Transcaucasia region into three districts based on military hierarchy.[5] In Georgia, the population were temporarily divided into eight tumens.[6] By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia, excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds, and all of Afghanistan and Kashmir.[7] After the battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongols under Baiju occupied Anatolia, and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.[8] Guyuk Khan abolished decrees, issued by the Mongol princes, had given orders on the revenue of districts in Persia and given also orders of exemption to others in c. 1244.[9] In accordance with the governor Arghun the Elder's (Arghun agha) complaint, Mongke Khan prohibited ortog-merchants and nobles to abuse relay stations, yam (route), and civilians in 1251.[10] He ordered a new census and decreed that each man in the Mongol ruled-Middle East must pay in proportion to his property. Persia was divided between four districts under Arghun. Mongke Khan granted the Kartids authority over Herat, Jam, Bushanj, Ghor, Khaysar, Firuz-Kuh, Gharjistan, Farah, Sistan, Kabul, Tirah, and Afghanistan.[11] [edit] First Ilkhan The actual founder of the Ilkhanate dynasty was Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan. Möngke dispatched him to establish a firm Toluid control over the Middle East, and ordered him return to Mongolia when his task was accomplished.[12] Taking over from Baiju in 1255 or 1256, he had been charged with subduing the Muslim kingdoms to the west "as far as the borders of Egypt." This occupation led the Turkmens to move west into Anatolia to escape from the Mongolian tribes. He established his dynasty over the southwestern part of the Mongol Empire that stretched from Transoxiana to Syria. He destroyed the Ismaili Nizari Hashshashins and the Abbasid Caliphate in 1256 and 1258 respectively. After that he advanced as far as Gaza, briefly conquering Ayyubid-Syria. Möngke's death forced Hulagu to return from the Persian heartland for the preparation of Khuriltai (selection of a new leader). He left a small force behind to continue the Mongol advance, but it was halted in Palestine in 1260 by a major defeat at the battle of Ain Jalut at the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt. Due to geo-political and religious issues and deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, Berke declared open war on Hulagu in 1262 and possibly called his troops back in Iran. According to Mamluk historians, Hulagu might have massacred Berke's troops and refused to share his war booty with Berke. Hulagu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions including Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295. However, despite this conversion, the Ilkhans remained opposed to the Mamluks (who had defeated both Mongol invaders and Crusaders). The Ilkhans launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the Mamluks, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia. This was in large part due to civil war in the Mongol Empire, and the hostility of the khanates to the north and east. The Chagatai Khanate in Moghulistan and the Golden Horde threatened the Ilkhanate in the Caucasus and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hulagu's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes. On the other hand, the China-based Yuan Dynasty was an ally of the Ikhanate and also held nominal suzerainty over the latter for many decades.[13][14] Hulagu took with him many Chinese scholars, astronomers, and the famous Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi learned about the mode of the Chinese calculating tables.[15] The observatory was built on a hill of Maragheh. [edit] Franco-Mongol alliance Many attempts towards the formation of a Franco-Mongol alliance were made between the courts of Western Europe (West Europeans were collectively called Franks by Muslims and Asians in the Crusades era) and the Mongols (primarily the Ilkhanate) in the 13th and 14th centuries, starting from around the time of the Seventh Crusade. United in their opposition to the Muslims (mainly the Mamluks), the Ilkhanate and the Europeans were still never able to satisfactorily combine their forces against their common enemy.[16] [edit] Conversion to Islam In the period after Hulagu, the Ilkhans increasingly adopted Tibetan Buddhism. Christian powers were encouraged by what appeared to be a favoring of Nestorian Christianity but this probably went no deeper than their traditional evenhandedness.[17] Thus the Ilkhans were markedly out of step with the Muslim majority they ruled. Ghazan, shortly before he overthrew Baydu, converted to Islam and his official favoring of Islam coincided with a marked attempt to bring the regime closer to the non-Mongol majority. Christian and Jewish subjects lost their equal status with Muslims and again had to pay the poll tax. Buddhists had the starker choice of conversion or expulsion.[18] In foreign relations, the conversion to Islam had little to no effect and Ghazan continued to fight the Mamluks for control of Syria. But the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, which was the Mongols' only major victory over the Mamluks, disproved his control over Syria, which lasted but a few months. For the most part, Ghazan's policies continued under his brother Öljeitü despite suggestions that he might begin to favor the Shi'a brand of Islam after he came under the influence of Shi'a theologians Al-Hilli and Maitham Al Bahrani.[19] Öljeitü succeeded in conquering Gilan on the Caspian coast and his magnificent tomb in Soltaniyeh remains the best known monument of Ilkhanid rule in Persia. [edit] Disintegration After Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, the khanate began to disintegrate rapidly, and split up into several rival successor states, most prominently the Jalayirids. Hasar's descendant Togha Temür, who was the last of the obscure Ilkhan pretenders, was assassinated by Sarbadars in 1353. Timur later carved a state from the Jalayirids, ostensibly to restore the old khanate. The historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani wrote a universal history for the khans around 1315 which provides much material for their history. [edit] Legacy The emergence of Ilkhanate had an important impact in this region. The Mongol Empire had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia. The communications between Ilkhanate and the Yuan Dynasty headquartered in China encouraged this development.[20][21] The Ilkhanate also helped to pave the way for the later Safavid dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran. Hulagu's conquests had also opened Iran to Chinese influence from the east. This, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under the Il Khans, Iranian historians also moved from writing in Arabic, to writing in Persian.[22] The rudiments of double-entry accounting were practiced in the Ilkhanate; merdiban was then adopted by the Ottoman empire. These developments were independent from the accounting practices used in Europe.[23] This accounting system created primarily from socio-economic necessities caused by agricultural and fiscal reforms of Ghazan Khan in 1295-1304. [edit] Ilkhans [edit] House of Hulagu (1256-1335). Ilkhanate Mongol kings - Hulagu Khan (1256–1265) - Abaqa Khan (1265–1282) - Ahmad Tegüder (1282–1284) - Mahmud Ghazan (1295–1304) - Muhammad Khodabandeh (Oljeitu) (1304–1316) - Abu Sa'id Bahadur (1316–1335) After the Ilkhanate, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants. [edit] House of Ariq Böke [edit] House of Hulagu (1336-1357) - Musa (1336–1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad) - Muhammad (1336–1338) (Jalayirid puppet) - Sati Beg (1338–1339) (Chobanid puppet) - Sulayman (1339–1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the Sarbadars 1341–1343) - Jahan Temur (1339–1340) (Jalayirid puppet) - Anushirwan (1343–1356) (Chobanid puppet) - Ghazan II (1356–1357) (known only from coinage) [edit] House of Hasar Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan): - Togha Temür (c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the Kartids 1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353) - Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür and the protege of Timur) [edit] Family tree (House of Hulagu) Hulagu Khan Ilkhan Tekuder Ilkhan Abaqa Khan Ilkhan Arghun Ilkhan Gaykhatu Ilkhan Baydu Ilkhan Ghazan Ilkhan Oljaitu Ilkhan Sati Khatun Ilkhan Abu Sa'id Ilkhan Jahan Timur Ilkhan Musa Ilkhan Muhammad Ilkhan [edit] See also - Full list of Iranian Kingdoms - Sarbadars, the famous political movement of the Ilkhanid era of Persia. - Hazaras [edit] Notes - ^ a b Rahiminejad, Sadegh: IRAN: Tarikh (2006). Languages of the Persian [Section] - ^ Peter Jackson - The Mongols and the west, p.127 - ^ Jeremiah Curtin-The Mongols: A history, p.184 - ^ Timothy May-Chormaqan, p.47 - ^ Grigor of Akanc-The history of the nation of archers, (tr. R.P. Blake) 303 - ^ Kalistriat Salia-History of the Georguan Nation, p.210 - ^ Thomas T. Allsen-Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.84 - ^ George Finlay- The history of Greece from its conquest by the Crusaders to its conquest by the Ottomans, p.384 Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, see:Monqe Khan - ^ M. Th. Houtsma-E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 1 , p.729 - ^ Ehsan Yar-Shater- Encyclopaedia Iranica, p.209 Jackson-Dissolution of the Mongol Empire, pp.222 - ^ Christopher P. Atwood - Ibid - ^ Michael Prawdin, Mongol Empire and its legacy, p.302 Howorth-History of the Mongols, vol.IV, p.138 - ^ "Despite numerous envoys and the obvious logic of an alliance against mutual enemies, the papacy and the Crusaders never achieved the often-proposed alliance against Islam". Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 583, "Western Europe and the Mongol Empire" - ^ Medieval Persia 1040–1797, David Morgan p64 - ^ Medieval Persia 1040–1797, David Morgan p72 - ^ Ali Al Oraibi, Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions By Lynda Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p336 - ^ Gregory G. Guzman - Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?, The historian 50 (1988), 568-70 - ^ Thomas T. Allsen - Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia, 211 - ^ Francis Robinson, The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia, Pages 19 and 36 - ^ Cigdem Solas, ACCOUNTING SYSTEM PRACTICED IN THE NEAR EAST DURING THE PERIOD 1220-1350, based ON THE BOOK RISALE-I FELEKIYYE, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol. [edit] References - Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9. - C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996. - R. Amitai-Preiss: Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260–1281. Cambridge, 1995 [edit] External links - Ilkhanids Dynasty Mongolian dynasty - Encyclopedia Iranica. Contains more information on the Ilkhanate. - [1] Contains a searchable database for Ilkhanid coins and Alexander's conquests - Proto-Elamite civilization (2300–1800 BC) - Indus valley civilization (2200–1800 BC) - Oxus civilization (2100–1800 BC) - Aryans (1700–700 BC) - Median Empire (728–550 BC) - Achaemenids (550–330 BC) - Seleucids (330–150 BC) - Mauryans (305–180 BC) - Greco-Bactrians (256–125 BC) - Indo-Greeks (180–130 BC) - Indo-Scythians (Sakas) (155–80? - Indo-Parthians (20 BC–50? - Kushans (135 BC–248 AD) - Sassanids (230–565) - Indo-Sassanids (248–410) - Kidarites (320–465) - Hephthalites (410–557) - Kabul Shahi (565–879) - Rashidun Caliphate (642–641) - Umayyads (661–750) - Abbasids (750–821) - Tahirids (821–873) - Saffarids (863–900) - Samanids (875–999) - Ghaznavids (963–1187) - Khwarezmids (1077–1231) - Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738) - Durrani Empire (1747–1826) - Democratic Republic (1978–1992) - Islamic State (1992–2001) - Islamic Emirate (1996–2001) - Islamic Republic (2001–present) - Borjigin - Organization under Genghis Khan - Political divisions - Mongol military tactics and organization - Society and economy - Religion in the Mongol Empire - Armeno-Mongol alliance - Byzantine–Mongol alliance - Franco-Mongol alliance - Timeline of the Mongol Empire - Timeline of Mongol conquests - List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Russian states - Mongol and Tatar states in Europe - Banner of the Mongols - Destruction under the Mongol Empire - Yuan Dynasty - Ilkhanate - Golden Horde - Chagatai Khanate - see also House of Ogedei - Byzantine - Hunnic - Arab - Moroccan - Persian - Persianate - Bulgarian - Benin - Great Seljuq - Latin - Oyo - Bornu - Aragonese - Indian - Mongol - Yuan - Golden Horde - Chagatai Khanate - Ilkhanate - Kanem - Serbian - Songhai - Khmer - Carolingian - Holy Roman - North Sea - Angevin - Mali - Chinese - Wagadou - Aztec - Inca - Srivijaya - Majapahit - Ethiopian - Somali - Adalite - Ifatite - Tongan - Ashanti - Indian - Chinese - Ottoman - Persian - Moroccan - Ethiopian - Somali - French - Austrian - German - Russian - Swedish - Mexican - Brazilian - Korean - Japanese - Haitian - Central African