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Изменението на климата е постоянна реалност за много филипинци, с последици, вариращи от екстремни метеорологични събития на периодични засушавания и недостига на храна. Най-засегнатите групи от населението са крайбрежните жители и селските общности, които не разполагат с необходимата готовност при бедствия. Според Центъра за глобално развитие, Филипините е четвъртият най-уязвимата страна в света с преките последици от екстремни метеорологични събития. Осредняване 20 тропически циклони в годината , той може да бъде най-изложени буря нация в света. През ноември миналата година, Supertyphoon Haiyan , най-интензивен тропически циклон, регистриран някога, отнел живота на повече от 10 000 живота, засегнати над 9 милиона души и остави над 600 000 филипинци бездомни. С двете океаните и затоплянето на атмосферата, има широк научен консенсус, че тайфуните сега са увеличаване в сила . Подобно на повечето развиващи се страни, Филипините играе второстепенна роля в глобалните въглеродни емисии все още страда от прекомерно висока цена. С над една трета от населението живее в бедност, страната отделя само 0,9 метрични тона въглерод на глава от населението, в сравнение с 17,6 метрични тона на САЩ. "Ние губят 5% от икономиката ни всяка година да бури", отбелязва Филипински комисар по изменение на климата Naderev Сано. Разходите за възстановяване на мира Haiyan се оценяват на 5.80 милиарда щатски долара . Тъй като Филипините се впуска в един дълъг път към възстановяването, устойчивост е от ключово значение за пост-Haiyan възстановяването. "Ние трябва да изградим наново по-добре и по-устойчиви общности", казва сенатор Loren Legarda , председател на Комитета по Филипините "Сената по изменение на климата, който е кръстен на Регионален Champion от Службата на ООН за намаляване на риска от бедствия. "Трябва да предотвратим бедствия и да бъдат подготвени за следващите природни опасности. Това бедствие също ни разказва за спешната необходимост да се спаси и да се грижим за нашата околна среда. Прочетете останалата част на този пост
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Energy is at the very foundation of modern economies. Since the Industrial Revolution more than 200 years ago, all countries—if at a quite different pace—have developed on the back of the production and burning of fossil fuels. There is no doubt that the comfortable lives many of us live today would not be possible without the fossil-fueled development of the past. But the merits of fossil fuels now seem less and less convincing. Renewable energy technologies, such as solar PV, offer the potential to benefit countries around the world. (source: Flickr user Magharebia) First, take subsidies. Currently, we throw about 10–12 times more taxpayer money at fossil fuels than we put into renewables—and those are just direct subsidies. In addition, local air and water pollution and related health consequences cost trillions of dollars worldwide. The U.S. National Research Council estimates the “hidden” costs of fossil fuels in the United States (the real costs to society that are not reflected in the fuels’ market prices) at $120 billion annually. The Chinese government believes pollution and related healthcare costs amount to 10 percent of that country’s GDP. Then there is the volatility of fossil fuel markets, which has arguably led to enormous economic instability in the recent past. Just to give an idea of what this volatility means to some nations: an increase in the world oil price of just $10 can mean a decrease in the GDP of some small nations of 2–3 percent. According to media reports, Guangdong province has taken the lead in becoming the pioneer of low-carbon practices in China. Guangdong is one of 13 pilot regions—including five provinces and eight municipalities—that the Chinese government has selected to explore low-carbon development. So far, it is the only pilot region that has issued a comprehensive plan for this development and had it approved by the central government. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) of India will hold the 12th annual Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS) from February 2 to 4. This year’s Summit is themed “Protecting the Global Commons: 20 years post Rio,” and will aim to develop a path forward towards consensus between industrialized and developing countries on governance of climate change, biodiversity, and forestry, among other issues. The Summit will assess the state of sustainable development 20 years after the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and in advance of the United Nations Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development this June. Featured speakersat this year’s DSDS will include several heads of state, among them Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as well as numerous ministers, government officials, and leaders from business, academia, and civil society. The Delhi Sustainable Development Summit will take place February 2 - 4, source: TERI Climate change and clean energy access will be among the focus areas discussed at the Summit, with a particular emphasis on the gap between global North and South in terms of development needs, access to technology, and responsibility for global greenhouse gas emissions. For example, a study by the World Resources Institute found that between 1850 and 2002, the United States contributed the greatest share of cumulative carbon dioxide emissions with 29.3 of the global total, followed by the European Union at 26.5 percent. Over the same period, India was responsible for just 2.2 percent of global emissions. While industrialized countries reached current levels of affluence by burning coal and oil, increasingly constrained fossil fuel resources and the threat of global climate change make this an unsustainable path for developing countries. While grappling with the impacts of climate change they largely did not cause, developing countries like India must also explore new paths for sustainable development. Apple is accused of environmental damages in China By Qiong Xie Haibing Ma, China Program manager at the Worldwatch Institute, was interviewed by Voice of America on August 31st to discuss whether Apple, one of the most successful American IT companies, should be responsible for environmental pollution from its Chinese supply chain. Mr. Ma commented that even though Apple has completely outsourced its production to many factories in developing countries such as China, it still bears the responsibility to carefully choose its first and second tier suppliers to make sure all Apple components are manufactured in an environmentally friendly way. Apple’s supply chain problem is only the latest example of an emerging environmental issue: the sustainability of globalized supply chains. The concept of sustainability has emerged as a popular word in the political, environmental and business fields, partially due to the report Our Common Future, which was presented during the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987. According to this report, sustainability is defined as “using resources to meet the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.” For the manufacturing sector, sustainability is more about using operational management, such as product design, process technology, and an environmental management system, to reduce negative environmental impacts to the greatest extent possible. In the era of globalization, supply chain management has become an indispensable part of operational management for companies with globalized business operations like Apple. Last week I invited Dirk Messner, Director of the German Development Institute (DIE), to Worldwatch for an informal dialogue with the staff. In addition to his leadership of DIE, Dirk is a professor of political science at the University of Duisburg-Essen as well as Vice-Chair of the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU). As a leading expert in the fields of development policy, environmental policy, and global governance, he plays a vital role in addressing key policy and sustainability challenges, as well as advancing the discourse surrounding climate and energy policy. Like Worldwatch, Dirk is currently struggling with the question of how to facilitate an effective transition to a green global economy, particularly under the impact of shifting demographics. While transatlantic institutions have traditionally led international cooperative efforts including on the environment, the rapid ascendance of emerging economies like China and India has fundamentally shifted both actual diplomacy and the intellectual dialogue about it (the New York Times just today published an article on the United States’ waning influence on the global economy). Dirk outlined several key areas of inquiry regarding this shift including its implications for sustainability, poverty alleviation, security, and democracy. Several recent developments have contributed to this changing landscape of international development and sustainability efforts. This September, the US Army established the Energy Initiatives Office Task Force in conjunction with announcing the ambitious goal of meeting over 25 percent of its energy demand through renewable sources by 2025. The US Army is promoting renewable energy as a practical solution to pressing security, economic, and environmental challenges. Source: US Army This initiative is part of a larger agenda within the Department of Defense to promote renewable energy as a cost-effective security measure. Over the last decade, rising energy costs have increasingly strained military budgets and concerns over fuel convoy and supply security have risen to the fore. As an organization, the US Army currently spends over US $4 billion per year on energy to power bases, installations, transport vehicles, and equipment around the world. The projected costs of the status quo, that is, maintaining a fossil fuel-based energy mix, have proven unsustainable to top military leaders. For example, with every US $1 increase in global oil prices, the US Army’s energy budget can fluctuate by over US $30 million. The Army has indicated that in addition to its environmental benefits, ramping up renewable energy makes sense from both an economic and national security perspective. Secretary of the US Army John M. McHugh recently stated that “The Energy Initiatives Office Task Force will help the Army build resilience through renewable energy while streamlining our business practices so developers can invest in and build an economically viable, large-scale renewable energy infrastructure”. As one of the largest energy consumers in the world, the US Army’s adoption of such aggressive renewable energy policies will be a major boon to the US and global renewable energy industries. The Energy Initiatives Office (EIO) Task Force estimates that the US Army will need an additional 2.5 million megawatt-hours (MWh) per year of additional renewable energy supply over the next 10 years to meet its 25 percent goal. A recent Pike Research report on US military energy initiatives finds that the renewable energy investments from the Army and other branches of the military will top US $10 billion annually by 2030 and continue to grow. Some analysts estimate that the US Army alone may attract over US $7 billion in private financing for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects over the next five years. This increase in demand can provide manufacturers and generators the long-term financial security they need to make significant structural investments in renewable energy production and innovation. A chart showing just how much oil sands (tar sands) have contributed to Canada's total oil reserves estimates (Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007). All oil is not created equal – or, at least, all oil is not produced with equal environmental impacts, according to estimates proposed last week by the European Commission. The proposal, now under consultation amongst European Union (EU) member states, would add new definitions of the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints for oil from tar sands and shale oil to the EU’s 2009 Fuel Quality Directive (2009/30/EC) and would present a tough barrier to the import of tar sands oil into European markets on the basis of its high life-cycle GHG emissions. The Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) mandates a 6 percent reduction in the average carbon intensity of fuels supplied to the EU (to about 79 grams carbon dioxide-equivalent per megajoule, or g CO2e/MJ) by 2020. It also establishes a mechanism in Article 8 requiring fuel suppliers to report the life-cycle GHG emissions of the fuels they supply and reduce them from 2011 onwards. With its recently proposed value of 107 g CO2e/MJ, oil from tar sands would be high above the target recommended under the FQD. Tar sands, the colloquial name for highly viscous deposits of oil and bitumen, are expected to become a major source of global oil supplies over the next few decades. The largest known deposits in the world, thought to hold 170 billion barrels of oil reserves and as much as 2 trillion barrels of oil in place, are concentrated in and around the Canadian province of Alberta. Compared to conventional oil deposits, tar sands require production techniques that are more expensive and are associated with greater environmental impacts, particularly in terms of GHG emissions. Shallow deposits are typically accessed using strip-mining techniques, while deeper deposits are generally accessed using in situ techniques whereby steam is injected into the reservoir to heat the bitumen until its viscosity decreases sufficiently to allow it to flow out of the reservoir. This series of blogs explores current mechanisms in place to finance renewable energies in the Dominican Republic. Be sure not to miss Part 1 on the Dominican Republic’s clean energy entrepreneurs, and Part 2 and Part 3 on the Dominican Republic’s efforts to incentivize clean energy production. The Dominican Republic established a fund to develop renewable energies that generates its revenue from a 5 percent levy on the country's fossil imports. In 2010, this represents 177 million US dollars. Source: Vital Signs Online, 2011, Worldwatch Institute To help incentivize the development of renewable energies in the Dominican Republic, Law 112-00 of January 2000 established a national fund to develop renewable energies. The law creates “a special fund from the tax differential on fossil fuels in order to finance projects of great national interest for the promotion of alternative, renewable or clean energy and energy savings.” Generating its revenues from a 5 percent levy on the country’s fossil fuels imports, the fund would help to finance projects for the promotion of alternative, renewable or clean energy, and energy efficiency. Law 57-07 further stipulates that the fund, managed by the national energy commission (CNE), will also help pay for the nation’s renewable energy feed-in-tariff. Global Energy Portfolio Shares by Energy Resource (Source: Renewable Revolution: Low-Carbon Energy by 2030) On September 20, in remarks at the United Nations (UN) Private Sector Forum in New York, UN Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro announced the launch of a High-Level Group on Sustainable Energy for All, a body whose aim is to catalyze actions at all levels to achieve three goals by 2030: ensuring universal access to modern energy services, doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. Migiro, speaking on behalf of Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, emphasized the critical role that energy must play in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The High-Level Group, consisting of leaders from business, government, and civil society, will work to design a sustainable energy action agenda in time for the Rio+20 conference in 2012, a year which the UN General Assembly has designated the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. The Sustainable Energy for All Initiative’s goals were first articulated in a summary report of the Secretary General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC) last year titled Energy for a Sustainable Future. The Dominican Republic's Climate-Compatible Development Plan The development plan is an important document that allows the government to set the tone regarding the future of sustainability in the Dominican Republic. The CCDP details the emissions reductions that can be made in four areas of the economy by pursuing low-emissions strategies rather than a business as usual (BAU) scenario through 2030. Its long time horizon and its intent to achieve strong economic growth while simultaneously curbing emissions make it an ambitious plan that other island countries in the Caribbean can emulate. But it won’t be easy. The development plan states that success will require successful coordination of five key factors: commitments and leadership, stakeholder engagement and mobilization, effective institutions and systems, comprehensive strengthening of government capacity, and smart financing. The CNCCMDL took pains to ensure that the development plan avoided partiality toward any one sector or political group. In order to be comprehensive and maintain the current momentum of the renewable energy sector, the council sought input from the country’s government, private sector, local and international NGOs and academia. According to Zugeilly Coss, a member of the CNCCMDL who worked closely on this project, “This plan addresses both practical and political elements with a serious perspective of sustainable development.