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История на Буркина Фасо Ранна история[редактиране | edit source] Откритите след 1973 година в северозападните части на днешна Буркина Фасо оръдия на труда и други останки свидетелстват, че страната е била населена още преди 14 000 години от скитащи ловци и събирачи. Между 3 600 и 2800 година преди Христа се появяват селища на земеделци. През XV и XVI век Буркина Фасо е в състава на кралство Сонгхай. По това време в някои райони придобива все по-голямо разпространение ислямът. По-късно по-голямата част от страната е включена в състава на кралството на моси - народ, който и днес представлява близо половината от населението на Буркина Фасо и за който се предполага, че произхожда от Северна Гана. Основни центрове на моси са Уагадугу и Ятенга. Начело на държавната на моси стои наследствен владетел, управляващ с помощта на съвет на старейшини, представляващи знатните родове. Моси са известни със своите войни и набези срещу съседите, цел на които е взимането на пленници и превръщането им в роби. До френското проникване моси остават верни на традиционните си анимистични вярвания. Колониален период[редактиране | edit source] През 1896 година кралството на моси Уагадугу е превзето от французите. До 1904 година цялата територия на страната е завладяна от французите и е включена в състава на Френска Западна Африка под името Горна Волта заедно с Мавритания, Сенегал, Френски Судан (днес Мали), Френска Гвинея (днес Гвинея), Кот д'Ивоар, Нигер и Дахомей (днес Бенин). По време на Първата световна война жители на днешна Буркина Фасо воюват на френска страна в състава на т.нар. Сенегалска пехота. През 1919 година Горна Волта е отделена като самостоятелна колония - до 1932 година, когато е обединена с Мали, Кот д'Ивоар и Нигер. През 1947 г. колонията Горна Волта е възстановена в старите си граници. През 1958 година Горна Волта е провъзгласена за република в рамките на френската общност. Независима държава[редактиране | edit source] На 5 август 1960 година е обявена пълната независимост на Горна Волта. От същата година страната е член на ООН. През 1960 година е приета първата конституция на Горна Волта, впоследствие заменяна с други. Първият президент е Морис Ямеого, водач на Волтийския демократичен съюз. Ямеого остава на този пост до икономическата и политическа криза от януари 1966 година и първият военен преврат в историята на Горна Волта, последван през следващите десетилетия от други. Дошлото на влест военно правителство на Сангуле Ламизана разпуска Националното събрание, както и политическите партии. По-късно възстановява многопартийната система и през декември 1970 година, след приемането на нова конституция, провежда избори, които печели Волтийския демократичен съюз. Ламизана остава президент на страната, а от в периода 1971-1974 година премиер е лидерът на Волтийския демократичен съюз Ж. Канго Уедраого. През февруари 1974 година президентът Ламизана отново разпуска Националното събрание, преустановява действието на конституцията и възглавява нова правителство, съставено от военни и граждански дейци.На 27 ноември 1977 година чрез референдум е приета нова конституция на страната. През април 1978 година се провеждат парламентарни избори. През юни следващата година Националното събрание взима решение за разпускане на политическите партиии с изключение на три, получили най-много гласове на изборите. На 25 ноември 1980 година военен превлат сваля от власт президента Ламизана. Ръководителят на преврата полковник Сей Зербо е провъзгласен за глава на държавата и ръководител на правителството. На 7 ноември 1981 година и на 4 август 1983 година се извършват нови военни преврати. На 4 август 1983 на власт идва капитан Тома Исидор Ноел Санкара, който поставя като основни цели на управлението си борбата с корупцията, СПИН, бедността и глада, застъпва се за залесяването и правата на жените и се противопоставя на западния империализъм по социалистически маниер. На 4 август 1984 година, на годишнината от началото на управлението на Томас Санкара, Горна Волта е преименувана на Буркина Фасо (страна на честните хора). През декември 1985 година във връзка с териториален спор избухва петдневен военен конфликт между Буркина Фасо и Мали, известен и като "Коледната война". На 5 октомври 1987 година по време на нов преврат е убит президента Санкара. Смята се, че превратът е бил подкрепен от френското правителство.
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History of Burkina Faso Contents Ancient and medieval history[edit] Recent archeological discoveries at Bura in southwest Niger and in adjacent southwest Burkina Faso have documented the existence of the iron-age Bura culture from the 3rd century to the 13th century. The Bura-Asinda system of settlements apparently covered the lower Niger River valley, including the Boura region of Burkina Faso. Further research is needed to understand the role this early civilization played in the ancient and medieval history of West Africa. Loropeni is a pre-European stone ruin which was linked to the gold trade. It has been declared as Burkina Faso's first World Heritage site. From medieval times until the end of the 19th century, the region of Burkina Faso was ruled by the empire-building Mossi people, who are believed to have come up to their present location from northern Ghana, where the ethnically-related Dagomba people still live. For several centuries, Mossi peasants were both farmers and soldiers. During this time the Mossi Kingdoms successfully defended their territory, religious beliefs and social structure against forcible attempts at conquest and conversion by their Muslim neighbors to the northwest. French Upper Volta[edit] When the French troops of Kimberly arrived and claimed the area in 1896, Mossi resistance ended with the capture of their capital at Ouagadougou. In 1919, certain provinces from Ivory Coast were united into French Upper Volta in the French West Africa federation. In 1932, the new colony was split up for economic reasons; it was reconstituted in 1937 as an administrative division called the Upper Coast. After World War II, the Mossi actively pressured the French for separate territorial status and on September 4, 1947, Upper Volta became a French West African territory again in its own right. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of July 23, 1956. This act was followed by reorganizational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 that ensured a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on December 11, 1958. On July 11, 1960 France agreed to Upper Volta becoming fully independent.[1] The Republic of Upper Volta[edit] The Republic of Upper Volta declared independence on 5 August 1960. The first president, Maurice Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for 5-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. Yaméogo's government was viewed as corrupt and said to perpetuate neo-colonialism by favoring French political and economic interests which had allowed politicians to enrich themselves but not the nation's peasants or small class of urban workers.[2] The government lasted until 1966 when - after much unrest including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants - the military intervened and deposed Yaméogo in the 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état. The coup leaders suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lieutenant Colonel Sangoulé Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers. The army remained in power for 4 years; on June 14, 1970, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a 4-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. After conflict over the 1970 constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977, and Lamizana was reelected by open elections in 1978. Lamizana's government faced problems with the country's traditionally powerful trade unions and on November 25, 1980, Colonel Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless coup. Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental authority, thus eradicating the 1977 constitution. Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later on November 7, 1982, by Major Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP). The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations, yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a new constitution. Factional infighting developed between moderates in the CSP and radicals led by Captain Thomas Sankara, who was appointed prime minister in January 1983. The internal political struggle and Sankara's leftist rhetoric led to his arrest and subsequent efforts to bring about his release, directed by Captain Blaise Compaoré. This release effort resulted in yet another military coup d'état on August 4, 1983. After the coup, Sankara formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with himself as President. Sankara also established Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs) to "mobilize the masses" and implement the CNR's revolutionary programs. The CNR, whose exact membership remained secret until the end, contained two small intellectual Marxist–Leninist groups. Sankara, Compaoré, Captain Henri Zongo, and Major Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani - all leftist military officers - dominated the regime. Burkina Faso[edit] On August 4, 1984, Upper Volta changed its name to Burkina Faso, meaning "the country of honorable people." Sankara, a charismatic leader, sought by word, deed, and example to mobilize the masses and launch a massive bootstrap development movement. Five-day War with Mali[edit] On Christmas Day 1985, tensions with Mali over the mineral-rich Agacher Strip erupted in a war that lasted five days and killed about 100 people. The conflict ended after mediation by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny of Côte d'Ivoire. The conflict is known as the "Christmas war" in Burkina Faso. Many of the strict austerity measures taken by Sankara met with growing resistance and disagreement. Despite his initial popularity and personal charisma, problems began to surface in the implementation of the revolutionary ideals. Modern-day Burkina Faso[edit] The CDRs, which were formed as popular mass organizations, deteriorated in some areas into gangs of armed thugs and clashed with several trade unions. Tensions over the repressive tactics of the government and its overall direction mounted steadily. On October 15, 1987, Sankara was assassinated in a coup which brought Captain Blaise Compaoré to power. Compaoré, Captain Henri Zongo, and Major Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lengani formed the Popular Front (FP), which pledged to continue and pursue the goals of the revolution and to "rectify" Sankara's "deviations" from the original aims. The new government, realizing the need for bourgeois support, tacitly moderated many of Sankara's policies. As part of a much-discussed political "opening" process, several political organizations, three of them non-Marxist, were accepted under an umbrella political organization created in June 1989 by the FP. Some members of the leftist Organisation pour la Démocratie Populaire/Mouvement du Travail (ODP/MT) were against the admission of non-Marxist groups in the front. On September 18, 1989, while Compaoré was returning from a two-week trip to Asia, Lengani and Zongo were accused of plotting to overthrow the Popular Front. They were arrested and summarily executed the same night. Compaoré reorganized the government, appointed several new ministers, and assumed the portfolio of Minister of Defense and Security. On December 23, 1989, a presidential security detail arrested about 30 civilians and military personnel accused of plotting a coup in collaboration with the Burkinabe external opposition. A New Constitution[edit] A new constitution, establishing the fourth republic, was adopted on June 2, 1991. Among other provisions, it called for an Assembly of People’s Deputies with 107 seats (now 111). The president is chief of state, chairs a council of ministers, appoints a prime minister, who with the legislature’s consent, serves as head of government. In April 2000, the constitution was amended reducing the presidential term from seven to five years, enforceable as of 2005, and allowing the president to be reelected only once. The legislative branch is a unicameral National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) consisting of 111 seats. Members are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. In April 2005, President Compaoré was re–elected for a third straight term. He won 80.3% of the vote, while Benewende Stanislas Sankara came a distant second with a mere 4.9%. In November 2010, President Compaoré was re–elected for a fourth straight term. He won 80.2% of the vote, while Hama Arba Diallo came a distant second with 8.2%. In February 2011, the death of a schoolboy provoked an uprising in the entire country, lasting through April 2011, which was coupled with a military mutiny and with a strike of the magistrates. See 2011 Burkina Faso uprising. See also[edit] - History of Africa - History of West Africa - List of heads of government of Burkina Faso - List of heads of state of Burkina Faso - Politics of Burkina Faso Further reading[edit] - Chafer, Tony. The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization. References[edit] - ^ http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F70F1FFD385A1A7A93C0A8178CD85F448685F9 - ^ Benin, The Congo, Burkina Faso, Politics, Economics and Society, 1989, Joan Baxter and Keith Somerville, Pinter Publishers, London and New York, (Book)