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Йохан фон Спикс Йохан Батист фон Спикс (на немски Johann Baptist von Spix) (9 февруари 1781 - 13 май 1826) немски естествоизпитател, пътешественик, член на Баварската академия на науките, от 1913 г. Роден в Хохщат на Айш, Бавария като седмо от 11 деца. Изучава философия в Бамберг и получава научна степен. Във Вюрцбург изучава теология, но под влиянието на Фридрих Шелинг изоставя теологията и се заема с изучаване на медицина и естествени науки. За втори път получава научна степен и работи като лекар в Бамберг. Със съдействието на Шелинг Спикс се премества на работа в Баварската академия на науките в Мюнхен. Кралят на Бавария Максимилиан I му отпуска стипендия, с която изучава зоология в Париж. По време на престоя си в Париж извършва морски биоложки екскурзии и първите си научни изследвания. През 1810 Спикс е назначен като доцент, а от 1811 - като куратор на зооложкия музей в Мюнхен. Същата година издава обширно произведение за историята и основите на зооложката систематика, което му донася всеобщо научно признание. През 1813 става член на Баварската Академия на науките. През 1817-1818, заедно с Карл Фридрих Филип фон Мартиус (1794-1868) се присъединяват към австрийска експедиция в Бразилия. Заедно изследват района между река Сан Франсиско на запад и Атлантическия океан на изток, от Ору Прету в южния край на Серра ду Еспинясу до Жуазейру в долното течение на Сан Франсиско. Пресичат реката и достигат на запад до вододела между реките Сан Франсиско и Токантинс – Серра Жерал ди Гояс (884 м). Завиват на изток и достигат до град Салвадор. От там продължават на северозапад и достигат до Сан Луис, като по пътя пресичат реките Сан Франсиско и Паранаиба. Изследват флората на посетените райони. По време на своето пътешествие Спикс и Мартиус преминават по вече изследвани райони и те не са първооткриватели, но стават първите широко образовани специалисти, които изечават географията, флората и фауната на широкта източна полоса на Бразилската планинска земя, главно басейна на река сан Франсиско. От юли 1819 до юни 1820 изследват Амазонка от устието ѝ до устието на десния ѝ приток река Жавари. На обратния път изследват долните течения на реките Рио Негро (до 1º ю.ш.) и Мадейра. О тази експедиция двамата донасят в Германия колекции от 6500 растения, 2700 насекоми, 85 млекопитаещи, 350 птици, 150 земноводни и 116 риби. Те и сега съставляват основна част от колекциите на Държавния зооложки музей в Мюнхен. Многочислените колекции от етнографски материали сега се намират в етнографския музей в Мюнхен. Поради ранната смърт на Спикс 13 май 1826 колегата му Карл Фридрих Филип фон Мартиус довършва започнатите от него научни трудове, касаещи експедицията им в Бразилия. Съчинения[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - "Geschichte und Beurtheilung aller Systeme in der Zoologie nach ihrer Entwicklungsfolge von Aristoteles bis auf die gegenwärtige Zeit" - Nürnberg, Schrag'sche Buchhandlung I-XIV, 1811; - "Abhandlung über die Affen der alten und der neuen Welt im Allgemeinen, insbesondere über den schwarzen Heulaffen (Simia Belzebul Linné) und über den Moloch (Simia Moloch Hofmannsegg) nebst den Abbildungen der beiden Letzten (Tab. XVII, XVIII), und einem Verzeichnis aller bis jetzt bekannten Affenarten" - Denkschr. d. Kgl. Akad. d. Wiss. München, 1814; - "Cephalogenesis sive Capitis Ossei Structura, Formatio et Significatio per omnes Animalium Classes, Familias, Genera ac Aetates digesta, atque Tabulis illustrata, Legesque simul Psychologiae, Cranioscopiae ac Physiognomiae inde derivatae" - Typis Francisci Seraphici Hübschmanni, Monachii, 1815; - Spix & Wagler 1824: "Serpentum Brasiliensium Species novae ou Histoire Naturelle des especes nouvelles de Serpens, Recueillies et observées pendent le voyage dans l'interieur du Brésil dans les Années 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820 ... publiée par Jean de Spix, ... écrite dàprès les notes du Voyageur par Jean Wagler – Typis Franc". Seraph. Hübschmanni, Monachii: 1-75, 26 Taf. - reprinted 1981 Soc. for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford; with an introduction by P. Vanzolini - Spix & Martius 1823-1831: "Reise in Brasilien auf Befehl Sr. Majestät Maximilian Joseph I. König von Baiern in den Jahren 1817-1820 gemacht und beschrieben". 3 Bde und 1 Atlas – Verlag M. Lindauer, München. 1388pp. II und III bearb. und hrsg. von C.F.Ph. v. Martius) - Neudruck, 1967, F. Brockhaus Komm. Ges. Abt. Antiquarium, Stuttgart. Източници[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Магидович, И. П., История открытия и исследования Центральной и Южной Америки, М., 1965., стр. 372-374. http://www.ozon.ru/context/detail/id/2279336/
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Johann Baptist von Spix Dr. Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix (9 February 1781 – 13 March 1826) was a German biologist. From his expedition to Brazil he brought to Germany a large variety of specimens of plants, insects, mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. They constitute an important basis for today's National Zoological Collection in Munich. Numerous instances of ethnographic collections such as dance masks and the like are now part of the collection of the Museum of Ethnography in Munich. Contents Biography[edit] Spix was born in Höchstadt, in present-day Middle Franconia, as the seventh of eleven children. His childhood home is the site of the Spix Museum, open to the public since 2004. He studied philosophy in Bamberg and graduated with a doctoral degree. Later he studied theology in Würzburg. After lectural speeches of the young professor F. W. J. Schelling, he got interested in nature. He quit theology studies and began studying medicine, which he finished with a second doctoral degree in 1807. After a short time working as medics in Bamberg, he was appointed by king Maximilian I. Joseph from Bavaria as student of zoology ("Eleve") in Munich at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich in 1808. He received a scolarship to go to Paris to learn scientific zoology with Georges Cuvier and others. From there he also made a first excursion to the sea coast of Normandy in Northern France. Later he travelled to Southern France and Italy, collecting animals for the zoological collection of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities and investigating marine animals. In 1810 Spix came back to Munich where he sorted the zoological collection and published a first publication on starfish and other marine animals. After his first fundamental publication, a book about the history of zoological classification published in 1811, he was appointed member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Spix was also appointed the first conservator, now inline with the title director, of the Bavarian zoological collection, considered as the foundation of the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. He published several further works, being the most important a comparative morphology of the skulls of many different animals, including men, apes, reptiles, birds and others. This book, the Cephalogenesis, published in 1815, was written in Latin and illustrated with beautiful lithographies. Expedition to Brazil[edit] In 1817, Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius travelled to Brazil with a group of Austrian naturalists who accompanied Maria Leopoldina of Austria. First they went to Rio de Janeiro, but soon they left the Austrian group and travelled on their own through Brazil. Spix and Martius travelled from south Rio de Janeiro to north São Paulo. During this part of their journey, they were accompanied by the Austrian painter Thomas Ender. Then they continued to Ouro Preto and Diamantina, in the province of Minas Gerais, where they described the mining of diamonds. From there, they went further into the continent and then back to the coast of Salvador. They crossed the dry Caatinga in northeast Brazil, suffered from different severe diseases and several times almost died of thirst. During the whole journey, they collected and described animals and plants, but also everything else of scientific interest. They also described indigenous people and their habits, as well as anything of possible economic importance. They also investigated the giant Bendegó meteorite. They discovered fossil fishes of the Santana Formation. The last part of the expedition was the journey up to the Amazon river, then in the Captaincy of Grão-Pará. There Spix and Martius went on separate routes to explore the region. Spix went to Tabatinga, to the border of Peru, and from Manaus upwards the Negro river. Martius shipped the Yupurá river and there he brought to Munich two Brazilian indigenous children from two different tribes, Juri and Miranha. The children where baptized Johannes and Isabella. They returned in 1820 to Munich with specimens of thousands of plants, animals and ethnological objects. These formed the basis of the collection of the Natural History Museum in Munich. Publications[edit] Spix was honoured and knighted by the king of Bavaria. He worked hard on his zoological materials and prepared a description of the journey together with Martius. This description was printed in three volumes in 1823, 1828 and 1831, translated into English (first volume only) and Portuguese, which are still of great importance. Spix died during the preparation of the second volume, but Martius finished its publication using the notes of Spix and himself. He described and named many birds, apes, bats and reptiles. Altogether he has described some 500 to 600 species and subspecies. Furthermore several species are named after him. Among Spix most renowned discoveries is the species Spix's macaw, named after the explorer. He died on 13 of May 1826 in Munich possibly from a tropical disease such as yaws or Chagas disease. Works[edit] - 1811: Geschichte und Beurtheilung aller Systeme in der Zoologie nach ihrer Entwicklungsfolge von Aristoteles bis auf die gegenwärtige Zeit. - Schrag'sche Buchhandlung I-XIV; 710pp. - 1815: Cephalogenesis sive Capitis Ossei Structura, Formatio et Significatio per omnes Animalium Classes, Familias, Genera ac Aetates digesta, atque Tabulis illustrata, Legesque simul Psychologiae, Cranioscopiae ac Physiognomiae inde derivatae. -Typis Francisci Seraphici Hübschmanni, Monachii: 11 and 72pp; 9 Taf. - 1823: Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium species novae ou Histoire Naturelle des espècies nouvelles de singes et de chauves - souris observées et recueillies pendant le voyage dans l'interieur du Brésil exécuté par ordre de S M Le Roi de Bavière dans les années 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820. - Typis Francisci Seraphi Hybschmanni, Monachii: I - VIII, 1-72, 28 tables. - 1824a: Animalia nova sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX Iussu et Auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit. - Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni, Monachii: 1-29, 22 tables - 1981 Soc. for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles with an introduction by P. E. Vanzolini - 1824b: Avium species novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam Annis MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX Iussu et Auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit. - Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni, Monachii: Tom. I, 1-90, 91 tabes; Tom. - Spix & Wagler 1824: Serpentum Brasiliensium Species novae ou Histoire Naturelle des especes nouvelles de Serpens, Recueillies et observées pendent le voyage dans l'interieur du Brésil dans les Années 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820 ... publiée par Jean de Spix, ... écrite dàprès les notes du Voyageur par Jean Wagler - Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni, Monachii: 1-75, 26 Taf. - reprinted 1981 Soc. for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford; with an introduction by P. E. Vanzolini - Spix & Martius 1823-1831: Reise in Brasilien auf Befehl Sr. Majestät Maximilian Joseph I. König von Baiern in den Jahren 1817-1820 gemacht und beschrieben. 3 Volumes and one Atlas - Verlag M. Lindauer, München. II und III edited by C.F. Ph. v. Martius) - reprint, 1967, F. A. Brockhaus Komm. Ges. Abt. Antiquarium, Stuttgart - also English (1st vol.) and Portuguese translations available. Sources[edit] - Adler, Kraig (1989); Spix, J. B. von (1781 - 1826) in: Contributions to the History of Herpetology - Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, page 23 - (German) Fittkau, E. J. (1995); Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix. Rundgespräche d. Kommission f. Ökologie, Tropenforschung - Bayer. Akad. Wissenschaften. - (German) Schönitzer, Klaus; Ein Leben für die Zoologie – Die Reisen und Forschungen des Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix, Allitera Verlag,edition monacensia, München 2011, 224 S. ISBN 978-3-86906-179-5. - Vanzolini, Paulo Emilio (1981) The scientific and political contents of the Bavarian expedition to Brasil. In: Herpetology of Brasil. Edited by: Soc. for the study of amphibians and reptiles, Oxford, pages IX - XXIX. The book is mainly a reprint of herpetological works from Spix, see also the introduction by K. Adler, pages v -vii Further reading[edit] - "Johann Baptist von Spix," in Tom Taylor and Michael Taylor, Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries, 2011. References[edit] External links[edit] - Media related to Reiseatlas von Spix und Martius at Wikimedia Commons - Digital Collection Smithsonian Library - Works by Johann Baptist von Spix at Internet Archive - Spix Museum in Höchstadt On QYPE - Botanists with author abbreviations - 1781 births - 1826 deaths - German biologists - German zoologists - German explorers - People from Höchstadt - Botanists active in South America - 19th-century Latin-language writers - Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences - 19th-century German people - German philosophers - People of the Age of Enlightenment - German naturalists - Explorers of Amazonia - German ornithologists - German entomologists - German untitled nobility - Historiography of Brazil - University of Würzburg alumni