http___en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Vostochny_Cosmodrome.xml
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Източен космодрум Източният космодрум (на руски: Космодром „Восточный“) е планиран руски космодрум, който ще бъде построен в Амурската област. Космодрумът ще бъде първоначално използван, за да се намали влиянието на космодрума Байконур върху Русия и по-нататък евентуално напълно да го замени. Строежът започва през 2011 г. и се очаква да бъде завършен през 2018 г. Местонахождение[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Космодрумът ще се намира в Амурската област, в Далекоизточна Русия. Планираната обща площ на съоръжението е 551,5 km2, което се равнява на територия с диаметър около 30 km намираща се на координати 51°49′ с. ш. 128°15′ и. д. Най-близкият град е Углегорск. Географски космодрумът е разположен на 51 градуса на север, така че ракетите да могат да извеждат същото тегло товар като при Байконур.[2] Строеж[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Планира се да бъдат построени седем ракетни площадки, в това число две за пилотирани полети и две за товарни. Строежът му започва през януари 2011 година[3] и се очаква да бъде напълно завършен през 2018 година. Първите непилотирани полети се очакват през 2015[4], а първите пилотирани през 2018 година[5]. Руските инженери се опитват да приложат опита натрупан при изграждането на ракетните площадки за ракети Союз в комплекса на космодрума Куру и на ракетна площадка на ракета Ангара в Космически център Наро в Южна Корея.[6] На 21 ноември 2007 година руските власти обявяват, че президентът Владимир Путин е подписал разпоредба за построяване на новия комплекс[7]. Цел[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Новият космодрум ще позволи на Русия да изстрелва всички ракети от своя почва, като така ще намали нейната зависимост от Байконур в Казахстан. В момента Байконур е единственото ръководено от Русия място, от където тя може да изстрелва пилотирани полети и изкуствени спътници в геостационарна орбита. Годишно руското правителство плаща по $115 млн. на Казахстан за да извършва изстрелвания. Безпилотни товари сега се изстрелват в ниска околоземна орбита от Плесецк в Северозападна Русия. Новият комплекс се предвижда да бъде използван основно за цивилни полети.[8] Федералната космическа агенция предвижда да премести 45% от изстрелванията към Източен космодрум до 2020 г. Като употребата на Байконур ще спадне от 65% на 11%, а Плесецк ще се използва на 44%.[6] Икономически аспекти[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Построяването на космодрума се очаква да повлияе положително на икономиката на относително бедния далечен изток. Руското правителство има стратегическа политика за вкарване на високо технологични компании в този регион и се очаква няколко предприятия от сферата на пилотиринаите космически полети да преместят дейността си в този регион след завършването на космодрума.[2] Със строежът на космодрума се очаква драматично за се повиши заетостта в градовете Углегорск, Свободни и други..[2] Според отчет от 2009 г. космодрумът ще струва около 400 млрд. рубли или около $13,5 млрд.[9] В комплекса ше бъдат построени още летище и сателитно градче. Градът е проектиран за около 35 хил. жители, както и за приемане на туристи. Ще бъде построена съпътстваща инфраструктура като училища, детски градини и болници.[6] Когато бъде завършен в комплекса ще работят 20-25 хил. души.[9] Източници[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - ↑ а б в Zak, Anatoly. Vostochny (formerly Svobodny) Cosmodrome. // RussianSpaceWeb.com. Посетен на 28 март 2011. - ↑ Vostochny: Space Haven of 21 Century. - ↑ ((en)) Russia to build new space port - ↑ ((en)) Putin Signs Off on New Cosmodrome - ↑ а б в New Space Port Will Boost Launch Ability. // The Moscow Times, 29 март 2011. - ↑ ((en)) Putin Signs Off on New Cosmodrome - ↑ BBC News 20 July 2010 - ↑ а б Russia to spend $13.5 bln on new space center in Far East. Посетен на 29 март 2011.
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Vostochny Cosmodrome The Vostochny Cosmodrome (Russian: KocMoдpoM BocToчHый Kosmodrom Vostochny "Eastern Spaceport") is a Russian spaceport currently under construction on the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East and Outer Manchuria. When completed in 2018, it is intended to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which is located in Kazakhstan. Contents History[edit] Russian leader Vladimir Putin has made several statements emphasizing the importance of the new cosmodrome. In August 2010, he said "The creation of a new space center ... is one of modern Russia's biggest and most ambitious projects".[1] In January 2011, he ordered the government to complete the paperwork as soon as possible so that construction can start on schedule.[2] The general designer of the cosmodrome is Ipromashprom (Mechanical Engineering Project Institute). The main contractor is the Federal Agency for Special Construction.[3] Construction of the cosmodrome began in January 2011 and, as of 2011[update], was expected to be completed in 2018.[4][full citation needed] During a visit to the site in July 2011, the newly appointed chief of Roskosmos, Vladimir Popovkin, promised 20 billion rubles for Vostochny during 2012.[5][full citation needed] A month later, the head of Spetstroy, Grigory Naginsky told the press that first blueprints for the center went through the project expertise[clarification needed] and the first contract worth 1.6 billion rubles was signed with Roskosmos, covering the construction of the railway line and the road. Naginsky also promised the completion of the initial makeshift housing for construction workers at the site by October 1, 2011.[citation needed] Although the Angara pad at Vostochny had originally been planned for completion in 2018, as part of the second phase of the construction of the new launch center, Dmitry Rogozin announced in January 2013 that Angara would fly from Vostochny earlier, in 2015.[6] In the event, however, Roskosmos announced in November 2014 a postponement, and that the first uncrewed test mission of Angara would not launch until 2021.[6] Location[edit] The cosmodrome is be located in the Svobodny and Shimanovsk districts of Amur Oblast in the Russian Far East, on the watershed of the Zeya and Bolshaya Pyora rivers.[3] The planned total area is 551.5 km2, being a region approximately 30 km in diameter centred on 51°49′N 128°15′E / 51.817°N 128.250°ECoordinates: 51°49′N 128°15′E / 51.817°N 128.250°E.[7] The nearest city is Uglegorsk. The name Vostochny means "eastern" in Russian. Vostochny's geographic location at 51 degrees north means that, to a given orbit, rockets will be able to carry almost the same amount of payload as they can when launched from Baikonur.[8] Other arguments for choosing this location include the ability to use sparsely populated areas and bodies of water for the rocket launch routes; proximity to major transportation networks such as the Baikal–Amur Mainline, the Chita–Khabarovsk Highway; abundance of electricity production resources in the area; and the presence of the infrastructure of the former Svobodny Cosmodrome, on which the new spaceport will be based.[3] The site's location close to the Pacific Ocean will allow for easier transport of materials to the site, and will allow rockets to jettison their lower stages over the ocean.[9] The nearby train station is Ledyanaya. It was expanded as part of the plan of modernization of the supporting infrastructure. Purpose[edit] The new cosmodrome will enable Russia to launch most missions from its own soil, and to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazahkstan. Currently, Baikonur is the only launch site operated by Russia with the capability to launch satellites bound for geostationary orbit or crewed missions to ISS or elsewhere. The Russian government pays a yearly rent of $115 million to Kazakhstan for its usage. Satellites bound for high inclination orbits can be currently launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. The new site is intended mostly for civilian launches.[10] Roscosmos plans to move 45% of Russia's space launches to Vostochny by 2020, while Baikonur's share will drop from 65% to 11%, and Plesetsk will account for 44 percent.[2] In a draft strategy, which was presented at a meeting of the club of friends of the cluster space technology and telecommunications fund "Skolkovo" and published in the official fund microblog on Twitter said that in 2011 the share of space launches from Russia's territory stands at 25% today and by 2030 this figure will stand on 90%.[11] Construction[edit] Early plans project seven launch pads will be built at the site, including two for crewed flights. On September 1, 2009 Medvedev signed Presidential decree №562 declaring Spetstroy is the sole contractor of the construction of the cosmodrome.[12] Construction began in January 2011[13] and is expected to be completed by 2018.[14][15] The first launch is expected to take place in 2015.[citation needed] Russian engineers are looking to apply the knowledge gained from building the Soyuz launch facilities in Kourou spaceport and the Angara pad at Naro Space Center in South Korea.[13] As a cost-saving measure, no defensive military structures like those at Baikonur cosmodrome will be built at Vostochny.[2] More than 400 social, engineering and transport infrastructure facilities, 115 km (71 mi) of roads and 125 km (78 mi) of railroads are projected to be built at the cosmodrome. In December 2011, ARMS-TASS reported with reference to the director of Federal Special Construction Agency, Grigory Naginsky that the hotels and barracks were being constructed within the infrastructure of Vostochny Cosmodrome. Speaking of housing development plans, he noted that a town for 40 thousand people would be constructed in the network of Cosmodrome.[16] In January 2012, a Russian Government Decree transferred 9,663 hectares (23,880 acres) of forest lands in the Amur Oblast for the construction of the spaceport from Shimanovsky and Svobodensky districts.[17] On March 2, Deputy Prosecutor General Yuri Gulyagin said at a meeting with the Presidential representative in the Far Eastern Federal District Viktor Ishayev that timely payment of wages, as well as registration of vehicles and people involved in the construction of the cosmodrome, will soon be the focus of regulatory authorities. According to him, the construction of launch site should not be admitted to the violations that were in the construction of the 2012 APEC Summit objects. As noted at the meeting, the number of workers and organizations of every month will only increase, and therefore requires strict control. Number of employees at the facility by the end of 2012 will be increased from 5,000 to 7,000.[18] In April 2013, Minister of the Far Eastern Development Viktor Ishayev said that 2014 will be the busiest year in the construction period and the number of workers will rise to 7,000. He also said he is sorry for the delay in the reconstruction and development of the sites for the workers residences that were handed from the Russian Ministry of Defense in Uglegorsk.[19] On April 12, which is Cosmonautics Day in Russia, Putin suggested to name the town that will be built near the cosmodrome after Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, saying that there is not a single locality in Russia that would bear the name of the scientist.[20] In November 2013, It was reported by ITAR-TASS news agency that the gap, on July of three months, was reduced by November to 10 days. By this time the first stage of the project, the construction of roads at the cosmodrome, had been completed. As of November 2013, more than 4,000 personnel, 680 pieces of construction equipment and vehicles were working at the site. With personnel working on a rotational basis,[clarification needed] the overall number of people involved in the project has reached 5,246.[21] In December 2013, specialists chose sites for Angara facilities at the cosmodrome and transported the carrier rocket's mockup from Moscow-based Khrunichev Space Center that made it to the spaceport.[22] In March 2014, Russia's federal network grid operator FGC UES completed the first phase of power supply to the cosmodrome. The first phase has been comprehensively modernized 220 kV substation "Ledyanaya", thus the company has provided the ability to connect to the Unified National Power Grid power receivers of the future complex structures.[23] On same month Spetstroy said it was hoping to finish building the launch pad for the Soyuz-2 carrier rocket before the end of July 2015.[24] Economic aspects[edit] Development of the Vostochny Cosmodrome is expected to have a positive impact on the economy of the relatively poorly developed Russian Far East. The Russian government has a strategic policy to bring high-tech companies into the Far East region, and several enterprises involved in human space flight are expected to move their activities there when the new cosmodrome is completed.[8] The development of the new site is also expected to dramatically increase employment in the towns of Uglegorsk, Shimanovsk, Svobodny and others.[8] According to a 2009 estimate, the construction will cost 400 billion rubles ($13.5 billion).[25] Along with the launch pads and processing facilities, an airport and a satellite city will be constructed. The city will be designed to accommodate for 35,000 people as well as for tourists.[13] It will contain a full supporting infrastructure with schools, kindergartens and clinics.[2] Architect Dmitry Pshenichnikov has stated that the city is to become a "one-of-its-kind scientific and tourist space town with a unique design and a beautiful landscape".[13] When completed, the cosmodrome will permanently employ 20,000–25,000 people.[25] In November 2012, press reports indicated that the Russian government is having difficulty in finding a good use for the new spaceport, and that other government ministries have been avoiding the project while "calling the project a 'dolgostroy', which is Russian for an endless construction boondoggle".[26] Launch pads[edit] Seven launch pads are planned to be built at Vostochny, over a period of years. Launch pads include: See also[edit] - Svobodny Cosmodrome, a closed facility located nearby References[edit] - ^ "Putin stresses importance of new Far East space center (Update 1)". RIA Novosti. - ^ a b c d "New Space Port Will Boost Launch Ability". The Moscow Times. - ^ a b c "Vostochny cosmodrome". - ^ RIA Novosti - ^ AmurInfo, Nakidki na pervom kamne kosmodroma Vostochyn bolshe net (in Russian), http://www.amur.info/news/2010/08/28/2.html - ^ a b c Zak, Anatoly (2014-11-14). "Angara to move to Vostochny". RussianSpaceWeb.com. - ^ a b c Zak, Anatoly. "Vostochny (formerly Svobodny) Cosmodrome". RussianSpaceWeb.com. - ^ http://rt.com/programs/technology-update/gagarin-space-science-google/ - ^ BBC News 20 July 2010 - ^ "Лyчшe cBoe и HoBoe", April 6, 2012. - ^ "KocMoдpoM "BocToчHый" AMypckaя oблacTb", Spetstroi website, September 2009. - ^ a b c d "Vostochny: Space Haven of the 21st Century". Roscosmos. - ^ "Russia to start construction of new space center in 2011". RIA Novosti. - ^ Simon Saradzhyan (21 November 2007). "Putin Signs Off on New Cosmodrome". Space.com. - ^ "Vostochny Cosmodrome will cost 300 billion rubles", ruaviation.com, December 22, 2012. - ^ "Пoд cTpoиTeлbcTBo kocMoдpoMa BocToчHый B AMypckoй oблacTи BыдeлeHы зeMли", Interfax.ru, January 10, 2012. - ^ "KoHTpoлиpyющиe opraHы бyдyT cлeдиTb зa cTpoиTeлbcTBoM kocMoдpoMa "BocToчHый" B ПpиaMypbe", Ria Novosti, March 2, 2012. - ^ "CaMыM HaпpяжeHHыM B cTpoиTeлbcTBe kocMoдpoMa "BocToчHый" бyдeT 2014 roд". Itar-Tass. Retrieved 10 April 2013. - ^ "Putin proposes to name town to be built near Vostochny cosmodrome after Tsiolkovsky". Itar-Tass. Retrieved 12 April 2013. - ^ "Russia's new Vostochny spaceport construction gets back on schedule". ITAR-TASS. Retrieved 22 November 2013. - ^ "Construction of technical facilities at Vostochny spaceport to start in 2015". ITAR-TASS. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. - ^ "ЭHepreTиkи пoдkлючaюT бyдyщий kocMoдpoM "BocToчHый"". zrpress.ru. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014. - ^ "Launch pad for Soyuz-2 carrier rocket at Vostochny to be completed in 2015". ITAR-TASS. Retrieved 18 March 2014. - ^ a b "Russia to spend $13.5 bln on new space center in Far East". RIA Novosti. "Vostochny: A Spaceport to Nowhere?". Parabolic Arc.