http___hr.265health.com_conditions-treatments_infectious-diseases_1016017754.html_1.xml
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Hepatitis B (formerly known as serum hepatitis) is a serious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. (HBV) that attacks the liver. About half the people who get a hepatitis B infection develop symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite and jaundice (yellowing of the skin). While most people recover from the infection, some may develop a lifelong infection that can lead to cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure and death. Each year, about 80,000 people in the United States get infected with HBV, and 4,000 people die from chronic hepatitis B. In Wisconsin, about 75 acute cases and 500 chronic/unspecified cases are reported each year. Who is most likely to get hepatitis B - Injection drug users - Healthcare workers - Homosexual men - Heterosexuals with multiple partners - Hemodialysis patients - Sexual/household contacts of infected people - Infants born to infected mothers - Infants/children of immigrants from HBV-endemic countries How does the virus spread? HBV is spread by contact with blood, serum, semen, vaginal fluids and, rarely, saliva. Direct contact with infected body fluids; usually by needle stick injury, sharing needles, or sexual contact, is necessary for spread. HBV is not spread by contact or by respiratory droplets. What are the symptoms of hepatitis B? The symptoms of hepatitis B include fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort and sometimes joint pain or rash. Later, urine may become dark and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) may appear. Many people do not have typical symptoms of hepatitis; only 10% of children and 30-50% of adults develop jaundice. When do symptoms appear? Symptoms usually appear 2-3 months after exposure (range: 1 1/2 to 6 months). How long can a person spread the virus? HBV is present in blood and other body fluids several weeks before symptoms appear and usually persists for about 3 months. However, the likelihood of complete recovery with elimination of the virus from the body depends on the age when infection occurs. Chronic infection occurs in 80-90% of infants infected during the first year of life, in 30-50% of children infected between 1-4 years of age and in 5-10% of people infected after 6 years of age. People with chronic hepatitis B may infect others and 15-25% may die prematurely of either cirrhosis or liver cancer. What is the treatment for hepatitis B? There are no special medicines or antibiotics that can be used to treat a person once symptoms of acute hepatitis appear. Currently, alpha interferon is the only drug licensed to treat chronic hepatitis B. Treatment is recommended only for patients who have liver biopsy evidence of chronic hepatitis B. About 40% of patients respond to treatment. Other drugs are currently being developed to treat chronic hepatitis B that may become available in the future. What precautions should a person with acute or chronic hepatitis B take? The person should follow standard hygienic practices to protect close contacts from blood and other body fluids. The infected person must not share razors, toothbrushes, needles, or any other object that may have become contaminated with blood. Use of latex condoms during sexual activity may reduce transmission of HBV among homosexuals and heterosexuals. The infected person must not donate blood and should inform dental and medical care providers so that proper precautions can be followed. How can hepatitis B be prevented? Hepatitis B can be prevented either before or right after exposure to the virus. To prevent disease before exposure, hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants, all 11-12 years olds, people in high risk occupations (e.g., healthcare workers) and people with a high risk behavior (e.g., injection drug use or multiple sexual partners.) Susceptible sexual and household contacts of people with chronic hepatitis B should also be immunized and the sexual partners should be tested for immunity after they complete the 3-dose series. Most incoming college students will have already had the vaccine series in childhood. In many states, HBV vaccine is now a requirement for entrance into school. To prevent the disease, hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is given along with hepatitis B vaccine. - Infants of infected mothers: Because these infants are exposed to the virus during labor and delivery, all pregnant women should be screened for hepatitis B prenatally. Infants of women who test positive should receive HGIB and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. The infant should receive the remaining doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 1-2 months and 6 months of age. - Sex partners of a person with acute hepatitis B should be given HGIB within 2 weeks of the last sexual contact. - Household contacts of a person with acute hepatitis B do not need HGIB unless they have had a blood exposure to the case within the past 2 weeks. Question about preventing hepatitis B after other types of exposures should be directed to your physician or local health department. What are the benefits of the vaccine? The hepatitis B vaccine prevents HBV and its serious consequences, such as liver cancer. The vaccine can also help prevent cirrhosis of the liver, a common problem for people infected with chronic HBV. The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective for infants and children and adults. As with most vaccines, mild soreness may occur in the arm where the shot was given. Serious problems such as allergic reactions are very rare. At the present time, additional booster doses are not recommended for persons with normal immune systems. For more information, contact your local health department. Reprinted with permission from the University Health Service, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Budući da mnogi ljudi ne pokazuju simptome hepatitisa , možete se zaraziti i ne znam . Možete biti zaraženo već dugi niz godina i ne pokazuje nikakve simptome . To znači da i vi rizik širenja zaraze na druge. Osim toga , kronične infekcije hepatitis B može dovesti do ozbiljnih oštećenja jetre , uključujući i razvoj ciroze ( ožiljke na jetri ) ili raka jetre . Gotovo 15 do 25 posto onih s kroničnom infekcijom hepatitisa B će razviti neki oblik bolesti jetre . Vrste Akutni hepatitis B obično se javlja unutar prvih 6 mjeseci da je zaražena . Simptomi su umor , glavobolja, bol u zglobovima i mišićima , mučnina , povraćanje, bol u desnom gornjem dijelu trbuha ispod rebara , tamni urin, sivo - boje stolica i žutilo kože i očiju ( žutica ) . Akutna infekcija može se borio isključiti vaše tijelo je imunološki sustav i ne mogu napredovati dalje od tih početnih symptoms.Chronic hepatitisa B jecjeloživotno infekcije koje vaše tijelo ne može boriti . Kronična infekcija može uzrokovati ožiljke na jetri i smanjene funkcije jetre ili rak jetre . Ne postoji tretman za kronične infekcije hepatitisa B , a oni koji žive s kroničnom infekcijom mora poduzeti korake kako bi zaštitili one oko njih od zaraze . Prevencija /Solution hepatitis B se prenosi putem krvi i ostalih tjelesnih tekućina poput sperme i sline . Oko 65 posto hepatitis B infekcije nastaju zbog seksualnog prijenosa . Možete se zaštitite od infekcije koje se suzdržavaju od seksa , seksa sa samo jednim partnerom kojega znate nije zaraženo , ili koristite kondom . Ne dijelite igle ili lijek - injection opremu . Razgovarajte sa svojim liječnikom o tome što vam daje cjepivo protiv hepatitisa B , što jenajbolje i najučinkovitije sredstvo za sebe štiti od infekcija . Razmatranja Ako mislite da imate je zaraženo hepatitisom B , ne postoji cjepivo koje može pomoći vaš imunološki sustav u borbi protiv zaraze . Ovo cjepivo - zove hepatitis B imunoglobulina ( HBIG ) - sastoji se od antitijela na virus , koji pridaju virusa i uništiti , pružajući zaštitu za oko 3 mjeseca . Morate dobiti HBIG u roku od 2 tjedna od zaraze . HBIG treba navesti zajedno s standardnim hepatitis B cjepiva za cjeloživotno zaštitu od infekcije . Upozorenje Ako imate kronični hepatitis B , provjerite sa svojim liječnikom prije uzimanja bilo novo lijekovi - čak i nad counter lijekovi kao što su paracetamol . Svaki lijek ili dodatak koji utječe na jetru mogu povećati rizik od oštećenja jetre . Razgovarajte sa svojim liječnikom , kao i prije uzimanja bilo kakvih biljnih dopuniti . Bilje kao kava kava može povećati rizik od oštećenja jetre ako se uzima od onih s kroničnim hepatitisom . From:http://hr.265health.com/conditions-treatments/infectious-diseases/1016017754.html