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causes Primary bone cancer: There is no known cause of primary bone cancer. Some inherited disorders have been shown to increase a person's risk of developing bone cancer. For instance, Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare disorder that predisposes people to certain cancers, including bone cancer. People with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, an inherited skin disorder, also have an increase risk of developing bone cancer. An inherited eye cancer, called hereditary retinoblastoma, and an inherited cartilage disorder, called multiple exostoses, have also been associated with an increased risk of bone cancer. Metastatic bone cancer: Most cases of bone cancer occur when cancer from another part of the body, such as the breast, prostate, or lung, has spread to bone cells. People who undergo radiation therapy or chemotherapy for other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing bone cancer. Research has shown that the risk is greatest if high doses are used, if therapy is performed for prolonged periods of time, or if therapy is performed at a young age. This is because these therapies may change the genetic makeup of cells. diagnosis General: If bone cancer is suspected, a doctor may perform imaging studies and/or a bone scan to determine if there are tumors in the bone. If a tumor is found, a biopsy is needed to determine if it is cancerous. Imaging studies: Imaging studies, such as computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, provide detailed images of the bones. During these procedures, a small amount of radioactive material is injected into the patient. This substance can be detected by a special camera used to create images of the patient's bones. These tests can detect tumors in the bones. Biopsy: A biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that involves analyzing a small tissue sample from a patient under a microscope. There are two types of biopsies that may be performed to determine if a person has bone cancer: a needle biopsy and surgical biopsy. During a needle biopsy, a thin needle is used to remove a small sample of tissue from the tumor. During a surgical biopsy, a small incision is made through the skin, and either the entire tumor or part of the tumor is removed. Local or general anesthesia may be used, depending on the size and location of the tumor. The tissue sample is then analyzed in a laboratory for the presence of cancerous cells. The type of biopsy performed depends on the size and location of the bone tumor(s). Additional tests: Additional tests may be performed to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. For example, a bone scan, which identifies areas of rapidly growing or changing bone, may be performed on the whole body to determine if other parts of the body are affected. Blood tests may also be performed. If cancer markers are detected in the bloodstream, this indicates that the cancer has spread to other areas. Staging: Stage 1 bone cancer is considered low-grade cancer. In these cases, the cancer has not spread to any other organ, including the lymph nodes. This type is further subdivided into stage 1A and stage 1B. Stage 1A means that the cancer is still completely inside the bone. Stage 1B means that the bone cancer has grown through the bone wall. Stage 2 bone cancer is considered high-grade cancer, but the cancer has not spread to any other organ, including the lymph nodes. All cases of Ewing sarcomas are high grade, which means all patients with this type of cancer automatically start out with stage 2 bone cancer. Stage 2 is subdivided into stage 2A and stage 2B. Stage 2A means that the cancer is still completely inside the bone. Stage 2B means that the cancer has grown through the bone wall. Stage 3 bone cancer is either low-grade or high-grade cancer that has spread to another body organ, including the lymph nodes. This is the most severe stage. signs and symptoms The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain in the affected bone(s). Pain generally worsens over time. At first, pain may be mild and only occur periodically, such as after exercising. That is why some people may not seek medical treatment for weeks to years after symptoms develop. Although bone cancer can develop in any of the bones, it most commonly affects the long bones of the arms and legs, such as the femur. Other common symptoms include swelling around the affected site, weakened bones (which may lead to bone fractures), fatigue, weight loss, frequent infections (such as respiratory infections), nausea, vomiting, constipation, problems with urination, weakness or numbness in the legs, and/or small bumps on the bone or surrounding tissue. complications Bone fractures: Bone cancer generally causes the affected bones to become weak. This is because cancerous cells infiltrate the bone, preventing healthy bone cells from growing and functioning properly. As a result, the patient has an increased risk of experiencing bone fractures after little or no trauma. In addition, healing time after a bone fracture may be increased. Metastasis: Bone cancer may spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or lymph nodes. When cancer spreads to another organ, it may lead to organ dysfunction or death.
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rak kostiju Primarni je rak koji se razvija u kosti . Metastatskog raka je rak koji se razvija na drugim mjestima , kao što su dojke ili prostate , ali onda se širi na kostima i zglobovima . Prema Mayo Clinic, čak i ako imate rak koji je metastazirao na vaše kosti ,rak i dalje će biti upućeni na mjestu nastanka , kao što su rak prostate i dojke. Vi ste više vjerojatno da će dobiti metastatski rak kostiju od raka kostiju sama . Bone Rak uzrokuje razvoj primarne bolesti kostiju može biti zbog nasljednih . Djeca s naslijeđenim uvjetima , kao što su više exostoses imaju veći rizik od razvoja raka kostiju . Više exostoses su formacije hrskavice kvrga na vanjskim dijelovima kosti . Visoke doze zračenja ili liječenje lijekova protiv raka i može dovesti do primarnog karcinoma kostiju . Prema American Cancer Society , djeca su " osjetljiviji " na razvoj primarnog raka kostiju , kada prima visoke doze zračenja terapije ili lijekova protiv raka . Simptomi najuočljivijih simptoma povezanih s rakom kostiju je bol u kostima . Prema Mayo Clinic, iako je rak kostiju može se razviti u drugim dijelovima tijela , to je više zajedničkog u svojim dužim kostiju , kao što su u rukama i nogama . Ostali simptomi raka kostiju može uključuju oticanje i upalu , ekstremni umor, drastičan gubitak težine, anemija i groznicu . Komplikacije rak kostiju može drastično oslabiti kosti , što vam više osjetljiv na frakture . Akose rak širi na svoje organe , to može dovesti do disfunkcije organa . Na primjer , ako se rak širi na pluća ćete razviti plućnih komplikacija . Možda nećete moći disati , ili može osjećati kao da ste se naprezati kada niste učinili bilo kakve fizičke aktivnosti . Bol može postati tako žestoko da će biti sputan od neprekinutog normalne aktivnosti . Infekcije kao ostemijelitisu su česti . Osteomijelitis jeupala kosti koja uzrokuje groznicu, zimicu i bol . Tretmani Prema Mayo Clinic, " kirurgija jenajčešći " liječenje raka kostiju . Akorak kostiju nije metastazirao ,pod utjecajem kosti i dio zdrave kosti neposredno zahvaćena kost će biti uklonjena . Umjetna uređaj ( protetska ) ili transplantacije koštane iz donora će biti zamijenjen za kosti koja je uklonjena . Zračenja ili kemoterapije može biti potrebno prije operacije ili nakon operacije iskorijeniti znakove kanceroznih stanica . U nekim slučajevimajedini oblik liječenja potrebno, može se kemoterapija , ako se rak nije teška . Podrška dijagnoza bilo kojeg oblika raka je emocionalno i fizički iscrpljujuće . Važno je da se okružite s prijateljima i obitelji koji će vam pomoći kroz teško razdoblje . Jak obrambeni mehanizam može vam pomoći od osjećaja obeshrabreni . National Cancer Institute i American Cancer Society mogu pružiti i dodatne usluge za podršku . Daily Strength jepodrška grupa koja vas može doći u dodir sa preživjele rak kostiju koji mogu pomoći odgovoriti na pitanja i ponuditi pomoć . From:http://hr.265health.com/cancer/bone-cancer/1016014436.html