http___hr.265health.com_public-health-safety_public-health_1016077024.html_1.xml
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background Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs but can also damage other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, kidneys, and bones. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can live only in people; it cannot be carried by animals, insects, soil, or other non-living objects. Signs of tubercular damage have been found in Egyptian mummies and in bones dating back at least 5,000 years. Today, despite advances in treatment, TB is a global pandemic (found worldwide). A healthy immune system can help protect the body from an active TB infection, but the TB bacteria can lie dormant in the individual for years without producing symptoms. When an individual is exposed to TB, macrophages (specialized white blood cells that ingest harmful organisms) begin to surround and "wall off" or encapsulate the TB bacteria in the lungs. If the macrophages are successful, the bacteria may remain within these capsules for years. The TB is alive in the body but in a dormant (in-active) state. These individuals are considered to have latent TB infection, and will test positive on the TB skin test. However, individuals with latent TB infection usually do not feel sick, do not have any symptoms, and cannot spread TB to others. However, some individuals with latent TB infection may eventually progress to active TB. About one in 10 individuals who have a latent TB infection go on to develop active TB sometime in their lifetime. When the immune system is weakened, such as in the elderly, infants, or those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the chances of becoming ill from active TB are greater. TB, in active form, is transmitted through airborne droplets. Individuals become infected with TB when they inhale particles of infected airborne saliva from the air. The bacteria become airborne when an infected person expels saliva (when they cough, sneeze, talk, spit, etc.). Individuals with active TB disease can be treated if they seek medical help. Also, most individuals with latent TB infection can take medicine so that they will not develop active TB disease, and they will not become contagious. Individuals with active TB typically receive a combination of antibiotics for several months to treat the infection. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include isoniazid/rifampin (Rifamate®), ethambutol (Myambutol®), and pyrazinamide. Since active TB is slow to respond completely to therapy, prescribed medications must be taken every day for a long period of time. This may be for at least six months, and in some cases for a year or more. Left untreated, each individual with active TB disease will infect on average between 10-15 people every year. Symptoms of active TB in the lungs may include a bad cough that lasts three weeks or longer, weight loss, coughing up blood or mucus, weakness or fatigue, night sweats, fever, and chills. If not treated properly, the active form of TB can be deadly. Someone in the world is newly infected with TB bacteria every second. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), overall, one-third of the world's population is infected with the TB bacteria. Every year, TB kills nearly two million people worldwide. Both the highest number of deaths and the highest mortality per capita are on the African continent. The WHO estimates that 5-10% of people who are infected with TB (but who are not infected with HIV) become sick or infectious at some time during their life. Individuals with HIV and latent TB infection are much more likely to develop active TB. Related Terms Acquired immunodeficiency virus, active TB, AIDS, antibiotic, bacillus Calmette-Guerin, BCG, cancer, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, diabetes, drug resistance, extensively drug-resistant TB, fatigue, HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, immune system, immunity, latent TB, macrophage, malnutrition, Mantoux test, MDR-TB, meningeal TB, microbiology, microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility, miliary TB, MODS, multidrug-resistant TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,ototoxicity, pandemic, PPD, purified pork derivative, QuantiFERON-TB Gold test, recurrence, sputum, transmission, XDR-TB, x-ray.
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tuberkuloze je oko stoljećima , s dokazima o ovoj bolesti koja datira još 7000 godina prije Krista . Tuberkuloza se obično se naziva " potrošnje " , jerbolest se činilo da konzumiraju pojedince zaražene . Neka druga imena bila bijela kuga , gubit bolest , sušica , a Pott bolest , zajedno s nekoliko drugih imena tijekom godina . Ova bolest , čini se, ponovno se pojavila u SAD-u , s više od 18.000 ljudi koji imaju aktivan TB u 1998 . Nadalje , sojevi tuberkuloze su se razvili tijekom godina i čini se da otporni na neke od antibiotika koji se koriste za liječenje , koje se općenito mogu izliječiti bolest ako se uzima na odgovarajući način. Transmission testiranje kako bi se spriječilo širenje . Robert Koch otkrio je 1884 da su tuberkuloza bakterija može se prenosi zrakom , te da ispljuvak je osnovno sredstvo prijevoza ovu bakteriju . Tuberkuloza se obično širi od osobe do osobe , kadaaktivan pacijent tuberkuloze ili kašlje, kiše , smije se , pjeva i govori . Osoba tada udahne bakterije koje se istjeruje nasilno iz pluća aktivnog pacijenta TB . Međutim , izloženost ne znači nužno da će se zaraziti tuberkulozom . Za razliku od većine bakterija , tuberkuloze tendenciju da raste vrlo sporo . Održivost tuberkuloze kapljica Prvenstvenobolest prenosi zrakom , TB može preživjeti dulje vrijeme u zrak i na različitim površinama . Utvrđeno je da je 28 posto tuberkuloze bakterija ostaje živ u prostoriji nakon devet sati . Tuberkuloza može živjeti i do 45 dana na odjeću , 70 dana u tepihu , 90-120 dana u prašini , oko 105 dana na papirnati knjige , a otprilike šest do osam mjeseci u pljuvačke . Tri stvari koje pomažu ubiti bakterije tuberkuloze : ultraljubičasto svjetlo , volumen zraka u prostoriji i recirkulaciju zraka kroz filter HEPA Latentna TB i Aktivna TBC . latentna TB , također poznat kao neaktivnog TB ili TBC infekcije , kada jeosoba bila izložena aktivni pacijenta TB i udahne bakterije , ali bakterija ostaje neaktivan . TB zaraze nije zarazna . Ipak , oko 10 posto osoba s TBC infekcije kasnije će postatiaktivan pacijent TB . Aktivna TBC , međutim , je zarazan i može se proširiti na druge pojedince . Općenito, to se događa kroz izlaganje tijekom duljeg vremenskog razdoblja . Aktivna TBC također mogu širiti na druge dijelove tijela kroz krvotok . Simptomi i čimbenici rizika Ako ste bili izloženi aktivni tuberkuloze bolesnika ili područje koja je kontaminirana , trebali biste odmah potražiti liječničku pomoć . Simptomi se ne pojavljuju , osim akopacijent ima aktivnu tuberkulozu . Umor , iskašljavanje krvi , groznicu , neobjašnjen gubitak težine , kašalj koji traje tri ili više tjedana, gubitak apetita i bol u prsima ili bol s disanjem ili kašlja su svi simptomi aktivne tuberkuloze . Neki ljudi su na veći rizik od tuberkuloze . Slabi imunološki sustav , bliski kontakt s aktivnom TBC bolesnika i područja sa slabom ventilacijom povećati rizik od postaje bolestan TBC-om. Osim toga , nacionalnosti , dobi , zloupotreba droga , živi u izbjegličkom kampu ili sklonište , rad zdravstvene zaštite , nedostatak medicinske skrbi i međunarodna putovanja i povećati rizik da obole od tuberkuloze . Prevenciju najbolji način za sprečavanje tuberkuloze je jesti zdravo , redovito vježbanje i dobiti puno odmora . Nabavite redovito testira , a akoje test koji pokazuje do pozitivnog , slijedite upute liječnika u potpunosti, uključujući i dorada sve od lijekova . Osim toga , ako imate aktivnu TB , pokriti usta kada kašljete , kišete ili se smijati . Nosi masku tijekom tog vremena je vrlo korisna . Također , pobrinite se da vaš dnevni boravak ima odgovarajuće ventilacije , ostati doma i spavati u sobi po sebi . From:http://hr.265health.com/public-health-safety/public-health/1016077024.html