http___hr.265health.com_conditions-treatments_medical-conditions_1016043046.html_1.xml
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causes Smoking: The single greatest risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is smoking. COPD is most likely to develop in cigarette smokers, but cigar and pipe smokers and marijuana smokers also are susceptible. The risk of COPD increases with the number of years and amount smoked. Exposure to secondhand smoke, also known as passive or environmental tobacco smoke, also increases risk of developing COPD. Secondhand smoke is smoke that is inadvertently inhaled from someone else's cigarette, pipe, or cigar. Age: Although the lung damage that occurs in emphysema develops gradually, most people with tobacco-related emphysema begin to experience symptoms of the disease between the ages of 50-60. Exposure to pollution: An individual breathing fumes from certain chemicals, such as chlorine or pesticides, dust from grain, cotton, wood, or working around toxic fumes has an increased risk of developing COPD. Breathing indoor pollutants, such as fumes from heating fuel, as well as outdoor pollutants, such as car exhaust, increases the risk of COPD. Heredity: A rare, inherited deficiency of the protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAt), can cause emphysema, especially before age 50, and even earlier if the individual smokes. Connective tissue disorders: Some conditions that affect connective tissue (provides body framework and support) are associated with emphysema. Connective tissues are the supporting tissues of the body, such as tendons, ligaments, bone, and cartilage. These conditions include cutis laxa (a rare disease that causes premature aging) and Marfan syndrome (a disorder that affects many different organs, especially the heart, eyes, skeleton and lungs). diagnosis Pulmonary function tests (PFTs): Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) can detect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) before symptoms are seen. These noninvasive tests measure how much air the lungs can hold and the flow of air in and out of the lungs. They can also measure the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in the lungs. They include a spirometry test and lung volume test. In a spirometry test, a person breathes into mouthpiece that is connected to an instrument called a spirometer. The spirometer records the amount and the rate of air that is breathed in and out over a specified time. Some of the test measurements are obtained by normal, quiet breathing, and other tests require forced inhalation or exhalation after a deep breath. Lung volume measurement detects restrictive lung diseases. In this set of diseases, a person cannot inhale a normal volume of air. Restrictive lung diseases may be caused by inflammation or scarring of the lung tissue (interstitial lung disease) or by abnormalities of the muscles or skeleton of the chest wall. Lung volume measurement can be performed in two ways. The most accurate way is for an individual to sit in a sealed, transparent box called a body plethysmograph. This box looks similar to a telephone booth. The patient then breathes in and out a mouthpiece while inside the plethysmograph. Changes in pressure inside the box allow determination of the lung volume. Lung volume can also be measured when an individual breathes nitrogen or helium gas through a tube for a specified period of time. The concentration of the gas in a chamber attached to the tube is measured, allowing estimation of the lung volume. Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray may be performed to rule out other lung problems, such as lung cancer. Even in the advanced stages of emphysema, chest X-rays are often normal. Blood tests: Arterial blood gases (ABGs) measure how well the lungs transfer oxygen to the bloodstream and how effectively they remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. A blood test for the alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAt) gene, which is found in some individuals with emphysema, may also be used. Pulse oximetry: This test involves use of a small device that attaches to the fingertip to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood. To help determine whether or not the individual needs supplemental oxygen, the test may be performed at rest, during exercise, and overnight. Sputum examination: A healthcare provider may take a sample of the patient's mucus (sputum) to help determine the cause of some lung problems. If disease-causing microorganisms (e.g. bacteria) are present, there is infection. If there is blood in the sputum, this may indicate lung damage or lung cancer. Computerized tomography (CT) scan: A CT scan allows a healthcare professional to see the organs in two-dimensional images or "slices." Split-second computer processing creates these images as a series of very thin X-ray beams are passed through the body. A CT scan can detect emphysema sooner than an X-ray can, but it cannot assess the severity of emphysema as accurately as a pulmonary function test. signs and symptoms General: Symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually develop gradually over many years. They typically worsen over time. Some patients may suffer from either chronic bronchitis or emphysema, while other may have both diseases. Patients who have had COPD for many years may develop bluish discoloration of the lips and nail beds (cyanosis). This occurs when there is not enough oxygen in the blood. Some patients may develop headaches in the morning because they are unable to remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Many people with COPD also experience weight loss because their body requires more energy to breathe than the average person. Chronic bronchitis: Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include chronic cough, increased mucus that is yellow-greenish in color, frequent clearing of the throat, wheezing, and shortness of breath (SOB). Patients typically experience fatigue because the body has to work harder to get enough oxygen. Emphysema: Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially during activity, is one of the earliest symptoms of emphysema. As the disease progresses, shortness of breathe becomes constant, even during rest. An individual is likely to feel tired both because it is more difficult to breathe and because the body is getting less oxygen. Other symptoms include distress resulting from the inability to get enough air, wheezing, chronic mucus production, exhaling through pursed (puckered) lips or grunting before exhaling, and needing to lean forward to breathe while sitting. Individuals with emphysema are often thin and have very pink skin. Individuals with advanced disease may have the characteristic barrel chests from the increase in lung size. complications Death: Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may die from complications of the disease. Causes of death may include lung cancer, lack of blood flow and oxygen to the brain (stroke), respiratory failure, lung infections, and heart attack. Heart problems: For unknown reasons, COPD increases risk of developing heart disease, including heart attacks. The heart may become enlarged because it is strained. COPD may cause high blood pressure in the arteries that bring blood to the lungs. Infections: Patients with COPD may suffer from frequent infections, including the common cold, flu, and pneumonia. Lung infections make breathing even more difficult for COPD patients. Infections also cause even more irreversible damage to the lung tissue. Patients should talk to their healthcare providers about recommended vaccines. The flu shot is usually recommended in non-allergic COPD patients. Lung cancer: Smokers with chronic bronchitis have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than smokers who do not have chronic bronchitis. Quality of life: People with advanced emphysema are often incapacitated. They experience shortness of breath even when resting or sitting in a chair or bed. Patients should consult their healthcare providers if they experience feelings of sadness, low self-esteem, loss of pleasure, apathy, and sometimes, difficulty functioning for two weeks or longer, with no known underlying cause. These may be signs of depression.
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dva oblika KOPB , kronični bronhitis i emfizem , imaju različite simptome , iako neki preklapanje postoji između dviju skupina . Zdravstveni radnici ponekad se odnosi na pacijente s kroničnim bronhitisom , kao "plave bloaters " i onih s emfizema "ružičastim puffers " . Ovi pojmovi koriste se podsjetiti liječnike i medicinske sestre od simptoma povezanih sa svakom stanju . Efekti Oba kronični bronhitis i emfizem uzrok nedostatak zraka i povećan napor pri disanju . Osim toga , kronični bronhitis obično uzrokuje često produktivni kašlja , otežano disanje , te je povezan s kongestivnim zatajenjem srca . Kašalj nije nužno povezana s emfizema i pacijenata s ovim stanjem moraju raditi vrlo teško disati . Otežano disanje može također biti prisutan u emfizema . Bačvastim prsima je vrlo čest kod ovih bolesnika . Identifikacija KOPB može se posumnjati kadapovijest pušenja ili izloženosti drugih plućnih iritanata je u kombinaciji s kratkoća daha ili drugih simptoma povezanih s bolešću . Dijagnoza se može potvrditi pomoću nekoliko testova kako bi provjerili plućne funkcije . Test se zove spirometrija se koristi za mjerenje količine zraka u plućima može držati i sa koliko snage koju može izbaciti zrak iz pluća . Chest x -zrake mogu pokazati promjene na plućima povezane s emfizema , ali obično ne mogu se koristiti za dijagnozu kronični bronhitis . Krvni testovi se koriste kako bi se utvrdilo koliko dobro pluća rade mjerenjem razine kisika i ugljičnog dioksida u krvi . Razmatranja Ne postoji lijek za KOPB , ali tretmani mogu smanjiti simptome , usporiti ili zaustaviti napredovanje bolesti , te smanjiti utjecaj bolesti na vaš život . Najvažniji dio liječenja za KOPB je prestati pušiti . Ako imate KOPB i vi i dalje pušite ,bolest će napredovati mnogo brže nego što bi inače . Budući da je osoba s KOPB ne može izbaciti zrak učinkovito , dim cigareta ostaje u plućima duže i čini više štete nego što bi netko s normalnim plućima . Prevencija /Solution tri tipa lijekova se koristi u liječenju COPD . Bronhodilatatori i inhalirani steroidi , koji se koristi za liječenje astme , može smanjiti upalu , a otvoriti dišne putove . To ga čini lakšim za disanje i smanjuje učestalost kašlja . Antibiotici se koriste za liječenje bakterijskih infekcija , koji su vrlo česti kod ljudi koji imaju kronični bronhitis . Operacije , uključujući uklanjanje oštećenih dijelova pluća i transplantacija pluća , može se koristiti za liječenje teške emfizem . Dodatni kisik također može pomoći ako vaš plućne funkcije teško narušeno . From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/medical-conditions/1016043046.html