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4 Ways Not Being Irrational Can Make You boljši človek “All the problems of the world could be settled if people were only willing to think. The trouble is that people very often resort to all sorts of devices in order not to think, because thinking is such hard work.” –Thomas J. Watson This article could list a helluva lot more than just four ways to be aware of irrationality –scarcity error, hindsight bias, outcome bias, groupthink- da naštejemo. But for the sake of limited space and your precious time, we’ll stick to these four for now. By heeding the following perhaps you’ll be able to recognize your own cognitive errors sooner and you may even be able to change course before any permanent damage can be done in the future. They can stretch your comfort zone, heighten your awareness, and potentially even make you a better person. But before we get to the four ways, I want you to NOT imagine a pink elephant. Got it? Dobro, you may now proceed. 1) Take things into consideration rather than believe in them “There is no polite way to suggest to someone that they have devoted their life to a folly.” –Daniel Dennett “History,” writes Steven Novella, “is strewn with ideas that were intuitive and made sense at the time, but were also hopelessly wrong.” Indeed: Flat-earthers, heliocentric believers, Jewish zombie cults, witch hunters, people who supported slavery; these were/are all symptoms of a self-aware species stuck in its adolescence, trying vainly to evolve past its infancy. The finite game of belief is a dangerous game. It purports that we place all our eggs into a single basket, while ignoring all the other infinite baskets. This leads to fundamentalism, authoritarianism, oppression, dogmatic myopia, blind patriotism, tyranny and, worst of all, rampant ignorance toward what is healthy for human beings to thrive as an interdependent being in an interconnected cosmos. Na kratko, it prevents spirituality from flourishing. A far superior strategy for dealing with the quagmire of Truth is to simply take things into consideration using probability as our guide. Belief cripples thought, ties it up into tautological knots, and then leaves it starving in the middle of the Desert of Just Desserts. Considering an idea rather than believing in it, na drugi strani, mends thought, frees it from circular bondage, and saves it from the dearth of the desert. Skeptically considering the universe, rather than superficially pigeonholing it into a prepackaged truncated belief structure, liberates the soul by freeing us up to engage with the cosmos in an authentic and interdependent way. And suddenly we are going from mine to ours, from insecure animal to fallible god, from finite player to infinite player, from small-picture thinking to big-picture thinking, from ego-centric thought to eco-centric thought, and beyond. The diamond in the rough is that the more we can embrace the cosmos in this way, the more likely we are to have empathy, and thus the more likely we are to becoming more compassionate people. 2) Underestimate your knowledge rather than overestimate it “Knowledge rests not upon truth alone, but upon error also.” –Carl Jung Embrace your ignorance, or it will embarrass you. Realize that you are a fabulously fallible creature, first and foremost. The evolution that’s dangling from your back pocket like a monkey’s tail is riddled with error after error: carnal, cognitive and cosmic. We are a fumbling, stumbling, clumsy ape that imagines it’s a flying, confident, graceful god. We all know that we’re prone to mistakes and imperfect, but we tend to ignore these facts and put forth an irrational confidence. For example most of us irrationally believe that we’re excellent drivers, when in reality most of us are not even decent drivers. This is called the overconfidence effect: a cognitive bias in which someone believes subjectively that their judgments are better or more reliable than it objectively is. The shocking thing is that experts actually suffer more from the overconfidence effect than lay people do. This is because experts are more certain with their knowledge than the layperson. Perhaps even this article is an aspect of my own overconfidence effect. *mind blown* So knowing that we don’t know as much as we think we know is the first step toward attaining real knowledge. Acknowledging that we know less than we think we do, gets us closer to actually knowing something. This is because we then free ourselves up to learn more. Even masters who have already mastered their art probably believe they know more than they actually know, and so the master who can admit this to himself is better able to truly engage beginner’s mind and continues to learn and perfect his mastery, with the understanding that his mastery will never be perfect. 3) Understand that if a billion people say something irrational, it is still irrational “Public apathy is more powerful than public opinion. There’s more of it.” –Dr. Jim Boren Peer pressure can warp common sense, and it usually does. This is why propaganda is so effective. A billion people saying the world is flat is just as irrational as one person saying the world is flat. It’s just more dangerous. Similarly, if the majority of the people blindly believe in something irrational, it doesn’t make them correct. It just makes them irrational sheep. If a thousand Pastafarians stormed the beaches declaring that the Flying Spaghetti Monster was coming to turn water into rum and hats into colanders, and we should all pay homage or boil for an eternity in a pot of hell, it doesn’t make their view any more rational than if one only one “crazy” person was preaching the same. How is it possible that such irrational thinking can still plague our “evolved” species? Solomon Asch’s experiments on conformity have revealed the true nature of our herd-instinct. Sadly his research shows that people will often completely ignore concrete evidence in favor of conforming to popular opinion. Like climate change being man-made, for example. But don’t feel bad if you’ve been taken by this particularly nasty cognitive bias, we all have. It turns out that it is actually an evolutionary survival strategy that is deeply rooted inside us all. Imagine you’re out on a hunt with your fellow hunter-gatherer friends and suddenly everybody screams and runs away. Are you to stand there scratching your head wondering what their running from? Of course not, you’re going to run because you could be dead before you’re able to figure anything out. So you see it was an evolutionary advantage. But as it stands today, this survival strategy is mostly just psychological baggage that we must take great care to guard against. In today’s day and age we can afford to be that guy who stays behind to figure it out, because we’re not in immediate danger. Indeed, we actually flourish even more by being that guy. We guard against the herd-instinct by being skeptical and by questioning things to the nth degree while using the key to open-mindedness. 4) Understand that Control is a stubbornly persistent illusion “The mediocre soul is incapable of transmigrations –the most supreme form of sport.” – Jose Ortega y Gasset Focus more on what you can control and worry less about what you cannot, because even what you can control is in some way, big or small, out of control (glej #1). This doesn’t mean that you have zero control. This just means that you have considerably less control than you think you do. It would behoove you to simply roll with this fact. There’s a healthy helping of humble pie at the end of the truth that slaps you. This doesn’t get you off the hook for thinking or acting irrationally, vas moti. Not in the least. Rather, it gets you off the pedestal that doesn’t even exist in the first place. It puts the cart back behind the horse where it belongs, so that we can allow the journey into the unknown to continue. What the world needs right now isn’t a bunch of people who think they can walk on water. What the world needs right now is more people who are adept at swimming. This requires a sense of humility sharpened by the philosopher’s stone of skepticism. At the end of the day, life is a giant ocean of small and large chaotic fluctuations that create the illusion of order. There’s nothing wrong with taking advantage of this order, vas moti. It’s as much a tool that leverages us in an ever-changing reality as a hammer is a tool for hammering nails. But just because you have a hammer doesn’t mean that everything is a nail. It is our responsibility as rational beings to think rationally in an otherwise irrational world. The most profound way we can take control of our lives is to realize that it is mostly out of our control and that people are mostly irrational. Indeed, enjoying the ride, I mean genuinely allowing the journey be the thing, is the ability to live and thrive in the tension between being both circumspect and adaptable, between being both skeptical and able to go with the flow. We cope with adversity by embracing adversity, thereby transforming it into a sacred privilege that launches us into self-actualization and onto the path toward enlightenment. Vir slike:
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4 Putevi ne bude iracionalno može učiniti da je bolja osoba "Svi problemi na svijetu mogu biti riješeni ako ljudi su samo spremni razmišljati. Problem je u tome što ljudi vrlo često pribjegavaju sve vrste uređaja, kako ne misliti, jer mišljenje je kao težak posao. "-Thomas J. Watson Ovaj članak bi mogao nabrojati helluva puno više od samo četiri načina da budu svjesni iracionalnosti -scarcity pogreške, neopreznost pristranosti, Ishod pristranosti, groupthink- u ime nekoliko. No, zbog ograničenog prostora i svoje dragocjeno vrijeme, mi ćemo se držati ove četiri za sada. Do obazirući sljedeće možda ćete biti u mogućnosti prepoznati vlastite kognitivne pogreške prije, a vi svibanj čak biti u mogućnosti promijeniti tijek prije bilo trajno oštećenje može biti učinjeno u budućnosti. Oni se protežu vaše zone udobnosti, pojačaju svoju svijest, i potencijalno čak i da ste bolja osoba. No, prije nego što smo dobili na četiri načina, Želim da NE zamisliti ružičastu slona. Kužim? Dobro, možda sada nastaviti. Uzmite stvari u obzir, a ne vjerujem u njih "Ne postoji pristojan način sugerirati nekome da su posvetili svoj život na gluposti." -Daniel Dennett "Povijest,", Piše Steven Novella, "Posut idejama koje su intuitivno i imalo smisla u vrijeme, već su bile beznadno u krivu. "Doista: Jedinstvene earthers, heliocentrični vjernici, Židovski zombi kultovi, vještica lovci, ljudi koji podržava ropstvo; to su bili / su svi simptomi self-svjesna vrsta zaglavi u adolescenciji, pokušavajući uzalud da se razvije prošlosti povojima. Konačnih igra uvjerenja je opasna igra. Ona tvrdi da stavimo sve naše jaja u jednu košaru, ignorirajući sve ostale beskonačno košare. To dovodi do fundamentalizma, autoritarizam, ugnjetavanje, dogmatsko kratkovidnost, Slijepi patriotizam, tiraniju i, Najgore od svega, bijesan neznanje prema onome što je zdravo za ljude da napreduju kao međuovisnog bića u svemiru međusobno povezana. Ukratko, sprječava duhovnost iz procvat. Daleko superiorniji strategija za suočavanje s močvara Istina je da se jednostavno uzeti stvari u obzir korištenjem vjerojatnost kao naš vodič. Vjerovanje onesposobljuje misao, ga veže na tautološki čvora, a zatim ga ostavlja gladuju usred pustinje u samo nekoliko deserta. S obzirom na ideju, a ne vjerujući u to, s druge strane, popravlja mislili, ga oslobađa od kružnog ropstva, i sprema od glad pustinje. Skeptično obzirom svemir, a ne površno ga pigeonholing u izvagati krnje strukture uvjerenja, oslobađa dušu koju nam oslobađajući da se uključe u kozmosu u autentičnom i nezavisnome način. I odjednom mi se ide od mina našima, od nesigurne životinje do pogrešive boga, iz konačnih igrač beskonačnu igrača, od malih sliku misleći da se velika slika razmišljanja, od ego-središtu misli na eko-orijentirane misli, i izvan nje. Dijamant u grubo je da još možemo prihvatiti kozmos na ovaj način, vjerojatnije je da ćemo imati empatiju, a time i vjerojatnije je da ćemo se sve više ljudi samilosne. Podcjenjuju svoje znanje, a ne precjenjuju ga "Znanje počiva ne na istini sami, ali nakon pogreške i. "-Carl Jung Zagrli svoj neznanje, ili će vas osramotiti. Shvatite da ste fenomenalno grešnik stvorenje, prije svega. Razvoj koji je visi iz svog stražnjeg džepa poput repa majmun je protkana pogreške nakon pogreške: puten, kognitivne i kozmička. Mi smo mumljajući, spoticanje, nespretna majmun da misli da je leteći, uvjeren, graciozan bog. Svi znamo da smo skloni pogreškama i nesavršeni, ali mi imaju tendenciju da ignoriraju ove činjenice i dići iracionalan povjerenje. Na primjer, većina nas iracionalno vjeruju da smo izvrsne vozače, kada je u stvarnosti većina nas nisu ni pristojan vozača. To se zove prekomjerno samopouzdanje učinak: kognitivne pristranosti u kojoj netko vjeruje subjektivno da njihove presude su bolji ili pouzdaniji nego što objektivno jest. Šokantna stvar je da stručnjaci zapravo pate više od učinka samopouzdanje nego ležao ljudi. To je zato što stručnjaci su više sigurni u svoje znanje nego laički. Možda čak i ovaj članak je aspekt moje vlastito samopouzdanje učinkom. *smetalo dignut * Dakle, znajući da ne znamo koliko mislimo da znamo da je prvi korak prema postizanju stvarnog znanja. Priznajući da znamo manje nego što mislimo, nas približava zapravo znao nešto. To je zato što smo tada se osloboditi kako bi saznali više. Čak majstori koji su već savladao svoju umjetnost, vjerojatno misle da znaju više nego što zapravo znamo, pa majstor koji može priznati to sebi je bolje u stanju doista uključe početnički um i dalje učiti i usavršavati svoje majstorstvo, s razumijevanjem da je njegova majstorstva nikada neće biti savršen. Shvatite da ako milijardu ljudi kažu nešto iracionalno, to je još uvijek iracionalno "Javna apatija je moćniji od javnog mnijenja. Postoji više od toga. Jim Boren Peer tlak može iskriviti zdrav razum, i to obično radi. To je razlog zašto je propaganda je tako učinkovit. Milijarda ljudi govore da je svijet ravna je jednako iracionalna kao jedna osoba govori svijet je ravna. To je samo još opasniji. Sli?no, Ako većina ljudi slijepo vjeruju u nešto iracionalno, ne bi ih ispraviti. To im iracionalno ovce samo čini. Ako tisuću Pastafarians ušao u plažama izjavljujući da Leteće špageti čudovište dolazi pretvoriti vodu u rum i kape i postiže colanders, i mi svi trebali odati počast ili kuhati za vječnost u lonac pakla, ne bi im pogled na bilo racionalnije nego ako jedan jedini “luda” Osoba je propovijedao isto. Kako je moguće da je takva iracionalno razmišljanje i dalje mogu mučiti naše "evoluirala" vrsta? Salomon Asch eksperimenti o sukladnosti su otkrili pravu prirodu naše matične instinkt. Nažalost njegovo istraživanje pokazuje da ljudi često će u potpunosti ignoriraju konkretne dokaze u prilog skladu s uvriježenom mišljenju. Kao i klimatskih promjena kao čovjek napravio, na primjer. Ali, ne osjećam se loše ako ste uzeti ovaj oštar kognitivne pristranosti, svi mi imamo. Ispada da je zapravo evolucijska strategija preživljavanja koja je duboko ukorijenjena u sve nas. Zamislite da ste se u lov sa svojim kolegama lovaca-sakupljača prijateljima i odjednom svi vrišti i bježi. Jeste li stajati tamo grebanje glavu pitajući se što se njihov tijek iz? Naravno da ne, ti si idući u trčanje jer si mogao biti mrtav prije nego što ste u stanju shvatiti ništa. Pa vidiš da je evolucijska prednost. No, kao što stoji i danas, ova strategija preživljavanja je uglavnom samo psihološke prtljage da moramo uzeti veliku brigu kako bi zaštitio protiv. U današnje doba dana i možemo si priuštiti da se taj tip koji ostaje iza to shvatiti, jer nismo u neposrednoj opasnosti. Doista, mi zapravo napredovati još više time što je taj tip. Mi čuvati matične instinkta time što skeptični i propitivanje stvari na n-tog stupnja dok koristite tipku za otvorenost. Shvatite da Kontrola je tvrdoglavo uporna iluzija "Osrednji duša nesposobna transmigrations -Ponuditelj većina vrhovni oblik sporta." - Jose Ortega y Gasset Više usredotočiti na ono što možete kontrolirati i brinuti manje o tome što vam se ne mogu, jer čak i ono što se može kontrolirati je na neki način, velika ili mala, izvan kontrole (vidjeti #1). To ne znači da imate nula kontrolu. To samo znači da imaju znatno manje kontrole nego što mislite. To će vam odgovarati da jednostavno svitak s ovom činjenicom. Postoji zdrava pomažući ponizne kolača na kraju istina da vas udari. To vas ne sići kuka za razmišljanje ili djelujući iracionalno, smeta ti. Ni najmanje. Radije, to vam silazi s pijedestala na kojemu ne postoji ni na prvom mjestu. Ona stavlja na kolica iza konja gdje joj je i mjesto, tako da možemo dopustiti putovanje u nepoznato nastaviti. Ono što svijet treba sada nije hrpa ljudi koji misle da mogu hodati po vodi. Ono što svijet treba upravo sada je više ljudi koji su vješt u plivanju. To zahtijeva osjećaj poniznosti izoštrio mudraca kamena skepticizma. Na kraju dan, život je div oceana malih i velikih kaotičnih promjena koje stvaraju iluziju reda. Nema ništa krivo s iskorištavanjem ovog reda, smeta ti. To je koliko alat koji nam iskorištava u sve mijenja stvarnost kao čekić je alat za zakucavanje čavala. Ali samo zato što imate čekić ne znači da je sve nokte. To je naša odgovornost kao racionalna bića razmišljati racionalno u inače iracionalnom svijetu. Najdublja način na koji možemo preuzeti kontrolu nad našim životima je da shvate da je to uglavnom izvan naše kontrole i da su ljudi uglavnom iracionalni. Doista, uživanje u vožnji, Mislim zaista omogućuje putovanje biti stvar, je sposobnost živjeti i napredovati u napetosti između biti i oprezni i prilagodljiv, između biti i skeptični i mogućnosti ići s toka. Mi nositi s nedaćama prihvaćanjem nedaća, čime pretvarajući ga u sveto privilegija koja nas pokreće u samoostvarenja i na putu prema prosvjetljenju. Izvor slike: