http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Yin_and_yang.xml
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Ин-ян Ин и ян (ин – на опростен китайски: 阴; традиционен китайски: 陰; пинин: yīn; ян(г) - опростен китайски: 阳; традиционен китайски: 陽; пинин: yáng; eum-yang на корейски; на английски "yin and yang") в китайската философия и метафизика e концепция, която описва как двете привидно противоположни сили, енергии и принципи (които са част от тайдзи, на бълг. Великия предел. Великия предел е вечно разменящи се и преливащи се противоположности ИН и ЯН.) се допълват взаимно и преливат една в друга. Този принцип е известен и като дуализъм или хармония на противоположните. [редактиране] Същност Ин е гълтачът, пасивен елемент на упадъка (т.е. разбирай, който клони надолу) и се свързва с водата, въздуха, нощта и Луната. Ян е тъпкачът, активен елемент на развитието, съзиданието (т.е. възход, изкачване) и се свързва с огъня, земята, деня и Слънцето. Ян елементите са чисти и видими, докато ин елементите са скрити и неуловими или едва доловими. Ин често е символизиран от водата и въздуха, докато ян е символизиран от огъня и земята. Що се отнася до хората, приема се че жените имат по-голямо количество ин елемент, докато мъжете повече ян. Ин се отнася до женствеността, а ян до мъжествеността. За това ин е наричан също женски елемент, а пък ян - мъжки. В същото време и двата пола притежават от другия елемент в себе си и дори при достигане на желаната вътрешна хармония двата елемента се хармонизират у човека. Това изравняване на елементите ин и ян може да се постигне или чрез духовно развитие или чрез връзките (сексуалност, брак, общувания, среда) като допълване на собствения преобладаващ елемент с елемент у другия (партньор) или другите (среда на общуване). Най-често се смята, че сексуалните партньорства компенсират липсата на пълна хармония на двата елемента, като ги уравновесяват в мъжко-женско, ин и ян. Ян винаги съдържа потенциала на ин и ин винаги съдържа потенциала на ян, тоест ин и ян са противоположни и всеки от тях съдържа в себе си част(ица) от другия. Това виждаме в двете "очи" или "точки" на символа. Така двете сили са комплементарни, а не абсолютни, и са свързани навеки и равностойни по значение. Където едната сила отслабва, другата нараства. Ин и Ян се привличат - Ин привлича Ян и Ян привлича Ин. Едната сила не може без другата, точно както не може да има светлина без мрак и нощ без ден. Чунаг-цу казва, че “Ин е най-високата точка на смразяване, докато ян е най-високата точка на кипене. Смразяването идва от небето (небесата), докато топлината идва от земята. Взаимодействието на тези два елемента създава хи (хармония) и дава начало на нещата.” (Чунаг-цу, Глава 21).[1] Според китайската философия, в началото на света стои У дзи - "Безпределната празнота", където безкрайността и нищото са тъждествени. У Дзи преминава в Тайдзи, където безкрайността се разделя и възникват силите Ин и Ян. От тях след това възникват осемте врати - Багуа, които са различните възможни съответствия на съотношението Ин и Ян. Двете сили винаги се намират в динамично равновесие - Ин поражда Ян и обратно, когато едната сила достигне своя връх, се превръща в другата. В екзистенциален план е важно да се постигне тяхната хармония, която води до затварянето на Тайдзи и постигането на първоначалната У дзи. Терминът е от изключителна важност във всички сфери, в които се борави с китайската терминология - философия, религиозен култ, китайска медицина, етика, бойни изкуства и т. н. С популяризирането на китайската култура, терминът започва да се използва и в западната специализирана или художествена литература. [редактиране] Символът Тайдзи-ту (китайски език (традиционен): 太極圖; китайски език (опростен): 太极图; пинин: Taìjí tú; транскрипция на Wade-Giles: T'ai4 chi2 t'u2; буквално "диаграма на върховния принцип"; на англ. The Taijitu), обикновено наричана у нас и на Запад просто като Ин-Ян, е добре известен символ, произхождащ от китайската култура, представящ принципа на Ин и Ян от таоистката и неоконфуцианската философия, както и някои народни представи. Идеята за Ин и Ян съществува в Китай отпреди поне 400 г. пр. Терминът Тайдзи-ту се отнася до всяка от няколко схематични репрезентации на принципа. [редактиране] Във философията Лао Дзъ споменава ин-ян полярността само веднъж, в глава 42 на Тао-те чинг: {{цитат|Сътвореният свят носи ин на своя гръб и ян в лице;Чрез обединението на преминаващите през всичко принципи, той постига хармония. [редактиране] Таблица [редактиране] Ин и ян в културата Някои примери: - Телевизионните серии Yin-Yang-Yo! (Ин-ян-йо!) на Уолт Дисни имат два героя Ин, който е розов заек, и Ян, който е син заек.
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Yin and yang In Asian philosophy and Chinese philosophy, the concept of yin yang (simplified Chinese: 阴阳; traditional Chinese: 陰陽; pinyin: yīnyáng), which is often referred to in the West as "yin and yang", literally meaning "dark and light", is used to describe how polar opposites or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn. Opposites thus only exist in relation to each other. The concept lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[1] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (t'ai chi), and qigong (Chi Kung) and of I Ching divination. Many natural dualities —e.g. dark and light, female and male, low and high, cold and hot, water and fire, earth and air— are thought of as manifestations of yin and yang (respectively). Yin yang are not opposing forces (dualities), but complementary opposites, unseen (hidden, feminine) and seen (manifest, masculine), that interact within a greater whole, as part of a dynamic system. Everything has both yin and yang aspects as light cannot exist without darkness and vice-versa, but either of these aspects may manifest more strongly in particular objects, and may ebb or flow over time. The concept of yin and yang is often symbolized by various forms of the Taijitu symbol, for which it is probably best known in western cultures. There is a perception (especially in the West) that yin and yang correspond to evil and good. However, Taoist philosophy generally discounts good/bad distinctions and other dichotomous moral judgments, in preference to the idea of balance. Confucianism (most notably the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu, c. the 2nd century BCE) did attach a moral dimension to the idea of yin and yang, but the modern sense of the term largely stems from Buddhist adaptations of Taoist philosophy.[2] [edit] Nature In Taoist philosophy, dark and light (☯) yin and yang, arrives in the dàodéjīng (道德經) at Chapter 42.[3] It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more. Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Further, whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle. It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (e.g. you cannot have the back of a hand without the front). A way to illustrate this idea is to postulate the notion of a race with only men or only women; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, men and women together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things.[4] Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky – an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. Yin and Yang in its most simplicity not a fractal set, it is in fact a fractal dimension = 1.[5][6][7][8] Yin and yang may be based on the golden spiral. The golden spiral is based on the number 1.618033. Yin and yang is made by combining 8 golden rectangles.[citation needed] [edit] Toponymy Many places in China, such as Luoyang, contain the word "Yang", and a few, such as Huayin, contain the word "yin". This is a very old way to assign place names. Classically, when used in place names, "yang" refers to the "sunny side". The word 太陽 (simplified 太阳) tàiyáng, refers to the sun, and literally means "great yang". In the northern hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and so the south face of a mountain (or the north face of a river valley) will get more direct sunlight. Therefore, "Yang" means a place is on the south slope of a mountain (or on the north bank of a river valley). For example, Luoyang is on the north bank of the Luo River Valley. In the same way, "yin" would be the opposite, the "shadowy side". "Yin" means that a place is on the north slope of a mountain (or on the south bank of a river). For example, Huayin is on the north slope of Mount Hua. [edit] Symbolism and importance Yin is the black side with the white dot on it and yang is the white side with the black dot on it. The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and in the valley. Yin (literally the 'shady place' or 'north slope') is the dark area occluded by the mountain's bulk, while yang (literally the 'sunny place' or 'south slope') is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed. Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, femininity and nighttime. Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot, dry, and aggressive; and is associated with fire, sky, the sun, masculinity and daytime.[9] [edit] I Ching In the I Ching, yin yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yang is solid (⚊) and yin is broken (⚋). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang or more yin depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., ☰ is heavily yang, while ☷ is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g. ䷕ and ䷟). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, allowing complex depictions of interrelations. [edit] Taijitu The principle of yin and yang is represented in Taoism by the Taijitu (literally "diagram of the supreme ultimate"). The term is commonly used to mean the simple 'divided circle' form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.[10][11][12] [edit] Taijiquan Taijiquan, a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan as follows: Various people have offered different explanations for the name Taijiquan. Some have said: – 'In terms of self-cultivation, one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness. Taiji comes about through the balance of yin and yang. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the changes of full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, not outwardly expressive, as if the yin and yang of Taiji have not yet divided apart.' Others say: 'Every movement of Taijiquan is based on circles, just like the shape of a Taijitu. Therefore, it is called Taijiquan. — Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan[13] [edit] Religion and philosophy The Taijitu and concept of the Zhou period reach into family and gender relations. Yin is female and yang is male. They fit together as two parts of a whole. The male principle was equated with the sun: active, bright, and shining; the female principle corresponds to the moon: passive, shaded, and reflective. Male toughness was balanced by female gentleness, male action and initiative by female endurance and need for completion, and male leadership by female supportiveness. Practitioners of Zen Yoga, a system of exercise created in 2007, see yin-yang as a flow. The Taijitu is one of the oldest and best-known life symbols in the world, but few understand its full meaning. It represents one of the most fundamental and profound theories of ancient Taoist philosophy. At its heart are the two poles of existence, which are opposite but complementary. The light, white Yang moving up blends into the dark, black Yin moving down. Yin and Yang are dependent opposing forces that flow in a natural cycle, always seeking balance. Though they are opposing, they are not in opposition to one another. As part of the Tao, they are merely two aspects of a single reality. Each contains the seed of the other, which is why we see a black spot of Yin in the white Yang and vice versa. They do not merely replace each other but actually become each other through the constant flow of the universe.—[14] [edit] See also [edit] References The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine. MIT Press. - ^ {{cite book ☯ | last = Taylor | first = Rodney Leon | title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism, Vol. 2 | publisher = Rosen Publishing Group | year = 2005 | page = 869 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8239-4079-0 }} - ^ Muller, Charles. "Daode Jing". http://www.acmuller.net/con-dao/daodejing.html#div-43. - ^ iep.utm.edu - ^ Deng Yu邓宇等,Nature with Math Physics Yin Yang数理阴阳与实质, Journal of Mathematical Medicine数理医药学杂志, 1999年 - ^ Deng Yu et al邓宇等, 阴阳的科学本质及数理化建构,Chinese Journal of basic medicine in traditional chinese medicine  >1998,2:59-61 - ^ Deng Yu邓宇等,TCM Fractal Sets中医分形集,Journal of Mathematical Medicine > ,1999,12(3),264-265 - ^ Deng Yu, Zhu Shuanli, Xu Peng et al邓宇,朱栓立,徐彭,New Translator with Characteristic of Wu xing Yin Yang五行阴阳的特征与新英译,Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine中国中西医结合杂志,2000, 20 (12) - ^ Osgood, Charles E. "From Yang and Yin to and or but." JSTOR. 16 November 2008, jstor.org - ^ Giovanni Monastra: "The "Yin–Yang" among the Insignia of the Roman Empire?", Sophia, Vol. - ^ Late Roman Shield Patterns. Notitia Dignitatum: Magister Peditum - ^ Helmut Nickel: "The Dragon and the Pearl", Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. - ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). T’AI CHI The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan Vol. Wayfarer Publications. - ^ Hoopes, Aaron (2007). Zen Yoga: A Path to Enlightenment though Breathing, Movement and Meditation. Kodansha International. [edit] External links - Yin Yang Calligraphy to see individual analysis of the yin yang characters. - Yin and Yang (from the Golden Elixir website) - [1] (from the golden spiral to yin yang)