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Albert Hofmann Albert Hofmann (January 11, 1906 – April 29, 2008)[1][2] was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann was also the first person to isolate, synthesize, and name the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin.[3] He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books, including LSD: Mein Sorgenkind (LSD: My Problem Child).[2] In 2007 he shared first place, alongside Tim Berners-Lee, in a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses, published by The Telegraph newspaper.[4] Contents Life and career[edit] Hofmann was born in Baden, Switzerland, the first of four children to factory toolmaker Adolf Hofmann and his wife Elisabeth (born Elisabeth Schenk). Owing to his father's low income, Albert's godfather paid for his education. When his father became ill, Hofmann obtained a position as a commercial apprentice in concurrence with his studies. At the age of twenty, Hofmann began his chemistry degree at the University of Zürich, finishing three years later, in 1929. His main interest was the chemistry of plants and animals, and he later conducted important research on the chemical structure of the common animal substance chitin, for which he received his doctorate, with distinction, in the spring of 1929.[5] Regarding his decision to pursue a career as a chemist, Hofmann provided insight during a speech he delivered to the 1996 Worlds of Consciousness Conference in Heidelberg, Germany: One often asks oneself what roles planning and chance play in the realization of the most important events in our lives. This [career] decision was not easy for me. I had already taken a Latin matricular exam, and therefore a career in the humanities stood out most prominently in the foreground. Moreover, an artistic career was tempting. In the end, however, it was a problem of theoretical knowledge which induced me to study chemistry, which was a great surprise to all who knew me. Mystical experiences in childhood, in which Nature was altered in magical ways, had provoked questions concerning the essence of the external, material world, and chemistry was the scientific field which might afford insights into this.[6] Discovery of LSD[edit] Hofmann became an employee of the pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories (now a subsidiary of Novartis), located in Basel as a co-worker with professor Arthur Stoll, founder and director of the pharmaceutical department.[7] He began studying the medicinal plant squill and the fungus ergot as part of a program to purify and synthesize active constituents for use as pharmaceuticals. His main contribution was to elucidate the chemical structure of the common nucleus of the Scilla glycosides (an active principal of Mediterranean Squill).[7] While researching lysergic acid derivatives, Hofmann first synthesized LSD on November 16, 1938.[8] The main intention of the synthesis was to obtain a respiratory and circulatory stimulant (an analeptic) with no effects on the uterus in analogy to nikethamide (which is also a diethylamide) by introducing this functional group to lysergic acid. It was set aside for five years, until April 16, 1943, when Hofmann decided to reexamine it. While re-synthesizing LSD, he accidentally absorbed a small quantity through his fingertips[9] and fortuitously discovered its powerful effects. He described what he felt as being: ... affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated[-]like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.[10] Three days later, on April 19, 1943, Hofmann intentionally ingested 250 micrograms of LSD. This day is now known as "Bicycle Day," because after starting to feel the effects of the drug he rode home on a bike, and that became the first intentional acid trip.[11] Further research[edit] Hofmann, later, was to discover 4-Acetoxy-DET (4-acetoxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine), also known as ethacetin, ethylacybin, or 4-AcO-DET, a hallucinogenic tryptamine. He first synthesized 4-AcO-DET in 1958 in the Sandoz lab. Hofmann became director of the natural products department at Sandoz and continued studying hallucinogenic substances found in Mexican mushrooms and other plants used by the aboriginal people there. This led to the synthesis of psilocybin, the active agent of many "magic mushrooms."[13] Hofmann also became interested in the seeds of the Mexican morning glory species Turbina corymbosa, the seeds of which are called ololiuhqui by the natives. He was surprised to find the active compound of ololiuhqui, ergine (LSA, lysergic acid amide), to be closely related to LSD. In 1962, he and his wife Anita Hofmann (née Guanella, sister of Gustav Guanella, an important Swiss inventor) traveled to southern Mexico to search for the plant "Ska Maria Pastora" (Leaves of Mary the Shepherdess), later known as Salvia divinorum. He was able to obtain samples of this plant, but never succeeded in identifying its active compound, which has since been identified as the diterpenoid salvinorin A. In 1963, Hofmann attended the annual convention of the World Academy of Arts and Sciences (WAAS) in Stockholm. Later years[edit] Hofmann, interviewed shortly before his hundredth birthday, called LSD "medicine for the soul" and was frustrated by the worldwide prohibition of it. "It was used very successfully for ten years in psychoanalysis," he said, adding that the drug was misused by the Counterculture of the 1960s, and then criticized unfairly by the political establishment of the day. He conceded that it could be dangerous if misused, because a relatively high dose of 500 micrograms will have an extremely powerful psychoactive effect, especially if administered to a first-time user without adequate supervision.[14] In December 2007, Swiss medical authorities permitted psychotherapist Peter Gasser to perform psychotherapeutic experiments with patients who suffer from terminal-stage cancer and other deadly diseases. Completed in 2011, these experiments represent the first study of the therapeutic effects of LSD on humans in 35 years, as other studies have focused on the drug's effects on consciousness and body.[15] Hofmann acclaimed the study, and continued to say he believed in the therapeutic benefits of LSD.[16] In 2008, Hofmann wrote to Steve Jobs, asking him to support this research; it is not known if Jobs responded.[17] The Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) has supported research in the field of psychoanalysis using LSD, carrying on Hofmann's legacy and setting the groundwork for future studies.[18] Hofmann was due to speak at the World Psychedelic Forum[19] from March 21 to March 24, 2008, but was forced to cancel because of bad health. Albert Hofmann Foundation[edit] Albert Hofmann Foundation is an online library of 4000 documents in the Sandoz Library.[20] Death[edit] Hofmann died of a heart attack on April 29, 2008 and was survived by several grandchildren and great-grandchildren. He and his wife, Anita, who died in 2007, reared four children, one of whom died at the age of 53. Hofmann revealed that LSD had affected his understanding of death and explained "I go back to where I came from, to where I was before I was born, that’s all.”[21] Honors and awards[edit] The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) honored him with the title D. (honoris causa) in 1969 together with Gustav Guanella, his brother-in-law. In 1971 the Swedish Pharmaceutical Association (Sveriges Farmacevtförbund) granted him the Scheele Award, which commemorates the skills and achievements of the Swedish Pomeranian chemist and pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.[22] See also[edit] References[edit] - ^ "Albert Hofmann". Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. - ^ a b "Obituary: Albert Hofmann, LSD inventor". London: Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. - ^ Hofmann, A. "Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen." Helvetica Chemica Acta 42: 1557-1572 (1959). - ^ "Top 100 living geniuses". The Daily Telegraph (London). - ^ Dieter Hagenbach; Lucius Werthmüller; Stanislav Grof (2013). Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD (First English Edition ed.). Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic Press. - ^ Hoffman, Albert; J. Ott (1996). "LSD: Completely Personal". Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies 6 (3). Retrieved 7 November 2013. - ^ a b "LSD, My Problem Child". psychedelic-library.org. - ^ Dr. Albert Hofmann; translated from the original German (LSD Ganz Persönlich) by J. Ott. MAPS-Volume 6 Number 69 Summer 1969 - ^ "LSD inventor Albert Hofmann dies". BBC News. - ^ Hofmann 1980, p. 15 - ^ http://blog.oup.com/2013/04/bicycle-day-lsd-albert-hoffman/ - ^ "LSD: The Geek's Wonder Drug?". Wired.com. - ^ Bleidt, Barry; Michael Montagne (1996). Clinical Research in Pharmaceutical Development. Informa Health Care. "New York Times article". The New York Times. - ^ "LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety". Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. - ^ "The comeback of LSD - swissinfo.ch". - ^ Weldon, Carolyne (17 August 2012). "Meet the Lab Coat-Clad Granddaddies of LSD". NFB.ca blog. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 17 August 2012. - ^ "LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety". Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. - ^ "World Psychedelic Forum". - ^ http://www.hofmann.org/projects/index.html - ^ Craig S Smith (30 April 2008). "Albert Hofmann, the Father of LSD, Dies at 102". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2013. - ^ "The Scheele Award". The Scheele Award. Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Retrieved 15 December 2013. Further reading[edit] - Horowitz, Michael. "Interview with Albert Hofmann", High Times (1976) - Nathaniel S. Finney, Jay S. Siegel: In Memoriam – Albert Hofmann (1906–2008). - Roberts, Andy. Albion Dreaming: A Popular History of LSD in Britain (2008), Marshall Cavendish, U. - Hagenbach, Dieter and Lucius Werthmüller. Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD (Synergetic Press, 2013). External links[edit] - Albert Hofmann Foundation - LSD: My Problem Child Career Autobiography - Insight Outlook A book by Albert Hofmann - Albert Hofmann (NNDB) - Erowid: Albert Hofmann Vault - Maps.org ("Stanislav Grof interviews Dr. Albert Hofmann") - Albert Hofmann – Daily Telegraph obituary - Watch Hofmann's Potion, a documentary on the origins of LSD - Albert Hofmann's life and articles (Spanish) - LSD Returns--For Psychotherapeutics (Scientific American Magazine article) - Albert Hofmann and Visionary Mushrooms -- includes hand-written molecular structures of LSD and psilocybin by Dr. Hofmann
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Albert Hofmann ovo 102 Mislim da u ovom trenutku htio bih početi od samog početka, Otkriće LSD-25. Hofmann je proučavao ljekovita biljka morski luk i gljive ergot kao dio programa za pročišćavanje i sintezu aktivne sastojke za uporabu kao lijekovi na Sandozove Laboratories u Baselu. Iako istraživanja derivata lizerginske, Hofmann prvi sintetizira LSD-25 u 1938. On je izdvojila pet godina, do travnja 16, 1943, kada Hofmann odlučila uzeti još jedan pogled na njega. Taj dan, On je postao prvi čovjek koji je iskustvo učinke LSD-a nakon što je slučajno konzumiranje iznos minuta. Tri dana kasnije, travnja 19, 1943, on je odlučio da provjeri njegove rezultate namjerno ingestijom 250 UG LSD-. Ovaj dan je postao poznat kao “Bicikl dan” kao Hofmann doživjela nevjerojatno vožnja bicikla na putu kući iz laboratorija. Budući da je vrijeme da se sada, LSD je korišten od strane puno ljudi pronaći svoje unutarnje sebe, povezivanje s Bogom i prirodom. U 1960-LSD je korišten kao rekreativni lijek, a korišten je od strane hipija, to je vrijeme Hofmann vidio problem nastaje, a kasnije je napisao svoju knjigu "LSD: Moj Problem Child"O tome kako je izgledao na LSD kao lijek za dušu. LSD Simpozij organizira Hofmann na njegov 100. rođendan u Bazilija, rekao je mnoštvo brojni znatiželjnici, koji je uključivao 2,000 Istraživači, scientists, umjetnici i povjesničari. “LSD htjeli mi reći nešto. To mi je dalo unutarnju radost, otvorena uma, zahvalnost, otvorene oči i unutarnja osjetljivost za čuda stvaranja,” rekao je Albert. Pogledajte Hofmann završnom govoru na njegov 100. rođendan, njegova prilično nevjerojatna Nadam se da svatko može vidjeti čudo u čovjeka tog doba. Sam napisao članak o tome kako LSD koristi od strane raznih ljudi kako bi se omogućilo mind expansion čak iu svakodnevnom životu. Vi svibanj onda imaju tendenciju da se pitaju zašto je LSD protuzakonito? Ako je to nešto što se može promovirati dugovječnost, pomoći vidjeti osobe pravo ja, širiti mir i ljubav za prirodu zašto ga zabraniti? Pa to je SAD da to zabranjeno, Nakon provođenja puno tajnih ispitivanja na vojsku, mislili su da je vojska će se boriti bolje s zbunjenosti i pojačane aktivnosti mozga da LSD uzroke. No dobro neka mi ne uzeti radost gledanja video britanskog vojnog testa ispod. Ako tvar koja može napraviti vojnik koji je trenirao ubiti, ispran mozak da ide u rat, tako da oni mogu biti pozvani domoljubi se može pretvoriti u ljude koji žele popeti stabla hraniti ptice, Što mislite, kapitalistički svijet, ili kako se zove demokracija je preživjeti? Sve u svemu ja bih reći veliko hvala nekome držim veliko poštovanje, Pokazao nam je svjetlo i LSD-25 i dalje će biti svjetionik za sve nas žele pronaći Boga i sebe. Evo prezentacija knjige, “Albert Hofmann i Njegov LSD – Dieter Hagenbach & Lucius Werthmüller” koji govori o životu Albert Hofmann i kako je otkrio LSD.