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Ирина Дукина Ирина Дукина е родена ок. 1066 г. Тя е дъщеря на Андроник Дука и Мария. Бащата на Ирина е племенник на император Константин X, а майка ѝ Мария е внучка на българския цар Иван Владислав. През 1078 г. единадесетгодишната Ирина Дукина е омъжена за Алексий. Поради това семейството ѝ го подкрепя в борбата му за престола след абдикацията на Никифор III Вотаниат. След възкачването на Алексий на престола, майка му, Анна Даласина, която е отявлен враг на семейство Дука, опитва да убеди сина си да се разведе с младата Ирина и да се ожени за Мария Аланска, съпруга на предишните императори - Михаил VII Дука и Никифор III Вотаниат. Ирина не била допусната до церемонията по коронацията на Алексий. Семейството ѝ обаче принудило патриарх Козма I да коронова Ирина, което станало една седмица след коронацията на Алексий I Комнин. Анна Даласина е принудена да признае случилото се, но за сметка на това тя си отмъстила на патриарха, като подкрепила замяната му с патриарх Евстатий. Ирина Дукина и Алексий I Комнин имат девет деца: - Анна Комнина - Мария Комнина - Йоан II Комнин - Андроник Комнин - Исак Комнин - Евдокия Комнина - Теодора Комнина - Мануил Комнин - Зоя Комнина Анна Комнина описва майка си като красива и изключително грациозна жена. Ирина Дукина е доста срамежлива и отбягва излишна публичност, предпочитайки да се занимава с домакинска работа. Императрицата е изключително набожна, увлича се по агиографската литература и прави чести дарения на църквата. Въпреки че в началото на управлението си Алексий Комнин подържа връзка с Мария Аланска, по-късно той и Ирина се привързват силно един към друг. Ирина Дукина често придружава съпруга си по време на походите му. По време на тези от 1107 и 1112 г. Ирина дори полага грижи за съпруга си, който страда от подагра. Освен това Анна Комнина споменава, че майка ѝ често информира Алексий за заговорите, които се организират зад гърба му. Според някои причина за това, че императрицата често придружава съпруга си в походите му, е че Алексий няма толкова голямо доверие на съпругата си, че да я остави да се разпорежда сама в Константинопол. Въпреки това когато Ирина Дукина остава сама в столицата, тя управлява като регент на Алексей заедно с Никифор Вриений, съпруг на дъщеря ѝ Анна. Смъртта на Алексий[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Императрица Ирина се опитва да внуши на съпруга си да посочи за свои наследници Никифор и Анна за сметка на по-малкия си син Йоан. Никита Хуниат, който описва Ирина Дукина по-скоро като заядлива опърничева жена отколкото като любяща съпруга, споменава, че в старанието си да види дъщеря си на престола Ирина не пропускала възможност да оклевети сина си Йоан, изкарвайки го безразсъден, порочен и безхарактерен. Алексий обаче, планирайки да създаде стабилна династия чрез сина си, не обръща внимание на Ирина, изтъквайки, че е зает с по-важни проблеми, а понякога, изгубвайки самообладание, дори я хокал, че му внушава такива неща. Това не отказва императрица и на смъртния одър на Алексий през 1118 г. Ирина до последно се опитва да убеди Алексий да посочи Никифор и Анна за наследници на престола. Алексий обаче вече обещал престола на сина, и когато Йоан взел от баща си пръстена му с печат, разгневената Ирина го обвинила в предателство и кражба. Така след смъртта на Алексий на престола, против волята на Ирина, се възкачва Йоан II. Малко след това Ирина Дукина и дъщеря ѝ Анна организират заговор срещу Йоан, но са разобличени и са заточени в манастира Кехаритомен. Там Ирина е оставена да води спокоен живот. Бившата императрица продължава да се занимава с благотворителност, възпитава млади момичета и води лична кореспонденция с Теофилакт Охридски. Ирина Дукина умира на 19 февруари 1123 или 1133, но най-вероятно това е станало през 1133 г. Бележки и препратки[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - ↑ Цитат по: Вера Мутафчиева. Аз, Анна Комнина. Пловдив: Жанет 45, 2008. с. 50-51.
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Irene Doukaina Irene Doukaina or Ducaena (Greek: Eιpήvn Aoύkaιva, Eirēnē Doukaina) (c. 1066 – February 19, 1138) was the wife of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, and the mother of the emperor John II Komnenos and of the historian Anna Komnene. Contents Succession of Alexios and Irene[edit] Irene was born in 1066 to Andronikos Doukas and Maria of Bulgaria, granddaughter of Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria. Andronikos was a nephew of Emperor Constantine X and a cousin of Michael VII. Irene married Alexios in 1078, when she was still eleven years old. For this reason the Doukas family supported Alexios in 1081, when a struggle for the throne erupted after the abdication of Nikephoros III Botaneiates. Alexios' mother, Anna Dalassene, a lifelong enemy of the Doukas family, pressured her son to divorce the young Irene and marry Maria of Alania, the former wife of both Michael VII and Nikephoros III. Irene was in fact barred from the coronation ceremony, but the Doukas family convinced the Patriarch of Constantinople, Kosmas I, to crown her as well, which he did one week later. Anna Dalassene consented to this but forced Kosmas to resign immediately afterwards; he was succeeded by Eustratios Garidas. Alexios' mother Anna continued to live in the imperial palace and to meddle in her son's affairs until her death 20 years later; Maria of Alania may have also lived in the palace, and there were rumours that Alexios carried on an affair with her. Anna Komnene vociferously denied this, although she herself was not born until December 1, 1083, two years later. Character[edit] Anna may have been whitewashing her family history; she has nothing but praise for both of her parents. She describes her mother in great detail: "She stood upright like some young sapling, erect and evergreen, all her limbs and the other parts of her body absolutely symmetrical and in harmony one with another. With her lovely appearance and charming voice she never ceased to fascinate all who saw and heard her. Her face shone with the soft light of the moon; it was not the completely round face of an Assyrian woman, nor long, like the face of a Scyth, but just slightly oval in shape. There were rose blossoms on her cheeks, visible a long way off. Her light-blue eyes were both gay and stern: their charm and beauty attracted, but the fear they caused so dazzled the bystander that he could neither look nor turn away... Generally she accompanied her words with graceful gestures, her hands bare to the wrists, and you would say it was ivory turned by some craftsman into the form of fingers and hand. The pupils of her eyes, with the brilliant blue of deep waves, recalled a calm, still sea, while the white surrounding them shone by contrast, so that the whole eye acquired a peculiar lustre and a charm which was inexpressible." It "would not have been so very inappropriate," Anna writes, to say that Irene was "Athena made manifest to the human race, or that she had descended suddenly from the sky in some heavenly glory and unapproachable splendour." Irene was shy and preferred not to appear in public, although she was forceful and severe when acting officially as empress (basileia). She preferred to perform her household duties, and enjoyed reading hagiographic literature and making charitable donations to monks and beggars. Although Alexios may have had Maria as a mistress early in his reign, during the later part of his reign he and Irene were genuinely in love (at least according to their daughter Anna). Irene often accompanied him on his expeditions, including the expedition against Prince Bohemund I of Antioch in 1107 and to the Chersonese in 1112. On these campaigns she acted as a nurse for her husband when he was afflicted with gout in his feet. According to Anna she also acted as a sort of guard, as there were constant conspiracies against Alexios. Alexios' insistence that Irene accompany him on campaigns may suggest that he did not fully trust her enough to leave her in the capital. When she did remain behind in Constantinople, she acted as regent, together with Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna's husband, as a counselor. Death of Alexios[edit] Irene frequently suggested that Alexios name Nikephoros and Anna as his heirs, over their own younger son John. According to Niketas Choniates, who depicts her more as a nagging shrew than a loving wife, she "...threw her full influence on the side of her daughter Anna and lost no opportunity to calumniate their son John... mocking him as rash, pleasure-loving, and weak in character." Alexios, preferring to create a stable dynasty through his own son, either ignored her, pretended to be busy with other matters, or, at last, lost his temper and chastized her for suggesting such things. Irene nursed Alexios on his deathbed on 1118, while at the same time still scheming to have Nikephoros and Anna succeed him. Alexios had already promised the throne to John, and when John took his father's signet ring Irene accused him of treachery and theft. When Alexios finally died, she felt genuine grief, and wore the mourning clothes of her daughter Eudokia, whose own husband had died previously. However, she soon conspired with Anna against John, but their plots were unsuccessful and both Irene and Anna were then forced into exile at the monastery of Kecharitomene, which Irene had founded a few years previously. It was not a harsh exile, and Irene lived there in peace, distributing food to the poor and educating young orphan girls. Irene may have inspired the history written by her son-in-law Nikephoros Bryennios and corresponded with or patronized several important literary figures, including Theophylact of Ohrid and Michael Italikos. In literature[edit] The great modern Greek poet Constantine Cavafy includes a reference to Irene Doukaina in his poem "A Byzantine Nobleman in Exile Composing Verses", which refers to Doukaina as "that viper Irini Doukaina" and that as the cause of the titular nobleman's exile, "may she be cursed". It is a clear reference to her reputation as a plotter. Children[edit] Irene died on February 19, 1138. With Alexios I Komnenos she had nine children: - Anna Komnene (1083–1153) - Maria Komnene - John II Komnenos (1087–1143) - Andronikos Komnenos - Isaac Komnenos - Eudokia Komnene - Theodora Komnene, who married Constantine Angelos. Among their children were John Doukas (who took his grandmother's surname), father of the first two rulers of the Despotate of Epirus, Michael I Komnenos Doukas and Theodore Komnenos Doukas, and Andronikos Doukas Angelos, father of the emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos. - Manuel Komnenos - Zoe Komnene Sources[edit] - The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991. - Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E.R.A. Sewter. Penguin Books, 1969. - Nicetas Choniates, O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates, trans. Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1984. - Georgina Buckler, Anna Comnena: A Study. Oxford University Press, 1929. - Thalia Goumia-Peterson, "Gender and Power: Passages to the Maternal in Anna Komnene's Alexiad ", in Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. Thalia Goumia-Peterson. Garland Publishing, 2000. - Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, 1997.