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causes Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes malaria. The four species known to cause malaria in humans are: Plasmodium falciparum : P. falcatum, predominant in Africa, produces the most severe symptoms and is responsible for most malaria deaths. Plasmodium vivax : P. vivax, found mostly in tropical areas of Asia, produces less severe symptoms but can remain in the liver and cause relapses for up to three years. Plasmodium malariae : P. malariae, found in Africa, can cause typical malaria symptoms, but on rare occasions it can remain in the bloodstream for years without producing symptoms. In these cases, is it possible to pass on the parasite to a mosquito or to another person through a blood transfusion. Plasmodium ovale : P. ovale is found mostly in West Africa. Although infections with P. ovale are rare, relapses may occur. The process of transmission: In nature, malaria parasites spread by successively infecting two types of hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red blood cells. Successive broods of parasites grow inside the red blod cells and destroy them, releasing daughter parasites ("merozoites") that continue the cycle by invading other red blood cells. The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain forms of blood stage parasites ("gametocytes") are picked up by a female Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal, they start another, different cycle of growth and multiplication in the mosquito. Only the female mosquitoes are transmitters because they can penetrate the skin of a person; the male mosquito proboscis is not able to pierce the skin. After 10-18 days, the parasites are found (as "sporozoites") in the mosquito's salivary glands. When the Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal on another human, the sporozoites are injected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection when they parasitize the liver cells. The mosquito carries the disease from one human to another (acting as a "vector"). Differently from the human host, the mosquito vector does not suffer from the presence of the parasites. Typically, signs and symptoms begin 10 days to four weeks after the initial mosquito bite, although they can appear as early as eight days or as late as one year later. Symptoms include: asymptomatic infections (no apparent illness), fever, chills, sweating, headaches, muscle pains, cerebral malaria, anemia and kidney failure and may result in death. The severity of the symptoms depends on several factors, such as the species (type) of infecting parasite and the human's acquired immunity and genetic background. In many cases, medication or the immune system eventually helps stop the infection. But in other cases, particularly in children whose immune systems may not yet have adapted to the parasite, complications of the infection may lead to death. In addition, P. falciparum is capable of invading a much greater number of blood cells than are the other types of Plasmodium, and the infection can be fatal within a few hours of initial red blood cell rupture. Other means of transmission: A pregnant woman can transmit the infection to her unborn baby. Malaria may be transmitted through blood transfusions. In the United States, steps have been taken to prevent this type of transmission. Individuals who have visited a malaria-endemic area are prohibited from donating blood for a year after returning from the malaria-infected area, or three years if they have been a resident of the malaria-infected area or have been treated for malaria. Malaria can be detected in the blood of an infected individual through blood testing. diagnosis After noting symptoms and travel history, a doctor will likely obtain a sample (smear) of the individual's blood for observation under a microscope. Two blood samples, taken at six- and 12-hour intervals, can usually confirm the presence of the malaria parasite and its type. It is possible to be infected by more than one Plasmodium at the same time. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is a blood test that looks for an antigen that is specific to malaria parasites. An antigen is any substance, such as a virus, bacterium, toxin, or foreign protein, which triggers an immune system response in the body. signs and symptoms Malaria can occur while antimalarial drugs are being taken due to drug resistance (see "Treatment"). Symptoms of malaria usually appear about 10-14 days after being bittenby an infected mosquito. Symptoms include: sudden, violent chills; intermittent fever; sweating; exhaustion and fatigue; headaches; seizures; and delirium. Plasmodium falciparum infections normally take 7-14 days to show symptoms while Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale normally take 8-14 days (but in some cases can survive for some months in the human horst). Plasmodium malariae infections take 7-30 days. Fever in the first week of travel in a malaria-risk area is unlikely to be malaria; however, any traveler feeling ill should seek immediate medical care. complications Most complications of malaria are associated with infection by Plasmodium falciparum. The extensive destruction of red blood cells that occurs during malaria infection may result in severe anemia. In addition, if parasite-filled blood cells block small blood vessels to the brain (cerebral malaria), swelling of the brain or brain damage may occur. Other complications may include: breathing problems, at times severe in the form of accumulated fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema); dehydration; liver failure; kidney failure; and rupture of the spleen. If untreated, P. falciparum malaria can be fatal within a matter of hours after symptoms appear. risk factors A main risk factor for contracting malaria is living in a region of the world prone to malaria, such as large areas of Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Oceania. Individuals who have little or no immunity to malaria are most at risk for serious illness. Residents of a malaria region may acquire some immunity to the disease during their lifetime, but young children and infants who have yet to acquire any immunity are at risk, as are travelers coming from areas with no malaria. A pregnant woman is more vulnerable than other people are to P. falciparum malaria, as is her unborn child. Poverty, lack of knowledge, and little or no access to healthcare also contribute to malaria deaths worldwide. It is also possible to lose immunity if the individual is no longer frequently exposed to the parasite. Even if the individual has previously lived in a malaria-infected region, it is recommended by healthcare professionals to take antimalarial precautions (such as antimalarial drugs) when returning to such an area after an extended period away.
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soj malarije uzrokovana Plasmodium vivax je poznat kao vivax malarija . Povijesno gledano , vivax malarija je nazvan " benigni ", ali to je benigni samo u smislu da se bolest ne često rezultirati smrću . Kao i druge vrste malarije , simptomi vivax malarije uključuju cikluse groznica , zimica , slabost, povraćanje , glavobolja i proljev . Ti ciklusi su uzrokovane životni ciklus Plasmodium vivax jer reproducira unutar svojih ljudskih domaćina crvenih krvnih stanica . Dormantnosti i Plasmodium Vivax recidiva od vivax malarije može doći više mjeseci ili godina nakon bolesti najprije se tretira . Ove ponovno pojavljivanje jer Plasmodium vivax može ležati uspavan u domaćina jetrenih stanica , gdje je zaštićen od djelovanja protiv malarije droga . Ovaj spava pozornici čini vivax malarija teže liječiti nego više smrtonosnog falciparum malarije , koji ne odlaze i je tako uvijek osjetljiva na lijekove protiv malarije . Posebna lijek treba uzeti ubiti uspavane parazite unutar stanica jetre . Raspodjela Plasmodium Vivax Vivax malarije jenajrašireniji od čovjeka malarias . Ona je pronađena u tropskim i suptropskim područjima diljem svijeta , od Sjeverne Amerike do južnom Pacifiku . Povećanje međunarodna putovanja , kao i raširenom prisustvu komaraca koji nosi bolesti , izazvala je širenje na područja gdje je ranije nije poznata . Plasmodium Vivax i Plasmodium falciparum endoplazmatskog Vivax ima nekoliko karakteristika koje ga čine različiti od Plasmodium falciparum . To je važno jer Plasmodium falciparum , što jesmrtonosnija soj malarije , češćefokus malarije povezanih istraživanja . Dok falciparum malarije je više vjerojatno da će biti smrtonosna , vivax malarija pokazuje simptome koji su puno intenzivniji . Faza mirovanja vidjeti u vivax malarija je odsutan iz životnog ciklusa falciparum malarije , tako da oni zahtijevaju različite metode liječenja . Također , Plasmodium vivax ne može zaraziti ljude s određenom vrstom krvi , pod nazivom Duffy negativna . Ova krvna grupa se najčešće nalaze u zapadnoj Africi , što objašnjava zašto se stope vivax malarije postoji toliko niska . From:http://hr.265health.com/public-health-safety/public-health/1016076487.html