http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Indiana_jones.xml
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Индиана Джоунс Д-р Хенри Уолтън "Индиана" Джоунс(на английски: Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones) е измислен герой — професор по археология, известен най-вече от филмите. Измислен е от Джордж Лукас и се появява за първи път на екран в "Похитителите на изчезналия кивот" (1981 г.), а след това и в "Индиана Джоунс и храмът на обречените" (1984 г.), "Индиана Джоунс и последният кръстоносен поход" (1989 г.), "Индиана Джоунс и кралството на кристалния череп" (2008 г.), както и в телевизионния сериал "Хрониките на младия Индиана Джоунс" (от 1992 г. до 1996 г.). Той е и главен герой на книги, комикси, видеоигри и др. Най-успешно Индиана Джоунс е изигран от Харисън Форд в тетралогията на Джордж Лукас и Стивън Спилбърг - "Похитителите на изчезналия кивот", "Индиана Джоунс и храмът на обречените", "Индиана Джоунс и последният кръстоносен поход" и "Индиана Джоунс и кралството на кристалния череп", но ролята е изпълнявана и от Ривър Финикс (като младия Индиана в "Последният кръстоносен поход"), Кори Кариър, Шон Патрик Фланъри и Джордж Хал (съответно в ролята на Джоунс като дете, юноша и възрастен в "Хрониките на младия Индиана Джоунс"). Дъг Лий и Дейвид Еш пък дублират гласа му в компютърните игри на LucasArts - "Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis" "Индиана Джоунс и съдбата на Атлантида"), "Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine" ("Индиана Джоунс и адската машина") и "Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb" ("Индиана Джоунс и гробницата на императора"). Основните фактори за известността на персонажа са неговият легендарен външен вид (неизменните камшик, широкопола шапка и кожено яке), чувството му за хумор, дълбоките му познания за много древни цивилизации и езици и фобията му от змии. През 2008 г. Индиана Джоунс е поставен на 6-то място в класацията на английското списание "Емпайър" за най-велики филмови герои на всички времена, а през 2010 г. - на 2-ро място в класацията на "Тайм" за най-велики измислени герои на всички времена, като е изпреварен само от Шерлок Холмс. [редактиране] Пълнометражни филми Индиана Джоунс, изигран от Харисън Форд, се появява за пръв път във филма от 1981 г. "Похитителите на изчезналия кивот", режисиран от Стивън Спилбърг и продуциран от Джордж Лукас, Франк Маршал и Хауърд Казаниян. Представен е като известен професор по археология, който преподава в измисления колеж "Маршал" (по името на един от продуцентите) в Кънектикът, САЩ. Самото действие се развива през 1936 г., когато американското правителство изпраща д-р Джоунс да търси Кивота на Завета, в който се съдържат плочите, на които Бог е написал своите десет заповеди. Негови спътници са Мериън Рейвънууд (в ролята Карън Ален) и Салах (Джон Рис-Дейвис). Индиана трябва да намери Кивота преди нацистите, които също са в търсене на огромната му сила, с цел да я използват за военни цели. Те на свой ред, са подпомагани от френски археолог и отколешен враг на Джоунс — Рене Белок (Пол Фрийман). Филмът пожънва огромен успех и получава четири награди Оскар — за специални ефекти, сценография, монтаж и звук. Втората част от поредицата "Индиана Джоунс и храмът на обречените" всъщност се явява предистория на "Похитителите на изчезналия кивот", тъй като действието в нея се развива една година по-рано — през 1935 г. Тя се появява по кината през 1984 г., като режисьор е отново Стивън Спилбърг, а продуценти — Франк Маршал, Джордж Лукас, Катлийн Кенеди и Дейвид Уотс. Този път, по стечение на обстоятелствата, Индиана попада в Индия заедно със спътниците си Уили Скот (Кейт Кепшоу) и Малчо (Джонатан Ке Куан). Тримата попадат в село, сполетяно от голямо нещастие — група сектанти, кланящи се на богинята Кали, са отвлекли децата им и са откраднали свещен камък, който е носел плодородие. Д-р Джоунс, Уили и Малчо предприемат пътуване към близкия храм, за да спасят децата и върнат камъка в селото. Този път филмът получава само един Оскар — за специални ефекти. През 1989 г. се появява и третата част от поредицата - "Индиана Джоунс и последният кръстоносен поход". Отново режисиран и продуциран от същия екип, този филм се връща към формулата от оригинала и пак изпраща д-р Джоунс в надпревара с нацистите — този път за откриването на друг библейски артефакт, Свещения граал. Завръщат се познатите от "Похитителите на изчезналия кивот" герои Салах и Маркъс Броуди, а отрицателни герои са работещите за Третия райх Уолтър Донован (Джулиън Глоувър), д-р Елза Шнайдер (Алисън Дуди) и др. Самото действие се развива през 1938 г., като този път на сцената излиза и бащата на Индиана — Хенри Джоунс (в ролята Шон Конъри). Във филма е включена и прелюдия към основната история, в която Ривър Финикс играе ролята на 13-годишния Индиана Джоунс и която разкрива произхода на неговия страх от змии, известната му шапка, белега на брадата му и умението да си служи с камшик. Филмът получава отново само един Оскар — и отново за специални ефекти, макар и до днес да е считан от много хора за най-добрия от поредицата. Последната, поне засега, част от поредицата се появява след 19-годишна пауза — през 2008 г. излиза "Индиана Джоунс и кралството на кристалния череп". В нея действието се развива през 1957 г., т.е. в разгара на Студената война. В този филм вече далеч по-възрастният д-р Джоунс е в надпревара със съветски агенти, търсейки силата на мистичен кристален череп, открит в Южна Америка от негов бивш колега — Харълд Оксли (Джон Хърт). Непромененият спрямо "Последният кръстоносен поход" режисьорски и продуцентски екип решава да върне на сцената познатата от първата част Мериън Рейвънууд, а новото лице сред героите е Мът Уилямс (Шая Лебьоф), който впоследствие се оказва биологичен син на Индиана. Ролята на Ирина Спалко — приближен на Сталин учен и основен отрицателен герой, пък е поета от Кейт Бланшет. Въпреки големите очаквания, филмът среща противоречиви и дори в по-голямата си част отрицателни отзиви и остава единственият от поредицата, който не спечелва нито един Оскар. [редактиране] Телевизия От 1992 г. до 1996 г., Джордж Лукас продуцира телевизионния сериал "Хрониките на младия Индиана Джоунс", който има образователен характер и запознава зрителите с редица исторически фигури и важни моменти, използвайки за това приключенията на Индиана Джоунс, но в детските и юношеските му години. Всички епизоди са изградени по една и съща формула - 93-годишният д-р Джоунс (в ролята Джордж Хал) представя историята, а след това следва самото приключение с участието на 10 (Кори Кариър) или 17-годишния Индиана (Шон Патрик Фланъри). В някои епизоди се появява дори Нийл Болейн като бебето Инди. Сред историческите личности, които се появяват в сериала са, са Лев Толстой, Панчо Виля, Ърнест Хемингуей и Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк, а действието се развива в почти цяла Европа, както и в страни като Египет, Китай, Индия и др. Сериалът предоставя на зрителите допълнителна информация около биографията на персонажа, които не са известни от пълнометражните филми. Така например, от "Хрониките на младия Индиана Джоунс" става ясно, че той е роден на 1 юли 1899 г. и че презимето му е Уолтън (заимствано от презимето на Джордж Лукас). Споменава се, че е имал сестра на име Сузи, която е умряла като дете от треска, а също и че вече има дъщеря и внуци, които се появяват в някои епизоди на сериала. Представата за взаимоотношенията на Индиана с баща му, представени за пръв път в "Индиана Джоунс и последният кръстоносен поход", е обогатена с някои истории за приключения, в които двамата участват. През 1999 г., преработен от Лукас, сериалът се появява на DVD и VHS под името "Приключенията на младия Индиана Джоунс". [редактиране] Видео игри След успехите на големия и малкия екран, персонажът Индиана Джоунс се появява и като герой в официално лицензирани видеоигри, дело на компанията Lucas Arts. Още през 80-те години на 20-ти век се появяват адаптации на оригиналната трилогия филми - "Индиана Джоунс и похитителите на изчезналия кивот", "Индиана Джоунс и храмът на обречените" и "Индиана Джоунс и последният кръстоносен поход" (последната в две версии - "екшън" и "куест"). През 90-те издателите започват да издават игри с напълно оригинален сюжет — първата е Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis ("Индиана Джоунс и съдбата на Атлантида") от 1992 г., в която действието се развива през 1939 г., а д-р Джоунс се впуска в традиционната надпревара с нацистите — този път в търсене на митичния континент Атлантида и силата на притежаващ огромна енергия метал, познат само на неговото население. Въпросната игра печели огромна популярност и до ден днешен е считана за един от най-добрите куестове, излизали някога на пазара. Следва няколкогодишна пауза, докато в 1999 г. не се появява продължение — Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine ("Индиана Джоунс и адската машина"). Това издание за пръв път прокарва идеята за един по-възрастен главен герой, който този път се противопоставя не на нацистите, а на СССР, съдействайки на ЦРУ в търсенето на могъщ механизъм, изобретен от древните вавилонци — действието се развива през 1947 г. През 2003 г., Lucas Arts издават още едно заглавие, което обаче не е хронологично продължение на "Индиана Джоунс и адската машина", тъй като действието в него се развива непосредствено преди събитията във филма "Индиана Джоунс и храмът на обречените". Играта е наречена Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb ("Индиана Джоунс и гробницата на императора") и в нея Хенри Джоунс е нает от китайското правителство, за да разкрие тайните на първия император на Китай, възпрепятстван — както винаги — от традиционните нацисти.
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Indiana Jones Dr. Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr.,[10] often shortened to "Indy", is the title character of the Indiana Jones franchise. George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials. The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. Alongside the more widely known films and television programs, the character is also featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. Jones is also featured in the Disney theme park attraction; Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, as well as the Disneyland Paris attraction Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril. Jones is most famously played by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix (as the young Jones in The Last Crusade) and in the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles by Corey Carrier, Sean Patrick Flanery, and George Hall. Doug Lee has supplied Jones's voice to two LucasArts video games, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, while David Esch supplied his voice to Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb and John Armstrong in Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings.[11] Particularly notable facets of the character include his iconic look (bullwhip, fedora, satchel[12][13] and leather jacket), sense of humor, deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages, and fear of snakes. Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones has become a worldwide star and remains one of cinema's most revered film characters. In 2003, the American Film Institute ranked him as the second greatest film hero of all time.[14] He was also named the 6th Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine.[15] Entertainment Weekly ranked Indy 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture.[16] Premiere magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[17] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Indy at number 10.[18] Contents Appearances[edit] A native of Princeton, New Jersey, Indiana Jones was introduced in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936. The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp[disambiguation needed] action heroes, whose research is funded by Marshall College (named after producer Frank Marshall),[19] a fictional college in Connecticut, where he is a professor of archaeology. In this first adventure, he is pitted against the Nazis, who are commissioned by Hitler to recover evidence related to Aryan roots of Nazism. (see Nazi archaeology). In consequence, Dr Jones travels the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant (see also Biblical archaeology). He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah. The Nazis are led by Jones's archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinister Gestapo agent. In the 1984 prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and the three Sankara stones from the bloodthirsty Thuggee cult. He is aided by Short Round, a young boy, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw). The third film, 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, set in 1938, returned to the formula of the original, reintroducing characters such as Sallah and Marcus Brody, a scene from Professor Jones's classroom (he now teaches at Barnett College), the globe trotting element of multiple locations, and the return of the infamous Nazi mystics, this time trying to find the Holy Grail. The film's introduction, set in 1912, provided some back story to the character, specifically the origin of his fear of snakes, his use of a bullwhip, the scar on his chin, and his hat; the film's epilogue also reveals that "Indiana" is not Jones's first name, but a nickname he took from the family dog. The film was a buddy movie of sorts, teaming Jones with his father, often to comical effect. Although Lucas intended to make five Indiana Jones films, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was the last for over eighteen years, as he could not think of a good plot element to drive the next installment.[20] The 2008 film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, is the latest film in the series. Set in 1957, 19 years after the third film, it pits an older, wiser Indiana Jones against Soviet agents bent on harnessing the power of a crystal skull associated with extraterrestrials discovered in South America by his former colleague Harold Oxley (John Hurt). Jones is aided in his adventure by his former lover, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and her son—a young greaser named Henry "Mutt" Williams (Shia LaBeouf), later revealed to be Jones's biological child, Henry Jones III. There were rumors that Harrison Ford will not return for any future installments and LaBeouf will take over the Indy franchise.[21] This film also reveals that Jones was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services (a predecessor department to the Central Intelligence Agency) during World War II, attaining the rank of Colonel in the United States Army and running covert operations with MI6 agent George McHale on the Soviet Union. Television[edit] From 1992 to 1996, George Lucas executive-produced a television series named The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, aimed mainly at teenagers and older children, which showed many of the important events and historical figures of the early 20th century through the prism of Indiana Jones' life. The show initially featured the formula of an elderly (93 to 94 years of age) lndiana Jones played by George Hall introducing a story from his youth by way of an anecdote: the main part of the episode then featured an adventure with either a young adult Indy (16 to 21 years of age) played by Sean Patrick Flanery or a child Indy (8 to 11 years) played by Corey Carrier. One episode, "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues", is bookended by Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones, rather than Hall. Later episodes and telemovies did not have this bookend format. The bulk of the series centers around the young adult Indiana Jones and his activities during World War I as a 16–17 year old soldier in the Belgian Army and then as an intelligence officer and spy seconded to French intelligence. The child Indy episodes follow the boy's travels around the globe as he accompanies his parents on his father's worldwide lecture tour from 1908 to 1910. The show provided some backstory for the films, as well as new information regarding the character. Indiana Jones was born July 1, 1899, and his middle name is Walton (Lucas's middle name). It is also mentioned that he had a sister called Suzie who died as an infant of fever, and that he eventually has a daughter and grandchildren who appear in some episode introductions and epilogues. His relationship with his father, first introduced in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was further fleshed out with stories about his travels with his father as a young boy. Indy damages or loses his right eye sometime between the events in 1957 and the early 1990s, when the "Old Indy" segments take place, as the elderly Indiana Jones wears an eyepatch. In 1999, Lucas removed the episode introductions and epilogues by George Hall for the VHS and DVD releases, and re-edited the episodes into chronologically ordered feature-length stories. The series title was also changed to The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones. Video games[edit] The character has appeared in several officially licensed games, including LEGO Indiana Jones video games, beginning with adaptations of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, two adaptations of The Last Crusade (one with purely action mechanics, one with an adventure and puzzle based structure) and Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures which included the storylines from all three of the original films. Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb and Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings.[22] Emperor's Tomb sets up Jones's companion Wu Han and the search for Nurhaci's ashes seen at the beginning of Temple of Doom. The first two games were developed by Hal Barwood and starred Doug Lee as the voice of Indiana Jones; Emperor's Tomb had David Esch fill the role and Staff of Kings starred John Armstrong. Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine was the first Indy-based game presented in three dimensions, as opposed to 8-bit graphics and side-scrolling games before. There is also a small game from Lucas Arts Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures. A video game was made for young Indy called Young Indiana Jones and the Instruments of Chaos, as well as a video game version of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. Two Lego Indiana Jones games have also been released. Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures was released in 2008[23] and follows the plots of the first three films. It was followed by LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues in late 2009. The sequel includes an abbreviated reprise of the first three films, but focuses on the plot of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Indiana Jones has also made cameo appearances as an unlockable character in the games Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction[citation needed] and Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga.[citation needed] Social gaming company Zynga introduced Indiana Jones to their "Adventure World" game in late 2011.[24] Books[edit] In 2008, Random House commissioned James Rollins to write the novelization of the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), which was published in 2010. Theme parks[edit] Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions. The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea ("Temple of the Forbidden Eye" and "Temple of the Crystal Skull," respectively) place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries. These two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time,[citation needed] opened in 1995[25] and 2001,[26][27] respectively, with sole design credit attributed to Walt Disney Imagineering.[citation needed] Disney did not originally license Harrison Ford's likeness for the American version;[citation needed] nonetheless, a differentiated Indiana Jones audio-animatronic character appears at three points in both attractions. However, the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Ford's likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts.[citation needed] In 2010, some of the Indy audio-animatronics at the Disneyland version were replaced with ones resembling Ford.[28] Disneyland Paris also features an Indiana Jones-titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril is a looping roller coaster engineered by Intamin, designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, and opened in 1993. The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! is a live show that has been presented in the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park of the Walt Disney World Resort with few changes since the park's 1989 opening, as Disney-MGM Studios. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a feature film production, and recruits members of the audience to participate in the show. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the Raiders of the Lost Ark films, including the well-known "running-from-the-boulder" scene. Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show.[29] Also at Disney's Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction; during the The Great Movie Ride's Raiders of the Lost Ark segment.[30] Character description and formation[edit] In his role as a college professor of archaeology, Henry Jones Jr. is scholarly and learned in a tweed suit, lecturing on ancient civilizations. In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, it is revealed that Jones is influenced by the Marxist Archaeologist, Vere Gordon Childe, whose qualified acceptance of cultural diffusionism theory he propounds. Ironically, though Childe loathes fieldwork,[31] Indy goes on to say, "If you want to be a good archaeologist, you gotta get out of the library." This is in tongue-in-cheek contrast to the previous film's comment, "Seventy percent of all archaeology is done in the library." However, at the opportunity to recover important artifacts, Dr. Jones transforms into "Indiana," a "non-superhero superhero" image he has concocted for himself.[32] Producer Frank Marshall said, "Indy [is] a fallible character. He makes mistakes and gets hurt. That's the other thing people like: He's a real character, not a character with superpowers."[33] Spielberg said there "was the willingness to allow our leading man to get hurt and to express his pain and to get his mad out and to take pratfalls and sometimes be the butt of his own jokes. I mean, Indiana Jones is not a perfect hero, and his imperfections, I think, make the audience feel that, with a little more exercise and a little more courage, they could be just like him."[34] According to Spielberg biographer Douglas Brode, Indiana created his heroic figure so as to escape the dullness of teaching at a school. Both of Indiana's personas reject one another in philosophy, creating a duality.[32] Harrison Ford said the fun of playing the character was because Indiana is both a romantic and a cynic,[35] while scholars have analyzed Indiana as having traits of a lone wolf; a man on a quest; a noble treasure hunter; a hardboiled detective; a human superhero; and an American patriot.[36] Like many characters in his films, Jones has some autobiographical elements of Spielberg. Indiana lacks a proper father figure because of his strained relationship with his father, Henry Senior. His own contained anger is misdirected towards Professor Abner Ravenwood, his mentor at the University of Chicago, leading to a strained relationship with Marion Ravenwood.[32] The teenage Indiana bases his own look on a figure from the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, after being given his hat.[37] Marcus Brody acts as Indiana's positive role model at the college.[37] Indiana's own insecurities are made worse by the absence of his mother.[38] In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, he becomes the father figure to Willie Scott and Short Round, to survive; he is rescued from Kali's evil by Short Round's dedication. Indiana also saves many enslaved children.[38] Because of Indiana's strained relationship with his father, who was absent much of Indiana's youth searching for the Holy Grail, the character does not pursue the more spiritual aspects of the cultures he studies.[citation needed] Indiana uses his knowledge of Shiva to defeat Mola Ram.[38] In Raiders, however, he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in the Ark of the Covenant. By contrast, his rival Rene Belloq is killed for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God.[32] In the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Jones is seen as a teenager, establishing his look when given a hat. Indiana's intentions are revealed as prosocial, as he believes artifacts "belong in a museum." In the film's climax, Indiana undergoes "literal" tests of faith to retrieve the Grail and save his father's life. He also remembers Jesus as a historical figure – a humble carpenter – rather than an exalted figure when he recognizes the simple nature and tarnished appearance of the real Grail amongst a large assortment of much more ornately decorated ones. Henry Senior rescues his son from falling to his death when reaching for the fallen Grail, telling him to "let it go," overcoming his mercenary nature.[37] The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles explains how Indiana becomes solitary and less idealistic following his service in World War I.[39] In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Jones is older and wiser, whereas his sidekicks Mutt and Mac are youthfully arrogant and greedy, respectively.[40] Origins and inspirations[edit] Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinée serials and pulp magazines that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the Republic Pictures serials, and the Doc Savage series). Sir H. Rider Haggard's safari guide/big game hunter Allan Quatermain of King Solomon's Mines, who dates back to 1885, is a notable template for Jones.[41] The two friends first discussed the project in Hawaii around the time of the release of the first Star Wars film.[42] Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted his next project to be something fun, like a James Bond film (this would later be referenced when they cast Sean Connery as Henry Jones, Sr.). According to sources, Lucas responded to the effect that he had something "even better,"[42] or that he'd "got that beat."[43] One of the possible bases for Indiana Jones are Professor Challenger, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912 for his novel, The Lost World. Challenger was based on Doyle's physiology professor, Sir William Rutherford, an adventuring academic, albeit a zoologist/anthropologist.[44] The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after an Alaskan Malamute Lucas owned in the 1970s (Indiana); the name was perhaps in a nod to the 1966 Western film Nevada Smith.[citation needed] Spielberg disliked the name Smith, and Lucas casually suggested Jones as an alternative.[42] Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of British secret agent James Bond was one of the primary inspirations for Jones, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.[45][46] Given that both Spielberg and Ford were Eagle and Life Scouts, respectively, in their youth, gave them the inspiration to portray Indiana Jones as a Life Scout at age 13 in The Last Crusade, mirroring Ford's Scouting past.[47] Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman Landis noted that the inspiration for the series as well as Indiana Jones' outfit was Charlton Heston's Harry Steele in Secret of the Incas (1954) and called Raiders of the Lost Ark "almost a shot for shot" remake of the Heston film, citing that Indiana Jones was "a kinder, gentler Harry Steele": "We did watch this film together as a crew several times, and I always thought it strange that the filmmakers did not credit it later as the inspiration for the series."[48] Historical models[edit] Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character—although none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. There are some suggestions, listed here in alphabetical order by last name: - Italian archaeologist and circus strongman Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823).[49] - Beloit College professor and paleontologist Roy Chapman Andrews.[50] - Yale University professor, historian, US senator, and explorer Hiram Bingham III, who rediscovered and excavated the lost city of Machu Picchu,[51] and chronicled his find in the bestselling book The Lost City of the Incas in 1948.[52] - University of Chicago archaeologist Robert Braidwood.[53] - University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted.[54] - Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout and British Army spy who heavily influenced Sir Haggard's fictional Allan Quatermain character and also became the inspiration for the Boy Scouts.[55][56] - British archaeologist Percy Fawcett, who spent much of his life exploring the jungles of northern Brazil, and who was last seen in 1925 returning to the Amazon Basin to look for the Lost City Of Z. A fictionalized version of Fawcett appears to Jones in the book Indiana Jones And The Seven Veils.[7] - American archaeologist Walter Fairservis.[57] - Harvard University paleontologist Farish Jenkins.[58] - British archaeologist and soldier T. E. Lawrence.[59] - Northwestern University anthropologist, professor and adventurer William Montgomery McGovern.[60] - British adventurer Frederick Albert Mitchell-Hedges.[61] - German archaeologist Otto Rahn.[62] - Harvard University archaeologist and art historian Langdon Warner.[63] Costume[edit] Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed fedora. As a documentary of Raiders pointed out, the hat served a practical purpose. Following the lead of the old "B"-movies that inspired the Indiana Jones series, the fedora hid the actor's face sufficiently to allow doubles to perform the more dangerous stunts seamlessly. Examples in Raiders include the wider-angle shot of Indy and Marion crashing a statue through a wall, and Indy sliding under a fast-moving vehicle from front to back. Thus it was necessary for the hat to stay in place much of the time. The hat became so iconic that the filmmakers could only come up with very good reasons or jokes to remove it. If it ever fell off during a take, filming would have to stop to put it back on. In jest, Ford put a stapler against his head to stop his hat from falling off when a documentary crew visited during shooting of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. This created the urban legend that Ford stapled the hat to his head.[64] Although other hats were also used throughout the films, the general style and profile remained the same. Elements of the outfit include: - The fedora was supplied by Herbert Johnson Hatters in England for the first three films. An Australian model was used by costume designer Deborah Landis to show hat maker Richard Swales the details when making the iconic hat from "the Poets" parts.[65] The fedora for Crystal Skull was made by Steve Delk and Marc Kitter of the Adventurebilt Hat Company of Columbus, Mississippi.[66] - The leather jacket, a hybrid of the "Type 440" and the A-2 jacket, was made by Leather Concessionaires (now known as Wested Leather Co.) for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. For Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, jackets were made in-house at Bermans & Nathans in London based on a stunt jacket they provided for Raiders of the Lost Ark. Tony Nowak made the jacket for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[citation needed] - The Indiana Jones shirt is based on a typical safari-style shirt. Its distinctive feature is two vertical strips running from the shoulders to the bottom of the shirt tails and continued over both breast pockets. A common debate regards the original shirt color. Surviving samples of the original shirts seem to be darker in reality than they appear on screen. Most fans look for an off-white "stone" color for their replicas. The original shirts, however, may have been more of a "tan" or "natural" color. The shirt varied little from film to film, the only notable difference being the darker buttons in Temple of Doom and Last Crusade. Originally designed by Andreas Dometakis for the films, this shirt was once one of the hardest pieces of gear to find. - The trousers worn by Indiana Jones in all three films were based on original World War II Army and Army Air Corps officer trousers. Although not original Pinks they are based on the same basic design and do carry a slight pinkish hue. The trousers made for Raiders are said to be more of a greyish-brown whereas the trousers made for Temple of Doom and Last Crusade were supposedly a purer reddish-brown. The trousers were made of a khaki wool-twill, pleated with seven belt loops, two scalloped button flap rear pockets, a button fly and a four-inch military style hem. They were all most likely subcontracted by the costume department and made by famed London based cinema costumers, Angels and Bermans, to be tailored perfectly for Harrison Ford for the production. - The satchel was a modified Mark VII gas mask bag that was used by British troops and civilians during World War II.[12] - The whip was a 8 to 10 foot (2.4 to 3.0 m) bullwhip crafted by David Morgan for the first three films. The whips for Crystal Skull were crafted by a variety of people, including Terry Jacka, Joe Strain and Morgan (different lengths and styles were likely used in specific stunts).[citation needed] - The pistol was usually a World War I-era revolver, including the Webley Government (Last Crusade and Crystal Skull), or a .45 ACP Smith & Wesson Hand Ejector 2nd model revolver (Raiders). He has also used an M1917 revolver (Temple of Doom), a Nagant M1895 (Young Indiana Jones), and a 9 mm Browning Hi-Power (Raiders).[67] The weapon is carried in a military pattern flap holster. - The shoes were made by Alden. A stock style (model 405) that had been a favorite of Ford's before the films, they are still sold today (though in a redder (brick) shade of brown than seen in the films) and are popularly known as "Indy Boots."[68] The fedora and leather jacket from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade are on display at the Smithsonian Institution's American History Museum in Washington, D.C.[69] The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for some aficionados of the franchise.[70] Jones' whip was the third most popular film weapon, as shown by a 2008 poll held by 20th Century Fox, which surveyed approximately two thousand film fans.[71] Casting[edit] Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby De Niro" (in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films).[42] During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark.[42] However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role.[42] One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded. After Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas gave in, and Ford was cast in the role less than three weeks before filming began.[42] Archaeological Influence[edit] For many within the public spectrum, Indiana Jones is the image that comes to mind when archaeology is mentioned. The industry magazine Archaeology, named eight past and present archaeologists who they felt "embodied [Jones'] spirit" as recipients of the "Indy Spirit Awards" in 2008.[72] That same year Ford himself was elected to the Board of Directors for the Archaeological Institute of America; commenting that "understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future," Ford was praised by the association's president for his character's "significant role in stimulating the public's interest in archaeological exploration."[73] He is perhaps the most influential character in films that explore archaeology, since the release of ‘Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark’ in 1981, the very idea of archaeology and archaeologists has fundamentally shifted. Prior to the films release, the stereotypical image of an archaeologist was that of an older, lacklustre professor type. In the early years of films involving archaeologists, they were portrayed as victims who would need to be rescued by a more masculine or heroic figure.[74] Following 1981, the stereotypical archaeologist is thought of as a male bull whip wielding adventurer and Ivy League professor. The stereotypical image of an archaeologist is also portrayed as an individual usually out doing fieldwork, which is not always the case.[75] Indiana Jones is essentially the archetype for the field of archaeology, individuals who are actively involved in this field are influenced by the ideas put forward in the films and any other associated media. Indiana Jones is still a highly debated topic among archaeologists, whether the influence of these films is positive or negative has yet to be determined. The argument for these films having a negative influence states that it reflects poorly on the field, one prominent individual with this opinion is Anne Pyburn. Pyburn described the influence of Indiana Jones as being one that is elitist and sexist, she went on to say that the Indiana Jones films have caused new discoveries in the field of archaeology to become oversimplified and overhyped in an attempt to gain public interest which negatively influences archaeology as a whole.[76] Eric Powell, an editor with the magazine Archaeology, was quoted saying “O.K., fine, the movie romanticizes what we do,” continuing on to say that “Indy may be a horrible archeologist, but he’s a great diplomat for archeology. I think we’ll see a spike in kids who want to become archeologists.” [72] In an article written by Kevin McGeoughs, an associate professor of archaeology, he describes the original archaeological criticism of the film as missing the point of the film. Going on to say that the various critiques of poor excavation techniques used were a plot feature to make the film more enjoyable and that in doing so it is not trying to push an agenda. He finished by saying, "dramatic interest is what is at issue, and it is unlikely that film will change in order to promote and foster better archaeological techniques".[77] A 2007 survey conducted at Lycoming College set out to examine the public perception of archaeology and what an archaeologist looks like. The results from this survey indicated that the majority of participants all formed a similar image of an archaeologist, the picture painted is one of a male dressed in light weight khaki clothing, wearing a “Indiana Jones hat” and would typically be found in a desert or exotic location. In addition individuals described that the archaeologist would potentially have to become destructive or involved in dangerous situations to obtain the wanted artifacts, demonstrating an adventurer personality.[75] Popular culture influence[edit] While himself an homage to various prior adventurers, aspects of Indiana Jones also directly influenced some subsequent characterizations: - Lara Croft, the female archaeologist of the Tomb Raider series, was originally designed as a man but was changed to a woman, partly because the developers felt the original design was too similar to Indiana Jones.[78] Paramount Pictures, which distributed the Indiana Jones film series, would later make two films based on the Tomb Raider games. - The producer of the Prince of Persia (2008) video game, Ben Mattes, explained that its "inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones, Han Solo."[79] - The video game series Uncharted is also very heavily influenced and inspired by Indiana Jones. The protagonist, Nathan Drake, also shares many similarities with Jones himself, both visually and personality-wise. The design team felt the sources shared themes of mystery and "what-if scenarios" that romanticized adventure and aimed to include those in Uncharted.[80] - The LEGO character Johnny Thunder is derived from Indiana Jones, among other influences. For one, he is Australian (like Steve Irwin the Crocodile Hunter). His clothes are also different, as he sports a slouch hat instead of a fedora, a red bandanna, and a tan shirt. Plus, he has a visible mustache and sideburns. References[edit] - ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "London, May 1916", 1992-03-11. - ^ a b The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Congo, January 1917", 1992-04-08. - ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 19 – Winds of Change, American Broadcasting Company. - ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 20 – Mystery of The Blues, American Broadcasting Company. - ^ Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008). - ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Peking, March 1910", 1993-06-26 - ^ a b Rob MacGregor (November 1991). Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils. Bantam Books. - ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Ireland, April 1916", 1993-06-12 - ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 5 – Journey of Radiance, American Broadcasting Company - ^ The character's full name is stated in the Corey Carrier narration of the feature-length episode My First Adventure from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. - ^ Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings (Video Game 2009) – IMDb - ^ a b "TheRaider.net - Indiana Jones' Gear". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 4 September 2014. - ^ "George Lucas claims copyright violation in suit". The Gadsden Times. 14 December 1988. Retrieved 4 September 2014. - ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains". afi.com. - ^ "Empire's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters". Empire. - ^ "Entertainment Weekly's 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 22, 2010. - ^ "Premiere's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters". Filmsite.org. - ^ "The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters". Fandomania.com. "Indiana Jones teaches at Marshall". Charleston Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 2008-05-26. - ^ Nick de Semlyen, Ian Freer, Chris Hewitt, Ian Nathan, Sam Toy (2006-09-29). "A Race Against Time: Indiana Jones IV". Empire. - ^ "My Indiana Jones Crackpot Theory". Retrieved January 2, 2011. - ^ "Indiana Jones". Lucas Arts. - ^ "LEGO Indiana Jones". Lucas Arts. - ^ Lewinski, John Scott (1 December 2011). "Indiana Jones raids Zynga's Adventure World". c|net (San Francisco CA). Retrieved 21 December 2012. - ^ Sehlinger, Bob (2010). The Unofficial Guide to Disneyland 2010. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 12 January 2013. - ^ "Tokyo DisneySea Setting Sail for Adventure and Imagination on September 4, 2001". LaughingPlaces. Retrieved 12 January 2013. - ^ "Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Forbidden Eye". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 12 January 2013. - ^ Disneyland Resort: What’s Worth Seeing in 2010? | The DIS Unplugged Disney Blog. Disunplugged.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14. - ^ Willoughby Mariano (2009-08-18). "Disney performer dies during rehearsal". Orlando Sentinel. - ^ Winders, Glenda (13 August 1989). "Disney theme park re-creates Hollywood in its heyday". Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Spartanburg SC). Copley News Service. Retrieved 11 January 2013. - ^ Green, Sally (1981). Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe. Moonraker Press. - ^ a b c d Douglas Brode (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. - ^ Anthony Breznican (2007-12-09). "First look: Whip cracks over new 'Indiana Jones' movie". USA Today. "Q&A: Steven Spielberg". Vanity Fair. - ^ Shinji Hata (interviewer) (1994). From Star Wars to Indiana Jones: The Best of the LucasFilm Archives. LucasFilm. "Indiana Jones: He's Everyman, with wit and a whip". USA Today. - ^ a b c Douglas Brode (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. - ^ a b c Douglas Brode (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. - ^ Travis Fickett (2008-05-22). "Indiana Jones and the Small Screen". IGN. - ^ "News, Etc.". Empire. - ^ "Based on a 1885 novel by Henry Rider Haggard, exploits of Allan Quartermain have long served as a template for the Indiana Jones character. King Solomon's Mines (1950), Quartermain finds himself unwillingly thrust into a worldwide search for the legendary mines of King Solomon. The look and feel of Indiana and his past adventures are quite apparent. Both Quartermain and Jones are confronted by angry villagers and a myriad of dangerous booby traps. Look to King Solomon's Mines for a good idea on the feel and tone Lucas and Spielberg are after with their latest Indiana Jones outing". Superheroflix.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.[dead link] - ^ a b c d e f g "Making Raiders of the Lost Ark". IndianaJones.com. Archived from the original on 2003-12-07. - ^ Nashawaty, Chris (14 March 2008). "National Treasure". Entertainment Weekly. - ^ "This Month in History: Dr. Hamlett & Zoological Treasure Hunting". LSUHeathNewOrleans (New Orleans LA). Retrieved 11 January 2013. - ^ Bond Inspiration For Indiana Jones. Retrieved on 2012-01-14. - ^ Fleurier, Nicolas (2006). James Bond & Indiana Jones. Action figures. Histoire & Collections. - ^ HARRISON FORD BIOGRAPHY - The Biography Channel.co.uk - ^ Mike French & Gilles Verschuere (2005-09-14). "Debora Nadoolman interview". TheRaider.net. - ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)". Filmsite.org. - ^ Preston, Douglas J. (1993). Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion Into the American Museum of Natural History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-10456-1., pp. 97–98, "Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after... crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place." "The trail less trampled on". USA Today. - ^ "Lost City of the Incas". United States Senate. "Obituary: Robert and Linda Braidwood". Chicago Maroon. Archived from the original on 2004-12-22. Some say he was the real life inspiration for Indiana Jones. - ^ "Oriental Institute Tour". The University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. "Some sources say that Breasted was the inspiration for Indiana Jones; others say it was Robert Braidwood." - ^ Eplett, Layla (March 27, 2014). "The Hunger Game Meat: How Hippos Nearly Invaded American Cuisine". Scientific American. - ^ Hough, Harold (January 2010). "The Arizona Miner and Indiana Jones". Miner News. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2014. - ^ "Retired Professor Walter A. Fairservis Jr. Dies". The Miscellany News. September 9, 1994. - ^ "The Real Indiana Jones or a conversation with a Palentologist". Politika (Poland). - ^ French, Mike. "Lawrence of Arabia". TheRaider.net. - ^ "Keeper of the Past". - ^ "Nazi treasure, giant scorpions... and a crystal skull: The adventures of the REAL Indiana Jones". Daily Mail (London). "The original Indiana Jones: Otto Rahn and the temple of doom". The Daily Telegraph (London). - ^ "The Monuments Men: Langdon Warner". - ^ "Hat and Jacket featurette". Official site. - ^ "The Indiana Jones Fedora". Indy Gear. - ^ "Adventurebilt and Indiana Jones". Adventurebilt Hat Company. - ^ "Indiana Jones Guns". IndyGear.com. - ^ "Indiana Jones Boots". IndyGear.com. - ^ "Shrine to the Famous: Indiana Jones's hat and jacket, 1980s". Smithsonian Institution. - ^ "IndyGear.com". - ^ Sophie Borland (2008-01-21). "Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons". London: The Daily Telegraph. - ^ a b Peed, Mike (June 9, 2008). "Digging: Archaeologists and "Indiana Jones"". The New Yorker. - ^ "Harrison Ford Elected to AIA Board" (Press release). Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. - ^ McGeough, Kevin (2006). "Heroes, Mummies, and Treasure: Near Eastern Archaeology in Movies". Near Eastern Archaeology. - ^ a b Strong, Megan (2007). "The Indiana Jones Effect". Lycoming College Archaeology Department. - ^ Pyburn, Anne (2008). "Public Archaeology, Indiana Jones, and Honesty". Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress. - ^ McGeough, Kevin (2006). "Heroes, Mummies, and Treasure: Near Eastern Archaeology in Movies". Near Eastern Archaeology. - ^ Toby Gard, Jeremy Heath Smith, Ian Livingston (interviews); Keeley Hawes (narrator) (2007). Ten Years of Tomb Raider: A GameTap Retrospective. Eidos Interactive / GameTap. - ^ As quoted in Gary Steinman, "Prince of Persia: Anatomy of a Prince," PlayStation: The Official Magazine 13 (December 2008): 50. - ^ Nelson, Randy (November 2007). "Off The Chart – Uncharted: Drake's Fortune". PlayStation Magazine (Future plc) (129): 26–33. External links[edit] - IndianaJones.com – the official Indiana Jones site - Indiana Jones at the Internet Movie Database - The Indiana Jones Wiki – A wiki devoted to Indiana Jones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi5kapnAfSw&list=UU9ZU_nlZQPmMV9NIhGOCNMw - Child characters in television - Fictional American people of Scottish descent - Fictional archaeologists - Fictional characters from New Jersey - Fictional characters introduced in 1981 - Fictional colonels - Fictional physicians - Fictional professors - Fictional secret agents and spies - Fictional World War I veterans - Fictional World War II veterans - Fictional Republicans (United States) - Indiana Jones characters - Works based on the Holy Grail legend - Fictional boxers