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Bertrand Russel’s Ten Commandments of Higher Teaching Widely held to be one of the 20th century’s premier logicians, Bertrand Russel was a British philosopher, mathematician, historian and political activist par excellence. More importantly, he was a profound and original teacher. His philosophy of religion in particular was a heavy influence on such modern champions of philosophy as Christopher Hitchens, Daniel Dennett, and Richard Dawkins. As a teacher, it was his wish to promulgate the following Liberal Decalogue as a vision for the responsibilities of a good teacher. Let’s break them down, shall we. Do not feel absolutely certain of anything “Uncertainty is so terrible that we often seek to be rid of it, at the hazard of a certain mischief.” -Edmund Burke Russel would probably be the first to declare that there is wisdom in uncertainty. Absolute certainty gets you nowhere but stuck. Sure, certainty is comfortable, but it is also stagnant, boring, and leads to intellectual inertia. Even worse, it tends to propagate close-mindedness. Uncertainty is far superior, because then at least truth is allowed to grow and change with the passage of time. Instead of believing in things, take things into consideration. It is quite simple to alter considerations. But it’s almost impossible to alter beliefs. caveat credentis, believer beware. Like Gerry Spence said, “I’d rather have a mind open by wonder than one closed by belief.” Knowledge of truth should never be seen as a given, but as a gift; a gift gleaned not as a certainty but as a proper humility in the face of what we think we know. Knowledge is as much subject to vicissitude as anything else. Seek not certainty, but absolute uncertainty. Do not think it worthwhile to proceed by concealing evidence “In religion and politics people’s beliefs and convictions are in almost every case gotten at second-hand, and without examination, from authorities who have not themselves examined the questions at issue but have taken them at second-hand from other non-examiners, whose opinions about them were not worth a brass farthing.” ― Mark Twain The evidence is sure to come to light anyway, so you might as well help to reveal it rather than seek to conceal it. Concealing evidence now just makes you look like a fool later. If you’re not the one to reveal the truth, then it will be someone else eventually anyway, so it might as well be you now, even if it goes against your current agenda. Guard against the conviction that seeks to suppress facts. Turn the tables by consistently and ruthlessly questioning such convictions. Above all, cultivate a good sense of humor in the face of a bad sense of honor. Never try to discourage thinking for you are sure to succeed “The secret of freedom lies in educating people, whereas the secret in tyranny is in keeping them ignorant.” –Maximilien Robespierre Would you be a liberator or a tyrant? If you would be a liberator then by all means educate people and encourage thinking. If you would be a tyrant then by all means keep people ignorant and discourage thinking. Tyranny only helps the powerful maintain their power. Liberty helps to balance and expiate power, while creating new forms of power. A good teacher always wants their students to think for themselves, even if that means such thinking might extinguish some of the teacher’s power. This is because true teachers do not seek to create followers, they seek to create leaders. And oh the absolute joy that is discovered when a student becomes a teacher. When you meet with opposition, endeavor to overcome it by argument and not by authority “An optimist mindset finds dozens of possible solutions for every problem that the pessimist regards as incurable.” –Robert Anton Wilson A victory dependent upon authority is unreal and illusory. A victory interdependent upon a good argument is authentic and sincere. And a dialectical exchange that arrives at the “truth” through logical discourse is even better. There is always something more to learn when opposition is met with open argumentation rather than closed off authority. Authoritarianism doesn’t teach anything. It is inconsiderate, and has no respect for the opposition. Argumentation, on the other hand, teaches respect and compassion toward the opposition. Strive toward compassionate argumentation rather than unfeeling authority when it comes to disagreement and conflict. Have no respect for the authority of others “Unhealthy social conformity is nothing other than self-sabotage.” –Mike Bundrant There are always contrary authorities to be found. Everybody wants to be an authority. But not everybody’s authority is based upon actual reality. Guard against irrational authority by questioning all authority. Instead of having respect for the authority of others, try making fun of it instead. Poke holes in it. Laugh at it. Mock its supposed power. Take it down a notch by putting it under the spotlight of skepticism. Respect for authority will get you nowhere but trapped by their power. Denying authority will get you everywhere closer to liberation. Freedom of thought depends upon a healthy disregard for authority. Do not use power to suppress opinions you think pernicious “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.” –John Muir If you use power to suppress what you perceive to be harmful or destructive opinions, then those opinions will eventually suppress you. This ties-in with not discouraging thinking (#3). When you suppress the opinions of others, be they malign or benign, you indirectly suppress yourself. This is because everything is connected. Opinions that challenge our power should be subsumed rather than suppressed, for what they can teach us is far greater than what they can destroy. If the challenging opinion is not subsumed early enough then it will eventually undermine our power. Pernicious opinions will always be a thorn in our side unless we can learn what they have to teach us. They should never be suppressed lest they return as a suppressor. Do not fear to be eccentric in opinion “I awoke only to find that the rest of the world was still asleep.” –Leonardo Da Vinci Every opinion now accepted was once eccentric. Surely people thought Da Vinci’s opinions were eccentric when they were first conceived, or Copernicus’, or Einstein’s. But so what? Original opinions will always seem strange at first. Have them anyway. Don’t be afraid to rock the boat with your ideas. Your opinion might be the one that tips us into the next phase of human evolution. So be eccentric. Be extravagant. Be boisterous. What makes you eccentric makes you valuable, especially in a world of conformist sheep. Wow the masses. Be the electric eel in an ocean of guppies. No fear, only the ability to change it into something worthwhile. Find more pleasure in intelligent dissent than in passive agreement “I’d rather die of passion than of boredom.” –Vincent Van Gogh The world is filled with people who just passively agree with the system because it’s the easy thing to do. Billions of people the world over are obediently complying with an unhealthy, unsustainable mode of human governance. The problem is that this leads to intellectual laziness on a mass scale. It leads to myopic sycophants. It leads to followers instead of leaders. Being comfortable with “it’s just the way things are” tends to keep people docile and submissive. There is a trivial pleasure gained in passively complying with the way things are, but there is a far superior pleasure gained in rebelling intelligently against the status quo. Rational discord in the face of irrational “order” compels the system to balance itself. The pleasure gained from such balance is invaluable. Be scrupulously truthful, even if the truth is inconvenient “The intellectual is and only can be a militant, engaged as a singularity among others, embarked on the project of co-research aimed at making the multitude. The intellectual is thus not ‘out in front’ to determine the movements of history or ‘on the sidelines’ to critique them but rather completely ‘inside.’” –Antonio Negri & Michael Hardt Don’t kiss people with lies. Slap people with the truth. The truth is more inconvenient when you try to conceal it anyway. So reveal it instead. An inconvenient truth, no matter how much it hurts, is always better than a convenient lie, no matter how much it feels good. Honesty is almost always the best policy. People will usually respect painful honesty over soothing dishonesty, even if it doesn’t seem so at first. Guard against cognitive dissonance by talking about it directly and by having a good sense of humor about it. Be the “singularity among others” by planting meticulous seeds of well thought out, conscientious truthfulness. Indeed, even just one strategically planted seed of truth has the potential to change the world for the better. Do not feel envious of the happiness of those who live in a fool’s paradise “Maybe you are searching among the branches for what only appears in the roots.” –Rumi Only a fool would think that was happiness anyway. A billion people who appear to be happy about living an unhealthy lifestyle, is still just a billion unhealthy people who have mistaken convenience and comfort for happiness. Don’t give into the hype. The envy that you feel, if you feel it at all, is a false envy. A fool’s paradise is any kind of unsustainable, unhealthy, violent, stupid, immoral, greedy, corrupt, or mass-destructive social system. Those who live in such a system and claim to be happy are ignorant fools. There’s more honor in rattling their cages than envying their bars. It’s nobler to attempt to wake them up than to wish you were still asleep. Don’t be Cypher, cowardly wishing he had taken the blue pill of comfortable deception. Be Neo, courageously accepting the pain that comes with having taken the red pill of truth. Image source: I think therefore I’m dangerous
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Bertrand Russel je Deset zapovijedi visokom nastave Nadaleko smatra se jednim od 20. stoljeća premijera logičara, Bertrand Russel je britanski filozof, matematičar, povjesničar i politički aktivist par excellence. Što je još važnije, bio je dubok i izvorni učitelj. Njegova filozofija religije posebno je teška utjecaj na takvim modernim prvaka filozofije kao Christopher Hitchens, Daniel Dennett, i Richard Dawkins. Kao učitelj, to je njegova želja da se proglasi sljedeći Liberalni Dekalog kao vizije za odgovornosti dobar učitelj. Idemo ih razbiti, hoćemo. Ne osjećam apsolutno siguran u bilo što "Neizvjesnost je tako strašno da smo često traže da se osloboditi od njega, na opasnost od nekog nestašluka. "-Edmund Burke Russel će vjerojatno biti prvi koji će izjaviti da postoji mudrost u neizvjesnosti. Apsolutnom sigurnošću dobiva nigdje, ali zapeli. Svakako, izvjesnost je udoban, ali to je također stagnira, dosadna, i dovodi do intelektualne inercije. Što je još gore, sklon je propagandom naših zatvoriti uma. Nesigurnost je daleko superiorniji, jer onda barem Istina je dopušteno da rastu i mijenjaju s vremenom. Umjesto da vjeruju u stvari, uzeti stvar u obzir. To je vrlo jednostavno mijenjati razmatranja. Ali, to je gotovo nemoguće promijeniti uvjerenja. upozorenje credentis, vjernik pazi. Kao i Gerry Spence izjavio, "Radije bih imati otvoren um su čudo od jednog zatvara uvjerenjem." Znanje istine nikada ne treba gledati kao dano, ali kao dar; dar nije sakupljen kao sigurnošću, ali kao pravilan poniznosti u lice ono što mislimo da znamo. Znanje je jednako podložno nestalnosti kao bilo što drugo. Ne traži sigurnost, ali apsolutna nesigurnost. Ne mislim da je vrijedno da nastavite tako prikrivanja dokaza "U religiji i politici ljudi uvjerenja i uvjerenja su u gotovo svim slučajevima stečen na rabljeni, i bez pregleda, iz vlasti koji nisu sami pregledanih predmetu rasprave, ali su ih uzetih u druge ruke od drugih ne-ispitivača, čije mišljenje o njima nije bilo vrijedno mesing vrsta igre. "- Mark Twain Dokaz je sigurno da će na vidjelo u svakom slučaju, pa možda i pomoći da se otkrije, a ne tražiti da se to prikrije. Prikrivanje dokaza sada samo čini da izgledam kao budala kasnije. Ako niste jedan otkriti istinu, onda će to biti netko drugi na kraju ionako, tako da bi moglo biti i ti sada, čak i ako to ide protiv svog trenutnog dnevnog reda. Čuvajte se uvjerenjem da nastoji suzbiti činjenice. Uključite tablice dosljedno i nemilosrdno propitivanje takvih uvjerenja. Iznad svega, njegovati dobar smisao za humor u lice lošeg osjećaja časti. Nikada ne pokušavajte obeshrabriti mišljenje za što ste sigurni da će uspjeti "Tajna slobode leži u edukaciji ljudi, a tajna je u tiraniji u držeći ih u neznanju. "-Maximilien Robespierre Biste li biti osloboditelj ili tiranin? Ako će biti osloboditelj onda svim sredstvima educirati ljude i potaknuti razmišljanje. Ako bi bio tiranin onda svim sredstvima zadržati ljude u neznanju i obeshrabriti razmišljanje. Tiranija samo pomaže moćna održavanje na vlasti. Liberty pomaže uravnotežiti i okajati moć, dok je stvaranje novih oblika vlasti. Dobar učitelj uvijek želi svoje učenike da misle za sebe, čak i ako to znači da je takvo razmišljanje moglo ugasiti neke snage učitelja. To je zato pravi učitelji ne žele stvoriti sljedbenike, oni nastoje stvoriti lidera. I oh apsolutnu radost koja je otkrivena kada je učenik postaje učitelj. Kada ste upoznati s opozicijom, nastoje prevladati argumenta, a ne vlasti "Optimist razmišljanje pronalazi desetke mogućih rješenja za svaki problem koji pesimista smatra neizlječiva." -Robert Anton Wilson Pobjeda ovisi o vlasti je nestvarno i iluzorno. Pobjeda ovisni nakon dobrog argumenta je autentična i iskrena. I dijalektički razmjena koja stiže na "istini" kroz logičan diskursa je čak i bolje. Tu je uvijek nešto više naučiti kada oporba je upoznao s otvorenim argumentacije, a ne zatvoren ovlasti. Autoritarizam ne uči ništa. To je bezobziran, i nema poštovanja prema oporbi. Argumentacija, s druge strane, uči poštovanje i suosjećanje prema opoziciji. Težite prema milosrdan argumentacije, a ne bezosjećajan vlasti kada je u pitanju neslaganja i sukoba. Nemaju poštovanja prema autoritetu drugima "Nezdrava socijalne sukladnosti nije ništa drugo nego samo-sabotaže." Mike Bundrant Tu su uvijek suprotno vlasti kako bi se naći. Svatko želi biti autoritet. No nisu svi autoritet temelji se na stvarnoj stvarnosti. Čuvajte se iracionalnog autoriteta propitujući sve ovlasti. Umjesto poštivanje autoriteta drugima, pokušajte ismijava ga, umjesto. Probiti rupe u njemu. Smijte se na njega. Mock svoju navodnu moć. Uzmi ga dolje usjek stavljajući ga pod reflektorom skepticizma. Poštovanje autoriteta će vas nigdje, ali zarobljen svojom snagom. Negiranje vlast će vas posvuda bliže oslobođenja. Sloboda misli ovisi o zdravom nebrigu za vlast. Nemojte koristiti moć da spriječi mišljenja mislite pogubno "Kada jedan povlači po jednu stvar u prirodi, da mu je pričvršćena na ostatak svijeta. "Mario Muir Ako koristite moć da spriječi ono što vidim da se štetni ili destruktivno mišljenje, onda ti mišljenje na kraju će vas potisnuti. Ova veza-u sa ne obeshrabruje razmišljanje (#3). Kada potiskuju tuđa mišljenja, bili oni od malignih ili benignih, što neizravno potisnuti sebe. To je zato što je sve povezano. Mišljenja koji predstavljaju izazov za našu vlast treba podvesti nego potiskuje, za ono što nas može naučiti je daleko veći od onoga što oni mogu uništiti. Ako izazovna mišljenje nije podvesti dovoljno rano onda će s vremenom ugroziti našu moć. Pogubne mišljenja će uvijek biti trn u našoj strani, osim ako možemo naučiti ono što oni imaju za nas uče. Oni nikada ne bi trebao biti potisnut da se ne vrate za suzbijanje. Ne bojte se biti ekscentrični u mišljenju "Probudio sam se samo da otkrijete da ostatak svijeta još uvijek spava." -Leonardo Da Vinci Svako mišljenje je odmah prihvatio je nekad ekscentrične. Valjda su ljudi mislili da Vincija mišljenja su ekscentrične, kada su prvi put zamislio, ili Kopernik ', ili Einstein. No, pa što? Izvorni mišljenja će uvijek činiti čudno u početku. Jeste ih svejedno. Nemojte se bojati za rock brod sa svojim idejama. Tvoje mišljenje može biti onaj koji savjeti nas u sljedeću fazu ljudske evolucije. Tako se ekscentrični. Budite ekstravagantna. Budite bučan. Što vas čini ekscentrični čini vrijednim, pogotovo u svijetu konformističke ovaca. Wow mase. Budite električnu jegulju u oceanu guppies. Nema straha, samo sposobnost da ga promijeniti u nešto vrijedno. Pronađite više užitka u inteligentnom neslaganju nego u pasivnom dogovoru "Radije ću umrijeti od muke od dosade." -Vincent Van Gogh Svijet je pun ljudi koji samo pasivno slažu sa sustavom jer to je jednostavno stvar za napraviti. Milijarde ljudi diljem svijeta poslušno su u skladu s nezdravo, neodrživ način upravljanja ljudskim. Problem je u tome što to dovodi do intelektualne lijenosti masovno. To dovodi do kratkovidni ulizica. To dovodi do sljedbenika umjesto lidera. Budući da je ugodno s "to je jednostavno tako su" teži zadržati ljude poslušan i pokoran. Tu je trivijalno zadovoljstvo stekao u pasivno skladu s postojećim stanjem stvari, ali je daleko superiorniji zadovoljstvo stekao u pobune inteligentno protiv statusa quo. Racionalno razdor u lice iracionalnog "reda" prisiljava sustav kako bi se uravnotežio. Zadovoljstvo dobio od takvog stanja je neprocjenjiva. Budite iskreni savjesno, čak i ako je istina je nezgodno "Intelektualac je i samo može biti militantni, angažiran kao singularnosti među ostalima, krenula na projektu suradnje istraživanja čiji je cilj stvaranje mnoštvo. Intelektualac stoga ne 'ispred' kako bi se utvrdilo kretanje povijesti ili "na marginama" da ih kritiziraju već potpuno 'iznutra'. "-Antonio Negri & Michael Hardt Ne poljubiti osoba s lažima. Slap ljude s istinom. Istina je više nezgodno kada pokušate da ga prikriju svejedno. Tako ga se otkrilo, umjesto. Neugodna istina, bez obzira koliko to boli, Uvijek je bolje nego povoljan laži, bez obzira koliko se osjeća dobro. Iskrenost je gotovo uvijek najbolja politika. Ljudi obično će poštovati bolnu iskrenost nad umirujuće nepoštenja, čak i ako to ne čini tako na prvi pogled. Čuvajte se kognitivne disonance izravno govori o tome i ima dobar smisao za humor o tome. Budite na "singularnost među ostalima" sadnjom pedantan sjeme dobro osmišljenog, savjesno istinitost. Doista, čak i samo jedan strateški posađeno sjeme istine ima potencijal da promijeni svijet na bolje. Ne osjećam zavidni sreću onima koji žive u raju za budale "Možda ste u potrazi među granama za ono što se pojavljuje samo u korijenu." -Rumi Samo budala bi pomislio da je sreća ionako. Milijardu ljudi koji izgledaju kao da su sretni zbog živi jedan nezdravi stil života, je još uvijek samo milijardi nezdravi ljudi koji imaju pogrešnu praktičnost i udobnost za sreću. Nemojte davati u hype. Zavisti da se osjećate, Ako ste to osjetiti na sve, je lažna zavist. Raju za budale je bilo kakvu neodrživ, nezdravo, nasilni, glupo, nemoralno, pohlepni, korumpirani, ili masovna razaranja društveni sustav. Oni koji žive u takvom sustavu, a tvrde da su sretni su neuki budale. Postoji više časti u škljoca svojim kavezima nego zavist svoje barove. To je plemenitije da pokušaju da ih se probudite nego što bi volio da si još uvijek spava. Nemojte biti Cypher, kukavički žaleći što je uzeo plavu pilulu udoban prijevare. Budite Neo, hrabro prihvaća bol koja dolazi s nakon što je preuzeo crvenu tabletu istine. Izvor slike: