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Идеограма Идеограмата (от гръцки ἰδέa "идея" + Ypάφw "да пиша") е графичен символ или знак, който изразява идея или цялостна концепция. Някои идеограми са разбираеми само след предварително запознаване с дадена условност, други предават значението си чрез картинна прилика с физическия обект и могат да бъдат отнесени към пиктограмите. Примери на идеограми са указателни табели например на летища и други места, на които има много хора, които може и да не са запознати с местния език, също така арабските цифри и формалните езици (математически означения, логика и UML), които са разпространени по целия свят без значение как се произнасят на различните езици. Друг пример са емотиконите. Понятието "иедограма" често се използва като описание на логографите в писмени системи като египетски йероглифи, клинописното писмо и китайските йероглифи. Това не е съвсем коректно, тъй като всички те са логограми.
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Ideogram An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek ἰδέa idéa "idea" + Ypάφw gráphō "to write") is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept. Some ideograms are comprehensible only by familiarity with prior convention; others convey their meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object, and thus may also be referred to as pictograms. Terminology[edit] The term "ideogram" is commonly used to describe logograms in writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, Sumerian cuneiform and Chinese characters. Dongba script used without Geba decorating is an example of a real ideogram (it is also a pictogram). In the history of writing, symbols proceeded from ideographic (such as an icon of a bull's head in a list inventory, denoting that the following numeral refers to head of cattle) to logographic (an icon of a bull denoting the Semitic word ʾālep "ox"), to phonetic (the bull's head used as a symbol in rebus writing, indicating the glottal stop at the beginning of the word for "ox", namely, the letter aleph). Bronze Age writing systems used a combination of these applications, and many signs in hieroglyphic as well as in cuneiform writing could be used either logographically or phonetically. For example, the Akkadian sign AN (𒀭) could be an ideograph for "deity", an ideogram for the god Anum in particular, a logograph for the Akkadian stem il- "deity", a logograph for the Akkadian word šamu "sky", or a syllabogram for either the syllable an or il. Although Chinese characters are logograms, two of the smaller classes in the traditional classification are ideographic in origin: - Simple ideographs (指事字 zhǐshìzì) are abstract symbols such as 上 shàng "up" and 下 xià "down" or numerals such as 三 sān "three". - Semantic compounds (会意字 huìyìzì) are semantic combinations of characters, such as 明 míng "bright", composed of 日 rì "sun" and 月 yuè "moon", or 休 xiū "rest", composed of 人 rén "person" and 木 mù "tree". In the light of the modern understanding of Old Chinese phonology, researchers now believe that most of the characters originally classified as semantic compounds have an at least partially phonetic nature.[1] See also[edit] - Heterogram (linguistics) - Icon (computing) - Lexigram - List of symbols - List of writing systems (including a sublist of ideographic systems) - Logotype - Therblig - Traffic sign References[edit] - ^ Boltz, William (1994). The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system. American Oriental Society. - DeFrancis, John. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. - Hannas, William. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1892-X (paperback); ISBN 0-8248-1842-3 (hardcover) - Unger, J. Marshall. Ideogram: Chinese Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning. ISBN 0-8248-2760-0 (trade paperback), ISBN 0-8248-2656-6 (hardcover) External links[edit] - The Ideographic Myth Extract from DeFrancis' book. - American Heritage Dictionary definition - Merriam-Webster OnLine definition