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background A food allergy occurs when an individual's immune system mistakes a food protein for a foreign substance. The immune cells overreact to substances that are normally harmless. During the allergic reaction, the body releases chemicals that trigger symptoms that can than affect the eyes, nose, and throat, as well as the skin and the lungs. Even a trace amount of the allergen can cause a reaction in sensitive individuals. Food allergens are the parts of foods (usually proteins) that cause allergic reactions. Most allergens can still cause allergic reactions even after they are cooked or have been digested. However, some allergens (usually from fruit and vegetables) only cause allergic reaction when they are eaten raw. Such reactions are generally limited to the mouth and throat. Trace amounts of food allergens may also trigger reactions in some patients. For instance, patients who are allergic to peanuts may develop an allergic reaction after eating food that has been manufactured in the same facility as peanuts. Some patients may develop an allergic reaction if a kitchen utensil touched a food allergen and then touched their food. It is also possible to have an allergic reaction after smelling food allergens. The severity and duration of allergy symptoms vary among patients. Symptoms can develop anywhere from several minutes to several hours after exposure to the food allergen. Anaphylaxis is the most severe type of allergic reaction that may occur. The most serious symptoms of anaphylaxis include low blood pressure, breathing difficulties, shock, and loss of consciousness, all of which can be fatal. About 30,000 Americans need emergency room treatment and 150 die each year because of allergic reactions to food, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Certain food allergies, including allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and/or shellfish, may have longer-lasting effects. However, new studies show that up to 20% of people who are allergic to these foods may lose their allergic sensitivities over time. Food allergy is usually prevalent among individuals who have a family history of allergies. About eight percent of children, and two percent of adults in the United States are estimated to have food allergies. Food allergies are most common during the first few years of life, and allergic sensitivity declines over the first decade of life for most patients. To help patients avoid known food allergens, the U.S. Congress passed the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA). The law, which went into effect January 1, 2006, requires food manufacturers to clearly state on their packages whether the food is made with any ingredients that contain protein from the eight major allergenic foods. These foods include: milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, and soybeans. Related Terms Allergen, allergens, allergic, allergic reaction, allergic asthma, response, allergies, allergy, anaphylaxis, antibodies, antibody, asthma, epinephrine, epinephrine auto-injector, food additives, food intolerance, food poisoning, hypersensitivity, (IgE), immune, immune defense system, immune response, immune system, immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin E, lactose intolerance, radioallergosorbent test (RAST®), sensitization, sensitized, white blood cells. children and food allergy According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), six foods cause 90% of food allergies in children. These six foods are milk, peanuts, soy, eggs, wheat, and tree nuts (like pecans and walnuts). Children usually outgrow allergies to milk, eggs, and soy. However, allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish continue throughout adulthood. Children with skin disorders (like eczema or psoriasis) are more likely to develop food allergies. In fact, food allergies are seen in about 35% of children with eczema. Children who have allergic reactions to inhaled substances, such as dust, mold spores, or pollen, also have an increased risk of developing food allergies. Low-dose exposure of peanut protein or peanut oil products may cause peanut allergies in children, according to one study. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children should not consume peanuts or peanut-containing products until they are three years old if they have experienced other food allergies. Strawberries should also be avoided until the baby is about 10-12 months old. Children whose mothers have food allergies are more likely to inherit the allergy if born by cesarean section, according to one study. One study of children with allergic mothers who had C-section deliveries found that the babies were seven times more likely to develop food allergies than predisposed children who were born vaginally. cross reactivity and oral allergy syndrome In some cases, an allergy to one food may result in sensitivity to similar foods because they share the same or similar proteins. For instance, consuming cross-reactive proteins that are found in foods like peaches, apples, pears, and cherries will cause itchiness of the mouth and throat in people who are allergic to birch tree pollens. Some patients who experience seasonal allergy symptoms may experience a worsening of symptoms after eating fresh fruits. This is called oral allergy syndrome. common food allergens General: The most common food allergens are the proteins in cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. In some food groups, especially tree nuts and seafood, an allergy to one food may cause the patient to be allergic to all the members of the same group. This is known as cross-reactivity. However, it is also possible to be allergic to both peanuts and walnuts, which are from different food families. Cross-reactivity is not as common in the meat food group. For instance, many patients who are allergic to eggs can eat chicken, and many patients who are allergic to cow's milk can eat beef. Cow's milk: Although individuals of any age can develop allergies to cow's milk, it is most common among infants. It is estimated that two to three percent of infants have a milk allergy, but they typically outgrow it by the time they reach three to five years old. Breastfed infants are less likely to develop allergies to cow's milk than those who are not. Allergy symptoms may develop immediately after ingesting milk or as long as seven days after consuming cow's milk. Mother's of an allergic infant should limit their intake of cow's milk. The protein in cow's milk that causes the allergic reaction may pass from the mother to her baby via breastfeeding. Eggs: Most individuals who are allergic to eggs are allergic to the protein in egg whites. However, some patients cannot tolerate the egg yolks either. An allergic reaction can also occur if the eggs are cooked or prepared with other foods. In fact, some patients develop an allergic reaction just by smelling or touching eggs. Most allergic reactions develop minutes to hours after ingesting or coming into contact with eggs or food made with eggs. Symptoms generally subside in less than one day. Peanuts: Peanut allergy is the number one cause of severe or fatal allergic reactions in children and adults in the United States. Peanut allergy causes 15,000 emergency room visits each year and is responsible for nearly 150 deaths nationwide. Even a trace amount of the food can cause a serious reaction in sensitive individuals. Less than 21% of patients with peanut allergy will outgrow it. When allergic individuals consume peanuts or peanut-containing foods, an anaphylactic reaction takes place. This is a serious, life-threatening reaction that affects many parts of the body. Symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction include itching, hives over large areas of the body, swelling in the throat or tongue, difficulty breathing, dizziness, stomach cramps, nausea, or diarrhea. Despite the increase in peanut allergies over the years, the exact cause remains unknown. Some research believe they may be inherited or due to prenatal exposure to peanuts. They may also be caused by exposure to peanut oils (from products like diaper creams) on an infant's skin. Wheat: An allergic reaction to wheat occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to a protein in wheat called gluten. Gluten is found in products such as wheat, rye, barley, and oats. However, some patients are able to tolerate oats. Modern wheat products are manufactured to contain high amounts of gluten. Celiac disease is not the same as wheat allergy because it does not involve the body's immune system. Soy: The proteins in soy can cause an allergic reaction in sensitive people. Soy products are used in many manufactured products. Also, many fast food restaurants use soy products in their foods. Therefore, patients who are allergic to soy should always read food labels carefully and ask about ingredients. Many medications, including Benadryl® Fastmelts, contain soy proteins. Therefore, patients who are allergic to soy should consult their healthcare providers and pharmacists before taking medications. Some patients may be able to tolerate some soy products. For instance, soybean oil does not usually cause an allergic reaction because it does not contain the soy proteins responsible for such a response. Also, some fermented soy foods like miso and tempeh may cause a more mild allergic reaction than whole soybeans. Patients who are allergic to soy may also react to other similar foods, such as peanuts, green peas, lima beans, chickpeas, wheat, string beans, rye, and barley. Fish: Allergic reactions to fish are often severe, and they are usually life-long. Individuals can develop a severe allergic reaction after coming into contact with just trace amounts of the allergen. Some patients may develop a reaction after inhaling the fumes of fish that is being cooked. Therefore, individuals who are allergic to fish should avoid seafood restaurants. Even if the patient orders a non-fish meal, there is a significant risk that a kitchen utensil (like a spatula whisk or spoon) may have come into contact with fish. Patients may be allergic to one or more types of fish. Patients can be tested to determine their exact fish allergies. Shellfish: Most people are only allergic to one type of shellfish; either crustaceans (like shrimp, crabs or lobsters) or mollusks (like clams, oysters, or muscles). Crustaceans are more likely to cause an allergic reaction. Some patients may be allergic to both types of shellfish. Shellfish allergies may be severe, and they are typically life-long. Even trace amounts of shellfish are capable of inducing a severe allergic reaction. Some patients may develop a reaction after inhaling the fumes of shellfish that is being cooked. Therefore, individuals who are allergic to shellfish should avoid seafood restaurants. Even if the patient orders a non-fish meal, there is a significant risk that a kitchen utensil (like a spatula, whisk, or spoon) may have come into contact with shellfish. Also, imitation shellfish (like imitation crab meat) might contain trace amounts of shellfish. Many manufacturing companies add shellfish for flavoring. Tree nuts: Tree nut allergies are often severe, and they are typically life-long. Even trace amounts of tree nuts can cause an allergic reaction in sensitive people. Examples of nuts in the tree nut family include walnuts, pecans, pistachios, cashews, Brazil nuts, beechnuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts, filbert nuts, hickory nuts, almonds and macadamia nuts. Patients can be tested to determine the nuts they are allergic to. Some patients who are allergic to tree nuts may be able to tolerate peanuts. Others cannot tolerate either. food intolerance General: Food intolerance is different than a food allergy because it does not involve the immune system. Food intolerance refers to an abnormal response to food or food additives that is not an allergic reaction. Also, unlike food allergies, which may be potentially fatal, food intolerance is generally not life threatening. For instance, patients who are lactose intolerant may experience abdominal pain and cramping after consuming milk because the patients lacks the enzymes necessary to break down milk sugar for digestion. Since the immune system is not involved in the reaction, it is not an allergic response. Food additives: Food additives are substances or chemicals that are added to food to make it last longer, taste better, or look more appealing. Some individuals develop adverse reaction to food additives. Consuming large amounts of food additives may produce symptoms that appear similar to allergic symptoms. The most common foods additives that cause intolerance include yellow dye number 5, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and sulfites. In rare cases, yellow dye number 5 has caused hives in sensitive people. MSG, which is used to enhance the flavor of foods, can cause flushing, sensations of warmth, light-headedness, headache, facial pressure, chest pain, and feelings of detachment when consumed in large amounts. These symptoms are temporary and occur soon after consuming large amounts of food that contains MSG. Sulfites occur naturally in some foods, and they are sometimes added to food to prevent mold growth or enhance crispness. However, high concentrations of sulfites can cause the airways to constrict in asthma patients. The sulfites emit a gas called sulfur dioxide, which the asthmatic inhales while eating the food. This gas irritates the lungs and may make it difficult to breathe. Consequently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned sulfites that were used as spray-on preservatives for fruits and vegetables. However, sulfites are still added to some foods. They also form when wine ferments. Food poisoning: Another type of food intolerance is called food poisoning. Food poisoning usually occurs after consuming food that is contaminated with microorganisms like bacteria. Ingesting contaminated food can produce symptoms that appear similar to food allergy. who should consult an allergist Individuals with a diagnosed food allergy. Individuals who have limited diets based on perceived side effects of foods. Individuals with a family history of allergies. Individuals who are pregnant or have a newborn. Individuals who have experienced allergic symptoms (such as hives, itching, wheezing, gastrointestinal responses) linked to certain food exposure. Individuals who experience itchiness in their mouth after eating raw fruits and vegetables. Infants and elderly patients with acid reflux disease that does not respond to treatment (especially if it is difficult to swallow). Infants with unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea (especially if there is blood in the stool), poor growth, and/or poor absorption, which do not respond to medical treatment. Individuals who have an inflamed gut caused by an increase of white blood cells called eosinophils.
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Alergijske reakcije na rezultat hrane iz prekomjernog odgovor imunološkog sustava na proteina u hrani . Prema klinici Cleveland , 8 posto djece i 1 do 2 posto odraslih u SAD-u imaju neku vrstu alergije na hranu . Alergijske reakcije na hranu može biti blaga i kratkotrajna ili bi mogla biti teška , čak smrtonosna - ako ne i hitno liječiti . Vrste Na Prema Mayo Clinic , alergijske reakcije na hranu mogu biti umjereni alergije ili teške anafilaksije . Neki alergijske reakcije mogu biti inducirana vježbanjem ubrzo nakon jela . Ostale vrste alergijske reakcije mogu biti posljedica unakrsne reaktivnosti proteina u povrću i voću na pelud u zraku . Značajke Prema klinici Cleveland , šest namirnice koje najčešće uzrokuju alergijske reakcije kod djece su kravlje mlijeko , pšenica , soja , orašasti plodovi , jaja i kikirikija . Kod odraslih osoba , najčešće alergijske reakcije na hranu su iz kikiriki, orašaste plodove , školjke i ribe . Prema Mayo Clinic, kuhano voće i povrće neće izazvati alergijske reakcije . Identifikacija Alergije na hranu mogu biti dijagnoza od strane liječnika nakon izlaganja hrane koja je izazvala alergijska reakcija . Alergijske reakcije na hranu može se prepoznati po testovima obaviti u liječničkoj ordinaciji . Ilikožni test ispočetka koristeći uobičajene alergene ili test na antitijela u krvi može biti učinjeno kako bi dijagnozu alergije na određene namirnice . Razmatranja etiketi mogu koristiti različite nazive za određene sastojke . Mlijeko može također biti identificiran kao kazein , sirutke , protein sirutke , natrij kazeinat ili lactoglobulin.Food alergije su češće u djetinjstvu i mogu prerasti . Djeca koja su dojena su manje vjerojatno da će razviti alergija nego oni koji su hranjeni formula . Prevencija /Solution najbolji način da se spriječi alergijske reakcije na hranu je kako bi se izbjeglo poznate alergene i testiranje nakonalergije se sumnjiči . Čeka se tek nakon šest mjeseci starosti hraniti dojenče čvrste hrane može spriječiti alergije iz pojavio . Čitanje hrane oznake i izbjegavanje neoznačenih namirnica može spriječiti alergijske reakcije . Ljudi koji su skloni teških alergijskih reakcija na hranu trebao nositi svoje lijekove i alergiju karticu koja identificira alergije . Upozorenje Srpski Srpski unakrsne kontaminacije hrane pripremljene u restoranima može rezultirati izlaganjem vrijeđa hrane . Osoba koja ima vrtoglavicu , otežano disanje, nesvjestica ili nakon konzumacije hrane trebao zvati hitne medicinske pomoći . Teške alergijske reakcije na hranu zahtijevaju hitnu liječničku pomoć zbog rizika od udara ili smrti . From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/allergies/1016051557.html