https___cervical-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au_risk-factors.xml
http___g.zarez.info_2017_01_24_10-istina-o-raku-vrata-maternice__1.xml
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A risk factor is any factor that is associated with increasing someone’s chances of developing a certain condition, such as cancer. Some risk factors are modifiable, such as lifestyle or environmental risk factors, and others cannot be modified, such as family history and inherited factors. Having 1 or more risk factors does not mean that a person will develop cancer. Many people have at least 1 risk factor but will never develop cancer, while others with cancer may have had no known risk factors. Even if a person with cancer has a risk factor, it is usually hard to know how much that risk factor contributed to the development of their disease. Cervical cancer is not infectious. It is not caused by an inherited faulty gene, so other members of your family are not likely to be at risk of developing it. Risk factors for cervical cancer are: - infection with human papillomavirus - smoking - lack of regular Cervical Screening Tests - age - taking contraceptive pills for a long time - previous abnormality or cancer of the cervix - having many children - diethylstilboestrol (DES). HPV infection Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is a common virus that is spread by genital skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. It is so common that many people have it at some point in their lives and never know it as there are usually no symptoms. There are many types of HPV and the body’s immune system will naturally clear most types within one to two years. If the body’s immune system does not clear a HPV infection, it can cause changes to cells in the cervix, which in rare cases can develop into cervical cancer. It usually takes 10 to 15 years for HPV to develop into cervical cancer. More than 100 types of HPV have been identified, and about a dozen of these are considered high risk because they can lead to cancer. The HPV vaccine (also known as the ‘cervical cancer vaccine’) can protect against several types of HPV, including types that cause cancer. The Cervical Screening Test has replaced the two-yearly Pap test and is more accurate at detecting HPV. The Pap test used to look for cell changes in the cervix, whereas the new Cervical Screening Test looks for HPV which can lead to cell changes in the cervix. For more information about HPV and cervical cancer, go to http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/about-HPV-and-cervical-cancer Smoking Chemicals in tobacco may damage the cells of the cervix and make cancer more likely to develop. Lack of regular Cervical Screening Tests Cervical cancer is more common among women who don’t have regular Cervical Screening Tests. All women who have ever had sex should have a Cervical Screening Test every 5 years between the ages of 25 and 74. The Cervical Screening Test detects the HPV virus which can lead to cell changes in the cervix. This means that precancerous cells can be removed or treated as early as possible, which reduces the risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. Regular Cervical Screening Tests are important, even if you have been vaccinated against HPV. Age Cervical cancer mainly occurs in women over 35 years old and is less common in women under 25. Around 70% of cervical cancers are diagnosed in women under 60 years old. Taking contraceptive pills for a long time Using contraceptive pills (also called birth control pills, or the ‘pill’) for 5 or more years may increase the risk of cervical cancer in women who also have HPV infection. This risk decreases quickly if you stop using the pill. Screening abnormality or previous cancer Women who have HPV detected on the Cervical Screening Test are at a higher risk of cervical abnormalities. The recommended management will either be a repeat screening test in 12 months or referral to a specialist for further assessment by colposcopy, depending on the type of HPV present. If abnormal cells are found during colposcopy, further treatment may be required. For more information about the Cervical Screening test results and treatment for abnormal cells, go to: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/about-the-test-results Women who have had an abnormality on a previous Pap test should discuss their ongoing management with their doctor. Women who have been diagnosed with cervical cancer in the past are also at higher risk of developing cervical cancer again. Your doctor will discuss how to manage this risk with you. Having many children Studies suggest that giving birth to 5 or more children may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer for women who have HPV infection. Diethylstilboestrol DES is a synthetic form of the female hormone oestrogen. It was used to prevent miscarriage and other complications of pregnancy, and was given to some pregnant women during the late 1940s and 1950s, and used less in the 1960s and 1970s. DES is no longer given to pregnant women. DES may increase the risk of a rare form of cervical cancer (and some other cancers of the reproductive system) in daughters who were exposed to this drug before they were born (i.e. if your mother took DES while she was pregnant with you). If you were exposed to DES before you were born, you should have Cervical Screening Tests and colposcopic examination of the cervix and vagina every year, and discuss your risk of cervical cancer with your doctor. For more information, see Cancer Australia’s webpage on DES. Find out more about: - Lifestyle and risk reduction - Position Statement on Lifestyle risk factors and the primary prevention of cancer
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Rak vrata maternice drugi je naj─Źe┼í─çi rak kod ┼żena i u kriti─Źnoj su skupini ┼żene od 25 do 64 godine. No, ta se kancerogena bolest mo┼że sprije─Źiti i otkriti na vrijeme. Zato je od presudne va┼żnosti da ne zaboravljate i ne preska─Źete redovite kontrole i Papa test. Rak vrata maternice drugi je naj─Źe┼í─çi rak u ┼żena Gledano u svjetskim razmjerima, rak vrata maternice drugi je naj─Źe┼í─çi rak u ┼żena te tre─çi uzrok smrtnosti od raka u ┼żena. Godi┼ínje se u svijetu dijagnosticira oko 500.000 novih slu─Źajeva raka vrata maternice, a gotovo 300 000 ┼żena umre od te bolesti. U Hrvatskoj svaki 3. dan umre jedna ┼żena od raka vrata maternice Procjenjuje se da u Europi svakih 18 minuta, a u svijetu svake dvije minute od raka vrata maternice umre jedna ┼żena. Humani papilomavirus (HPV) je glavni uzro─Źnik raka vrata maternice Niti jedna vrsta raka nema tako ─Źvrstu uzro─Źno posljedi─Źnu vezu s nekim danas znanim uzrokom kao ┼íto to imaju HPV i rak vrata maternice, pa se u ─Źak 99,7 posto slu─Źajeva karcinoma mo┼że dokazati infekcija HPV-om. HPV se prenosi spolnim kontaktom HPV infekcija je vrlo ─Źesta me─Ĺu spolno aktivnim osobama, uglavnom se prenosi tijekom spolnog odnosa i mo┼że se prenijeti izravnim dodirom s osobe na osobu, a ne samo tijekom sno┼íaja. Infekcija HPV-om naj─Źe┼í─ça je u adolescenata, a rak vrata maternice u ┼żena izme─Ĺu 35 i 55 godina. Svaka druga seksualno aktivna osoba je zara┼żena s HPV-om Oko 630 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta inficirano je s HPV-om, a prema rezultatima nekih ispitivanja u Hrvatskoj s HPV-om je zara┼żeno oko 60 posto spolno aktivnih ┼żena i mu┼íkaraca. Smrtnost od raka vrata maternice je 35 posto U Hrvatskoj svake godine od raka vrata maternice oboli 400, a umre gotovo 140 ┼żena. Ve─çina ┼żena koje obole od raka vrata maternice vjerojatno nikad nisu napravile Papa test ili ga barem nisu napravile u zadnjih 5 godina. Od 1 200 000 ┼żena u Hrvatskoj koje spadaju u najrizi─Źniju skupinu za obolijevanje od raka vrata maternice (od 25 do 64 godine), samo njih 418.000 godi┼ínje napravi PAPA test. To zna─Źi da 2/3 ┼żena ne provodi redovite kontrole, a dodatni problem je ┼íto se uvijek testiraju iste ┼żene. Rak vrata maternice mo┼że se otkriti na vrijeme Papa test je jednostavan test kojim se mo┼że otkriti rak vrata maternice i abnormalne stanice u vratu maternice, ali on ne upu─çuje na glavni uzrok pojave raka i abnormalnih stanica ┼íto je posljedica trajno prisutne infekcije “visoko rizi─Źnim” tipovima HPV-a. Drugi nedostatak Papa testa je 20 – 40 posto la┼żno negativnih nalaza. Zato se kao dodatna pretraga za otkrivanje HPV infekcije koristi teku─ça citologija jer je tada stopa la┼żno negativnih nalaza manja od 5 posto. Rak vrata maternice je najozbiljnija komplikacija HPV infekcije Budu─çi da HPV infekcija obi─Źno nema znakova ili simptoma, ve─çina zara┼żenih osoba toga nije ni svjesna. Ve─çina infekcija HPV-om otkrije se tek s abnormalnim nalazima Papa testa. Niskorizi─Źni tipovi HPV-a mogu dovesti do nastanka spolnih bradavica: nekanceroznih izraslina boje mesa koje se pojave na spolovilu i oko njega. Tipovi HPV-a 6 i 11 odgovorni su za 90 posto svih slu─Źajeva spolnih bradavica. Dugotrajna infekcija visokorizi─Źnim tipovima HPV-a, poput tipova 16,18,31 i 45, mo┼że dovesti do raka vrata maternice i drugih vrsta raka u podru─Źju spolovila. HPV tipovi 16 i 18 su zajedno odgovorni za 70 posto slu─Źajeva raka vrata maternice. Rak vrata maternice mo┼że se sprije─Źiti Iako su kondomi u─Źinkovita sredstva za┼ítite protiv ve─çine spolno prenosivih infekcija, ona ne nude potpunu za┼ítitu u slu─Źaju HPV-a, zato ┼íto HPV mo┼że biti prisutan i na predjelima ko┼że koji nisu za┼íti─çeni. Danas je dostupno cijepivo koje mo┼że za┼ítiti ┼żene od infekcije HPV-om i nastanka raka vrata maternice. Cijepljenjem se spre─Źava rak vrata maternice Prvo cjepivo protiv HPV-a i raka vrata maternice, koje se koristi u SAD-u i EU, dostupno je i na hrvatskom tr┼żi┼ítu. Cjepivo ┼ítiti od infekcije s ─Źetiri tipa virusa HPV-a; tipova 16 i 18 koji su uzrokom 70 posto karcinoma vrata maternice, te tipova 6 i 11 koji uzrokuju oko 90 posto spolnih bradavica. Cjepivo je 100 posto u─Źinkovito u spre─Źavanju HP. Izvor: www.zadovoljna.dnevnik.hr, 21.1.2017.