http___hr.265health.com_cancer_ovarian-cancer_1016014998.html_1.xml
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causes The exact causes of ovarian cancer remain unknown. Some researchers believe it has to do with the tissue-repair process that follows the monthly release of an egg through a tiny tear in an ovarian follicle (ovulation) during a woman's reproductive years. The formation and division of new cells at the rupture site may set up a situation in which genetic errors occur. Others propose that the increased hormone levels before and during ovulation may stimulate the growth of abnormal cells. Underlying medical conditions linked to the development of ovarian cancer include Lynch II syndrome, hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, and hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome. diagnosis Pelvic examination: Examination of the vagina, uterus, rectum and pelvis, including the ovaries, for masses or growths is performed during a pelvis exam. Ultrasound: Pelvic ultrasound provides a safe, noninvasive way to evaluate the size, shape and configuration of the ovaries. Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. However, an ultrasound cannot reliably tell between a cancerous growth from one that is not cancerous. Ultrasound can also find fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), a possible sign of ovarian cancer. Blood tests: CA 125 is a protein made by certain cells in the body which include those of the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and the lining of the abdominal and chest cavities. Its function is not currently understood. CA stands for cancer antigen. Many women with ovarian cancer have abnormally high levels of CA 125. However, a number of noncancerous conditions also cause elevated CA 125 levels. Additionally, many women with early-stage ovarian cancer have normal CA 125 levels. Because of this lack of specificity, the CA 125 test is not used for routine screening in average-risk women and is of uncertain benefit in high-risk women. Tests to measure the levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the blood may also be used to help diagnose ovarian cancer. AFP and HCG are substances that may be signs of ovarian germ cell tumor when found at increased levels. Other tests: Other diagnostic tests may include computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A surgical procedure called a laparotomy allows the surgeon to exam the abdominal area to determine whether cancer is present. The surgeon may collect samples of abdominal fluid and remove an ovary for examination by a pathologist. signs and symptoms Symptoms of ovarian cancer may mimic those of many other more common conditions, including digestive and bladder disorders. Symptoms include sensation of abdominal pressure, fullness, swelling or bloating, urinary urgency, and pelvic discomfort or pain. These symptoms during ovarian cancer do not tend to subside. Additional signs and symptoms that women with ovarian cancer may experience include persistent indigestion, gas or nausea, unexplained changes in bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation, changes in bladder habits, including a frequent need to urinate, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss or gain, increased abdominal girth or clothes fitting tighter around the waist, pain during intercourse (dyspareunia), lack of energy, and low back pain. complications Complications of ovarian cancer include metastasis (spreading) to other organs, including the pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes, the abdominal cavity (causing fluid buildup), the lungs and sac surrounding the lungs (pleura), bones, liver, and brain. risk factors Women who started menstruating at an early age (before age 12), had no children or had their first child after age 30, and/or experienced menopause after age 50 are at high risk of developing ovarian cancer. Women with a history of breast cancer also are at high risk for developing ovarian cancer. Menopause also increases the risk of developing ovarian cancer, especially if hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) is being used. Inherited gene mutations: The most significant risk factor for ovarian cancer is having an inherited mutation in one of two genes called breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2). These genes were originally identified in families with multiple cases of breast cancer, but according to research reports, they are also responsible for about 5-10% of ovarian cancers. An individual is at particularly high risk of carrying these types of mutations if they're of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Another known genetic link involves an inherited syndrome called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Individuals in HNPCC families are at increased risk of cancers of the uterine lining (endometrium), colon, ovary, stomach and small intestine. Risk of ovarian cancer associated with HNPCC is lower than is that of ovarian cancer associated with BRCA mutations. Other hereditary risk factors include basal cell nevus syndrome, Lynch II Syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), multiple endocrine neoplasia I, and Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. Family history: Ovarian cancer may occur in more than one family member, although it can occur in individuals who have no family members with the disease. If the individual has one first-degree relative (a mother, daughter or sister) with ovarian cancer, the risk of developing the disease is 5% over a lifetime. Age: Ovarian cancer most often develops after menopause. The risk of developing ovarian cancer increases with age through a woman's late 70s. Although most cases of ovarian cancer are diagnosed in postmenopausal women, the disease may also occur in premenopausal women. Childbearing status: Women who have had at least one pregnancy appear to have a lower risk of developing ovarian cancer, unless the pregnancy was not carried to term. The use of oral contraceptives also appears to offer some protection against ovarian cancer. The protective effect of oral contraceptives can persist more than 10 years after they are discontinued. Infertility: Studies indicate that infertility may increase the risk of ovarian cancer, even without use of fertility drugs. The risk appears to be highest for women with unexplained infertility and for women with infertility who never conceive. In some studies, researchers have found that prolonged use of the fertility drug clomiphene citrate (Clomid®), especially without achieving pregnancy, may increase the risk for developing ovarian tumors. Ovarian cysts: Cyst formation is a normal part of ovulation in premenopausal women. However, cysts that form after menopause have a greater chance of being cancerous. The likelihood of cancer increases with the size of the growth and with age. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder where many fluid-filled cysts (sacs) are present and male hormones (androgens) are excessively high. PCOS can increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Some research suggests that long-term use of HRT (10 years or more) increases the risk of ovarian cancer. In a study of more than 200,000 women, researchers from the American Cancer Society found that using estrogen replacement therapy (estrogen without progestin) for 10 or more years increases the risk of death from ovarian cancer. While the chances of developing ovarian cancer doubles with prolonged estrogen use, the risk still appears to be small, estimated at approximately 2% over a lifetime. However, the study did not include data from women who used combination hormone replacement therapy (estrogen and progesterone), which is the most common regimen prescribed today. While researchers are not certain why estrogen therapy increases the risk of ovarian cancer, they do know that estrogen causes ovarian cells to produce at faster than normal rates. Obesity in early adulthood: Studies have suggested that women who are obese at age 18 are at increased risk of developing ovarian cancer before menopause. Obesity may also be linked to more aggressive ovarian cancers, which can result in a shorter time to disease relapse and a decrease in the overall survival rate. Talcum powder: Some studies have shown a slight increase in risk of ovarian cancer among women who used talcum powder (baby powder) on the genital area. Asbestos in the powder may explain the link, but these products have been free of asbestos for more than 20 years. Smoking and alcohol use: Some studies have found smoking and alcohol use may increase the risk for developing one type of ovarian cancer, called mucinous ovarian cancer.
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Ne postoje specifični simptomi za rak jajnika pažena s rakom jajnika mogu biti dijagnosticiran drugim uvjetima . Međutim , uporni simptomi koji se postupno pogoršati , kao što su u trbuhu, zdjelici , leđima ili pritisak noge ili bol , puni , natečene ili nadutog trbuha , česta potreba za mokrenjem , otežano disanje , uporni loša , plin, mučnina , zatvor, ili proljev , gubitak apetit , teška razdoblja , bol tijekom spolnog odnosa i nedostatka energije su obično znakovi raka jajnika . vrste tri vrste tumora postoje prema kojoj oni čine u jajnika . Epitelni tumori se javljaju u tankom sloju tkiva koji obuhvaća jajnici . Tumora zametnih stanica se pojavljuju u stanicama jaja proizvode u jajniku . Stromalne tumora razvijaju se u tkivu koje proizvode estrogen i progesteron . Uzroci i faktori rizika Iako je točan uzrok raka jajnika je nepoznat , znanstvenici vjeruju da Postupak popravka tkiva koje prati ovulacije može biti povezana s razvojem raka jajnika . Ostala istraživanja vjeruju da povećana razina hormona prije i tijekom ovulacije može proizvesti na rast kancerogenih stanica . Određeni čimbenici , iako ne mislim da je rak jajnika će se razvijati , može povećati rizik od raka jajnika . Čimbenici rizika su naslijeđene mutacije gena , obiteljska anamneza raka , povijest dojke , maternice , debelog crijeva ili rektuma , dobi, kao što je u žena starijih od 55 godina , pretilost , nikada nije ni bila trudna , neplodnosti , žene koje su imale hormonske nadomjesne terapije ili uzeti lijekove s muškog hormona , androgena. testovi i dijagnoza Dijagnostički testovi za rak jajnika daju ako se simptomi koji sugeriraju raka jajnika pronađena . To uključuje fizički ispit , pregled zdjelice , ultrazvuk, test CA 125 u krvi, biopsija , CT, MRI ili rentgen . Tretmani Liječenje raka jajnika je obično kroz operacije koju ginekološkog onkologa slijedi kemoterapija . Debulking je operaciju koja uklanja koliko od raka moguće i laparotomija je operaciju koja uklanja oba jajnici, jajovodi i maternica i obližnje limfne čvorove . Kemoterapija se može primijeniti izravno u trbuh i zdjelice kroz tanke cijevi ili uzeti na usta ili ubrizgava u venu . Zračenje je također ponekad koristi za liječenje simptoma uznapredovalog raka . Prevencija Prema American Cancer Society , korištenje kontracepcijskih pilula za pet ili više godina je smanjen rizik od raka jajnika u žena preko 50 posto . Nakon što je u drugom stanju i dojenje smanjuje rizik od razvoja raka jajnika , kao ida svoje cijevi vezan iliima histerektomiju . From:http://hr.265health.com/cancer/ovarian-cancer/1016014998.html