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Watching Bee Behavior You can learn more about the health of your bees by observing the behaviors of the queen bee and the hive. By Deb Buehler Courtesy Stock.XCHNG Look inside the beehive for signs of queen activity: bees carrying pollen, bees moving about the hive and bees in varying stages of development. Inside the hive, thousands of bees seem to shimmer as they move away from observant beekeepers. Some slurp up honey while others immediately begin to clean up comb broken during the normal inspection process. Kathleen Prough, chief apiary inspector for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, says observing the behavior of bees in and out of the hive provides vital information about a hive’s health. Behavior Inside the Hive “How are the bees behaving when you inspect the hive?” Prough asks. “If they are running across the comb they may not have a queen.” The queen's presence in a hive is evident by loosely organized bee activities: recently returned field bees carrying pollen, bees of differing ages moving about the hive with purpose and the presence of eggs in various stages of development. Without a queen the sense of organization disappears. Instead, bees may be more aggressive with the beekeeper, create a louder "roar" when the hive is opened and, of course, not lay new eggs. There is other evidence of a queen bee that you can observe. This includes open cells with eggs (which can be difficult to see) in the bottom. After the eggs develop into larva, their cells are capped over for the completion of metamorphsis. Called brood, these capped cells are visible in a large cluster at the center of each frame. Clusters can be found on both sides of each frame and should be surrounded by cells containing pollen, water, and nectar or honey. Also look for uncapped brood, bees of different sizes and ages, and a healthy pattern of brood in frames. Moving slowly through the frames, watch how the queen bee and her entourage behave, noticing where she and the brood are located within the bee hive. A healthy queen is orchestrating the worker bees in harvesting pollen nectar and bringing in needed water. If you cannot find a queen, look for evidence that the hive is already working to produce a new one. Queen cells have a different texture than honey-comb cells and are larger and peanut-shaped once the queen begins to develop inside. More than one may be developing at the same time. The presence of queen cells may also indicate a hive's preparation for a swarm during the spring months. Look for queen cells before purchasing a new queen bee for the hive. Behavior Outside the Hive Bees bothered by local wildlife may behave aggressively. Look closely at the bee hive for predator scratch marks at the entrance or a round dirt patch nearby. Skunks feed on bees by slapping them to the ground, rolling them around and eating them, leaving a telltale bare patch. Raccoons prefer drinking from sugary hive entrance feeders. Bees cluster on the outside of the hive during the heat of the day. Sometimes called “wash boarding,” the bees move outside to cool down the interior of the hive. If you watch their behavior closely, you will see the bees fanning their wings. Outside the hive’s entrance you may find dead bees—an indicator of healthy hygienic behavior. Bees generally keep the hive clean by removing bodies and body parts. Beekeepers in northern climates may notice smatterings on the hive exterior during cold months. A break in cold weather will bring bees out to evacuate before temperatures drop again. Swarm Behavior It can be hard to tell when a hive is preparing to swarm,” Prough explains. “The main thing with swarm prevention is making sure the queen has enough room.” Regular bee hive inspections will help beekeepers aware of overcrowding. "Be sure the queen has room to lay eggs. Add another brood box if the hive appears crowded,” she says. Know Your Neighborhood Keep an eye out for foraging bees on trees and in garden beds. Knowing the foliage local to your area can help you understand where bees are collecting pollen and nectar. Bees arriving home laden with pollen is an indicator of brood rearing. Maintain a journal of your observations of bee behaviors inside and outside the hive. It can serve as a resource over time for tracking behavior, recording changes in the hive and gaining insight into a hive’s seasonal life cycle. If you have more than one hive, comparisons will help you gauge a hive’s strength. About the Author: Professional writer Deb Buehler grew up on a hobby farm in central Indiana where she gardened, made applesauce, tapped sugar maples and cared for an array of animals. Today she and her husband, Craig, live in Indianapolis practicing a sustainable lifestyle that includes expanding an urban vegetable garden, buying locally, keeping bees and caring for dogs Abby and Tucker. Submit Comment » Give us your opinion on Watching Bee Behavior.
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PČELE : Pčele med proizvode na isti način najmanje 150 milijuna godina. Njima je med zaliha za duge zimske mjesece kada cvijeće ne cvjeta i stoga ne proizvodi biljne sokove. To je jedini kukac koji proizvodi hranu koju jedu i ljudi. Pčela, inače, ima tri para nogu, četiri krila, žalac i poseban trbuh koji zadržava biljni sok. Njihov uspjeh u životinjskom carstvu je obilat zbog primjene njihovih proizvoda u kemiji : med, vosak , otrov, propolis, peludni, i matičnu mliječ . Mnogi znanstvenici i dan danas uče baš od pčela i njihovih proizvoda . Med i pčelinji proizvodi su se koristili u svim krajevima svijeta od davnina , kako u medicini tako i u prehrani . Pčele koje žive u prirodi za svoj dom biraju šuplje deblo, rupu u stijeni, a ponekad i krošnju drveta.Pletara je od davnina korištena kao košnica za pčele, danas je nalazimo samo kod pčelara koji je drže za proizvodnju rojeva, pčelinjeg voska ili iz sentimentalnih razloga. Moderna LR košnica sastoji se od drvene kutije u kojoj se nalaze pčele . Prilikom povećanja broja pčela u košnici dodaju se novi nastavci (kutije), te se tako košnica povećava ili smanjuje u slučaju smanjivanja broja pčela u košnici . Maticu zovemo kraljicom pčela, ali kao i svaka kraljica ona se najprije mora izboriti za taj položaj. Nakon 17 dana od položenog jajeta mlada matica izlazi iz matičnjaka i njezin prvi zadatak je da pronađe ostale matičnjake u košnici i ubije matice u njima prije nego što se izlegu. Ukoliko u tome ne uspije dolazi do borbe matica u košnici dok ne ostane samo jedna. No to nije kraj još mora izletjeti iz košnice na oplodnju s trutovima i sretno se vratiti u košnicu. Kada matica počne polagati jaja u košnici postaje neosporna vladarica košnice. Uvijek je okružena pčelama pratiljama koje se brinu o svojoj kraljici, čiste ju hrane i štite od opasnosti. Njezin jedini zadatak postaje polaganje jaja o čemu i ovisi opstanak pčelinje zajednice. Trut Postoji narodna izreka : " Lijen kao trut." Što nas navodi na zaključak da trutovi u košnici ne rade ništa. No je li to zaista tako?Trut je mužjak pčele i on ima važnu ulogu u životu pčelinje zajednice. Razvoj ličinke truta je najduži i traje 32 dana. Mladi trutovi izlaze iz ćelija saća koja su šira i veća nego kod pčela radilica, te je i on veći i deblji od ostalih pčela. Trutovi nisu sposobni da se sami hrane već ih hrane pčele, osim što ih hrane vode brigu o njima, čiste ih i paze, a kad postanu spolno zreli izlaze po prvi put iz košnice na tzv. orijentacijski let. Za lijepih toplih i sunčanih dana bez vjetra trutovi izlaze iz košnica i okupljaju se na jednom mjestu u zraku. Na to mjesto dolazi i matica na oplodnju, ali oplodit će ju samo najbrži od njih. Nakon oplodnje trut umire, a matica se vraća u košnicu. Postoji mišljenje da nakon što se oplođena matica vrati u svoju košnicu, pčele izbacuju sve ostale trutove iz košnice, jer im više nisu potrebni. Trut izvan košnice brzo umire jer nije sposoban da se sam hrani. No nije to baš uvijek tako. Hoće li pčele izbaciti trutove ili ne ovisi o tome kakva je situacija u pčelinjoj zajednici. Ako je godina loša i nema dovoljno hrane pčele se ponašaju vrlo racionalno i svi koji u zajednici nisu neophodni bit će izbačeni iz nje da bi ostali imali šanse za preživljavanje. U godinama kada paše i nektara ima dovoljno u košnici, te je zajednica jaka, trutovi ostaju u košnici cijele godine. Njihova je uloga tada održavanje topline zajednice, a smatram da njihovo prisustvo u košnici djeluje umirujuće na ostale pčele. Radilica je ženka, ali njezini su jajnici zakržljali i nije sposobna za reprodukciju. Razvoj matice i pčele je do trećeg dana života ličinke isti. Pčele ličinke do trećeg dana hrane matičnom mliječi (koju smatramo visokovrijednom hranom), a nakon toga odrede 10 - 20 najbolje razvijenih ličinki koje će postati matice. Njih nastavljaju hraniti matičnom mliječi, dok ostale ličinke nadalje hrane nektarom i peludom. Nakon 10-tak dana zatvore poklopce saća sa leglom i nakon 21 dana od jajeta iz ćelije saća izlazi mlada pčela. Odmah po izlasku oko nje se okupljaju starije pčele i čiste ju i hrane. U košnici svaka pčela prema svojoj starosti obavlja određen posao, pa tako razlikujemo: pčele hraniteljice (0-3 dana starosti) - hrane mlade pčele i leglo pčele graditeljice (3-10 dana starosti) - grade saće (luče vosak i matičnu mliječ) pčele čistačice (10-15) čiste košnicu iznoseći trunje i mrtve ličinke ili pčele, te lepećući krilima na ulazu u košnicu ubacuju zrak u košnicu, čime u košnici stalno održavaju potrebnu temperaturu (oko 25 ° C) pčele stražarice (15-20 dana starosti) - čuvaju košnicu od neprijatelja pčele radilice ( 20 dana do kraja života) donose u košnicu nektar, pelud, propolis i vodu. Prema potrebi pčele preuzimaju određene poslove i prije tog roka. Dodajte / ispravite