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Исан Исан (на таи и исански อีสาน) е североизточният регион на Тайланд. Той заема Кхоратското плато, оградено на север и изток от река Меконг, а на юг от Камбоджа. На запад Исан е отделен от Северен и Централен Тайланд от планинската верига Фечабун. Основната стопанска дейност е земеделието, но поради обществено-икономическите условия и горещия сух климат добивите са далеч по-ниски, отколкото в останалата част на страната. Исан е най-бедният регион на Тайланд. Основният език в Исан е исанският, много близък до лао, но таи също е широко разпространен, а в южната част се говори и кхмерски. По-голямата част от населението е с лаоски произход, но интегрирането на региона в днешен Тайланд е като цяло успешно. Сред отличителните черти на исанската култура са музикалният стил мор лам, тайландския бокс, боевете с петли и храната, известна с лепкавия ориз и лютите чушки. Съдържание История[редактиране | редактиране на кода] В Исан са открити няколко важни селища от бронзовата епоха със скални рисунки и свидетелства за ранно култивиране на ориз. Бронзови инструменти, като откритите при Бан Чианг, може би са по-стари от подобни находки от Месопотамия. По-късно регионът попада под влиянието първо на културата Дваравати, а след това на Кхмерската империя, от която са останали храмовете при Фимай и Фаном Рунг. След като от началото на 13 век Кхмерската империя започва да запада, Исан попада под влиянието на лаоското царство Лан Санг. През последвалия период регионът е заселен от лаоски преселници. През 17 век страната е завладяна от Сиам и през 18 и 19 век се провежда насилствено преселване на хора от Лаос в Исан. Френско-сиамските договори от 1893 и 1904 превръщат Исан в гранична зона между Сиам и Френски Индокитай. През 20 век системната политика на таификация е насочена към превръщане на Исан в интегрална част от Тайланд и прикриване на лаоския произход на населението. Тази политика е отразена и в самото име Исан. То идва от името Исана, проявление на Шива като божество на североизтока. Така името подчертава, че районът е североизточна част на Тайланд, а не част от лаоската общност. До 1960-те населението на тайландски Исан е наричано просто лао и пише на лаоски език и с лаоска азбука. През този период правителството налага насилствено тайската азбука и език в училищата. Днес повечето исанци говорят на исански език, който е близко свързан с лаоския. География[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Исан заема около 160 000 км². Територията му почти съвпада с тази на Кхоратското плато, което се спуска от планините Фечабун на запад към река Меконг. То се състои от две основни равнини: южната Кхоратска равнина с реките Мун и Чи и северната Сакон-накхонска равнина с реките Лоей и Сонгхам. Двете равнини са отделени от планините Фу Паан. Почвата е предимно песъчлива, със значителни солни отложения. Меконг образува по-голямата част от границата между Тайланд и Лаос на север и изток от Исан, а на юг областта граничи с Камбоджа. Основният тайландски приток на Меконг е река Мун, която извира в националния парк Хао Яй и тече на изток, вливайки се в Меконг в провинция Убон Ратчатхани. Другата важна река на Исан е Чи, която пресича Централен Исан, преди да завие на юг, за да се влее в Мун в провинция Сисакет. По-малките Лоей и Сонгхрам също са притоци на Меконг, като първата тече на север през провинция Лоей, а втората на изток през провинции Удон Тхани, Сакон Накхон, Накхон Фаном и Нонг Хай. Средните температури са между 30,2 °C и 19,6 °C. Най-високата регистрирана температура е 43,8 °C в провинция Удон Тхани, а най-ниската 0,1 °C в провинция Лоей. Дъждовете са непредвидими, но се концентрират в дъждовния сезон от май до октомври. Средните годишни валежи са от 2000 mm в някои райони до 1270 mm в югозападните провинции Накхон Ратчасима, Бурирам, Маха Саракхам, Кхон Каен и Чаяфум. Другите сезони са хладният сезон от октомври до февруари и горещият сезон от февруари до май. Икономика[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Земеделието е най-големият сектор на икономиката, създавайки около 22% от брутния продукт на региона (сравнено с 8,5% за Тайланд като цяло). Основната култура е оризът, заемащ около 60% от обработваните земи, но селяните все повече диверсифицират насажденията си с други култури, като маниока, захарна тръстика и други. Много селяни използват за обработване на земята водни биволи. Основните животни, отглеждани за храна са свине, пилета, патици и риба. Въпреки значението си за икономиката, земеделието в региона е крайно затруднено. Климатът често е засушлив, а плоският терен на платото се наводнява през дъждовния сезон. Уязвимостта към наводнения правят голяма част от земите негодни за обработване. В допълнение почвите са силно киселинни, солени и изтощени. От 1970-те делът на земеделието в икономиката намалява за сметка на търговията и услугите. Исан е най-бедният регион на Тайланд. През 2002 средните заплати са най-ниските в страната с 3 928 бата на месец (средно за страната 6 445). Бедността на региона се проявява и в неговата инфраструктура. Осем от десетте тайландски провинции с най-малко лекари на глава от населението са в Исан (Сисакет има най-малко, един на 14 661 през 2001 при средно за страната 3 289). Там са и осем от десетте провинции с най-малко болнични легла на глава от населението (Чаяфум има най-малко, едно на 1 131 при средно за страната 453). Исан изостава и в областта на технологиите - там има само една Интернет връзка на 75 домакинства (2002) при средно за страната една на 22. Много исанци търсят по-добре платена работа извън региона, главно в Бангкок, където те попълват много от най-зле платените работни места. Някои от тях са се заселили в града за постоянно, а други се движат между него и родните си места. Трети са напуснали страната в търсене на по-добро заплащане. Население[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Населението на Исан е около 20 825 000 души (2000). 40% от него е концентрирано в провинциите Кхорат, Убон Ратчатхани, Удон Тхани и Кхон Каен. Тези провинции са разположени около четирите едноименни големи града. Тяхното население през 2000 е: Удон Тхани - 220 000, Кхорат - 204 000, Кхон Каен 141 000 и Убон Ратчатхани - 107 000. Към 1996 едва 6,3% от населението на региона живее в градове. Кхон Каен е най-урбанизираната провинция с 12,4% градско население, а Рой Ет е най-слабо урбанизираната с 2,8%. Въпреки че е концентрирано около градските центрове, населението е предимно селско. Повечето жители на Исан са лао по произход, макар разграничението между лао и таи понякога да е размито. Въпреки че има някои физически особености, които са по-изявени при лао, различията са главно културни и езикови. Основният език в региона е исанския, който е сходен с лаоския. Тайският език също е широко разпространен, а в южните райони има значително кхмерско малцинство, говорещо кхмерски. Броят на говорещите исански език се оценява между 15 и 23 милиона, повечето от тях в Исан. Много от тях разбират и стандартен тайски, като цяло по-добре говорен от по-младото поколение. Хоратският диалект, говорен от около 400 000 души заема междинно положение между исанския и тайския. Други езици, говорени в Исан са: Както и в останалата част на Тайланд, жителите са почти изключително будисти тхеравада, макар и с някои елементи на анимизъм. Култура[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Културата на Исан е предимно лаоска и има много общо с културата на съседен Лаос. Тази близост се проявява в местната кухня, облекло, храмова архитектура, празници и изкуство. Исанската кухня се отличава от тайската и лаоската, но има общи елементи и с двете. Най-забележимите особености са използването на лепкав, вместо обикновен ориз, както и на много люти чушки. Популярни ястия са тамахунг (на тайски сом там, салата от папая), ларб (месна салата) и гай янг (пиле на скара). Те са се разпространили в цял Тайланд, но обикновено в редактирани версии, правещи ги по-малко люти и кисели, в съответствие с по-умерения тайски вкус. Налице е и обратният процес — тайската храна е популярна в Исан. В същото време отсъстват характерните за кухнята в Лаос френски и виетнамски влияния. Исанците са известни с това, че ядат голямо разнообразие от животни, като гущери, жаби и пържени насекоми (скакалци, копринени червеи, торни бръмбари). Първоначално подтикнати от бедността да търсят източници на храна, днес исанците смятат тези животни за деликатеси. Храната, с изключение на супите, обикновено се яде с ръце. Традиционното облекло в Исан е саронгът. Женските саронги обикновено са бродирани по ръба, а мъжките са карирани. Те се носят "прави", а не закачени между краката, както в Централен Тайланд. Мъжете носят и пакама — дълго парче плат, което може да се използва с различно предназначение — като колан, шапка, хамак или бански костюм. Исан е най-важният център на производство на коприна в Тайланд. Тази дейност получава тласък след Втората световна война, когато дизайнерът Джим Томпсън популяризира тайландската коприна на Запад. Будисткият храм (уат) е основната забележителност в повечето села. Тези храмове се използват не само за религиозни церемонии, но и при празници и като зали за събрания. Те са строени предимно в лаоски стил, с по-малко орнаменти, отколкото в Централен Тайланд. Преобладават и изображенията на Буда в лаоски стил. Жителите на Исан отбелязват множество традиционни празници, като празникът на ракетите Бун Бунгфай. Този ритуал за плодородие, произхождащ от предбудистките времена, се провежда на много места, както в Исан, така и в Лаос, но най-шумно в провинция Ясотон. Други исански празници са празникът на свещите, отбелязващ началото на будистките пости през юли в Убон и на други места; празникът на коприната в Кхон Каен, посветен на местните занаяти; събирането на слоновете в Сурин. Основната местна музика в Исан е мор лам. Тя съществува в различни регионални варианти, както и в по-модерни форми. От края на 1970-те тя получава голяма известност извън региона, заради присъствието на исански работници в Бангкок. Много мор лам певци пеят също и централнотайландската лук тунг музика, както и хибридната форма лук тунг исан. Друга фолклорна форма, кантрум, е популярна сред кхмерското малцинство на юг. Въпреки че не съществува литературна традиция на исански език, през втората половина на 20 век от региона идват няколко известни писатели, като Хамсинг Сринавк, който пише на тайски, и Пира Судам, който пише на английски. Исан е известен и с големия брой муай тай боксьори. Както и боксът на Запад, кикбоксът дава рядка възможност за измъкване от бедността. Въпреки това най-известният исански спортист е тенисистът Парадорн Сричафан, чието семейство е от Кхон Каен. Културните различия с Централен Тайланд в комбинация с бедността на региона и типичната тъмна кожа на жителите му, предизвикват значителен расизъм срещу исанците сред етническите таи. Романистът Пира Судам пише: "Някои бангкокски таи... казваха, че аз не съм таи, а... водени бивол или селянин". Въпреки че днес много исанци работят в градовете, а не на полето, те обикновено са ограничени до професиите с най-нисък статус, като строителни работници и проститутки, а дискриминационните настроения се запазват. Въпреки това образът на Исан сред хората от Централен Тайланд не е изцяло негативен. Исанската храна и музика са приети ентусиазирано и адаптирани към вкусовете на останалата част от страната. Процесът на таификация е размил донякъде отличителните черти на исанската култура, най-вече в градовете и провинциите, като Кхорат, които са най-близки до Централен Тайланд и са под тайландска власт от най-дълго време. Транспорт[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Две железопътни линии свързват Исан с Бангкок. Едната преминава на изток от Хорат през Сурин и Убон, а другата на север през Хон Каен и Удон до Нонг Хай. Пътната мрежа има дължина около 15 000 км, а в основата ѝ са Танон Митрафап ("Пътища на приятелството"), строени от САЩ за снабдяване на военните им бази през 60-те и 70-те години на 20 век. Пътен мост, наречен Сафан Митрафап ("Мост на приятелството") свързва Нонг Хай с Лаос близо до Виентян. Транспортът по река Меконг е ограничен, поради праговете и променливото ниво на водите. Има летища в Кхорат, Кхон Каен, Убон Ратчатхани, Удон Тхани, Нкхано Фаном, Сакон Накхон, Рой Ет и Бурирам. Управление[редактиране | редактиране на кода] В Исан се избират 136 от 400-те членове на националния парламент. Предварителните резултати от изборите през 2005 показват, че партията Тай Рак Тай печели 126 от тях при 6 за Чарт Тай и по две за Демократическата партия и Махачон [1]. Исан се разделя на 19 провинции, макар че според някои югозападната провинция Накхон Ратчасима е по-тясно свързана с Централен Тайланд. - Амнат Чароен - Бурирам - Чаяфум - Каласин - Кхон Каен - Лоей - Маха Саракхам - Мукдахан - Накхон Фаном - Накхон Ратчасима - Нонгбуа Ламфу - Нонг Кхай - Рой Ет - Сакон Накхон - Сисакет - Сурин - Убон Ратчатхани - Удон Тхани - Ясотон
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Isan Isan (Isan/Thai: ภาคอีสาน [pʰâːk.ʔiːsǎːn] ( listen); also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ईशान्य īsān or Sanskrit ईशान्य īśān "Northeast")[1] is the northeastern region of Thailand. Isan is Thailand's largest region, located on the Khorat Plateau, bordered by the Mekong River (along the border with Laos) to the north and east, by Cambodia to the southeast and the Prachinburi mountains south of Nakhon Ratchasima. To the west it is separated from Northern and Central Thailand by the Phetchabun mountain range. Since the beginning of the 20th century, northeastern Thailand has been generally known as Isan, a term adopted from Sanskrit ईशान्य Ishan, meaning in a “north east direction”, while in official contexts the term phak tawan-ok-chiang-nuea (ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ; "Northeastern region") may be used. The term "Isan" was derived from Isanapura, the capital of the Chenla kingdom. The Lao-speaking population of the region, who comprise the majority, distinguish themselves not only from the Lao of Laos but also from the central Thai by calling themselves Khon Isan or Thai Isan in general. However, some refer to themselves as simply Lao, and academics have recently been referring to them as Lao Isan[2] or as Thai Lao, with the main issue with self-identification as Lao being stigma associated with the Lao identity within Thai society.[3] The Khmer-speaking minority and Kuy (Suai), who live in the south of Isan, speak dialects and follow customs more similar to those of Cambodia than either the Thai people or the Lao people.[4] Isan has been transformed from one of the poorest region into Thailand's fastest growing economies. The Industry Ministry has supported industrial zones in Khon Kaen and Udon Thani.[5] private sector's plans to invest in setting up industrial estates in provinces has shown major progress.[6] The main language is Isan, which is a dialect of the Lao language. Currently written with the Thai alphabet (instead of the slightly different Lao alphabet), Isan belongs to the Chiang Saeng and Lao–Phutai language groups, which along with Thai are members of the Tai languages of the Tai–Kadai language family. Thai is also spoken by almost everyone and is the language used in education. Khmer, the language of Cambodia, is widely spoken in areas along the Cambodian border: Buriram, Surin, and Sisaket. The Lao Isan people are aware of their Lao ethnic origin, but Isan has been incorporated as a territory into the modern Thai state through over one hundred years of administrative and bureaucratic reforms, education policy and government media. Despite this, since the election of Thaksin Shinawatra as Prime Minister in the January 2001 elections, the Lao Isan identity has re-emerged, and the Lao Isan are now the main ethnolinguistic group involved in the pro-Thaksin Red Shirt movement.[7] Several Thai prime ministers have come from the region. Prominent aspects of Isan culture include mor lam (Thai: หมอลำ), an indigenous type of folk music, Muay Thai (Thai: มวยไทย) boxing, cock fighting, and celebratory processions (Thai: กระบวน). Isan food, in which sticky rice (Thai: ข้าวเหนียว, khao niao) and chili peppers are prominent, is distinct from Central Thai cuisine, though it is now found throughout the kingdom. Sticky rice is a staple of Thai Northeastern cuisine, and it accompanies most meals. Contents History[edit] The term isan has been said to mean "northeast" in the Thai language. Isan has a number of important Bronze Age sites, with cliff paintings, artifacts and early evidence of rice cultivation. Iron and bronze tools, such as found at Ban Chiang, may predate similar tools from Mesopotamia. The region later came under the influence of the Dvaravati culture, followed by the Khmer empire. The latter built dozens of prasats (sanctuaries) throughout the Isan region. The most significant are at Phimai and Phanom Rung. Preah Vihear Temple was also considered to be in Isan, until the International Court of Justice in 1962 ruled that it belonged to Cambodia. After the Khmer empire began to decline from the 13th century, Isan was dominated by the Lao Lan Xang kingdom, which had been established by Fa Ngum. Due to a scarcity of information from the periods known as the Dark ages of Cambodia, the plateau seems to have been largely depopulated. There were few if any lines of demarcation, for prior to the 19th century introduction of modern mapping, the region fell under what 20th century scholars called the Mandala system. Accordingly, in 1718 the first Lao muang in the Chi valley — and indeed anywhere in the interior of the Khorat Plateau — was founded at Suwannaphum District (in present-day Roi Et Province) by an official in the service of King Nokasad of the Kingdom of Champasak.[8] The region was increasingly settled by both Lao and Thai emigrants. Siam held sway from the 17th century, and carried out forced population transfers from the more populous left (east) bank of the Mekong to the right bank in the 18th and 19th centuries. This became more severe following the Laotian Rebellion for complete independence of 1826–29. In the wake the Franco-Siamese War of 1893, the resulting treaty with France and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 made the plateau no longer considered Lao, but as a border region between Siam and the Laos of French Indochina. In the mid 20th century, a policy of nationalist "Thaification" promoted ethnic cleansing of Isan as an integral part of Thailand and de-emphasised the Lao and Khmer ethnicities of the residents for the fear that they may someday return to Laos or Cambodia. The national government claimed that the name "Isan" was derived from Iśāna (Sanskrit: ईशान), a manifestation of Shiva as deity of the northeast, and the Sanskrit word for northeast. This interpretation was intended to reinforce the area's identity as the northeast of Thailand, rather than as part of the Lao kingdom because of the fear of the Lao people seceding. Before the central government introduced the Thai alphabet and language in regional schools, the people of Isan wrote in the Lao alphabet, a very similar script that Thai adopted. Most people still speak the Isan language, a dialect of the Lao language, as their first language. A significant minority in the south also speak Northern Khmer. The Kuy people, who are concentrated around the core of the Isanapura kingdom, and known as "Khmer Boran" or ancient Khmer, speak other Katuic languages, a link to the region's pre-Siamese history as part of the Mon–Khmer kingdom of Chenla. Geography[edit] Isan covers 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi) making it about half the size of Germany, and just under twice the size of the US state of Maine. It is roughly coterminous with the Khorat Plateau, which tilts from the Phetchabun mountain range in the west of the region (the location of several national parks) down toward the Mekong River. The plateau consists of two plains: the southern Khorat plain is drained by the Mun and Chi rivers, while the northern Sakon Nakhon plain is drained by the Loei and Songkhram rivers. The two plains are separated by the Phu Phan mountains. The soil is mostly sandy, with substantial salt deposits. The Mekong forms most of the border between Thailand and Laos to the north and east of Isan, while the south of the region borders on Cambodia. The Mekong's main Thai tributary is the Mun River, which rises in the Khao Yai National Park near Khorat and runs east, joining the Mekong in Ubon Ratchathani Province. The other main river in Isan is the Chi River, which flows through central Isan before turning south to meet the Mun in Sisaket Province. The smaller Loei and Songkhram rivers are also tributaries of the Mekong, the former flowing north through Loei province and the latter flowing east through Udon Thani, Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Nong Khai provinces. The average temperature range is from 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) to 19.6 °C (67.3 °F). The highest temperature recorded was 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) in Udon Thani, the lowest −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) at Sakhon Nakhon Agro Station. Rainfall is unpredictable, but is concentrated in the rainy season from May to October. Average annual precipitation varies from 2,000 mm (79 in) in some areas to 1,270 mm (50 in) in the southwestern provinces of Nakhon Ratchasima, Buriram, Maha Sarakham, Khon Kaen and Chaiyaphum. The rainy season begins with occasional short but heavy showers, eventually raining very heavily for longer periods almost every day, usually in the late afternoon or at night, until it ends abruptly at the onset of the cool season. The other seasons are the cool season from October to February, when the people sit outside around fires in the evenings, and the hot season from February to May with its sudden peak of high temperatures in April. Economy[edit] Agriculture is the largest sector of the economy, generating around 22% of the gross regional product (compared to 8.5% for Thailand as a whole). Sticky rice, the staple food of the region, is the main agricultural crop (accounting for about 60% of the cultivated land). It thrives in the poorly drained paddy fields, and where fields can be flooded from nearby streams, rivers and ponds. Often two harvests are possible each year. Farmers are increasingly diversifying into cash crops such as sugarcane and cassava (manioc), which are cultivated on a vast scale, and to a lesser extent, rubber. Silk production is an important cottage industry and contributes significantly to the economy. The long, narrow fertile province of Nong Khai Province, which stretches along the Mekong River, is noted for the production of pineapples, tobacco (which is dried, cured and shredded by the families before collection by cigarette manufacturers) and tomatoes, which are grown on an industrial scale, particularly around the town of Sri Chiang Mai. Despite its dominance of the economy, agriculture in the region is extremely problematic. The climate is prone to drought, while the flat terrain of the plateau is often flooded in the rainy season. The tendency to flood renders a large proportion of the land unsuitable for cultivation. In addition, the soil is highly acidic, saline, and infertile from overuse. Since the 1970s, agriculture has been declining in importance as the trade and service sectors have been increasing. Very few farmers still use water buffalo rather than tractors. Nowadays, water buffalo are mainly kept by almost all rural families as status symbols. The main piece of agricultural equipment in use today is the "rot tai na" (Thai: รถไถนา, lit. "vehicle plow field") colloquially referred to as "kwai lek" (Thai: ควายเหล็ก, or "iron/steel buffalo"), or more generally by its manufacturer's name of "Kobota", a mini tractor comprising a small diesel engine mounted on two wheels with two long wooden or metal handlebars for control and steering. It is usually attached to a trailer or a plow. Buffalo are now mainly used for grazing on the stubble in the rice paddy, which they in turn fertilize with their manure. The main animals raised for food are cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, and fish. The region's poverty is also shown in its infrastructure: eight of the ten provinces in Thailand with the fewest physicians per capita are in Isan. (Sisaket has fewest, with one per 14,661 in 2001, with the national average being 3,289). It also has eight of the ten provinces with the fewest hospital beds per head. Chaiyapum has fewest, with one per 1,131 in 2001 (the national average was 453). Nevertheless, as in the rest of Thailand, all districts (amphoe) have a hospital, and all sub districts (tambon) have clinics providing primary health care. The introduction of the "30 baht" health card has dramatically changed the numbers of those attending hospitals for treatment, as it has meant that full health care is available to all who register for only 30 baht per visit. The few who can afford it travel to the modern private hospitals and clinics in the large cities for non-urgent specialist consultations and care. The region also lags in new technology: there was only one Internet connection per 75 households in 2002 (national average: one per 22 households) [update needed], but by 2006 every district town (amphoe) had at least one publicly accessible Internet connection, either in the local computer shop or in the district office. Extension of landline telephones to remote areas not previously served has been largely superseded by the use of cell phones, primarily of GSM format, which now covers the entire region with the exception of a few sparsely populated mountainous areas and large national parks. Many people, even the poorest and frequently also children, have cellular telephones, although they have no fixed-line telephone. In this sense, Isan has led advanced nations where land-line service is now being superseded by cellular technology. The region also has the lowest literacy rate when compared with other regions in Thailand.[citation needed] By the beginning of 2008, most of the amphoe (district towns of the provinces) had been provided with ADSL by the TOT, still leaving, however, the vast majority of the rural population dependent on dial-up connections for those few who have land-line telephones. This results in slow service that does not adequately meet modern data-hungry needs. Most rural people rely on smart phones for data services. Internet shops with high speed connections have for many years provided service to those who cannot afford or do not have access to high speed Internet. They are heavily patronized by primary and secondary schoolchildren who come not only to use the Internet but also to play on-line games, use VOIP, or just to use the computer and printers. An increasingly significant number of customers in the Internet shops, particularly in the cities, are young ladies who enjoy the many dating sites on offer. Resident Western expatriates, and foreign tourists are also frequent customers. For those outside the district towns who require a serious use of the Internet in their homes, the mobile phone or an iPstar broadband satellite connection is the only alternative, although more expensive than a DSL connection. It is far less reliable and suffers considerable down-time due to overloading, heavy cloud cover, and rain. Despite, in theory, being "always on", it often lacks adequate stability for streaming and clarity of VOIP. Many Isan people seek higher-paying work outside the region, particularly in Bangkok. Some of these people have settled permanently in the city, while some migrate to and fro. Others have emigrated in search of better wages. Rather than relocate as a family, they usually leave their babies and school-age children in the care of relatives, friends, or neighbours. The average wages in Isan were the lowest in the country in 2002 at 3,928 baht per month (the national average was 6,445). Today Isan has been transformed from one of the poorest regions into Thailand's fastest growing economy. The Industry Ministry has supported industrial zones in Khon Kaen and Udon Thani.[9] Private sector's plans to invest in industrial estates in provinces has shown major progress.[10] A Khon Kaen University study (2014) found that marriages with foreigners by Thai northeastern women boosted the gross domestic product of the Northeast by 8.67 billion baht (2014: €211 million or US$270 million). According to the study, after a northeastern woman married a foreigner, she will send 9,600 baht a month on average to her family to help with its expenses. The activity also created 747,094 jobs, the study found.[11] Demographics[edit] Isan's total population as of 2010 was 21,305,000. Forty percent of the population is concentrated in the provinces of Khorat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani and Khon Kaen, known as "Big 4 of Isan". These provinces surround the four major cities of the same names. As of 2010, their populations were: Khorat 142,169; Udon Thani 137,979; Khon Kaen 113,828; and Ubon Ratchathani 83,148. However, as of 2010 only 50% of the region's population lived in municipal areas. Kalasin was the most urbanised province (with almost 100% in municipal areas), and Roi Et the least (2.8%). Thus, the population is still largely rural, but concentrated around the urban centres. The main language of the region is Isan, a dialect of the Lao language. Northern Khmer, a dialect of the Khmer language of Cambodia, is also spoken in the southeast. Standard Thai is understood by everyone and is used for all official matters. The number of speakers of Isan has been estimated at between 15–23 million, the majority of those living in Isan. The Khorat dialect, spoken by around 400,000 people, occupies a linguistic position somewhere between Lao and standard Thai. There is a substantial Khmer minority, concentrated in the southern provinces of Buriram, Surin, and Sisaket, and some Vietnamese refugees in Mukdahan and Nakhon Phanom. Other languages spoken in Isan, mainly by tribal minorities, are as follows: Education[edit] Education is well provided by the government in terms of numbers of establishments and is supplemented in the larger cities by the private sector (mostly Catholic and international schools). Following the national pattern of education in Thailand, there are primary (elementary) schools in all larger villages and (tambon) capitals, with secondary (high) schools to Grade 12 (approximately age 18) in the district (amphoe) towns. Many other secondary schools provide education only to Grade 9, while some combined schools provide education from Grade 1 through Grade 9. Rural schools are generally less well equipped than the schools in the large towns and cities and the standard of instruction, particularly for the English language, is much lower. Many children of poorer families leave school after Grade 6 (age 12) to work on the farms. A number move to areas of dense or tourist populations to work in the service industry. Many primary schools operate their own websites[12] and almost all schoolchildren in Isan, at least from junior high school age,[13] are now (2008) largely computer literate in basic programs. In 2001, there were 43 government vocational and polytechnic colleges throughout the region, several specialised training colleges in the private sector, and large colleges of agriculture and nursing in Udon Thani province. Universities are in the major cities of Khon Kaen (one of the country's largest), Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, and the smaller provincial capital of Mahasarakham. Some Bangkok-based universities have small campuses in Isan, and Khon Kaen university also maintains a large installation on the outskirts of Nong Khai. Most provinces have a government-run Rajabhat University, formerly known as Rajabhat Institutes, which originated as teacher training colleges. Culture[edit] Isan's culture is predominantly Lao, and has much in common with that of the neighbouring country of Laos. This affinity is shown in the region's cuisine, dress, temple architecture, festivals, and arts. Isan food has elements most in common with Laos and is distinct from the central Thai cuisine. The most obvious characteristics are the use of sticky rice that accompanies almost every meal rather than the non-sticky long grain rice, as well as chili peppers, but French and Vietnamese influences which have affected Lao cuisine are absent in Isan. Popular Lao dishes that are also staples in Isan include tam mak hung, or in central Thai, som tam (green papaya salad,[14] larb (meat salad) and kai yang (grilled chicken). These dishes have spread to other parts of Thailand, but normally in versions which temper the extreme heat and sourness favoured in Isan for the more moderate Central Thai palate. Conversely, Central Thai food has become popular in Isan. The people of the Isan region in Thailand, a mixture of Lao, Vietnamese, Khmer, Mon, Cham, and other Tai groups, famously eat a wide variety of creatures, such as lizards, frogs, and fried insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, silkworms, and dung beetles. Originally forced by poverty to be creative in finding foods, Isan people now savour these animals as delicacies or snacks. Food is commonly eaten by hand using the sticky rice pressed into a ball with the fingers of the right hand as a tool. Soups are a frequent element of any meal, and contain either vegetables and herbs, noodles, chunks of fish, balls of ground pork, or a mixture of these. They are eaten using a spoon and chopsticks at the same time. The traditional dress of Isan is the sarong. Women's sarongs most often have an embroidered border at the hem, while men's are in a chequered pattern. Men also wear a pakama, a versatile length of cloth which can be used as a belt, a money and document belt, as headwear for protection from the sun, as a hammock or as a bathing garment. Isan is a centre for the production of Thai silk. The trade received a major boost in the post-war years, when Jim Thompson popularised Thai silk among Westerners. One of the best-known types of Isan silk is mut-mee, which is tie-dyed to produce geometric patterns on the thread. The Buddhist temple (or wat) is the major feature of most villages. These temples are used not only for religious ceremonies, but also for festivals, particularly mor lam, and as assembly halls. They are mostly built in Lao-style, but with less ornamentation than the more elaborate central Thai temples or the Lao-style temples in central Laos. Lao-style Buddha images are also prevalent. The people of Isan celebrate many traditional festivals, such as the Bun Bungfai Rocket Festival. This fertility rite, originating in pre-Buddhist times, is celebrated in a number of locations both in Isan and in Laos, but most vigorously and most famously in Yasothon province. Other Isan festivals are the Candle Festival, which marks the start of vassa in July in Ubon and other locations; the Silk Festival in Khon Kaen, which promotes local handicrafts; the Elephant Round-up in Surin; and the bangfai phayanak or Naga fireballs of Nong Khai. The main indigenous music of Isan is mor lam. It exists in a number of regional variants, plus modern forms.[15] Since the late 1970s it has acquired greater exposure outside the region thanks to the presence of migrant workers in Bangkok. Many mor lam singers also sing Central Thai luk thung music, and have produced the hybrid luk thung Isan form. Another form of folk music, kantrum, is popular with the Khmer minority in the south. Mor lam needs a special mention as its festival-type production which is very commonplace in Isan, has not been exported to other regions. Although it is a very exciting affair, not being on the tourist trail it is largely ignored by foreign visitors. When the locals speak of mor lam (pronounced mor'ram with stress on the second syllable), one will often hear them say pai doo morram (lit. "go see mor'ram"). They are referring to the most common form of evening entertainment in the region. Somewhere, in a village within easy reach, there will be a mor lam festival on a Friday or Saturday evening. Usually, the rock-festival sized stage is constructed either in a temple compound or on a sports field. Thousands of people will sit on mats on the ground and watch the fun-filled program of variety entertainment. The traditional music and song is accompanied by extremely colorful choreography, executed by a group of up to fifty female (and some male katoey) dancers. The fantastic costumes are changed several times throughout the program, and the transitions are bridged by often raunchy gags, slap-stick comedy, and speeches by local dignitaries. A mor lam festival is a family affair and the area is surrounded by food and drink stalls. Although there is no tradition of written secular literature in the Isan language, in the latter half of the 20th century the region produced several notable writers, such as Khamsing Srinawk (who writes in Thai) and Pira Sudham (who writes in English). Isan is known for producing a large number of muay Thai boxers. Isan's most famous sportsman, however, is tennis player Paradorn Srichaphan, whose family is from Khon Kaen. Marriage and courtship in Isan still mainly follows strict tradition, especially in rural areas, and most young women are married by the time they are 20 years old. Many girls, in spite of the legal requirement, marry as young as fourteen to escape poverty, as usually marriage is associated with a dowry paid by the husband to the bride's family. A dowry will not normally be less than 40,000 baht, and according to the status of the bride and/or her family, can often greatly exceed 300,000 baht. Isan women rarely have boyfriends until they meet the man whom they will eventually marry, and tradition requires that the betrothal is then announced. Younger fiancées will be chaperoned, usually by a female friend, brother or sister while in the company of their future husband. The wedding ceremony usually takes place in the bride's home and is normally officiated by one or several monks or a respected village elder who has been a monk. Young couples are increasingly registering their marriages at the city hall, which they can do if they are over 17. The extended family system is still very much the traditional social structure in Isan, with newly-wed couples often living with in-laws or building a home on the family compound or farmland. It is not unusual however, for many women to remain single until much later. Tradition demands that the youngest or only daughter continues to live at home to take care of her parents. They are then only free to marry when both parents are deceased. There is also the tradition that a woman should "marry up" in status. If the woman is tied to an occupation in a rural area as a farm or business owner, teacher, or similar profession, finding a suitable husband and one who is prepared to relocate is often not easy. Water buffalo are a regular feature, even in the suburbs, being walked to and from the fields at dawn and dusk. Although rarely used nowadays for working the land, they are considered an important status symbol. The current value (2010) of one head of buffalo is about 20,000 baht (2010: USD620). The cultural separation from central Thailand, combined with the region's poverty and the typically dark skin of its people, has encouraged a considerable amount of discrimination against the multi-ethnic people of Isan from non-ethnic Thais of Chinese descent.[citation needed] Even though many Isan people now work in the cities rather than in the fields, many hold lower-status jobs such as construction workers, stall vendors, and tuk-tuk taxi drivers, and discriminatory attitudes have been known to persist with many Thai-Chinese inhabitants. Nevertheless, Isan food and music have both been enthusiastically adopted and adapted to the tastes of the rest of the country. The process of Thaification, resulting from central Thais' perceived threat of Lao cultural dominance in the Isan region,[16] has diluted somewhat the distinctive character of Isan culture, particularly in the cities and in provinces, such as Khorat, which are closest to the central Thai heartlands and which have been under Thai rule the longest. Religion[edit] As with the rest of Thailand, the population is mostly Theravada Buddhist, although this is combined with elements of animism. The large cities have Christian churches. Many major district towns have a small Christian church or chapel, usually Roman Catholic, and there are others in rural areas. Thaification[edit] Anouvong, the last of the kings of Vientiane rebelled against Siamese suzerainty, and lost in a war that raged on for two years. Khorat was then repopulated by forced migration of Mekong Valley Lao,[17] with a heavy influx of voluntary Chinese migration. The plateau was claimed by Siam when France and Siam divided Lao territories following the Franco-Siamese War of 1893. Roi Et was established early in the 20th century to further Siamese control, and to further assimilation of the population into the kingdom. Transportation[edit] Rail[edit] The State Railway of Thailand has two main lines in Isan, both connecting the region to Bangkok. One runs east from Khorat, through Surin to Ubon; the other runs north through Khon Kaen and Udon to Nong Khai. In early 2009, a newly completed rail link from Nong Khai came into operation. It crosses the Friendship road bridge into Laos territory to a terminus a few kilometres north of the land border crossing. It remains unclear whether this line will be extended the remaining 20 kilometres to Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Road[edit] There are 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of highway, centred on the Thanon Mitraphap ("Friendship Highway") built by the United States to supply its military bases in the 1960s and 1970s. A road bridge (the Saphan Mitraphap or Friendship Bridge) jointly built by the Australian, Lao, and Thai governments forms the border crossing over the Mekong River on the outskirts of Nong Khai to Vientiane, the capital of Laos, about 25 km (16 mi) away. Most roads in Isan are paved. All major roads interconnecting the provincial capitals are in excellent condition for driving, and most are centrally divided four or six-lane highways. Many roads connecting province capitals to larger district towns are also currently (2008) being widened to four-lane highways with median strips. The paving on some very minor roads in the poorer districts may be navigable with difficulty due to large, deep potholes. Unpaved, graded roads link some of the smaller, more remote villages, but they are comfortably navigable at normal driving speeds for wheeled vehicles. Most of the stretches of paved roads through villages are lighted at night, many with powerful sodium lighting, some of which are on independently solar-powered masts. Reflective "cats-eyes" marking the central line of two-lane roads are a common feature. Crash barriers are installed along the sides of dangerous bends and precipitous verges. Signposting is excellent and follows international style. Since 2002 (with the exception of some poorer sub-districts), all signs are bilingual in Thai and Roman script, although the spellings in Roman script may defy the logic of English pronunciation, and vary significantly. The main highways have frequent, Western-style rest and refuelling stations which accept payment by major credit/debit cards. In 2006, all fuel stations sell 91 and 95 octane gasoline/petrol and diesel fuel. LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) and NGV (natural gas for vehicles) was till recently very rare outside the cities of Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, and Udon Thani. As of 2012 many new LPG and NGV stations have opened. Since 2009, bio-diesel fuel has become increasingly available. Air[edit] There are airports at Khorat (at the present time no scheduled services due to its proximity to Bangkok making air service difficult to justify financially), Khon Kaen (domestic), Ubon Ratchathani (domestic), Udon Thani (international), Nakhon Phanom (domestic, scheduled services), Sakon Nakhon (domestic, scheduled services), Roi Et (domestic, scheduled services), Buriram (domestic, scheduled services) and Loei (domestic, scheduled services). Domestic air travel between the capital and the region is well developed, and has become a viable alternative to rail, long-distance bus and self-driving. Fares are cheap by foreign standards, and Udon and Khon Kaen which both opened brand new airport terminals in 2005 and 2006 respectively, are served by many daily flights and also have routes connecting other major destinations in Thailand with some companies operating wide-bodied aircraft. Most domestic flights to and from Bangkok operate to and from Don Muang, the original Bangkok international airport, while Thai Airways flights serve Bangkok International Airport at Suvarnabhumi. Bus[edit] Buses provide the mass transport throughout the region. All province cities are connected to Bangkok by daily and nightly, direct, air-conditioned bus routes. All district amphoe towns operate at least one similar nightly route to and from Bangkok. All towns and villages are interconnected with frequent services of songthaew (Thai: สองแถว, lit. 'two rows') a covered truck-style bus or covered pick-up trucks with bench seats in the cargo bed. Taxi transport is not well developed, even in the very large cities, where samlor (Thai: สามล้อ, lit. "three wheels"), three-wheeled motorcycle taxis similar to the Bangkok tuk-tuk, provide the mainstay of urban transport. The large cities do have some pick-up trucks operating on regular inner-city and suburban routes. Airports are served by collective vans, which tend to be expensive for the local population, and samlors for private hire. Waterways[edit] In this region, rapids and variable flow make navigation difficult on the Mekong River, so large boat traffic is limited in connection with downriver areas. Bridges are rare because of the high cost of spanning the wide river; numerous passenger and vehicle ferries link its two sides. The Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge, spanning the Mekong between the cities of Mukdahan (Thailand) and Savannakhet (Laos), was completed and officially opened for traffic on 20 December 2006. Some new bridges, not included on the 2005 maps, have been built over smaller rivers and dams. Passenger and vehicle ferries also operate across some large reservoirs. Administration[edit] Isan is divided into 20 provinces, although the southwestern province of Nakhon Ratchasima is considered by some to be more closely connected with Central Thailand. - Amnat Charoen - Buriram - Chaiyaphum - Kalasin - Khon Kaen - Loei - Maha Sarakham - Mukdahan - Nakhon Phanom - Nakhon Ratchasima - Nongbua Lamphu - Nong Khai - Roi Et - Sakon Nakhon - Sisaket - Surin - Ubon Ratchathani - Udon Thani - Yasothon - Bueng Kan Isan returns 136 of the national parliament's 400 constituency MPs. In the 2005 election, the Thai Rak Thai party took 126 of these seats, with six for Chart Thai and two each for the Democrat party and Mahachon Party.[18] Notable natives or residents[edit] - Buddhist monks - Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta Thera, born in Ubon Ratchatani Province. - Luang Por Ajahn Chah, born in Ubon Ratchatani Province. - Luangta Ajahn Maha Bua, born in Udon Thani Province. - Luang Por Koon Paritsudtho, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province - Writers - Pira Sudham, born in Buriram Province. - Actors - Nadech Kugimiya, born in Khon Kaen Province. - Sombat Metanee, born in Ubon Ratchatani Province. - Tony Jaa, born in Surin Province. - Comedians - Petchtai Wongkamlao (Mum Jokmok), born in Yasothon Province. - Suthep Po-ngam, born in Ubon Ratchatani Province. - Martial arts choreographers - Panna Rittikrai, born in Khon Kaen Province. - Singers - Jintara Poonlarp, born in Roi Et Province, singing styles: Mor lam, String (Thai pop). - Banyen Rakgan, born in Ubon Ratchatani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung. - Tai Orathai, born in Ubon Ratchatani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung. - Siriporn Ampaipong, born in Udon Thani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung. - Asanee & Wasan Chotikul, born in Loei Province, singing style: Rock - Pongsit Kamphee, born in Nong Khai Province, singing style: Songs for Life - Sek Loso, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, singing style: Rock - Sports - Paradorn Srichaphan tennis player, born in Khon Kaen Province. - Anon Sangsanoi football player, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, currently playing with BEC Tero Sasana FC, Bangkok, Thailand. - Surat Sukha football player, born in Sakon Nakhon Province, who played with Melbourne Victory FC, Victoria, Australia between 2009 and 2011, and currently plays for Buriram United F.C.. - Sutee Suksomkit football player, born in Chaiyaphum Province, who played with Melbourne Victory FC, Victoria, Australia, during the year 2009. Footnotes[edit] - ^ Klaus Glashoff. "Spoken Sanskrit". Spokensanskrit.de. - ^ Premsrirat, Suwilai (2007), "Endangered languages of Thailand", International Journal of the Sociology of Language (De Gruyter) 2007 (186): 76, doi:10.1515/ijsl.2007.043, ISSN 0165-2516 - ^ Draper, John; Prasertsri, Paweena (2013), "The Isan Culture Maintenance and Revitalisation Programme's multilingual signage attitude survey", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Tailor & Francis) 34 (7): 618, doi:10.1080/01434632.2013.814659, ISSN 0143-4632 - ^ "Thailand: Northeast(Isan)-Britanica Online Encyclopedia". Search.eb.com. - ^ http://www.thaiembassy.org/kotabharu/contents/files/business-20120625-150818-476125.pdf Industrial Estates in Thailand - ^ Industrial estates moving forward in KhonKaen and UdonThani - ^ Keyes, Charles (2013), Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State, Silkworm Books, ISBN 978-6162150746 - ^ Brow, James (1976), "Population, land and structural change in Sri Lanka and Thailand", Contributions to Asian studies (Kogan Page, Limited) (9): 47, ISBN 90-04-04529-5 - ^ http://www.thaiembassy.org/kotabharu/contents/files/business-20120625-150818-476125.pdf Industrial Estates in Thailand - ^ Industrial estates moving forward in Khon Kaen and Udon Thani - ^ http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/438812/farang-in-laws-add-b8-7bn-to-gdp - ^ "Ban Sadaeo Primary School website". School.obec.go.th. - ^ http://www.thai-school.net/nondinjeschool%7C Nondinje School website, Chayaphum - ^ Asian Bites - ^ "Modern Isaan burlesque song". Youtube.com. - ^ Son of Isan - ^ Chandler, David P.; Roff, William R.; Smail, John R.W.; Steinberg, David Joel; Taylor, Robert H.; Woodside, Alexander & Wyatt, David K. (1987) [1971]. In David, Steinberg. In search of Southeast Asia (Revised ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Lay summary (July 1992). References[edit] - Alpha Research Co. Pocket Thailand in Figures. Alpha Research Co. 2005. - Ethnologue report on Thailand - Annual population data for Thailand to 1997 (Chulalongkorn University) - Population statistics from citypopulation.de - Estimates to 2004, from world-gazeteer.com - Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy: Northeastern Thailand - Pira Sudham's official site External links[edit] - Grandstaff, T. B., Grandstaff, S., Limpinuntana, V., & Suphanchaimat, N. "Rainfed revolution in northeast Thailand." Southeast Asian Studies Vol. PDF - McCargo, Duncan, and Krisadawan Hongladarom. "Contesting Isan‐ness: discourses of politics and identity in Northeast Thailand." - Basic Isaan phrases - The Isaan Record - Isan Eye