http___bolnica-zora.com__D0_B3_D0_BB_D0_B0_D1_83_D0_BA_D0_BE_D0_BC_D0_B0-970.html_1.xml
http___www.glaucomaconsultantsoftexas.com_types-of-glaucoma.html.xml
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1
Глаукома Глаукомата е по-често срещана при хора с фамилна обремененост. Пациенти със системни заболявания като диабет, анемия или атеросклеротични изменения са с повишен риск за развитие на глаукома. Най-често срещаният тип глаукома, познат като хронична откритоъгълна глаукома, се дължи на затруднено оттичане на вътреочната течност през дренажната система на окото. Това зтруднено оттичане увеличава очното налягане до стойности, увреждащи зрителния нерв. Развитието на заболяването протича без болка, поради което не се усеща от пациентите. Няма ранни симптоми, но с течение на годините зрението започва да намалява необратимо, напредвайки от периферията към центъра. При ранно приложена терапия зрението може да се съхрани и пациентът да бъде предпазен от слепота. Периодичните прегледи при очен лекар са най-добрият начин за ранно откриване на глаукомата. Високото налягане не означава, че човек има глаукома. Очният лекар трябва да направи редица изследвания, за да установи наличието или риска от развитието на такава. При около 15% от пациентите с глаукома вътреочно налягане е със средностатистически нормални стойности, поради което то не винаги е критерий за наличието или отсъствието на глаукома. Когато очното налягане се повиши рязко, говорим за наличието на закритоъгълна глаукома. В тези случаи вътреочната течост не може да премине през зеницата. Пациентите усещат болка, замъглено зрение, цветни кръгове около светлинен източник, понякога гадене и повръщане. При наличието на тези симптоми трябва веднага да се потърси помощта на очен лекар. Ако очното налягане не се понижи веднага, за няколко дни може да настъпи необратима слепота. Как се открива глаукомата? Има много изследвания, които очният лекар трябва да извърши: Тонометрия Офталмоскопия Гониоскопия Пахиметрия Периметрия Оптична кохерентна томография Фотографиране на неврофибрилерния слой на ретината Как се лекува глаукомата? Глаукомата е заболяване, което изисква много добро взаимодействие между пациент и лекар, и като цяло включва: Очни капки Лазертерапия при глаукома Антиглаукомна оперция
1.1 1.2 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 12.2 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 14.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 16.1 16.2 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 19.1 19.2 20.1 21.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4
There are many different types of glaucoma. The two major types are primary open-angle and angle-closure. Open-angle glaucoma Open-angle glaucoma (also called chronic open angle or primary open angle) accounts for 60-70% of glaucoma cases in the United States. In open-angle glaucoma, the aqueous humor is unable to drain out of the eye. For unknown reasons, the trabecular meshwork (the eye's filtration area) does not function normally, the pressure in the eye increases, and the optic nerve is damaged. Most people do not experience symptoms and no early warning signs until their vision is compromised and extensive damage to the optic nerve has been done. This type of glaucoma develops slowly and sometimes without noticeable sight loss for many years. Eye drops are generally prescribed to lower the eye pressure. In some cases, surgery is performed if the lOP cannot be adequately controlled with medical therapy. Pigmentary glaucoma This is an inherited type of open angle glaucoma that most commonly affects myopic men in their 20s or 30s. Myopia (nearsightedness) causes the eyes to have a concave iris, creating a wide angle. This causes the color (pigment) layer of the eye, the iris, to rub off onto the lens, where it can shed into the aqueous humor and the trabecular meshwork. The pigment can clog the pores of the trabecular meshwork, which prevents adequate aqueous humor drainage and increases lOP. Angle-closure glaucoma Angle-closure glaucoma, also known as acute glaucoma or narrow-angle glaucoma accounts for fewer than 10% of cases. This type of glaucoma is much more rare and is very different from open angle glaucoma in that the eye pressure usually rises very quickly. This type results from an abnormality in eye structure usually in the front of the eye. In most casas, the iris occludes (blocks) the trabecular meshwork, preventing drainage of aqueous humor and raising intraocular pressure. If the drainage channel is completely blocked, lOP rises suddenly, causing acute angle-closure glaucoma. Symptoms may be severe and include extreme eye pain, nausea, blurred vision, and halos around lights. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency that must be treated by an ophthalmologist immediately. Permanent vision loss can occur within days. Treatment of angle glaucoma usually involves surgery to remove a small portion of the outer edge of the iris. This helps unblock the drainage canals so that the extra fluid can drain. Usually surgery is successful and long lasting. However, you should still receive regular glaucoma check-ups. Symptoms of angle closure glaucoma may include headaches, eye pain, nausea, rainbows around lights at night, and very blurred vision. Pediatric/Congenital glaucoma The Pediatric glaucoma's consist of congenital glaucoma (present at birth), infantile glaucoma (appears during the first three years), juvenile glaucoma (Age three through the teenage or young adult years), and all the secondary glaucomas occurring in the pediatric age group. Congenital glaucoma is present at birth and most cases are diagnosed during the first year of life. Sometimes symptoms are not recognized until later in infancy or early childhood. When glaucoma is diagnosed before a child's third birthday, it is considered congenital (present since birth). In approximately one-third of children, it is inherited through an autosomal recessive gene. Autosomal means that boys and girls are affected equally, and recessively indicates that both parents have the gene. The risk is 25% with each pregnancy that the infant will have congenital glaucoma when both parents are carriers (i.e., they do not have the condition but they can pass it on to their child). Normal tension glaucoma Normal tension glaucoma is also known as low-tension glaucoma or normal pressure glaucoma. In this type of glaucoma the optic nerve is damaged even though intraocular pressure (lOP) is not very high. Doctors do not know why some people's optic nerves suffer damage even though pressure levels are in the "normal" range. Those at higher risk for this form of glaucoma are people with a family history of normal tension glaucoma, people of Japanese ancestry, and people with a history of systemic heart disease, such as irregular heart rhythm. Normal tension glaucoma is usually detected after an examination of the optic nerve. Secondary glaucoma Glaucoma can occur as the result of an eye injury, inflammation, tumor or advanced cases of cataract or diabetes. Certain drugs such as steroids can also cause secondary glaucoma. This form of glaucoma may be mild or severe. The type of treatment will depend on whether it is open-angle or angle-closure glaucoma. Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma is common in those of Scandinavian descent. Treatment usually includes medications or surgery. It can be caused by blunt injuries that "bruise" the eye (called blunt trauma) or by injuries that penetrate the eye. In addition, conditions such as severe nearsightedness, previous injury, infection, or prior surgery may make the eye more vulnerable to a serious eye injury. Neovascular glaucoma is always associated with other abnormalities, most often diabetes. It never occurs on its own. The new blood vessels block the eye's fluid from exiting through the trabecular meshwork (the eye's drainage canals), causing an increase in eye pressure. This type of glaucoma is very difficult to treat. This syndrome occurs more frequently in light-skinned females. Symptoms can include hazy vision upon wakening and the appearance of halos around lights. Treatment can include medications and filtering surgery. Laser therapy is not effective in these cases.