http___www.scoilnet.ie_gaeilge_projectmaths_stats.shtm_1.xml
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Statistics is the study of the collection, organisation, analysis, and interpretation of data. You may not realise it but you probably make statistical statements every day. Statements like "I eat an average of 1800 calories a day" and "You are more likely to pass the exam if you start studying earlier" are actually statistical in nature. Statistics is in use everywhere, just by reading your daily newspaper, watching the T.V. or looking at advertisement billboards and even in our everyday conversations you will come across hundreds of statistics. For this reason it has become increasingly important that we as a society understand Statistics - their uses and misuses and some of the misconceptions around them. The Project Maths Statistics course was developed with the needs of today's society in mind. In essence the course is concerned with: - designing experiments and other data collection - summarizing information to aid understanding - drawing conclusions from data - estimating the present or predicting the future. The Foundation, Ordinary and Higher levels of the course all start off with an introduction to what statistics is, following that you should know what a what a sample is and how one is selected. At Higher Level you also need to know the different methods of sampling, once you have studied these you can test yourself here It is important that you are aware of the different data types used in statistics and why not test your knowledge of the different data types here. You can also see if you are able to identify examples of data types. The Data Collection Cycle is another aspect of the course and deals with topics like Survey Design for example. Once you have collected and counted your data the next step might be to represent it on a graph, use these notes to help you understand which graph type is best suited to the different data types. A Stem and leaf plot is a new graph type that all level should be able to use to represent data. Once you have studied the topic you can practice creating one here. A Back to Back Stem and Leaf plot can be used to compare data sets. Histograms remain on the course, however the study is confined to histograms with equal class intervals. Such histograms are very useful as they tell us the "shape of the distribution" or where most of the data lies. For bivariate data a Scatter Graph should be used. You should be able to describe the strength of the correlation between the data and also be able to give this a numerical value. Higher Level students should also know how to calculate the correlation coefficient and be able to draw a line of best fit, they should also be aware that correlation does not imply causality and be able to give an example of this. Students should understand measures of central tendency and spread, they should know how to calculate them and which measure is best suited to particular data types and sets. Other topics on the statistics course can also be found under the Statistics and Probability topic for Senior Cycle Second level students.
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Is éard atá i gceist le staitisticí, an staidéar a dhéantar ar bhailiúchán, eagrú, anailís, agus léirmhíniú sonraí. B’fhéidir nach dtugann tú faoi deara é, ach gach seans go ndéanann tú ráitis staitistiúla gach lá. Maidir le ráitis ar nós “Ithim ar an meán 1800 calra in aghaidh an lae” agus “Is mó an seans ann go n-éireoidh leat sa scrúdú má thosaíonn tú ag staidéar níos luaithe”, is ráitis iad atá staitistiúil i ndáiríre. Úsáidtear staitisticí i ngach áit, fiú agus tú ag léamh do nuachtán laethúil, ag féachaint ar an teilifís nó ag breathnú ar chláir fhógraí agus amhail i gcomhráite laethúla beidh tú ag teacht ar staitisticí. Mar gheall ar an méid seo, tá sé ag éirí níos tábhachtaí go dtuigfimid Staitisticí mar shochaí - an úsáid agus an mhí-úsáid a bhaintear astu agus roinnt de na míthuairimí a bhaineann leo. Forbraíodh an Tionscadal Mata Staitisticí ag féachaint do riachtanais shochaí an lae inniu. Go bunúsach, baineann na nithe seo a leanas leis an gcúrsa: turgnaimh agus bailiú sonraí eile a dhearadh achoimre a dhéanamh ar eolas chun cur leis an tuiscint conclúidí a bhaint as sonraí an t-am i láthair a mheas nó an todhchaí a thuar. Tosaíonn Bonnleibhéal, Gnáthleibhéal agus Ardleibhéal an chúrsa le réamheolas ar céard iad staitisticí, agus ina dhiaidh sin ba chóir go mbeadh a fhios agat céard atá i gceist le sampla agus conas a roghnaítear ceann. Ar an Ardleibhéal caithfidh tuiscint a bheith agat freisin ar na modhanna difriúla samplála, nuair atá staidéar déanta agat ar an méid sin is féidir scrúdú a dhéanamh anseo. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeifeá ar an eolas faoi na cineálacha difriúla sonraí a úsáidtear i réimse na staitisticí agus cén fáth nach dtógfá scrúdú ar an méid atá ar eolas agat ar na cineálacha difriúla sonraí atá ar fáil anseo. Is féidir leat fáil amach freisin an bhfuil tú ábalta samplaí de chineálacha sonraí a aithint. Is gné eile den chúrsa é an Timthriall um Bailiú Sonraí agus déileálann sé le hábhair ar nós Dearadh Suirbhéanna mar shampla. Nuair atá do shonraí go léir bailithe agus comhairthe agat b’fhéidir gurb í an chéad chéim eile iad a chur i láthair ar ghraf, úsáid na nótaí seo chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcineál graif a oireann do na cineálacha difriúla sonraí. Is cineál nua graif é an léaráid ghais is duillí agus ba chóir go mbeadh gach leibhéal in ann é a úsáid chun sonraí a léiriú. Nuair atá staidéar déanta agat ar an ábhar is féidir cleachtadh a dhéanamh ar cheann a chruthú anseo. Is féidir Back to Back Stem and Leaf plot can be used to compare data sets. Tá histeagraim fós ar an gcúrsa ach ní dhéantar staidéar anois ach ar histeagraim le comheatraimh ranga. Tá histeagraim den chineál sin an-úsáideach mar léirítear dúinn "cruth an dáileacháin" nó an áit ina bhfuil an chuid is mó de na sonraí. Ba chóir Scaipghraf a úsáid le haghaidh sonraí dé-athráideach. Ba chóir go mbeifeá ábalta cur síos a dhéanamh ar láidreacht an chomhghaolúcháin idir na sonraí agus ba chóir go mbeifeá ábalta freisin luach uimhriúil a chur air seo.. Ba chóir go mbeadh a fhios ag daltaí Ardleibhéil freisin conas comhéifeacht an chomhghaolaithe a ríomh agus a bheith ábalta an líne is fearr oiriúint a tharraingt, ba chóir go mbeidís ar an eolas freisin nach dtugtar cúisíocht le fios le comhghaolú agus a bheith ábalta sampla a thabhairt den mhéid sin. Ba chóir go dtuigfeadh daltaí tomhais an chlaonta lárnaigh agus an leata, tba chóir go mbeidís in ann iad a ríomh agus cén tomhas is fearr do chineálacha sonraí éagsúla agus tacair shonraí éagsúla. Is féidir ábhair eile ar an gcúrsa staitisticí a fheiceáil faoin topaic Staitisticí agus Dóchúlacht le haghaidh daltaí dara leibhéal atá sa tsraith shinsearach.