http___hr.265health.com_cancer_bladder-cancer_1016000917.html_1.xml
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background Bladder cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells, usually originating in the bladder lining. The bladder is an organ located in the pelvic cavity that stores and discharges urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys, carried to the bladder by hollow tubes called ureters, and discharged from the bladder through a tube called the urethra. The uncontrolled growth of these abnormal bladder cells eventually form tumors. A tumor is a mass or lump of tissue made of these uncontrolled, abnormal cells. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are not cancerous, and cells from benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. In most cases, benign tumors do not come back after they are removed. Benign tumors are rarely a threat to life. Malignant tumors are cancerous. They are generally more serious and can and invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. The wall of the bladder is lined with cells called transitional cells and squamous cells. More than 90% of bladder cancers begin in the transitional cells. The same type of cells occurs in the kidneys, ureters, and urethra, where malignant tumors may also be found. Some bladder cancers remain confined to the bladder lining (called carcinoma in situ). But other cancers are invasive, growing into or through the bladder wall, and eventually into nearby lymph nodes and adjacent organs. The cancer may metastasize (spread) over time to other organs, including the vagina and uterus in women, the prostate in men, and the lungs, liver, or bones. Bladder cancer accounts for approximately 90% of cancers of the urinary tract, including renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the United States. According to the American Cancer Society, about 53,200 Americans are diagnosed with bladder cancer each year and 12,200 die annually of the disease. The estimated new cases and deaths from bladder cancer in the U.S. in 2007 are 67,160 and 13,750, respectively. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the highest incidence of bladder cancer occurs in industrialized countries such as the U.S., Canada, and France. Incidence is lowest in Asia and South America, where it is about 70% lower than in the United States. Smoking is the greatest single risk factor for bladder cancer. Treating bladder cancer that has metastasized (spread) can be difficult, but if the bladder cancer is detected early, before it has metastasized, the chances of a successful treatment with minimal side effects is likely. Related Terms Adenocarcinoma, anemia, Aristolochia fangchi, aristolochic acid, arsenic, Bailcle Callmette-uerin, benign, biological therapy, bladder, bone scan, carcinoma in situ, chemotherapy, computerized tomography, contrast dye, CT scan, cystectomy, cystoprostatectomy, cystoscope, cystoscopy, dysuria, fallopian tube, FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization, genetic, hematuria, hydronephrosis, ileal conduit, immunotherapy, incontinence, intravenous pyelogram, IVP, kidney, lymph, lymphadenectomy, lymphatic system, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), malignant, metastasize, MRI scan, neobladder, nonpolyposis, nuclear matrix protein, ostomy, ovary, PDT, photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers, pneumonia, polyuria, proctitis, prostate, radical cystectomy, radiopaque, renal pelvis, Schistosoma haematobium, segmental cystectomy, smoking, squamous cells, transitional cells, transurethral resection, tumor, TUR, ureteral reflux, ureters, urethra, urinary reservoir, urinary tract infection, urinary tract, urostomy, UTI, vagina, x-ray. staging If bladder cancer is diagnosed, the doctor needs to know the stage, or extent, of the disease to plan the best treatment. Staging is a careful attempt to find out whether the cancer has invaded the bladder wall, whether the disease has spread, and if so, to what parts of the body. The doctor may determine the stage of bladder cancer at the time of diagnosis, or may need to give the patient more tests, such as CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), intravenous pyelogram, bone scan, or chest x-ray. Sometimes staging is not complete until the patient has surgery. The stage refers to the physical location of the tumor within the bladder or, more specifically, the tumor's depth of penetration. In general, tumor stage is confined to one of two categories: (1) superficial, surface tumors, or (2) invasive, deep-spreading tumors. Superficial tumors affect only the bladder lining. They grow up and out from the lining tissue and extend into the bladder's hollow cavity. Invasive tumors grow down into the deeper layers of bladder tissue, and they may involve surrounding muscle, fat, and/or nearby organs. Invasive tumors are more dangerous than superficial tumors, since they are more likely to metastasize. This determination requires a diagnostic procedure using a cystoscopic examination that includes a biopsy and examination under general anesthesia to assess the size and movement of the tumors, the degree of hardening of the bladder wall, and the presence of malignancy (spreading) to nearby organs. Clinical staging often underestimates the extent of tumor. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM classification to define bladder cancer. TNM designates the tumor, N designates regional lymph node involvement, and M designates metastasis (spreading). The stages are then further divided into stage groupings, consisting of; Stage 0, where the cancer cells are found only on the surface of the inner lining of the bladder (generally called superficial cancer or carcinoma in situ; Stage I, where the cancer cells are found deep in the inner lining of the bladder but may not have not spread to the muscle of the bladder; Stage II, where the cancer cells have spread to the muscle of the bladder; Stage III, where the cancer cells have spread through the muscular wall of the bladder to the layer of tissue surrounding the bladder. The cancer cells may have spread to the prostate (in men) or to the uterus or vagina (in women); and Stage IV, where the cancer extends to the wall of the abdomen or to the wall of the pelvis. The cancer cells may have spread to lymph nodes and other parts of the body far away from the bladder, such as the lungs.
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Najranija faza raka mjehura je pozornica 0 . U ovoj faziraka je neinvazivna , kancerogene stanice su počeli formirati , ali oni nisu napali mišića ili vezivnog tkiva . Nema šanserak je imao priliku da se proširio na limfne čvorove ili druge obližnje dijelove tijela . Prognoza za ovu fazu raka mjehura je dobra . American Cancer Society određuje prognozu za pacijente na temelju pet godina stopa izdržljivosti . Pet godina stopa preživljavanja za nekoga sa stadijem raka mjehura 0 iznosi 98 posto . Etapa Stage 1 i dalje se smatra početkom u fazi rasta stanica raka . Kancerogene stanice se vidi raste i oni su napali mišića mjehura i tkiva , ali nisu izrasli u vezivnom tkivu . Još uvijek nema šanse u ovoj fazi da se rak proširio na limfne čvorove ili obližnjim dijelovima tijela . Petogodišnji prognoza za nekoga s Stage 1 raka je 88 posto . ( American Cancer Society , Inc , 2009) Stage II U fazi 2 od raka mokraćnog mjehura , kancerogene stanice su se proširile u debelim slojem mišić koji okružuje zid mjehura . Rak nije prodrla iu sloj masnog tkiva koje okružuje mjehura izvana . Stanice raka nije se proširio na limfne čvorove ili druge obližnje organe . Prognoza u ovoj fazi je manje pozitivnih nego ako se otkrije u fazi 0 ili 1 , ali je stopa preživljavanja je još uvijek više od polovice . American Cancer Society navodi da jepet godina stopa preživljavanja je oko 63 posto za pacijente u ovoj fazi progresiju raka . Fazi III Stage 3 mjehura rak je naznačeno dubine rasta kancerogenih stanica . U ovoj fazi ,rak se smatra invazivni . Rak je narasla u potpunosti kroz slojeve vanjskog zida mjehura i može se širiti na druge dijelove tijela , uključujući i obližnjih organa ili žlijezde , kao što su prostate , maternice ili vagine . Stanice raka se još uvijek ne raste u zid trbuha i dalje nema šanserast je proširio i na limfne čvorove ili drugim mjestima u tijelu koji nisu u bliziniizvorni područje rasta . Raka mjehura u ovoj fazi još uvijek može liječiti . Nadalje uz pacijentu dijagnosticirana , međutim ,manje nadeprognoze . Stage 3 prognozu za pet godina stopa izdržljivosti je nešto manje od polovice , na 46 posto . ( American Cancer Society , Inc , 2009) Stage IV Stage 4 jezadnji stadij raka mokraćnog mjehura . Kancerogene stanice su napali zid mjehura u potpunosti i počeli da napadnu zid trbuha ili zdjelice zid kao dobro. Vrlo je vjerojatno da je u ovoj fazi rasta stanica ,rak možda proširila na limfne čvorove ili druge udaljene dijelove tijela kao što su kosti , jetra ili pluća . Postoji liječenje za ovu fazu stanju , alipet godina prognozu za nekoga s ovom stadiju raka mokraćnog mjehura nije baš dobro - samo 15 posto . ( American Cancer Society , Inc , 2009 ) Upozorenje Svakako posjetite svog liječnika ako primijetite krv u mokraći , ima bolno ili učestalo mokrenje , vrati bolovi ili bolovi u trbuhu . From:http://hr.265health.com/cancer/bladder-cancer/1016000917.html