http___su.wikipedia.org_wiki_Kanal__komunikasi_.xml
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Комуникационен канал Канал за комуникация или просто канал в телекомуникациите и компютърните мрежи се нарича или физическата преносна среда, като проводник, или логическата връзка, осъществена в мултиплексирана среда, като радиоканал. Каналът се използва за предаване на сигнали с информация от един или няколко изпращачи (предаватели) до един или няколко получателя (приемници). Всеки канал има определен капацитет да предава информацията, често измерван с ширина на канала или честотна лента (на английски: bandwidth) в Hz или с пропускателна способност в бит/секунда. Примери[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Връзка между начална и крайна точка в една телекомуникационна верига. - Път през преносна среда, осъществен или чрез - физическо разделяне, като многожилен кабел, или чрез - разделяне по електрически начин, например мултиплексиране. - Път за предаване на електрически или електромагнитни сигнали. - Участък от среда за съхранение на данни, като сектор или цилиндър на твърд диск която е достъпна за прочит от четящо устройство. - Буфер, от който може да се черпят съобщения и да се добавят. - Специфична радио честота, двойка честоти или честотна лента, означавани обикновено с буква, цифра или код, често предмет на международно споразумение. Например: - Морското радио използва 88 канала в VHF диапазона за двупосочна гласова комуникация. Канал 16, например, е 156.800 MHz. - Телевизионни канали. - Wi-Fi се състои от нелицензирани канали 1-13 от 2412 MHz до 2484 MHz на стъпки от по 5 MHz. Видове канали[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - цифрови (дискретни) или аналогови (непрекъснати) канали - Според преносната среда, например оптични канали - мултиплексорни канали - В компютърните мрежи — виртуален канал - симплекс, дуплекс или полу-дуплекс канали - обратен канал на английски: Return channel - ъплинк и даунлинк канали (на английски: Uplink and downlink channel) - канали за радиоразпръскване
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Kanal (komunikasi) Kanal atawa saluran (Basa Inggris: channel, Basa Walanda: kanaal), dina telekomunikasi (nu kalan-kalan disebut kanal komunikasi), nujul kana medium nu digunakeun pikeun ngirimkeun informasi ti hiji pangirim (atawa pamancar) ka panarima. [édit] Sabéngbatan Aya rupa-rupa bentuk kanal. Conto kanal komunikasi diantarana: - A connection between initiating and terminating nodes of a circuit. - A buffer from which messages can be put and gotten. See Actor model and process calculi for discussion on the use of channels. - A single path provided by a transmission medium via either - physical separation, such as by multipair cable or - electrical separation, such as by frequency- or time-division multiplexing. - A path for conveying electrical or electromagnetic signals, usually distinguished from other parallel paths. - The portion of a storage medium, such as a track or a band, that is accessible to a given reading or writing station or head. - In a communications system, the part that connects a data source to a data sink. - A specific radio frequency, pair or band of frequencies, usually named with a letter, number, or codeword, and often allocated by international agreement. Examples: - Marine VHF radio uses some 88 channels in the VHF band for two-way FM voice communication. Channel 16, for example, is 156.800MHz. Seven additional channels, WX1 - WX7, are allocated for weather broadcasts. - Television channels such as North American TV Channel 2 = 55.25MHz, Channel 13 = 211.25MHz. Each channel is 6MHz wide. Besides these "physical channels", television also has "virtual channels". - Wi-Fi consists of unlicensed channels 1-13 from 2412MHz to 2484MHz in 5MHz steps. - A room in the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) network, in which participants can communicate with each other. All of these communications channels share the property that they transfer information. The information is carried through the channel by a signal. [édit] Channel models A channel can be modelled physically by trying to calculate the physical processes which modify the transmitted signal. For example in wireless communications the channel can be modelled by calculating the reflection off every object in the environment. A sequence of random numbers might also be added in to simulate external interference and/or electronic noise in the receiver. Statistically a communication channel is usually modelled as a triple consisting of an input alphabet, an output alphabet, and for each pair (i, o) of input and output elements a transition probability p(i, o). Semantically, the transition probability is the probability that the symbol o is received given that i was transmitted over the channel. Statistical and physical modelling can be combined. For example in wireless communications the channel is often modelled by a random attenuation (known as fading) of the transmitted signal, followed by additive noise. The attenuation term is a simplification of the underlying physical processes and captures the change in signal power over the course of the transmission. The noise in the model captures external interference and/or electronic noise in the receiver. If the attenuation term is complex it also describes the relative time a signal takes to get through the channel. The statistics of the random attenuation are decided by previous measurements or physical simulations. Channel models may be continuous channel models in that there is no limit to how precisely their values may be defined. Communication channels are also studied in a discrete-alphabet setting. This corresponds to abstracting a real world communication system in which the analog->digital and digital->analog blocks are out of the control of the designer. The mathematical model consists of a transition probability that specifies an output distribution for each possible sequence of channel inputs. In information theory, it is common to start with memoryless channels in which the output probability distribution only depends on the current channel input. [édit] Types of communications channels [édit] Rujukan - C. E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, pp. 379–423 and 623–656, (July and October, 1948) - Amin Shokrollahi, LDPC Codes: An Introduction - Hsu, Hwei P., Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Analog and Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, 1993