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Йохан Хьойзинха Йохан Хьойзинха (на нидерландски: Johan Huizinga [ˈjoːɦɑn ˈɦœyzɪŋɣaː]) (Гронинген, 7 Дек. 1872 – ДеСтег 1 Февр. 1945), е нидерландски историк и културолог. В университета, Хьойзинха изучава филология, като се специализира в индо-германските езици, с работа върху които се дипломира. Работи по-нататък върху санскритския език и пише докторат за смешниците в древноиндийските драми. От 1905г. е професор в Гронинген, а след 1915г. и до края на живота си - професор в лайденския университет. Хьойзинха добива известност с книгата си Залезът на средновековието от 1919. В нея той акцентира особено върху културните елементи и настроения, като реално оспорва стандартнатата интерпретация на тази епоха; късното средневековие хронологично се застъпва с това което се нарича 'ренесанс' (възраждане), но в него Хьойзинха изтъква песимизъма и чувството за упадък. Въпреки спорната теза, книгата е широко призната за постижение. Славата му по-нататък следва от развиваната културологична теза за ролята на игрите в цивилизацията. Идеята, която той разработва през трийсетте години на 20в., един неособено игрив период от европейската история, бива представена в пълен вид през 1938г. в книгата световно известна като Хомо Луденс - играещият човек. Хьойзинха е автор още на изследване върху Еразъм Ротердамски (1924) и трудове върху холандската и американската история. В 1972 г., при стогодишната от неговото раждане, Лайденския университет учредява изнасянето на "Хьойзинхова лекция", което е било поверявано на видни личности като Ноъм Чомски, Робърт Дарнтън, Карлос Фуентес и др.[1] Бележки[редактиране | edit source] Библиография[редактиране | edit source] - Mensch en menigte in America (1918) - Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919)/ Залезът на средновековието, София:Панорама 2002 - Erasmus of Rotterdam (1924) - Cultuurhistorische verkenningen (1929) - Homo ludens, proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur (1938) / Homo Ludens, София:Наука и Изкуство, 1982 Външни препратки[редактиране | edit source] - {en,nl} Произведения на Johan Huizinga в проекта Гутенберг - {en} Gombrich E., On Huizinga's Homo ludens
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Johan Huizinga Johan Huizinga (Dutch: [ˈjoːɦɑn ˈɦœyzɪŋɣaː]; December 7, 1872 – February 1, 1945), was a Dutch historian and one of the founders of modern cultural history. Contents Life[edit] Born in Groningen as the son of Dirk Huizinga, a professor of physiology, and Jacoba Tonkens, who died two years after his birth,[1] he started out as a student of Indo-Germanic languages, earning his degree in 1895. He then studied comparative linguistics, gaining a good command of Sanskrit. He wrote his doctoral thesis on the role of the jester in Indian drama in 1897. It was not until 1902 that his interest turned towards medieval and Renaissance history. He continued teaching as an Orientalist until he became a Professor of General and Dutch History at Groningen University in 1905. In 1915, he was made Professor of General History at Leiden University, a post he held until 1942. Huizinga was guest at the 1937 wedding of Juliana of the Netherlands with Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.[2] In 1942, he spoke critically of his country's German occupiers, comments that were consistent with his writings about Fascism in the 1930s. From then until his death in 1945, he was held in detention by the Nazis. He died in De Steeg in Gelderland, near Arnhem, just a few weeks before Nazi rule ended, and he lies buried in the graveyard of the Reformed Church at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in Oegstgeest.[3] Works[edit] Huizinga had an aesthetic approach to history, where art and spectacle played an important part. His most famous work is The Autumn of the Middle Ages (a.k.a. The Waning of the Middle Ages) (1919). He here reinterpreted the Late Middle Ages as a period of pessimism and decadence rather than rebirth. Worthy of mentioning are also Erasmus (1924) and Homo Ludens (1938). In the latter book he discussed the possibility that play is the primary formative element in human culture. Huizinga also published books on American history and Dutch history in the 17th century. Alarmed by the rise of National Socialism in Germany, Huizinga wrote several works of cultural criticism. Many similarities can be noted between his analysis and that of contemporary critics such as Ortega y Gasset and Oswald Spengler. Huizinga argued that the spirit of technical and mechanical organisation had replaced spontaneous and organic order in cultural as well as political life. The Huizinga Lecture (Dutch: Huizingalezing) is a prestigious annual lecture in the Netherlands about a subject in the domains of cultural history or philosophy in honour of Johan Huizinga.[4] Family[edit] Huizinga's son Leonhard Huizinga became a well-known writer in the Netherlands, especially renowned for his series of tongue-in-cheek fiction novels on the Dutch aristocratic twins Adrian and Oliver ("Adriaan en Olivier"). Bibliography[edit] - Mensch en menigte in America (1918), translated by Herbert Rowen as America; A Dutch historian's vision, from afar and near (Part 1) (1972) - Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919), translated as The Waning of the Middle Ages (1924) and as The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1996) - Erasmus of Rotterdam (1924), translated by Frederik Hopman as Erasmus and the Age of Reformation (1924) - Amerika Levend en Denkend (1926), translated by H.H. Rowen as America: A Dutch Historian's Vision, from Afar and Near (Part 2) (1972) - Leven en werk van Jan Veth (1927) - Cultuurhistorische verkenningen (1929) - In de schaduwen van morgen (1935), translated by his son Jacob Herman Huizinga In the Shadow of Tomorrow - De wetenschap der geschiedenis (1937) - Geschonden wereld (1946, published posthumously) - Homo Ludens. Versuch einer Bestimmung des Spielelements der Kultur (1939), translated as Homo Ludens, a study of the play element in culture (1955) - Nederland's beschaving in de zeventiende eeuw (1941). Translated by Arnold Pomerans as Dutch civilisation in the seventeenth century (1968) - “Patriotism and Nationalism in European History”. In: Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Transl. by James S. Holmes and Hans van Marle. New York: Meridian Books, 1959. - Men and ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Translations by James S. Holmes and Hans van Marle of parts of Huizinga's Collected Works See also[edit] References[edit] - ^ Johan Huizinga, books and writers - ^ "Crown Princess Juliana of the Netherlands & Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld -1937". Royal Forums. - ^ Van Ditzhuijzen, Jeannette (September 9, 2005). Bijna vergeten waren ze, de rustplaatsen van roemruchte voorvaderen. Trouw (Dutch newspaper), p. 9 of supplement. - ^ Huizinga-lezing, Universiteit Leiden Further reading[edit] - Willem Otterspeer: Reading Huizinga. Amsterdam University Press, 2010. - Jo Tollebeek: "At the crossroads of nationalism: Huizinga, Pirenne and the Low Countries in Europe," European Review of History (2010) 17#2 pp 187–215 - Donald R. Kelley: Fortunes of history. Historical inquiry from Herder to Huizinga. New Haven, Yale University Press, 2003. - Johan Huizinga 1872-1972. Papers delivered to the Johan Huizinga Conference Groningen 11-15 december 1972. Ed. by W.R.H. Koops ... [et al.] The Hague, Nijhoff, 1973. External links[edit] - Johan Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages - Works by Johan Huizinga at Project Gutenberg - Johan Huizinga at The Dictionary of Art Historians. - Online version Exhibition Johan Huizinga in University Library Leiden, 1998