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NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Show details Human papillomaviruses, or HPV for short, are so common that most men and women will become infected at some point in their lives. These infections don’t usually cause any problems. But some types of HPV can cause harmless warts. And certain types increase the risk of particular tumors, especially cervical cancer. Papillomaviruses are viruses that can cause inflammation and changes in the skin. Some of them only infect humans, which is why they are called human papillomaviruses (HPV). They probably get into the skin and mucous membranes through small cuts or wounds and then multiply inside the cells. HPV is spread through direct contact with infected areas of skin or mucous membrane. What are the consequences of an HPV infection? HPV infections usually go unnoticed, don’t cause any symptoms, and clear up on their own. In rare cases, though, they can also cause cervical cancer. The cancer may develop years or even decades after the woman was infected. More than 200 different types of HPV are currently known. Some cause warts on the skin (also called papillomas). About 40 HPV strains infect the skin or mucous membranes in the genital area and are spread through sexual contact. They are called “genital HPV.” Other types infect the face, hands or feet. People can have several different types of HPV at the same time. Some genital human papillomaviruses are classified as high-risk types (hrHPV) and others are classified as low-risk types (lrHPV). Low-risk HPV can cause warts in the genital area, which are also called condylomas. Although they are often unpleasant, they aren’t dangerous. On average, about 1% of the population (in Germany) have genital warts, and they are more common in sexually active young people. In about a third of the people who have them, these warts go away on their own. The most common low-risk types are HPV 6 and HPV 11. What types of viruses increase the cancer risk? High-risk HPV types often enter the cells of the mucous membrane around the opening of the cervix, where the vagina and cervix meet. There they may lead to abnormal cell changes (dysplasia). The medical term for dysplasia of the cervix is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). These abnormal cells can develop into cancer over the years. But that rarely happens. Twelve high-risk HPV types are known to increase the risk of cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma). The main ones are HPV 16 and 18. These are also the types of HPV that are most often found in tumor tissue. In addition to cervical cancer, HPV can also increase the risk of dysplasia affecting the external female sex organs such as the vulva (VIN) and the vagina (VAIN), as well as the anus (AIN) and the mouth and throat area. In men, dysplasia of the penis (PIN) is possible. Compared to cervical dysplasia, dysplasia on these parts of the body is less likely to develop into cancer. How does HPV spread? HPV is very common, so most men and women who are sexually active will be infected at least once in their lives. The body’s immune system usually fights off the viruses successfully, and they disappear without having caused any symptoms. People can get infected with HPV more than once. The skin and mucous membranes in the entire genital area can be infected without it being visible. This means that any intimate skin contact – not only sexual intercourse – can lead to an infection. Infection through body fluids like sperm, blood or saliva is considered to be rather unlikely. But viruses might be spread during oral sex if mucous membranes in the mouth touch areas of skin infected with HPV. HPV infection is equally common in men and women. The possible consequences of the infection, such as cancer, are less common in men, though. The risk of infection in women is highest up until the age of about 30. HPV infections can be diagnosed directly with an HPV test – or indirectly with a Pap test (smear test), which detects abnormal cells in the mucous membranes. How can you protect yourself from HPV? Because HPV is so common, you can already become infected with HPV the first time you have sexual contact with someone. If you would like to protect yourself from infection, you would either have to avoid sexual contact altogether or be sure that your partner has also never had sexual contact with other people. Condoms don’t cover all areas of skin in the genital area that could be infected, so they don’t offer full protection from HPV. But they still reduce the risk of infection. And they provide protection against many other sexually transmitted diseases too. A vaccine is available for girls and women who have not yet been infected with HPV. It can protect women from infection with certain types of HPV. This also reduces the risk of cervical cancer. How does HPV affect relationships? HPV infections only rarely cause symptoms, in men or in women. Because women are examined more frequently than men, they are also more likely to be tested for HPV – for example, if a Pap test detects abnormal cells in the mucous membrane around the opening of the cervix. Some women find it difficult to tell their partner about their infection. But both partners may be infected, even in long-term relationships. It’s usually not possible to find out who became infected first or how long ago they were infected. But that doesn’t change the course of this usually harmless infection. It’s not known whether partners can infect each other again and again. But research suggests that abnormal cells on the woman’s cervix are more likely to go back to normal again if a couple regularly uses condoms when having sex. This supports the belief that condoms prevent contact with partners’ HPV viruses, at least to a certain extent. What happens if the infection persists? Most HPV infections clear up on their own because the immune system recognizes the viruses and kills them. If this doesn’t work, the HPV infection lasts for a longer period of time. So far there's no treatment to fight the HPV viruses themselves. Long-term HPV infections can cause cells to change. The cells often become normal again on their own. But they may stay abnormal or change even more. Sometimes, depending on the type of virus, the cells and tissue change so much that they develop into cancer. What can be done against genital warts? Many genital warts can’t be seen or felt, but some form hard nodules with an uneven surface. Their size ranges from just a few millimeters to several centimeters, and they may be a reddish, brownish, or whitish color. They usually appear in clusters. Depending on their size and location, they can cause symptoms like itching or burning. Genital warts can be treated locally with a medication (a cream or a solution), or they can be removed surgically. The treatment options will depend on the texture and the location of the warts, and on how far they have spread. Sources - Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG, Germany). Benefit assessment of HPV test in primary screening for cervical cancer: Final report; Commission S10-01. November 28, 2011. (IQWiG reports; Volume 106). - Krebsinformationsdienst (KID), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ). Gebärmutterhalskrebs: Das Zervixkarzinom. - McCaffery K, Waller J, Nazroo J, Wardle J. Social and psychological impact of HPV testing in cervical screening: a qualitative study. [PMC free article: PMC2564695] [PubMed: 16581749] - National Cancer Institute, National Intitutes of Health (NIH). HPV and Cancer. February 19, 2015. - Signorelli C, Odone A, Ciorba V, Cella P, Audisio RA, Lombardi A et al. Human papillomavirus 9-valent vaccine for cancer prevention: a systematic review of the available evidence. [PMC free article: PMC5974698] [PubMed: 28446260] - World Health Organization (WHO). Comprehensive cervical cancer control: a guide to essential practice. Second edition. Genf: WHO Press; 2014. IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services. Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. We do not offer individual consultations. Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods. - Overview - Learn more: Cervical cancer: Screening and prevention - Learn more: Abnormal cells on the cervix (dysplasia) - Learn more: HPV vaccine to prevent cervical cancer - Learn more: How is cervical cancer treated? - Research summaries: Cervical cancer: What are the benefits of HPV tests for cervical screening?
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Pogledajte i podijelite edukativni video “Što svaka žena treba znati o raku vrata maternice?". Film je izrađen od strane Službe za promicanje zdravlja pri Hrvatskom zavodu za javno zdravstvo. Pročitajte i podijelite brošuru izdanu u okviru Nacionalnog preventivnog programa za rak vrata maternice Ministarstva zdravstva RH i Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo … Rak vrata maternice u 99,7% slučajeva uzrokovan je infekcijom humanim papiloma virusom (HPV). Zbog toga je važno informirati i educirati žene o HPV-u i njegovoj ulozi u razvoju predstadija i samog raka vrata maternice. > 200 tipova HPV-a ≈ 50 ih inficira područje genitalija Tipove HPV-a koji inficiraju genitalno područje možemo podijeliti na visokorizične i niskorizične. HPV niskog rizika može uzrokovati nastanak genitalnih bradavica i blaže promjene stanica vrata maternice HPV visokog rizika može uzrokovati teže premaligne i maligne promjene stanica vrata maternice Tipovi 16 i 18 najrizičniji su tipovi HPV-a za razvoj premalignih promjena i raka vrata maternice. Virus HPV-a prenosi se kožnim kontaktom u području genitalija te će većina osoba tijekom života biti zaražena ovim virusom. Većina nosilaca HPV-a ne zna da je zaražena s obzirom na to da virus obično ne izaziva simptome. Infekcija HPV-om može godinama biti u stanju mirovanja, klinički neaktivnom stadiju, a da pri tome ne uzrokuje bolest. Nakon više godina mirovanja može se aktivirati i postepeno izazvati promjene na sluznici. Važno je naglasiti kako kondom ne pruža potpunu zaštitu od infekcije HPV-om. Kod većine osoba infekcija će proći spontano zahvaljujući djelovanju našeg imunosnog sustava. Ipak, kad je riječ o malom broju žena, infekcija će trajat niz godina (10 – 15 godina) te uzrokovati premaligne promjene vrata maternice, a ako se na vrijeme ne liječi, i rak. Nastavak možete pročitati u brošuri izdanoj u okviru Nacionalnog preventivnog programa za rak vrata maternice Ministarstva zdravstva RH i Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo …