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Калигула Гай Цезар Германик (на латински: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 31 август 12 – 24 януари, 41 г.), познат още като Гай Цезар или Калигула, е третият принцепс и римски император. Роден е в Анций (днешен Анцио). Управлява в периода 37 – 41 г. Известен е със своя показно екстравагантен, ексцентричен и жесток деспотизъм. Той е запомнен като лудия, заради странните му действия и решения. Калигула е убит през 41 г. от преторианци. Гай е член на Юлиево-Клавдиевата династия. Най-младият син на Германик и Агрипина Старата. Негов прапрадядо е Октавиан Август, Тиберий му е прачичо, а Клавдий — чичо. [редактиране] Детство и юношество Животът на Гай започва обещаващо. Родителите му са много известни. Баща му Германик е най-обичаният генерал в Рим по това време. Той е осиновен от император Август, като това го свързва силно с Юлианския клон на династията. Майка му Агрипина Старата е правнучка на Август и е образец за подражание за жените в Рим. Малкият Гай става талисман на легионерите от бащината си армия. Войниците се развличали когато Агрипина обличала Гай в малки войнишки дрехи, и скоро започнали да го наричат „Калигула“, което означава „Ботушчето“ на латински. Той си печели този прякор заради малките обувки, които били част от „костюма“ му. През 14 г., когато кончината на император Август става обществено достояние, войниците от лагера на Германик са на ръба да вдигнат бунт, противопоставяйки се на възкачването на Тиберий на императорския престол, тъй като искат Германик да стане император. Германик изпраща Агрипина и Калигула далеч от бурята, която била на път да се разрази, и се опитал да усмири хората си. Скоро напрежението стихва, защото легионерите се бояли, че техния талисман, Калигула, може да не се появи повече. Обещават да се държат благоприлично, стига Калигула да се завърне. Германик нарежда Агрипина и Калигула да бъдат доведени обратно. Тиберий, новият император, на свой ред също осиновява Германик. Но Тиберий не е привързан към генерала, вероятно заради страх и завист към неговата голяма популярност. Германик умира на 10 октомври 19 г., най-вероятно е отровен. Взаимоотношенията между Тиберий и Агрипина се влошили и Калигула, заедно със своите сестри, отива да живее при своята прапрабаба, Ливия (вдовица на Август и майка на Тиберий). Когато тя умира през 27 г., Калигула и сестрите му се преместват при баба си Антония. Домът на Антония е посещаван от много източни монарси. Тя е приятелка с роднините на Ирод Велики. При нея Калигула се запознава и се сприятелява с тримата синове на Антония Трифена и Котис от Тракия: Реметалк III (последен цар на сапейската династия), Котис IV (става цар на Армения) и Полемон II (става цар на Понт 38 – 64). Майка му Агрипина и прабаба му не отделят достатъчно внимание на младия Калигула и се понесла мълва, че Калигула се кръвосмешава със своите сестри. Животът на Калигула e постоянно в опасност. Сеян, префектът на преторианската гвардия, държи голяма власт в своите ръце, като прави всичко, което е по силите му, за да влияе на Тиберий. Скандални обвинения в измяна се носели около хората, които са най-близо до императора, включително повечето от членовете на семейството на Калигула. Майка му, Агрипина, е заточена на остров, където умира от глад. Двамата му по-големи братя, Нерон Цезар и Друз Цезар, също умират. Тялото на Друз е намерено в една тъмница, където той късал парчета от своето легло, за да не остане гладен. Сеян крои планове и за Калигула, но е свален и убит, тъй като Антония дава информация за него на Тиберий. По това време Калигула се радва на благоразположението на Тиберий. Той е поканен да отиде на остров Капри, където заедно с Тиберий прекарали своето време в една от многото вили на острова. Носели се слухове за извращенията, които ставали на о-в Капри. Тиберий вече няма хора около себе си, които да му казват как да се държи, така че се чувства свободен да участва в каквито си пожелае извратености. Трудно е да се каже доколко това е така. Рядко е казвана истината за непопулярни императори като Тиберий и Калигула, и изворите от това време съдържат много слухове и неточности. Трудно е да се каже и какво е правил Калигула на о-в Капри. Той се държи много раболепно по отношение на Тиберий. Отнася се учудващо внимателно към човека, избил цялото му семейство. Историите, че посред нощ причинявал страдание на робите си и гледал весел кървави гладиаторски сблъсъци, са много популярни сред народа. През 33 г. Тиберий дава на Калигула титлата „почетен квестор“. [редактиране] Бляскаво начало Тиберий умира на 16 март 37 г. Допуска се че Тиберий е бил задушен с възглавница от преторианският префект Макрон, за да бъде предадена по-бързо властта на Калигула. Но Калигула не е единственият наследник - Тиберий има правнук, Тиберий Гемел, който в завещанието е сънаследник на Калигула. Малолетния Гемел не представлява никаква пречка за Калигула, който го убива скоро след като става император, а по-късно се отървава и от самия Макрон. Малко след възкачването си Калигула лично прибира и погребва с почести останките на майка си и братята си, умрели по времето на Тиберий при заточението си на различни места. Така той възстановява паметта на семейството си след несправедливостите причинени от предходника му. Посмъртно са издадени монети с образите на Германик, Агрипина и братята на Калигула. Първите няколко месеца от управлението на Калигула са много успешни. Той идва на власт сред всеобща радост и одобрение. Калигула е обичан и превъзнасян от много хора заради факта, че е син на любимият на народа Германик; младият талисман, когото всички помнели. Освен това, е потомък на Август, и следователно има родствена връзка с Юлий Цезар. Той е и праправнукът на Марк Антоний, факт който по-късно отрича с презрение. Новият император прави масови дарения на преторианците и най-бедните римски граждани; унищожава документите на Тиберий относно измяната обявявайки, че процесите за измяна са вече в миналото; вика обратно изгнаниците, обявява всеобща свобода и амнистия; помага на онези, които са ограбени от императорската данъчна система. За разлика от предшественика си новият владетел е много щедър: започва да организира бляскави представления, игри и развлечения за да спечели популярност сред народа. [редактиране] Лудостта на Калигула Скоро Калигула се разболява при неизяснени обстоятелства. Древните автори Дион Касий и Светоний казват, че е имал „мозъчна треска“, според други е бил отровен, или е страдал от епилепсия или друго мозъчно заболяване. Имал е чести присъпи на безсъние и невроза. След време той се подобрил физически, но не и психически. Започнал да се държи неадекватно, параноично и враждебно. Историческите съчинения го описват като налудничав на вид нездрав физически човек — висок и с мършаво тяло, голяма глава с хлътнали бузи и слепоочия, тънък врат, голямо чело с оредяваща коса, но иначе твърде окосмено тяло, мъртвешки тен на кожата, вдлъбнати очи, гледащи винаги заплашително. Нарочно пред огледалото правел гримаси, та и без това неприятното му лице да изглежда още по-страшно. Древните автори го окачествяват като напълно луд, като тиран. Днешните изследвания се опитват да извинят лудостта му с напрежението от трудното му детство или с това, че е останал неразбран - всъщност по-голямата част от сведенията за Калигула са били създадени от хора, произхождащи или свързани с благородните патрициански родове, аристокрацията на Рим, от чиито среди произхождали повечето жертви засегнати от тиранията на Цезаря. Едно нещо се знае със сигурност - той се оказва напълно неподготвен и неподходящ за император. Някои може да кажат, че е бил прекалено млад, но Август е едва на 18, когато Юлий Цезар е убит. Други приемат че стреса на който е подложен Калигула, неговата неопитност и не на последно място интригите около него са причина за лошите му прояви. [редактиране] „Принцепса“ и „чудовището“ Светоний описва Калигула и противоположностите на проявите му с думите „принцепса“ и „чудовището“. Пръв Калигула започва да изисква от гражданите божествени почести за себе си. Влиза в открит конфликт със Сената, оскърбява и осъжда на смърт много от членовете му. В пристъпи на агресия той унижава и издевателства над приближените си, наказва жестоко хората около него, включително знатните. Неговите постоянни убийства, своеволия, ексцентричните му забавления и начин на живот всяват страх и ненавист. Отнася се предизвикателно и с простолюдието. Това става причина той много бързо да загуби подкрепата си в Рим. Стига дори дотам че дава право на робите да свидетелстват в съда срещу своите господари - една нечувана постъпка с която посяга на самите основи на робовладелското общество. Спорно е дали Калигула всъщност е бил луд. Филон Александрийски, който е един от малкото древни автори, които са се срещали с Калигула не мисли така. Той е бил предводител на делегация, изпратена до Калигула за да спре издигането на огромна статуя върху важно за евреите място. Смятал е Калигула за злонамерен субект. Съществуват легенди, че направил (или е обявил че ще направи) Инцитат, своя любим жребец, сенатор. Други скандални истории включват кръвосмешенията му със сестрите си (най-вече Друзила); оргията в двореца; военния поход в Британия, който завършва със събирането на мидени черупки като „морска плячка“; войната му с бог Нептун; желанието му да се издигне своя статуя в Йерусалим (Ирод Агрипа го спрял), самоопределянето му като божество и др. Опитал се да измести почитането на Юпитер с култ към самия себе си. Считал че е придобил божествена същност - наредил да бъде почитан като жив бог. [редактиране] Принципат През краткото си управление Калигула успява да похарчи огромното завещание оставено от Тиберий (ок. 3 млн. сестерции), най-вече прахосвойки парите за пиршества, разкош или налудничави проекти. Нуждата от нови средства и желанието му да скандализира обществото, са причина не само да въведе данък върху проституцията, но и да отвори публичен дом в императорския дворец. Задължил гражданите да правят дарения по случай раждането на дъщеря му и за целта навсякъде в града поставил каси за събиране на пари. Имал слабостта да се търкаля и да се разхожда върху купчините монети. Освен това започва да конфискува собствеността на богати граждани, които са екзекутирани или заточвани по обвинение в измяна. Говори се че всекидневно провеждал съдебни процеси, изтезания и смъртни наказания. Необмислената политика на Калигула предизвиква финансова криза и временна поява на глад в Рим. В същото време са предприети и някои обществени стоежи: завършва се храма на Август в Рим, разширен е дворцовия комплекс на Палатин, ремонтирани са пътища и пристанища в Италия, с цел да се подобри снабдяването и търговията. Според летописците Калигула заповядал да направят плаващ мост от кораби в залива на Неапол (между Байя и Пуетоли), по който преминал яхнал жребеца Инцитат, носейки ризницата на Александър Македонски, която била открадната от гробницата му в Египет. Смята се че сторил това заради предишните твърдения че е имал същите шансове да дойде на трона, колкото и да премине през залива на кон. Калигула целенасочено засяга интересите на евреите в Александрия, където избухват размирици (Александрийски погром). В 38 г. назначава нови владетели на клиентните държави Тракия (Одриско царство), Понт и Армения. При завръщането си от бутафорната кампания срещу Британия, приключена поради липсата на кораби, той празнува триумф в Рим и получава почести на победител. Убива съюзния владател на Мавритания, след като го е поканил в Рим (40 г.), понеже в носел пурпурна царска мантия в негово присъствие. Малко по-късно, при Клавдий това води до присъединяване на страната към империята. Калигула управлява едва три години и десет месеца. На 24 януари 41 г. най-новият заговор срещу него успява да сложи край на живота му. Докато Калигула прекосява сам един коридор в подземията на Палатин, той е убит от Касий Херея — мъж, който е бил част от армията на Германик преди много време, и който е обиден на Калигула, защото Калигула обичал да се подиграва с гласа му. Жената на Калигула, Цезония, също е убита, както и бебето им — Юлия Друзила, чиято глава е размазана в една стена. Калигула става първият убит император, а след настъпилия смут старият му чичо Клавдий бива издигнат на негово място. Калигула умира едва на 28 години, след кратко, но кърваво властване. [редактиране] Външни препратки - (на английски) The Crimes and Times of Caligula - CALIGULA: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND хронология на управлението му - Biography from De Imperatoribus Romanis - Caligula: The First Autocrat - Светоний, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Caligula - Тацит, Annals, Book 6 [редактиране] Литература - Balsdon, V. The Emperor Gaius. Oxford: Clarendon Press. - Barrett, Anthony A. Caligula: the corruption of power. London: Batsford.
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Julio-Claudian dynasty The term Julio-Claudian dynasty refers to the first five Roman emperors—Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero[1]—or the family to which they belonged. They ruled the Roman Empire from its formation under Augustus in the second half of the 1st century (44/31/27) BC, until AD 68 when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide.[2] Primogeniture is notably absent in the history of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Neither Augustus, Caligula or Nero fathered a natural and legitimate son; Tiberius' own son, Drusus, predeceased him; only Claudius was outlived by his son, Britannicus, although he opted to promote his adopted son, Nero, as his successor to the throne. Adoption ultimately became a tool that most Julio-Claudian emperors utilized in order to promote their chosen heir to the front of the succession. Augustus, himself an adopted son of his great-uncle, the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, adopted his stepson and son-in-law Tiberius as his son and heir. Tiberius was, in turn, required to adopt his nephew Germanicus, the father of Caligula. Caligula adopted his cousin and Tiberius' grandson Tiberius Gemellus shortly before executing him; Claudius adopted his great nephew and stepson Nero, who, lacking a natural or adopted son of his own, ended the reign of the Julio-Claudian dynasty with his fall from power and subsequent suicide. The ancient historians who dealt with this period—chiefly Suetonius (c. 69 – after 122 AD) and Tacitus (c. 56 – after 117 AD)—write in generally negative terms about their reign. Tacitus wrote of the historiography of the Julio-Claudian emperors: - But the successes and reverses of the old Roman people have been recorded by famous historians; and fine intellects were not wanting to describe the times of Augustus, till growing sycophancy scared them away. The histories of Tiberius, Caius, Claudius, and Nero, while they were in power, were falsified through terror, and after their death were written under the irritation of a recent hatred.[3] Contents Nomenclature[edit] Julius and Claudius were two Roman family names; in classical Latin, they came second. Roman family names were inherited from father to son, but a Roman aristocrat could – either during his life or in his will – adopt an heir if he lacked a natural son. In accordance with Roman naming conventions, the adopted son would replace his original family name with the name of his adopted family. A famous example of this custom is Julius Caesar's adoption of his great-nephew, Gaius Octavius.[citation needed] Augustus (Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus), as Caesar's adopted son and heir, discarded the family name of his natural father and initially renamed himself "Gaius Julius Caesar" after his adoptive father. It was also customary for the adopted son to acknowledge his original family by adding an extra name at the end of his new name. As such, Augustus' adopted name would have been "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus". However, there is no evidence that he ever used the name Octavianus.[citation needed] Following Augustus' ascension as the first emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, his family became a de facto royal house, known in historiography as the "Julio-Claudian dynasty". For various reasons, the Julio-Claudians followed in the example of Julius Caesar and Augustus by utilizing adoption as a tool for dynastic succession. The next four emperors were closely related through a combination of blood relation, marriage and adoption.[citation needed] Tiberius (Tiberius Caesar Divi Augusti Filius Augustus), a Claudian by birth, became Augustus' stepson after the latter's marriage to Livia, who divorced Tiberius' natural father in the process. Tiberius' connection to the Julian side of the Imperial family grew closer when he married Augustus' only daughter, Julia the Elder. He ultimately succeeded Augustus as emperor in AD 14 after becoming his stepfather's adopted son and heir.{http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/augustus} Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was born into the Julian and Claudian branches of the Imperial family, thereby making him the first actual "Julio-Claudian" emperor. His father, Germanicus, was the son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor, the son of Livia and the daughter of Octavia Minor respectively. Germanicus was also a great-nephew of Augustus on his mother's side and nephew of Tiberius on his father's side. His wife, Agrippina the Elder, was a granddaughter of Augustus. Through Agrippina, Germanicus' children – including Caligula – were Augustus' great-grandchildren. When Augustus adopted Tiberius, the latter was required to adopt his brother's eldest son as well, thus allowing Germanicus' side of the Imperial family to inherit the Julius nomen.[citation needed] Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), the younger brother of Germanicus, was a Claudian on the side of his father, Nero Claudius Drusus, younger brother of Tiberius. However, he was also related to the Julian branch of the Imperial family through his mother, Antonia Minor. As a son of Antonia, Claudius was a great-nephew of Augustus. Moreover, he was also Augustus' step-grandson due to the fact that his father was a stepson of Augustus. Unlike Tiberius and Germanicus, both of whom were born as Claudians and became adopted Julians, Claudius was not adopted into the Julian family. Upon becoming emperor, however, he added the Julian-affiliated cognomen Caesar to his full name.[citation needed] Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was a great-great-grandson of Augustus and Livia through his mother, Agrippina the Younger. The younger Agrippina was a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, as well as Caligula's sister. Through his mother, Nero was related by blood to the Julian and Claudian branches of the Imperial family. However, he was born into the Domitii Ahenobarbi on his father's side. Nero became a Claudian in name as a result of Agrippina's marriage to her uncle, Claudius, who ultimately adopted her son as his own. He succeeded Claudius in AD 54, becoming the last direct descendant of Augustus to rule the Roman Empire. Within a year of Nero's suicide in AD 68, the Julio-Claudian dynasty was succeeded by the Flavian emperors following a brief civil war over the vacant Imperial throne.[citation needed] Rise and fall of the Julio-Claudians[edit] Augustus[edit] Lacking any male child and heir Augustus married his only daughter Julia to his nephew Marcus Claudius Marcellus. However, Marcellus died of food poisoning in 23 BC. Augustus then married his widowed daughter to his loyal friend, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, previously married to Augustus' niece, the sister of Marcellus. This marriage produced five children, three sons and two daughters: Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, Julia the Younger, Agrippina the Elder, and Agrippa Postumus.[citation needed] Gaius and Lucius, the first two children of Julia and Agrippa, were adopted by Augustus and became heirs to the throne; however, Augustus also showed great favor toward his wife Livia's two children from her first marriage: Drusus and Tiberius. They were successful military leaders who had fought against the barbarian Germanic tribes.[citation needed] Agrippa died in 12 BC, and Tiberius was ordered by Augustus to divorce his wife Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Agrippa by his first marriage, and marry his stepsister, the twice-widowed Julia. Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, died in 9 BC after falling from a horse. Tiberius shared in Augustus' tribune powers, but shortly thereafter, in 6 BC, he went into voluntary exile in Rhodes. After the early deaths of both Lucius (AD 2) and Gaius (AD 4) and the exile of both Julia the Elder and Younger for adultery, a turn of events which saw the elder Julia's half brother Publius Cornelius Scipio exiled for treason, Mark Antony's son Iullus Antonius committing suicide and Julia the Younger's husband Lucius Aemilius Paullus being excuted for conspiracy, Augustus was forced to recognize Tiberius as the next Roman emperor. Augustus banished his grandson Postumus Agrippa, who was adopted after the death of his brothers, to the small island of Planasia (around AD 6 or 7) where he was later executed, and Tiberius was recalled to Rome and officially adopted by Augustus. By Augustus' request, Tiberius adopted his nephew Germanicus, son of his late brother Drusus and biological great-nephew of Augustus through his mother. Germanicus subsequently married Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina.[citation needed] Tiberius[edit] On 19 August AD 14, Augustus died. Tiberius had already been established as Princeps in all but name, and his position as heir was confirmed in Augustus' will.[citation needed] Despite his difficult relationship with the Senate, Tiberius' first years were generally good. He stayed true to Augustus’s plans for the succession and favored his adopted son and nephew Germanicus over his natural son, Drusus, as did the Roman populace. On Tiberius' request, Germanicus was granted proconsular power and assumed command in the prime military zone of Germania, where he suppressed the mutiny there and led the formerly restless legions on campaigns against Germanic tribes from AD 14 to 16. Germanicus died in Syria in AD 19 and, on his deathbed, accused the governor of Syria, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, of murdering him at Tiberius’s orders. With Germanicus dead, Tiberius began elevating his own son Drusus to replace him as the Imperial successor. By this time Tiberius had left more of the day-to-day running of the Empire to Lucius Aelius Sejanus.[citation needed] Sejanus created an atmosphere of fear in Rome, controlling a network of informers and spies whose incentive to accuse others of treason was a share in the accused's property after their conviction and death. Treason trials became commonplace; few members of the Roman aristocracy were safe. The trials played up to Tiberius' growing paranoia, which made him more reliant on Sejanus, as well as allowing Sejanus to eliminate potential rivals. Victims of this reign of terror related to the imperial family included Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, second husband of Tiberius' first wife Vipsania, who had since died, Decimus Haterius Agrippa, grandson of Agrippa and husband of Augustus' great-niece, Quinctilius Varus, great-grandnephew of Augustus, and Appuelia Varilla, great-niece of Augustus, who was exiled for adultery.[citation needed] Tiberius, perhaps sensitive to this ambition, rejected Sejanus's initial proposal to marry Germanicus' sister Livilla, the widow of Tiberius' son Drusus, who had since died, in AD 25, but later had withdrawn his objections so that, in AD 30, Sejanus was betrothed to Livilla's daughter Julia (who was also Tiberius' granddaughter). Sejanus' family connection to the Imperial house was now imminent, and in AD 31 Sejanus held the Consulship with the emperor as his colleague, an honor Tiberius reserved only for heirs to the throne. When he was summoned to a meeting of the Senate later that year on 18 October AD 31. he probably expected to receive a share of the tribunician power. Instead, however, Tiberius' letter to the Senate, completely unexpectedly, requested the destruction of Sejanus and his faction. A purge followed, in which Sejanus and his most prominent supporters were killed.[citation needed] With Drusus dead and having had Germanicus' elder two sons Nero and Drusus convicted of treason and killed, along with their mother Agrippina, Tiberius appointed Caligula, Germanicus' youngest son, and Tiberius Gemellus, the son of Drusus the Younger and grandson of Tiberius, co-heirs. Drusus III's wife Aemilia Lepida was later forced to commit suicide after being accused of adultery. Rome's second Emperor died at the port town of Misenum on 16 March AD 37, at the age of 78 years, having reigned for 23 years. Suetonius writes that the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard Naevius Sutorius Macro smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession. According to Suetonius, he was known for his cruelty and debauchery through his perversion on the island of Capri where he forced young boys and girls into orgies. On one account when one of the boys complained, Tiberius had his legs broken. Suetonius' claims, however, have to be taken with a degree of skepticism, due to bitterness from the reign of previous emperors that usually accompanies the coming of a new leader.[clarification needed][citation needed] Caligula[edit] Although Augustus' succession plans were all but ruined due to the deaths of more than several family members, including many of his own descendants, in the end Tiberius remained faithful to his predecessor's wishes that the next emperor would hail from the Julian side of the Imperial family. Thus, Tiberius was succeeded by Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, the sole-remaining son of his adopted son Germanicus. The new emperor not only belonged to both the Julian and Claudian sides of the Imperial family, but was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar through his mother Agrippina the Elder. More commonly remembered in history by his childhood nickname Caligula, he was the third Roman Emperor ruling from AD 37 to 41.[citation needed] When Tiberius died on 16 March AD 37, Caligula was well positioned to assume power, despite the obstacle of Tiberius’s will, which named him and his cousin Tiberius Gemellus as joint heirs. Caligula ordered Gemellus killed within his first year in power. Backed by Naevius Sutorius Macro, Caligula asserted himself as sole princeps.[citation needed]. Following Gemellus' death, Caligula marked his brother-in-law, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, husband of his sister Julia Drusilla, as his heir. However, after Drusilla's death, Lepidus was accused of having affairs with Caligula's other sisters Agrippina the Younger and Julia Livilla and he was executed. He had previously had Drusilla's first husband Lucius Cassius Longinus killed and upon the death of Agrippina's husband Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, he seized his inheritance. Several unsuccessful attempts were made on Caligula's life. The successful conspiracy that ended Caligula's life was hatched by the disgruntled Praetorian Guard with backing by the Senate. The historian Josephus claims that the conspirators wished to restore the Republic while the historian Suetonius claims their motivations were mostly personal. On 24 January AD 41, the Praetorian tribune Cassius Chaerea and his men stopped Caligula alone in an underground passage leading to a theater. They stabbed him to death. Together with another tribune, Cornelius Sabinus, he killed Caligula's wife Caesonia and their infant daughter Julia Drusilla on the same day.[citation needed] Claudius[edit] After Caligula’s death, the Senate attempted and failed to restore the Republic. Claudius, Caligula's uncle, became emperor by the instigation of the Praetorian Guards.[citation needed] Despite his lack of political experience, Claudius proved to be an able administrator and a great builder of public works. His reign saw an expansion of the empire, including the invasion of Britain in AD 43. He took a personal interest in the law, presided at public trials, and issued up to twenty edicts a day; however, he was seen as vulnerable throughout his rule, particularly by the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position—resulting in the deaths of many senators. Claudius also suffered tragic setbacks in his personal life. He married four times (to, in order, Plautia Urgulanilla, Aelia Paetina, Valeria Messalina, and finally Agrippina the Younger) and is referenced by Suetonius as being easily manipulated. This is particularly evident during his marriage to Agrippina the Younger, his niece. Messaline saw several members of the dynasty eliminated, notably arranging for the executions of Claudius' nieces Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, and Julia Livia, daughter of Livilla and Drusus the Younger, as well as Julia Livilla's husband Marcus Vinicius, her mother's husband Appius Junius Silanus, Gaius Asinius Pollio, son of Tiberius' first wife Vipsania by her second husband, Claudius' son-in-law Gnaeus Pomeious Magnus, and his parents Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi and Scribonia. Messalina herself was finally executed after being charged with adultery.[citation needed] Claudius' reign also included several attempts on his life. In order to gain political support, he married Agrippina and adopted his great-nephew Nero.[citation needed] With his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son Britannicus. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely.[citation needed] Nero[edit] Nero became emperor in AD 54 at seventeen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early reign as being strongly influenced by his mother Agrippina, his tutor Seneca, and the Praetorian Prefect Burrus, especially in the first year. He was made Emperor over his step-brother, Claudius' son Britannicus, who he had killed. Agrippina was believed to have poisoned Claudius, having allegedly poisoned her second husband Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus. She had also arranged the deaths of Caligula's third wife, Lollia Paulina and Messalina's mother Domitia Lepida the Younger. She saw that the dynasty's numbers dwindle with the execution of Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus, a grandson of Julia the Younger, to strengthen Nero's claim, having previously arranged the death of his brother Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus. In AD 55, Nero began taking on a more active role as an administrator. He was consul four times between AD 55 and 60. Nero consolidated power over time through the execution and banishment of his rivals and slowly usurped authority from the Senate. He reportedly arranged the death of his own mother Agrippina and after divorcing his wife Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius' and Messalina, he had her killed. Other relatives whom Nero was believed to have had killed were Claudius' daughter by Aelia Paetina, Claudia Antonia, her husband and half-brother of Messalina, Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix, Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus, brother of Marcus and Lucius Junius Silanus Torquantus, as well as Marcus' son, also named Lucius, his aunt Domitia Lepida the Elder, and Rubellius Plautus, son of Julia Livia along with his wife, children and father-in-law. In AD 64 Rome burned. Nero enacted a public relief effort as well as large reconstruction projects. To fund this, the provinces were heavily taxed following the fire. By AD 65, senators complained that they had no power left and this led to the Pisonian conspiracy, led by Gaius Calpurnius Piso, an adoptive descendant of Triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus, grandson of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, a governor of Syria who committed suicide after being accused of killing Germanicus, and first husband of Livia Orestilla, Caligula's second wife. The conspiracy failed and its members were executed. Vacancies after the conspiracy allowed Nymphidius Sabinus, a grandson of former imperial freedman Gaius Julius Callistus who claimed to be an illegitimate son of Caligula, to rise in the Praetorian Guard. In late AD 67 or early 68, Vindex, the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis in Gaul, rebelled against the tax policies of Nero. Lucius Virginius Rufus, the governor of superior Germany was sent to put down the rebellion. To gain support, Vindex called on Galba, the governor of Hispania Citerior in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal), to become emperor. Virginius Rufus defeated Vindex's forces and Vindex committed suicide. Galba was declared a public enemy and his legion was confined in the city of Clunia.[citation needed] Nero had regained the control of the empire militarily, but this opportunity was used by his enemies in Rome. The Praetorian Guard was bribed to betray Nero by Nymphidius Sabinus, who desired to become emperor himself. Sabinus was later murdered in favor of Galba.[citation needed] Nero reportedly committed suicide with the help of his scribe Epaphroditos. The Senate, who were trying to preserve the dynastic bloodline by saving Nero's life were additionally reluctant to let someone who was not of the family to become emperor had no choice but to declare him a public enemy posthumously with Galba marching on the city so as Nero had committed suicide because of the decree. With his death, the Julio-Claudian dynasty came to an end. Chaos ensued in the Year of the Four Emperors.[citation needed] Survival after the fall of Nero[edit] Augustus' bloodline outlived his dynasty through the descendants of his first granddaughter, Julia the Younger, who bore her husband (Lucius Aemilius Paullus) a daughter named Aemilia Lepida.[4] After marrying Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus, Lepida gave birth to several children, including Junia Lepida and Junia Calvinia, who was married to Lucius Vitellius the Younger, younger brother of the short-lived emperor Vitellius. The younger Lepida married Gaius Cassius Longinus[5] and produced a daughter called Cassia Longina. The Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo married Longina, who provided him with two daughters, Domitia and Domitia Longina.[6] In AD 81 Domitia Longina became Roman empress as a result of her husband Domitian's accession as the third and last Roman emperor of the Flavian dynasty. The lineage of Augustus endured into the era of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty, the house that succeeded the Flavians. In addition to Cassia Longina, Junia Lepida gave birth to a son called Cassius Lepidus. Around ca AD 80 Lepidus had a daughter named Cassia Lepida, who married Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus. Julia Cassia Alexandra, Lepida's daughter by Berenicianus, married Gaius Avidius Heliodorus and ultimately gave birth to Gaius Avidius Cassius.[7][8] Avidius Cassius had three children with his wife (named either Volusia Vettia or Volusia Maeciana);[8] they were Avidius Heliodorus, Avidius Maecianus and Avidia Alexandra.[9] In AD 175 Cassius was proclaimed emperor after he received erroneous news of the death of Marcus Aurelius,[10][11] whose survival made Cassius a usurper of the empire.[12][11] Cassius' rebellion ended three months into his bid for the throne when one of his centurions betrayed and murdered him in favor of Marcus Aurelius.[13] On Livia Drusilla's side of the dynasty, Rubellia Bassa was one of the few remaining Claudians who survived the downfall of the first Imperial Family. A great-granddaughter of Tiberius, Rubellia was the daughter of Julia Livia, whose father and mother were Drusus Julius Caesar (son of Tiberius) and Livilla (daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus), respectively. Rubellia was also related to Augustus by blood through her maternal great-great-grandmother Octavia Minor (sister of Augustus). Her last known descendant was Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus, consul in AD 131, who lived during the reign of Hadrian. Afterward, towards Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, the line falls into the realm of parahistory, where various Medieval royal families have claimed some sort of descent, such as the Colonna family. Relationships between the rulers[edit] The great-uncle/great-nephew blood relationship and/or adopted son relationship was commonly found between the rulers of Julio-Claudian dynasty. - Augustus was the great-nephew and posthumously adopted son of Julius Caesar; his mother Atia was the daughter of Caesar's sister Julia. - Caligula was the great-nephew and adoptive grandson (via the adoption of Germanicus) of Tiberius; his father was the son of Tiberius' brother Drusus. - Claudius was the great-nephew of Augustus, as well as the nephew of Tiberius (and the only Julio-Claudian who was not adopted); his mother Antonia was the daughter of Augustus' sister Octavia, and his father Drusus the brother of Tiberius. - Nero was the great-nephew and adopted son of Claudius; his mother Agrippina, in addition to being the wife of Claudius, was the daughter of Claudius' brother Germanicus. The other recurring relationship between emperor and successor is that of stepfather/stepson, a relationship not by blood but by marriage: - Tiberius was Augustus' stepson due to the latter's marriage to Livia Drusilla. He and his brother Drusus were Livia's sons through her previous marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero. - Nero, biological son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, became the stepson of his great-uncle Claudius when the emperor married his niece Agrippina the Younger. The uncle/nephew relationship is also prominent: - Tiberius was Claudius's paternal uncle, being the older brother of Drusus, Claudius' father. - Claudius was Caligula's paternal uncle, being the younger brother of Germanicus, Caligula's father. - Caligula was Nero's maternal uncle, being the older brother of Agrippina the Younger, Nero's mother. There were several instances of Emperors being father-in-law and son-in-law to each other: - Tiberius, in addition to being Augustus' stepson and adopted son, was married to Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. - Nero, in addition to being Claudius' great-nephew, stepson and adopted son, was married to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius. The following bullet points illustrate the lineage of Julio-Claudian emperors (adoptions included; emperors in bold): - Augustus, son of Julius Caesar (by adoption) - Tiberius, son of Augustus (by adoption) - Germanicus, son of Tiberius (by adoption) - Caligula, son of Germanicus (natural) - Germanicus, son of Tiberius (by adoption) - Drusus, stepson of Augustus (by marriage) - Claudius, son of Drusus (natural) - Nero, son of Claudius (by adoption) - Claudius, son of Drusus (natural) - Tiberius, son of Augustus (by adoption) No Julio-Claudian emperor was a blood descendant of his immediate predecessor. Although Tiberius and Claudius had potential heirs (Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius through his son Drusus, and Britannicus, son of Claudius, respectively) available for the succession, both were, in turn, ultimately succeeded by their great-nephews Caligula and Nero, respectively.[citation needed] The fact that ordinary father-son (or grandfather-grandson) succession did not occur has contributed to the image of the Julio-Claudian court presented in Robert Graves's I, Claudius as a dangerous world where scheming family members were all too ready to murder the direct heirs so as to bring themselves, their own immediate families, or their lovers closer to the succession.[citation needed] Dynastic timeline[edit] Family tree[edit] - See also Julio-Claudian family tree. Notes[edit] - ^ Brill's New Pauly, "Julio-Claudian emperors" - ^ There is some variation in usage; in strictly chronological contexts, it can be useful to distinguish between the long reign of Augustus and his Julio-Claudian, or Claudian, successors, the four of whom together reigned about as long as Augustus himself. - ^ Tacitus, Annals I.1 - ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, "II. Augustus", LXXII - ^ Barrett, Anthony, 'Caligula: The Corruption of Power' (Touchstone, 1989), p.viii-ix. - ^ a b Astarita 1983, p. 27. - ^ a b Canduci 2010, p. 44. Further reading[edit] - Matyszak, Philip. The Sons of Caesar: Imperial Rome's First Dynasty, London: Thames & Hudson, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-25128-2) - Anthony Kamm, The Romans an Introduction - Suetonius, The Lives of the twelve Caesars http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-index.html - Anthony A. Barrett, Agrippina : sex, power, and politics in the early Empire - Lecture and notes from CLCV 1003A (Classical Roman Civilization); Carleton University - Wood, Susan, The Incredible, Vanishing Wives of Nero http://www.portraitsofcaligula.com/3/miscellaneous1.htm - Holztrattner, Franz, Poppaea Neronis Potens: Studien zu Poppaea Sabina, Berger & Söhne: Graz-Horn, 1995 - N.A. Octavia, tragedy preserved with the writings of Seneca - Tacitus, Annals - Robert Graves, I, Claudius - Robert Graves, Claudius the God External links[edit] - Julio-Claudian dynasty - Roman emperors - Roman imperial dynasties - 1st century BC in the Roman Empire - 1st century in the Roman Empire - 1st-century Roman emperors - European dynasties - Iulii - Claudii - 1st-century BC establishments - 68 disestablishments - 1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Empire - 1st-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire - 1st-century BC establishments in Africa - 1st-century BC establishments in Asia - 1st-century BC establishments in Europe - 1st-century disestablishments in Africa - 1st-century disestablishments in Asia - 1st-century disestablishments in Europe