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Идеограма Идеограмата (от гръцки ἰδέa "идея" + Ypάφw "да пиша") е графичен символ или знак, който изразява идея или цялостна концепция. Някои идеограми са разбираеми само след предварително запознаване с дадена условност, други предават значението си чрез картинна прилика с физическия обект и могат да бъдат отнесени към пиктограмите. Примери на идеограми са указателни табели например на летища и други места, на които има много хора, които може и да не са запознати с местния език, също така арабските цифри и формалните езици (математически означения, логика и UML), които са разпространени по целия свят без значение как се произнасят на различните езици. Друг пример са емотиконите. Понятието "иедограма" често се използва като описание на логографите в писмени системи като египетски йероглифи, клинописното писмо и китайските йероглифи. Това не е съвсем коректно, тъй като всички те са логограми.
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Ideogram An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek ἰδέa idéa "idea" and Ypάφw gráphō "to write") is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept, independent of any particular language, and specific words or phrases. Some ideograms are comprehensible only by familiarity with prior convention; others convey their meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object, and thus may also be referred to as pictograms. Terminology[edit] In proto-writing, used for inventories and the like, physical objects are represented by stylized or conventionalized pictures, or pictograms. For example, the pictorial Dongba symbols without Geba annotation cannot represent the Naxi language, but are used as a mnemonic for reciting oral literature.[1] Some systems also use ideograms, symbols denoting abstract concepts. The term "ideogram" is often used to describe symbols of writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, Sumerian cuneiform and Chinese characters. However, these symbols are logograms, representing words or morphemes of a particular language rather than objects or concepts. In these writing systems, a variety of strategies were employed in the design of logographic symbols. Pictographic symbols depict the object referred to by the word, such as an icon of a bull denoting the Semitic word ʾālep "ox". Some words denoting abstract concepts may be represented iconically, but most other words are represented using the rebus principle, borrowing a symbol for a similarly-sounding word. Later systems used selected symbols to represent the sounds of the language, for example the adaptation of the logogram for ʾālep "ox" as the letter aleph representing the initial sound of the word, a glottal stop. Many signs in hieroglyphic as well as in cuneiform writing could be used either logographically or phonetically. For example, the Akkadian sign AN (𒀭) could be an ideograph for "deity", an ideogram for the god Anum in particular, a logograph for the Akkadian stem il- "deity", a logograph for the Akkadian word šamu "sky", or a syllabogram for either the syllable an or il. Although Chinese characters are logograms, two of the smaller classes in the traditional classification are ideographic in origin: - Simple ideographs (指事字 zhǐshìzì) are abstract symbols such as 上 shàng "up" and 下 xià "down" or numerals such as 三 sān "three". - Semantic compounds (会意字 huìyìzì) are semantic combinations of characters, such as 明 míng "bright", composed of 日 rì "sun" and 月 yuè "moon", or 休 xiū "rest", composed of 人 rén "person" and 木 mù "tree". In the light of the modern understanding of Old Chinese phonology, researchers now believe that most of the characters originally classified as semantic compounds have an at least partially phonetic nature.[2] An example of ideograms is the collection of 50 signs developed in the 1970s by the American Institute of Graphic Arts at the request of the US Department of Transportation.[3] The system was initially used to mark airports and gradually got more widespread. Proposed universal languages[edit] Inspired by inaccurate early descriptions of Chinese and Japanese characters as ideograms, many Western thinkers have sought to design universal written languages, in which symbols denote concepts rather than words. An early proposal was An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (1668) by John Wilkins. A recent example is the system of Blissymbols, which was proposed by Charles K. Bliss in 1949 and currently includes over 2,000 symbols.[4] See also[edit] - Emoji - Heterogram (linguistics) - Icon (computing) - Lexigram - List of symbols - List of writing systems (including a sublist of ideographic systems) - Logotype - Therblig - Traffic sign References[edit] - ^ Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. - ^ Boltz, William (1994). The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system. American Oriental Society. - ^ Symbols and signs, AIGA. - DeFrancis, John. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. - Hannas, William. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1892-X (paperback); ISBN 0-8248-1842-3 (hardcover) - Unger, J. Marshall. Ideogram: Chinese Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning. ISBN 0-8248-2760-0 (trade paperback), ISBN 0-8248-2656-6 (hardcover) External links[edit] - The Ideographic Myth Extract from DeFrancis' book. - American Heritage Dictionary definition - Merriam-Webster OnLine definition