https___aranirish.nuigalway.ie_ga_an-taighde__1.xml
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How the Research Began During a visit to Ireland in 1988, Tomás de Bhaldraithe – author of the seminal works The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway: A Phonetic Study (1966), Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht (1953) and Seanchas Thomáis Laighléis (1981) – directed Dr. Séamas Ó Direáin to speak with Máirtín Ó Murchú of the School of Celtic Studies at the Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies. Dr. Ó Murchú suggested that Dr. Ó Direáin conduct linguistic research specifically on Inis Mór. The Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects (LASID) created by Myles Dillon and Heinrich Wagner in the 1950s included valuable dialect information on Inis Meáin and on Inis Oírr but neglected Inis Mór. Indeed, there had been no dialect research conducted there since the late nineteenth-century work of Holger Pedersen and Franz Nikolaus Finck. Dr. Ó Direáin conducted his field research during the summers between 1990 and 1994. He spent the summer of 1990 in Inis Mór, 1991 in Inis Meáin, and 1992 in Inis Oírr. He spent the summer of 1994 completing his survey throughout the archipelago. Following the initial suggestion of Dr. Ó Murchú, Dr. Ó Direáin administered the LASID questionnaire in the townland of Corrúch in Inis Mór so that information from Inis Mór would be available for comparison with the data gathered for LASID two generations earlier on the two eastern islands. For the work on the current linguistic variation between the islands, however, he designed his own questionnaire to elicit grammatical, phonological and lexical information that would reveal the main patterns of differentiation. The aim of this customized questionnaire was to show the surprising dialectal diversity evident not only across the three close-knit islands but even in the Irish of Inis Mór. The wealth of data gathered from the customized questionnaire justified the effort beyond all expectations. Structure of the Survey This study contains three volumes: - Volume One – Description of linguistic variation in the Aran Islands - Volume Two – Tables of the key linguistic variables that form the basis for the discussion of linguistic variation - Volume Three – Results of the LASID questionnaire administered to two informants in Corrúch at the outset of the research on Inis Mór. Their responses, which fill 125 pages, provided a wealth of detail on the dialect that is not available elsewhere in the Survey. This detail formed much of the basis for the rest of the investigation. The conclusions of the Survey, which are presented in Volume One, focus on the data and so represent only some of the research findings. Additional findings find more room for discussion in a series of unpublished papers presented in Appendix A at the end of Volume One. These include: - discussions of theoretical and methodological questions - descriptions of complexities encountered during fieldwork - suggestions for how further fieldwork might be carried out, even by relatively untrained fieldworkers. Emphasis is given also to the value of examining the patterns of distribution exhibited by items featured individually on the 300 maps found in Volume One of LASID. Such patterns can reveal the socio-economic landscape of the past few centuries, including trading connections between relatively distant communities connected chiefly by sea routes. Producing the Linguistic Data Tables using LaTeX Given that this Survey had a 25-year gestation period, it was inevitable that it would encounter changes in publishing technologies. In 2000, when the time had come to begin producing a publication based on the research, the School of Celtic Studies at the Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies suggested Dr. Ó Direáin prepare a book manuscript using the document preparation system LaTeX. LaTeX would produce a manuscript copy of publishable quality from an ordinary computer printer and so eliminate the need for ordinary typesetting and printing. While LaTeX produced fine results on paper, it proved to be an exceptionally difficult medium in which to work, especially in the preparation of the tables of linguistic variables in Volume II. Without the patient assistance given over a period of fifteen years by Peter Flynn, Manager of the Electronic Publishing and Learning Technologies Units at University College Cork, this publication could not have been completed. Opportunities to extract the linguistic data from LaTeX may present themselves in time. For now, it has been decided to make the study freely available to the public on this website via a PDF (3.1MB) that is word-searchable and contains a table of contents with hyperlinks to sections of the study. Resources We are making the following three extracts from the Survey available so that scholars interested in exploring spoken Irish might have ready access to the tools that would enable them to gather similar data and to learn from it. These three tools can be used to carry out similar investigations in other areas or with other informants. The stimulus sentences are given in English so that the informants can translate the sentences into their equivalents in their normal spoken Irish. The sociolinguistic questionnaire can be used to find out about the social background of the informants. Finally, when the responses of the informants are recorded and transcribed, the index to sentence contexts can be used to locate each occurrence of a linguistic variable in the two lists of sentences. International Advisory Board - Peter Flynn MA, FICS, HND (BS), Manager, Electronic Publishing & Learning Technologies Units, University College Cork - David Kelly, Research Technologist, Moore Institute, NUI Galway - Prof. Nollaig Mac Congáil, Emeritus Professor of Irish, former Registrar, former Deputy President, NUI Galway - Prof. Joseph Nagy, Professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles - Dr. Deirdre Ní Chonghaile, Project Manager, A Survey of Spoken Irish in the Aran Islands, Co. Galway; Project Co-Ordinator, Amhráin Árann – Aran Songs - Eoin Ó Droighneáin, Translation and Corpus Planning Unit, NUI Galway - Prof. Kevin Scannell, Professor of Mathematics & Computer Science, St Louis University - Dr. John Walsh, Lecturer in Irish (Socio-Linguistics), NUI Galway "As it is so pioneering and as it builds on previous work in this academic field, I would say this study is the most ambitious, most accomplished and most comprehensive in the entire field of dialectology." Nollaig Mac Congáil, Emeritus Professor of Irish, former Registrar, former Deputy President, NUI Galway "Séamas Ó Direáin’s linguistic research on the dialects of Irish spoken in the Aran Islands is clearly a major achievement. This is probably the most comprehensive study of any dialect of Irish completed to date, and it is wonderful that scholars and researchers will now have searchable online access to all of the data and analysis." Prof. Kevin Scannell, Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science, St Louis University "This dialectological work by Séamas Ó Direáin is of national and international importance. It adds greatly to our knowledge of the dialectology of Irish in general and surpasses all other previous studies of the dialects of Aran. Many other research possibilities can emerge from it and I am delighted that it will be housed at the National University of Ireland, Galway from now on." Dr. John Walsh, Senior Lecturer in Irish (Sociolinguistics and Dialectology)
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Mar a Thosaigh an Taighde Le linn chuairt an Dr. Shéamais Uí Dhireáin ar Éirinn sa bhliain 1988, mhol Tomás de Bhaldraithe – údar na saothar fíor-thábhachtach The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway: A Phonetic Study (1966), Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht (1953) agus Seanchas Thomáis Laighléis (1981) – don Direánach labhairt le Máirtín Ó Murchú ag Scoil an Léinn Cheiltigh in Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath. Mhol an Dr. Ó Murchú go ndéanfadh an Dr. Ó Direáin taighde teangeolaíoch in Inis Mór ach go háirithe, ó tharla go ndearna Myles Dillon agus Heinrich Wagner taighde luachmhar ar chanúintí Inis Mheáin agus Inis Oírr sna 1950-idí agus iad ag bailiú faisnéise don Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects (LASID). Níorbh fhiú leosan beirt, áfach, aon taighde a dhéanamh in Inis Mór an tráth sin. Leis an bhfírinne a rá, ní dhearnadh aon taighde canúineolaíoch san oileán úd ó aimsir na scoláirí Holger Pedersen agus Franz Nikolaus Finck ag deireadh an naoú aois déag. An Taighde Allamuigh 1990-1994 Rinne an Dr. Ó Direáin a chuid taighde allamuigh i rith an tsamhraidh idir na blianta 1990 agus 1994. Chaith sé samhradh na bliana 1990 in Inis Mór, samhradh na bliana 1991 in Inis Meáin, agus samhradh na bliana 1992 in Inis Oírr. Chaith sé samhradh na bliana 1994 ag cur bailchríche ar an Suirbhé sna trí oileán trí chéile. Ag tús na hoibre, ag glacadh leis an moladh a thug an Dr. Ó Murchú an chéad lá, chuir an Dr. Ó Direáin ceistneoir LASID ar bheirt in Inis Mór, sa bhaile fearainn Corrúch. Rinneadh seo ionas go mbeadh faisnéis ó Inis Mór ar fáil chun a cur i gcomórtas leis an bhfaisnéis a bailíodh ar shon LASID dhá ghlúin níos luaithe sa dá oileán thoir. Chun díriú ar na sonraí canúna a léireodh na miondifríochtaí teanga idir na trí oileán in aimsir an tSuirbhé, ámh, chum sé saincheistneoir a bhainfeadh ó fhaisnéiseoirí sna trí oileán go díreach an fhaisnéis ina ngramadach, ina bhfoghraíocht agus ina stór focal a léireodh príomhphatrúin na miondifríochtaí sin. Bhí sé mar aidhm ag an saincheistneoir seo ní amháin ilghnéitheacht na gcanúintí thar na trí oileán a léiriú ach ilghnéitheacht iontach na canúna in Inis Mór féin a léiriú. Mar a tharla, ba mhór ab fhiú an iarracht, mar bailíodh saibhreas faisnéise leis an saincheistneoir sin nach raibh súil leis ag an am a cumadh an ceistneoir. Struchtúr an tSuirbhé Tá trí imleabhar sa saothar seo: - Pléann Imleabhar a hAon go mion le hilghnéitheacht teanga thar Oileáin Árann - Léiríonn Imleabhar a Dó na táblaí faisnéise ina bhfaightear na príomhthréithe teanga ba bhun leis an díospóireacht in Imleabhar a hAon - Taispeánann Imleabhar a Trí na freagraí a thug an bheirt fhaisnéiseoirí i gCorrúch ar cheistneoir LASID ag tús an taighde in Inis Mór. Líonann a bhfreagraí 125 leathanach agus soláthraíonn siad go leor sonraí ar an gcanúint nach bhfuil ar fáil in aon áit eile sa Suirbhé. Ba í faisnéis an cheistneora sin a bhí mar bhun ag an gcuid eile den Suirbhé. Maidir le tátail an tSuirbhé, tá siad le fáil in Imleabhar a hAon, ach díríonn siad ar an bhfaisnéis atá bainte ó na táblaí faisnéise. Chun teacht ar iomlán na faisnéise atá le baint as an taighde, caithfear díriú ar na páipéir gan foilsiú atá le fáil in Aguisín A ag deireadh Imleabhar a hAon. Ina measc tá: - plé ar cheisteanna teoirice agus modheolaíochta - cur síos ar dheacrachtaí na hoibre allamuigh - moltaí faoi bhealaí arbh fhéidir taighde allamuigh a dhéanamh sa todhchaí – go fiú ag oibrithe gan mórán oiliúna. Cuirtear béim freisin ar luach an 300 léarscáil in Imleabhar a hAon de LASID, ina léirítear dáileadh leaganacha éagsúla focal áirithe agus foirmeacha gramadúla thar éadan na tíre. Féadann na patrúin sin léargas a thabhairt ar dhreach shoch-eacnamaíoch iarthar na tíre thar na céadta bliain, ar naisc trádála thar muir idir pobail ina gcónaí i bhfad ó chéile, cuir i gcás. Ag Dearadh na dTáblaí Faisnéise le LaTeX Ó tharla an Suirbhé seo á chur i gcrích thar thréimhse 25 bliain, is iomadh athrú a tháinig ar theicneolaíocht na foilsitheoireachta san achar céanna. Sa bhliain 2000, nuair ba mhithid tosú ar réiteach an ábhair taighde chun a fhoilsithe, mhol Scoil an Léinn Cheiltigh in Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath don Dr. Ó Direáin lámhscríbhinn leabhair a réiteach leis an gcóras réitithe cáipéisí LaTeX. Sholáthródh LaTeX lámhscríbhinn den scoth go díreach ó chlódóir an ríomhaire sa chaoi nár ghá dul chuig gnáthchlódóir chun an saothar a chur i gcló. Ar an drochuair, ámh, cé go soláthraíodh LaTex lámhscríbhinn álainn, ba chóras an-chasta é le cur i bhfeidhm – go háirithe le linn dhearadh na dtáblaí faisnéise in Imleabhar a Dó. Gan cúnamh fíorchaoin thar 15 bliain ó Peter Flynn, Bainisteoir ar Electronic Publishing and Learning Technologies Units ag Coláiste na hOllscoile, Corcaigh, ní fhéadfaí an saothar seo a fhoilsiú. In imeacht aimsire, d’fhéadfaí cuid den fhaisnéis theangeolaíoch a bhaint amach as an gcreatlach LaTeX ar mhaithe lena n-úsáid ar bhealaí eile. Faoi láthair, ámh, cuirtear an saothar ar fáil saor in aisce don ghnáthphobal ar an suíomh idirlín seo i bhfoirm PDF (3.1MB) inar féidir focail a lorg go héasca. Tá clár ábhar ann freisin le hipearnaisc inmheánacha a threoraíonn an léitheoir go díreach chuig ranna éagsúla an tsaothair. Acmhainní Cuireann muid na sleachta seo as an tSuirbhé a leanas ar fáil ionas go mbeidh scoláirí a mbeadh spéis acu i nGaeilge labhartha in ann eolas cruinn a chur ar thréithe teanga in aon cheantar. Is féidir leas a bhaint as na huirlisí seo chun taighde a dhéanamh in áit eile nó le faisnéiseoirí eile. Is féidir na habairtí trialacha i mBéarla a úsáid chun go bhféadfadh na faisnéiseoirí iad a aistriú ina ngnáthGhaeilge labhartha. Is féidir an ceistneoir don agallamh sochtheangeolaíoch a úsáid chun eolas a fháil ar shaol an fhaisnéiseora. Ar deireadh, nuair a bheas freagraí na bhfaisnéiseoirí taifeadta agus tras-scríofa, is féidir leas a bhaint as an innéacs chun teacht ar gach áit sna habairtí aistrithe ina bhféadfaí sampla de thréith áirithe teanga a aimsiú. Bord Idirnáisiúnta Comhairleach - Peter Flynn MA, FICS, HND (BS), Bainisteoir ar na hAonaid Foilsitheoireachta Leictreonach & Teicneolaíochtaí Foghlama, Ollscoil Chorcaí - David Kelly, Teicneolaí Taighde, Institiúid de Móra, Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh - Oll. Nollaig Mac Congáil, Ollamh Emeritus, Iar-Chláraitheoir, Iar-Leas-Uachtarán, Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh - Oll. Joseph Nagy, Ollamh le Béarla, Ollscoil California, Los Angeles Deirdre Ní Chonghaile, Bainisteoir Tionscadail, Suirbhé ar an nGaeilge Labhartha in Oileáin Árann, Co. na Gaillimhe; Comhordaitheoir Tionscadail, Amhráin Árann – Aran Songs - Eoin Ó Droighneáin, Aonad an Aistriúcháin & Pleanála Corpais, Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh - Oll. Kevin Scannell, Ollamh le Matamaitic & Ríomheolaíocht, Ollscoil St Louis John Walsh, Léachtóir Sinsearach le Gaeilge (Sochtheangeolaíocht & Canúineolaíocht), Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh "Ó tharla go bhfuil sé chomh ceannródaíoch sin agus go bhfuil sé ag tógáil ar a bhfuil déanta cheana ins an réimse léinn seo, déarfainn go bhfuil sé ar an saothar is uaillmhianaí, is ildánaí agus is cuimsithí dá bhfuil ann i ngort na canúneolaíochta ar fad." Nollaig Mac Congáil, Ollamh Emeritus, Iar-Chláraitheoir, Iar-Leas-Uachtarán, Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh "Is léir go bhfuil éacht déanta ag Séamas Ó Direáin lena chuid taighde teangeolaíochta ar na canúintí Gaeilge in Oileáin Árann. Is dócha gurb é seo an staidéar is cuimsithí ar aon chanúint Ghaeilge go dtí seo, agus tá sé go hiontach go mbeidh scoláirí agus taighdeoirí in ann teacht ar an anailís agus ar na bunsonraí go léir ar líne i bhfoirm inchuardaithe leictreonach." Oll. Kevin Scannell, Ollamh le Matamaitic & Ríomheolaíocht, Ollscoil St Louis "Baineann tábhacht náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta leis an saothar canúineolaíochta seo le Séamas Ó Direáin. Cuireann sé go mór lenár n-eolas ar chanúineolaíocht chomhaimseartha na Gaeilge trí chéile agus sáraíonn sé aon staidéar eile a deineadh ar chanúintí Árann roimhe seo. Is mór iad na deiseanna eile taighde a eascraíonn as agus tá áthas orm gur in Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh a bheidh sé lonnaithe feasta." John Walsh, Léachtóir Sinsearach le Gaeilge (Sochtheangeolaíocht & Canúineolaíocht)