http___hr.265health.com_conditions-treatments_thyroid-disease_1016048737.html_1.xml
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diagnosis Blood tests: A blood test that measures the amount of thyroid hormones in the blood is the standard diagnostic test for an underactive thyroid. If the individual has low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, the patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood stream are measured. An overactive thyroid, such as in hyperthyroidism, would be expected to cause high levels of T4 and T3 and low levels of TSH. An underactive thyroid, such as in hypothyroidism, would be expected to cause low levels of T4 and T3 and a high level of TSH. Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism: Some patients are found to have elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, suggesting hypothyroidism, but have normal levels of thyroxine (T4). This state is referred to as subclinical hypothyroidism. Some individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism may have clinical symptoms, such as weakness, lethargy, fatigue, hoarseness, hearing loss, bradycardia (slow heart rate), dry skin, coarse hair, cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, muscle cramps, and fluid build-up in the eyelids, face, and legs. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is similar to hypothyroidism. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is defined as low serum TSH concentrations in the presence of normal serum thyroid hormone concentrations (T4 or FT4 and T3 or FT3 levels). Individuals with subclinical hyperthyroidism are at increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias and bone loss. Fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) test: The fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) test may be performed to detect abnormal antibodies, called auto antibodies. The auto antibodies bind to components of an individual's own cells and cause the immune system to attack the body. Antibodies are part of the body's immune system defense against foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. During the procedure, a small sample of blood is taken from the individual and sent to a laboratory. A scientist adds methyl alcohol to a microscope slide that contains human tissue culture cells. This makes the cells permeable before they are combined with the individual's blood. Then the individual's blood is added to the microscope slide. Fluorescent antibodies that detect the binding of human antibodies to the cells are also added. The scientist uses a fluorescent microscope to view the staining intensity and binding pattern of the cells. If auto antibodies are detected, a positive diagnosis is made for an autoimmune disorder. If an individual has a positive FANA result and has low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is diagnosed. Ultrasound: Ultrasound takes a picture of the inside of the thyroid. Ultrasound bounces sound waves off the thyroid and makes a picture out of the returning echoes. If the ultrasound shows a large mass that is suspicious for cancer, then the doctor can use the ultrasound to guide a needle into the mass to perform a fine needle aspiration biopsy. If there are no large lumps in the thyroid gland that are suspicious for cancer, then no biopsy needs to be done. Nuclear scan: Sometimes a nuclear medicine thyroid scan is ordered to help determine the cause of an individual's overactive thyroid. Individuals swallow capsules that contain a harmless radioactive tracer bound to iodine. Some of this tracer winds up in the thyroid gland. Four, six, or 24 hours after the capsule is ingested (depending on the preferences of the radiology department performing the scan), a scanner is placed over the thyroid gland. This scanner can take a picture of the thyroid gland by detecting the parts of the thyroid gland that have taken up the radioactive tracer. In a normal thyroid gland, radioactive iodine is taken up to the same degree throughout the entire gland. If there is an area of the thyroid that does not take up radioactive iodine well, then it must be further investigated. It can be useful to measure how much of the radioactive tracer wound up in the thyroid gland. This can help determine the cause of the overactive thyroid. However, the actual diagnosis of the overactive thyroid is made with blood tests, not with the scan. Biopsy: Thyroid nodules are fairly common and usually harmless. However, about 4% of nodules are cancerous, so further testing needs to be done. This is usually best accomplished by fine needle aspiration biopsy. This is a quick and simple test that takes just a few minutes to perform in the doctor's office. If the biopsy does not raise any suspicion of cancer, the nodule is usually observed over time to watch for any changes. Some thyroid specialists recommend treatment with thyroid hormone to try to decrease the size of the nodule. A second biopsy is usually recommended six to 12 months later, to make sure there continues to be no evidence of cancer. If a nodule is cancerous, suspicious for cancer, or grows large enough to interfere with swallowing or breathing, surgical removal is advised. signs and symptoms Hypothyroidism: Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include sensitivity to cold temperatures, mild weight gain, fatigue, constipation, small thyroid gland, enlarged neck, dry skin, hair loss, muscle cramps, heavy and irregular menstruation, and difficulty thinking or concentrating. Less common symptoms main include facial swelling and joint stiffness. The most obvious sign of severe hypothyroidism is a goiter. A goiter is a severe swelling of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck. Hyperthyroidism: Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include sudden and unexplained weight loss, increased or irregular heartbeat, nervousness, irritability, tremors (especially in the hands), increased sweating, abnormal menstruation, increased sensitivity to warmth, more frequent bowel movements, enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), fatigue, difficulty sleeping, and muscle weakness. Some patients may be unable to close the eyelid (eyelid retraction). Some individuals may also experience lid-lag. This occurs when the eyelids do not move down when the person's eye looks downward. complications Hypothyroidism General: In general, complications of thyroid disorders develop if the condition is left untreated or if patients do not take their medications or treatments as prescribed. Birth defects: If pregnant women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis do not receive treatment, their babies are more likely to have birth defects. Babies may have intellectual and developmental problems. Researchers have identified a connection between underactive thyroids during pregnancies and brain, heart, and kidney problems in infants. Goiter: When an individual's thyroid is not producing enough hormones, the pituitary gland constantly stimulates the thyroid to release more hormones. As a result, the thyroid may become enlarged, causing the neck to look swollen. This condition is called a goiter. Although goiters generally do not cause pain, a large goiter can interfere with swallowing or breathing and it may affect the patient's appearance and self-esteem. In many cases, goiters will be cured once hormone replacement therapy is started. However, some patients may need to have their goiter surgically removed. Heart problems: If hypothyroidism is not properly treated, individuals may have an increased risk of developing heart disease. The individual's heart may enlarge, and in rare cases, this may lead to heart failure. Researchers have also found a connection between hypothyroidism and high cholesterol. It is unclear why hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism may lead to high cholesterol levels. Mental functioning: Untreated hypothyroidism may also lead to slowed mental functioning. Individuals may become confused or have trouble thinking or concentrating. Once treatment is started, these symptoms will go away. Mental health: If hypothyroidism is untreated or poorly managed, individuals may suffer from depression. Individuals who are depressed experience sadness, low self-esteem, loss of pleasure, apathy, and sometimes, difficulty functioning. If these problems persist for two weeks or more for unknown reasons, individuals should consult their healthcare providers. Libido: Some males and females may experience a decrease in sexual desire (libido). Myxedema: In rare cases, long-term Hashimoto's thyroiditis that has not been treated may lead to a life-threatening condition called myxedema. This condition causes swelling of the skin and other tissues, especially near the eyes and cheeks. Symptoms may include drowsiness followed by extreme tiredness and unconsciousness due to low levels of thyroid hormone. Patients who experience symptoms of myxedema should seek immediate medical treatment at the emergency department of a nearby hospital. Cretinism: Cretinism is caused by a decreased production of T4 and results in mental retardation, stunted growth, and coarse facial features. The signs of cretinism are constant drooling, a swayback, a potbelly, short stature, and irregularly placed and poorly formed teeth. If this condition is diagnosed within the first several months of life (standard newborn tests should reveal low thyroid levels), the chances of normal development are excellent. Hyperthyroidism Heart conditions: Some of the most serious complications of hyperthyroidism involve the heart. These include tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and congestive heart failure (CHF), a condition in which the heart cannot circulate enough blood to meet the body's needs. Brittle bones: Untreated hyperthyroidism can also lead to weak, brittle bones (osteoporosis). The strength of the bones depends, in part, on the amount of calcium and other minerals they contain. Too much thyroid hormone interferes with the body's ability to incorporate calcium into the bones. Eye conditions: Individuals with Graves' ophthalmopathy develop eye problems, including bulging, red or swollen eyes, sensitivity to light, and blurring or double vision. Skin irritation: In rare cases, Graves' disease also affects the skin, causing redness and swelling, often on the shins and feet. Thyrotoxic crisis: Hyperthyroidism also places the individual at risk of thyrotoxic crisis. Thyrotoxic crisis means there is a sudden release of thyroid hormone into the bloodstream, leading to a fever, a rapid pulse, and even delirium. If this occurs, immediately seek medical care. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): Individuals with pre-diabetes have blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes, a condition known as impaired glucose tolerance or IGT. This condition raises the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. High levels of thyroid hormone, such as in hyperthyroidism, may lead to IGT. causes and risk factors Risk factors for developing thyroid disorders include: previous thyroid dysfunction; goiter; surgery or radiotherapy affecting the thyroid gland; diabetes mellitus; vitiligo, an autoimmune disorder in which white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body; pernicious anemia, or a condition where red blood cells are not providing adequate oxygen to body tissues; leukotrichia (prematurely gray hair); adrenal insufficiency; and medications and other compounds, such as lithium carbonate and iodine-containing compounds, such as amiodarone hydrochloride, radiocontrast agents, expectorants containing potassium iodide, and kelp. A lack of vitamin B12 may put an individual at risk for developing a thyroid condition. Hypothyroidism: The causes of hypothyroidism include: heredity; Hashimoto's disease; pituitary tumors; thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by excessive amounts of thyroid hormone leaking out of the thyroid gland and into the blood); not enough thyroid hormone medication; surgical removal of thyroid tissue (thyroidectomy); radioactive iodine administration; and a dietary deficiency of iodine. Hyperthyroidism: The causes of hyperthyroidism include: heredity; Grave's disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland); Plummer's disease, a condition where there is a single nodule (called adenoma) producing excess thyroid hormone; pituitary tumors; thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by excessive amounts of thyroid hormone leaking out of the thyroid gland and into the blood); too much thyroid hormone medication; and excessive dietary intake of iodine (found in seaweed and liver).
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Jedan od najčešćih uzroka hipotireoze - iliunderactive štitnjače - jeneispravan imunološki odgovor koji uzrokuje da tijelo napada stanice u štitnjači , kao da su strano osvajači . Ova autoimuna reakcija uzrokuje stanje koje se naziva tireoiditis , što ostavlja štitnjača upaljena i ne može proizvesti dovoljne količine hormona štitnjače , u skladu s Mayo Clinic . Iz razloga koji nisu u potpunosti razumjeli , ovo stanje čini češći u žena nego muškaraca . Ostali uzroci underactive štitne žlijezde su određene lijekove , nepravilne razine joda u prehrani i kirurško odstranjivanje žlijezde štitnjače zbog bolesti štitnjače . Štitnjača proizvodi dva hormona - T3 i T4 - koji kontroliraju nekoliko ključnih funkcija u tijelu , kao što su rad srca, disanje , tjelesnu temperaturu , metabolizam, funkcije mišića i razine kolesterola , prema National Institutes of Health . Iz tog razloga ,osobe s underactive štitnjače obično doživljava niz simptoma koji mogu uključivati ekstremni umor , zatvor, osjećaj hladnoće , suhu kožu i stanjivanje kose , debljanje i depresiju . Dijagnoza i Thyroxine Liječenje Ako vaš liječnik sumnja da možete imati hipotireozu , on ili ona će vjerojatno izvesti jednostavan krvni test za provjeru razine štitnjače stimulirajućeg hormona ( TSH ) u krvi , u skladu s klinike Mayo . TSH je proizveden od strane hipofize u mozgu . Ovaj hormon signalizira svoju štitnjača proizvodi dovoljne količine hormona štitnjače da se ispušta u krvotok . Općenito ,razina TSH iznad normalne ukazuje na hipotireozu . To je zato štohipofiza u mozgu stvara velike količine TSH u pokušaju da seštitnjača povećati proizvodnju hormona štitnjače , prema National Institutes of Health . Nakon što ste bili s dijagnozom hipotireoze , vaš liječnik će vjerojatno propisati sintetički oblik hormona štitnjače zove tiroksina . Mayo Clinic navodi da je ta tvar je napravljen u laboratoriju i identičan je hormon T4 vaša štitnjača luči u krvotok . Liječenje nuspojave i Zabrinutost uzima dnevno , tiroksina liječenje će vratiti svoje razine hormona štitnjače u normalu . Također treba eliminirati uznemiruje simptoma povezanih s underactive štitnjače , u skladu s Mayo Clinic . Nuspojave od hormona štitne žlijezde može doći kadadoza daje bilo previše ili malo hormona T4 - rezultira simptomima preosjetljivosti ili underactive štitnjače . Ako je vaša doza hormona štitne žlijezde je previsoka , možete osjetiti simptome hiperaktivnog štitnjače kao što su nesanica , ubrzan rad srca , gubitak težine , drhtavica i topliti lako . Vaš liječnik može pomno pratiti razine hormona štitnjače u krvi u početku biti sigurni da ste dobijete ispravnu dozu . Ako imate simptome preosjetljivosti ili underactive štitnjače , uzimajući tiroksin , razgovarajte sa svojim liječnikom odmah. Vaš doza hormona štitne žlijezde može biti potrebno prilagoditi za dolazak na odgovarajućoj razini . From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/thyroid-disease/1016048737.html