http___hr.265health.com_conditions-treatments_infectious-diseases_1016041872.html_1.xml
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causes Bacterial meningitis: Meningitis in newborns is a rare condition that usually results from an infection of the bloodstream (sepsis). The infection is typically caused by bacteria acquired from the birth canal, most commonly group B streptococci, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Older infants and children usually develop infection through contact with respiratory secretions from infected people. Bacteria that infect older infants and children include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningititis. Haemophilus influenzae type b was the most common cause of meningitis, but widespread vaccination against that organism has now made it a rare cause. Newer, improved vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitiis (pneumococcal and meningococcal conjugate vaccines) should also make these organisms rare causes of childhood meningitis. Viral meningitis: Viral meningitis is usually mild and often clears on its own in 10 days or less. A group of common viruses known as enteroviruses, which cause stomach flu, are responsible for about 90% of viral meningitis in the United States. Fungal meningitis: Fungal meningitis is relatively uncommon. Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal form of the disease caused by Cryptococus neoformans. Cryptococcal meningitis affects individuals with immune deficiencies, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fungal meningitis can be life-threatening if not treated with an antifungal medication. Chronic meningitis: Chronic (long-term) forms of meningitis occur when slow-growing organisms invade the membranes and fluid surrounding the brain. Although acute meningitis strikes suddenly, chronic meningitis develops over four weeks or more. Nevertheless, the signs and symptoms of chronic meningitis, including headaches, fever, vomiting, and mental cloudiness, are similar to those of acute meningitis. This type of meningitis is rare. Chronic meningitis can be fungal, bacterial, or viral. Other causes: Meningitis can also result from noninfectious causes, such as drug allergies, some types of cancer, and inflammatory diseases such as lupus. Organisms that cause meningitis can be passed from one person to another or passed from rodents and insects to people. However, exposure to an organism that causes meningitis does not mean the individual will get the infection. A mother can pass organisms that cause meningitis to her baby even if the mother does not have symptoms. Stool is another way of transmission. Stool can have enteroviruses or certain types of bacteria in it. Healthcare providers recommend washing hands on a regular basis to help prevent children from getting infected this way. Infected individuals can pass certain bacteria that are normally found in saliva or mucus in their noses and throats through kissing, sexual contact, or contact with infected blood. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also can cause meningitis and can be passed from an infected person to another person through blood or sexual contact, but not through kissing. diagnosis History and physical: Questions about the history of the illness and a physical examinationhelp determine the likelihood of meningitis. During the exam, a doctor may check for signs of infection around the head, ears, throat, and the skin along the spine. Throat culture: A throat culture can find and identify the bacteria causing throat pain, neck pain, and headache, but cannot determine what pathogens may be in the spinal fluid. Lumbar puncture: A lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, is the sampling of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. A lumbar puncture is the primary test for meningitis and is important for the critical distinction between a bacterial or viral cause. A small needle is inserted into the lower back under sterile conditions and CSF is withdrawn. There may be some pain involved, depending on the individual. The CSF may show the presence of bacteria, indicating bacterial infection. White blood cells in the CSF may be related to bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis (no bacteria would be seen in this case), or fungal meningitis. The CSF also is cultured to look for growth of organisms in order to identify them. Blood tests may show an increased white blood cell count, indicating infection. Other tests may be suggested by a doctor depending on the individual situation. Polymerase chain reaction analysis: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a DNA-based test that uses amplification to check for the presence of certain causes of meningitis. A polymerase chain reaction test can be used if a doctor suspects meningitis. Imaging: X-rays, ultrasounds, and computerized tomography (CT) scans of the chest, skull, or sinuses may reveal swelling or inflammation. These tests can also help a doctor look for infection in other areas of the body or infections associated with meningitis. signs and symptoms Early signs: Early signs and symptoms of meningitis are similar to the flu. They may develop over a period of one or two days and typically include: a high fever (over 102 degrees Fahrenheit), a severe headache; vomiting or nausea with headache; and confusion, or difficulty concentrating. In the very young, this may appear as inability to maintain eye contact; seizures; sleepiness or difficulty awakening; stiff neck; sensitivity to light; a lack of interest in drinking and eating; and a skin rash in some cases, such as in viral or meningococcal meningitis. Earlier signs and symptoms that may suggest a serious infection, although not necessarily meningitis, include leg pain, ice-cold hands and feet, and abnormally pale skin tone. Signs in newborns: Newborns and young infants may not have the classic signs and symptoms of headache and stiff neck, as they cannot express themselves appropriately at that age. Instead, they may cry constantly, seem unusually sleepy or irritable, and eat poorly. Sometimes the soft spots on an infant's head may bulge. A very late sign may be a spasm consisting of extreme hyperextension of the body (opisthotonos). If an individual (adult or child) has bacterial meningitis, delaying treatment increases the risk of permanent brain damage. In addition, bacterial meningitis can prove fatal in a matter of days. Medical care should be sought right away if symptoms of meningitis are present. The most common signs and symptoms of enteroviral infections are rash, sore throat, joint aches, and headache. Many older children and adults with enteroviral meningitis have severe headaches. These viruses tend to circulate in late summer and early fall. Viruses associated with mumps, herpes infection, West Nile virus, or other diseases also can cause viral meningitis. complications The complications of meningitis can be severe. The longer the individual has the disease without treatment, the greater the risk of seizures and of permanent neurological damage, including hearing loss, blindness, loss of speech, learning disabilities, behavior problems, brain damage, and even paralysis. Non-neurological complications may include kidney failure and adrenal gland failure. The adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and produce a number of important hormones including cortisol, which helps the body deal with stress. Bacterial infections of the central nervous system can be severe and progress quickly. Within a matter of days, the disease can lead to shock and death. Approximately 10-12% of individuals developing meningitis will die. risk factors Rarely, some organisms that cause meningitis can be passed to people from rodents and insects. The most common of these are arboviruses (including the St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile viruses), which are transmitted through dust and food contaminated by the urine of infected mice, hamsters, and rats. Genetics: Some individuals may inherit the tendency to get meningitis. If they come in contact with organisms that can cause the infection, they may be more likely to get infected. Gender: Males get meningitis more often than females. The causes are not known. Age: In general, babies, young children, young adults, and the elderly are at highest risk of getting meningitis. Crowded living conditions: People in camps, schools, and college dormitories are more likely than others to get meningitis caused by organisms that can spread easily from one person to another. Daycare: Children who attend day care centers are more likely than other children to get meningitis caused by organisms that are easily spread through stool or contaminated hands or water. Exposure to insects and rodents: Individuals who live in or visit areas of the world where insects or rodents carry organisms that cause meningitis risk getting the disease. Non-vaccinated individuals: Not getting the mumps (MMR), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and pneumococcal conjugate (PCV) vaccinations before age two or being an older adult who has not gotten the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV) immunization and/or does not have a working spleen (part of the body's immune system), places the individual at greater risk for developing meningitis. Travel: Individuals traveling to the "meningitis belt" in sub-Saharan Africa are at greater risk of developing meningitis and should receive the meningococcal vaccine. Medical conditions: Medical conditions that increase the risk of meningitis include poor overall health. Individuals who are in poor health or have other medical conditions that lower immunity, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or cancer, may be more likely to get meningitis because their bodies' natural defenses may be weak. Other conditions that may increase the risk of developing meningitis include: having a birth defect of the skull, a head injury, or brain surgery; undergoing treatment with a kidney dialysis machine; having other infections, such as upper respiratory infections, mumps, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, Lyme disease, and illnesses caused by herpes viruses; and having a cochlear implant for severe hearing loss. A recent study indicates that children with cochlear implants have an increased risk for bacterial meningitis. Viruses, such as the enteroviruses and herpes viruses, and some bacteria can be passed from an infected mother to a baby during birth. Having had meningitis in the past also places individuals at greater risk for developing the condition. Some individuals who have had meningitis are more likely than others to get it again. These include people with birth defects or injuries to their skull and face, impaired immune systems, or unexpected reactions to some medicines.
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bakterija koja uzrokuje meningitis u novorođenčadi, skupina B streptokoke , Escherichia coli i Listeria monocytogenes , obično je stekao u porođajnom kanalu . Bakterija koja zaraziti starije dojenčadi, djece i odraslih su Streptococcus pneumoniae i Neisseria meningitidis . Čimbenici rizika su živjeli u okruženju zajednice , trudnoća , rad sa životinjama i oslabljenom imunološkom sustavu Simptomi meningitisa u djece i odraslih uzrokuje visoku temperaturu , teška . glavobolja , povraćanje ili mučnina , zbunjenost , konvulzije , pospanost , ukočen vrat , osjetljivost na svjetlo , osip i nezainteresiranost u jelu i piću . U dojenčadi , meningitis simptomi su konstantna plakanja , pretjerana pospanost , loša prehrana , fontenal oticati i tijelo ili ukočenost vrata . Dijagnoza X-zrake i CT skandiranje može otkriti u prsima, sinusa ili lubanje upalu , aliNajuvjerljiviji dijagnostički alat je spinalna ili lumbalna punkcija . Tijekom lumbalna punkcija , likvor se prikupljaju . Tekućina se analizira kako bi se utvrdilo što je bakterija ili virusa koji uzrokuje infekcije . Liječenje akutnog bakterijskog meningitisa , intravenski antibiotici se daju i odvodnja graditi- tekućine do bi moglo biti potrebno . Virusni meningitis ne reagira na antibiotike i obično se liječi mirovanje , tekućine i lijekove protiv bolova . U slučaju virusnog meningitisa uzrokovanog herpes virus , antivirusni lijek moglo biti propisan . Prevencija Meningitis jezarazna bolest, a može se širiti kroz kašalj, kihanje , ljubljenje i dijeljenje pribora . Izbjegavajte kontakt s ljudima koji su bolesni , često perite ruke i pokriti usta i nos prilikom kihanja i kašljanja . Vakcine može spriječiti bolest . Prognoza Unatoč ranom liječenju u dojenčadi , oko 25 posto ne preživi meningitis . U djece koja ne prežive , 15 do 25 posto razvijaju mozak i živčane probleme kao što su hidrocefalus , gluhoća , cerebralna paraliza i mentalne retardacije . Za starije dojenčadi i djece , 3 do 20 posto ne preživi . Uz odgovarajući i rano liječenje ,većina slučajeva meningitisa rezultirati potpuni oporavak . From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/infectious-diseases/1016041872.html