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What is hypertension? Human blood circulation is a hydraulic circuit consisting of a pump (heart), a branched duct (arteries, capillaries, veins) and regulation. Its main task is to supply the tissues with oxygen. The main conditions of blood supply to any organ are generally two: - sufficient cardiac output - throughput of the blood vessels Therefore, the regulation of blood pressure for the body is not a priority in the short term. That's the supply of oxygen. This is understandable - a failure to supply oxygen to the brain would result in immediate unconsciousness and rapid death. It relies on the mechanical resistance of the arteries, allowing the body to briefly increase blood pressure during stress, stress, cold water intake, etc. Pressure can increase three main mechanisms: - cardiac irritation (eg stress ) - contraction of blood vessels (eg cold) - blockage of blood vessels ( atherosclerosis , thrombosis ...) In hypertension (hypertension), high pressure occurs at rest, without stress. Hypertension is very widespread and usually (95% of cases) has no obvious cause - in that case it is called primary or essential hypertension. The remaining 5% of cases form secondary hypertension - having an obvious cause in another disease. Primary hypertension The cause of primary hypertension is unknown. Primary hypertension is often associated with arteriosclerosis , stress and adrenaline / epinephrine are suspected ( Floras1992egh ), but it is correct to say that the true cause is unknown ( Shimbo2010edr , Wilkinson2009aag , Krieger1991mbh ). Primary hypertension is about 30% inherited, with the rest being affected by diet. The primary risk factors for primary hypertension are: - Intake of sodium (salt, sodium glutamate): - sodium directly irritates and contrasts the smooth muscle of the blood vessels - sodium activates natriuretic hormone, which further increases the irritability of the vascular muscle - Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis - an almost natural part of aging in us. - Obesity and insulin resistance (= type II diabetes) - obese cells stop responding to insulin, the body of despair abnormally increases its level: - insulin increases the level of sodium in the body - insulin itself increases blood pressure by activating other hormones - insulin causes hypertrophy of the musculature of the vascular wall - insulin aggravates arteriosclerosis - Stress - In people with a sensitive cardiovascular system, stress initially increases heart activity, later also the resistance of the vascular bed (reducing the blood flow), stress also aggravates the tendency to obesity . - Civilization addictions (alcohol, caffeine, smoking, various "powders" and others). The risk factors in the list above are mutually reinforcing that they have become the metabolic syndrome . In addition to primary hypertension, metabolic syndrome includes obesity, diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus) and overload of nitrogen metabolism. Hypertension can also easily suffer from slim, healthy people. The pressure gauge applies to everyone. Hypertension and cardiovascular disorders often develop unnoticed, and their first symptom is often myocardial infarction or stroke. Secondary hypertension In fewer (5%) cases, elevated blood pressure is the obvious cause of another disease: aorta coarctation, kidney disease, overproduction of hormones (catecholamines, corticosterone, aldosterone, cortisol, thyroxine, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, renin, endothelin. .), pregnancy, drugs (some antibiotics , antidepressants, contraceptive pills), cerebral diseases (trauma, inflammation , polio, tumors , etc.). Treatment of hypertension In the treatment of hypertension, the correct diagnosis is an important factor. The pressure can be measured by some, but the differential diagnosis of cases of secondary hypertension must always be in the hands of a doctor . Treatment of primary hypertension The disease processes leading to arteriosclerosis and primary hypertension are not entirely clear. Primary hypertension treatment has been determined empirically: weight reduction ( Sorof2002ohc ), aerobic exercise ( Duijnhoven2010ibr ), prevention of arteriosclerosis, salt reduction, caffeine reduction, non-smoking, alcohol max 30g daily, sufficient minerals (K, Ca, Mg), reduction of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. With a bit of exaggeration, hypertension treatment should begin at least 30 years before the first symptoms. The cardio-vascular system has a considerable reserve, so the symptoms of its progressive decline can not be noticed at all. When the circulation reserve of the circulatory system is completely exhausted and restless hypertension occurs, it means that the fight for a healthy cardiovascular system ends and the fight against an impending vascular event begins. High blood pressure medications (antihypertensives) The overwhelming majority of hypertensive medications are not the cause of relief, only a symptomatic reduction in blood pressure to prevent complications, particularly stroke. Common use is made of this: - Calcium channel blockers (eg amlodipine) - flat out the main course of activation of vascular muscles, - Angiotensin converting enzyme blockers - eliminates angiotensin (a blood-raising hormone). - Diuretics to reduce blood volume. Complications of hypertension Lowering blood pressure with drugs has a palliative, symptomatic effect. But it is important because it protects against sudden vascular events. Hypertension itself is threatened by a stroke (brain haemorrhage) . Hypertension further aggravates the course of atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis itself is a risk of blockage of blood vessels and heart attacks, especially myocardial infarction. Patients with advanced atherosclerosis need to avoid more exercise, which is against the requirement of aerobic exercise to prevent hypertension. Contemporary medicine is not cured with blood vessels. (Unless otherwise stated, this information is largely a source of anonymous lecture "Arterial hypertension and hypotension", see , freely accessible on the website of the Institute of Pathological Physiology, LFHK UK .) Ginseng enlarges blood vessels and reduces blood pressure The relaxation effect of the saponin fraction of ginseng on blood vessels was known in the 1970s ( Hah1978epg , Kang1995gpg ). The hypotensive effect of ginseng water extract was confirmed in wart rats ( Chow1976psc ), rats suffering from hypertension ( Jeon2000ekr ) and also in human patients with essential hypertension ( Han1998erg , Sung2000erg ). These results are confirmed by newer experimental ( Lee2016aek , Zhao2015epn , Lee2014rmp ) and clinical ( Jovanovski2014erk ) studies. The advantage of ginseng in the treatment of hypertension is that the reduction in blood pressure caused by it is not unilateral. In patients with normal or reduced pressure, ginseng does not cause hypotension. Therefore, it can be used as a booster medicine - for example, to increase physical performance in athletes ( Ping2011eas , Liang2005pns ). In patients with hypotension following dialysis, ginseng increases blood pressure ( Chen2012krg ). This double, contradictory effect, which returns physiological parameters back to health regardless of the direction of deflection, is typical for the category of adaptogens that inspired ginseng. Ginseng acts on a cascade of nitric oxide (NO) Investigating the effect of panaxosides on the nitric oxide pathway (NO) began with the finding that they increased NO levels in the blood vessels ( Chen1996cpg ) and that this effect could be blocked by NO synthase inhibitors. For this effect, ginsenosides Rb 1 ( Yu2007spn ), Rg 1 ( Lu2004gra ) and Re , but mainly Rg3 , whose effect against hypertension is the strongest of all panaxosides ( Kim1999grm , Kim2003gri , Kim2006seg ) are responsible for this effect. Panaxosides activate NO synthase both alosteric ( Xia2011grp ) and gene expression enhancement ( Furukawa2006grm ). Gssd. Rg 3 has a dual, opposite effect on inflammatory NO synthase 2 that it inhibits ( Yoon2015grr ) and vascular NO synthase 3 which it activates ( Hien2010gri ). Gssd. Rg 3 is (as most panaxosides) chiral, the effects of its S epimer and R epimer differ ( Jeong2004sgr ). Ginseng is fighting stress and heals overall In the prevention of hypertension, its effect on stress , ie its stabilizing effect on generalized adaptation syndrome (hence the prefix "adapto"), plays a major role. The anti- stress effect has gssd. Rb 1 ( Churchill2002npg ), majonoside R2 ( Huong1998aem ), gssd. Rc ( Kim2003egs ) and strongly vasorelaxation gssd. Rg 3 ( Kim2003iii ). According to textbooks, the stress of hypertension is first of all transient, which later leads to the loss of vascular wall muscles, increased blood vessel resistance and hypertension. Stress hormone blockers (B-blockers) are commonly prescribed against elevated blood pressure. Ginseng protects internal organs ( heart , liver , kidney, brain , retina ...) from oxidative damage . The essence of its effect is not radical uptake but protection against apoptosis and support for regeneration of tissues, vessels and vascular lining ( He2007peg , Chen2012peg ). Red ginseng accelerates capillary regeneration at doses of several grams per day ( Morisaki1995mae ), the gssd is mainly responsible for this effect . Rg 1 ( Sengupta2004may , Chen2012peg ). Other adaptogenes against hypertension Many other civilization diseases, or diseases of longevity, are associated with hypertension. On the relevant pages, you will find notes about the efficacy of adaptogens against atherosclerosis , diabetes and its complications , obesity and autoimmune problems that are related to diabetes and atherosclerosis. Bajkalin baykalin acts against the progressive thickening of the wall of the pulmonary arteries, which is the essence of pulmonary hypertension ( Zhang2014bih ). A similar effect was found in pink rosary salidroside ( Chen2016sep ). Additionally, the stapler directly reduces blood pressure by increasing plasma B-endorphin ( Lee2013rei ). How to use the adaptogens when treating high blood pressure Antihypertensive adaptogens achieve blood pressure lowering by relaxing smooth vascular muscles as well as allosteric Paracelsus drugs . In addition, Adaptogens act in parallel at the level of gene expression, especially on endothelial NO synthase 3. Adaptogens must therefore be taken for a longer period of time and their effect is longer. My notes on ginseng can be found here . Treatment of hypertension requires continuous blood pressure measurement and must be performed by a doctor. Good physicians are already confident in the basics of medical botany and adaptogens in the treatment of high blood pressure. If not, they can be the victims of obsolete information, such as the often mentioned information on the interaction of ginseng with warfarin . The available experimental data agree that ginseng is safe for its interaction with warfarin . is irrelevant ( Zhu1999pig , Vaes2000iww , Lee2010ibw ). The same applies to the interaction of ginseng with amlodipine ( Ryu2014npi ). As I mention also in stroke, ginseng has its own anticoagulant effect ( Jin2007aaa , Yu2006aaa , Yun2001ekr ) and cardiac is a traditional, highly effective ( Jia2012cgm ) medicine, either alone ( Gai2012egr , Li2012srg , Maslov2009ica ), or in combinations, Han2013eai ).
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Što je hipertenzija? Humani krvožilni sustav je hidraulički krug se sastoji od pumpe (srca), razgranate cjevovoda (arterija, kapilara, vene) i regulacija. Njegov glavni zadatak je dostaviti kisik u tkiva. Glavni uvjeti pravilan dotok krvi u bilo kojem organu su uglavnom dvije: - dovoljno srčani izlaz - neometan hranjenja arterije Tijelo regulacija krvnog tlaka za kratkoročno nije prioritet. To je opskrba kisikom. To je razumljivo - neuspjeh opskrbu kisikom u mozgu bi rezultirati u neposrednoj nesvjestice i brze smrti. Oslanjajući se na mehaničke čvrstoće arterija, tijelo omogućava privremeno povećanje krvnog tlaka tijekom vježbanja, stres, ulazak u hladnu vodu, itd Krvni tlak se poveća tri glavna mehanizma: - Srce prekomjernom (npr. stres) - kontrakcije krvnih žila (npr hladni) - začepljene arterije (ateroskleroza, tromboza ...) Hipertenzije (hipertenzivne bolesti), visok krvni tlak javlja u mirovanju, bez opterećenja. Hipertenzija je vrlo čest u populaciji i obično (95% slučajeva) nema očitih razloga - u ovom slučaju, to se zove primarna ili esencijalna hipertenzija. Preostalih 5% slučajeva je sekundarna hipertenzija - što je očito zbog neke druge bolesti. primarna hipertenzija Uzrok primarnom hipertenzijom nije poznat. Primarna hipertenzija često povezana s aterosklerozom , sumnja stres i adrenalin / epinefrin ( Floras1992egh ), ali je ispravno reći da je pravi uzrok nepoznat ( Shimbo2010edr , Wilkinson2009aag , Krieger1991mbh ). Primarna hipertenzija je oko 30% nasljednih ostatak može biti pod utjecajem života. Glavni čimbenici rizika za primarnu hipertenziju su: - Unos natrija (sol, natrijev glutamat): - natrij izravno iritira i ugovora vaskularne glatke mišiće - natrij natriuretic aktivira hormon koji dodatno povećava vaskularne razdražljivost - Arterioskleroza i ateroskleroza - gotovo prirodni dio starenja . - Pretilost i otpornost na inzulin (=. Tip II diabetes) - stanice pretilih pacijenata prestane reagirati na inzulin, tijelo očaja abnormalno povećanje razine: - Inzulin povećava razinu natrija u tijelu - sama inzulin povećava krvni tlak aktiviranjem druge hormone - Inzulin uzrokuje hipertrofiju glatkih mišića - inzulin pogoršava arterioskleroze - Stres - u osoba s osjetljivim kardiovaskularnog sustava, stresa prvo povećava srčani aktivnost, kasnije vaskularni otpor (smanjenje unutrašnjost krvnih žila) i stres pogoršava tendenciju pretilosti . - Civilizacija ovisnosti (alkohol, kofein, pušenje, razne „pilule” i drugi). Faktori rizika gore navedene uzajamno jačaju, te da zbog toga zaradio naziv grupe metabolički sindrom. Dodatno primarnom hipertenzijom, metaboličkog sindroma treba pretilost, diabetes mellitus (dijabetesa) i preopterećenje metabolizmom dušika. No, hipertenzija može lako ponižavati i vitak osobe s potpuno zdravom načinu života. Krvni tlak metar tiče svakoga. Hipertenzije i kardiovaskularnih poremećaja razviti često neprimjećeni, i prvi simptom je često povezana s infarktom miokarda ili moždanog udara. sekundarne hipertenzije U manjem broju (5%) slučajeva povišenog krvnog tlaka očito uzrokovanih druge bolesti: coarctation (suženje) aorte, bolest bubrega, prekomjernom hormona (kateholamina, kortikosterona, aldosteron, kortizol, tiroksina, hormona rasta, paratiroidni hormon, renin, endotelinom .. .), trudnoća, lijekovi (određeni antibiotici , antidepresivi, oralne kontraceptive), bolesti mozga (trauma, upala , poliomielitis, tumori, i sl). Liječenje hipertenzije U liječenju hipertenzije je važan čimbenik za točne dijagnoze. Iako sam se tlak može mjeriti neki mogu, ali diferencijalna dijagnoza slučajeva sekundarne hipertenzije treba uvijek biti u rukama liječnika. Liječenje primarnog hipertenzije bolesnih procesa koji dovode do ateroskleroze i primarne hipertenzije nisu potpuno jasni. Liječenje primarnog hipertenzije empirijski određena: smanjenje težine ( Sorof2002ohc ), aerobna vježba ( Duijnhoven2010ibr ), prevenciju ateroskleroze, smanjenja soli, smanjenje kofein, dima, alkohol, max 30 g dnevno, dovoljno minerala (K, Ca, Mg), redukcija zasićenih masnih kiselina. i kolesterol. S naznakom pretjerano reći da je liječenje hipertenzije trebali početi 30 godina prije pojave prvih simptoma. Kardio-vaskularni sustav ima značajnu rezervu, tako da su simptomi postupnom pogoršanju ne može biti primjećeni. Kada regulatornog rezervat u cirkulatorni sistem je iscrpljen i pojavljuje ostalo hipertenzija, to znači da za nas je borba za zdrav kardiovaskularni sustav i započeti borbu protiv nadnesen vaskularne događaj. Lijekovi za visoki krvni tlak (antihipertenzivi) Svrha velika većina lijekova se daju u hipertenzija nije da eliminiraju uzrok, samo simptomatsko smanjenje krvnog tlaka, što je za sprečavanje komplikacija, osobito moždani udar. Zajednički se koristi u tu svrhu: - blokatore kalcij kanala (npr amlodipina) - vadi glavni aktivacijski put od vaskularnih mišića - Blokatori, angiotenzin konvertaze angiotenzina (- odbaciti hormon za povećanje krvnog tlaka). - Diuretici smanjuju volumen krvi. komplikacije hipertenzije Snižavanje krvnog tlaka lijekovima uglavnom palijativna simptomatske učinak. Ali, to je važno jer štiti od iznenadne vaskularne događaje. Hipertenzija sama prijeti moždani udar (krvarenje u mozak) . Hipertenzija također pogoršava tijek ateroskleroze . Sama Ateroskleroza prijeti blokada krvnih žila i srčanog udara, posebno infarkta miokarda. Bolesnici s uznapredovalim ateroskleroze treba izbjegavati tjelesni napor, suprotno zahtjevu aerobnog vježbanja u prevenciji hipertenzije. Suvremena medicina ne može liječiti sklerotične plovila. (Osim ako nije drugačije navedeno, izvor tih informacija uglavnom od anonimnih predavanje "Arteriální hypertenze a hypotenze" slobodno dostupan na web stranici Instituta za patofiziologije na Medicinskom fakultetu Karlovog sveučilišta ). Ginseng proširuje krvne žile i snižava krvni tlak Opuštajući učinak saponina frakcija ginsenga na krvne žile su poznati već u 70 ( Hah1978epg , kang1995gpg ). Hipotenzivni učinak ekstrakta ginsenga vode potvrđen kod štakora pri svijesti ( Chow1976psc ) hipertenzivnih štakora ( Jeon2000ekr ) kao i kod pacijenata s esencijalne hipertenzije ( Han1998erg , Sung2000erg ). Ovi rezultati potvrđuju noviji eksperimentalnu ( Lee2016aek , Zhao2015epn , Lee2014rmp ) i klinički ( Jovanovski2014erk ) studija. Prednost ginsenga u liječenju hipertenzije je da smanjenje krvnog tlaka uzrokovane to nije jednostrana. U bolesnika s normalnom ili sniženom tlaku, naime Ginseng ne uzrokuje hipotenziju. Stoga se može koristiti kao tonik - na primjer, kako bi se poboljšala fizičku izvedbu u sportaša ( Ping2011eas , Liang2005pns ). U bolesnika s hipotenzijom nakon dijalize ginsenga povećava krvni tlak ( Chen2012krg ). Ova dvostruka, kontradiktorne akcija koja se vraća fiziološke parametre natrag na zdravlje, bez obzira na smjer pomicanja je tipično za kategoriju adaptogena , čija izrada je bila inspirirana ginseng. Ginseng djeluje na kaskadu dušikovog oksida (NO) Istraživanje utjecaja na panaxosidů put dušikovog oksida (NO) je počeo da otkrijete da oni povećavaju razinu NO u krvnim žilama ( Chen1996cpg ) i da je taj učinak može biti blokiran od strane inhibitora sintaze dušikovog oksida. Za tu svrhu su odgovorni ginsenosides Rb 1 ( Yu2007spn ) Rg 1 ( Lu2004gra ) i R , ali uglavnom Rg 3 , koji efekt protiv hipertenzije najjači od svih panaxosidů ( Kim1999grm , Kim2003gri , Kim2006seg ). Panaxosidy aktivira NO sintaze alosterički ( Xia2011grp ) i povećana ekspresija gena ( Furukawa2006grm ). Gssd. Rg 3 kada je dvostruki, za razliku od učinka upalnog NO sintaze 2, koji inhibira ( Yoon2015grr ) i vaskularnih NO sintetaze koji aktivira 3 ( Hien2010gri ). Gssd. Rg je (3) su uglavnom panaxosidů kiralnog, učinci S epimera i R epimera je različit ( Jeong2004sgr ). Ginseng u borbi protiv stresa i općenito liječi U prevenciji hipertenzije igra veliku ulogu u djelovanje protiv stresa , tj. Stabilizirajući učinak na općoj adaptaciju sindrom (odatle prefiks „ADAPTO”). Anti-stres učinak gssd. Rb 1 ( Churchill2002npg ) Majonosid R2 ( Huong1998aem ) gssd. RC ( Kim2003egs ) i jaki Vazorelaksantni gssd. Rg 3 ( Kim2003iii ). Prema stresa udžbenika uzrokuje hipertenziju tranzicijska prvi, koji je kasnije dovodi do zadebljanja stijenki krvnih žila mišićima, povećane periferne vaskularne rezistencije i hipertenzije trajno. Stres hormona blokatore (beta-blokatori) se zbog toga povećava krvni tlak, obično propisuju. Ginseng štiti unutarnje organe ( srce , jetra , bubrezi, mozak , mrežnice ...) prije oksidativnog oštećenja . Suština djelovanja radikal koje vežu, ali štiti od apoptoze i podržava regeneraciju tkiva, vaskularne i endotela krvnih žila ( He2007peg , Chen2012peg ). Red Ginseng ubrzava regeneraciju kapilara već u dozama od nekoliko grama dnevno ( morisaki1995mae ) donosioca ovog efekta se uglavnom gssd. Rg 1 ( Sengupta2004may , Chen2012peg ). Ostali adaptogens protiv hipertenzije S hipertenzijom pridružuje i niz drugih načina života bolesti ili bolesti dugovječnosti. Na tim stranicama možete pronaći bilješke o učinkovitosti adaptogena protiv ateroskleroze , dijabetesa i njegovih komplikacija , pretilosti i autoimunih problema koje dijabetes i ateroskleroza tajno odnose. Bajkalin od Sisak Bajkalskog neutralizirati progresivni zadebljanje stijenke plućne arterije, što je suština plućne hipertenzije ( Zhang2014bih ). Sličan učinak nađen salidrosidu Rhodiola rosea ( Chen2016sep ). Rhodiola nadalje izravno snižava krvni tlak povećanjem razine P-endorfin u plazmi ( Lee2013rei ). Kao Adaptogens u liječenju hipertenzije uživati Antihipertenzivni adaptogens postići smanjenje krvnog tlaka, relaksaciju glatkih mišića, kao i djeluju alosterički Paracelsian droge . Adaptogens paralelne ali i djelovati na razini ekspresije gena, posebice endotelne NO sintetaze treći adaptogens je stoga potrebno uzeti duže vremena i njihov učinak čeka duže. Moji komentari o korištenju ginsenga može se naći ovdje . Liječenje hipertenzije zahtijeva kontinuiranog mjerenja krvnog tlaka, te su je voditi diplomirao liječnika. Dobri doktori već upućen u osnove medicinske botanike i adaptogena u liječenju visokog krvnog tlaka će biti dobrodošla. Ako ne, oni mogu biti žrtve zastarjele informacije, kao što je često spominje informacije o interakciji ginseng s varfarina . Dostupni eksperimentalni podaci se slažu da ginseng je sigurno interakcije s varfarinom tamo , respektivno. nebitno ( Zhu1999pig , Vaes2000iww , Lee2010ibw ). Isto vrijedi o interakciji ginseng s amlodipina ( Ryu2014npi ). Kao i spomenuti i za moždani udar, ginseng ima antiokoagulační učinak ( Jin2007aaa , Yu2006aaa , Yun2001ekr ) i srčani bolesnici tradicionalna, vrlo učinkovit ( Jia2012cgm ) lijeka, bilo sami ( Gai2012egr , Li2012srg , Maslov2009ica ), ili u kombinaciji, na primjer, šafranike ( Han2013eai ).