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Карачаевци Карачаевците са тюркски народ, който живее предимно в Русия, най-вече в автономната република Карачаево-Черкезия. В републиката те съставляват етническо мнозинство. Обитават долините и предпланинските дялове на Среден Кавказ, както и районите около Кубан, Зеленчук, Малка, Баксан, Черек и другаде. Карачаевците са най-вече мюсюлмани, говорят на карачаево-балкарски език, който спада към кипчакския клон на тюркските езици. [редактиране] История През 1828 година руската армия навлиза в земите, обитавани от карачаевците, и ги присъединява към Русия. Карачаевците участват в съпротивата на кавказките народи срещу Русия (1831 - 1860), но в периода 1861 - 1880 година много от тях избягват в Турция, за да се спасят от репресиите на руската армия. Репресиите продължават и по времето на Сталин (30-те години на 20 век). През 1942 година немската армия окупира земите на карачаевците, които стават съюзници на Германия срещу съветската власт. Сталин ги наказва сурово, изселвайки жените и децата им през 1943 година в пустините на Казахстан, а мъжете изпраща на фронта в Източна Европа. Около 35% от карачайците загиват от глад и болести. Едва през 1957 година е разрешено на първите групи да се завърнат по родните си места. [редактиране] Обичаи Изолираноият начин на живот в Кавказ е причина за своеобразните обичаи на карачайците. Те живеят на общности, разделени на кланове и семейства: уйдеги - атаул - тукум - тиире. Тукум означава родословно дърво на клана. По-известни тукуми са: Аци, Батча, Байчора, Байрамук, Бостан, Цатто, Хубей), Карабаш, Лайпан, Лепшок, Озден, Силпагар, Теке, Тотуркул. Общо тукумите са около 32. Карачаевците са изключително свободолюбиви и държат на свободата си. Целият им живот се ръководи от обичаи: за сватбата, за погребението, за вземането на семейни решения. Гостът в карачаевския дом е на висока почит: той никога няма да бъде обиден или нападнат, а животът му се охранява. Жените са с ограничени права, те обикновено не напускат дома, особено през зимата. Затова нямат и зимни дрехи. Обидата към родителите е обикновено с фатален изход за обидилия. Кръвното отмъщение е все още разпространено.
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Karachays The Karachays (Karachay-Balkar: Tayлy - tawlu "mountaineer", pl. Tayлyлa - tawlula; sg.: AлaH - Alan, pl. AлaHлa - Alanla; Ironian: acиar - Asiag; Digorian: æccoH - Aesson; Mingrelian: ალანი - Alani; Nogai: AлaHи - Alani; Svan: აწ/ოვს - Az/Ovs; Kabardian: Kyшa - Kusha) are Turkic speaking people of the North Caucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay–Cherkess Republic. [edit] History The Karachays (Kъapaчaйлылa, Qaraçaylıla) are a Turkic people descending from the kipchaks; their Turkic language is the same as the Kumyks from Daghestan. The Kipchaks (Cumans) came to the area of the Caucasus in 11th century A. D, the state of Alania established in the Middle Ages had its capital in Maghas, which some authors locate in Arkhyz, the mountains currently inhabited by the Karachay (others place it in modern Ingushetia or North Ossetia). In the 14th century, Alania was destroyed by Timur and the decimated population dispersed in the mountains. Timur's intervention to the North Caucasus introduced the local nations to Islam; the name "Karachay" in Turkic means "Black River". In 1828 Russian army invaded the area of the Karachay. On October 20, 1828 was the Battle of Hasaukinskoe, the bloodiest of these battles in which the king's troops (which were under the personal command of General Emanuel), equipped with artillery, managed to win. Emanuel's troops lost and injured 163 people, which exceeded the loss of the Russians in the battle with the 30 thousandth shell-Batal Pasha. Karachaevskij elders had taken steps to prevent the massacres of their villages. The day after the battle, when troops are already Emanuel approached to-Dzhurtu, they went to meet the delegation of elders. As a result of negotiations, an agreement was reached on the inclusion of Karachi in the Russian Empire. After the annexation the internal self-government of Karachi had been left intact: the officials and courts. Proceedings of the neighboring Muslim peoples continued to take place on folk customs and Sharia law. In Karachay even assigned arms, but were taken from Karachai Amanat pledge their loyalty oath. In 1831–1860, Karachays joined the bloody anti-Russian struggles carried out by Caucasian peoples. In 1861–1880, to escape repression by the Russian army, large numbers of Karachays migrated to Turkey. Accession (in many ways more formal) Karachi to the empire was considered very important achievement of the king's generals.[5] In 1942 the Germans permitted the establishment of a Karachai National Committee to administer the "autonomous region" and the Karachais were allowed to form their own police force and recruit soldiers for a brigade that was to fight with the Wehrmacht.[6] The rather warm welcome of the Germans resulted in November 1943, in the Karachais, being charged with collaboration with Nazi Germany. Most of a total population of about 80 thousand people were forcibly deported and resettled in Central Asia, namely in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In just the first two years of deportation, disease and famine caused the death of 35% of the population. Of the 28 thousand children, 22 thousand (about 78%) perished.[citation needed] Elders of the Karachai,[who?] who were eyewitnesses to these events, described the times as: "Our exile to Central Asia was terrible. The war, the expulsion, the violence and the hunger but, the Karachai were proud and preferred to die rather than to beg, and thus disgrace themselves and their clan".[citation needed] At the same time, many of the Karachai fought in the front lines of World War II against the fascist invaders. [edit] Geography The Karachay nation, as well as its brother nation, the Balkars, took the valleys and foothills of the Central Caucasus in the water gaps of the Kuban, Big Zelenchuk River, Malka, Baksan, Cherek and others. The Karachays and Balkars are very proud of the symbol of the nations, Mount Elbrus, the highest double-headed mountain in Europe with an altitude 5,642 meters. [edit] Language and religion The Karachay dialect of Karachay-Balkar language is of the Northwestern branch of Turkic languages, the Kumyk languages is also the same language, Kumyks live in northeast Dagestan. Most Karachay people follow Islam. [edit] Diaspora Czarist Russian annexation of the Karachay nation led to mass migration to Turkey in the early 20th century. Karachays were also displaced en masse to the then Soviet-controlled Central Asian states of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan after Joseph Stalin's relocation campaign in 1944. Since the Nikita Khrushchev era in the Soviet Union, many Karachays have been repatriated to their homeland from Central Asia. Karachays residing in Turkey have also migrated to numerous Western countries in search of economic opportunity. Today, there are sizable Karachay communities in Turkey (centered around Afyonkarahisar), Uzbekistan, United States of America, and Germany. [edit] Character of the nation The isolated lifestyle among the Caucasus Mountains was one of the reasons of the establishment of the Karachay's unique character. Karachay people live in communities that are divided into clans and families: Uidegi – Ataul - Tukum – Tiire. Prominent tukums include: Aci, Batcha (Batca), Baychora, Bayrimuk (Bayramuk), Bostan, Catto, Cosar (Çese), Duda, Hubey (Hubi), Karabash, Laypan, Lepshoq, Ozden, Silpagar, Teke, Toturkul, and many others. There are roughly 32 Karachay tukums. A tukum is basically a family's clan-based lineage. Karachay people are very independent in their behavior and adherence to their freedom. They have strong historically developed traditions and customs which regulate their lives: the wedding, the funeral, the pronouncement of family decisions, etc. They are fiercely loyal to their immediate family, as well, as their "tukum" or clan. They will never offend a guest. Cowardice is the most serious shame for the male. [edit] Quotations "The Karachay is a neutral nation, which lives at the root of Elbrus, and excelling by its loyalty, goodliness and bravery." - Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist and philosopher, Omnibus Edition (anniversary edition), Moscow, Volume 46, page 184. "The people of the right flank, knowing militancy Karachai and tempered nature, are afraid to touch them and live peacefully with them." - I. Zabudsky, Military Statistical Review of Russian Empire, Stavropol Province. [edit] Gallery [edit] See also [edit] External links - An online Karachay networking site. - Ulu Cami: A Karachay Mosque serving Muslim Community in Northern Jersey (English)(Turkish) - American Karachay Benevolent Association - I. Miziev. The history of Karachays from ancient times. [edit] References - ^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (Russian) - ^ Republic of Kazakhstan Agency on Statistics. Census 2009. (State of naseleniya.rar) - ^ Kipkeeva ZB Introduction / / Karachay-Balkar diaspora in Turkey. - Stavropol: SSU, 2010. - ^ Joshuaproject. Karachai, Alan - ^ GA Emanuel compared his victory with a well-known mastery Fermopilami (in a transcription - «Termopilami») - ^ Norman Rich: Hitler's War Aims. The Establishment of the New Order, page 391.