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I’m an Anki nut. In some sense, I owe three of my languages to Anki. One of my favorite things about Anki is its flexibility; you can make flashcards in any way you choose. Once you’ve created and memorized a lot of flashcards (I recently passed 20,000 flashcards…geesh), you’ll start to notice that not all cards are created equal. Some flashcards are easy to remember, they teach you precisely what you want to learn, and they generally make you smile when you see them. Others make you want to throw your smartphone out the window. Good flashcards can make the difference between sticking with a language until fluency or giving up after a few months, so I’m making this guide to help others learn from some of my terrible, terrible flashcard-related mistakes. Principle 1: Use Pictures There’s a neat principle that came out of cognitive psychology in the 60s and 70s called the “Pictorial Superiority Effect.” The basic idea is that we remember pictures ridiculously well, and we pretty much suck at remembering words. Unfortunately for us, languages are full of words, not pictures, so at least on the surface, we’re screwed. But there’s a trick. If you compare your ability to recall a random picture like this and a word like “Apple,” you’re going to have a much easier time remembering the picture. But what about a picture with a word? Studies show that pictures with words are even more memorable than pictures alone. Why? You wrestle with the meaning of that word in conjunction with the picture. Why is APPLE there? What does that sculpture have to do with apples? In the process of wresting with the combined meaning of a word and a picture, you store both of them deeply in your memory. So add pictures. All the time (at least on one side of each flashcard). You’ll remember a bit better if those pictures have something to do with what you’re learning, but that shouldn’t be hard, given the 45 billion images currently hanging out on Google Images. I never used to do this (in my personal French deck, for instance, most of my grammar cards are just fill in the blank exercises without pictures), but I started adding pictures to my grammar exercises in Russian, and it made a hugedifference. Now I don’t make any cards without pictures. Principle 2: More is Better Some words are hard to remember, and some languages are full of hard to remember words. For the first couple of months, Russian kicked my butt. I dutifully made my cards, added pictures, and studied daily, and yet couldn’t seem to remember anything for longer than two weeks. Sometimes you need more stimulation than a single flashcard to remember information that’s particularly far removed from your every-day experiences. For me, Russian words were simply too weird to remember easily, with their strange sounds and odd-looking letters. Fortunately, you can make multiple, different flashcards for a single word. When I tried this in Russian, I stopped forgetting. The more cards you make for a single topic, the easier and better you’ll memorize it. At least for words, there are two main flavors of flashcards worth using: cards that test comprehension (what’s a chien?) and cards that test production (what’s a furry animal with a waggy tail that chases cats?) The former put the word alone on the front side of the card: Your job is to think about what the word means. These cards do an awesome job of building associations into a new word – pictures, sounds, bits of grammar, etc. That way, the next time you encounter that word in a new context while reading or listening, those associations will come right back. In general, these cards have a single word or two on their front sides without any added context. On the back, they’ll have pictures, example sentences, and any other goodies you decide to put on them. If you move the word to the back side of the card (and the picture or context to the front), you’re training a different ability: These cards require you to recall a word (“chien”), its grammatical features (un - masculine), its spelling and its pronunciation. They work as reinforcement for passive cards and make the words easier to recall when you want to use them in speaking or writing. I’ve tried to use exclusively production cards, thinking that I would save myself time, but it didn’t work; I couldn’t remember “chien” if I didn’t see the exact same dog picture, which didn’t happen very often in real life. Now, I do both types of cards whenever I can, and I only skip the productive cards if I’m sureI never want to say a word (but will probably read it). When in doubt, just make both. Anki makes it easy to do this without adding any extra time, and it will make your overall review process much easier. I keep grammatical and pronunciation information on the back-side of both cards, because if I can’t pronounce the word or use it in a sentence properly, then it’s basically useless for speaking or writing. I want to reinforce a word’s sound and usage whenever I can. Principle 3: Keep it Simple When you see words grouped together on vocabulary lists, you may be tempted to keep them in their original groups. Why spend time making seven cards for the weekdays when you could make one or two? In my first French deck, I grouped together the days of the week, the months of the year, various types of fruit, and anything else I could jam into a single flashcard. This was unfortunate. Until I split them up, I wasn’t able to remember any of these words. Cards like these are problematic because your ability to recall each of the answers is different. If you start off knowing “Monday” very well, “Tuesday” decently and “Wednesday” poorly, then you’ll be repeating all three every time you have a problem with any of them. It’s too much, both from a time standpoint (why waste time repeating “Monday” when you know it well already?) and from a learning standpoint (you’re repeating the card too often to push any words into long-term memory). Separate cards like this into their smallest constituent parts, each with a single answer: Whenever possible, your goal is to test one conceptper card, because it will save you time in the long run. A simple card is easy to remember and helps produce a quick response; you either know it or you don’t, and if you don’t, then you’ll repeat it until you do. Net time wasted on “Monday”: seconds. Net time spent memorizing “Wednesday” very well: seconds. Sweet. A note: There are shades of grey when it comes to the one-concept idea. “You’re welcome” is a single concept, but you certainly could make two cards out of it if you wanted to: (“Thank you!” “___ welcome!”) (“Thank you!” “You’re ___!”). Over time, you’ll get a sense for how much information you can store at once, but to begin, I’d suggest that you aim for more, simpler cards rather than fewer, more complex ones. Nearly every time I’ve had problems remembering a given word or grammar point, it’s because I’ve made my cards too complex. For languages like Chinese, you may need 3-4 cards to remind you of the spelling, the pronunciation, and the meaning separately. This saves you time in the long run, because remembering many easy cards is much easier than remembering fewer difficult ones. Principle 4: When you’re right, you’re right I just told you never to demand multiple answers, but what happens when you try to learn a synonym? Both plate and dish are perfectly fine descriptions of this picture. Do you have to remember both of them? Well, no. As long as one of those words comes to mind, you’re doing just fine. You’ll learn each word separately through your comprehension cards anyways, so if someone holds a gun to your head and demands synonyms, you’ll be ready for him (or her): This approach also works for words with multiple definitions. A bar is usually for drinks, but bars of gold and chocolate bars certainly exist. Cards like these aren’t a problem: But the other direction is trickier. What goes on the back side of this card? You have two options. You can either put the main definition on the back side, or you can put multiple definitions on the back side (and if you remember any definition, then mark it as correct): Neither approach is better than the other, and I tend to use them interchangeably. In both cases, you’ll tend to remember one definition best, which then becomes the anchor point for new definitions. With that anchor in place, it’s very easy to connect a new concept to the first one (“Chocolate bars use the same word as normal bars!”), and a single additional card (like card with the single picture of a chocolate bar, above) will be enough to create that connection, making you an expert in all things bar-related. Principle 5: Opposites Attract. Don’t let them. Once upon a time, I found a list of antonyms in French and decided to learn them like this: This was, arguably, one of the worst ideas ever. Weeks later, when I tried to remember any of these words, I would remember both instead: What’s the weather like today? It’s very hot … or cold … today. What did you think about the movie? Why, it was excellent/terrible. It was definitely one of the worst/best movies I’ve ever seen. The lead actress was so beautiful/ugly, and she played her part really well/badly. It took me months to fix the damage to my poor French, and I don’t know if my French ever forgave me. Pay close attention when making cards for closely related ideas, and make them as independent as possible. Your language will thank you. This applies to thematically related words like stoplight, crosswalk, street and sidewalk and antonyms like cold/hot: Principle 6: Keep it Short Your brain is quite good at being lazy (and efficient). Over the course of practicing a card, you will memorize the words closest to the missing word, and you’ll tend to ignore the rest of the card. In this case, you will commit to memory the following: “in some month of some year, the spork is the.” Unfortunately, this is totally useless. Keep your questions as simple and direct as possible, and you will be rewarded with robust, useful memories: Principle 7: Learn, then memorize Understand what you’re teaching yourself before you memorize it. While there is a place for uncertainty in foreign language study, memorizing mostly incomprehensible language isn’t the most effective use of your time. Use examples you can understand, and you’ll learn more from them: Principle 8: Be careful with corrections This card is concise, clear and comprehensible. Here’s the problem: When you read an incorrect sentence, you’re more likely to believe that it’s correct in the future, even if you know it’s incorrect originally. I just made you more likely to say “you eats hamburgers” in the future. Now I’ve done it twice. Sorry. Known as the “Truth Effect,” it makes familiar things more credible than less familiar things, no matter how untrustworthy the source. Every time you read a mistake like this, you’re more likely to do the mistake in the future, so if you wish to put corrections into your flashcards, do it like this: If you rearrange mistakes into fill-in-the-blank tests, you eliminate the Truth Effect, and get an effective, concise flashcard in the process. You can use this type of card to teach yourself grammar. What about when you make a mistake by accident? You’ll be making thousands of cards, which nearly guarantees that you’ll screw up somewhere: Do whatever you can to avoid this, but if it happens, you’ll find that these cards will cause trouble all the time. You’ll have serious trouble remembering erroneous cards for more than two weeks. This is a good thing. Your brain is very good at picking out inconsistencies. If you feed it flashcards with conflicting information, it will sound an alarm by preventing you from remembering those flashcards. If you notice that you’re having major difficulties memorizing what appear to be easy cards, double check to make sure that you don’t have an unintentional error lurking somewhere. Either you will find an error, or your cards are too hard. Thank your brain, fix your cards, and move on with your day. That’s it! If you have questions and additional suggestions, leave them in the comments!
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Tá mé Reatha cnó. I roinnt chiall, Chomaoin mé trí cinn de mo theanga to Anki. Is é ceann de mo rudaí is fearr leat faoi Anki a solúbthacht; Is féidir leat a luaschártaí a dhéanamh ar bhealach ar bith a roghnaíonn tú. Nuair atá tú a chruthaigh agus a memorized a lán de na luaschártaí (Rith mé ar na mallaibh 20,000 luaschártaí…geesh), beidh tú tús a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil nach bhfuil gach cártaí cruthaíodh go cothrom. Tá roinnt luaschártaí éasca le cuimhneamh, mhúineadh siad leat go beacht cad ba mhaith leat a fhoghlaim, agus a dhéanann siad de ghnáth aoibh gháire tú nuair a fheiceann tú. Daoine eile a dhéanamh ar mian leat le caith do smartphone amach an fhuinneog. Is féidir luaschártaí maith a dhéanamh ar an difríocht idir an sticking le teanga go dtí go líofacht nó a thabhairt suas tar éis cúpla mí, mar sin tá mé ag déanamh an treoir seo chun cabhrú le daoine eile a fhoghlaim ó roinnt de mo uafásach, uafásach botúin spléach-chárta a bhaineann le. Prionsabal 1: Úsáid Pictiúir Níl le prionsabal neat a tháinig amach as síceolaíocht cognaíocha sa 60s agus 70s a dtugtar an “Éifeacht Superiority pictiúrtha.” Is é an smaoineamh bunúsach gur cuimhin linn pictiúir ridiculously maith, agus táimid ag go leor i bhfad tarraing ag focail cuimhneamh. Ar an drochuair dúinn, Is iad teangacha lán de focail, Ní pictiúir, mar sin de ar a laghad ar an dromchla, táimid ag screwed. Ach níl a trick. Má tá tú i gcomparáid do chumas chun pictiúr randamach mar seo chun cuimhne agus focal cosúil le “Apple,” bhfuil tú ag dul a bheith acu i bhfad am níos éasca ag cuimhneamh ar an pictiúr. Ach cad faoi pictiúr le focal? Staidéar a thaispeáint Tá go pictiúir le focail fiú níos mó gcuimhne ná pictiúir ina n-aonar. Cén fáth? Tá tú wrestle leis an bhrí an fhocail i gcomhar leis an pictiúr. Cén fáth go bhfuil APPLE ann? Cad a dhéanann go bhfuil go dealbh a dhéanamh le úlla? Sa phróiseas wresting leis an bhrí a chéile d'fhocail agus pictiúr, siopa leat an bheirt acu go domhain i do chuimhne. Mar sin, cuir pictiúir. Gach an t-am (ar a laghad, ar thaobh amháin de gach spléach-chárta). Feicfidh tú cuimhneamh le beagán níos fearr má tá na pictiúir rud éigin a dhéanamh leis an méid atá tú ag foghlaim, ach níor chóir a bheith deacair, mar gheall ar an 45 billiún íomhánna crochta amach faoi láthair ar Google Images. Mé riamh a úsáidtear chun é seo a dhéanamh (i mo deic pearsanta Fraincis, mar shampla, an chuid is mó de mo cártaí gramadaí líonadh isteach go díreach ar an cleachtaí bán gan pictiúir), ach thosaigh mé ag cur pictiúir le mo cleachtaí gramadaí i Rúisis, agus rinne sé ollmhórdifríocht. Anois, ní féidir liom a dhéanamh ar aon cártaí gan pictiúir. Prionsabal 2: Níos mó is Fearr Tá roinnt focail go crua chun cuimhneamh, agus tá roinnt teangacha lán de go crua chun cuimhneamh focail. Don chéad cúpla mí, Rúisis kicked mo Butt. Rinne mé dutifully mo cártaí, pictiúir breise, agus staidéar laethúil, agus nach bhféadfaí fós is cosúil aon rud a mheabhrú ar feadh níos mó ná dhá sheachtain. Uaireanta is gá duit a spreagadh níos mó ná spléach-chárta amháin faisnéise go háirithe i bhfad amach chun cuimhneamh ó do thaithí gach lá-. Maidir liom, Focail Rúisis bhí go simplí ró-aisteach a mheabhrú go héasca, lena n-fuaimeanna aisteach agus litreacha corr-lorg. Fortunately, Is féidir leat a dhéanamh il, luaschártaí éagsúla le haghaidh focal amháin. Nuair a rinne mé seo i Rúisis, Stop mé dearmad a dhéanamh ar. Na cártaí níos mó a dhéanann tú le haghaidh ábhar amháin, an níos éasca agus níos fearr go mbainfidh tú memorize é. Ar a laghad ar fhocail, tá dhá blasanna is mó de na luaschártaí fiú ag baint úsáide as: cártaí a thuiscint tástála (cad a Madraí?) agus cártaí a tháirgeadh tástála (cad ainmhí Furry le eireaball waggy go chases cait?) An iar-chur ar an focal amháin ar an taobh tosaigh an chárta: Is é do phost chun smaoineamh ar cad a chiallaíonn an focal. A dhéanamh ar na cártaí post uamhnach cumainn foirgníochta a chomhshó focal nua – pictiúir, fuaimeanna, giotán de ghramadach, etc. Sin ar bhealach, an chéad uair eile a bhíonn tú an focal sin i gcomhthéacs nua ag léamh nó éisteacht, Beidh na cumainn teacht ceart ar ais. Go ginearálta, Tá na cártaí focal amháin nó dhá cheann ar a thaobh tosaigh gan aon chomhthéacs bhreisluacha. Ar ais, beidh siad pictiúir, abairtí mar shampla,, agus aon goodies eile a shocraíonn tú a chur orthu. Má aistríonn tú an focal ar an taobh chúl an chárta (agus an pictiúr nó an comhthéacs chun tosaigh), tú ag traenáil le cumas difriúil: A cheangal ar na cártaí tú a thabhairt chun cuimhne focal ("Madra"), a ghnéithe gramadaí (a - firinscneach), a litriú agus a fuaimniú. Oibríonn siad mar a threisiú le haghaidh cártaí éighníomhacha agus a chur ar na focail níos éasca a thabhairt chun cuimhne nuair is mian leat iad a úsáid i labhairt nó a scríobh. Tá mé iarracht úsáid a bhaint as cártaí a tháirgeadh go heisiach, ag smaoineamh go Ba mhaith liom a shábháil féin am, ach ní raibh sé ag obair; Ní raibh mé in ann cuimhneamh "Chien" más rud é nach raibh mé a fheiceáil ar an pictiúr madra ceannann céanna, Ní raibh a tharlaíonn go minic i saol fíor. Anois, Is féidir liom an dá chineál de chártaí uair is féidir liom, agus mé skip ach na cártaí táirgiúla má tá mé cinnteMé riamh ag iarraidh a rá focal (ach beidh léamh is dócha go). Nuair a bheidh amhras, ach a dhéanamh dá. Anki déanann sé éasca é seo a dhéanamh gan cur aon am breise, agus beidh sé a dhéanamh do phróiseas athbhreithniú foriomlán i bhfad níos éasca. Coinneoidh mé eolas gramadaí agus foghraíochta ar chúl-taobh an dá cártaí, toisc más rud é nach féidir liom a fhuaimniú an focal nó í a úsáid in abairt i gceart, ansin tá sé go bunúsach useless chun labhairt nó a scríobh. Ba mhaith liom focal ar fuaime agus úsáid a threisiú uair is féidir liom. Prionsabal 3: Coinnigh Simplí sé Nuair a fheiceann tú focail ghrúpáil le chéile ar Foclóir liostaí, Is féidir leat a bheith tempted chun iad a choinneáil ina ngrúpaí bunaidh. Cén fáth a chaitheamh am ag déanamh seacht cártaí do na rith na seachtaine nuair a d'fhéadfadh tú a dhéanamh amháin nó dhá? I mo chéad deic na Fraince, Grúpáilte mé le chéile na laethanta na seachtaine, míonna na bliana, cineálacha éagsúla de torthaí, agus aon ní eile a thiocfadh liom subh isteach spléach-chárta amháin. Bhí sé seo trua. Go dtí go scoilt mé suas iad, Ní raibh mé in ann cuimhneamh aon de na focail seo. Tá cártaí mar seo fadhbanna toisc go bhfuil do chumas a thabhairt chun cuimhne gach ceann de na freagraí éagsúla. Má thosaíonn tú amach a fhios agam "Dé Luain" go han-mhaith, "Máirt" decently agus "Dé Céadaoin" go dona, ansin beidh tú a bheith athrá na trí gach uair Tá fadhb le leat aon acu. Tá sé i bhfad ró-, araon ón taobh am (cén fáth am dramhaíola athrá "Dé Luain" nuair a fhios agat go maith cheana?) agus ón taobh foghlama (bhfuil tú ag athrá an cárta ró-mhinic a bhrú aon focail i gcuimhne fhadtéarmach). Cártaí ar leith mar seo isteach ina gcodanna comhábhair is lú, gach ceann acu le Freagra amháin: Aon uair is féidir, Is é do sprioc a thástáil amháin coincheapag Thistle, toisc go mbeidh sé a shábháil tú am san fhadtréimhse. Tá cárta simplí éasca a mheabhrú agus Cuidíonn tháirgeadh ann freagairt go mear; Tá a fhios agat ceachtar é nó nach bhfuil tú, agus más rud é nach bhfuil tú, ansin beidh tú arís é go dtí go ndéanann tú. Am Glan amú ar "Dé Luain": soicind. Am a chaitear Glan memorizing "Dé Céadaoin" go han-mhaith: soicind. Sweet. Tá nóta: Tá shades de liath nuair a thagann sé chun an smaoineamh aon-choincheap. "Tá tú fáilte roimh"Is coincheap amháin, ach d'fhéadfaí tú a dhéanamh cinnte dhá cártaí as é má raibh tú ar: ("Go raibh maith agat!"" ___ Fáilte roimh!") ("Go raibh maith agat!"" Tá tú ___!"). Le himeacht ama, go mbainfidh tú a fháil tuiscint ar cé mhéad faisnéise is féidir leat a stóráil ag an am céanna, ach chun tús a chur, Ba mhaith liom fios go bhfuil sé mar aidhm tú ar feadh níos mó, cártaí simplí seachas lú, cinn atá níos casta. Beagnach gach uair tá mé go raibh fadhbanna cuimhneamh ar fhocal ar leith nó pointe gramadaí, tá sé mar tá mé a dhéanamh ar mo cártaí ró-chasta. I gcás teangacha cosúil le Sínis, tú Seans go mbeidh 3-4 cártaí a chur i gcuimhne duit ar an litriú, an fuaimniú, agus an bhrí leithligh. Seo Sábhálann tú am san fhadtréimhse, toisc go bhfuil cuimhneamh go leor cártaí éasca i bhfad níos éasca ná mar a cuimhneamh níos lú cinn deacair. Prionsabal 4: Nuair a bhíonn tú ceart, bhfuil tú ceart Dúirt mé díreach tar éis duit riamh a éileamh freagraí iolracha, ach cad a tharlaíonn nuair iarracht tú a fhoghlaim a synonym? Tá an dá pláta agus mhias cur síos breá breá an pictiúr. An bhfuil tú cuimhneamh dá acu? Bhuel, Ní. Chomh fada agus a thagann ar cheann de na focail sin chun cuimhne, tú ag déanamh ach fíneáil. Feicfidh tú ag foghlaim gach focal ar leithligh trí do thuiscint anyways cártaí, mar sin má tá duine éigin a gunna le do cheann agus éilimh comhchiallaigh, Feicfidh tú a bheith réidh le haghaidh dó (nó di): Oibríonn an cur chuige freisin ar fhocail le sainmhínithe iomadúla. A barra Is é de ghnáth le haghaidh deochanna, ach barraí óir agus barraí seacláide ann cinnte. Nach bhfuil Cártaí mar seo ina fhadhb: Ach tá an treo eile trickier. Cad a théann ar an taobh chúl an chárta? Tá tú dhá rogha. Is féidir leat a chur ceachtar an príomh- sainmhíniú ar an taobh ar ais, nó is féidir leat a chur sainmhínithe iomadúla ar an taobh ar ais (agus más cuimhin leat aon sainmhíniú, ansin é a mharcáil mar ceart): Níl ceachtar cur chuige níos fearr ná an ceann eile, agus claonadh agam chun iad a úsáid hidirmhalartaithe. Sa dá chás, beidh tú claonadh chun cuimhneamh ceann is fearr sainmhíniú, a thiocfaidh chun bheith ansin an pointe ancaire haghaidh sainmhínithe nua. Leis sin ancaire i bhfeidhm, tá sé an-éasca a coincheap nua a nascadh leis an gcéad cheann ("Úsáid Barraí seacláide an focal céanna barraí gnáth!"), agus cárta breise amháin (cárta cosúil leis an pictiúr amháin de barra seacláide, thuas) Beidh go leor chun a chruthú go bhfuil nasc, a dhéanamh tú ag saineolaí i ngach rudaí barra a bhaineann le. Prionsabal 5: Codarsnach a mhealladh. Ná lig dóibh. Nuair ar am, Fuair mé liosta de na focail fhrithchiallacha i bhFraincis agus chinn a fhoghlaim dóibh mar seo: Bhí sé seo, arguably, ar cheann de na smaointe is measa riamh. Seachtain ina dhiaidh sin, nuair a rinne mé chun cuimhneamh ar aon cheann de na focail seo, Ba mhaith liom cuimhneamh ar an dá ionad: Cad é atá an aimsir inniu? Tá sé an-te ... nó fuar ... lá atá inniu ann. Cad a cheap tú faoi na scannáin? Cén fáth, bhí sé ar fheabhas / uafásach. Bhí sé cinnte ar cheann de na scannáin is measa / is fearr mé le feiceáil riamh. An aisteoir luaidhe bhí álainn sin / gránna, agus bhí sí páirteach i ndáiríre go maith / go dona. Thóg sé dom mhí a shocrú leis an damáiste do mo Fraincis droch-, agus níl a fhios agam má forgave mo Fraincis riamh dom. Pá aird gar nuair a cártaí le haghaidh smaointe a bhaineann go dlúth a dhéanamh, agus iad a dhéanamh chomh neamhspleách agus is féidir. Dearbhófar do theanga buíochas a ghabháil leat. Baineann sé seo le focail a bhaineann go téamúil cosúil stoplight, crosswalk, sráide agus sidewalk agus focail fhrithchiallacha mhaith fuar / te: Prionsabal 6: Coinnigh gearr é Tá do inchinn maith go leor ag a bheith leisciúil (agus éifeachtach). Le linn na cleachtadh ar chárta, beidh tú memorize na focail is gaire don an focal in easnamh, agus beidh tú claonadh chun neamhaird a dhéanamh ar an gcuid eile den chárta. Sa chás seo,, Beidh tú tiomantas chun cuimhne an méid seo a leanas: "i roinnt mí de roinnt bliana, an spork Is é an."Ar an drochuair, tá sé seo go hiomlán useless. Coinnigh do cheisteanna chomh simplí agus chomh díreach agus is féidir, agus beidh tú a bronntar leis an láidir, cuimhní úsáideacha: Prionsabal 7: Foghlaim, ansin memorize Tuiscint a fháil ar cad tá tú ag múineadh féin sula memorize tú é. Cé go bhfuil áit le haghaidh neamhchinnteacht sa staidéar teanga iasachta, memorizing teanga dothuigthe den chuid is mó nach bhfuil an úsáid is éifeachtaí de do chuid ama. Bain úsáid as samplaí is féidir leat a thuiscint, agus go mbainfidh tú níos mó a fhoghlaim uathu: Prionsabal 8: Bí cúramach le ceartúcháin Is é seo an cárta gonta, soiléir agus sothuigthe. Seo an fhadhb: Nuair a léigh tú abairt mícheart, tá tú níos mó seans ann chun a chreidiúint go bhfuil sé ceart sa todhchaí, fiú má tá tú Tá a fhios tá sé mícheart dtús. Rinne mé díreach tar éis tú níos mó seans a rá "Itheann tú hamburgers" sa todhchaí. Anois tá sé déanta agam faoi dhó. Tá brón orainn. Ar a dtugtar an "Éifeacht Fírinne,"A dhéanann sé rudaí ar an eolas níos inchreidte ná rudaí níos lú ar an eolas, is cuma cé na foinse untrustworthy. Gach uair a léigh tú botún mar seo, tá tú níos mó seans go dhéanamh an botún sa todhchaí, mar sin más mian leat chun ceartúcháin a chur isteach i do luaschártaí, dhéanann sé cosúil le seo: Má tá tú botúin a athshocrú i tástálacha líonadh-i-an-bán, leat deireadh a chur Éifeacht Fírinne, agus a fháil ar éifeachtach, spléach-chárta gonta sa phróiseas. Is féidir leat úsáid a bhaint as an gcineál seo cárta a mhúineadh duit féin gramadach. Cad mar gheall nuair a dhéanann tú botún de thimpiste? Feicfidh tú a bheith ag déanamh na mílte cártaí, a ráthaíonn beagnach go mbainfidh tú scriú suas áit éigin: Dhéanamh is cuma cad is féidir leat a sheachaint seo, ach má tharlaíonn sé, Feicfidh tú go mbeidh na cártaí faoi deara dtrioblóid an t-am. Feicfidh tú a bheith dtrioblóid tromchúiseach cuimhneamh cártaí earráideach ar feadh níos mó ná dhá sheachtain. Is é seo an rud maith. Tá do inchinn an-mhaith ag piocadh amach neamhréireachtaí. Má tá tú beatha é luaschártaí le faisnéis salach ar a chéile, Beidh sé fuaim aláram ag cur cosc leat cuimhneamh ar na luaschártaí. Má thugann tú faoi deara go bhfuil tú ag a bhfuil deacrachtaí móra ghlanmheabhair cad dealraitheach a bheith éasca cártaí, dúbailte a sheiceáil chun a chinntiú nach mian leat go bhfuil earráid neamhbheartaithe lurking in áit éigin. Ceachtar gheobhaidh tú earráid, nó go bhfuil do chuid cártaí ró-deacair. Go raibh míle maith do inchinn, shocrú do cártaí, agus bogadh ar aghaidh le do lá. Sin é! Má tá ceisteanna agus moltaí breise agat, iad a fhágáil sa tuairimí!