http___futurefood.org_in-vitro-meat_index_en.php.xml
http___futurefood.org_in-vitro-meat_index_hr.php_1.xml
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Cultured Meat; manufacturing of meat products through "tissue-engineering" technology. In-Vitro meat is the (idea of) manufacturing of meat products through "tissue-engineering" technology. Cultured meat (= in-vitro meat) could have financial, health, animal welfare and environmental advantages over traditional meat. The idea: To produce animal meat, but without using an animal. Starting cells are taken painlessly from live animals, they are put into a culture media where they start to proliferate and grow, independently from the animal. Theoretically, this process would be efficient enough to supply the global demand for meat. All this would happen without any genetic manipulation, i.e. without the need to interfere with the cells’ genetic sequences. Producing cultured meat for processed meat products, such as sausages, burgers and nuggets should be comparatively simple, whereas cultured meat which should be more highly structured, such as for an in-vitro steak is considerably more of a challenge. A steak is made of muscle tissue which is threaded through with extremely long, fine capillaries which transport blood and nutrients directly to the cells. It is much more difficult to reproduce such a complex structure than it is to put together the small balls of cells which grow to larger balls of cells which in turn become in-vitro chicken nuggets. The most important challenges to overcome in order to outperform animal derived meat in terms of taste and economics are: Starter Cells: These can be taken painlessly from live animals via biopsy. The question is: Which type of cells should be used? Stem cells are cells which, in a manner of speaking, have not yet decided what they will become; muscle cells, bones cells or one of so many other kinds of cells? This is a disadvantage because very specific cells are needed for the production of in-vitro meat. However, the advantage of stem cells is that they proliferate rapidly. The alternative to using stem cells would be to use fully defined muscle cells that “know what they are” although the problem here is that they hardly multiply at all. A compromise is to use cells which are between the two extremes, in other words, cells that proliferate at an acceptable pace and that are at the same time sufficiently differentiated from other cell types, for example, myoblast cells. Growth Medium / Culture Media: The aim is to find a medium in which the cells can grow that is cost effective and free from animal ingredients. Serum from calves, for example, cannot be used with cultured meat. Because cultured meat does not have the digestive organs that a live creature has, which convert nutrients to feed the cells, the medium must be able to supply the cells directly with what they need. Material for an edible scaffold for the cells to attach themselves to: In order to produce three-dimensional in-vitro meat, it is necessary to have a scaffold. The ideal is an edible scaffold that would not need to be extracted from the end product. To simulate the stretching that muscle cells undergo as a living creature moves around it is highly desirable to develop a scaffold that could periodically shift its form thus “exercising” the cells. This could be achieved by using a stimuli-sensitive scaffold made of alginate, chitosan or collagen, from non-animal sources. The scaffold would then stretch periodically in response to small changes in temperature or pH levels. The cells could also attach themselves to a membrane or tiny beads which could be layered on top of each other and connected together. Bioreactor: It is in the bioreactor that everything comes together; the cells, the culture medium and the scaffold. Through fluctuations in temperature an environment is created which can be likened to a fitness centre with movement training for the muscle cells. Cultured meat must consist of small and large fibres of muscle cells in addition to connective tissue which produces collagen and elastin as well as fat cells which are important for the taste of the end product. Economically viable solutions for the above listed points have not yet been fully researched. We are still waiting for the big breakthrough. We would like to briefly remark on the idea of food being natural: It is intended that cultured meat should replace industrialised intensive farming; this poses no threat or competition to farming organic vegetables, for example. Compared to the unnaturalness of industrial animal farming, cultured meat would be undoubtedly a progressive step in terms of health, animal welfare and ecology. New Harvest - THE website for information about cultured meat! International In Vitro Meat Consortium! InVitroMeat Foundation In vitro meat collaboration worldwide The cultured meat blog Scientific paper on status quo of in vitro meat research in 2009 Links to media articles Scientists grow pork meat in a laboratory (Times) Scientific American 2009 on the status quo of in vitro meat Smart Economy on cultured meat Beef Magazine (highly recommendable) Video about cultured meat and the British Times and another Link Science Fiction becomes reality? British Guardian „When meat is not murder“ Singapore as centre for cultured-meat-research? PETA's Latest Tactic: $1 Million for Fake Meat (NY Times) Scientific American
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MESO UZGOJENO U KULTURI STANICA; DOBIVANJE MESNIH PROIZVODA POMOĆU TEHNOLOGIJE 'INŽENJERSTVA TKIVA' In vitro meso, način je proizvodnje mesa pomoću tehnologije 'inženjerstva tkiva'. Meso uzgojeno u kulturi stanica (= in-vitro meso) moglo bi imati financijske i zdravstvene prednosti te prednosti u zaštiti okoliša i dobrobiti životinja u odnosu na meso životinjskog podrijetla. Ideja: Proizvesti životinjsko meso, ali bez korištenja životinja. Starter stanice uzete od živih životinja i postavljene na hranjivu podlogu počnu se razmnožavati i rasti, neovisno o životinji. Teoretski, ovaj bi proces bio dovoljno efikasan za zadovoljavanje globalnih potreba za mesom. Kompletan proces odvijao bi se bez ikakve genetske manipulacije, - bez potrebe za izmjenama u genetskom materijalu stanica. Proizvodnja mesa u kulturi stanica za prerađene mesne proizvode, kao što su kobasice, pljeskavice i ćevapčići trebala bi biti relativno jednostavna. Pri uzgoju mesa koje treba biti vrlo strukturirano, za npr. in-vitro odrezak, izazov je bitno veći. Odrezak sačinjava mišićno tkivo prožeto izuzetno dugim, finim kapilarama koje transportiraju krv i hranjive tvari direktno do stanica. Mnogo je teže proizvesti takve kompleksne strukture, nego što je spojiti male loptice stanica koje narastu u veće kuglice stanica i konačno postanu in-vitro pileći medaljoni. Najvažniji izazovi koji treba nadmašiti kako bi se dobio proizvod bolji od mesa dobivenog od životinja obzirom na okus i ekonomske faktore Starter stanice: Ove stanice se mogu biopsijom bezbolno preuzeti iz živih životinja. Pitanje je: Koji tip stanica bi trebalo koristiti? Embrionalne stanice su stanice, u prenesnom značenju, koje se još nisu odlučile što će postati; mišićne stanice, koštane stanice, ili neke od mnogo drugih vrsta stanica. Ovo je nedostatak jer su za proizvodnju in-vitro mesa potrebne točno određene vrste stanica. Ipak, prednost embrionalnih stanica je to što se one vrlo brzo razmnožavaju. Alternativa korištenju zametnih stanica bila bi uporaba potpuno definiranih mišićnih stanica koje 'znaju što su', no problem je što se one gotovo uopće ne dijele. Kompromis bi bio korištenje stanica koje se nalaze između dva ekstrema, drugim riječima, stanicama koje se dijele prihvatljivom brzinom i koje su istovremeno odgovarajuće diferencirane od drugih tipova stanica, npr. stanice mioblasta. Hranjivi medij za uzgoj kulture tkiva: Cilj je pronaći medij koji bi bio jeftin i koji ne bi sadržavao sastojke životinjskog podrijetla. Na primjer, serum teladi ne može se koristiti kao medij za uzgoj mesa u kulturi stanica. Budući meso uzgojeno u kulturi stanica nema probavnih organa koje ima živo biće, a koji pretvaraju hranjive tvari u oblik podoban za hranjenje stanica, hranjivi medij mora u potpunosti moći opskrbiti stanice onime što im je potrebno. Materijal za izradu jestivog nosača za koji bi se stanice vezale: Kako bi se dobilo trodimenzionalno in-vitro meso, neophodno je imati nosač za koji će se stanice uhvatiti i na njemu rasti. Idealno bi bilo proizvesti jestivi nosač koji se ne bi morao izdvajati iz krajnjeg produkta. Kako bi se simuliralo istezanje mišićnog tkiva koje se normalno odvija kada se živo biće kreće, bilo bi poželjno proizvesti nosač koji bi se periodički mogao pomicati i na taj način 'vježbati' stanice. To bi se moglo postići upotrebom nosača osjetljivog na poticaje, načinjenog od alginata, kitozana ili kolagena koji nije dobiven od životinja. On bi tako stezao / istezao s malom promjenom temperature ili pH. Isto tako, stanice bi se mogle vezati na membrane ili tanke nosače koji bi se nizali jedni na druge i bili međusobno povezani. Bioreaktor: Bioreaktor je mjesto gdje se sve spaja: stanice kulture tkiva, hranjiva podloga i nosač. Promjenom temperature, stvara se okolina pogodna za trening kretanja mišićnih stanica. Meso uzgojeno u kulturi stanica mora se sastojati od malih i velikih mišićnih vlakana te vezivnog tkiva koje proizvodi kolagen i elastin, kao i stanica masnog tkiva koje su važne za okus krajnjeg proizvoda. Ekonomski isplativa rješenja za gore navedeno još uvijek nisu u potpunosti istražena i još uvijek se čeka na otkriće koje će to omogućiti. Htjeli bi smo dati jednu kratku opasku na ideju prirodno dobivene hrane: namjera je mesom uzgojenom u kulturi stanica zamijeniti industrijalizirani intenzivni uzgoj hrane na farmama, što, npr., ne predstavlja prijetnju ili konkurenciju ekološkoj proizvodnji povrća. U usporedbi s neprirodnošću industrijskog uzgoja životinja, meso uzgojeno u kulturi stanica, nedvojbeno će biti velik korak za zdravlje, dobrobiti životinja i ekologije. New Harvest (En.) – Stranica sa SVIME što će vas zanimati o mesu uzgojenom u kulturi stanica! Međunarodni konzorcij za In Vitro meso (UMB Norveška) ... motivacija konzorcija ... nove Internet stranice konzorcija! Linkovi na clanke u medijima Pametna ekonomija i meso uzgojeno u kulturi stanica (En.) Znanstvena fantastika postaje realnost? British Guardian 'Kada meso nije ubojstvo' (En.) Beef Magazine (preporučamo) (En.) Video snimka o mesu uzgojenom u kulturi stanica (En.) British Times (En.) Newstarget (En.) Singapur kao centar za istraivanje na polju mesa uzgojenog u kulturi stanica? Scientific American (En.)