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ON 2 AND 3 December 2022, UCD will host the final state Decade of Centenaries conference marking the Foundation of the Irish Free State 100 years ago. On 6 December 1922, with Ireland at the nadir of its civil war, the provisional arrangements laid down in the Anglo-Irish Treaty came to an end. With this, the Irish Free State officially came into being on the anniversary of the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Legally, this marked the foundation of the Irish Free State and a significant moment in Irish independence. In the 12 months since the signing of the document, the country and the movements which had won Irish independence had been sundered by divisions over that very document. The conference will assess domestic and international policy, the legal underpinnings of the state, its constitution, the transition of the civil service, the judiciary, and the foundation of government departments. It will explore identity, language, and the social structures of independent Ireland including the place of gender, religion, minority experience, and the provision of services in the new state. Born into partition and violence, the Irish Free State faced major challenges in building a functional, stable and solvent state following a decade of war and revolution. Much of the country bore the physical scars of violence and destruction wrought between the Rising and the outbreak of the Civil War. In Dublin, both the GPO and the Four Courts along with stretches of adjacent streets still lay in ruins from the Rising and the opening of the Civil War respectively. On the day after the Irish Free State came into being, TD Seán Hales was shot dead by anti-Treaty forces while making his way to Dáil Éireann. The Free State cabinet immediately ordered the execution of four IRA prisoners in reprisal. Both the executions policy and the civil war which provoked it lasted through to May 1923. Financially, the Free State’s minister for finance obsessed with balancing the country’s finances. However, some ambitious infrastructural developments were sanctioned, most notably the Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme which paved the way for rural electrification. The borders of the Irish Free State were still in flux. The treaty had provided for an Irish Boundary Commission to determine the dividing line between the Free State and Northern Ireland. With the collapse of this commission in 1925, the border was left as it was and is. The formation of a functional and unarmed police force, the suppression of an army mutiny in 1924, and the peaceful transition of power from pro- to anti-Treaty political parties in 1932 were all milestones in the transition out of revolution and into the maturation of Irish statehood. In spite of these challenges, Ireland survived and continued to function as a democracy in the ensuing decades which saw many European states either succumb to authoritarian dictatorships or suffer invasion or annexation. Instead, Ireland’s greatest existential threat in the mid-twentieth century was emigration and the poverty which provoked it. The conference will conclude with a roundtable discussion which will examine the evolution of Ireland, socially, politically, economically in the century since 1922. Alumni are welcome to join us at the conference. For tickets and further information, click here. ■ www.ucd.ie/centenaries. Conor Mulvagh is Associate Professor, UCD School of History and is actively involved in commemorations activities at university, national and international level.
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CUIRFIDH COBÁC AN chomhdháil stáit deireanach Deich mBliana na gCéad Bliain i láthair ar an 2 agus 3 Nollaig 2022, ag ceiliúradh Bunú Saorstáit Éireann 100 bliain ó shin. Cuireadh deireadh leis na socruithe a leagadh amach sa Chonradh Angla-Éireannach ar an 6 Nollaig 1922, agus Éire sa tréimhse ba mheasa den Chogadh Cathartha,. Leis seo, bunaíodh Saorstát Éireann go hoifigiúil cothrom an lae a síníodh an Conradh AnglaÉireannach. Ba chomhartha é seo gur bunaíodh Saorstát Éireann go dlíthiúil agus tráth ríthábhachtach a bhí ann i saoirse na hÉireann. Sna 12 mí ó síníodh an doiciméad, tharla deighilt ann sa tír agus sna gluaiseachtaí a bhuaigh saoirse na hÉireann leis an doiciméad céanna sin. Déanfaidh an chomhdháil measúnú ar bheartas intíre agus ar bheartas idirnáisiúnta. Déanfar measúnú chomh maith ar fhothacaí dlíthiúla an stáit, a bhunreacht, aistriú na státseirbhíse, na breithiúna agus bunú ranna rialtais. Pléifear féiniúlacht, teanga, agus struchtúr sóisialta na hÉireann neamhspleáiche. Cuirfear an áit a bhí ag inscne, reiligiún, eispéireas an mhionlaigh, agus soláthar seirbhísí sa stát nua san áireamh. Ag teacht as críochdheighilt agus foréigean, ba mhór an dúshlán don Saorstát stát feidhmiúil, seasmhach agus daingean a chruthú i ndiaidh deich mbliana de chogadh agus réabhlóid. D’fhág an foréigean agus an scrios a tharla idir an tÉirí Amach agus tús an Chogaidh Chathartha, lorg fisiceach ar an tír. I mBaile Átha Cliath, bhí Ard-Oifig an Phoist, na Ceithre Cúirteanna agus na sráideanna cóngaracha ina bhfothracha go fóill ón Éirí Amach agus ó thosú an Chogaidh Chathartha faoi seach. Ar an lá tar éis bhunú Shaorstát Éireann, scaoil fórsaí frith-Chonartha leis an TD Seán Hales agus mharaigh é agus é ar a bhealach go Dáil Éireann. D’ordaigh comh-aireacht an tSaorstáit ceathrar príosúnach de chuid an IRA a chur chun báis láithreach mar bheart díoltais. Mhair an polasaí le daoine a dhaoradh chun báis agus an Cogadh Cathartha a spreag é go Bealtaine 1923. Ó thaobh airgeadais de, bhí an tAire Airgeadais dúghafa le hairgeadas na tíre a chomhordú. Mar sin féin, ceadaíodh roinnt forbairtí bonneagair uaillmhianacha, go háirithe Scéim Hidrileictreach na Sionainne a réitigh an bealach le haghaidh leictriúchán tuaithe. Bhí teorainneacha an tSaorstáit ag síorathrú go fóill. Chuir an conradh Coimisiún na Teorann ar fáil chun líne dhealaithe idir an Saorstát agus Tuaisceart Éireann a shocrú. Nuair a chlis ar an gcoimisiún seo i 1925, fágadh an teorainn mar a bhí agus mar atá anois. B’ócáidí cinniúnacha a tharla le linn an athraithe ó réabhlóid go forbairt státacht na hÉireann iad; fórsa póilíneachta feidhmiúil agus neamharmtha a bhunú, ceannairc san arm a chur faoi chois i 1924, aistriú síochánta cumhachta ó pháirtí a bhí ar son an Chonartha go páirtí polaitíochta frithChonartha i 1932. In ainneoin na ndúshlán seo, tháinig Éire slán. Sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin, lean sí ag feidhmiú mar dhaonlathas nuair a tháinig deachtóireacht fhorlámhach i gcumhacht i gcuid mhaith stát Eorpaigh sin nó go ndearnadh ionradh agus ionghabháil orthu. Ina ionad sin, ba í an bhagairt eiseach ba mhó a bhí ar Éirinn i lár an fichiú haois ná eisimirce agus an bhochtaineacht ba chúis leis. Críochnóidh an chomhdháil le díospóireacht chomhchéime ina scrúdófar forbairt na hÉireann, go sóisialta, ó thaobh na polaitíochta de agus ó thaobh an gheilleagair de sna céad bliain ó 1922. Tá fáilte roimh alumni a bheith linn ag an gcomhdháil. ■ www.ucd.ie/centenaries. Is Ollamh Comhlach é Conor Mulvagh, Scoil na Staire COBÁC agus bíonn sé páirteach go gníomhach i ngníomhaíochtaí comórtha ar an ollscoil, ar leibhéal náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta.