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Имре Над Имре Над (в по-старата литература Имре Наги, на унгарски: Nagy Imre, произнася се Надь Имре) е унгарски политически деец. [редактиране] Биография Роден е в Капошвар, Унгария на 7 юни 1896 г. в селско семейство. Чирак е при шлосер, преди да бъде мобилизиран в австро-унгарската армия по време на Първата световна война. Служи на Източния фронт. През 1915 г. е пленен от руснаците. Става член на Руската комунистическа партия и се включва в Червената армия. Член е на отряда, който през юли 1918 г. охранява в Екатеринбург бившия цар Николай II и семейството му. След Първата световна война Над се връща в Унгария и взема участие в правителството на Унгарската съветска република, ръководено фактически от Бела Кун. През 1929 г. отива в Съветския съюз, където се включва в селскостопански изследвания и започва работа в Унгарската секция на Коминтерна. По времето, когато Над пребивава в Съветския съюз, много комунисти, които не са родом от СССР, са арестувани и екзекутирани от съветската власт. Бела Кун също изчезва в средата на 1930-те год. Това поражда паника у много унгарски комунисти и те емигрират. По това време Над става агент на съветските тайни служби. Спира да им служи в края на 1940-те год. След войната Над се връща в Унгария. Като експерт по проблемите на селското стопанство той взема участие в комунистическото правителство като министър на земеделието. За 2 год. министър-председател, през които прокарва своя "нов курс". Съпартийците му не одобряват либералните тенденции, които внася. Наги е принуден да отстъпи и е изключен от комунистическата партия, в която първи секретар е Матяш Ракоши. Над става министър-председател отново по време на антисъветската революция през 1956 г. На 31 октомври той обявява, че Унгария се оттегля от Варшавския договор и на 1 ноември се обръща към Обединените нации и по-точно към САЩ и Великобритания да признаят Унгария за независима. След потушаването на бунта от съветските войски Над се скрива в Югославското посолство. Арестуван е на 22 ноември и е прехвърлен в Румъния. Върнат е в Будапеща и след таен процес е обесен на 16 юни 1958 г. Погребан е със съмишлениците му извън Будапеща. Достъпът до гробовете е забранен до 1989 г. [редактиране] Литература - Heresch, Elisabeth: "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992. - Гранвилл, Джоанна (Johanna Granville), Първа Домино: международен вземане на решения по време на унгарската криза на 1956 The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956, Texas A & M University Press, 2004. - Гранвилл, Джоанна (Johanna Granville) Имре Над по друг начин, известен като шпионин 'Володя'"Cold War International History Project Bulletin", no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 28, and 34-37.
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Imre Nagy Imre Nagy (7 June 1896 – 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later. [edit] Early life and career Nagy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnɒɟ]) was born in Kaposvár, to a peasant family and was apprenticed to a locksmith. He enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I and served on the Eastern Front. He was taken prisoner in 1915. He became a member of the Russian Communist Party, and joined the Red Army. Nagy returned to Hungary in 1921. In 1930 he travelled to the Soviet Union and joined the communist party. He was engaged in agricultural research, and also worked in the Hungarian section of the Comintern. He was expelled from the party in 1936 and later worked for the Soviet Statistical Service. Rumours that he was an agent of the Soviet secret service surfaced later, begun by Hungarian party-leader Károly Grósz in 1989 in an attempt to discredit Nagy.[1] There is evidence, however, that Nagy did serve as an informant for the NKVD during his time in Moscow and provided names to the secret police as a way to prove his loyalty (not an uncommon tactic for foreign communists in the Soviet Union at the time).[2] After the war Nagy returned to Hungary. He was the Minister of Agriculture in the government of Béla Miklós de Dálnok, delegated by the Hungarian Communist Party. He distributed land among the peasant population. In the next government, led by Tildy, he was the Minister of Interior. At this period he played an active role controlling the expulsion of Germans.[3] In the Communist government, he served as Minister of Agriculture and in other posts. He was also Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary 1947–1949. After two years as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary (1953–1955), during which he promoted his "New Course" in Socialism, Nagy fell out of favour with the Soviet Politburo. He was deprived of his Hungarian Central Committee, Politburo and all other Party functions and on 18 April 1955, he was sacked as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. [edit] Revolution Nagy became Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary again, this time by popular demand, during the anti-Soviet revolution in 1956. Soon he moved toward a multiparty political system. On 1 November, he announced Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact and appealed through the UN for the great powers, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, to recognise Hungary's status as a neutral state.[4] Throughout this period, Nagy remained steadfastly committed to Marxism; but his conception of Marxism was as "a science that cannot remain static", and he railed against the "rigid dogmatism" of "the Stalinist monopoly".[5] When the revolution was crushed by the Soviet invasion of Hungary, Nagy, with a few others, was given sanctuary in the Yugoslav Embassy. In spite of a written safe conduct of free passage by János Kádár, on 22 November, Nagy was arrested by the Soviet forces as he was leaving the Yugoslav Embassy, and taken to Snagov, Romania. [edit] Secret trial and execution Subsequently, the Soviets returned him to Hungary, where he was secretly charged with organising the overthrow of the Hungarian people's democratic state and with treason. Nagy was secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death and executed by hanging in June 1958.[6] His trial and execution were made public only after the sentence had been carried out.[7] According to Fedor Burlatsky, a Kremlin insider, Nikita Khrushchev had Nagy executed, "as a lesson to all other leaders in socialist countries."[8] He was buried, along with his co-defendants, in the prison yard where the executions were carried out and years later moved to a distant corner (section 301) of the Municipal Cemetery of Budapest.,[9] face-down, and with his hands and feet tied with barbed wire. Next to his grave stands a memorial bell inscribed in Latin, Hungarian, German and English. The Latin reads: "Vivos voco / Mortuos plango / Fulgura frango," which is translated as: "I call the living, I mourn the dead, I master (lit. "break") the lightning."[citation needed] [edit] Memorials and political rehabilitation During the time when the Communist leadership of Hungary would not permit his death to be commemorated, or permit access to his burial place, a cenotaph in his honour was erected in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. In 1989, Imre Nagy was rehabilitated and his remains reburied on the 31st anniversary of his execution in the same plot after a funeral organised in part by opponents of the country's communist regime.[10] Over 100,000 people are estimated to have attended Nagy's reinterment. The occasion of Nagy's funeral was an important factor in the end of the Communist government in Hungary. [edit] Writings The collected writings of Nagy, most of which he wrote after his dismissal as Chairman of the Council of Ministers in April 1955, were smuggled out of Hungary and published in the West under the title "Imre Nagy on Communism". [edit] Family Nagy was married to Mária Égető. The couple had one daughter, Erzsébet Nagy (1927–2008), a Hungarian writer and translator.[11] Erzsébet Nagy married Ferenc Jánosi. Imre Nagy did not object to his daughter's romance and eventual marriage to a Protestant minister, attending their religious wedding ceremony in 1946 without Politburo permission. In 1982, Erzsébet Nagy married János Vészi.[2] [edit] Nagy in film and the arts In 2003 and 2004, the Hungarian director Márta Mészáros produced a film based on Nagy's life after the revolution, entitled A Temetetlen halott (English: The Unburied Body) (IMDb entry). Nagy is mentioned and seen in the movie Children of Glory. [edit] Imre Nagy's home in Budapest [edit] References - ^ János Rainer: Nagy Imre, (Budapest, 2002), 26. - ^ a b Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt, p. 42. Stanford University Press. - ^ (hu) Imre Nagy's unknown life, in Magyar Narancs - ^ Gyorgy Litvan, The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, (Longman House: New York, 1996), 55–59 - ^ Stokes, Gale. From Stalinism to Pluralism. - ^ Richard Solash, "Hungary: U.S. President To Honour 1956 Uprising", Radio Free Europe, 20 June 2006 - ^ The Counter-revolutionary Conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his Accomplices White Book, published by the Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic (No date). - ^ David Pryce-Jones, "What the Hungarians wrought: the meaning of October 1956", National Review, 23 October 2006 - ^ Kamm, Henry (8 February 1989). "Budapest Journal; The Lasting Pain of '56: Can the Past Be Reburied?". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4D8143FF93BA35751C0A96F948260. Retrieved 5 May 2010. - ^ Kamm, Henry (17 June 1989). "Hungarian Who Led '56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE5DD1530F934A25755C0A96F948260. Retrieved 5 May 2010. - ^ "Erzsebet Nagy, only child of Hungary's 1956 revolution prime minister Imre Nagy, dies". Associated Press (PR-inside.com). 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080215050041/http://www.pr-inside.com/erzsebet-nagy-only-child-of-hungary-s-r410622.htm. Retrieved 14 February 2008. [edit] Further reading - Gyula Háy (Julius Hay). Born 1900: memoirs. Hutchinson: 1974. - Granville, Johanna. "Imre Nagy aka 'Volodya' – A Dent in the Martyr's Halo?", "Cold War International History Project Bulletin", no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 28, and 34–37. - Granville, Johanna, The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956, Texas A & M University Press, 2004. - KGB Chief Vladimir Kryuchkov to CC CPSU, 16 June 1989 (trans. Johanna Granville). Cold War International History Project Bulletin 5 (1995): 36 [from: TsKhSD, F. 89, Per. - Alajos Dornbach, The Secret Trial of Imre Nagy, Greenwood Press, 1995. - Peter Unwin, Voice in the Wilderness: Imre Nagy and the Hungarian Revolution, Little, Brown, 1991. - Karl Benziger, Imre Nagy, Martyr Of The Nation: Contested History, Legitimacy, and Popular Memory in Hungary. Lexington Books, 2008. [edit] Primary sources - Johanna Granville, trans., "Soviet Archival Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October – 4 November 1956", Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22–23, 29–34. - Yalta Conference - Operation Unthinkable - Potsdam Conference - Gouzenko Affair - War in Vietnam (1945–1946) - Iran crisis of 1946 - Greek Civil War - Corfu Channel incident - Restatement of Policy on Germany - First Indochina War - Truman Doctrine - Asian Relations Conference - Marshall Plan - Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 - Tito–Stalin split - Berlin Blockade - Western betrayal - Iron Curtain - Eastern Bloc - Chinese Civil War (Second round) - Bamboo Curtain - Korean War - 1953 Iranian coup d'état - Uprising of 1953 in East Germany - 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état - Partition of Vietnam - First Taiwan Strait Crisis - Geneva Summit (1955) - Poznań 1956 protests - Hungarian Revolution of 1956 - Suez Crisis - Sputnik crisis - Second Taiwan Strait Crisis - Cuban Revolution - Kitchen Debate - Asian–African Conference - Bricker Amendment - McCarthyism - Operation Gladio - Hallstein Doctrine - Congo Crisis - Sino-Soviet split - 1960 U-2 incident - Bay of Pigs Invasion - Berlin Wall - Portuguese Colonial War (Angolan War of Independence - Guinea-Bissau War of Independence - Mozambican War of Independence) - Cuban missile crisis - Vietnam War - 1964 Brazilian coup d'état - United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966) - South African Border War - Transition to the New Order - Domino theory - ASEAN Declaration - Laotian Civil War - Greek military junta of 1967–1974 - USS Pueblo incident - Six-Day War - War of Attrition - Cultural Revolution - Sino-Indian War - Prague Spring - Goulash Communism - Sino-Soviet border conflict - Bunkers in Albania - Détente - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Black September in Jordan - Cambodian Civil War - Realpolitik - Ping Pong Diplomacy - Four Power Agreement on Berlin - 1972 Nixon visit to China - 1973 Chilean coup d'état - Yom Kippur War - Carnation Revolution - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - Rhodesian Bush War - Angolan Civil War - Mozambican Civil War - Ogaden War - Sino-Albanian split - Cambodian–Vietnamese War - Sino-Vietnamese War - Iranian Revolution - Operation Condor - Bangladesh Liberation War - Korean Air Lines Flight 902 - Soviet war in Afghanistan - 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts - Solidarity - Contras - Central American crisis - RYAN - Korean Air Lines Flight 007 - Able Archer 83 - Star Wars - Invasion of Grenada - People Power Revolution - Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 - United States invasion of Panama - Fall of the Berlin Wall - Revolutions of 1989 - Glasnost - Perestroika - Agostinho Neto (Angola) - José Eduardo dos Santos (Angola) - Jonas Savimbi (Angola) - Patrice Lumumba (Congo) - Mobutu Sese Seko (Congo/Zaire) - Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia) - Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) - Muammar Gaddafi (Libya) - Ian Smith (Rhodesia) - Joshua Nkomo (Rhodesia/Zimbabwe) - Robert Mugabe (Rhodesia/Zimbabwe) - Siad Barre (Somalia) - B. 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