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Институти Макс Планк Дружеството за научни изследвания „Макс Планк“, или накратко Дружество Макс Планк, или Институти Макс Планк, или просто Макс Планк, (на немски: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften Eingetragener Verein, съкр. MPG) е германска независима нестопанска организация обединяваща изследователски институти, финансирани от федералното и държавно управление в Германия. Седалището на организацията е в Берлин, има филиал и в Мюнхен. Около 80 изследователски института на дружество „Макс Планк“ извършват научни изследвания от обществен интерес в областта на естествените, обществените и социални науки, изкуствата и хуманитаристиката. В тези институти са заети над 13 000 души на постоянен щат, включително 4 700 учени, плюс 11 000 нещатни и гостуващи учени . [редактиране] История Организацията е учредена през 1911 г. като Дружество „Кайзер Вилхелм“ (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft, KWG). През 1948 г. дружеството се преименува по името на своя предходен директор (1930-37) Макс Планк на Дружество „Макс Планк“ (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, MPG). [редактиране] Източници - Големи научни организации в Германия, посолство на Германия в България [редактиране] Външни препратки - ((de)) Официален сайт - ((en)) Официален сайт - на английски
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Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry The Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie) is a scientific institute based in Munich, Germany specializing in Psychiatry. Currently directed by Elisabeth Binder, Alon Chen and Martin Keck, it is one of the 81 institutes in the Max Planck Society.[1] Contents History[edit] The Institute was founded as the German Institute for Psychiatric Research (German: Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie) by King Ludwig III of Bavaria in Munich on February 13, 1917. The main force behind the institute was the psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. Substantial funding was received from the Jewish-American banker James Loeb, as well as from the Rockefeller Foundation, well into the 1930s.[2] The Institute became affiliated with the K. W. Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften) in 1924. In 1928 a new building of the institute was opened at 2 Kraepelinstrasse. The building was financed primarily by a donation of $325,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation. Under the leadership of department heads Walther Spielmeyer, Ernst Rüdin, Felix Plaut, Kurt Schneider and Franz Jahnel, the Institute gained an international reputation as a leading institution for psychiatric research.[3] Rudin, a student of Kraepelin's, took over the directorship of the Institute in 1931, while also remaining head of genetics. As well as fostering an international scientific reputation, the Institute developed close ties with the Nazi regime. Rudin (along with Eugen Fischer of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics) joined expert government committees. Rudin wrote the official commentary endorsing the forced sterilization laws. He was such an avid proponent that colleagues nicknamed him the "Reichsfuhrer for Sterilization".[4][5] Felix Plaut (in 1935) and Kurt Neubürger were dismissed from the Institute due to their Jewish origin.[3][6] Copies of Rudin's lecture notes show that his teaching at the Institute was anti-semitic.[7] The Institute received a great deal of government funding, which was openly designed to further the Nazi regime's aims.[8] Some Institute funds seem to have gone on to support the work of Institute employee Julius Duessen with Carl Schneider at Heidelberg University, clinical research which from the beginning involving killing children.[9][5][10][11] During the Second World War, the Institute's facilities sustained much damage.[3] After the war, Rudin claimed he was just an academic, had only heard rumours of the killing of psychiatric patients at nearby asylums, and that he hated the Nazis. He was supported by former Institute colleague Josef Kallmann (a eugenicist himself) and famous quantum physicist Max Planck[verification needed] and released with a 500 mark fine.[7] In 1954 the Institute was incorporated into the Max Planck Society (as successive institution of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften under maintenance of the foundation of 1917). The Institute was divided into an Institute of Brain Pathology and a Clinical Institute, both at 2 Kraepelinstrasse. Twelve years later in 1966, the Institute was renamed as the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry. In the same year, a new research clinic was opened in Kraepelinstrasse 10.[3] In 1984 the theoretical part of the Institute moved to a new building in Martinsried, west of Munich. The Departments of Neurochemistry, Neuromorphology, Neuropharmacology and Neurophysiology were moved there. The Clinical Department, the Departments of Ethology and Psychology remained in Kraepelinstrasse. The independent Research Center of Psychopathology and Psychotherapy were closed.[3] In 1989 the Institute's building in Kraepelinstrasse was renovated and enlarged with the addition of a new laboratory wing.[3] In 1998 the theoretical part and the clinical part of the Institute segregated. The theoretical division of the Institute became the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology and the clinical part kept the name "Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry".[3] Research[edit] The Institute is one of the leading research centers on psychiatry. Physicians, psychologists, and natural scientists conduct research on psychiatric and neurological disorders and on the development of diagnosis and treatment.[12] Many patients participate in different clinical trails each year. Extensive phenotyping of the patients with analysis of blood and fluid samples, clinical psychopathology and neuropsychological testing, neurophysiological methods, neuroimaging techniques, and protein and gene analyses form the basis to investigate the causation of complex psychiatric and neurological diseases.[12] The concept of the Institute is based on a suitable balance between clinical and laboratory research. Research groups work on topics such as stress, anxiety, Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, neurologic diseases, psychopharmacology, schizophrenia, sleep, and other topics.[13] The Institute consists of a 120 bed clinic equipped with laboratories for research on neuroendocrinology and sleep physiology, several special wards, a dayclinic for depression and psychiatry and various laboratories for cell and molecular biology.[13] Medical services[edit] The Institute provides medical service for psychiatric and neurological disorders. It has a hospital, dayclinic for depression and psychiatry and several outpatient clinics. The hospital consists of four psychiatric and one neurological ward with 120 beds. It treats about 2000 inpatients per year.[14] The Institute provides treatment for depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, dementia, multiple sclerosis, Morbus Parkinson, restless legs syndrome, and endocrine diseases.[14] Organization[edit] The following are the primary heads of the institute's respective departments: Scientific Directors - Elisabeth Binder (Managing Director) - Alon Chen Head of Clinic - Martin E. Keck - Matthias M. Weber (Hospital Deputy Head) Head of Administration - Hartmut Lingner See also[edit] - Max Planck Institute for Brain Research (Frankfurt) - Institute of Psychiatry (UK) References[edit] - ^ "Max Planck Institutes". Max Planck Society. - ^ James Loeb Harvard University Press - ^ a b c d e f g "History of the Institute". Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry. - ^ Science and Inhumanity: The Kaiser-Wilhelm/Max Planck Society William E. Seidelman MD, 2001 - ^ a b The Missing Gene Jay Joseph, 2006, pg142- - ^ Hippius, Hanns; Hans-Jürgen Möller; Norbert Müller; Gabriele Neundörfer-Kohl (2007). The University Department of Psychiatry in Munich: From Kraepelin and His Predecessors to Molecular Psychiatry. Springer. - ^ a b Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope Jay Joseph. Original source: Created Nazi Science of Murder Victor H Berstein, 1945, August 21, PM Daily - ^ Baltic Eugenics: Bio-Politics, Race and Nation in Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918-1940 : Volker Roelcke: 3. Eliot Slater and the Institutionalization of Psychiatric Genetics in the United Kingdom pg 304 - ^ Man, Medicine, and the State Pg 73- - ^ Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany: Origins, Practices, Legacies Chapter by V. Roelcke, Pg106 - ^ Program and practice of psychiatric genetics at the German Research Institute of Psychiatry under Ernst Rudin: on the relationship between science, politics and the concept of race before and after 1993 by V. Roelcke, 2002 - ^ a b "Research". Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry. - ^ a b "Profile". Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry. - ^ a b "Medical services". Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry. External links[edit] - Official website (German) - Official website (English)