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background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of lung disease that involves damage or obstruction to the airways of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. COPD is an overall term referring to a group of chronic lung conditions, most commonly including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and possibly asthma or asthmatic bronchitis. While chronic bronchitis and emphysema may occur separately, it is common for patients to have both diseases at the same time. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by an ongoing, mucus-producing cough that that occurs most days of the month, three months a year for two consecutive years or more. Constant coughing causes the bronchial tubes to become inflamed. Eventually, the airways become scarred. Long-term irritation also leads to the production of mucus, which further irritates and blocks the bronchial tubes. As a result, less oxygen is able to enter the airways. In addition, the excessive mucus in the bronchial tubes provides an environment for disease-causing bacteria to grow. Therefore, lung infections are common complications of chronic bronchitis. Emphysema is an incurable illness that occurs when the walls between the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs lose their ability to stretch and recoil, causing shortness of breath (SOB). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) report that COPD affects up to 24 million Americans, and according to the American Lung Association, is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. COPD patients typically die from complications, such as severe lung infections, heart problems, or lung cancers. The main risk factor for COPD is smoking. Researchers estimate that smoking causes 80-90% of COPD deaths. According to the American Lung Association, female smokers are nearly 13 times more likely to die from COPD than females who have never smoked. Male smokers are nearly 12 times more likely to die from COPD than males who have never smoked. There is currently no cure for COPD. Instead treatment focuses on reducing the symptoms and complications of the disease. Treatment varies, depending on the specific condition. It can range from medication and oxygen supplementation to transplant surgery. Bronchodilators are commonly used to relax the bronchi muscles in the lungs that can cause bronchospasms and restrict the airways. Related Terms Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AAt), Arterial blood gases (ABGs), bronchial tubes, bronchitis, bronchodilators, chronic bronchitis, corticosteroids, cutis laxa, dyspnea, emphysema, inhaled steroids, leukotriene modifiers, lung disease, lung transplant, Marfan syndrome, plethysmograph, pulmonary disease, pulmonary function tests, pulse oximetry, PFTs, respiratory failure, shortness of breath (SOB), smoking cessation, spirometry test, sputum examination, supplemental oxygen.
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dva oblika KOPB , kronični bronhitis i emfizem , imaju različite simptome , iako neki preklapanje postoji između dviju skupina . Zdravstveni radnici ponekad se odnosi na pacijente s kroničnim bronhitisom , kao "plave bloaters " i onih s emfizema "ružičastim puffers " . Ovi pojmovi koriste se podsjetiti liječnike i medicinske sestre od simptoma povezanih sa svakom stanju . Efekti Oba kronični bronhitis i emfizem uzrok nedostatak zraka i povećan napor pri disanju . Osim toga , kronični bronhitis obično uzrokuje često produktivni kašlja , otežano disanje , te je povezan s kongestivnim zatajenjem srca . Kašalj nije nužno povezana s emfizema i pacijenata s ovim stanjem moraju raditi vrlo teško disati . Otežano disanje može također biti prisutan u emfizema . Bačvastim prsima je vrlo čest kod ovih bolesnika . Identifikacija KOPB može se posumnjati kadapovijest pušenja ili izloženosti drugih plućnih iritanata je u kombinaciji s kratkoća daha ili drugih simptoma povezanih s bolešću . Dijagnoza se može potvrditi pomoću nekoliko testova kako bi provjerili plućne funkcije . Test se zove spirometrija se koristi za mjerenje količine zraka u plućima može držati i sa koliko snage koju može izbaciti zrak iz pluća . Chest x -zrake mogu pokazati promjene na plućima povezane s emfizema , ali obično ne mogu se koristiti za dijagnozu kronični bronhitis . Krvni testovi se koriste kako bi se utvrdilo koliko dobro pluća rade mjerenjem razine kisika i ugljičnog dioksida u krvi . Razmatranja Ne postoji lijek za KOPB , ali tretmani mogu smanjiti simptome , usporiti ili zaustaviti napredovanje bolesti , te smanjiti utjecaj bolesti na vaš život . Najvažniji dio liječenja za KOPB je prestati pušiti . Ako imate KOPB i vi i dalje pušite ,bolest će napredovati mnogo brže nego što bi inače . Budući da je osoba s KOPB ne može izbaciti zrak učinkovito , dim cigareta ostaje u plućima duže i čini više štete nego što bi netko s normalnim plućima . Prevencija /Solution tri tipa lijekova se koristi u liječenju COPD . Bronhodilatatori i inhalirani steroidi , koji se koristi za liječenje astme , može smanjiti upalu , a otvoriti dišne putove . To ga čini lakšim za disanje i smanjuje učestalost kašlja . Antibiotici se koriste za liječenje bakterijskih infekcija , koji su vrlo česti kod ljudi koji imaju kronični bronhitis . Operacije , uključujući uklanjanje oštećenih dijelova pluća i transplantacija pluća , može se koristiti za liječenje teške emfizem . Dodatni kisik također može pomoći ako vaš plućne funkcije teško narušeno . From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/medical-conditions/1016043046.html