http___fossies.org_windows_misc_UnxUtilsSrc.zip_unxutils_grep-2.5.1_doc_grep.texi.xml
http___fossies.org_linux_docear_source_freeplane_framework_windows-installer_gpl-2.0_croatian.txt_1.xml
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Copyright © 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Published by the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “GNU General Public License” and “GNU Free Documentation License”, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. grep searches for lines matching a pattern. This document was produced for version 2.5.1 of GNU grep. grep searches the input files for lines containing a match to a given pattern list. When it finds a match in a line, it copies the line to standard output (by default), or does whatever other sort of output you have requested with options. Though grep expects to do the matching on text, it has no limits on input line length other than available memory, and it can match arbitrary characters within a line. If the final byte of an input file is not a newline, grep silently supplies one. Since newline is also a separator for the list of patterns, there is no way to match newline characters in a text. grep grep comes with a rich set of options from POSIX.2 and GNU extensions. Suppress normal output; instead print a count of matching lines for each input file. With the ‘-v’, ‘--invert-match’ option, count non-matching lines. Use pattern as the pattern; useful to protect patterns beginning with a ‘-’. Obtain patterns from file, one per line. The empty file contains zero patterns, and therefore matches nothing. Ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and the input files. Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from which output would normally have been printed. The scanning of every file will stop on the first match. Prefix each line of output with the line number within its input file. Print only the part of matching lines that actually matches pattern. Quiet; do not write anything to standard output. Exit immediately with zero status if any match is found, even if an error was detected. Also see the ‘-s’ or ‘--no-messages’ option. Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. Portability note: unlike GNU grep, traditional grep did not conform to POSIX.2, because traditional grep lacked a ‘-q’ option and its ‘-s’ option behaved like GNU grep’s ‘-q’ option. Shell scripts intended to be portable to traditional grep should avoid both ‘-q’ and ‘-s’ and should redirect output to ‘/dev/null’ instead. Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines. Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line. Print num lines of trailing context after matching lines. Print num lines of leading context before matching lines. Print num lines of output context. The matching string is surrounded by the marker specify in GREP_COLOR. WHEN may be ‘never’, ‘always’, or ‘auto’. Same as ‘--context=num’ lines of leading and trailing context. However, grep will never print any given line more than once. Print the version number of grep to the standard output stream. This version number should be included in all bug reports. Print a usage message briefly summarizing these command-line options and the bug-reporting address, then exit. If the first few bytes of a file indicate that the file contains binary data, assume that the file is of type type. By default, type is ‘binary’, and grep normally outputs either a one-line message saying that a binary file matches, or no message if there is no match. If type is ‘without-match’, grep assumes that a binary file does not match; this is equivalent to the ‘-I’ option. If type is ‘text’, grep processes a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the ‘-a’ option. Warning: ‘--binary-files=text’ might output binary garbage, which can have nasty side effects if the output is a terminal and if the terminal driver interprets some of it as commands. Print the byte offset within the input file before each line of output. When grep runs on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, the printed byte offsets depend on whether the ‘-u’ (‘--unix-byte-offsets’) option is used; see below. If an input file is a device, FIFO or socket, use action to process it. By default, action is ‘read’, which means that devices are read just as if they were ordinary files. If action is ‘skip’, devices, FIFOs and sockets are silently skipped. If an input file is a directory, use action to process it. By default, action is ‘read’, which means that directories are read just as if they were ordinary files (some operating systems and filesystems disallow this, and will cause grep to print error messages for every directory or silently skip them). If action is ‘skip’, directories are silently skipped. If action is ‘recurse’, grep reads all files under each directory, recursively; this is equivalent to the ‘-r’ option. Print the filename for each match. Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output when multiple files are searched. Set the line buffering policy, this can be a performance penality. Displays input actually coming from standard input as input coming from file LABEL. This is especially useful for tools like zgrep, e.g. gzip -cd foo.gz |grep --label=foo something Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from which no output would normally have been printed. The scanning of every file will stop on the first match. Process a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the ‘--binary-files=text’ option. Process a binary file as if it did not contain matching data; this is equivalent to the ‘--binary-files=without-match’ option. Select only those lines containing matches that form whole words. The test is that the matching substring must either be at the beginning of the line, or preceded by a non-word constituent character. Similarly, it must be either at the end of the line or followed by a non-word constituent character. Word-constituent characters are letters, digits, and the underscore. For each directory mentioned in the command line, read and process all files in that directory, recursively. This is the same as the ‘--directories=recurse’ option. When processing directories recursively, only files matching file_pattern will be search. When processing directories recursively, skip files matching file_pattern. Stop reading a file after num matching lines. If the input is standard input from a regular file, and num matching lines are output, grep ensures that the standard input is positioned to just after the last matching line before exiting, regardless of the presence of trailing context lines. This enables a calling process to resume a search. For example, the following shell script makes use of it: while grep -m 1 PATTERN do echo xxxx done < FILE But the following probably will not work because a pipe is not a regular file: # This probably will not work. cat FILE | while grep -m 1 PATTERN do echo xxxx done When grep stops after NUM matching lines, it outputs any trailing context lines. Since context does not include matching lines, grep will stop when it encounters another matching line. When the ‘-c’ or ‘--count’ option is also used, grep does not output a count greater than num. When the ‘-v’ or ‘--invert-match’ option is also used, grep stops after outputting num non-matching lines. Obsolete synonym for ‘-i’. Treat the file(s) as binary. By default, under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, grep guesses the file type by looking at the contents of the first 32kB read from the file. If grep decides the file is a text file, it strips the CR characters from the original file contents (to make regular expressions with ^ and $ work correctly). Specifying ‘-U’ overrules this guesswork, causing all files to be read and passed to the matching mechanism verbatim; if the file is a text file with CR/LF pairs at the end of each line, this will cause some regular expressions to fail. This option has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and MS-Windows. Report Unix-style byte offsets. This switch causes grep to report byte offsets as if the file were Unix style text file, i.e., the byte offsets ignore the CR characters which were stripped. This will produce results identical to running grep on a Unix machine. This option has no effect unless ‘-b’ option is also used; it has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and MS-Windows. If possible, use the mmap system call to read input, instead of the default read system call. In some situations, ‘--mmap’ yields better performance. However, ‘--mmap’ can cause undefined behavior (including core dumps) if an input file shrinks while grep is operating, or if an I/O error occurs. Output a zero byte (the ASCII NUL character) instead of the character that normally follows a file name. For example, ‘grep -lZ’ outputs a zero byte after each file name instead of the usual newline. This option makes the output unambiguous, even in the presence of file names containing unusual characters like newlines. This option can be used with commands like ‘find -print0’, ‘perl -0’, ‘sort -z’, and ‘xargs -0’ to process arbitrary file names, even those that contain newline characters. Treat the input as a set of lines, each terminated by a zero byte (the ASCII NUL character) instead of a newline. Like the ‘-Z’ or ‘--null’ option, this option can be used with commands like ‘sort -z’ to process arbitrary file names. Several additional options control which variant of the grep matching engine is used. See section grep programs. Grep’s behavior is affected by the following environment variables. A locale LC_foo is specified by examining the three environment variables LC_ALL, LC_foo, and LANG, in that order. The first of these variables that is set specifies the locale. For example, if LC_ALL is not set, but LC_MESSAGES is set to ‘pt_BR’, then Brazilian Portuguese is used for the LC_MESSAGES locale. The C locale is used if none of these environment variables are set, or if the locale catalog is not installed, or if grep was not compiled with national language support (NLS). GREP_OPTIONS This variable specifies default options to be placed in front of any explicit options. For example, if GREP_OPTIONS is ‘--binary-files=without-match --directories=skip’, grep behaves as if the two options ‘--binary-files=without-match’ and ‘--directories=skip’ had been specified before any explicit options. Option specifications are separated by whitespace. A backslash escapes the next character, so it can be used to specify an option containing whitespace or a backslash. GREP_COLOR This variable specifies the surrounding markers use to highlight the matching text. The default is control ascii red. LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LANG These variables specify the LC_COLLATE locale, which determines the collating sequence used to interpret range expressions like LC_ALL LC_CTYPE LANG These variables specify the LC_CTYPE locale, which determines the type of characters, e.g., which characters are whitespace. LC_ALL LC_MESSAGES LANG These variables specify the LC_MESSAGES locale, which determines the language that grep uses for messages. The default C locale uses American English messages. POSIXLY_CORRECT If set, grep behaves as POSIX.2 requires; otherwise, grep behaves more like other GNU programs. POSIX.2 requires that options that follow file names must be treated as file names; by default, such options are permuted to the front of the operand list and are treated as options. Also, POSIX.2 requires that unrecognized options be diagnosed as “illegal”, but since they are not really against the law the default is to diagnose them as “invalid”. POSIXLY_CORRECT also disables _N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_, described below. _N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_ (Here N is grep’s numeric process ID.) If the ith character of this environment variable’s value is ‘1’, do not consider the ith operand of grep to be an option, even if it appears to be one. A shell can put this variable in the environment for each command it runs, specifying which operands are the results of file name wildcard expansion and therefore should not be treated as options. This behavior is available only with the GNU C library, and only when POSIXLY_CORRECT is not set. Normally, exit status is 0 if selected lines are found and 1 otherwise. But the exit status is 2 if an error occurred, unless the ‘-q’ or ‘--quiet’ or ‘--silent’ option is used and a selected line is found. grep programs grep searches the named input files (or standard input if no files are named, or the file name ‘-’ is given) for lines containing a match to the given pattern. By default, grep prints the matching lines. There are four major variants of grep, controlled by the following options. Interpret the pattern as a basic regular expression. This is the default. Interpret the pattern as an extended regular expression. Interpret the pattern as a list of fixed strings, separated by newlines, any of which is to be matched. Interpret the pattern as a Perl regular expression. In addition, two variant programs EGREP and FGREP are available. EGREP is the same as ‘grep -E’. FGREP is the same as ‘grep -F’. A regular expression is a pattern that describes a set of strings. Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions. grep understands two different versions of regular expression syntax: “basic”(BRE) and “extended”(ERE). In GNU grep, there is no difference in available functionality using either syntax. In other implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful. The following description applies to extended regular expressions; differences for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards. The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match a single character. Most characters, including all letters and digits, are regular expressions that match themselves. Any metacharacter with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash. A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition operators: The period ‘.’ matches any single character. The preceding item is optional and will be matched at most once. The preceding item will be matched zero or more times. The preceding item will be matched one or more times. The preceding item is matched exactly n times. The preceding item is matched n or more times. The preceding item is matched at least n times, but not more than m times. Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions. Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator ‘|’; the resulting regular expression matches any string matching either subexpression. Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn takes precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules. A bracket expression is a list of characters enclosed by ‘[’ and ‘]’. It matches any single character in that list; if the first character of the list is the caret ‘^’, then it matches any character not in the list. For example, the regular expression ‘[0123456789]’ matches any single digit. Within a bracket expression, a range expression consists of two characters separated by a hyphen. It matches any single character that sorts between the two characters, inclusive, using the locale’s collating sequence and character set. For example, in the default C locale, ‘[a-d]’ is equivalent to ‘[abcd]’. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in these locales ‘[a-d]’ is typically not equivalent to ‘[abcd]’; it might be equivalent to ‘[aBbCcDd]’, for example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of bracket expressions, you can use the C locale by setting the LC_ALL environment variable to the value ‘C’. Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within bracket expressions, as follows. Their interpretation depends on the LC_CTYPE locale; the interpretation below is that of the C locale, which is the default if no LC_CTYPE locale is specified. Alphanumeric characters: ‘[:alpha:]’ and ‘[:digit:]’. Alphabetic characters: ‘[:lower:]’ and ‘[:upper:]’. Blank characters: space and tab. Control characters. In ASCII, these characters have octal codes 000 through 037, and 177 ( In other character sets, these are the equivalent characters, if any. Digits: Graphical characters: ‘[:alnum:]’ and ‘[:punct:]’. Lower-case letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Printable characters: ‘[:alnum:]’, ‘[:punct:]’, and space. Punctuation characters: Space characters: tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space. Upper-case letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. Hexadecimal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f. For example, ‘[[:alnum:]]’ means ‘[0-9A-Za-z]’, except the latter depends upon the C locale and the ASCII character encoding, whereas the former is independent of locale and character set. (Note that the brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket list.) Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists. ends the list if it’s not the first list item. So, if you want to make the ‘]’ character a list item, you must put it first. represents the open collating symbol. represents the close collating symbol. represents the open equivalence class. represents the close equivalence class. represents the open character class followed by a valid character class name. represents the close character class followed by a valid character class name. represents the range if it’s not first or last in a list or the ending point of a range. represents the characters not in the list. If you want to make the ‘^’ character a list item, place it anywhere but first. The ‘\’ when followed by certain ordinary characters take a special meaning : Match the empty string at the edge of a word. Match the empty string provided it’s not at the edge of a word. Match the empty string at the beginning of word. Match the empty string at the end of word. Match word constituent, it is a synonym for ‘[[:alnum:]]’. Match non word constituent, it is a synonym for ‘[^[:alnum:]]’. For example , ‘\brat\b’ matches the separate word ‘rat’, ‘c\Brat\Be’ matches ‘crate’, but ‘dirty \Brat’ doesn’t match ‘dirty rat’. The caret ‘^’ and the dollar sign ‘$’ are metacharacters that respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line. The back-reference ‘\n’, where n is a single digit, matches the substring previously matched by the nth parenthesized subexpression of the regular expression. For example, ‘(a)\1’ matches ‘aa’. When use with alternation if the group does not participate in the match, then the back-reference makes the whole match fail. For example, ‘a(.)|b\1’ will not match ‘ba’. When multiple regular expressions are given with ‘-e’ or from a file ‘-f file’, the back-referecences are local to each expression. In basic regular expressions the metacharacters ‘?’, ‘+’, ‘{’, ‘|’, ‘(’, and ‘)’ lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions ‘\?’, ‘\+’, ‘\{’, ‘\|’, ‘\(’, and ‘\)’. Traditional egrep did not support the ‘{’ metacharacter, and some egrep implementations support ‘\{’ instead, so portable scripts should avoid ‘{’ in ‘egrep’ patterns and should use ‘[{]’ to match a literal ‘{’. GNU egrep attempts to support traditional usage by assuming that ‘{’ is not special if it would be the start of an invalid interval specification. For example, the shell command ‘egrep '{1'’ searches for the two-character string ‘{1’ instead of reporting a syntax error in the regular expression. POSIX.2 allows this behavior as an extension, but portable scripts should avoid it. Here is an example shell command that invokes GNU grep: grep -i 'hello.*world' menu.h main.c This lists all lines in the files ‘menu.h’ and ‘main.c’ that contain the string ‘hello’ followed by the string ‘world’; this is because ‘.*’ matches zero or more characters within a line. See section Regular Expressions. The ‘-i’ option causes grep to ignore case, causing it to match the line ‘Hello, world!’, which it would not otherwise match. See section Invoking grep, for more details about how to invoke grep. Here are some common questions and answers about grep usage. grep -l 'main' *.c lists the names of all C files in the current directory whose contents mention ‘main’. grep -r 'hello' /home/gigi searches for ‘hello’ in all files under the directory ‘/home/gigi’. For more control of which files are searched, use find, grep and xargs. For example, the following command searches only C files: find /home/gigi -name '*.c' -print | xargs grep 'hello' /dev/null This differs from the command: grep -r 'hello' *.c which merely looks for ‘hello’ in all files in the current directory whose names end in ‘.c’. Here the ‘-r’ is probably unnecessary, as recursion occurs only in the unlikely event that one of ‘.c’ files is a directory. grep -e '--cut here--' * searches for all lines matching ‘--cut here--’. Without ‘-e’, grep would attempt to parse ‘--cut here--’ as a list of options. grep -w 'hello' * searches only for instances of ‘hello’ that are entire words; it does not match ‘Othello’. For more control, use ‘\ ’ to match the start and end of words. For example: grep 'hello\>' * searches only for words ending in ‘hello’, so it matches the word ‘Othello’. grep -C 2 'hello' * prints two lines of context around each matching line. Append ‘/dev/null’: grep 'eli' /etc/passwd /dev/null gets you: /etc/passwd:eli:DNGUTF58.IMe.:98:11:Eli Smith:/home/do/eli:/bin/bash ps output? ps -ef | grep '[c]ron' If the pattern had been written without the square brackets, it would have matched not only the ps output line for cron, but also the ps output line for grep. Note that some platforms ps limit the ouput to the width of the screen, grep does not have any limit on the length of a line except the available memory. grep report “Binary file matches”? If grep listed all matching “lines” from a binary file, it would probably generate output that is not useful, and it might even muck up your display. So GNU grep suppresses output from files that appear to be binary files. To force GNU grep to output lines even from files that appear to be binary, use the ‘-a’ or ‘--binary-files=text’ option. To eliminate the “Binary file matches” messages, use the ‘-I’ or ‘--binary-files=without-match’ option. ‘grep -lv’ lists the names of all files containing one or more lines that do not match. To list the names of all files that contain no matching lines, use the ‘-L’ or ‘--files-without-match’ option. grep 'paul' /etc/motd | grep 'franc,ois' finds all lines that contain both ‘paul’ and ‘franc,ois’. Use the special file name ‘-’: cat /etc/passwd | grep 'alain' - /etc/motd It can be done by using the back referecences, for example a palindrome of 4 chararcters can be written in BRE. It matches the word "radar" or "civic". Guglielmo Bondioni proposed a single RE that finds all the palindromes up to 19 characters long. Note this is done by using GNU ERE extensions, it might not be portable on other greps. /bin/echo "ba" | egrep '(a)\1|(b)\1' The first alternate branch fails then the first group was not in the match this will make the second alternate branch fails. For example, "aaba" will match, the first group participate in the match and can be reuse in the second branch. grep, fgrep, egrep stand for ? grep comes from the way line editing was done on Unix. For example, ed uses this syntax to print a list of matching lines on the screen. global/regular expression/print g/re/p fgrep stands for Fixed grep, egrep Extended grep. Email bug reports to bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org. Be sure to include the word “grep” somewhere in the “Subject:” field. Large repetition counts in the ‘{n,m}’ construct may cause grep to use lots of memory. In addition, certain other obscure regular expressions require exponential time and space, and may cause grep to run out of memory. Back-references are very slow, and may require exponential time. GNU grep is licensed under the GNU GPL, which makes it free software. Please note that “free” in “free software” refers to liberty, not price. As some GNU project advocates like to point out, think of “free speech” rather than “free beer”. The exact and legally binding distribution terms are spelled out below; in short, you have the right (freedom) to run and change grep and distribute it to other people, and even—if you want—charge money for doing either. The important restriction is that you have to grant your recipients the same rights and impose the same restrictions. This method of licensing software is also known as open source because, among other things, it makes sure that all recipients will receive the source code along with the program, and be able to improve it. The GNU project prefers the term “free software” for reasons outlined at http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html. The exact license terms are defined by this paragraph and the GNU General Public License it refers to: GNU grep is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. GNU grep is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. A copy of the GNU General Public License is included as part of this manual; if you did not receive it, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. In addition to this, this manual is free in the same sense: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “GNU General Public License” and “GNU Free Documentation License”, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. The full texts of the GNU General Public License and of the GNU Free Documentation License are available below. Version 2, June 1991 Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. 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If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors’ reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). 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Copyright (C) 19yy name of author This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than ‘show w’ and ‘show c’; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items—whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. Version 1.1, March 2000 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 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This is a general index of all issues discussed in this manual, with the exception of the grep commands and command-line options. This is an alphabetical list of all grep commands, command-line options, and environment variables. grep grep programs This document was generated on December 11, 2014 using texi2html. The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning: where the Example assumes that the current position is at Subsubsection One-Two-Three of a document of the following structure: This document was generated on December 11, 2014 using texi2html.
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"Fossies" - the Fresh Open Source Software archive Member "docear-1.1.0.1_stable_build232/freeplane_framework/windows-installer/gpl-2.0_croatian.txt" (22 Oct 2013, 17290 Bytes) of archive /linux/misc/docear_source.zip: As a special service "Fossies" has tried to format the requested source page into HTML format using source code syntax highlighting with prefixed line numbers. Alternatively you can here view or download the uninterpreted source code file. That can be also achieved for any archive member file by clicking within an archive contents listing on the first character of the file(path) respectively on the according byte size field. 1 GNU OPĆA JAVNA LICENCA 2 verzija 2, lipanj 1991. 4 Ovo je neslužbeni prijevod GNU Opće javne licence na hrvatski jezik. Nije ga objavio Free Software Foundation i zakonito ne izriče uvjete distribucije programa koji koriste GNU GPL -- to čini samo izvorni, engleski tekst GNU GPL-a. Međutim, nadamo se da će ovaj prijevod pomoći hrvatskim čitateljima u boljem razumijevanju GPL-a. 6 This is an unofficial translation of the GNU General Public License into Croatian. It was not published by the Free Software Foundation, and does not legally state the distribution terms for software that uses the GNU GPL--only the original English text of the GNU GPL does that. However, we hope that this translation will help Croatian speakers understand the GNU GPL better. Free Software Foundation, Inc. 10 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. Umnažanje i distribuiranje primjeraka ove licence jednakih izvorniku dopušteno je svakomu, no njeno je mijenjanje zabranjeno. Predgovor Licence većine programa nastoje vam oduzeti slobodu da ih dijelite i mijenjate. Tomu nasuprot, GNU Opća javna licenca jamči vam slobodu dijeljenja i mijenjanja slobodnih programa -- kako bi program bio slobodan za sve svoje korisnike. Ova Opća javna licenca vrijedi za veći dio programa Free Software Foundationa i bilo koji drugi program čiji se autor obveže na njeno korištenje. (Neke druge programe Free Software Foundationa pokriva GNU Opća javna licenca za knjižnice.) I vi je možete primjeniti na svoje programe. Kada govorimo o slobodnim programima, govorimo o slobodi, a ne cijeni. Naša Opća javna licenca je stvorena kako bi vam zajamčila slobodu distribuiranja primjeraka slobodnih programa (i, ako želite, naplaćivanje toga), primanje izvornog koda ili mogućnost da ga dobijete, mogućnost mijenjanja programa ili korištenja njegovih dijelova u novim slobodnim programima; te saznanje da to možete učiniti. Kako bi zaštitili vaša prava, moramo postaviti ograničenja koja zabranjuju bilo kome poricanje ovih prava ili zahtjev da ih se odreknete. Ova ograničenja predstavljaju određene odgovornosti za vas ako distribuirate ili mijenjate primjerke programa. Na primjer, ako distribuirate primjerke takvog programa, besplatno ili ne, primateljima morate dati sva prava koja imate i sami. Također, oni moraju dobiti izvorni kod ili mogućnost njegova dobivanja. A vi ih morate obavijestiti o ovim uvjetima kako bi znali svoja prava. Vaša prava štitimo u dva koraka: 1. stavljajući autorska prava na program, te 2. nudeći vam ovu licencu koja vam omogućava zakonito umnažanje, distribuiranje i/ili mijenjanje programa. Također, zbog zaštite svakog autora i nas, želimo biti sigurni da svi razumiju da za ovakve slobodne programe nema jamstva. Ako program netko promijeni i pošalje dalje, želimo da njegovi primatelji znaju kako ono što su dobili nije izvornik, kako bilo kakvi problemi u takvoj verziji ne bi utjecali na ugled izvornog autora. Na kraju, svakom slobodnom programu stalno prijete patenti. Želimo izbjeći opasnost individualnog licenciranja od strane redistributora slobodnog programa, što bi program učinilo vlasništvom. Da to spriječimo, razjasnili smo kako svaki patent mora biti licenciran za svačiju slobodnu uporabu ili uopće ne biti licenciran. Slijede točne obveze i uvjeti za umnažanje, distribuiranje i mijenjanje. GNU OPĆA JAVNA LICENCA OBVEZE I UVJETI ZA UMNAŽANJE, DISTRIBUIRANJE I MIJENJANJE Ova Licenca vrijedi za svaki program ili drugo djelo koje sadrži obavijest vlasnika autorskog prava prema kojoj se ono može distribuirati pod uvjetima ove Opće javne licence. Pojam "Program" nadalje se odnosi na svaki takav program ili djelo, a "djelo zasnovano na Programu" odnosi se na Program ili bilo koji rad izveden iz njega po zakonu o autorskim pravima: dakle, djelo koje sadrži program ili njegov dio, točan ili s promjenama i/ili preveden na drugi jezik. (Nadalje, prijevod je bez ograničenja uključen u pojam "promjena".) Svakom korisniku licence obraćamo se kao "vama". O aktivnostima osim umnažanja, distribucije i mijenjanja ova Licenca ne govori; one su izvan njenog dosega. Čin pokretanja Programa nije ograničen, a o njegovom rezultatu govorimo samo ako je sadržaj rezultata također djelo zasnovano na Programu (bez obzira što ga je stvorio Program). Je li to istina ovisi o funkciji Programa. Smijete umnažati i distribuirati točne kopije izvornog koda Programa kakvog ga dobijete, na bilo kakvom mediju, ako očigledno i prikladno na svakoj kopiji istaknete odgovarajuću poruku o autorskim pravima i odricanje jamstava; ostavite nepromijenjenim sve obavijesti koje se odnose na ovu Licencu i na nepostojanje jamstava; i dajte svakom primatelju Programa primjerak ove Licence zajedno s Programom. Smijete naplatiti fizički čin prenošenja kopije i možete po svom izboru ponuditi jamstvo za naplatu. Smijete mijenjati svoj primjerak ili primjerke Programa ili bilo kojeg njegovog dijela, tako oblikovajući djelo zasnovano na Programu, i umnažati i distribuirati takve promjene ili djelo pod uvjetima prethodnog Dijela 1., ako zadovoljavate ove uvjete: 44 a) Promijenjene datoteke moraju nositi istaknute obavijesti da ste promijenili datoteke i datum svake promjene. 46 b) Svako djelo koje distribuirate ili objavite, a koje u cjelosti ili djelomično sadrži ili je izvedeno iz Programa ili njegovog dijela, mora biti licencirano u cjelosti bez naplate svima pod uvjetima ove Licence. 48 c) Ako promijenjeni program, kada je normalno pokrenut, čita naredbe interaktivno, on mora, pokrenut za takvu interaktivnu uporabu u najuobičajenijem načinu, ispisati ili prikazati obavijest koja uključuje odgovarajuću poruku o autorskim pravima i obavijest da nema jamstva (ili drugačiju, koja kaže da vi jamčite) i da korisnici mogu ponovno distribuirati program pod ovim uvjetima, i objasniti korisniku kako da pročita primjerak ove Licence. (Iznimka: ako je sam Program interaktivan, ali obično ne ispisuje takvu obavijest, vaše djelo zasnovano na Programu ne mora ispisati obavijest.) Ove potrebe vrijede za promijenjeno djelo u cjelini. Ako raspoznatljivi dijelovi tog djela nisu izvedeni iz Programa, i mogu se sami razumno smatrati nezavisnim i odvojenim djelima, onda ova Licenca, i njeni uvjeti, ne vrijede za te dijelove kada ih distribuirate kao zasebna djela. Ali ako distribuirate iste dijelove kao dio cjeline koja je djelo zasnovano na Programu, distribucija te cjeline mora zadovoljavati uvjete ove Licence, čije dozvole drugima koji su je licencirali vrijede za cjelinu, odnosno svaki njen dio bez obzira tko ga je napisao. Dakle, ovom dijelu nije namjera da dobije prava ili da pobija vaša prava na djelo koje ste vi napisali u cjelini; namjera mu je poboljšati pravo nadzora distribucije izvedenih ili skupljenih djela zasnovanih na Programu. Također, sama integracija drugog djela nezasnovanog na Programu s Programom (ili djelom zasnovanim na Programu) na mediju pohranjivanja ili distribucije ne dovodi to drugo djelo u doseg ove Licence. Smijete umnažati i distribuirati Program (ili djelo na njemu zasnovano, po Dijelu 2.) u objektnom kodu ili izvršnom obliku pod uvjetima Dijela 1. i 2. ako učinite jedno od sljedećeg: 58 a) Popratite ga potpunim odgovarajućim strojno čitljivim izvornim kodom, koji mora biti distribuiran pod uvjetima Dijela 1. i 2. na mediju po izboru korištenom za razmjenu programa; ili 60 b) Popratite ga pisanom ponudom, koja vrijedi barem tri godine, da ćete svakoj trećoj stranci dati, za cijenu ne veću od vašeg troška fizičkog vršenja distribucije izvornog koda, potpunu strojno čitljivu kopiju odgovarajućeg izvornog koda, koju će se distribuirati pod uvjetima Dijela 1. i 2. na mediju po izboru korištenom za razmjenu programa; ili 62 c) Popratite ga informacijama koje ste vi primili o ponudi za distribuciju odgovarajućeg izvornog koda. (Ova mogućnost vrijedi samo za nekomercijalnu distribuciju i samo ako ste primili program u objektnom kodu ili izvršnom obliku s takvom ponudom, prema prethodnom Odlomku b.) Pod izvornim kodom za djelo mislimo na željeni oblik djela za njegovo mijenjanje. Za izvršno djelo, potpuni izvorni kod odnosi se na izvorni kod svih modula koje ono sadrži, uz datoteke koje definiraju svako uključeno sučelje, uz skripte za nadzor prevođenja i instalacije izvršne datoteke. Međutim, kao posebna iznimka, distribuirani izvorni kod ne mora uključiti bilo što što se obično distribuira (bilo u izvornom kodu, bilo u izvršnom obliku) s glavnim dijelovima (prevodioc, jezgra, itd.) operacijskog sustava na kojem izvršna datoteka radi, osim ako sam taj dio prati izvršnu datoteku. Ako se izvršna datoteka ili objektni kod distribuira omogućavanjem pristupa kopiji na određenom mjestu, onda se omogućavanje jednakog pristupa izvornom kodu smatra distribucijom izvornog koda, iako se drugi ne prisiljavaju na umnažanje izvornog koda zajedno s objektnim. Ne smijete umnažati, mijenjati, podlicencirati ili distribuirati Program osim kako je izraženo u ovoj Licenci. Bilo kakav pokušaj umnažanja, mijenjanja, podlicenciranja ili distribuiranja Programa je nezakonit, i odmah poništava vaša prava prema ovoj Licenci. Međutim, strankama koje su od vas dobile kopije ili prava pod ovom Licencom neće biti poništene licence, dok zadovoljavaju sve uvjete. Ne morate prihvatiti ovu Licencu, pošto ju niste potpisali. Međutim, ništa vam drugo ne jamči dozvolu za mijenjanje ili distribuciju Programa ili iz njega izvedenih djela. Te su radnje zakonom zabranjene ako ne prihvatite ovu Licencu. Prema tome, mijenjanjem ili distribuiranjem Programa (ili djela na njemu zasnovanog), pokazujete svoj pristanak na ovu Licencu, i sve njene obveze i uvjete za umnažanje, distribuiranje i mijenjanje Programa ili djela na njemu zasnovanih. Svaki put kada ponovo distribuirate Program (ili bilo koje djelo zasnovano na Programu), primatelj automatski prima licencu od izvornog vlasnika za umnažanje, distribuiranje ili mijenjanje Programa prema ovim obvezama i uvjetima. Ne smijete nametnuti bilo kakva daljnja ograničenja na primateljevo korištenje ovdje zajamčenih prava. Niste odgovorni za traženje zadovoljavanja ove Licence od drugih stranaka. Ako vam se, kao posljedicu sudske presude ili tužbe za kršenje patenta ili iz bilo kojeg drugog razloga (ne samo što se tiče patenata), nameću obveze (bilo sudskim nalogom, nagodbom, ili drukčije) u kontradikciji s uvjetima ove Licence, to ne znači da smijete kršiti uvjete ove Licence. Ako ne možete distribuirati tako da zadovoljavate istodobno i svoje obveze pod ovom Licencom i sve ostale odgovarajuće obveze, onda kao posljedicu uopće ne smijete distribuirati Program. Na primjer, ako patentna licenca ne dopušta slobodnu redistribuciju Programa svima koji njegove kopije dobiju izravno ili neizravno od vas, onda je jedini način na koji možete zadovoljiti i nju i ovu Licencu prestanak distribuiranja Programa. Ako se bilo koji dio ovog Dijela drži nevažećim ili neprovedivim pod bilo kakvim okolnostima, namjena je Dijela da vrijedi i Dio u cjelini namijenjen je da vrijedi u drugim okolnostima. Ovom Dijelu nije svrha da vas potakne na kršenje patenata ili drugih prava na vlasništvo ili na njihovo pobijanje; jedina mu je svrha zaštita integriteta distribucijskog sustava slobodnih programa, kojeg implementira javna praksa. Mnogi ljudi su velikodušno pridonijeli velikom broju programa distribuiranim kroz taj sustav pouzdajući se u dosljednu primjenu tog sustava; na autoru/donatoru je odluka da li će programe distribuirati nekim drugim sustavom i korisnik licence ne može mu nametati svoj izbor. Namjera ovog Dijela je razjašnjavanje onoga za što se vjeruje da su posljedice ostatka Licence. Ako je distribucija i/ili korištenje Programa u nekim državama ograničeno bilo patentima bilo sučeljima na koje se polažu autorska prava, izvorni vlasnik autorskih prava koji je Program stavio pod ovu Licencu može dodati eksplicitno zemljopisno ograničenje distribucije izuzimajući takve države, i čineći distribuciju dozvoljenom samo u ili među državama koje nisu izuzete. U tom slučaju, ova Licenca uključuje ograničenje kao da je napisano u tijelu ove Licence. Free Software Foundation s vremena na vrijeme može objaviti promijenjene i/ili nove verzije Opće javne licence. Takve nove verzije bit će duhom slične sadašnjoj, no mogu se razlikovati u detaljima kako bi se riješili novi problemi ili brige. Svakoj verziji se daje različit broj verzije. Ako Program navodi broj verzije ove Licence koja za njega vrijedi i "bilo koja kasnija verzija", smijete poštovati obveze i uvjete te verzije ili bilo koje kasnije verzije koju je objavio Free Software Foundation. Ako Program ne određuje broj verzije ove Licence, smijete odabrati bilo koju verziju ikad izdanu od strane Free Software Foundationa. Ako želite uključiti dijelove Programa u druge besplatne programe čiji se uvjeti distribucije razlikuju, pišite autoru i tražite njegovu dozvolu. Za programe čija autorska prava ima Free Software Foundation, pišite Free Software Foundationu; ponekad radi toga radimo iznimke. U odlučivanju će nas voditi dva cilja čuvanja slobode svih izvedenica iz našeg programa i promicanje dijeljenja i ponovnog korištenja programa općenito. NEMA JAMSTVA POŠTO JE PROGRAM LICENCIRAN BESPLATNO, ZA PROGRAM NEMA JAMSTVA, U MJERI DOPUŠTENOJ PRIMJENJIVIM ZAKONOM. OSIM AKO JE DRUKČIJE IZRAŽENO NAPISMENO, VLASNICI AUTORSKIH PRAVA I/ILI DRUGE STRANKE PROGRAM DAJU "KAKAV JEST" BEZ JAMSTVA BILO KOJE VRSTE, IZRAŽENOG ILI PODRAZUMIJEVANOG, UKLJUČUJUĆI, ALI NE SAMO NJIH, PODRAZUMIJEVANA JAMSTVA TRGOVINSKE PRIKLADNOSTI I ODGOVARANJA ODREĐENOJ SVRSI. SVI RIZICI VEZANI ZA KVALITETU I BRZINU PROGRAMA OSTAJU NA VAMA. AKO SE PROGRAM POKAŽE NEVALJANIM, VI SNOSITE SVE TROŠKOVE POTREBNOG ODRŽAVANJA, POPRAVLJANJA I ISPRAVLJANJA. NI U KOJEM SLUČAJU, OSIM NUŽNO PO PRIMJENJIVOM ZAKONU ILI NAGODBOM NAPISMENO, BILO KOJI VLASNIK AUTORSKIH PRAVA, ILI BILO KOJA DRUGA STRANKA KOJA SMIJE MIJENJATI I/ILI REDISTRIBUIRATI PROGRAM KAKO JE DOZVOLJENO GORE, NEĆE BITI VAMA ODGOVORAN ZA ŠTETE, UKLJUČUJUĆI OPĆE, POSEBNE, SLUČAJNE ILI POSLJEDIČNE ŠTETE PROIZAŠLE IZ KORIŠTENJA ILI NEMOGUĆNOSTI KORIŠTENJA PROGRAMA (UKLJUČUJUĆI, ALI NE SAMO NJIH, GUBITAK PODATAKA ILI ČINJENJE PODATAKA NETOČNIM ILI GUBITKE VAS ILI DRUGIH STRANAKA ILI NEUSPJEH PROGRAMA DA RADI S BILO KOJIM DRUGIM PROGRAMOM), ČAK I AKO JE TAKAV VLASNIK ILI DRUGA STRANKA UPOZORENA NA MOGUĆNOST TAKVIH ŠTETA. KRAJ OBVEZA I UVJETA Kako ove obveze primjeniti na vaše nove programe Ako razvijete novi program i želite da bude od najveće moguće koristi javnosti, najbolji je način da to postignete učiniti ga slobodnim programom, kojeg svatko može distribuirati i mijenjati pod ovim uvjetima. Kako biste to učinili, programu dodajte sljedeće obavijesti. Najsigurnije je dodati ih na početku svake datoteke s izvornim kodom, da naglasite nepostojanje jamstva; svaka bi datoteka trebala imati barem i "copyright" red i upustvo kako doći do cijele obavijesti. Copyright (C) 19gg Ovaj program je slobodan; možete ga distribuirati i/ili 108 mijenjati pod uvjetima GNU Opće javne licence kako ju je 109 objavio Free Software Foundation; ili verzije 2 Licence, 110 ili (po vašem izboru) bilo koje novije verzije. Ovaj program se distribuira u nadi da će biti koristan, ali BEZ IKAKVOG JAMSTVA; čak i bez podrazumijevanog jamstva TRGOVINSKE PRIKLADNOSTI ili ODGOVARANJA ODREĐENOJ SVRSI. Za 115 detalje pročitajte GNU Opću javnu licencu. Trebali ste dobiti primjerak GNU Opće javne licence uz ovaj 118 program; ako niste, pišite na adresu: Free Software Foundation, Inc., 120 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. Također dodajte informacije kako vas kontaktirati elektronski i poštom. Ako je program interaktivan, neka ispiše kratku poruku poput ove kada se pokreće u interaktivnom načinu: Gnomovizija verzija 69, Copyright (C) 19gg ime autora Gnomovizija dolazi BEZ IKAKVOG JAMSTVA; za detalje napišite 128 "pokaži j". Ovo je slobodan program, i slobodno ga 129 možete distribuirati pod određenim uvjetima; za detalje 130 napišite "pokaži u". Hipotetske naredbe "pokaži j" i "pokaži u" trebale bi pokazati odgovarajuće dijelove Opće javne licence. Naravno, naredbe koje ćete vi koristiti mogu se zvati drukčije; to čak mogu biti klikovi mišem ili dijelovi izbornika -- što god odgovara vašem programu. Također biste trebali zamoliti svog poslodavca (ako radite kao programer) ili školu, ako je ima, da, ako je potrebno, potpiše "odricanje od autorskih prava" za program. Evo primjera; promijenite imena: MM, d. o. o., odriče se svih autorskih prava na program "Gnomoviziju" 137 (koji se upucava kompajlerima) koji je napisao Hrvoje Haker. Miroslav Moćnik, predsjednik MM d. o. o. Ova Opća javna licenca ne dozvoljava uključivanje vašeg programa u vlasničke programe. Ako je vaš program knjižnica podrutina, možda ćete smatrati korisnijim ako dopustite vezanje vlasničkih aplikacija s njom. Ako to želite učiniti, umjesto ove Licence koristite GNU Opću javnu licencu za knjižnice.