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Free Software "Libre Software" or "Open Source") During PrepCom3, a regular request was for a reference document on Free Software and its role in the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). This document seeks to provide such reference. Free in Free Software is referring to freedom, not price. Having been used in this meaning since the 80s, the first documented complete definition appears to be the GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 1, published February 1986. In particular, four freedoms define Free Software: The freedom to run the program, for any purpose. Placing restrictions on the use of Free Software, such as time ("30 days trial period", "license expires January 1st, 2004") purpose ("permission granted for research and non-commercial use") or geographic area ("must not be used in country X") makes a program non-free. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs. Placing legal or practical restrictions on the comprehension or modification of a program, such as mandatory purchase of special licenses, signing of a Non-Disclosure-Agreement (NDA) or - for programming languages that have multiple forms or representation - making the preferred human way of comprehending and editing a program ("source code") inaccessible also makes it proprietary (non-free). Without the freedom to modify a program, people will remain at the mercy of a single vendor. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. Software can be copied/distributed at virtually no cost. If you are not allowed to give a program to a person in need, that makes a program non-free. This can be done for a charge, if you so choose. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits. Not everyone is an equally good programmer in all fields. Some people don't know how to program at all. This freedom allows those who do not have the time or skills to solve a problem to indirectly access the freedom to modify. This can be done for a charge. These freedoms are rights, not obligations, although respecting these freedoms for society may at times oblige the individual. Any person can choose to not make use of them, but may also choose to make use of all of them. In particular, it should be understood that Free Software does not exclude commercial use. If a program fails to allow commercial use and commercial distribution, it is not Free Software. Indeed a growing number of companies base their business model completely or at least partially on Free Software, including some of the largest proprietary software vendors. Free Software makes it legal to provide help and assistance, it does not make it mandatory. Terminology English seems to be the only language in which such a strong ambiguity exists between freedom and price. When translated into other languages, Free Software becomes "logiciels libre" in French, "software libre" in Spanish, "software libero" in Portugese, "Fri Software" in Danish or whatever is the equivalent term in the local language referring to freedom. Open Source On February 3rd 1998, in the wake of Netscapes announcement to release their browser as Free Software, a group of people met in Palo Alto in the Silicon Valley and proposed to start a marketing campaign for Free Software using the term ``Open Source.'' The goal was to seek fast commercialisation of Free Software and acceptance of Free Software by the companies and venture capitalists of the booming new economy. As a means to this end, they made a conscious decision to leave aside all long-term issues (such as philosophy, ethics and social effects) related to Free Software, feeling these posed obstacles in the way of rapid acceptance by economy. They proposed to focus on technical advantages only1. Often used in good faith by people who refer to what Free Software stands for, the term "Open Source" - originally defined to mean the same thing as Free Software in terms of licenses and implementation - has seen inflationary usage. Nowadays, it is regularly used for everything between Free Software and the highly proprietary "Governmental Security Program" (GSP) by Microsoft2. Libre Software When the European Commission started dealing with Free Software on a regular basis, they sought to avoid the ambiguity of the English word "Free Software" and the misunderstandings of "Open Source" alike, which led to the adoption of a third term which has popped up occasionally since around 1992: "Libre Software." This term has proven resistant to inflationary usage and is still used in an identical way to Free Software. So it may pose a solution for those who fear being misunderstood when speaking English. Development When thinking about Free Software, it should be seen as an encompassing concept for a reliable, sustainable and dependable information and knowledge society involving all stakeholders. The price we are paying for the predominance of the proprietary software approach is high. Because the proprietary software paradigm has a strong, system-inherent monopolising tendency 3 and software permeates all areas of economy, northern economies suffer and southern countries are given the choice between exclusion or co-suffering in total dependence. That is why breaking up Microsoft without a change in paradigm would not improve the situation significantly. Free Software, on the other hand, brings back competition while allowing cooperation among companies, people, and governments. All of these equally available and empowering to all the peoples. While minorities remain at the mercy of large multinational companies regarding support for their culture and language when using proprietary software, Free Software gives them freedom to modify all software according to their needs. Thus, Free Software also allows building a sustainable local hard- and software industry independent from monopolies and large multinationals. Of course cooperation with large companies is possible and may be useful, but while dependency is the price to pay for such cooperation in proprietary software, Free Software provides independence. Equality The design, development and use of software is increasing in all societies. Increasingly, access to software is largely determining our capabilities for education, communication, work and even social networking. This includes building social movements, promoting citizenship and transparent democracy as well as general governmental and health services. Software in general has grown into northern societies to a very large extent and if development policies are successful, this will also be true for southern societies at some point in time. Therefore software must be considered a cultural technique, sometimes even a cultural good. For all central cultural techniques, we have to ask who should be put in control of it. Proprietary software puts large northern multinationals in control4. Free Software makes this cultural technique equally available to all the peoples. Human Rights For those who are connected - and we surely hope this will mean all the peoples at some point - human rights of participation in culture, freedom of speech and opinion are influenced to a large extent by their control over the software they use, as are freedom of association and movement. Software forms the medium. Unlike the proprietary approach, Free Software gives each person full control about their personal information space. Although this alone is not sufficient to grant privacy and security, it is a necessary prerequisite. Preventing Technocracy - upholding democracy Legislation should be developed by democratically elected representatives in a transparent way. Even in situations where this is true, rights that cannot be exercised remain empty. Granting rights on paper does not mean people will have the means of exercising them. The complexity of modern systems alone makes it a difficult task to uphold democracy in the digital domain, but the overall intransparency of proprietary software makes it impossible. Unless you are using Free Software, the rights you can or cannot exercise are determined by the proprietary software vendor - it is the vendors decision alone, a decision that nowadays is often given precendence over the democratic legislative process. Good examples are the European Copyright Directive (EUCD) and Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), both implementations of the "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty" (December 1996). While the DMCA already gained notoriety for enabling censorship of Scientology-critical sites in the United States5, the German implementation of the EUCD is silently making the right to fair use inaccessible. Although laws clearly state that customers have the right to copy a CD for their car stereo or even a friend, those who exercise this right on so-called "copy protected" CDs or on any DVD now risk punishment. And if you think this is where it ends, feel free to read the EFF paper on so-called "Trusted Computing" (TC). Proprietary software effectively puts an area that was previously governed by democratically elected representatives into the hand of corporations, therefore establishing technocracy6. Summary All of our hard work to defend and promote human rights, gender equality, rights of the disadvantaged, a free media, privacy and security, digital solidarity and other issues is in danger of having been for naught if the information age is based on proprietary software. Free Software alone is certainly not enough to overcome all problems - but it is a necessity to empower people to exercise the rights we are fighting for in the information societies. Footnotes - For reference, see http://web.archive.org/web/20021217003716/http://www.opensource.org/advocacy/faq.html: How is "open source" related to "free software"? The Open Source Initiative is a marketing program for free software. It's a pitch for "free software" on solid pragmatic grounds rather than ideological tub-thumping. The winning substance has not changed, the losing attitude and symbolism have. - In this program governments and intergovernmental organisations pay substantial fees for a superficial look at some parts of Windows sourcecode in special Microsoft facilities. This may increase "felt security" but is essentially useless - especially since they do not even know whether what they looked at is what they have on their computers. And of course it does not give them freedom. - Explanation of these mechanisms will gladly be provided, if of interest. - Side note: Which should not be understood as a good thing for people in the northern countries. It is not. - For reference, see http://www-camlaw.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/scientology.htm (not available any more). - Technocracy: "Government by technicians or management of society by technical experts." (Merriam Webster Dictionary) Author: Georg Greve
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Riječ "free" u pojmu "free software" odnosi se na slobodu, ne cijenu. Hrvatski jezik, na sreću, nema ovakvih problema, pa je riječ "slobodan" jasan pokazatelj smisla. Ovo se značenje koristi od 80-ih, a prvi puta je zabilježeno u GNU biltenu, svezak 1, broj 1, izdanom u veljači 1986. Četiri slobode definiraju slobodan softver: Ograničavanje pokretanja slobodnog softvera vremenski ("probna verzija traje 30 dana", "licenca ističe 1. Siječnja 2004."), ograničavanje svrhe pokretanja ("dopušteno korištenje u nekomercijalne svrhe", "zabranjeno koristiti u svrhu testiranja i usporedbe") ili zemljopisno ograničavanje ("ovaj program nije dopušteno koristi u zemlji X") čine program neslobodnim. Ograničavanje uvida ili promjena programa zakonom ili praktično, poput obvezne kupnje posebne licence, potpisivanja ugovora o tajnosti ili - za programske jezike koji imaju više oblika ili načina prikaza - zabrane pristupa preferiranom načinu razumjevanja i uređivanja programa (izvornom kodu), također čine program vlasničkim ("proprietary", tj. neslobodnim). Bez slobode mijenjanja programa, ljudi su prepušteni na milost i nemilost jednog isporučitelja. Softver može biti kopiran/distribuiran praktično besplatno. Ako vam nije dopušteno program dati osobi u potrebi, to čini program neslobodnim. Sam čin možete naplaćivati ukoliko tako odlučite. Svi nisu jednako dobri programeri na svim poljima. Neki ljudi uopće neznaju programirati. Ova sloboda dopušta onima koji nemaju vremena ili vještine potrebne za rješavanje nekog problema da indirektno iskoriste slobodu mijenjanja softvera. Ovo se može činiti i uz plaćanje. Ove slobode su prava, a ne obveze, iako poštivanje ovih sloboda može obvezati pojedinca prema društvu. Bilo koja osoba može odabrati ne koristiti ove slobode, no isto tako može odabrati iskoristiti ih sve. Posebno treba razumjeti da slobodan softver ne isključuje komercijalnu upotrebu. Ako program ne dozvoljava komercijalnu upotrebu i komercijalnu distribuciju, nije slobodan softver. Doista, sve više tvrtki zasnivaju svoj poslovni model u potpunosti, ili barem djelomično na slobodnom softveru, uključujući neke od najvećih isporučitelja vlasničkog softvera. Slobodan softver omogućuje davanje pomoći i podrške, ali ne čini to obveznim. Engleski je vjerojatno jedini jezik s toliko neizražajnom razlikom između slobode i cijene. Preveden u druge jezike, izraz koji označava "slobodan" jednoznačno se odnosi na slobodu. 3. veljače, 1998, u praskozorje Netscapeove najave da će svoj preglednik izdati kao slobodan softver, grupa ljudi sastala se u Palo Altu u Silicijskoj dolini i predložila početak marketinške kampanje za slobodan softver uz korištenje naziva "otvoreni kod". Cilj je bio brza komercijalizacija slobodnog softvera i prihvaćanje slobodnog softvera od strane tvrtki i ulagača nove, brzorastuće industrije. U tu svrhu učinili su svjesnu odluku da zanemare sve dugoročne probleme (kao što su filozofske, etičke i socijalne implikacije) vezane uz slobodan softver, smatrajući ih preprekama na putu brzog prihvaćanja od strane industrije. Predložili su usmjeravanje samo na tehničke prednosti1. Izvorno definiran kao ista stvar kao i slobodan softver što se tiče licenci i implementacije, izraz "otvoreni kod" - koji ljudi šesto koriste u dobroj namjeri misleći na ono što označava slobodan softver - koristi se za sve više stvari. Danas se redovito koristi za sve od slobodnog softvera pa do izrazito neslobodnog Microsoftovog "sigurnosnog programa [američke] vlade"2. Kada je Europska komisija počela redovno obrađivati temu slobodnog softvera, željeli su izbjeći višeznačnost engleske riječi "free software", kao i nesporazuma oko "otvorenog koda", što je dovelo do prihvaćanja trećeg izraza koji se povremeno pojavljivao od 1992.: "Libre software". Ovaj se izraz pokazao otporan na trend korištenja u svakojake svrhe i još uvijek se koristi uz isto značenje kao i "slobodan softver", tako da bi mogao ponuditi rješenje onima koji se boje da će biti krivo shvaćeni kada govore engleski.