http___photographytipsandtutorial.blogspot.com_.xml
http___fotografija.hr_promisljati-fotografski-4-dio__2.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9.1 10.1 10.2 11.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 16.1 16.2 16.3 17.1 18.1 18.2 19.1 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 21.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 23.1 23.2
After we learn about exposure triangle , to make more clear about it, i post this article take from wiki yeah, the aperture definition, and all about aperture. here it is. In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. The aperture determines how collimated the admitted rays are, which is of great importance for the appearance at the image plane. If the admitted rays also pass through a lens, highly collimated rays (narrow aperture) will result in sharpness at the image plane, while uncollimated rays (wide aperture) will result in sharpness for rays with the right focal length only. This means that a wide aperture results in an image that is sharp around what the lens is focusing on and blurred otherwise. The aperture also determines how many of the incoming rays are actually admitted and thus how much light reaches the image plane (the narrower the aperture, the darker the image). An optical system typically has many openings, or structures that limit the ray bundles (ray bundles are also known as pencils of light). These structures may be the edge of a lens or mirror, or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place, or may be a special element such as a diaphragm placed in the optical path to limit the light admitted by the system. In general, these structures are called stops, and the aperture stop is the stop that determines the ray cone angle, or equivalently the brightness, at an image point. In some contexts, especially in photography and astronomy, aperture refers to the diameter of the aperture stop rather than the physical stop or the opening itself. For example, in a telescope the aperture stop is typically the edges of the objective lens or mirror (or of the mount that holds it). One then speaks of a telescope as having, for example, a 100 centimeter aperture. Note that the aperture stop is not necessarily the smallest stop in the system. Magnification and demagnification by lenses and other elements can cause a relatively large stop to be the aperture stop for the system. Sometimes stops and diaphragms are called apertures, even when they are not the aperture stop of the system. The word aperture is also used in other contexts to indicate a system which blocks off light outside a certain region. In astronomy for example, a photometric aperture around a star usually corresponds to a circular window around the image of a star within which the light intensity is summed. In photography The aperture stop of a photographic lens can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. In combination with variation of shutter speed, the aperture size will regulate the film’s degree of exposure to light. Typically, a fast shutter speed will require a larger aperture to ensure sufficient light exposure, and a slow shutter speed will require a smaller aperture to avoid excessive exposure. Diagram of decreasing aperture sizes (increasing f-numbers) for “full stop” increments (factor of two aperture area per stop) A device called a diaphragm usually serves as the aperture stop, and controls the aperture. The diaphragm functions much like the iris of the eye – it controls the effective diameter of the lens opening. Reducing the aperture size increases the depth of field, which describes the extent to which subject matter lying closer than or farther from the actual plane of focus appears to be in focus. In general, the smaller the aperture (the larger the number), the greater the distance from the plane of focus the subject matter may be while still appearing in focus. The lens aperture is usually specified as an f-number, the ratio of focal length to effective aperture diameter. A lens typically has a set of marked “f-stops” that the f-number can be set to. A lower f-number denotes a greater aperture opening which allows more light to reach the film or image sensor. The photography term “one f-stop” refers to a factor of ?2 (approx. 1.41) change in f-number, which in turn corresponds to a factor of 2 change in light intensity. Aperture priority is a semi-automatic shooting mode used in cameras. It allows the photographer to choose an aperture setting and allow the camera to decide the shutter speed and sometimes ISO sensitivity for the correct exposure. This is sometimes referred to as Aperture Priority Auto Exposure, A mode, Av mode, or semi-auto mode. Maximum and minimum apertures The specifications for a given lens typically include the minimum and maximum apertures. These refer to the maximum and minimum f-numbers the lens can be set at to achieve, respectively. The aperture range of a 50mm “Minolta” lens, f/1.4-f/16 A typical lens will have an f-number range from f/16 (small aperture) to f/2 (large aperture) (these values vary). The maximum aperture (minimum f-number) tends to be of most interest (and is always included when describing a lens). This value is also known as the lens speed, because it is proportional to the square root of accepted light, and thus inversely proportional to the square root of required exposure time (i.e. using a lens with f/2, one can take pictures at one quarter of the exposure time necessary using a f/4 lens). Lenses for 35mm cameras can have f-numbers below f/1.0. For instance both the Leica Noctilux-M 50mm ASPH and a Canon 50mm L-mount for rangefinders have a maximum aperture of f/0.95. Professional lenses for some movie cameras have f-numbers as low as f/0.75 (very large relative aperture). These are known as “fast” lenses because they allow in more light and therefore reduce the exposure time. Stanley Kubrick’s film Barry Lyndon has scenes with the largest relative aperture in film history: f/0.7. Lenses of low f-number, often with fixed focal length, are popular for example with photojournalists, who often work in dim light and typically have limited opportunity to introduce supplementary lighting. Zoom lenses typically have a maximum aperture (minimum f-number) of f/2.8 to f/6.3 through their range. A very fast zoom lens will be constant f/2.8 or f/2, which means the relative aperture will stay the same throughout the zoom range. A more typical consumer zoom will have a variable relative aperture, since it is harder and more expensive to keep the effective aperture proportional to focal length at long focal lengths; f/3.5 to f/5.6 is an example of a common variable aperture range in a consumer zoom lens. f/32 – narrow aperture and slow shutter speed. aperture Source
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1
Promišljati fotografski – 4.dio Rukovanje fotoaparatom EKSPOZICIJSKI TROKUT: f-BROJ, BRZINA ZATVARAČA, ISO Pri fotografiranju je potrebno uskladiti tri međusobno povezana čimbenika ekspozicije. Ekspozicija je izloženost svjetlosnog senzora svjetlu. Ekspozicija će ovisiti o f-broju, tj. o otvorenosti objektiva (količini svjetlosti koju propušta objektiv ), o vremenu osvjetljavanja senzora (to vrijeme određuje zatvarač, tj. koliko je dugo otvoren) i o ISO vrijednosti (osjetljivosti senzora na svjetlo). Kad naučimo usklađivati ta tri čimbenika, spremni smo napraviti tehnički dobru fotografiju (osvijetljenu upravo onoliko koliko je to potrebno). f-BROJ (otvor blende) F-broj je vrijednost otvora blende (otvorenosti objektiva) i to je brojčana vrijednost koja po standardima udvostručuje količinu propuštene svjetlosti: f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16 i f/22, a može biti izražena i u raznim međukoracima: f/1.2, f/1.4, f/1.6, f/1.8, f/2, f/2.2, f/2.5, f/3.2, f/3.5, f/2.8, f/4, f/4.5, f/5, f/5.6, f/6.3, f/7.1, f/8, f/9, f/10, f/11, f/13, f/14, f/16, f/18, f/20, f/22, f/32. Otvor blende možemo kontrolirati na fotoaparatu. Dakle, fotograf sam određuje koliko će objektiv biti otvoren ili zatvoren za prolazak svjetlosti. Otvor blende (f-broj) je omjer žarišne duljine objektiva i promjera otvora objektiva. Što je f-broj manji to je otvor objektiva veći (blenda je veća). Svaki objektiv na sebi ima oznaku najveće moguće otvorenosti blende (1:4 – znači da se može otvoriti do f-broja f/4; 1:5.6 – znači da se može otvoriti do f-broja f/5.6). Objektivi s otvorom blende 1:1.2, 1:1.4, 1:2.8 svjetlosno su jaki i zbog toga su skuplji od objektiva s otvorom blende 1:4, 1:5.6 i sl. Svjetlosno jaki objektivi nazivaju se i „brzim objektivima“ jer je pomoću njih moguće povećati brzinu zatvarača i dobiti bolju fotografiju. Što to sve kontroliramo f-brojem? Dvije su osnovne stvari: količinu svjetla koja dolazi do svjetlosnog senzora i polje dubinske oštrine. Otvaranjem blende dovodimo više svjetla do senzora, dakle – brzina zatvarača bit će veća. Zatvaranjem blende do svjetlosnog senzora dovodimo manje svjetla, dakle – bit će nam potrebna manja brzina zatvarača. Uz to moramo istovremeno i kontrolirati osjetljivost senzora (ISO vrijednost). Na manje osjetljiv senzor morat ćemo „poslati“ više svjetla, a na osjetljiviji senzor manje svjetla. Navedeni tekst ulomak je poglavlja „4. Rukovanje fotoaparatom“ iz knjige „Promišljati fotografski“ autora Davora Žerjava. U 4. se poglavlju obrađuju teme: Držanje fotoaparata, Ekspozicijski trokut, f-broj (otvor blende), Brzina zatvarača, ISO (osjetljivost senzora na svjetlo), Fokusiranje centralnom točkom, WB (white balance, ravnoteža bijele boje), Korištenje histograma, RAW i JPEG. Impresum, sadržaj kao i neke od stranica knjige možete pogledati ovdje. Specifikacije: Cijena: 150 kn Format: 21 x 20 cm Broj stranica: 224, boja Uvez: meki Godina izdanja: 2011. Izdavač: Fotoklub Čakovec