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Йон Илиеску Йон Илиеску (Ion Iliescu) е румънски политик, президент на Румъния от 1990 до 1996 и от 2000 до 2004 година. В периода 1996-2000 и 2004-08 година е сенатор от Социалдемократическата партия. Става член на Румънската комунистическа партия през 1953 година. Избран е за член на Централния комитет на РКП през 1965 година. След 1971 година Николае Чаушеску започва постепенно да го маргинализира, като през 1984 година Илиеску е изключен от ЦК на РКП. Играе важна роля в Румънската революция от 1989 година и е избран за първия посткомунистически президент на Румъния през 1990 година. След одобряването на новата конституция през 1991 година, той печели още два мандата като президент: от 1992 до 1996 и от 2000 до 2004 година. По време на неговото управление Румъния става член на НАТО.
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Ion Iliescu Ion Iliescu (Romanian pronunciation: [iˈon iliˈesku]; born March 3, 1930) served as President of Romania from 1990 until 1996, and from 2000 until 2004. From 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 until his retirement in 2008, Iliescu was a Senator for the Social Democratic Party (PSD), whose honorary president he remains. He joined the Communist Party in 1953 and became a member of its Central Committee in 1965, however beginning with 1971 he was gradually marginalized by Nicolae Ceaușescu. He had a leading role in the Revolution of 1989, being elected as Romania's first post-communist president in 1990. After a new Constitution was approved by popular referendum, he served a further two terms as president, 1992 to 1996, and 2000 to 2004, separated by the presidency of Emil Constantinescu. Iliescu is widely recognized as a predominant figure in the first fifteen years of post-1989 Romanian Revolution politics. During his terms Romanian politics stabilized, and Romania joined NATO. [edit] Family background Iliescu's father, Alexandru Iliescu, was a railroad worker with Communist views during the period in which the Romanian Communist Party was banned by the authorities. In 1931, he went to the Soviet Union to take part in the Communist Party Congress of Moscow. He remained in the USSR for the next four years and was arrested upon his return. He was imprisoned from June 1940 to August 1944 and died in August 1945. During his time in the Soviet Union, Alexandru Iliescu divorced and married Marița, a chambermaid. [edit] Early life Iliescu married Nina Șerbănescu in 1951; they have no children, not by choice but because they couldn't, as Nina had three miscarriages.[3] Born in Oltenița, Iliescu studied fluid mechanics at the Bucharest Polytechnic Institute and then as a foreign student at the Energy Institute of the Moscow University. During his stay in Moscow, he was the secretary of the "Association of Romanian Students" it is alleged that he knew Mikhail Gorbachev, although Iliescu always denied this.[4] President Nicolae Ceaușescu, however, probably believed a connection between the two existed, since during Gorbachev's visit to Romania in July 1989, Iliescu was sent outside of Bucharest to prevent any contact.[5] He joined the Union of Communist Youth in 1944 and the Communist Party in 1953 and made a career in the Communist nomenklatura, becoming a secretary of the Central Committee of the Union of Communist Youth in 1956 and a member of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party in 1965. At one point, he served as the head of the Central Committee's Department of Propaganda.[4] Iliescu later served as Minister for Youth-related Issues between 1967 and 1971. However, in 1971, Ceaușescu felt threatened by Iliescu - as he was seen as Ceaușescu's heir apparent - and he was marginalized by and removed from all major political offices, being assigned vice-president of the Timiș County Council (1971–1974), and later president of the Iași Council (1974–1979). In 1984, he was excluded from the Central Committee, and until 1989 he was in charge of Editura Tehnică publishing house.[4] For most of the 1980s (if not before), he was tailed by the Securitate (secret police), as he was known to oppose Ceaușescu's harsh rule.[6] [edit] 1989 Revolution The 1989 Romanian Revolution began as a popular revolt in Timișoara. After Ceaușescu was overthrown on 22 December (he was executed on Christmas Day), the political vacuum was filed by an organization named National Salvation Front (FSN: Frontul Salvării Naționale), formed spontaneously by second-rank communist party members opposed to the policies of Ceaușescu and non-affiliated participants in the revolt. Iliescu was quickly acknowledged as the leader of the organization and therefore of the provisional authority. He'd first learned of the revolution when he noticed the Securitate was no longer tailing him.[6] Iliescu proposed multi-party elections and an "original democracy". This is widely held to have meant the adoption of Perestroika-style reforms rather than the complete removal of existing institutions; it can be linked to the warm reception the new regime was given by Mikhail Gorbachev and the rest of the Soviet leadership, and the fact that the first post-revolutionary international agreement signed by Romania was with that country. Iliescu did not renounce the communist ideology and the program he initially presented during the revolution included restructuring the agriculture and the reorganization of trade, but not a switch to capitalism.[4] These views were held by other members of the FSN, such as Silviu Brucan, who claimed in early 1990 that the revolution was against Ceaușescu, not against communism.[citation needed] Iliescu later evoked the possibility of trying a "Swedish model" of socialism. Rumours abounded for years that Illiescu and other second-rank Communists had been planning to overthrow Ceaușescu, but the events of December 1989 overtook them. For instance, Nicolae Militaru, the new regime's first defense minister, said that Illiescu and others had planned to take Ceaușescu prisoner in February 1990 while he was out of the capital. However, Illiescu denies this, saying that the nature of the Ceaușescu regime made it all but impossible to make the serious plans necessary to launch a pre-planned coup.[6] [edit] After the 1989 Revolution The National Salvation Front decided to run in the free legislative elections of 20 May 1990, winning over 70% of the votes. Iliescu and his supporters split from the Front and created the NSDF (National Salvation Democratic Front), which later evolved into the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR), then the Social Democratic Party (PSD) (see Social Democratic Party of Romania). Progressively, the Front lost its character as a national government or generic coalition, and became vulnerable to criticism for using its appeal as the first institution involved in power sharing, while engaging itself in political battles with forces that could not enjoy this status, nor the credibility. Under the pressure of the events that led to the Mineriads, his political stance has veered with time: from a proponent of the Perestroika, Iliescu adopted a social democratic position, aligning himself with the Western European political spectrum. The main debate around the subject of his commitment to such ideals is linked to the special conditions in Romania, and especially to the strong nationalist and autarkic attitude visible within the Ceaușescu regime. Critics have pointed out that, unlike most communist-to-social democrat changes in the Eastern bloc, Romania's tended to retain various cornerstones . The new Constitution was adopted in 1991, and in 1992 he won a second term when he received 61% of the vote. He ran for a third time in 1996 but, stripped of media monopoly, he lost to Emil Constantinescu. Over 1,000,000 votes were cancelled, leading to accusations of widespread fraud. In the 2000 presidential election Iliescu ran again and won in the run-off against the ultra-nationalist[7][8][9] Corneliu Vadim Tudor. He began his third term on December 20 of that year, ending on 20 December 2004. The center-right was severely defeated during the 2000 elections due largely to public dissatisfaction with the harsh economic reforms of the previous four years as well as the political instability and infighting of the multiparty coalition. Tudor's extreme views also ensured that most urban voters either abstained or chose Iliescu. In the PSD elections of 21 April 2005, Iliescu lost the Party presidency to Mircea Geoană, but was elected as honorary president of the party in 2006, a position without official executive authority in the party. [edit] Controversies Though enjoying a certain popularity due to his opposition to Ceaușescu and image as a revolutionary, his political career after 1989 was characterized by multiple controversies and scandals. Public opinion regarding his tenure as president is still divided.[10] [edit] Alleged KGB connections Some alleged he had connections to the KGB, the allegations continued during 2003-2008, when Russian dissident Vladimir Bukovsky, who had been granted access to Soviet archives, declared that Iliescu and some of the NSF members were KGB agents, that Iliescu had been in close connection with Mikhail Gorbachev ever since they had allegedly met during Iliescu's stay in Moscow, and that the Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a plot organized by the KGB to regain control of the country's policies (gradually lost under Ceaușescu's rule).[11] The only hard evidence published was a discussion between Gorbachev and Bulgaria's Aleksandar Lilov from May 23, 1990 (after Iliescu's victory in the May 20 elections) in which Gorbachev says that Iliescu holds a "calculated position", and that despite sharing common views with Iliescu, Gorbachev wanted to avoid sharing this impression with the public.[12] [edit] Mineriads He, along with other figures in the leading FSN, was allegedly responsible for calling the Jiu Valley miners to Bucharest on 28 January and June 14, 1990 to end the protests of the citizens gathered in University Square, Bucharest, protests aimed against the ex-communist leaders of Romania. The pejorative term used to describe this demonstration was the Golaniad (from the Romanian golan, rascal). On June 13, an attempt of the authorities to remove from the square around 100 protesters, which had remained in the street even after the May elections had confirmed Iliescu and the FSN, resulted in attacks against several state institutions, such as the Ministry of Interior, the Bucharest Police Headquarters and the National Television. Iliescu issued a call to the Romanian people to come and defend the government, prompting several group of miners to descend on the capital, armed with wooden clubs and bats. They trashed the University of Bucharest, some newspaper offices and the headquarters of opposition parties, claiming that they were havens of decadence and immorality - drugs, firearms and munitions, "an automatic typewriter", and fake currency. The June 1990 Mineriad in particular was widely criticized both at home and internationally, with one historian (Andrei Pippidi) comparing the events to Nazi Germany's Kristallnacht.[13][14] Government inquiries later established that the miners were infiltrated and instigated by former Securitate operatives.[15] In February 1994 a Bucharest court "found two security officers, Colonel Ion. Nicolae and warrant officer Corneliu Dumitrescu, guilty of ransacking the house of Ion Rațiu, a leading figure in the National Peasant Christian Democratic Party, during the miners’ incursion, and stealing $100,000."[16] [edit] Pardons In December 2001, Iliescu pardoned three inmates convicted for bribery, including George Tănase, former Financial Guard head commissioner for Ialomița.[17] Iliescu had to revoke Tănase's pardon a few days later due to the media outcry, claiming that "a legal adviser was superficial in analyzing the case".[18][19] Later, the humanitarian reasons invoked in the pardon were contradicted by another medical expert opinion.[20] Another controversial pardon was that of Dan Tartagă—a businessman from Brașov that, while drunk, had run over and killed two people on a pedestrian crossing. He was sentenced to three years and a half but was pardoned after only a couple of months.[21] Tartagă was later sentenced to a two-year sentence for fraud.[22] Most controversial of all, on 15 December 2004, a few days before the end of his last term, Iliescu pardoned 47 convicts, including Miron Cozma, the leader of the miners during the early 1990s, who had been sentenced in 1999 to 18 years in prison in conjunction with the 1991 Mineriad. This has attracted harsh criticism from all Romanian media.[23] Many of the pardoned had been convicted for corruption or other economic crimes, while one had been imprisoned for his involvement in the attempts at suppressing the 1989 Revolution.[23] [edit] Decorating Vadim Tudor In the last days of his President mandate, he awarded the National Order Steaua României (rank of ceremonial knighthood) to the ultra-nationalist controversial politician Corneliu Vadim Tudor, a gesture which drew criticism in the press and prompted Nobel Peace Prize winner Elie Wiesel, fifteen Radio Free Europe journalists, Timișoara mayor Gheorghe Ciuhandu, song writer Alexandru Andrieș, and historian Randolph Braham to return their Romanian honours in protest. The leader of Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, Béla Markó, did not show up to claim the award he received on the same occasion. The current president, Traian Băsescu, revoked the award granted to Tudor on May 24, 2007, but a lawsuit is ongoing even after Băsescu's decree was declared constitutional.[24] [edit] Black sites Ion Iliescu is mentioned in the report of the Council of Europe investigator into illegal activities of the CIA in Europe, Dick Marty. He is pointed out as one of the people who authorized or at least knew about and have to stand accountable for torture prisons at Mihail Kogălniceanu airbase from 2003 to 2005.[25] [edit] Awards Iliescu was awarded with Azerbaijani Istiglal Order for his contributions to development of Azerbaijan-Romania relations and strategic cooperation between the states by President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on October 6, 2004.[26] - Estonia : Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2002)[27] - Croatia : Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Romania." - Italy : Knight Grand Cross with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - October 15, 2003 - Poland : Order of the White Eagle (2003) - Romania : Emblema de Onoare a Armatei României ("The Romanian Army's Badge of Honor") - October 24, 2012[28] [edit] See also [edit] Notes - ^ Rulers.org - ^ "La 80 de ani, Ion Iliescu este în continuare un ateu convins: «Iisus a fost un rebel» Mai mult: La 80 de ani, Ion Iliescu este în continuare un ateu convins: «Iisus a fost un rebel»". Libertatea. http://www.libertatea.ro/detalii/articol/la-80-de-ani-ion-iliescu-este-in-continuare-un-ateu-convins-iisus-a-fost-un-rebel-290773.html. Retrieved June 13, 2012. - ^ "De ce nu a avut Ion Iliescu urmasi", Ziua, 5 September 2008 - ^ a b c d New York Times, "Upheaval in the East: A Rising Star; A Man Who Could Become Rumania's Leader", 23 December 1989, p. 15 - ^ România Liberă. "Gura lumii despre România", May 8, 1990, quoting Paris Match - ^ a b c Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. - ^ http://www.realitatea.net/preda-antonescu-il-secondeaza-pe-vadim-tudor-cu-discursul-ultranationalist_718413.html - ^ http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=4066 - ^ http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/romania/tudor.html - ^ http://www.sfin.ro/articol_13481/al_cincilea_iliescu.html?action=print - ^ Russian dissident who copied the Gorbachev Foundation's archive: Mitterrand and Gorbachev wanted the European Socialist Union, Thatcher opposed Germany's reunification - ^ (Romanian) Dovada Bukovski - ^ http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/mineriadele-anului-1990-democratia-sub-bate-898037.html - ^ http://www.romanialibera.ro/exclusiv-rl/investigatii/minerii-au-terorizat-capitala-30479.html - ^ Baleanu, V. G. The Enemy Within: The Romanian Intelligence Service in Transition. January 1995. Conflict Studies Research Centre, The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst: Camberley, Surrey GU15 4PQ. - ^ Deletant, Dennis. "Chapter 25: The Security Services since 1989: Turning over a new leaf." Carey, Henry F., ed. Romania since 1989: politics, economics, and society. Lexington Books: Oxford. - ^ (Romanian) Presedintele Ion Iliescu a acordat gratieri - ^ Romania's president to cancel pardon, pledges to fight corruption - ^ (Romanian)Colaboratorii presedintelui. Opinii - de Octavian PALER - ^ (Romanian) Gratierea lui Iliescu miroase suspect de la o posta - ^ (Romanian) [1] Ambasada SUA: Nu a inceput anchetarea puscasului marin] (in the background section) - ^ (Romanian) Afacere imobiliara cu iz de TBC la Brasov (in the background section) - ^ a b (Romanian) Gratiatii lui Iliescu-Nastase: corupti, tilhari, violatori, tepari - ^ (Romanian) Curtea Constituțională a respins excepția invocată de Vadim Tudor in procesul privind Ordinul "Steaua Romaniei" - ^ Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (7 June 2007). "Secret detentions and illegal transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states: second report". Parliamentary Assembly. Council of Europe. http://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2007/EMarty_20070608_NoEmbargo.pdf. Retrieved 11 March 2011. - ^ "İon İliyeskonun "İstiqlal" ordeni ilə təltif edilməsi haqqında AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI PREZİDENTİNİN FƏRMANI [Order of the President of Azerbaijan Republic on awarding President of Romania Ion Iliescu with Istiglal Order]". http://e-qanun.az/print.php?internal=view&target=1&docid=5771&doctype=0. - ^ Slovak republic website, State honours : 1st Class in 2002 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table) - ^ (Romanian) "Iliescu si Constantinescu au primit Emblema de Onoare a Armatei". http://www.ziare.com/ion-iliescu/presedinte/iliescu-si-constantinescu-au-primit-emblema-de-onoare-a-armatei-1197560. [edit] Further reading - Vladimir Alexe — Ion Iliescu - biografia secretă: "Candidatul manciurian" (Ion Iliescu - The Secret Biography: "The Manchurian Candidate"); 2000; ISBN 973-581-036-0 - The supplement dedicated to Iliescu (in Romanian), published by Academia Cațavencu, 22 December 2004 [edit] External links - (Romanian) Ion Iliescu official biography - (Romanian) Ion Iliescu's blog - 1930 births - Living people - People of the Romanian Revolution of 1989 - Presidents of Romania - Romanian communists - Members of the Great National Assembly - Members of the Senate of Romania - People from Olteniţa - Moscow State University alumni - Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni - Knights of the Elephant - Presidents of the Social Democratic Party (Romania) - Social Democratic Party (Romania) politicians - Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) - Recipients of the Istiglal Order - Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - Grand Order of King Tomislav recipients - Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Double Cross