http___hpvborba.org_category_zdravlje__1.xml
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Health Services Dear Parent or Guardian: The Washington State Legislature requires us to make information available to you about human papillomavirus (HPV) and how to prevent it. Human papillomavirus (HPV) Disease What is HPV? HPV is a common virus that spreads primarily through sexual contact. Up to 75 percent of HPV infections occur among people 15 thru 24 years old. HPV causes most known cervical cancers, anal cancers, and genital warts. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types that cause cancer. Some types of HPV can cause penile, anal, or head and neck cancers. What are the symptoms of HPV? Most of the time infected individuals have no symptoms and can spread the virus without knowing it. Some people know they have HPV because they have a symptom like genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV through cervical cancer screening (Pap tests) and HPV testing. Health care providers do not usually test for HPV unless they find abnormal cervical cell changes in a Pap test. How can HPV infection be prevented? The best way to prevent HPV infection is to abstain from all sexual activity. Even people with only one lifetime partner can get HPV if their partner had previous sexual partners. Using condoms during sex offers good protection against sexual infections like HPV. The HPV vaccines offer by far the best protection if given before sexual activity starts – vaccines do not get rid of existing HPV infections. The HPV vaccine can prevent infections from some of the most common and serious types of HPV that cause warts, cervical, and anal cancers. HPV Vaccine What HPV vaccines are available? Two HPV vaccines are available: - HPV4 – licensed for males and females. It protects against four types of HPV. These include two types of HPV that cause 75 percent of cervical cancers in women and most anal cancers in men and two types that cause 90 percent of genital warts in both women and men. - HPV2 – licensed only for females. It protects against the two types of HPV that cause 75 percent of cervical cancers. Who should get the vaccine and when should they get it? - Females – the federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP) recommends routine vaccination for all girls age 11 thru 12 years old against HPV. For unvaccinated females, the recommendation goes up through age 26. Health care providers may also give the vaccine to girls as young as 9 years. - Males – the ACIP recently approved a recommendation for routine vaccination of boys age 11 thru 12 years. For unvaccinated males, the recommendation goes up through age 21. Health care providers may vaccinate boys as young as 9 years and men aged 22 thru 26 years. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will soon make this recommendation available. Until then, health care providers may vaccinate males using the permissive recommendation that is in place. To be up-to-date on this immunization, males and females need three doses of the vaccine. Talk to your health care provider about the vaccine schedule. HPV vaccine is not required for school in Washington. Are Pap tests still recommended for females who get the HPV vaccine? Yes. The HPV vaccine does not protect against all HPV that can cause cancer and warts, so females still need Pap tests. Where can I find the HPV vaccine? Ask your doctor, nurse, or local health clinic to find out more about HPV vaccine and where you can get it. Patients younger than 19 years of age can get HPV vaccine for free in Washington State. Some health care providers’ offices charge an administration fee or an office visit fee. You can ask to waive the administration fee if you can’t pay. For people age 19 and older, the vaccine is available from many clinics and pharmacies. Most health insurance plans cover the vaccine for people recommended to get it. Call your health plan to check your coverage. For adults without health insurance, the companies that make these vaccines have programs to help pay for them. Find out if your health care provider participates in these programs. For more information on HPV, the Vaccine, and Cervical Cancer: Centers for Disease Control & Prevention: www.cdc.gov/std/hpv Washington State Department of Health: www.doh.wa.gov/cfh/immunize/documents/hpvvaccinefactsheet.pdf American Social Health Association: www.ashastd.org American Cancer Society: www.cancer.org Sincerely, Donna Franklin, RN, BSN, NCSN Director of Health Services
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Cervarix i Gardasil cjepiva su više različita nego slična, iako djeluju protiv istog virusa. Cervarix je navodno 100 posto djelotvoran već od prve doze, dok Gardasilu trebaju u prosjeku tri doze dane u roku od 12 mjeseci da bi bio djelotvoran. Osim toga, Gardasil štiti samo one koji još nisu bili izloženi HPV-u, a Cervarix je djelotvoran u 90 posto slučajeva i kod onih žena koje su bile izložene virusu. Cervarix štiti od pet tipova virusa HPV-a koji izazivaju rak grlića maternice, a Gardasil samo protiv dva. Međutim, Gardasil ima druge prednosti: štiti od sojeva HPV-a koji izazivaju više genitalnih bradavica. I za kraj ono najbitnije: Gardasil štiti do 7, a Cervarix do 10 godina!, Izvješće , objavljeno u siječanjskom izdanju časopisa American Journal of Preventive Medicine, objavljuje svima nama, kako vjerojatno možemo biti mirni. Naime, prema preliminarnim rezultatima istraživanja, provedenog nad djevojkama (15-19 god.) u SAD, ne postoji poveznica između cjepiva HPV-a i sve ranije seksualne aktivnosti navedene skupine, te imanja seksualnih odnosa s više partnera. Prema glavnoj autorici izvješća, Nicole C. Liddon, ovo bi istraživanje trebalo na neki način, smanjiti zabrinutost oko povezanosti cijepljenja protiv HPV-a i povećane seksualne aktivnosti. Čak što više – istraživanje je pokazalo da spolno aktivne djevojke cijepljene protiv HPV-a, dosljedno koriste prezervativ – za razliku od onih koje nisu cijepljene protiv HPV-a. Uvjerenje kako je cjepivo uzrok povećane seksualnosti djevojaka , a spolno prenosive bolesti posljedica “neobuzdanog” seksualnog ponašanja, konzervativci će teško prihvati te će se i dalje protiviti cijepljenju. Nova studija provedena u SAD-u pokazala je da do oralne infekcije humanim papilomavirusom (HPV) dolazi kod 7 posto Amerikanca, a zanimljivo je da je učestalost oralnih infekcija HPV-om znatno veća u muškaraca nego u žena. Tako se pokazalo da su muškarci izloženi gotovo tri puta većem riziku od oralne infekcije HPV-om nego žene. Kada se u razmatranje uzme tip HPV 16, koji je odgovoran za veliku većinu oralnih karcinoma povezanih s HPV-om, tada muškarci imaju pet puta veću vjerojatnost da će biti zaraženi tipom HPV 16 nego žene. Najveći čimbenici rizika za oralnu infekciju HPV-om su seks i pušenje duhana. Rizik od oralne infekcije HPV-om veći je u osoba koje imaju više seksualnih partnera te koje puše. Smatra se da pušenje povećava rizik od oralne infekcije HPV-om zbog njegovog supresivnog učinka na imunološki sustav te oštećenja sluznice usne šupljine. Ostali čimbenici rizika uključuju prekomjerno konzumiranje alkohola, konzumiranje droga i neodgovorno seksualno ponašanje. HPV je najčešća spolno prenosiva infekcija u SAD-u, a kako bi se smanjio rizik od razvoja raka vrata maternice, djevojkama u dobi od 11 do 26 godina se preporuča cijepljenje protiv HPV-a. Jednako tako znanstvenici smatraju da bi se protiv HPV-a trebali cijepiti i dječaci. Izvor: Journal of the American Medical Association