http___hr.265health.com_conditions-treatments_lyme-disease_1016018041.html_1.xml
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causes In the United States, Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried primarily by deer ticks (Lxodes scapularis). Ticks feed on blood, latching onto a host and feeding until they're swollen to many times their normal size. During feeding, ticks that carry disease-producing bacteria can transmit the bacteria to a healthy host. Or they may pick up bacteria themselves if the host is infected. In areas where Lyme disease is common, as many as 50% of deer ticks may carry Borrelia burgdorferi. Deer ticks live in low bushes and tall grasses of wooded areas, waiting to attach to a warm-blooded animal in order to feed. Ticks are most active in the summer. Once bitten by an infected deer tick, the bacteria enter the skin through the bite and eventually enter into the bloodstream. Only ticks that are attached to the skin and have fed can transmit the bacteria. Feeding can take between 36-48 hours. An attached tick that has a swollen appearance may indicate that enough time has elapsed to transmit bacteria. Removing the tick as soon as possible may prevent infection. diagnosis History of exposure: A doctor will determine a history of exposure to potentially infected ticks, especially in areas of the country known to have Lyme disease. Physical examination: Physical findings include the characteristic rash. The signs and symptoms of Lyme disease are nonspecific and are often found in other conditions, such as viral infections, various joint disorders (arthritis), muscle pain (fibromyalgia), chronic fatigue syndrome, and even depression. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is used most often to detect Lyme disease. ELISA detects antibodies to B. burgdorferi. Antibodies are proteins made by the body to fight off antigens (foreign invaders) such as B. burgdorferi. ELISA is not used as the sole basis for diagnosis because it can sometimes provide false-positive results. Western blot test: If the ELISA test is positive, another assay called the Western blot is usually done to confirm the diagnosis. The Western blot detects antibodies to several proteins of B. burgdorferi. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test helps detect bacterial DNA in fluid drawn from an infected joint. PCR is not effective at detecting infection of blood or urine, and is used for individuals who may have chronic Lyme arthritis. PCR may also be used to detect persistent infection in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals who have nervous system symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used in early or late stage Lyme disease to determine neurological (nerve) damage. signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms vary widely because Lyme disease can affect various parts of the body. Not everyone with the disease will have all of the signs and symptoms. Skin: After being bitten by a tick, a small, red bump may appear within a few days to a month, often at the site of the tick bite (the groin, belt area, or behind the knees). The area may be warm to the touch and mildly tender. Over the next few days, the redness expands, forming a rash that may be as small as a dime or as large as 12 inches across. The bite site often resembles a bull's-eye, with a red ring surrounding a clear area and a red center. The rash, called erythema migrans, is one of the hallmarks of Lyme disease, affecting about 70-80% percent of infected individuals. Erythema migrans is an early-stage symptom of Lyme disease. Another type of redness may develop also at the site if the individual is allergic to tick saliva. The redness usually fades within a week. This is not the same as erythema migrans, which tends to expand and get redder over time. Having the rash does not increase the severity of other symptoms. Flu-like symptoms: Flu-like symptoms include fever, chills, fatigue, body aches, and a headache. These symptoms may accompany the rash. Migratory joint pain: If the infection is not treated, the individual may develop bouts of severe joint pain and swelling several weeks to months after being infected. The knees are especially likely to be affected, but the pain can shift from one joint to another. Neurological problems: In some cases, inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain (meningitis), temporary paralysis of one side of the face (Bell's palsy), numbness or weakness in the limbs, and impaired muscle movement may occur weeks, months, or even years after an untreated infection. Memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and changes in mood or sleep habits also can be symptoms of late-stage Lyme disease. Other signs and symptoms: Some individuals may develop heart problems, such as an arrhythmia or irregular heartbeat, several weeks after infection. This complication is rare and usually does not last more than a few days or weeks. Eye inflammation, hepatitis (liver inflammation), and severe fatigue are also possible. complications Complications of Lyme disease include neurological problems, such as Bell's palsy (paralysis of the facial muscles), visual disturbances, and meningitis symptoms such as fever, stiff neck, and severe headache. Other problems, which may not appear until weeks, months, or years after a tick bite, include decreased concentration, irritability, memory and sleep disorders, and nerve damage in the arms and legs. Some individuals may develop arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat). These usually develop several weeks after infection. This complication is rare and usually does not last more than a few days or weeks. Eye inflammation, hepatitis (liver inflammation), and severe fatigue are also possible complications. Rarely, Lyme disease can cause death in infected individuals. risk factors Geographic location: Anyone who lives in an area where there are ticks has a risk of being bitten by a Lyme disease-infected tick. An increased risk is usually directly related to the amount of time a person spends outdoors in areas where there are a lot of ticks. Lyme disease is found most often in three geographic locations in the United States. These are: the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions (Maine to Maryland); the upper North-Central region (Minnesota and Wisconsin); and the Northwest (northwestern California and Oregon). Time of year: Ticks are most active during the warmer months of the year. Peak at-risk times vary from region to region, based on the temperature: the Northeast and North-Central United States have an increased risk between April and November, with the peak occurring in July; the West Coast risk is higher between November and April; the non-coastal Western States have a higher risk between January and May; and the South has active ticks year-round. Activities: Individuals who work outdoors in jobs such as surveying, landscaping, forestry, gardening, and utility service have a higher risk of Lyme disease. Participating in outdoor recreational activities such as hiking, camping, hunting, and gardening can also increase the risk. Landscape: The ticks that carry Lyme disease are more likely to live in wet, green, brushy, or wooded areas. They are less likely to be near pruned, well-cared-for plants, but more likely near un-maintained shrubby or brushy plants. Living near or visiting wooded or brushy areas can increase the risk. Age: Lyme disease occurs more often in children under age 15, and adults between 25-44 years old. This is most likely due to outdoor activities that expose them to ticks.
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Prema Centers for Disease Control , prvi simptom Lyme bolest je običnokružni osip . Osip obično počinje na mjestu ujeda krpelja tri do 30 dana nakon ugriza događa. Osip postepeno tijekom perioda od nekoliko dana . Neki osip ostati mala , otprilike veličine novčića , dok drugi doseći promjer i do 12 centimetara . Osip se često podsjeća na uzorak bull's očiju jer je središte razbistri kaoostali širi . Osip nije bolan , ali može se osjećati natječaj i toplo na dodir . Simptome slične gripi osoba s Lyme bolest često razviju simptome slične gripi , uz osip . One uključuju groznicu , zimicu , umor, jake glavobolje , bolovi u tijelu i natečene limfne čvorove . Neki ljudi s Lyme bolest iskustvom samo simptomi su slični gripi , a neosipa . Joint Pain Akoinfekcija Lyme bolest se ne liječi , to može širiti na druge dijelove tijela u roku od nekoliko dana, tjedana ili mjeseci . Jaka bol i oteklina u zglobovima najčešće razvija , često prelazi iz jednog zgloba u drugi . Fuge pogođeni najviše , u skladu s klinike Mayo , su koljena . Neurološke komplikacije Razne neurološki problemi mogu se razviti u osoba s Lyme bolest . Neke odnajčešćih uključuju upalu membrane oko mozga ( meningitis ) , privremene paralize jedne ili obje strane lica ( Bellova paraliza ) i ukočenost , bol ili trnce u rukama ili nogama . Ostale komplikacije uključuju oslabljene mišiće, poteškoće u koncentraciji, problema s pamćenjem i prekinuo san . Manje uobičajenih simptoma Neke manje česti simptomi bolesti Lyme uključuju hepatitis, upale oka i ekstremna umor . Srčani problemi , kao što su nepravilan rad srca , ponekad se javljaju nekoliko tjedana nakon što je zaraženo , ali to obično traje samonekoliko dana ili tjedana . From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/lyme-disease/1016018041.html