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Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy (pronounced ret in OP uh thee) is a complication of diabetes that causes damage to the blood vessels of the retina— the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back part of the eye, allowing you to see fine detail. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in working-age Americans. As many people with type 1 diabetes suffer blindness as those with the more common type 2 disease. Diabetic retinopathy occurs in more than half of the people who develop diabetes. Video: Vision Treatment Breakthrough: People With Diabetic Eye Disease Have a New Option That Could Preserve or Improve Their Vision Symptoms It is possible to have diabetic retinopathy for a long time without noticing symptoms until substantial damage has occurred. Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy may occur in one or both eyes. Symptoms may include: - Blurred or double vision - Difficulty reading - The appearance of spots— commonly called “floaters”— in your vision - A shadow across the field of vision - Eye pain or pressure - Difficulty with color perception Causes The primary cause of diabetic retinopathy is diabetes—a condition in which the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood are too high. Elevated sugar levels from diabetes can damage the small blood vessels that nourish the retina and may, in some cases, block them completely. When damaged blood vessels leak fluid into the retina it results in a condition known as diabetic macular edema which causes swelling in the center part of the eye (macula) that provides the sharp vision needed for reading and recognizing faces. Prolonged damage to the small blood vessels in the retina results in poor circulation to the retina and macula prompting the development of growth factors that cause new abnormal blood vessels (neovascularization) and scar tissue to grow on the surface of the retina. This stage of the disease is known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). New vessels may bleed into the middle of the eye, cause scar tissue formation, pull on the retina, cause retinal detachment, or may cause high pressure and pain if the blood vessels grow on the iris, clogging the drainage system of the eye—all of this can cause vision loss. Risk factors Anyone who has diabetes is at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. Additional factors can increase the risk: - Disease duration: the longer someone has diabetes, the greater the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. - Poor control of blood sugar levels over time - High blood pressure - High cholesterol levels - Pregnancy Complications: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned that taking some medicines could cause macular edema. People with type 2 diabetes who use certain prescription medicines, such as pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia), to treat their diabetes have been reported to have a 3 to 6 times greater risk of macular edema. Other medications have had rare reports of macular edema. These include: - Prostaglandin analogs commonly used to treat glaucoma (Xalatan, Lumigan, and Travatan) - Tamoxifen, taxanes, and interferon (used in some cancer treatments) - Fingolimod (Gilenya) used in relapsing multiple sclerosis - Various herbal and vitamin supplements that include high doses of niacin (vitamin B3) Most people do not have eye side effects. Check with your physician for more information about prescription medications that could put you at risk. Diagnostic testing The best way to diagnose diabetic retinopathy is a dilated eye exam. During this exam, the physician places drops in the eyes to make the pupils dilate (open widely) to allow a better view of the inside of the eye, especially the retinal tissue. Figure 1. OCT of a patient with bilateral proliferative diabetic retinopathy with diabetic macular edema in the left eye. ©ASRS Retina Image Bank, May 2016. Olivia Rainey, Retina Specialists of Michigan. The physician will look for: - Swelling in the retina that threatens vision (diabetic macular edema) - Evidence of poor retina blood vessel circulation (retinal ischemia— pronounced iss KEY me uh) - Abnormal blood vessels that may predict an increased risk of developing new blood vessels - New blood vessels or scar tissue on the surface of the retina (proliferative diabetic retinopathy) Regular dilated eye exams by an ophthalmologist are important, especially for those who are at a higher risk for diabetic retinopathy or diabetes. If you are over age 50, an exam every 1 to 2 years is a good idea so the physician can look for signs of diabetes or diabetic retinopathy before any vision loss has occurred. In addition to checking for signs of diabetic eye disease, a comprehensive dilated eye exam will evaluate your vision/need for corrective lenses, eye pressure (looking for glaucoma), the “front” of the eye (eyelids, cornea, checking for dry eye), lens (looking for cataracts), as well as a complete exam of the retina and vitreous. In addition to this exam, physicians use other tests to detect and manage diabetic retinopathy: An optical coherence tomography (OCT) test provides highly detailed cross-sectional images of the retina that show its thickness, helping determine whether fluid has leaked into retinal tissue. The physician may take fundus photographs of the back of the eye to help detect and document diabetic retinopathy. These photos make it easier for the physician to monitor the disease on follow-up visits to determine if it is worsening. To evaluate retina blood vessel circulation, the physician may conduct a retinal photography test called fluorescein angiography (FA). After dilating the pupils, the physician will inject a dye into the patient’s arm. The dye then circulates through the eyes and works like a food coloring; however, it does not affect the kidneys and is unlike the dye that is used with MRIs and CAT scans. As the dye circulates, the physician takes pictures of the retina to accurately detect blood vessels that are closed, damaged, or leaking fluid. The pictures are black and white to help the doctor detect these changes more easily, but the process is not the same as having an x-ray. Prior to examination, ask your physician to discuss the risks and benefits of obtaining these images. With proper examinations, diabetic retinopathy can be detected before vision loss begins. If the physician detects signs of diabetic retinopathy, she/ he will determine how frequently follow-up examinations will be required to detect changes that would require treatment. Treatment and prognosis As a result of major government- and industrysponsored studies, there are many approved treatments for diabetic retinopathy, including intravitreal injections (small injections of medications into the middle cavity of the eye), laser treatments, and vitreous and retina surgery. These procedures can be done in an office or hospital setting to prevent, treat, or reverse damage from diabetes in the retina. Research has shown that eye injections often result in better vision than laser treatment alone for patients with diabetic macular edema. The key to these treatments is their ability to block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a chemical signal that stimulates leakage and abnormal blood vessel growth. Repeated doses of anti-VEGF medications may be needed to prevent blood vessels from leaking fluid and causing vision loss. Even if not all vision loss from diabetic retinopathy can be prevented or treated, patients usually are able to find resources to help them live with diminished vision. If you have been diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy or diabetes and have vision loss that cannot be reversed, a retina specialist can help you find access to rehabilitation with a variety of tools to make everyday living with this disease a little bit easier. A retina specialist can also help connect you with others who have similar limitations. Prevention: Patients with diabetes frequently ask, “Is there anything I can do to keep from getting diabetic retinopathy or to prevent or treat vision loss once it occurs?” If you have diabetes, the National Eye Institute suggests that you keep your health on TRACK: - Take your medicines as prescribed by your doctor - Reach and maintain a healthy weight - Add physical activity to your day - Control your ABCs—A1C, blood pressure, and cholesterol - Kick the smoking habit Regular dilated eye exams reduce the risk of developing more severe complications from the disease. It is extremely important for diabetic patients to maintain the eye examination schedule put in place by the retina specialist. How often an examination is needed depends on the severity of your disease. Through early detection, the retina specialist can begin a treatment regimen to help prevent vision loss in almost all patients and preserve the activities you most enjoy.
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dijabetička retinopatija uzrokuje gubitak vida na dva različita načina . U proliferativna dijabetička retinopatija , koji jenajnapredniji oblik (faza 4 ) bolesti , abnormalne krvne žile razvijaju u oku . Ove krvne žile su krhke i lako razbiti , što uzrokuje krvarenje u oku i uzrokuje gubitak vida . U makularne edema , curi krvne žile uzrokovati oticanje u središnjem dijelu mrežnice - dio koji je potreban za oštar vid . U mnogim pacijentima oba uvjeta postoje u isto vrijeme , a može i treba biti tretirana na zasebnom laserska kirurgija sessions.Laser kirurgije u liječenju i dijabetička retinopatija i edem makule se izvodi u liječničkoj ordinaciji . Učenici moraju biti raširene i za laserske tretmane ibolesnik mora sjesti na laser ; .Laser postava sliči biomicroscope slit lampe PRP Scatter laserski tretman , također poznat kao panretinal fotokoagulacijom (PRP ) , koristi se za proliferativnu dijabetičku retinopatiju . Laserska zraka se koristi da uzrokuju male opekline na periferiji mrežnice . Ove opekline uzrokuju abnormalne krvne žile se smanjiti i nestati . Natjecati tretman sadrži između 1000 i 1200 laserske točke i obično završi u nekoliko sesija . To traje nekoliko tjedana za krvnih žila u potpunosti shrink.A kontaktnih leća koje se održava od oka se koriste tijekom postupka laserom , ovaj objektiv donosi periferiju mrežnice u boljem fokusu Focal Laser Za makularne edema ,tehnika se zove žarišna laserski tretman ili fotokoagulacija je zaposlen . Testiranje se provodi prije postupka pokazati liječniku točno gdje curi krvne žile su u makule . Tijekom operacije laser , specifični Propustljiv posude su tretirani s laserom ih zapečatiti i zaustavitipostupak leakage.Focal laser kirurgija je preciznija od raspršeni laserske terapije . Ovaj postupak se obavlja putem kontaktnih leća , kao i, ovaj objektiv pomaže uvećali središnji dio mrežnice paliječnik može liječiti curi krvne žile . Oticanje makule i treba vremena da se poboljša . Rizici Glavni rizici povezani s laserske operacije za dijabetičke retinopatije uključuju slijepe pjege od laser opeklina . U raspršeni laserska terapija , slijepe pjege se nalazi u perifernim vidom , nakon žarišne liječenja , oni se nalaze u središnjem vizualnom field.Generally ove slijepe pjege su privremeni ipacijent ih neće primijetiti tijekom vremena . Neki ljudi mogu primijetiti neke gubitak noćni vid nakon rasuli laserske operacije . Prevencija /Solution Međutim uspješna laserska kirurgija u liječenju dijabetičke retinopatije i sprečavanje daljnje gubitak vid , ovaj tretman se ne može dohvatiti vida koja je prethodno izgubljena zbog dijabetesa . Ta činjenica čini sprečavanje dijabetesa i uske upravljanje dijabetičke bolesti svevažnija . Redoviti pregledi oka također su ključni u upravljanju dijabetes retinopathy.More važnije , jer ne postoji lijek za dijabetes , dijabetes bolest oka može ponovno pojaviti u bilo kojem trenutku u budućnosti . Laserski tretmani mogu ponavljati koliko je potrebno , ali to ne riješi temeljne probleme . From:http://hr.265health.com/surgeries-operations/laser-eye-surgery/1016024369.html