https___www.elgaronline.com_abstract_edcoll_9781788118590_9781788118590.00025.xml.xml
http___gagisa.de_content_raja_euro-novac__1.xml
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1
This chapter examines the extent to which the euro – which was introduced as a ‘virtual’ currency in January 1999 and then as a ‘real’ currency in January 2002 – has been successful. The effective countdown to the single currency started with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. The convergence criteria, which were to determine whether a national currency would join the single currency, provide some insights into the nature of the euro project and are discussed. Also discussed is the introduction of the euro, which was accompanied by the adoption of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) with its constraints on fiscal policy. The ordo-liberal nature of the European Monetary Union (EMU) and its policy framework constitute important contributions to the neo-liberal theoretical and policy framework and are discussed in the chapter. This is followed by some reflections on the impact of the framework on inflation and unemployment. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the relatively poor economic performance under the euro and the major issues that are now emerging. Other access options Institutional Login Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials Personal login Log in with your Elgar Online account
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
EURO Novac Euro je jedinstvena valuta koju je 1. Januara 1999. godine prihvatilo 12 država članica Europske unije (Austrija, Belgija, Finska, Francuska, Grčka, Irska, Italija, Luksemburg, Nizozemska, Njemačka, Portugal i Španjolska) radi potpunog ukidanja nacionalnih valuta. Danska i Velika Britanija koristile su pravo ostajanja izvan europodručja (prema Ugovoru iz Maastrichta), a Grčka i Švedska formalno nisu zadovoljile kriterije konvergencije do spomenutog datuma. Grčka je, zadovoljivši navedene kriterije, ušla u europodručje 2001. godine, dok je Švedska i dalje izvan europodručja s obzirom na to da su njezini građani na referendumu dva puta odbili prihvaćanje jedinstvene valute. Uvođenje eura kao jedinstvene valute u Europskoj uniji treća je faza stvaranja Ekonomske i monetarne unije. Novčanice i kovanice eura puštene su u optjecaj 1. Januara 2002 godine, dok je potpuna zamjena nacionalnih valuta obavljena krajem Februara 2002 godine. Naknadno, kao prva od zemalja koje su u Evropsku uniju ušle 2004, zajedničku je valutu usvojila Slovenija.