http___blog.sexsale.bg__m_201011_1.xml
http___universestuff.com_hiv-aids_.xml
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
1-ви Декември, световен ден за борба със СПИН. През месец юни 1981 г. в САЩ са описани първите случаи на нова, тежка болест. Тя е наречена „синдром на придобита имунна недостатъчност“ /СПИН/, на английски – AIDS, на френски, испански и португалски – SIDA, на руски – СПИД. СПИН е вирусно заболяване, увреждащо имунната система на човека.СПИН (Синдром на придобитата имунна недостатъчност) е болестно състояние, което се развива на фона на инфекция с вируса HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Състоянието се характеризира с множество допълнителни инфекции и заболявания, които нападат повредената от вируса човешка имунна система. Всъщност СПИН е последен стадий на ХИВ инфекцията. СПИН е описан за първи път в САЩ през 1981 г., у млади мъже хомосексуалисти, развили сарком на Капоши (злокачествено заболяване на кожата) и пневмония. Как се предава инфекцията ? Основни пътища за предаване на инфекцията са: …още »
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 12.1 13.1 13.2 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 19.1 19.2 20.1 21.1 21.2 21.3 22.1 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 24.1 24.2 25.1 26.1 26.2 26.3 27.1 27.2 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 33.1 34.1 35.1 36.1 37.1 38.1 38.2 38.3 39.1 39.2 39.3 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 43.2 44.1 45.1 46.1 47.1 48.1 49.1 50.1 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 62.1 63.1 64.1 64.2 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 68.2 69.1 70.1 71.1 71.2 72.1 73.1 74.1 75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.1 80.1 81.1 82.1 83.1 84.1 85.1 85.2 85.3 86.1 87.1 87.2 87.3 88.1 88.2 89.1 89.2 90.1 91.1 92.1 92.2 92.3 93.1 94.1 94.2 95.1 96.1 97.1 97.2 97.3 98.1 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 100.1 101.1 102.1 103.1 104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 105.1 106.1 106.2 107.1 108.1 108.2 108.3 109.1 110.1 110.2 111.1 112.1 112.2 112.3 113.1 113.2
HIV AIDS To understand what HIV is, firstly let’s break it down: H – Human – This particular virus can only infect human beings. I – Immunodeficiency – HIV weakens your immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. A “deficient” immune system can’t protect you. V – Virus – A virus can only reproduce itself by taking over a cell in the body of its host. HIV is a virus spread through body fluids that affects specific cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, or T cells. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. When this happens, HIV infection leads to AIDS. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot get rid of HIV. That means that once you have HIV, you have it for life. No safe and effective cure currently exists, but scientists are working hard to find one, and remain hopeful. Meanwhile, with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. Treatment for HIV is often called antiretroviral therapy or ART. It can dramatically prolong the lives of many people infected with HIV and lower their chance of infecting others. Before the introduction of ART in the mid-1990s, people with HIV could progress to AIDS in just a few years. Today, someone diagnosed with HIV and treated before the disease is far advanced can have a nearly normal life expectancy. HIV disease has a well-documented progression. Untreated, HIV is almost universally fatal because it eventually overwhelms the immune system—resulting in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV treatment helps people at all stages of the disease, and treatment can slow or prevent progression from one stage to the next. Origin of HIV: Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Studies show that HIV may have jumped from apes to humans as far back as the late 1800s. Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world. We know that the virus has existed in the United States since at least the mid- to late 1970s. To understand what AIDS is, let’s break it down: A – Acquired – AIDS is not something you inherit from your parents. You acquire AIDS after birth. I – Immuno – Your body’s immune system includes all the organs and cells that work to fight off infection or disease. D – Deficiency – You get AIDS when your immune system is “deficient,” or isn’t working the way it should. S – Syndrome – A syndrome is a collection of symptoms and signs of disease. AIDS is a syndrome, rather than a single disease, because it is a complex illness with a wide range of complications and symptoms. AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the disease progresses. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is the final stage of HIV infection. People at this stage of HIV disease have badly damaged immune systems, which put them at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). Transmission of HIV: HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk). The virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breast feeding. HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles. Both the virus and the disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will then develop AIDS. The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can ultimately lead to death. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS. Treatments can slow the course of the disease – some infected people can live a long and relatively healthy life. Late-stage HIV infection If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage of infection is known as AIDS. During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life-threatening illness is much greater. Disease comes at this stage include are: Infections to the nervous system Pneumonia Various cancers include lung cancer, head and neck cancers, cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas Toxoplasmosis (a disease caused by a parasite that infects the brain. It can also cause disease in the eyes and lungs) Tuberculosis What is the difference between HIV and AIDS HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells in the immune system. AIDS is the syndrome which appears in advanced stages of HIV infection. HIV is a virus. AIDS is a medical condition. HIV infection causes AIDS to develop. However, it is possible to be infected with HIV without developing AIDS. Without treatment, the HIV infection is allowed to progress and eventually it will develop into AIDS in the vast majority of cases. HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune system. The disease progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The rate of disease progression varies widely between individuals and depends on many factors (age of the patient, body’s ability to defend against HIV, access to health care, existence of coexisting infections, the infected person’s genetic inheritance, resistance to certain strains of HIV). What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? A sign is something other people, apart from the patient can detect, such as a swelling, rash, or change in skin color. A symptom is something only the patient feels and describes, such as a headache, fatigue, or dizziness. For the most part, the symptoms of HIV are the result of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These conditions do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems, which protect the body against infection. Symptoms of early HIV infection may include: Fever Chills Joint pain Muscle ache Sore throat A red rash Weakness Blurred vision Diarrhea Dry cough Fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for weeks Night sweats Permanent tiredness Shortness of breath Swollen glands lasting for weeks Weight loss White spots on the tongue or mouth Transmission of HIV : Sexual transmission: It can happen when there is contact with infected sexual secretions (rectal, genital or oral mucous membranes). This can happen while having unprotected sex, including vaginal, oral and anal sex or sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV. Perinatal transmission: The mother can pass the infection on to her child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through breastfeeding. Blood transmission: The risk of transmitting HIV through blood transfusion is nowadays extremely low in developed countries. Among drug users, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-infected blood is extremely hazardous. Individuals who give and receive tattoos and piercings are also at risk and should be very careful. Myths: There are many misconceptions about HIV and AIDS. The virus cannot be transmitted from: Shaking hands Hugging Casual kissing Sneezing Touching unbroken skin Using the same toilet Sharing towels Sharing cutlery Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation Or other forms of “casual contact” A 2011 report issued by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), USA, found that about 1 in every 5 HIV-positive Americans is unaware of their HIV-status, and only 49% of those who are aware receive ongoing medical care and treatment. How is HIV/AIDS diagnosed? HIV blood test: Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens specifically for the virus. If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is “positive”. The blood is re-tested several times before a positive result is given to the patient. For those whose tests came back positive, they will be asked to undergo some other tests to see how the infection has progressed, and also to decide when to start treatment. If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get tested as soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the more likely the treatment will be successful. Also, precautions can be taken to prevent the virus from spreading to other people. After infection with HIV, it can take up from three weeks to three months for the virus to show up in testing. Re- testing may be necessary. If a patient’s most at risk moment of becoming HIV infected was within the last three months, he/she can have the test immediately. However, a good doctor will urge that another test be carried out within a few weeks. Prevention: Unprotected sex: Having sex without a condom can put a person at risk of being infected with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). HIV can be spread by having unprotected sex (vaginal, oral and anal sex). It can also be caught from sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV. Drug abuse and needle sharing: Intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV transmission in developed countries. Sharing needles can expose users to HIV and other viruses, such as hepatitis C. Strategies such as needle-exchange programs are used to reduce the infections caused by drug abuse. Body fluid exposure: Exposure to HIV can be controlled by employing precautions to reduce the risk of exposure to contaminated blood. At all times, health care workers should use barriers (gloves, masks, protective eyewear, shields, and gowns). Frequent and thorough washing of the skin immediately after being contaminated with blood or other bodily fluids can reduce the chance of infection. Pregnancy: Anti-HIV medicines can harm the unborn child. But an effective treatment plan can prevent HIV transmission from mother to baby. Precautions have to be taken to protect the baby´s health. Delivery through caesarean section may be necessary. Breastfeeding may have to give way to bottle-feeding if the mother is infected. Education: Health education is an important factor in reducing risky behavior. Managing HIV: Adherence: HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed and constant in taking the medication on time. Missing even a few doses will jeopardize the treatment. A daily methodical routine has to be programmed to fit the treatment plan around the patient’s lifestyle and schedule. “Adherence” is sometimes known as “compliance”. General Health: It is crucial for patients to take medication correctly and take steps to avoid illness. Patients should seek to improve their general health and reduce the risk of falling ill by practicing regular exercise, healthy eating, and not smoking. Additional precautions: HIV-infected people should be extra cautious to prevent exposure to infection. They should be careful around animals, avoid coming into contact with cat litter, animal feces. Meticulous and regular washing of hands is recommended. Long-term condition: HIV is a lasting condition, and therefore patients have to be in regular contact with their healthcare team. Treatment plan is reviewed regularly. Psychological: Common misconceptions about AIDS/ HIV are diminishing. However, the stigma of the disease persists in many parts of the world. People infected with the virus may feel excluded, rejected, discriminated and isolated. Being diagnosed with HIV can be very distressing, and feelings of anxiety or depression are common. If you feel anxious or have symptoms of depression, seek medical help immediately.