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Стволовите клетки и тяхното съхранение Какво представляват стволовите клетки ? Стволовите клетки са изграждащите елементи на нашия организъм. Те имат потенциала да се трансформират в друг тип клетки на тялото ни – клетки от кръвта, сърцето, костите, кожата, мускулите, мозъка, както и всички тъкани, които ни правят това, което сме. Стволовите клетки са клетки, откривани в повечето, ако не във всички многоклетъчни организми. Те се характеризират със способността да се самовъзстановяват чрез митотично клетъчно делене и да се диференцират до различни класове от специализирани клетъчни типове. Изследователи в областта на медицината вярват, че изследването на стволовите клетки има потенциал да промени борбата с болестите при човека, като се използва за поправка на определени тъкани или за отглеждане на органи. При бозайниците стволовите клетки са два основни типа: ембрионални стволови клетки, които се откриват в бластоцистите и възрастни стволови клетки, откривани в зрелите тъкани. В развиващият се ембрион, стволовите клетки могат да се диференцират във всички от специализираните ембрионални тъкани. При възрастните организми, стволовите клетки и клетките от първоизточника действат като система за възстановяване на тялото, заменяща специализираните клетки, но също така и поддържа нормалната реорганизация на регенерираните органи, като кръв, кожа или интестинални тъкани. Новата техника може да доведе до производство на сърдечна тъкан от клетъчен материал на пациента, което ще премахне нуждата от намиране на подходящ донор и ще намали вероятността от имунна реакция. Важно! В случай, че имате нужда от професионални SEO услуги и платени публикации в силни сайтове, без значение от тематиката, то можете да ни пишете на e-mail: office@w-seo.com или да се свържете с нас на GSM: 088 999 62 62 Future Health Technologies е първата семейна банка в Европа притежаваща пълна акредитация ,която има право да извършва поръчки, тестове, изследвания, обработка, съхранение, внос и износ на човешки тъкани и клетки. Кръвта от пъпната връв се транспортира, чрез одобрени медицински куриери, в специална кутия за временно съхраняване, която поддържа пробата на стайна температура – (IАТА UN3373). На всяка проба от кръв и пъпна връв се правят подробни изследвания, гарантиращи качеството, виталността и стерилността й. Обработка се осъществява в специално построените стерилни стаи в лабораториите, собственост на Future Health Technologies (клас В чистота на помещенията, клас А въздушен поток в работните зони). По официални данни на Изпълнителна Агенция по Трансплантация, Future Health е банката с най-много съхранени проби от кръв и тъкан от пъпна връв в България за 2014 год. Осигурете си спокойно бъдеще! Здравето е наша отговорност! Съвременната медицина прилага използването на хемопоетични стволови клетки /от кръв от пъпната връв / в лечението на над 85 вида заболявания на имунната система ,а над 400 заболявания се третират с този вид стволови клетки. Кръвта от пъпна връв е богата на хемопоетични стволови клетки, чието приложение е рутинна практика в медицинските среди за заболявания като левкемия , анемия, лимфоми, болест на Ходжкинс и много др.Хемопоетичните стволови клетки имат редица предимства пред тези от извлечени от костен мозък. 1.Кръвта от пъпна връв е много по-наситена с хемопоетични стволови клетки на обемна основа; 2.Стволовите клетки от кръв от пъпна връв са с пълна или висока съвместимост при трансплантация; 3.Извличането на кръв от пъпна връв е абсолютно безопасно , бързо и не причинява дискомфорт; 4. Имат по-малка имунологична зрялост, в резултат на което трансформацията им в друг тип клетка е много по-лесна. Някои наследствени заболявания успешно се лекуват посредством използването на хемопоетични клетки. Заболяванията, лекувани с помощта на стволови клетки, могат да се разделят на три групи: -Стандартни терапии -Терапии на етап клинично проучване -Експериментални лечения Стандартни терапии Това са заболявания, при които трансплантацията на стволови клетки (трансплантация на хематопоетични стволови клетки, HSCT) е стандартно лечение. За някои от тези заболявания това е единствената терапия, в други случаи се прилагат само след изчерпване на обичайните възможности за лечение или заболяването е изключително агресивно. Повечето от заболяванията, за които HSCT е стандартно лечение са разстройства, свързани с кръвните клетки – от стволови клетки в костния мозък до специфични видове клетки в кръвта. В САЩ, повечето застрахователи заплащат трансплантациите на стволови клетки ако диагнозата на пациента е в групата на “стандартните терапии”. Почти всички стандартни терапии са алогенни, при които пациентът трябва да има подходящ донор. Единственото изключение са пациентите, при които се прави трансплантация поради големи тумори или придобити анемии. Терапии на етап клинично проучване Това са заболявания, при които леченията със стволови клетки са показали добри резултати, но не са одобрени като стандартни терапии. При някои от тези заболявания, трансплантацията на стволови клетки само забавя развитието на болестта, но не предлага лечение. При други болести стволовите клетки могат да помогнат за излекуване, но са необходими допълнителни проучвания за определяне на типа пациенти, подходящи за подобно лечение, оптималната доза стволови клетки, оптималния метод за доставяне на клетките и т.н.Етапите на клиничното проучване са следните: Етап 1: Проучване на безопасността – показва дали процедурата или лекарството се приема добре от организма. Етап 2: По-широко проучване за измерване на ефективността на новото лечение в сравнение с контролна група. Етап 3: Още по-широко проучване за сравнение на ефектите на различни параметри като дозировка, метод на приложение, както и за наблюдаване на странични ефекти преди пускане на пазара. Етап 4: Проучване след пускане на пазара за наблюдение на рискове, ползи, оптимална употреба. Леченията със стволови клетки на заболявания на етап клинично проучване са както алогенни, така и автоложни. Експериментални лечения Това са разстройства, при които не е доказано, че лечението със стволови клетки е ефективно при хора. Проучванията се извършват или в лабораторни условия върху клетъчни култури, или с животни. При експерименталните проучвания често не се знае дали една евентуална бъдеща терапия ще бъде автоложна или алогенна. Чрез съхранението на стволови клетки на Вашето дете, Вие гарантирате, че при нужда от трансплантация на стволови клетки – детето или генетично свързан член на семейството винаги ще има уникален достъп до пробата. Стволовите клетки ще бъдат криосъхранени и съхранени само за вашето семейство и никой друг няма право да получи пробата без Ваше позволение. Попитайте вашия гинеколог – той най-компетентно може да Ви запознае с ползите от съхранението на стволови клетки. Future Health осигурява финансова подкрепа в случай на трансплантация на стволовите клетки.
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SAFETY of MSC’S - MSC’s are non-immunologic – – Not expressing major histocompatibility class II and co-stimulating molecules. The patient’s own STEM CELLS will not be rejected by that patient - Allogenic transplantation of MSC’s should not require immunosuppression of the host. - MSC’s are immunosuppressive and suppress the proliferation of T cells. - Centeno and Faulkner showed that MSC’s when injected into a joint do not migrate out of the knee to distant organs, further enhancing theoretical safety profile for clinical use. - Other researches have described similar safety profiles with the use of more invasive surgical implantation techniques during surgery. (In surgery, Stem Cells were injected into the joints) - Wakitani et al in 2007 – (11 year study on 45 knees and 41 patients) . treated with autologous clinical bone marrow MSC’s showed results indicating both safety and efficacious. - Centeno’s research shows a terrific safety profile of up to three years after MSC re-implantation showing no evidence of ectopic or tumor formation. - Centeno noted that the complication rate of EXPANDED MSC’s injected procedures is no greater than other needle based interventional techniques directed at peripheral joints. - Bashir et al – – A large review study investigating the safety of MSC application for MSK condition revealed no neo-plastic complications in 339 patients treated for MSK conditions between 2006 and 2010 via the use of both high field MRI and general surveillance. - Complications are rare from the bone marrow biopsy. These include: - Infection (increased with large bore needles). - Pain. - Hematoma. - Serious bleeding. - Fracture of the pelvic cavity. - Live procedures study. - Only 26 out of 58,596 perpendicular bone marrow biopsy approaches had adverse effects. (Bain) Stem cells: What they are and what they do Stem cells and derived products offer great promise for new medical treatments. Learn about stem cell types, current and possible uses, ethical issues, and the state of research and practice. You’ve heard about stem cells in the news, and perhaps you’ve wondered if they might help you or a loved one with a serious disease. You may wonder what stem cells are, how they’re being used to treat disease and injury, and why they’re the subject of such vigorous debate. Here are some answers to frequently asked questions about stem cells. Why is there such an interest in stem cells? Researchers and doctors hope stem cell studies can help to: - Increase understanding of how diseases occur. By watching stem cells mature into cells in bones, heart muscle, nerves, and other organs and tissue, researchers and doctors may better understand how diseases and conditions develop. - Generate healthy cells to replace diseased cells (regenerative medicine). Stem cells can be guided into becoming specific cells that can be used to regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues in people. People who might benefit from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, stroke, burns, cancer and osteoarthritis. Stem cells may have the potential to be grown to become new tissue for use in transplant and regenerative medicine. Researchers continue to advance the knowledge on stem cells and their applications in transplant and regenerative medicine. - Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness. Before using new drugs in people, some types of stem cells are useful to test the safety and quality of investigational drugs. This type of testing will most likely first have a direct impact on drug development for cardiac toxicity testing. New areas of study include the effectiveness of using human stem cells that have been programmed into tissue-specific cells to test new drugs. For testing of new drugs to be accurate, the cells must be programmed to acquire properties of the type of cells to be tested. Techniques to program cells into specific cells continue to be studied. For instance, nerve cells could be generated to test a new drug for a nerve disease. Tests could show whether the new drug had any effect on the cells and whether the cells were harmed. What are stem cells? Stem cells are the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells. These daughter cells either become new stem cells (self-renewal) or become specialized cells (differentiation) with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle or bone. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types. Where do stem cells come from? Researchers have discovered several sources of stem cells: - Embryonic stem cells. These stem cells come from embryos that are three to five days old. At this stage, an embryo is called a blastocyst and has about 150 cells. These are pluripotent (ploo-RIP-uh-tunt) stem cells, meaning they can divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body. This versatility allows embryonic stem cells to be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs, although their use in people has been to date limited to eye-related disorders such as macular degeneration. - Adult stem cells. These stem cells are found in small numbers in most adult tissues, such as bone marrow or fat. Compared with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have a more limited ability to give rise to various cells of the body. Until recently, researchers thought adult stem cells could create only similar types of cells. For instance, researchers thought that stem cells residing in the bone marrow could give rise only to blood cells. However, emerging evidence suggests that adult stem cells may be able to create unrelated types of cells. For instance, bone marrow stem cells may be able to create bone or heart muscle cells. This research has led to early-stage clinical trials to test usefulness and safety in people. For example, adult stem cells are currently being tested in people with neurological or heart disease. - Adult cells altered to have properties of embryonic stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). Scientists have successfully transformed regular adult cells into stem cells using genetic reprogramming. By altering the genes in the adult cells, researchers can reprogram the cells to act similarly to embryonic stem cells. This new technique may allow researchers to use these reprogrammed cells instead of embryonic stem cells and prevent immune system rejection of the new stem cells. However, scientists don’t yet know if altering adult cells will cause adverse effects in humans. Researchers have been able to take regular connective tissue cells and reprogram them to become functional heart cells. In studies, animals with heart failure that were injected with new heart cells experienced improved heart function and survival time. - Perinatal stem cells. Researchers have discovered stem cells in amniotic fluid in addition to umbilical cord blood stem cells. These stem cells also have the ability to change into specialized cells. Amniotic fluid fills the sac that surrounds and protects a developing fetus in the uterus. Researchers have identified stem cells in samples of amniotic fluid drawn from pregnant women during a procedure called amniocentesis, a test conducted to test for abnormalities. More study of amniotic fluid stem cells is needed to understand their potential. Why is there a controversy about using embryonic stem cells? Embryonic stem cells are obtained from early-stage embryos — a group of cells that forms when a woman’s egg is fertilized with a man’s sperm in an in vitro fertilization clinic. Because human embryonic stem cells are extracted from human embryos, several questions and issues have been raised about the ethics of embryonic stem cell research. The National Institutes of Health created guidelines for human stem cell research in 2009. Guidelines included defining embryonic stem cells and how they may be used in research and donation guidelines for embryonic stem cells. Also, guidelines stated embryonic stem cells may only be used from embryos created by in vitro fertilization when the embryo is no longer needed. Where do these embryos come from? The embryos being used in embryonic stem cell research come from eggs that were fertilized at in vitro fertilization clinics but never implanted in a woman’s uterus. The stem cells are donated with informed consent from donors. The stem cells can live and grow in special solutions in test tubes or petri dishes in laboratories. Why can’t researchers use adult stem cells instead? Although research into adult stem cells is promising, adult stem cells may not be as versatile and durable as are embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells may not be able to be manipulated to produce all cell types, which limits how adult stem cells can be used to treat diseases. Adult stem cells also are more likely to contain abnormalities due to environmental hazards, such as toxins, or from errors acquired by the cells during replication. However, researchers have found that adult stem cells are more adaptable than was initially suspected. What are stem cell lines and why do researchers want to use them? A stem cell line is a group of cells that all descend from a single original stem cell and is grown in a lab. Cells in a stem cell line keep growing but don’t differentiate into specialized cells. Ideally, they remain free of genetic defects and continue to create more stem cells. Clusters of cells can be taken from a stem cell line and frozen for storage or shared with other researchers. What is stem cell therapy (regenerative medicine), and how does it work? Stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply. Researchers grow stem cells in a lab. These stem cells are manipulated to specialize into specific types of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or nerve cells. The specialized cells can then be implanted into a person. For example, if the person has heart disease, the cells could be injected into the heart muscle. The healthy transplanted heart cells could then contribute to repairing defective heart muscle. Researchers have already shown that adult bone marrow cells guided to become heart-like cells can repair heart tissue in people, and more research is ongoing. Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases? Yes, doctors have performed stem cell transplants, also known as bone marrow transplants. In stem cell transplants, stem cells replace cells damaged by chemotherapy or disease or as a way for the donor’s immune system to fight some types of cancer and blood-related diseases, such as leukemia. These transplants use adult stem cells or umbilical cord blood. Researchers are testing adult stem cells to treat other conditions, including a number of degenerative diseases such as heart failure. What are the potential problems with using embryonic stem cells in humans? To be useful in people, researchers must be certain that stem cells will differentiate into the specific cell types desired. Researchers have discovered ways to direct stem cells to become specific types of cells, such as directing embryonic stem cells to become heart cells. Research is ongoing in this area. Embryonic stem cells also could grow irregularly or specialize in different cell types spontaneously. Researchers study how to control the growth and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells also might trigger an immune response in which the recipient’s body attacks the stem cells as foreign invaders, or simply fail to function normally, with unknown consequences. Researchers continue to study how to avoid these possible complications. What is therapeutic cloning, and what benefits might it offer? Therapeutic cloning, also called somatic cell nuclear transfer, is a technique to create versatile stem cells independent of fertilized eggs. In this technique, the nucleus, which contains the genetic material, is removed from an unfertilized egg. The nucleus is also removed from a somatic cell of a donor. This donor nucleus is then injected into the egg, replacing the nucleus that was removed, a process called nuclear transfer. The egg is allowed to divide and soon forms a blastocyst. This process creates a line of stem cells that is genetically identical to the donor’s — in essence, a clone. Some researchers believe that stem cells derived from therapeutic cloning may offer benefits over those from fertilized eggs because cloned cells are less likely to be rejected once transplanted back into the donor and may allow researchers to see exactly how a disease develops. Has therapeutic cloning in people been successful? Researchers haven’t been able to successfully perform therapeutic cloning with humans despite success in a number of other species. However, in recent studies, researchers have created human pluripotent stem cells by modifying the therapeutic cloning process. Researchers continue to study the potential of therapeutic cloning in people. Source: Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stem-cell-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/art-20048117