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Икономическа история Икономическата история е изследване за това как икономическите феномени се развиват в историческа перспектива. Анализ в икономическата история се прави, като се използва комбинация от исторически методи, статистически методи и прилагане на икономическа теория към историческата ситуация. Темата включва бизнес история, финансова история и застъпване между социална история като демографската история и история на труда. Количествената (економетрична) икономическа история е понякога наричана климометрика. [1] Квантитативната (количествената) икономическа история има своя пик през 60-те и 70-те на 20 век, но в последните години е малък фактор в департаментите по история и е маргинализирана в икономическите департаменти също. [редактиране] История и предмет на дисциплината [редактиране] История Спорове между Лондонското училище по икономика (ЛУИ) и Кеймбридж довеждат до отделянето на дисциплината като самостоятелна в Англия и нейното преподаване в отделни департаменти - което е позицията на ЛУИ, за разлика от Кеймбридж, които са на мнение, че икономическата история е просто част от икономиката. Департаментите по икономическа история стават толкова популярни в Англия, че след създаването на Обществото за икономическа история през 1926 в даден момент Кеймбридж също прави такъв. През последните 20 години, обаче, се наблюдава обратното движение - присъединяване на дисциплината или към департаментите по история, или към тези по икономика, само ЛУИ и Университетът в Глазгоу продължават да поддържат отделни програми. [редактиране] Предмет [редактиране] Хронология на стопанското развитие [редактиране] Икономисти, работили в тази област Икономисти, работили в областта на икономическата история и получили Нобелова награда, включват: Милтън Фридмън, Робърт Фогел, Дъглас Норт и Мъртън Милър. [редактиране] Източници - ↑ Robert Whaples, "Cliometrics" в Steven Durlauf, Lawrence Blume, ред. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (второ издание 2008) - ↑ Robert Whaples, "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?", Historically Speaking (април 2010) v. 11#2 стр. 17-20, с отговори стр. 20-27 [редактиране] Библиография - John Hicks (1969). A Theory of Economic History. Oxford: Clarendon [редактиране] Външни препратки - Историческа статистика от различни страни и региони
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Economic history Economic history is the study of economies or economic phenomena of the past. Analysis in economic history is undertaken using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The topic includes financial and business history and overlaps with areas of social history such as demographic and labor history. The quantitative – in this case, econometric – study of economic history is also known as cliometrics.[1] Contents - 1 Development as a separate field - 2 Relationship between economics and economic history - 3 Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians - 4 Notable economic historians - 5 See also - 6 Notes - 7 References - 8 Further reading - 9 External links Development as a separate field[edit] Treating economic history as a discrete academic discipline has been a contentious issue for many years. Academics at the London School of Economics and the University of Cambridge had numerous disputes over the separation of economics and economic history in the interwar era. Cambridge economists believed that pure economics involved a component of economic history and that the two were inseparably entangled. Those at the LSE believed that economic history warranted its own courses, research agenda and academic chair separated from mainstream economics. In the initial period of the subject's development, the LSE position of separating economic history from economics won out. Many universities in the UK developed independent programmes in economic history rooted in the LSE model. Indeed, the Economic History Society had its inauguration at LSE in 1926 and the University of Cambridge eventually established its own economic history programme. However, the past twenty years have witnessed the widespread closure of these separate programmes in the UK and the integration of the discipline into either history or economics departments. Only the LSE, the University of Glasgow and the University of Edinburgh retain separate economic history departments and stand-alone undergraduate and graduate programmes in economic history. The LSE, Glasgow and the University of Oxford together train the vast majority of economic historians coming through the British higher education system. In the US, economic history has for a long time been regarded as a form of applied economics. As a consequence, there are no specialist economic history graduate programs at any mainstream university anywhere in the country. Instead economic history is taught as a special field component of regular economics or history PhD programs in some places, including at University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University, Northwestern University and Yale University. In recent decades economic historians, following Douglass North, have tended to move away from narrowly quantitative studies toward institutional, social, and cultural history affecting the evolution of economies.[2][a 1] However, this trend has been criticized, most forcefully by Francesco Boldizzoni, as a form of economic imperialism "extending the neoclassical explanatory model to the realm of social relations."[3] Conversely, economists in other specializations have started to write on topics concerning economic history.[a 2] History of capitalism[edit] Since 2000, the new field of "History of Capitalism" has appeared. It includes topics such as insurance, banking and regulation, the political dimension, and the impact on the middle classes, the poor and women and minorities. The field utilizes the existing research of business history, but has sought to make it more relevant to the concerns of history departments in the United States, including by having limited or no discussion of individual business enterprises. Relationship between economics and economic history[edit] Have a very healthy respect for the study of economic history, because that's the raw material out of which any of your conjectures or testings will come. - Paul Samuelson (2009)[6] Yale University economist Irving Fisher wrote in 1933 on the relationship between economics and economic history in his "Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions" (Econometrica, Vol. 1, No. 4: 337–338): 'The study of dis-equilibrium may proceed in either of two ways. We may take as our unit for study an actual historical case of great dis-equilibrium, such as, say, the panic of 1873; or we may take as our unit for study any constituent tendency, such as, say, deflation, and discover its general laws, relations to, and combinations with, other tendencies. The former study revolves around events, or facts; the latter, around tendencies. The former is primarily economic history; the latter is primarily economic science. Both sorts of studies are proper and important. Each helps the other. The panic of 1873 can only be understood in light of the various tendencies involved—deflation and other; and deflation can only be understood in the light of various historical manifestations—1873 and other." There is a school of thought among economic historians that splits economic history—the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past—from historical economics—testing the generality of economic theory using historical episodes. US economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger explained this position in his 1990 book Historical Economics: Art or Science?.[7] The new economic history, also known as cliometrics, refers to the systematic use of economic theory and/or econometric techniques to the study of economic history. The term cliometrics was originally coined by Jonathan R. T. Hughes and Stanley Reiter in 1960 and refers to Clio, who was the muse of history and heroic poetry in Greek mythology. Cliometricians argue their approach is necessary because the application of theory is crucial in writing solid economic history, while historians generally oppose this view warning against the risk of generating anachronisms. Early cliometrics was a type of counterfactual history. However, counterfactualism is no longer its distinctive feature. Some have argued that cliometrics had its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s and that it is now neglected by economists and historians.[8] Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians[edit] - Simon Kuznets won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ("the Nobel Memorial Prize") in 1971 "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development". - Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy". - Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change". - Merton Miller, who started his academic career teaching economic history at the LSE, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1990 with Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe. Notable economic historians[edit] - Moses Abramovitz - T. S. Ashton - Correlli Barnett - Jörg Baten - Maxine Berg - Ben Bernanke - Francesco Boldizzoni - Fernand Braudel - Rondo Cameron - Sydney Checkland - Carlo M. Cipolla - Gregory Clark - Thomas C. Cochran - Nicholas Crafts - Louis Cullen - Peter Davies - Brad DeLong - Barry Eichengreen - Stanley Engerman - Charles Feinstein - Niall Ferguson - Ronald Findlay - Moses Israel Finley - Roderick Floud - Robert Fogel - Milton Friedman - Claudia Goldin - Jack Goldstone - John Habakkuk - Earl J. Hamilton - Eli Heckscher - Eric Hobsbawm - Leo Huberman - Harold James - Geoffrey Jones (academic) - Ibn Khaldun - Charles P. Kindleberger - John Komlos - Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie - David Landes - Tim Leunig - Friedrich List - Robert Sabatino Lopez - Angus Maddison - Karl Marx - Peter Mathias - Ellen McArthur - Deirdre McCloskey - Joel Mokyr - Douglass North - Cormac Ó Gráda - Patrick K. O'Brien - Henri Pirenne - Karl Polanyi - Erik S. Reinert - Christina Romer - W. W. Rostow - Murray Rothbard - Ram Sharan Sharma - Anna Jacobson Schwartz - Larry Schweikart - Robert Skidelsky - Adam Smith - Graeme Snooks - Richard H. Steckel - R. H. Tawney - Peter Temin - Adam Tooze - Eberhard Wächtler - Jeffrey Williamson - Tony Wrigley See also[edit] - Anthropometric history - Economic History Association - Economic History Society - European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) - Great Moderation - History of economic thought - International Economic History Association Notes[edit] - ^ For example: • Gregory Clark (2006), A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, Description, contents, ch. 1 link, and Google preview. • E. Aerts and H. Van der Wee, 2002. "Economic History," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences pp. 4102-410. Abstract. - ^ For example: Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff (2009), This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton. Description, ch. 1 ("Varieties of Crises and their Dates," pp. 3-20), and chapter-preview links. References[edit] - ^ See, for example, "Cliometrics" by Robert Whaples in S. Durlauf and L. Blume (eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed. Abstract - ^ Douglass C. North (1965). "The State of Economic History," American Economic Review, 55(1/2) pp. 86-91. Economic Performance through Time," American Economic Review, 84(3), p p. 359-368. Also published as Nobel Prize Lecture. - ^ Boldizzoni, Francesco (2011). The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History. Princeton University Press. - ^ See Jennifer Schuessler "In History Departments, It’s Up With Capitalism" New York Times April 6, 2013 - ^ Lou Galambos, "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism? Essays in Economic & Business History (2014) v. 32 pp 1-18 online - ^ Clarke, Conor (June 18, 2009). "An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 26, 2011. - ^ Charles P. Kindleberger (1990), Historical Economics: Art or Science?, University of California Press, Berkeley - ^ Whaples, Robert (2010). "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?". Historically Speaking 11 (2): 17–20 & 20–27 (responses). Further reading[edit] - Bairoch, Paul (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. "The Beginnings of the Economic History Society". Economic History Review 30 (1): 1–19. - Baten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). "The Global Status of Economic History". Economic History of Developing Regions 27 (1): 93–113. - Cameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. - Cipolla, C. M. (1991). Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History. Oxford: Blackwell. - Deng, Kent. "A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history." Journal of Economic Surveys (2014). - Costa, Dora; Demeulemeester, Jean-Luc; Diebolt, Claude (2007). "What is 'Cliometrica'?". Cliometrica 1 (1): 1–6. "Economic history", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, pp. 37–42. - Field, Alexander J. (2008). "Economic history", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Abstract. - Galambos, Lou. "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism? Essays in Economic & Business History (2014) v. 32 pp 1-18 online "The Rise and Development of Economic History". Economic History Review 1 (1): 12–34. - Mokyr, Joel, ed. (2003), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 5 vols. Description. - Temin, Peter. (2014) Economic History and Economic Development: New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect (No. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. online - Roy, Tirthankar (2002). "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link". Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (3): 109–130. External links[edit] Journals[edit] - Cliometrica: Issue & article links, v. 1, 2007– - Economic History Review: Issue & article first-page links, v. 1927– - Explorations in Economic History: Issue & article, v. 7, 1969– - Journal of Economic History: Issue & article-abstract links, v. 1, 1971– Professional societies[edit] - Economic History Society (UK), publisher of the Economic History Review - Economic History Association (US), publisher of the Journal of Economic History - The European Association for Banking and Financial History e. V., publisher of the Financial History Review - International Economic History Association (IEHA) Historical statistics[edit] - Groningen Growth and Development Centre Total Economy Database—Series on GDP, Population, Employment, Hours worked, GDP per capita and productivity (per person and per hour) from 1950 up to 2006 - Global Finance data series - Historicalstatistics.org—Links to historical economic statistics for different countries and regions. - Maddison (2006), The World Economy, OECD, Paris. Recent and forthcoming economic history conferences[edit] - Economic History Society Annual Conference 2010 - Economic History Association Meetings 2010 - XV World Economic History Congress 2009 - XVI World Economic History Congress 2012 - Eighth Conference of the European Historical Economics Association Economic History Services[edit] Net Economic History Services – Includes Economic History Encyclopedia, Ask the Professor, Book Reviews, databases, directories, bibliographies, mailing lists, and an inflation calculator. Net Encyclopedia - EHE – An Economic History of Europe – For students of economic history, includes links to major databases, technology descriptions, examples of use of data, a forum for economic historians.