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As rumor has it, you can’t learn to have a good accent if you’re above the age of 7, or 12, or some other age that you’ve most definitely already exceeded. But that can’t possibly be true. Singers and actors learn new accents all the time, and they’re not, on average, smarter than everyone else (and they certainly don’t all start before the age of 7). So what’s going on here? Why does everybody tell you that you can’t learn good pronunciation as an adult? And if that’s not true, what is? In this article, we’ll take a tour through the research on speech perception and pronunciation, and we’ll talk about learning pronunciation efficiently as an adult. But first, allow me a moment on my soapbox: Pronunciation is important This is a big topic, and as a singer, it’s a topic close to my heart. I find accents extraordinarily important. For one, if you don’t learn to hear the sounds in a new language, you’re doomed to have a hard time remembering it. We rely upon sound to form our memories for words, and if you can’t even comprehend the sounds you’re hearing, you’re at a disadvantage from the start. (Try memorizing Hungarian’s word for camera, fényképezőgép [recording] or train station, vásutállomás [recording]. These words are brutal until you really get a feel for Hungarian sounds.) But in addition to the memory issue, a good accent connects you to people. It shows people from another culture that you’ve not only taken the time and effort to learn their vocabulary and their grammar; you’ve taken the time to learn how their mouths, lips and tongues move. You’ve changed something in your body for them – you’ve shown them that you care – and as a result, they will open up to you. I’ve seen this repeatedly when I sing or watch concerts in Europe. As a rule, audiences are kind, but when you sing in their native language, they brace themselves. They get ready to smile politely and say, “What a lovely voice!” or “Such beautiful music!” But beneath the surface, they are preparing for you to butcher their language and their heritage before their eyes. No pressure. At that moment, if you surprise them with a good accent, they open themselves up. Their smiles are no longer polite; they are genuine. You’ve shown them that you care, not just with your intellect, but with your body, and this sort of care is irresistible. But enough romanticizing; how do you actually do something about pronunciation? Research on Ear Training and Pronunciation Good pronunciation is a combination of two main skills: Ear training and mouth training. You learn how to hear a new sound, and you learn how to make it in your mouth. It’s the first of these two skills that’s the trickiest one; if you can hear a sound, you can eventually learn to produce it accurately, but before then, you’re kind of screwed. So for the moment, we’ll focus on ear training. While doing research for my book, I came upon a wonderful set of studies by James McClelland, Lori Holt, Julie Fiez and Bruce McClandiss, where they tried to teach Japanese adults to hear the difference between “Rock” and “Lock.” After reading their papers, I called up and interviewed Dr. McClelland and Dr. Holt about their research. The first thing they discovered is that ear training is tricky, especially when a foreign language contains two sounds that are extremely similar to one sound in your native language. This is the case in Japanese, where their “R” [ɺ] is acoustically right in between the American R [ɹ] and L [ɫ]. When you test Japanese adults on the difference between Rock and Lock (by playing a recording of one of these words and asking them which one they think you played), their results are not significantly better than chance (50%). So far, so bad. The researchers tried two kinds of practice. First, they just tested these Japanese adults on Rock and Lock for a while, and checked to see whether they improved with practice. They didn’t. This is very bad news. It suggests that practice doesn’t actually do anything. You can listen to Rock and Lock all day (or for English speakers, 불/뿔/풀 [bul/pul/ppul] in Korean), and you’re not going to learn to hear the differences between those sounds. This only confirms the rumors that it’s too late to do anything about pronunciation. Crap. Their second form of practice involved artificially exaggerating the difference between L and R. They began with extremely clear examples (RRrrrrrrrrock), and if participants improved, stepped up the difficulty until they reached relatively subtle distinctions between the two recordings (rock). This worked a little better. The participants began to hear the difference between Rock and Lock, but it didn’t help them hear the difference between a different pair of words, like Road and Load. In terms of a pronunciation training tool, this was another dead end. Then they tried feedback, and everything changed. Testing pairs of words with feedback They repeated the exact same routine, only this time, when a participant gave their answer (“It was ‘Rock’”), a computer screen would tell them whether or not they were right (“*ding* Correct!”). In three 20-minute sessions of this type of practice, participants permanently acquired the ability to hear Rs and Ls, and they could do it in any context. Not coincidentally, this is how actors and singers learn. We use coaches instead of computerized tests, but the basic principle is the same. We sit with an accent coach and have them read our texts. Then we say our texts out load, and the coach tells us when we’re right and when we’re wrong. They’re giving us feedback. They’ll say things like “No, you’re saying siehe, and I need sehe. Siehe… Sehe. Hear that?” And as we get closer, they’ll keep continue to supply feedback (“You’re saying [something that’s almost ‘sehe’] and I need sehe.”) After the coaching, we’ll go home, listen to recordings of these coaching sessions, and use those recordings to provide us with even more feedback. Now, some caveats. Participants didn’t reach a full native ability to hear the difference between Rock and Lock. Their accuracy seemed to peak around 80%, compared to the ~100% of a native speaker. Further investigation revealed what was going on. Consonant sounds have lots of different components (known as ‘formants‘). Basically, a consonant is a lot like a chord on a piano: on a piano, you play a certain combination of notes together, and you hear a chord. For a consonant, you make a certain (more complex) combination of notes, and you hear a consonant. This isn’t just a metaphor; if you have a computerized piano, you can even use it to replicate human speech. English speakers tell the difference between their R’s and L’s by listening for a cue known as the 3rd formant – basically, the third note up in any R or L chord. Japanese native speakers have a hard time hearing this cue, and when they went through this study, they didn’t really get any better at hearing it. Instead, they learned how to use an easier cue, the 2nd formant – the second note in R/L chords. This works, but it’s not 100% reliable, thus explaining their less-than-native results. When I talked to these researchers on the phone, they had basically given up on this research, concluding that they were somewhat stumped as to how to improve accuracy past 80%. They seemed kind of bummed out about it. Possibilities for the future But step back a moment and look at what they’ve accomplished here. In three 20-minute sessions, they managed to take one of the hardest language challenges out there – learning how to hear new sounds – and bring people from 50% accuracy (just guessing) to 80% accuracy (not bad at all). What if we had this tool in every language? What if we could start out by taking a few audio tests with feedback and leave with pre-trained, 80% accuracy ears, even before we began to learn the rest of our language? We have the tools to build trainers like this on our own. All you need is a spaced repetition system that supports audio files, like Anki, and a good set of recorded example words (A bunch of rock/lock’s, thigh/thy’s, and niece/knee’s for English, or a bunch of sous/su’s, bon/ban’s and huis/oui’s for French). They take work to make, but that work only needs to be done once, and then the entire community can benefit. Pronunciation is too important, and this solution is too valuable to wait for some big company to take over. Over the next 9 months, I’m going to start developing good example word lists, commissioning recordings and building these decks. I’m going to recruit bilinguals, because with bilinguals, we can get recordings to learn not only the difference between two target-language sounds, like sous and su, but also the difference between target language sounds and our own native language sounds (sous vs Sue). I ran this idea by Dr. McClelland, and he thought that may work even better (hell, we might be able to break the 80% barrier). And I’m going to do a few open-ish beta tests to fine tune them until they’re both effective and fun to use. Hopefully, with the right tools, we can set the “It’s too late to learn pronunciation” rumors to rest. We’ll have a much easier time learning our languages, and we’ll have an easier time convincing others to forget about our native languages and to speak in theirs. ––––––––––
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Kao glasina je, ne možete naučiti da imaju dobar naglasak, ako ste stariji od 7, ili 12, ili neki drugi doba koje ste zasigurno već premašila. Ali to se ne može možda be true. Pjevači i glumci naučiti nove naglascima cijelo vrijeme, a oni nisu, u prosjeku, pametniji od svih ostalih (a oni sigurno ne svi početi prije dobi od 7). Dakle, ono što se ovdje događa? Zašto svi ti reći da ne možete naučiti dobar izgovor kao odrasla osoba? A ako to nije istina, ono je? U ovom članku, mi ćemo uzeti turneju kroz istraživanja o percepciji govora i izgovor, a mi ćemo govoriti o učenju izgovora učinkovito kao odrasla osoba. But first, allow me a moment on my soapbox: Izgovor je važno To je velika tema, i kao pjevač, To je tema blizu mom srcu. Smatram akcente izvanredno važno. Za jednu, ako ne nauče čuti zvukove u novom jeziku, ste osuđeni imati tvrdo vrijeme prisjećajući. Mi osloniti na zvuk da se formira naše uspomene za riječi, a ako ne može ni pojmiti zvukovi you’re hearing, ti si u nepovoljnijem položaju od početka. (Pokušajte memoriranje mađarskih je riječ kamera, kamera [snimanje] ili kolodvor, željeznička stanica [snimanje]. Ove riječi su brutalni dok ne stvarno dobiti osjećaj za mađarskih zvukove.) Ali uz memorije pitanju, Dobar naglasak vas povezuje s ljudima. To pokazuje ljudima iz drugih kultura koji ne samo da si uzeti vremena i truda kako bi naučili svoj vokabular i gramatiku svoje; ste uzeti vremena kako bi naučili Kako njihova usta, Usne i jezici pomicanje. Vi ste promijenili nešto u vašem tijelu for them – you’ve shown them that you care - i kao rezultat, oni će se otvoriti za vas. Vidjela sam to više puta kad sam pjevati ili gledati koncerte u Europi. Po pravilu, publika su ljubazni, ali kad pjevaš na njihovom materinjem jeziku, su se pribrati. Spremaju se nasmijati i reći pristojno, "Kakav divan glas!"Ili" Takva lijepa glazba!"No, ispod površine, oni se pripremaju za vas mesara njihov jezik i njihove baštine pred njihovim očima. U pritisak. U tom trenutku, ako ih iznenaditi s dobrim naglaskom, they open themselves up. Njihovi osmjesi više nisu pristojni; oni su pravi. Vi ste im pokazali da vam zanima, ne samo sa svojim intelektom, Ali s vašim tijelo, i ova vrsta njege je neodoljiva. No, dosta romantiziranje; Kako ste zapravo činiti nešto o izgovoru? Istraživanja na uho trening i izgovor Dobar izgovor je kombinacija dva glavna vještina: Uho obuke i treninga usta. Možete naučiti kako da čujete novi zvuk, i što ste naučili kako to učiniti u ustima. To je prvi of these two skills that’s the trickiest one; Ako možete čuti zvuk, na kraju možete naučiti kako ga proizvesti točno, , ali prije toga, ste vrsta pijan. Dakle, za sada, mi ćemo se usredotočiti na uho trening. Dok radi istraživanja za moja knjiga, Došla sam nakon predivan postavljanje studija by James McClelland, Lori Holt, Julie Fiez i Bruce McClandiss, gdje su pokušali naučiti japanski odrasle čuti razliku između “Stijena” i “Lock.” Nakon čitanja svoje radove, Nazvao sam i razgovarao dr. McClelland i dr.. Holt o svojim istraživanjima. Prva stvar koju su otkrili i da uho trening je lukav, pogotovo kad stranog jezika sadrži dva zvukovi koji su izuzetno sličan jedan zvuk na vašem materinjem jeziku. To je slučaj na japanskom, koje se tiču “R” [ɺ] je akustički desno između the American R [ɹ] i L [ɫ]. Kada testirati japanske odrasle na razlici između rock i zaključati (igrajući snimanja jedne od tih riječi te ih pitate što neki misle da ste igrali), njihovi rezultati nisu značajno veću vjerojatnost (50%). Dosada, tako loše. Istraživači su pokušali dvije vrste praksi. Prvi, oni samo testira ove japanske odrasle osobe na stijeni i brava za neko vrijeme, i provjerava da vidi da li su poboljšani s praksom. Nisu. Ovo je vrlo bad news. To sugerira da je praksa zapravo ne činiti ništa. You can listen to Rock and Lock all day (ili engleski govornici, Požar/Rog/Bazen [bul/pul/ppul] na korejskom), a ti nećeš naučiti čuti razlike između tih zvukova. To samo potvrđuje glasine da je prekasno učiniti ništa o izgovoru. Sranje. Njihov drugi oblik prakse koji su uključeni umjetno pretjerali razliku između L i R. Počeli su s iznimno jasnim primjerima (RRrrrrrrrrock), a ako sudionici poboljšana, pojačale poteškoća dok nisu stigli relativno suptilne razlike između dviju snimki (stijena). To je radio malo bolje. Sudionici počeli čuti razliku između Rock and Lock, ali to nije pomoglo da čuju razliku između različitih par riječi, kao Cesta i Opterećenje. U smislu alat izgovor trening, ovo je još jedna slijepa ulica. Onda su pokušali povratne, i sve se promijenilo. Testiranje parova riječi s poruci Ponovili su isti rutinu, Samo ovaj put, kada je sudionik dao svoj odgovor (“To je 'rock'”), zaslon računala će im reći jesu li ili nisu bili u pravu (“*ding * Točan!”). U tri 20-ak minuta sjednice ovog tipa prakse, Sudionici trajno stekla sposobnost da čujete kn i Ls, and they could do it in bilo koji context. Nije slučajno, ovo je kako glumci i pjevači saznali. Mi koristimo trenera umjesto kompjutorizirani ispitivanja, ali osnovni princip je isti. Sjedimo s naglaskom trener i ima ih čitati naše tekstove. Tada kažemo naši tekstovi iz opterećenje, , a trener nam govori kada smo u pravu i kada smo u krivu. Oni nam daju povratne informacije. Oni će reći stvari kao što su “Ne, govoriš vidjeti, i trebam vidjeti. Vidi ... izgleda. Poslušajte kako?” I kako smo se približili, oni će držati i dalje opskrbe povratne (“Kažeš [something that’s almost ‘sehe’] i trebam vidjeti.”) Nakon treniranju, mi ćemo ići kući, listen to recordings of these coaching sessions, i koristiti te snimke nam dati još više poruci. Sada, nekoliko napomena. Participants didn’t reach a full native ability to hear the difference between Rock and Lock. Njihova točnost činilo da vrhunac cijelog 80%, u odnosu na ~ 100% izvornog govornika. Daljnja istraga otkrila što se događa. Suglasnika zvukovi imaju puno različitih komponenti (poznat kao ‘formanata'). U osnovi, suglasnika je puno poput akorda na klaviru: na pod, igrate određenu kombinaciju bilješke zajedno, i čuje akord. Za suglasnika, što bi sigurno (složeniji) Kombinacija bilješke, i čuje se suglasnik. To nije samo metafora; Ako imate računalni glasovir, možete čak i koristiti ga ponoviti ljudski govor. Engleski govornici reći razliku između njihova R-ih i L's slušanjem za znak poznat kao treći formantni – u osnovi, Treći bilješka u bilo R ili L akord. Japanski izvorni govornici imaju tvrdo vrijeme sluha ovaj mig, a kad su prošli kroz ovaj studij, oni nisu stvarno bi bilo bolje, na što je čuo. Umjesto toga, su naučili kako koristiti jednostavniji mig, 2. formantni – the second note in R/L chords. To radi, , ali to nije 100% pouzdan, što objašnjava svoje manje-nego-izvorne rezultate. Kad sam razgovarao s tim istraživača na telefon, oni u osnovi je odustala od tog istraživanja, zaključivši da su pomalo su zbunjeni o tome kako poboljšati točnost prošlost 80%. Činilo vrsta bummed se o tome. Mogućnosti za budućnost No, korak natrag trenutak i pogledajte što ste postigli ovdje. U tri 20-ak minuta sjednice, uspjeli su uzeti jedan od najtežih jezika izazove vani - učenje kako da čuju nove zvukove - i dovesti ljude iz 50% točnost (samo nagađanje) na 80% točnost (uopće nije loše). Što ako smo imali ovaj alat u svakom jeziku? Što ako smo mogli započeti by taking a few audio tests with feedback and leave with pre-trained, 80% točnost uši, čak i prije nego što smo počeli učiti ostatak našem jeziku? Imamo alate za izgradnju trenere kao što to sami. Sve što trebate je razmaknute ponavljanje sustav koji podržava audio datoteke, like Anki, i dobar set snimljenih primjer riječi (Hrpa rock / brava s, bedra / ti 's, i Nećakinja / koljena 's za engleski jezik, ili hrpa u / Su-a, dobro / daju 's i huis/oui’s za francuski). Oni se rade kako bi, ali to rade samo treba biti učinjeno jednom, a onda i cijela zajednica može imati koristi. Izgovor je prevažna, i to rješenje je previše vrijedan čekati neke velike tvrtke da preuzmu. Tijekom iduće 9 mjeseca, Ja ću početi razvijati dobre primjere liste riječi, puštanje snimke i izgradnju ove palube. Ja ću se zaposliti dvojezičnih, jer s dvojezičnih, možemo dobiti snimke kako bi naučili ne samo razliku između dva ciljana-jezičnih zvukova, kao u i njegov, ali i razlika između ciljnih jezika zvukova i vlastitom materinjem jeziku zvuči (u vs Suzana). I ran this idea by Dr. McClelland, , a on je mislio da može raditi još bolje (pakao, bismo mogli razbiti 80% barijera). And I’m going to do a few open-ish beta tests to fine tune them until they’re both effective and fun to use. Nadajmo se, s pravim alatima, možemo postaviti “Bilo je prekasno za naučiti izgovor” glasine da se odmori. Mi ćemo imati puno lakši put učenja jezika naših, a mi ćemo imati jednostavniji put uvjeriti druge da zaboravi naše native languages and to speak in njihov. ––––––––––