http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Idris_of_Libya.xml
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Идрис Идрис I (12 март 1890 г. - 25 май 1983 г., Кайро) е крал на Либия от 1951 г. до 1969 г. Сиди Мухамад Идрис ал-Махди ал-Сенуси става върховен ръководител на Ордена на сенусите през 1916 г. Орденът се ползва с традиционно силно влияние в Либия. През 1921 г. е избран за емир на цяла Либия, но поради италианската колониална политика е принуден да се оттегли в Египет. По време на Втората световна война Идрис поддържа съюзниците. През 1951 г. става крал на Либия. Поради неудачите в управлението на страната и няколкото опита за неговото убийство Идрис поема властта в свои ръце и налага политика на централизация на страната. Благодарение на растящите приходи от нефтодобива правителството на Идрис I инвестира значителни суми в инфраструктурата на страната и в образованието. Множество младежи са пращани да се образоват в чужбина. През 1960-те години се засилват идеите на панарабизма в страната. Като следствие от това и от Шестдневната война през 1969 г. избухват панарабски протести, които преминават в погроми над еврейското малцинство. Последното е принудено да напусне Либия. На 1 септември 1969 г., използвайки отсъствието му, военните начело с полковник Кадафи свалят Идрис I. В последвалите години Идрис I живее в изгнание в Кайро.
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Idris of Libya Idris, GBE (Arabic: إدريس الأول), also known as Idris I of Libya (b. Sayyid Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi 12 March 1889 – 25 May 1983),[1] was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. [edit] Biography [edit] Early life Born at Al-Jaghbub, the headquarters of the Senussi movement, the son of Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Senussi and his fifth wife Aisha bint Ahmad al-Syrte, Idris was a grandson of Sayyid Muhammad bin 'Ali as-Senussi, the founder of the Senussi Muslim sufi order. He became Chief of the Senussi order in 1916 following the abdication of his cousin Sayyid Ahmed Sharif es Senussi. He was recognized by the British under the new title Emir of the territory of Cyrenaica, a position also confirmed by the Italians in 1920. He was also installed as Emir of Tripolitania on 28 July 1922. Idris spent the early part of his career attempting to negotiate independence for Cyrenaica.[2] In 1922, following the Italian military campaigns against Libya, he went into exile. Egypt then served as his base in a guerrilla war against the colonial Italian authorities.[3] [edit] During World War II During World War II, Idris supported the United Kingdom and brought the Cyrenaican nationalists to fight alongside the Allies against the Axis. With the defeat of the German and Italian forces led by Erwin Rommel, he was finally able to return to his capital, Benghazi, as Emir of Cyrenaica and form an official government. [edit] King of Libya With British backing, Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania, another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan).[4] By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the United Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951. From Benghazi, Idris led the team negotiating with the United Kingdom and the United Nations over independence, which was achieved on 24 December 1951 with the proclamation of the federal United Libyan Kingdom with Idris as king. In 1963 the constitution was revised and the state became a unitary state as the Kingdom of Libya. To the chagrin of Arab nationalists at home and supporters of Pan-Arabism in neighbouring states, Idris maintained close ties with the United Kingdom and the United States, even after the former intervened against Egypt during the 1956 Suez Crisis.[citation needed] Another threat to his kingdom was his failure to produce a surviving male heir to succeed to the throne. In 1956, Idris designated his brother's son, Hasan as-Senussi, as crown prince. The economy prospered from its oil fields and the presence of the United States Air Force's Wheelus Air Base near Tripoli, but the king's health began to falter and the crown prince assumed a greater role in the government and from time to time acted as regent. On 4 August 1969 Idris signed an Instrument of Abdication in favour of Crown Prince Hasan as-Senussi, to take effect on 2 September that year.[citation needed] [edit] Overthrow and exile On 1 September 1969, while Idris was in Turkey for medical treatment, he was deposed in a coup by a group of Libyan army officers under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi. The monarchy was abolished and a republic proclaimed.[5] The coup pre-empted Idris' abdication and the succession of his heir the following day. From Turkey, he and the queen travelled to Kamena Vourla, Greece, by ship and went into exile in Egypt. After the coup of 1969, Idris was placed on trial in absentia in the Libyan People's Court and sentenced to death in November 1971. Idris died at the Sultan Palace in Dokki, Cairo in 1983, aged 94. He was buried at Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia. [edit] 2011 Libyan civil war Although the king died in exile and most Libyans were born after his reign, during the 2011 Libyan civil war, many demonstrators opposing Colonel Gaddafi carried portraits of the king, especially in the traditional Sanussi stronghold of Cyrenaica. The tricolour flag used during the era of the monarchy was frequently used as a symbol of the revolution and was re-adopted by the National Transitional Council as the official flag of Libya.[6] [edit] Family Idris married five times: - At Kufra, 1896/1897, his cousin, Sayyida Aisha binti Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi (b. at Jaghbub, 1873; d. at Kufra, 1905 or 1907), eldest daughter of Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Sanussi, by his fourth wife, Fatima, daughter of 'Umar bin Muhammad al-Ashhab, of Fezzan, by whom he had one son who died in infancy; - At Kufra, 1907 (div. 1922), his cousin, Sakina, daughter of Muhammad as-Sharif, by whom he had one son and one daughter, both of whom died in infancy; - At Kufra, 1911 (div. 1915), Nafisa, daughter of Ahmad Abu al-Qasim al-Isawi, by whom he had one son who died in infancy; - At Siwa, Egypt, 1931, Sayyida Fatima al-Shi'fa binti Sayyid Ahmad as-Sharif al-Sanussi Fatima el-Sharif (b. at Kufra, 1910; d. at a hospital in Cairo, Egypt, 3 October 2009, bur. Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia), fifth daughter of Field Marshal H.H. Sayyid Ahmad as-Sharif Pasha bin Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi, 3rd Grand Sanussi, by his second wife, Khadija, daughter of Ahmad al-Rifi, by whom he had one son who died in infancy; - At the Libyan Embassy, Cairo, 6 June 1955 (div. 20 May 1958), Aliya Khanum Effendi (b. at Guney, Egypt, 1913), daughter of Abdul-Qadir Lamlun Asadi Pasha. For two short periods (1911–22 and 1955–58) Idris kept two wives, marrying his fifth wife with a view to providing a direct heir. Idris fathered five sons and one daughter, none of whom survived childhood. He and Queen Fatima adopted a daughter, Suleima, an Algerian orphan, who survived them. [edit] Honours King Idris was Grand Master of the following Libyan Orders[7]: - Order of Idris I - High Order of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Senussi - Order of Independence - Al-Senussi National Service Star - Al-Senussi Army Liberation Medal He was a recipient of the following foreign honors: - Imperial Order of the House of Osman 1st class (Turkey) (1918) - Nobility (Nishan-i-Majidieh) 2nd class (Turkey) (1918) - Collar of the Order of Hussein ibn Ali (Jordan) - Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (1954 - KBE in 1946) (United Kingdom) - Collar of the Order of Muhammadiya (Morocco) - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile (Egypt) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France) - Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence (Tunisia) - Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar (Lebanon) - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Italy) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece) [edit] References - ^ http://www.royalark.net/Libya/libya6.htm - ^ Vandewalle, Dirk (2006). A history of modern Libya. Cambridge University Press. - ^ Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2005). Africa since 1800. Cambridge University Press. - ^ Diller, Daniel; Moore, John (1995). The Middle East. Congressional Quarterly. - ^ Bloodless coup in Libya. BBC News On This Day. September 1, 1969. - ^ "The liberated east: Building a new Libya". The Economist. 24 February 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/18239900. Retrieved 26 February 2011. - ^ "Libya: Senussi Dynasty Orders and Decorations". royalark.com. http://www.royalark.net/Libya/libya7.html. Retrieved 12 June 2011. [edit] External links Media related to Idris of Libya at Wikimedia Commons - 1889 births - 1983 deaths - Cold War leaders - Heads of state of Libya - Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire - Leaders ousted by a coup - Libyan exiles - Libyan monarchs - Libyan politicians - Libyan people of Algerian descent - Libyan prisoners sentenced to death - People sentenced to death in absentia - Prisoners sentenced to death by Libya - Senussi dynasty - World War II political leaders - Recipients of the Order of the Redeemer - Kings of Libya