http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Market_Street_Railway__transit_operator_.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 10.1 10.2 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 15.1 15.2 15.3 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 20.1 20.2 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 25.2 26.1 27.1 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4
Кабелен трамвай в Сан Франциско Кабелният трамвай е сред видовете обществен транспорт, запазен единствено в Сан Франциско и забележителностите на града. Системата на кабелния трамвай е включена в националния регистър на паметниците на историята на САЩ (National Register of Historic Places). Понастоящем системата на кабелния трамвай превозва основно туристи. Системата на кабелния трамвай се експлоатира от градската организация МЮНИ, която експлоатира всички видове обществен транспорт на Сан Франциско, с изключение на крайградското метро БАРТ. Заплащането в кабелния трамвай се различава от това за другите видове транспорт в града (електрически трамвай, автобус, тролейбус): еднократните билети за града са валидни в кабелния трамвай само след допълнително заплащане. Съдържание История[редактиране | edit source] Възникване на системата[редактиране | edit source] Първата успешно работеща кабелна улична железопътна линия е открита в Сан Франциско през 1873 г. и се наричала Clay Street Hill Railroad. Учредител е Ендрю Смит Хелидай (Andrew Smith Hallidie), а главен инженер — Уилям Епелшеймер (William Eppelsheimer). По линията се използвали вагони, които се зацепвали към трасето със специален механизъм. Превозът на пътници по линията започва на 1 септември 1873 г. Кабелният трамвай се оказва успешно начинание и много други предприемачи започват да строят трамваи от този тип в Сан Франциско и други градове. Благодарение на заплащането за патента Ендрю Хелидай става богат. Развитие на системата[редактиране | edit source] В края на XIX век линии на кабелния трамвай се строят и експлоатират от многобройни частни компании-оператори. Изградената след Clay Street Hill Railroad система на кабелния трамвай в Сан Франциско се нарича Sutter Street Railway и заменя конния трамвай през 1877 г. През 1878 г. Лиланд Стендфорд (Leland Stanford) открива своята кабелна мрежа Cal Cable. Първата линия на тази мрежа минава по ул. "Калифорния", запазена е до наши дни и е най-старата действаща линия на кабелен трамвай. През 1880 г. започват да работят операторите ул. "Гийри", Park & Ocean Railway, а две години по-късно и компанията Президио & Ferries Railway. Този оператор бил първият, по маршрутите на който имало завои и обръщала. През 1883 г. компанията Market Street Cable Railway открива първата си линия и постепенно се разраства. На върха на развитието си компанията управлява пет линии, които се сливали на ул. "Маркет" и водели към обща крайна спирка до зданието на паровия терминал. По време на часовете-пик, трамваите заминавали от крайната спирка на всеки 15 секунди. Залез на кабелния трамвай[редактиране | edit source] Електрическите трамваи се появяват по улиците на Сан Франциско през 1892 г. Става ясно, че изграждането на една линия на кабелен трамвай е два пъти по-скъпо от изграждането на линия на електрически трамвай, а експлоатационните разходи са шест пъти по-големи. Затова линиите на кабелния трамвай били повсеместно преоборудвани за електрически трамваи. Решаваща роля за съдбата на кабелните трамваи изиграва земетресението, станало в 5:12 в сутринта на 18 април 1906 г. (вижте Земетресение в Сан Франциско през 1906 година) Земетресението, съпроводено с пожари, разрушава моторната станция на кабелния трамвай, депото, както и линиите по улици Калифрония & Пауъл. Унищожени са 117 вагони на кабелния трамвай. При възстановяването на града много линии минават от кабелна тяга към електричество. През 1944 г. в Сан Франциско има едва пет линии на кабелния трамвай. Две от тях на компанията Powel Lines, а другите три — на Cal Cable. В наши дни[редактиране | edit source] Понастоящем мрежата маршрути на кабелния трамвай в Сан Франциско се състои от три линии: - Линия Пауъл-Хайд; - Линия Пауъл-Мейсън; - Линия ул. Калифорния Системата на кабелния трамвай се ползвува основно от туристите, защото е дублирана от автобуси и тролейбуси. Литература[редактиране | edit source] - Val Lupiz and Walter Rice (2004). San Francisco: cable cars are here to stay. Tramways & Urban Transit: October 2004. Ассоциация легкорельсового транспорта (Light Rail Transit Association) и Ian Allan Publishing Ltd. - Robert Callwell and Walter Rice. Of Cables and Grips: The Cable Cars of San Francisco. Friends of the Cable Car Museum, 2000. ISBN unknown.
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 12.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 14.2 14.3 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 24.1 24.2 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 26.1 27.1 27.2 28.1 28.2 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 33.1 34.1 35.1 36.1 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1
Market Street Railway (transit operator) The Market Street Railway Company was a commercial streetcar and bus operator in San Francisco. The company was named after the famous Market Street of that city, which formed the core of its transportation network. Over the years, the company was also known as the Market Street Railroad Company, the Market Street Cable Railway Company and the United Railroads of San Francisco. The company should not be mistaken for the current Market Street Railway, which is named after its predecessor but is actually a legally unconnected non-profit support group for San Francisco's heritage streetcar lines. History[edit] The franchise for what would become the Market Street Railway was granted in 1857 to Thomas Hayes. The line was the first horsecar line to open in San Francisco, opened on July 4, 1860, as the Market Street Railroad Company.[2] A few years later, the line was converted to steam power utilizing a steam engine that was part locomotive and part passenger car, and a trailer car.[3] Following the opening of the cable hauled Clay Street Hill Railroad in 1873, pressure grew to convert the city's horsecar lines to the new form of traction. In 1882, Leland Stanford and associates bought the Market Street Railroad Company and converted its lines to cable haulage. In the process, the company's name was changed to the Market Street Cable Railway Company. This company was to grow to become San Francisco's largest cable car operator. At its peak, it operated five lines all of which converged into Market Street to a common terminus at the Ferry Building; during rush hours a cable car left that terminus every 15 seconds.[2][4] However transit technology was still moving on, and the new electric streetcar quickly proved to cheaper to build and operate than the cable car, and capable of climbing all but San Francisco's steepest hills. In 1893, Stanford died and the company was taken over by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The company was again renamed to the Market Street Railway Company, and began the process of converting its lines to electric traction. In 1895 the company placed a newspaper advertisement in the San Francisco Examiner offering horse cars for $20 ($10 without seats).[5] Many of these became the basis for the impromptu community built from streetcars called Carville-by-the-Sea. Conversion to electricity was resisted by opponents[who?] who objected to what they saw as ugly overhead lines on the major thoroughfares of the city center. At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, those objections were swept away as the great San Francisco earthquake struck. The race to rebuild the city allowed the company to replace all but the steepest of its cable car lines with electric streetcar lines.[2] By this stage, the company had changed hands again, and become the United Railroads of San Francisco (URR). Over the years many independent lines had been absorbed, including the Clay Street Hill Railroad, the San Francisco and San Mateo Electric Railway, the Presidio & Ferries Railway, and the Ferries and Cliff House Railway. Ironically the earthquake that brought so many benefits to the company also sowed the seeds of its demise, as the independent Geary Street, Park & Ocean Railway was acquired by the city and became in 1912 the beginning of the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni). By 1918, and assisted by the construction of several tunnels under the city's hills, Muni was in direct competition with the URR down the length of Market Street. The two operators each operated their own pair of rail tracks down that thoroughfare, which came to be known as the 'roar of the four'. The two Market Street Railway tracks were on the inside and the two San Francisco Municipal Railway tracks were on the outside.[2] Competition, labor troubles and a bad accident in 1918 led to the reorganisation of the URR, to re-emerge again as the Market Street Railway Company. This continued to operate electric streetcars throughout the city, the Powell St. cable car lines, and a growing fleet of buses. But relations were not good with the city, who controlled their franchises, and on May 16,1944, after defeating the proposal six times previously, voters elected to purchase the operative properties of the Market Street Railway for $7.5 million and the company sold all its assets and operations to Muni.[2] Surviving vehicles[edit] These are the only surviving vehicles from the Market Street Railway fleet. - Car 578 was built in 1896 by Hammond Car Company. A single-truck (four-wheel), California-type car (open end sections, enclosed middle compartment). After serving many years as a work car, it was eventually restored to its original form by the Muni, and is still run for special events and charters.[6] - Car 798 was built in the company's own shops in 1924. this car was sold for scrap after World War 2. Used as a residence and jewellery store in the California town of Columbia, it was reacquired in 1984 and is currently undergoing restoration for occasional use on the F Market line.[7] See also[edit] - San Francisco cable car system - San Francisco Railway Museum - San Francisco Municipal Railway - Market Street Railway (nonprofit) - San Francisco Municipal Railway fleet References[edit] - ^ Smallwood, Charles The White Front Cars of San Francisco Glendale, California:1978 Interurban (Interurban Special #44) 600 Series Cars Page 203 - ^ a b c d e Market Street Railway (2004). A Brief History of Market St. Railway. Retrieved September 23, 2005. Section The Market Street Railroad Company, 1860-1882[dead link] "150th anniversary of first Market St.". The San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco Chronicle). - ^ Robert Callwell and Walter Rice (2000). Of Cables and Grips: The Cable Cars of San Francisco. Published by the Friends of the Cable Car Museum. ISBN unknown. - ^ San Francisco Examiner, September 22, 1895, pg. 19. - ^ Market Street Railway. 1896 San Francisco MSRy car No. 578-S. - ^ Market Street Railway. 1924 San Francisco MSRy car No. 798 Further reading[edit] - Smallwood, Charles The White Front Cars of San Francisco Glendale, California:1978 Interurban (Interurban Special #44) ISBN 978-0-916374-32-7--a complete history of the Market Street Railway company with numerous photos, illustrations and maps - Cable car railways in the United States - Streetcars in California - Transportation in San Francisco, California - Tram, urban railway and trolley companies - San Francisco Municipal Railway - Defunct public transport operators in the United States - History of San Francisco, California - Defunct California railroads - Interurban railways in California - South of Market, San Francisco