http___hr.265health.com_conditions-treatments_metabolism-disorders_1016005267.html_1.xml
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causes General: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a hormonal imbalance. Although the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity are all strongly correlated with the syndrome. PCOS may be inherited. Genetic predisposition: Mutations in a combination of yet unidentified genes may be responsible for causing PCOS. Research in this area is ongoing. Hormonal irregularities: Polycystic ovaries develop when the ovaries are stimulated to produce excessive amounts of androgens (often referred to as "male hormones"), particularly testosterone. This may occur as a result of the release of excessive luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary gland or through hyperinsulinemia (high levels of insulin in the blood) in susceptible women. High androgen levels in a woman cause male-type hair and acne problems. When the hormones that trigger ovulation are not at the right levels, the ovary does not release an egg every month. In some women, cysts form on the ovaries. The cysts then cause the production of additional androgen. Insulin resistance: About half of women with PCOS have problems with how the body uses insulin, causing blood sugar levels to become elevated. If not treated, elevated insulin levels may contribute to increased androgen production, worsening PCOS symptoms and eventually increasing the risk of certain cancers, diabetes, and heart disease. Poorly developed follicles: Follicles are sacs within the ovaries that contain eggs. In PCOS, there are many poorly developed follicles in the ovaries. The eggs in these follicles do not mature and therefore cannot be released from the ovaries during each menstrual cycle. Instead, they may form very small cysts in the ovary. Valproic acid: Use of the seizure medication valproic acid (Depakene®, Depakote®, Epilim®, Stavzor®) has been associated with an increased risk of developing PCOS. It is unclear whether PCOS symptoms are caused in some women due to the valproic acid treatment or the epileptic condition. diagnosis General: There is no single definitive test to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Although there is some disagreement in the medical community, PCOS is generally diagnosed based on medical history, physical exam, ultrasound of the ovaries, and the results of blood tests. Women diagnosed with PCOS are advised to see medical specialists, such as an endocrinologist, for long-term management of the syndrome. A reproductive endocrinologist may be able to assist women with PCOS who are trying to conceive. A detailed medical history is the first step in determining if someone has PCOS. A medical practitioner will gather information, such as changes in body weight, skin, hair, and menstrual cycle. Information regarding fertility, as well as a family history of PCOS or other medical conditions, may assist in the diagnosis. Diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, weight gain, and obesity are often found in PCOS patients. Blood tests: Patients with PCOS may be tested for unusually high levels of androgens, also called "male hormones." Due to fertility problems associated with PCOS, female reproductive hormones may also be tested. Blood samples are usually tested for irregularities in the following hormone levels: testosterone and androstenedione (androgens), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, pregnancy test), estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin, as well as the LH:FSH ratio. Levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that binds to sex hormones, may also be determined. Since patients with PCOS often have abnormal lipid levels, a lipid panel, including testing levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, may aid in the diagnosis. Due to the association between diabetes and PCOS, the following tests may be performed: blood sugar, fasting glucose, insulin levels, and a glucose tolerance test (GTT). To rule out adrenal gland problems, levels of adrenal hormones, such as DHEAS or 17-hydroxyprogesterone, may be measured. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels may be measured to check for an overactive or underactive thyroid. Blood markers of kidney and liver function may also be tested. Pelvic examination: During a pelvic examination, enlarged ovaries and, rarely, an enlarged clitoris may indicate PCOS. Physical exam: Findings that may indicate PCOS during a physical exam include an enlarged thyroid, skin problems, unusual hair growth, high blood pressure, and enlarged or abnormal ovaries. Weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference may indicate a risk for developing PCOS. Ultrasound: Pelvic ultrasound provides a safe, noninvasive way to evaluate the size, shape, and configuration of the ovaries. Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. An ultrasound of the ovaries is usually performed transvaginally, where the probe is placed into the vagina. An abdominal ultrasound may also be performed, where the probe is placed on the belly. Some, but not all, women with PCOS show enlarged ovaries or more eggs than normal on the ovaries. Ultrasound technicians look for a "string of pearls" inside the ovary, where the pearls are the cysts. Diagnosis of polycystic ovaries may be made if there are at least 8-10 cysts that are less than 10 millimeters in size on each ovary. The polycystic ovary tends to be enlarged to 1.5-3 times the size of a normal ovary and often has an increase in the stromal tissue in the center of the ovary and around the follicles. Other tests: Other diagnostic tests may include computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a surgical procedure called pelvic laparoscopy, a laparotomy may be used to look more closely at the ovaries. The surgeon may collect samples of abdominal fluid and remove an ovary for examination by a pathologist. signs and symptoms General: Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) include weight problems, lack of regular ovulation and/or menstruation, skin changes, small cysts in the ovaries, trouble getting pregnant, and excessive amounts or effects of androgenic (masculinizing) hormones. The symptoms and severity of the syndrome tend to start gradually and vary greatly among women. Women are usually diagnosed when in their 20s or 30s, but PCOS may also affect teenage girls. In these girls, the symptoms often begin after the first menstrual cycle. It is common for PCOS symptoms to be mistaken for other medical problems. Symptoms may be especially noticeable after a weight gain. Abnormal hair growth patterns: About 70% of women in the United States with PCOS experience abnormal female hair growth patterns. Hirsutism (excess hair) may occur, resulting in excess hair growth on the face, chest, nipple area, back, stomach, thumbs, or toes. Alopecia (male-pattern baldness) may also occur, with baldness or hair thinning at the top of the head. Abnormal lipid levels: Some women with PCOS have elevated LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as reduced HDL cholesterol levels. Breathing problems: Some PCOS patients may experience obstructive sleep apnea, or trouble breathing while sleeping. This symptom is linked to both obesity and insulin resistance. Depression: Some PCOS symptoms may affect a woman's sense of well-being, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life, which may lead to depression. Hormonal imbalance: Women with PCOS often have increased blood serum levels of androgens, commonly referred to as "male hormones." Examples are testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Hypertension (high blood pressure): Blood pressure readings over 140/90mmHg may occur. Infertility: Women with PCOS may have trouble becoming pregnant, due to infrequent or absent ovulation. Follicles are sacs within the ovaries that contain eggs. In PCOS, there are many poorly developed follicles in the ovaries. The eggs in these follicles do not mature and therefore cannot be released from the ovaries during each menstrual cycle. Instead, they may form very small cysts in the ovary. Insulin resistance: About half of women with PCOS have problems with how the body uses insulin, causing insulin resistance. Patients with insulin resistance have high levels of insulin in the blood and elevated blood glucose levels, which may progress to diabetes. Symptoms of too much insulin (hyperinsulinemia) may include upper body weight gain and skin changes. Male sex characteristics: Virilization (development of male sex characteristics), such as increased hair growth on the chest, stomach, back, and face; a deepening of the voice; male-pattern baldness; decreased breast size; and enlargement of the clitoris (very rare), may occur due to higher-than-normal levels of androgens (often called "male hormones"). Menstrual period irregularities: Some women with PCOS may have amenorrhea (no menstrual periods), although they usually have had a history of having one or more normal menstrual periods during puberty. Others may have few menstrual periods (less than nine per year). Approximately 30% of women with PCOS have irregular bleeding, including heavy bleeding, light bleeding, or frequent spotting. Some women with PCOS have regular periods but are not ovulating (releasing an egg) each month. Miscarriages: Some women with PCOS have frequent miscarriages. It is not clear why this happens, although it may be caused by high insulin levels or abnormal ovulation. Ovary abnormalities: During an ultrasound procedure, PCOS ovaries have a "string of pearls" or "pearl necklace" appearance, with many cysts. Polycystic ovaries are usually 1.5-3 times larger than normal. Pelvic pain: Some women may experience pelvic pain that is chronic, or lasts longer than six months. The pain may be due to enlarged ovaries putting pressure on other organs. Skin problems: Pimples and an oily face can also bother women with PCOS, due to increased androgen levels. Acne may worsen. It is caused by high androgen levels and is usually found around the face, especially along the jaw line, chest, and back. Seborrhea (dandruff, or flaking skin on the scalp) may be caused by excess oil production. Acrochordons (skin tags, or tiny flaps of skin that usually cause no symptoms unless irritated by rubbing) may occur. Acanthosis nigricans may also occur, which is dark or thick skin markings and creases around the armpits, groin, neck, and breasts due to insulin sensitivity. These areas of skin may be tan to dark brown or black and velvety or rough to the touch. Weight gain: Most, but not all, women with PCOS are overweight. Some women with PCOS gain weight around their abdomen, taking on an apple shape rather than a pear shape. Such weight gain has been linked with hormonal, glucose, and insulin imbalances in the body. complications General: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased risk for endometrial cancer, infertility, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. It is unclear if there is an increased risk for development of breast cancer. Diabetes: About half of women with PCOS have problems with how the body uses insulin, causing insulin resistance. Patients with insulin resistance have high levels of insulin in the blood and elevated blood glucose levels, which may progress to diabetes. It is recommended that women with PCOS have blood glucose testing for diabetes by age 30. This testing should be done at an earlier age if other risk factors for diabetes are present, such as obesity, lack of exercise, a family history of diabetes, or gestational diabetes during a past pregnancy. Heart disease: PCOS is linked to higher risks of high blood pressure, weight gain, high cholesterol, heart disease, atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. For this reason, levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, blood pressure, and weight should be monitored frequently in PCOS patients. Infertility: Women with PCOS may have trouble becoming pregnant due to infrequent or absent ovulation. Follicles are sacs within the ovaries that contain eggs. In PCOS, there are many poorly developed follicles in the ovaries. The eggs in these follicles do not mature and therefore cannot be released from the ovaries during each menstrual cycle. Instead, they may form very small cysts in the ovary. Early treatment of PCOS may prevent infertility or increase the chance of having a healthy pregnancy. Obesity-related conditions: Obese patients (with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 and a waist circumference greater than 35) with PCOS may be at risk for high blood pressure and heart problems. Uterine (endometrial) cancer: Often women with PCOS will have infrequent menstrual cycles or no menstrual cycles at all. This causes the uterine lining to build up for a long time and puts these patients at risk for endometrial hyperplasia (precancer of the uterine lining). A transvaginal ultrasound and/or endometrial biopsy may be performed regularly to look for signs endometrial cancer. risk factors Genetics: The main risk factor for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a family history of the syndrome. Mutations in a combination of yet unidentified genes may be responsible. Sisters and daughters of patients with PCOS have a 50% chance of also developing PCOS. Diabetes: A family history of diabetes may increase the risk of developing PCOS. Valproic acid: Use of the seizure medication valproic acid (Depakene®, Depakote®, Epilim®, Stavzor®) may be associated with an increased risk of developing PCOS.
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Žene s PCOS-om imaju rijedak , nepravilnog ili odsutnog menstruacija i često imaju ispunjene tekućinom ciste na jajnicima svoje . Međutim , nije neophodno da " policističnih jajnika " imati PCOS . Ove ciste , kada je prisutna , zapravo neprobušene jaja -rezultat nepotpunog ovulacije . Odjel za zdravstvo i socijalne skrbi navodi dahormon progesteron se ne proizvodi kad je ovulacija ne dogodi . Menstrualni ciklus može biti nepravilan ili nema ako ona proizvodi premalo ili nimalo progesteron . Neplodnost Ovulacija se događa kadafolikul koji je izgradio na jajniku pauze otvoriti i za javnost jaje . Žene s PCOS-om često ne čine sve hormona potrebnih za jaja do zrele i puštanje . Ove folikula može ostati kao cista . Odjel za zdravstvo i socijalne skrbi navodi da su žene s PCOS imaju hormonalne neravnoteže i njihove jajnici proizvode više androgena nego normalno . " Androgena su muški hormoni da žene također čine ", prema njihovoj web stranici . Mnoge žene s PCOS-om su u mogućnosti da biste dobili trudna s plodnost droge ili lijekova koji pomažu smanjiti otpornost na inzulin . Trudna žena s PCOS imaju veći rizik od pobačaja , gestacijski dijabetes , preeklampsije i prerano isporuku . Pretilost Mnoge žene s PCOS imaju prekomjernu težinu ili je pretilo , što može dovesti do zdravstvenih problema , prema Ministarstva zdravstva i socijalne skrbi . To je važno za žene s PCOS da jedu zdravo i vježba, koja pomaže sniziti razinu glukoze u krvi i poboljšati tjelesnu korištenje inzulina . Gubitak tjelesne mase od 10 posto može vratiti normalan menstruacije i povećanje plodnosti . Hirzutizam Hirzutizam je prekomjerni ili nenormalan rast kose i distribucija u žena . Pojedinci s PCOS-om može imati tamnu , gustu rast dlaka na licu , prsima , trbuhu , leđima , palcima i prstima . Lijekovi koji kontroliraju proizvodnju androgena u žena može pomoći smanjiti ovaj rast kose . Skin Problemi Mnoge žene s PCOS imaju masnu kožu , akne ili perut . Kao i pretjeranog rasta kose , te kožni problemi mogu se smanjiti s lijekovima . Osim toga , koža tagovi - mali vire komadići kože na prtljažniku tijela - čest simptom PCOS From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/metabolism-disorders/1016005267.html