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https___www.mayoclinic.org_healthy-lifestyle_weight-loss_in-depth_low-carb-diet_art-20045831_1.xml
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Нисковъглехидратната диета е хранителен режим, при който приемът на въглехидратие е силно ограничен. Използва се най-често при състояния като затлъстяване и диабет. При нисковъглехидратната диета силно се ограничава консумацията на храни с високо съдържание на бързи въглехидрати (бяла захар, бяло брашно), като се заменят с храни, съдържащи повече мазнини и протеини (месо, риба, яйца, мляко и млечни продукти, ядки и семена). Не всички въглехидрати в нисковъглехидратната диета са забранени - разрешена е консумацията на влакнести зеленолистни растения (броколи, маруля, къдраво зеле, спанак) и някои плодове. Помага ли нисковъглехидратната диета при отслабване? Винаги съм вярвал, че крайните подходи не са правилното решение. Всяка диета, която ограничава един от макронутриентите за сметката на другите два, не е приемлива за мен. Винаги трябва да търсите баланса в храненето. Когато рязко намалим приема на въглехидрати (под 50-100 грама на ден), тялото започва да разгражда мускулна тъкан и мазнини за енергия, като при тези процеси се отделят токсини, които затрудняват процеса на отслабване. Друг проблем при диетите без или с ниско съдържание на въглехидрати е, че ще направят мускулите ви плоски поради дехидратация. Въглехидратите са най-лесно достъпния източник на енергия за тялото, като можете да съхранявате до 500 грама въглехидрати под формата на гликоген в черния дроб (100 грама) или мускулите (400 грама). Ако тренирате без да сте възстановили запасите си от гликоген, тренировките ви ще са безсмислени, защото ще разградите голяма част от вашата мускулна тъкан. Убедени ли сте все още, че въглехидратите са нещо зло? Какви са последиците за здравето ви, ако намалите или елиминирате приема на въглехидрати за дълъг период от време? Ако не приемате достатъчно въглехидратни храни, не е възможно да си набавите достатъчно фитонутриенти единствено чрез плодовете и зеленчуците. Друг риск е намаленият прием на фибри, необходими за оптималното функциониране на храносмилателния тракт. Екстремните версии на нисковъглехидратната диета оказват пагубно влияят върху мозъка и водят до депресии. НВД понижава нивата на серотонин, хормонът в мозъка, който ни кара да се чувстваме щастливи. Симптомите на депресия могат да се появят най-малко за две седмици, когато въглехидратите са крайно ограничени. Чрез прекаленото ограничаване на един от макронутриентите - дали това ще са мазнини, белтъчини или въглехидрати - няма да постигнете оптимални резултати и загуба на мазнини. Може и да редуцирате теглото си, но в случая с НВД, голяма част от загубата ще е за сметка на мускула маса, а не мазнини. Разбира се, целта ми не е да провъзлгасявам въглехидратите като супер макронутриент. Ако прекалявате с въглехидратите, а глюкозата от предишното хранене, все още циркулираща в кръвния поток, тялото няма причина да гори телесните мазнини. Важно е да знаем, че ако непрекъснато преяждаме с въглехидрати, няма как да горим мазнини. А, сега какво? Едно от решенията е т. нар. въглехидратно подреждане, при което ядете по-голямата част от дневните въглехидрати сутрин и около тренировката. В тези времеви интервали кръвната захар (глюкоза) се ползва от мускулната тъкан за възстановяване на мускулния гликоген, а не се отвежда от инсулина в мастните клетки. Комбинирането на въглехидратното подреждане с 5-6 хранения на ден е най-добрата стратегия за контролиране на инсулина и кръвната захар, а от там и на редуциране на мазнините. Трябва да помним, че въглехидратите бързо повишават нивата на кръвна захар. Това означава леснодостъпна енергия за тялото ви, тоест, организма няма стимул да гори мазнини. Решението е в рамките на деня стратегичски да комбинирате нисковъглехидратни и високовъглехидратни хранения. По-голямата част от въглехидратите за деня консумирайте сутрин и след тренировка, когато мускулите ще ги съхранят под формата на гликоген (проучванията показват, че дори 100 грама въглехидрати след тежка тренировка не се съхраняват като мазнини, а отива за възстановяване на мускулния гликоген).
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Low-carb diet: Can it help you lose weight? Could a low-carb diet give you an edge in losing weight? Help you keep weight off permanently? Here's what you need to know about the low-carb diet. By Mayo Clinic Staff Definition A low-carb diet limits carbohydrates — such as those found in grains, starchy vegetables and fruit — and emphasizes foods high in protein and fat. Many types of low-carb diets exist. Each diet has varying restrictions on the types and amounts of carbohydrates you can eat. Purpose A low-carb diet is generally used for losing weight. Some low-carb diets may have health benefits beyond weight loss, such as reducing risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Why you might follow a low-carb diet You might choose to follow a low-carb diet because you: - Want a diet that restricts certain carbs to help you lose weight - Want to change your overall eating habits - Enjoy the types and amounts of foods featured in low-carb diets Check with your doctor before starting any weight-loss diet, especially if you have any health conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease. Diet details As the name says, a low-carb diet restricts the type and amount of carbohydrates you eat. Carbohydrates are a type of calorie-providing macronutrient found in many foods and beverages. Carbohydrates can be simple or complex. They can further be classified as simple refined (table sugar), simple natural (lactose in milk and fructose in fruit), complex refined (white flour) and complex natural (whole grains or beans). Common sources of naturally occurring carbohydrates include: - Grains - Fruits - Vegetables - Milk - Nuts - Seeds - Legumes (beans, lentils, peas) Food manufacturers also add refined carbohydrates to processed foods in the form of sugar or white flour. Examples of foods that contain refined carbohydrates are white breads and pasta, cookies, cake, candy, and sugar-sweetened sodas and drinks. Your body uses carbohydrates as its main fuel source. Complex carbohydrates (starches) are broken down into simple sugars during digestion. They're then absorbed into your bloodstream, where they're known as blood sugar (glucose). In general, natural complex carbohydrates are digested more slowly and they have less effect on blood sugar. Natural complex carbohydrates provide bulk and serve other body functions beyond fuel. Rising levels of blood sugar trigger the body to release insulin. Insulin helps glucose enter your body's cells. Some glucose is used by your body for energy, fueling all of your activities, whether it's going for a jog or simply breathing. Extra glucose is usually stored in your liver, muscles and other cells for later use or is converted to fat. The idea behind the low-carb diet is that decreasing carbs lowers insulin levels, which causes the body to burn stored fat for energy and ultimately leads to weight loss. Typical foods for a low-carb diet In general, a low-carb diet focuses on proteins, including meat, poultry, fish and eggs, and some nonstarchy vegetables. A low-carb diet generally excludes or limits most grains, legumes, fruits, breads, sweets, pastas and starchy vegetables, and sometimes nuts and seeds. Some low-carb diet plans allow small amounts of certain fruits, vegetables and whole grains. A daily limit of 0.7 to 2 ounces (20 to 60 grams) of carbohydrates is typical with a low-carb diet. These amounts of carbohydrates provide 80 to 240 calories. Some low-carb diets greatly restrict carbs during the initial phase of the diet and then gradually increase the number of allowed carbs. In contrast, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that carbohydrates make up 45 to 65 percent of your total daily calorie intake. So if you consume 2,000 calories a day, you would need to eat between 900 and 1,300 calories a day from carbohydrates. Results Weight loss Most people can lose weight if they restrict the number of calories consumed and increase physical activity levels. To lose 1 to 1.5 pounds (0.5 to 0.7 kilogram) a week, you need to reduce your daily calories by 500 to 750 calories. Low-carb diets, especially very low-carb diets, may lead to greater short-term weight loss than do low-fat diets. But most studies have found that at 12 or 24 months, the benefits of a low-carb diet are not very large. A 2015 review found that higher protein, low-carbohydrate diets may offer a slight advantage in terms of weight loss and loss of fat mass compared with a normal protein diet. Cutting calories and carbs may not be the only reason for the weight loss. Some studies show that you may shed some weight because the extra protein and fat keeps you feeling full longer, which helps you eat less. Other health benefits Low-carb diets may help prevent or improve serious health conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. In fact, almost any diet that helps you shed excess weight can reduce or even reverse risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Most weight-loss diets — not just low-carb diets — may improve blood cholesterol or blood sugar levels, at least temporarily. Low-carb diets may improve high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride values slightly more than do moderate-carb diets. That may be due not only to how many carbs you eat but also to the quality of your other food choices. Lean protein (fish, poultry, legumes), healthy fats (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) and unprocessed carbs — such as whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products — are generally healthier choices. A report from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology and the Obesity Society concluded that there isn't enough evidence to say whether most low-carbohydrate diets provide heart-healthy benefits. Risks If you suddenly and drastically cut carbs, you may experience a variety of temporary health effects, including: - Headache - Bad breath - Weakness - Muscle cramps - Fatigue - Skin rash - Constipation or diarrhea In addition, some diets restrict carbohydrate intake so much that in the long term they can result in vitamin or mineral deficiencies, bone loss and gastrointestinal disturbances and may increase risks of various chronic diseases. Because low-carb diets may not provide necessary nutrients, these diets aren't recommended as a method of weight loss for preteens and high schoolers. Their growing bodies need the nutrients found in whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Severely restricting carbohydrates to less than 0.7 ounces (20 grams) a day can result in a process called ketosis. Ketosis occurs when you don't have enough sugar (glucose) for energy, so your body breaks down stored fat, causing ketones to build up in your body. Side effects from ketosis can include nausea, headache, mental and physical fatigue, and bad breath. It's not clear what kind of possible long-term health risks a low-carb diet may pose because most research studies have lasted less than a year. Some health experts believe that if you eat large amounts of fat and protein from animal sources, your risk of heart disease or certain cancers may actually increase. If you follow a low-carbohydrate diet that's higher in fat and possibly higher in protein, it's important to choose foods with healthy unsaturated fats and healthy proteins. Limit foods containing saturated and trans fats, such as meat, high-fat dairy products, and processed crackers and pastries. See more In-depth - Fields H, et al. Are low-carbohydrate diets safe and effective? Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. - Sackner-Bernstein J, et al. Dietary intervention for overweight and obese adults: Comparison of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. PLOS One. - Raynor HA, et al. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. - Duyff RL. Carbs: Sugars, starches, and fiber. In: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. 5th ed. New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2017. - 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines. Accessed June 7, 2017. - Liebman M. When and why carbohydrate restriction can be a viable option. Nutrition. - Bray GA. Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 6, 2017. - Jensen MD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - Is a low-carb diet safe for kids? Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. http://www.eatright.org/resource/health/weight-loss/fad-diets/is-a-low-carb-diet-safe-for-kids. Accessed June 2, 2017. - Hensrud DD (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.