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Италианска Северна Африка Колонията Италианска Северна Африка (на италиански: Africa Settentrionale Italiana) е съвкупност от територии и колонии, контролирани от Кралство Италия в Северна Африка от 1911 г. до Втората световна война. Съдържание История[редактиране | редактиране на кода] Колонията е съществувала в две фази: 1911-1934 като Триполитания и Киренайка и от 1934 г. като Италианска Северна Африка, но често наричана и Либия. Италианският диктатор Бенито Мусолини през 1939 г., нарича бреговете на Либия "Четвърти бряг" (Quarta Sponda) на т.нар. "Велика (Имперска) Италия". Велика Италия включвала територии освен тези, за които претендирали иредентистите (Корсика, Ница, Далмация, Малта) и други средиземноморски територии, населени с италианци, включително и северна Либия. През 1940 - 1943 г., по време на Втората световна война, Италия прави опит да завладее Египет и Тунис. Първоначалните военни успехи на Оста в Северна Африка позволява на Италия да окупира голяма част от западен Египет в периода 1941 - 1942 г. и Тунис през 1942-1943 г. Всички владения на Италия преминават под контрола на англо-американските войски през 1943 г. и на практика Италианска Северна Африка престава да съществува. Колонии и територии в състава на Италианска Северна Африка[редактиране | редактиране на кода] От 1912 до 1927 г., Италианска Северна Африка се състои от самостоятелните Италианска Триполитания и Италианска Киренайка. През 1934 г. те са обединени в една колония - Италианска Либия. През 1939 г. крайбрежната северна част е "вкарана" в т.нар. "Велика Италия", а южната (Сахара) остава колониална територия под военен контрол. От 1942-1943 и Тунис е добавен към т.нар. "Велика Италия". 1927 - 1934[редактиране | редактиране на кода] 1934 - 1941[редактиране | редактиране на кода] - Италианска Либия
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Imperial Italy (fascist) Imperial Italy (Italian: Italia Imperiale), called sometimes Greater Italy or Grande Italia, was an ambitious project envisioned by fascist Italy in which the objective was to create an Italian empire which would expand, in addition to the irredentist claimed territories (Corsica, Nice, Dalmatia, Malta, Savoy, and Ticino), to additional Mediterranean basin territories within the Italian sphere of influence, such as Albania, Montenegro, northern Tunisia and northern Libya. The expansion to these territories would have allowed Italy a chance to regain dominance in the Mediterranean Sea, lost since the fall of the Roman Empire. Contents History[edit] After his appointment as Governor of the Dodecanese in 1936, the fascist leader Cesare Maria De Vecchi started to promote within Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party an idea [1] of a new "Imperial Italy" (Italian: Italia imperiale), one that, like the Roman Empire, went beyond Europe and included northern Africa (the Fourth Shore or "Quarta Sponda" in Italian). De Vecchi's dream was an Imperial Italy that included not only all the European territories wanted by the Italian irredentists (Nice, Savoy, Ticino, Dalmatia, Corfu, Malta and Corsica) and populated by Italian communities for many centuries, but even the north African territories (Libya and Tunisia), where Italian emigrants had created "colonies" in the late nineteenth century. After 1936 and during World War II, the Greek Dodecanese islands were also included in the project (with the Ionian islands of Zante, Ithaca, etc.) and the fascist regime soon promoted a process of forced Italianization of these Greek islands.[2] Italy annexed the coastal provinces of its colony of Libya in 1938 and made them national provinces of Italy that were to be Italianized. In preparation for war with France in 1940, the Fascist regime intended to gain Corsica, Nice, Savoy, and the colonies of Tunisia and Djibouti from France.[3] Foreign Minister Count Ciano on 10 June 1940 issued support for the partition of Switzerland between Germany and Italy, with Italy annexing Ticino, Grisons, and Valais.[4] The opinions of De Vecchi were partially accepted[5] by Mussolini in the 1940s, when Italy entered World War II, but found opposition (and scepticism) in the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III. In 1942, with the Italian occupation of Corsica and Tunisia, the territories of the "Imperial Italy" dreamed of by the fascist De Vecchi were fully in Italian hands, with the exception of Malta, but the project was not politically implemented because the war was turning against the Axis powers.[6] First step: the Dodecanese[edit] De Vecchi effected the first step towards an Italia Imperiale (or Grande Italia) when in 1936, as Italian Governor of the Dodecanese islands, he imposed official use of the Italian language and created a colony of 7,000 Italians in Rhodes and surrounding islands.[7] In 1940 he was appointed to the Grand Council of Fascism where later, during the Italian occupation of Greece, he proposed that the Kingdom of Italy annex the Dodecanese and Ionian islands, with the island of Chios, which had once belonged to the Republic of Genoa. Second Step: the Fourth Shore[edit] Another fascist leader, Italo Balbo, promoted actively the development of Italian communities in coastal Libya, after the country was pacified from an Arab guerrilla war. Balbo called Tripolitania and Cyrenaica the Quarta Sponda (Fourth Shore) of Italy in reference to the other three shores (the western, the Adriatic and the southern) of the Italian peninsula. One of the initial Italian objectives in Libya, indeed, had been the relief of overpopulation and unemployment in Italy through emigration to the undeveloped colony. With security established, systematic "demographic colonization" was encouraged by King Victor Emmanuel III's government. A project initiated by Libya's governor, Italo Balbo, brought the first 20,000 settlers — the "Ventimila" - to Libya in a single convoy in October 1938. More settlers followed in 1939, and by 1940 there were approximately 110,000 Italians in Libya, constituting about 12 percent of the total population.[8] Plans envisioned an Italian colony of 500,000 settlers by the 1960s: so, the Italians would be 2/3 of the population in coastal Libya by then. Libya's best land was allocated to the settlers to be brought under productive cultivation, primarily in olive groves. Settlement was directed by a state corporation, the "Libyan Colonization Society", which undertook land reclamation and the building of model villages and offered a grubstake and credit facilities to the settlers it had sponsored. In November 1942, Tunisia was also included in the "Quarta Sponda" (with nearly 100,000 Tunisian Italians), but a few months later it was occupied by the Allies. Third step: the Western Balkans[edit] In spring 1941, Mussolini - with the help of the German Army - finally defeated Greece and conquered coastal Yugoslavia. General Vittorio Ambrosio, the commander of the Italian Army during the conquest of Yugoslav Dalmatia, created a military line of occupation from Ljubljana to northern Montenegro that successively was to be considered as the future border of the "Imperial Italy" in the North-Western Balkans.[9] Within the borders to the south were included Fascist Montenegro, Greater Albania and the Principality of Pindus in Epirus. De Vecchi promoted the inclusion of Corfu (with a significant community of the Corfiot Italians), the Ionian islands and the southern Aegean islands (once controlled by the Republic of Venice), in order to form an "arch" that stretched toward the Dodecanese, Lesvos and Chios (Once controlled by the Republic of Genoa). In this De Vecchi project, the Western Balkans, from southern Slovenia to Chameria, would be Italian, similar to the much larger Nazi project for a Greater Germany in Eastern Europe with "living space" (Lebensraum) for German people. A project that never materialized[edit] In the 1940s, De Vecchi contemplated an "Imperial Italy" stretching from Europe to north Africa, made of the "Imperial Italy" (with an enlarged Italian Empire in eastern Africa, from the Egyptian shores on the Mediterranean to Somalia). He dreamed of a powerful Italy enlarged: - 1) in Europe, from Nice to the Governatorato di Dalmazia in Dalmatia and possibly Greater Albania (see map), the Ionian islands, the Principality of Pindus in Epirus (northern Greece), the Dodecanese. - 2) in northern coastal Africa, from Tunisia to Libya (the Fezzan of Libya was to be considered a colony of the empire). In a hopeful peace negotiation following an Axis victory, Mussolini had planned to acquire for his Imperial Italy the full island of Crete (that was mostly German occupied) and the surrounding southern Greek islands, connecting the Italian Dodecanese possessions to the already Italian Ionian islands.[10] South of the Fourth Shore, some fascist leaders dreamed of an Italian Empire that, starting in the Fezzan, would include Egypt, Sudan and reach Italian East Africa.[11] The Allied victory in the Second World War ended these projects and terminated all fascist ambitions for the empire. Finally, in 1947 the Italian Republic formally lost all her overseas colonial possessions as a result of the Treaty of Peace with Italy. There were discussions to maintain Tripolitania (a province of Italian Libya) as the last Italian colony, but were not successful. In November 1949, Italian Somaliland was made a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration and with capital Mogadishu. This lasted until 1 July 1960, when Italian Somalia was granted its independence along with British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. See also[edit] Notes[edit] - ^ Baioni, Massimo. Risorgimento in camicia nera. pag. - ^ Del Boca, A. Le guerre coloniali del fascismo. p. 71; Galeotti, Carlo. Credere obbedire combattere - I catechismi fascisti. - ^ Owen Chadwick. Britain and the Vatican during the Second World War. 3rd edition (paperback). Cambridge University Press, 1988. - ^ MacGregor Knox. Mussolini Unleashed, 1939-1941: Politics and Strategy in fascist Italy's Last War. 1999 Edition. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 1999. - ^ Baioni, Massimo. Risorgimento in camicia nera. - ^ Blitzer, Wolf. Century of War. Italian rule in the Dodecanese: 1912-1943 - ^ Chapin Metz, Helen. Libya: A Country Study. Chapter XIX - ^ Rosselli, Alberto. Storie Segrete. Operazioni sconosciute o dimenticate della seconda guerra mondiale p. 36 - ^ Davide Rodogno. Fascism European Empire - ^ Rosselli, Alberto. Storie Segrete. Operazioni sconosciute o dimenticate della seconda guerra mondiale pag. References[edit] - Baioni, Massimo. Risorgimento in camicia nera. Carocci. - Blitzer, Wolf. Century of War. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. - Chapin Metz, Helen. Libya: A Country Study. GPO for the "Library of Congress". Washington, 1987. - De Felice, Renzo Interpretations of Fascism (translated by Brenda Huff Everett). Harvard University Press. - De Felice, Renzo. Mussolini l'Alleato: Italia in guerra 1940-1943. Rizzoli Ed. - Del Boca, A. Le guerre coloniali del fascismo Laterza. - Galeotti, Carlo. Credere obbedire combattere - I catechismi fascisti Stampa Alternativa. - Lamb, Richard. Mussolini as Diplomat. Fromm International Ed. - Payne, Stanley G. A History of Fascism, 1914-45. University of Wisconsin Press. - Rosselli, Alberto. Storie Segrete. Operazioni sconosciute o dimenticate della seconda guerra mondiale Iuculano Editore.