http___en.m.wikipedia.org_wiki_Isaac_I_Komnenos.xml
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Исак I Комнин Исак I Комнин (на гръцки: Iσaάkιoς A' Kouvnvός) (ок. 1005 – 1061) е византийски император от 1057 до 1059. Той е син на Мануил Комнин, по произход арменец от Пафлагония, служил като стратег на император Василий II. При смъртта си Мануил Комнин оставя своите синове Исак и Йоан на грижите на императора. Василий ги изпраща да се учат в манастира Студион, след което ги издига на високи служби. По време на размирното управление на седемте преки наследници на Василий II, Исак има успешна военна кариера и с внимателни маневри печели доверието на армията. През 1057 той оглавява бунта на войските в Мала Азия и се присъединява към столичната аристокрация в заговор срещу Михаил VI Стратиот, след свалянето на когото, е поставен на трона. Съдържание Управление[редактиране | edit source] Първата грижа на новия император е да възнагради привържениците си с назначения, отстраняващи ги от Константинопол, а следващата му цел е да възстанови изчерпаните финанси на империята. Той отменя множество пенсии, отпуснати от предшествениците му на безполезни придворни. Конфискува част от доходите на богатите манастири, отговаряйки на упреците в светотатство на патриарха със заповед за изгнание. С тези мерки обаче той скоро настройва чиновническите среди и духовенството против своята политика. Исак I Комнин търси популярност сред войската като поддържа образа на император-военачалник. Пример за това са издаваните през управлението му монети, които носят изображението на императора във военни доспехи и с изваден меч - единствена по рода си иконография във византийското монетосечене. Единственият военен поход на Исак I през краткото му управление е срещу унгарците и печенегите, който преминават северната граница на Дунав през 1059 г.. Малко след тази успешна война той сериозно се разболява и, очаквайки смъртта, решава да абдикира. По внушение на Михаил Псел той посочва за свой наследник Константин Дука, изключвайки брат си Йоан. След абдикацията[редактиране | edit source] Въпреки че здравето му се подобрява, Исак не се връща към властта, а предпочита да се оттегли в манастира Студион и да прекара остатъка от живота си като монах. Запазени са негови коментари на Илиада и други произведения на Омир. Исак I умира през 1061 г. Неговата голяма цел е да възстанови някогашната ефективна организиция на управлението и реформите му, макар и непопулярни сред аристокрацията и духовенството и неразбрани от народа, определено допринасят за временното отлагане на окончателния упадък на Византийската империя. Исак Комнин е първият император от династията на Комнините, която две десетилетия по-късно, отново се връща на власт и дава поредица от забележителни владетели, управлявали Византия близо век. Женен е за българската княгиня Екатерина Българска, дъщеря на цар Иван Владислав (1015-1018). Вижте също[редактиране | edit source] Източници[редактиране | edit source] - Michael Psellus: Chronographia английски превод
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Isaac I Komnenos (or Comnenus) (Greek: Iσaάkιoς A' Kouvnvός, Isaakios I Komnēnos) (c. 1007[1] – 1061) was Byzantine Emperor from 1057 to 1059, the first reigning member of the Komnenos dynasty. During his brief reign he attempted to restore the depleted finances of the empire and the former strict organization of the government. LifeEdit Isaac was the son of Manuel Erotikos Komnenos, the strategos autokrator of the East under Emperor Basil II.[2] Manuel's native language was Greek;[3] according to Steven Runciman, he was either Greek or a Hellenized Vlach.[4] It is said that the family name was derived from the city of Komne, near Philippopolis in Thrace.[2] Manuel came to the notice of Basil II because of his defence, in 978, of Nicaea against the rebel Bardas Skleros. In recognition of Manuel's loyalty, Basil gave him lands near Kastamuni in Paphlagonia.[5] On his deathbed in 1020, Manuel commended his two surviving sons Isaakios and Ioannes to the emperor's care.[6] Basil had them carefully educated at the monastery of Stoudion and afterwards advanced them to high official positions. Manuel also had an older son, Nikephoros, who died in 1026, and a daughter, born in 1012 and married around 1031 to Michael Dokeianos, Catepan of Italy, deceased in 1050. During the disturbed reigns of Basil's seven immediate successors, Isaac by his prudent conduct won the confidence of the army. From 1042 to 1057, he served as commander of the field army in Anatolia. In 1057, after being humiliated by the Emperor, Michael VI,[7] he rebelled in Paphlagonia and joined with the nobles of the capital in a conspiracy against the Emperor.[8] The army proclaimed Isaac emperor on June 8, 1057, and he defeated an imperial army at the Battle of Petroe.[9] A panicked Michael VI attempted to negotiate with the rebels through the famous courtier Michael Psellos, offering to adopt Isaac as his son and to grant him the title of kaisar (Caesar),[10] but his proposals were publicly rejected. Privately Isaac showed himself more open to negotiation, and he was promised the status of co-emperor. However, during the course of these secret negotiations, a riot in favor of Isaac broke out in Constantinople.[10] With the deposition of Michael VI, Patriarch Michael Keroularios crowned Isaac I emperor on September 1, 1057,[1] taking much of the credit for Isaac's acceptance as monarch.[11] The first act of the new emperor was to reward his noble partisans with appointments that removed them from Constantinople,[11] and his next was to repair the depleted finances of the empire.[12] He revoked numerous pensions and grants conferred by his predecessors upon idle courtiers, and, meeting the reproach of sacrilege by Michael Keroularios with a decree of exile in 1058,[1] he appropriated a proportion of the revenues of the wealthy monasteries. Isaac's only military expedition was against King Andrew I of Hungary and the Pechenegs, who began to ravage the northern frontiers in 1059.[13] Shortly after this successful campaign, he concluded peace with the Kingdom of Hungary and returned to Constantinople.[14] Here he became very ill, and believed he was dying. He was already deeply shaken after narrowly avoiding being struck by lightning while leaning against a tree on campaign against the Pechenegs, and he saw his illness as a sign of God's displeasure.[15] This situation was exploited by the courtiers, led by Michael Psellos,[16] who influenced Isaac to appoint as his successor Constantine Doukas, to the exclusion of his own brother John Komnenos.[17] Isaac abdicated on November 22, 1059, against the wishes of his brother and of his empress Catherine of Bulgaria. Like Isaac, his wife and daughter entered a monastery.[18] Although he recovered, Isaac Komnenos did not resume the throne but retired to the monastery of Stoudion and spent the remaining two years of his life as a monk,[15] alternating menial offices with literary studies. His Scholia to the Iliad and other works on the Homeric poems are still extant. He died late in 1060 or early in 1061. Isaac's great aim was to restore the former strict organization of the government,[11] and his reforms, though unpopular with the aristocracy and the clergy, and not understood by the people, certainly contributed to the continued survival of the Byzantine Empire. FamilyEdit He married Catherine (as nun, Xene) of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria. They had at least two children: - Manuel Komnenos, who died before 1059. - Maria Komnene, a nun. SourcesEdit Primary SourcesEdit - Michael Psellus, Chronographia. - Michael Attaleiates, History Secondary SourcesEdit - Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8 - George Finlay, History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, Volume 2, William Blackwood & Sons, 1854 - Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 - Norwich, John Julius (1993), Byzantium: The Apogee, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-011448-3 - Runciman, Steven (1951) A History of the Crusades, Vol. I: The First Crusade, Cambridge University Press. - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ReferencesEdit - ^ a b c Kazhdan, pg. 1011 - ^ a b Kazhdan, pg. 1143 - ^ Konstantinos Paparregopoulos, History of the Greek Nation - ^ Runciman, p. 54 - ^ Runciman, pp. 54-55 - ^ Finlay, pg. 10 - ^ Norwich, pg. 328 - ^ Canduci, pg. 270 - ^ Attaleiates: History 55.7–56.1 - ^ a b Norwich, pg. 332 - ^ a b c Norwich, pg. 333 - ^ Finlay, pg. 11 - ^ Norwich, pg. 335 - ^ Finlay, pg. 14 - ^ a b Canduci, pg. 271 - ^ Kazhdan, pg. 1012 - ^ Norwich, pg. 336 - ^ Finlay, pg. 15