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Urine Color and Its Meaning in Health and in Disease An Interesting and Important Liquid Peeing multiple times a day is such a routine part of our lives that most of us never think much about it. Urination is actually a vital function of our body. It plays a major role in maintaining proper hydration, helps to regulate pH, and gets rid of waste substances. A variation in the usual color of urine (or pee) requires attention because it may indicate a health problem. Urine is normally pale yellow or straw-yellow in color. It may have a variety of other colors, however, including dark yellow, orange, pink, red, green, blue, brown, and even black. These rainbow hues may be caused by dehydration, ingested foods and drinks, supplements, medications, injuries, and illnesses. If your urine has an unusual color, there's a good chance that the change is caused by a harmless factor. Some detective work is necessary, however, to pinpoint the cause of the change. If there is no apparent cause or if the strange appearance continues, a doctor's advice should be sought. Urine is produced by the kidneys from blood plasma, stored in the urinary bladder, and then excreted out of the body when the bladder is full. It contains water, salts, and wastes produced by cell activity. Normal Urine Color Urochrome was the first name for the yellow pigment in urine. This chemical is now known as urobilin. A few sources consider urochrome and urobilin to be different molecules, however. Urobilin is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin, a pigment inside our red blood cells. Hemoglobin transports inhaled oxygen around the body and releases it to tissue cells. The hemoglobin is broken down when old red blood cells are destroyed, which happens regularly. The cells live for only about 120 days. Dehydration causes less water to enter the urine. The pee appears dark yellow because the urobilin is concentrated. Urine is usually darkest when we get up in the morning, since we’ve spent the night without drinking. Dark yellow urine during the day suggests that we’re not drinking enough water. It may appear if we’ve been sweating heavily without replenishing our body’s water content. It's important to keep in mind the quote from the nephrologist below, however. A nephrologist is a doctor who specializes in kidney function. I never advise people to examine their urine color for hydration and never would recommend hydrating based on urine color. Instead, ‘drink to thirst.'— Dena Rifkin MD, UC San Diego Health A Urine Color Chart The website of Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, provides a urine color chart to check for hydration, although based on what the doctor quoted above says it may have limited value. (A link to the chart is given in the "References" section below.) The chart can be printed, but if you do this check that your printer produces colors that match the ones on the screen. The colors on the monitor screen may not be accurate, however. Another problem with analyzing urine appearance is that the lighting in different rooms can affect the color, as can the exposure of a photograph. The recent ingestion of foods, drinks, vitamins, medications, or dyes that color the urine is yet another reason why a chart may be inaccurate. There are many factors that can color urine, including foods, medications, and certain diseases. The information given below is for general interest only. A doctor should be consulted if urine has an unusual color with no obvious explanation. Fluorescent Yellow or Orange Pee Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is yellow in color. If we eat more riboflavin than we need—which sometime happens when we take Vitamin B2 supplements—the excess riboflavin enters the urine and gives it a fluorescent yellow or neon yellow appearance. Eating a lot of carrots can turn urine yellow or orange and can also give the skin a yellow-orange color, a condition known as carotenemia. The pigment responsible for these changes is beta-carotene. Vitamin C can also color urine dark yellow or orange. Warfarin (brand name Coumadin) is an anticoagulant and is one medication that causes pee to appear orange. Rifampin, an antibiotic, has a similar effect. There are other drugs that can color urine besides the ones that I mention in this article. The product brochure of a drug, your pharmacist, or your doctor can tell you about a possible color change. Pink or Red Urine Pink or occasionally red urine may be caused by eating beets, blackberries, or rhubarb. Pee can also turn pink after taking laxatives containing a substance called phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein turns pink when it’s in alkaline urine. Some countries have banned phenolphthalein in laxatives, since at high doses the chemical has been found to cause cancer in lab animals. Red urine may develop due to unusual bleeding that is not part of menstruation. Urine may sometimes contain red blood cells or hemoglobin released from damaged red blood cells. It may also contain myoglobin. Myoglobin is a red pigment that stores oxygen in muscles. Damaged muscle cells may release myoglobin, turning pee red. Blood in the urine could indicate an injured kidney, urinary bladder, or urinary tract. Red urine is not necessarily caused by blood. Phenazopyridine (trade name Pyridium) is a medication that acts as an anesthetic in the urinary tract. It's prescribed for urinary tract infections and injuries and after medical tests or surgery on the tract. One of the medication's side effects is the production of an orange-red urine. Use of a senna laxative can sometimes produce red pee. The disease known as porphyria can also produce a reddish urine, as described below. In females, the openings from the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract are close together, so sometimes medical tests are needed to discover where blood in the urine is coming from. Green or Blue Pee Eating a lot of asparagus can sometimes turn urine green and may also give the urine a distinct odor. An infection by a bacterium called Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause pee to turn green or blue. Several medications may cause blue urine. These include: - amitriptyline, an antidepressant - indomethacin (trade name Indocin), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug - cimetidine (trade name Tagamet), a stomach acid reducer - promethazine (trade name Phenergan), an anti-nausea drug - urised, a pain reliever for urinary tract problems; contains a dye called methylene blue, which stains pee Metabolic disorders can also produce blue urine. Indicanuria is a condition in which the body is unable to absorb the amino acid tryptophan from the intestine. Intestinal bacteria break the tryptophan down into chemicals that are excreted in the urine and cause it to appear blue. In babies, the disorder is sometimes called “blue diaper syndrome.” The condition is sometimes accompanied by familial hypercalcemia, a condition in which the blood calcium level is too high. Brown or Black Urine Eating lots of aloe or fava beans (also called broad beans) can result in brown urine. Taking a cascara laxative can produce the same effect. A senna laxative can cause a red, red-brown, or brown urine. Methyldopa (brand name Aldomet), a drug given to help high blood pressure, can cause urine to turn black when the liquid mixes with bleach in the toilet bowl. The antibiotic metronidazole darkens urine. Alkaptonuria (also spelled alcaptonuria) is an inherited condition in which urine becomes brown-black when it's exposed to air. In this disorder a person cannot completely break down two amino acids called phenylalanine and tyrosine. As a result, a substance called homogentisic acid collects in the body and is deposited in the urine. The urine appears black when the acid reacts with air. Liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, kidney disease. and kidney stones can all produce dark brown urine. Dark urine is also a symptom of some types of cancer. The terms porphyrin and porphyria are derived from the Greek word porphyrus, meaning purple.— American Porphyria Foundation The Biology of Porphyria People with porphyria may have red-brown or red-purple urine. The illness develops when someone lacks a specific enzyme involved in the production of heme, the red, iron-containing part of the hemoglobin molecule. Heme belongs to the group of chemicals known as porphyrins, which are often intensely colored. Heme is produced in a series of steps involving molecues known as heme precursors. Each step is controlled by a specific enzyme and makes a new precursor molecule. The molecule is then converted to a different precursor in the next step. In people with porphyria, one of the enzymes involved in heme production is missing. This means that a specific precursor can’t be changed into the next one in the chain or into heme, the end product of the process. Precursor molecules build up in the body and may reach a toxic level. They collect in the skin, the organs, the feces, and the urine. The molecules are colorless, but when those in urine are exposed to light they are converted into colored porphyrins. Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) Types of Porphyria There are at least eight types of porphyria. Some types affect the skin, causing blisters, swelling, and itching when the skin is exposed to sunlight. Other forms affect the internal organs, nervous system, and brain, causing symptoms such as pain, cramping, vomiting, numbness, paralysis, personality changes, and mental disorders. King George III of Britain, who was known as the “mad” king, exhibited periods of body pain, paralysis, and insanity. His doctors recorded the fact that he had dark red or red-purple urine on several occasions. Today’s researchers believe that King George probably suffered from a form of porphyria. Porphyria is caused by a genetic problem. Sometimes the disorder is inactive and only becomes active when a person is exposed to a stress of some kind. Doctors today have several ways to treat the disorder. Cloudy Liquid The most common cause of cloudy urine is the presence of phosphate crystals. These crystals may appear after eating or drinking high-phosphate foods, such as milk. They disappear if a small quantity of vinegar is added to the urine. Cloudy urine may sometimes be a sign of a urinary tract infection, which causes white blood cells to collect in the urine. White blood cells fight invading bacteria and viruses. The urinary tract infection may be accompanied by other symptoms, such as a frequent need to urinate and a burning sensation during urination. A disorder called proteinuria can also produce cloudy urine. In this condition protein builds up in pee. Proteinuria is sometimes temporary and disappears without treatment, but it may indicate kidney damage. It can also be a symptom of certain diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure). Proteinuria may develop in pregnant women who are suffering from preeclampsia. This is a condition in which a woman develops high blood pressure and a high protein level in her urine during pregnancy. Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by a problem involving antidiuretic hormone or ADH. It's not the same condition as diabetes mellitus, which is caused by a problem involving insulin. Colorless Liquid Urine that looks like pure water, with no yellow color, may indicate that a person is well hydrated or even over–hydrated. Drinking too much water can be dangerous, since it dilutes essential electrolytes inside the body. Large amounts of colorless urine may be a symptom of diabetes insipidus, which is not the same condition as diabetes mellitus. In diabetes mellitus (which is commonly broken down into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes), a person doesn’t make enough insulin or their cells don’t respond to insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that increases the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, the sugar that travels in blood. The hormone allows glucose to leave the blood and enter the cells, where it's used as an energy source. Diabetes mellitus is sometimes called sugar diabetes, since glucose collects in the blood of an untreated diabetic. In diabetes insipidus, the body doesn’t produce enough antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH and vasopressin), or the kidneys don't respond to the hormone properly. ADH is made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland until it's needed. The hormone stimulates the kidneys to send water back into the tissues and bloodstream so that it isn't excreted in the urine. Without ADH, too much urine is produced and the person is constantly thirsty. Diabetes insipidus is sometimes called water diabetes. A Nurse Describes Diabetes Insipidus Symptoms Although diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are unrelated diseases, they both have increased thirst and urination as symptoms. These symptoms should always be investigated by a doctor. Investigating Urine With an Abnormal Color Urine with an abnormal color may indicate a medical problem or may be the result of ingesting certain foods, drinks, medications, or multivitamins containing pigments or added dyes. Diagnostic dyes used in medical tests and medications can also color urine. It’s a good idea to check the information sheet that accompanies a prescribed medication or medical treatment so that you won’t be surprised by colored urine if this is one of the side effects. It's important to discover why urine has changed color. Unless a change in appearance can be related to diet or a medical treatment and quickly disappears once the food or treatment is stopped, a doctor should be consulted. References - Urine colour chart from Carleton University - Facts about urine color from the Mayo Clinic - Colors that suggest urine trouble from UC San Diego Health - American Porphyria Association - Diabetes inspidus information from the National Health Service Questions & Answers What does foul smelling urine indicate? Urine may smell bad simply because we're dehydrated or because it's more concentrated when we wake up in the morning. Certain medications or foods—such as asparagus—can also make urine smell bad. The odor may be due to a health problem such as a urinary tract infection, however. A genetic problem can also produce the smell. If the bad odor doesn't disappear soon, a doctor's advice should be sought. © 2010 Linda Crampton Comments This is one bodily function I want to understand well. Thank you for all the information. Hello Dr. I m suffring yellow urine from last 2months, although m having 12 glass of water daily, then why it's coming that way, m very much worried, please give a suitable treatment My urine has been clear for a long time. It is almost white or crystal clear. Why is this? Thank you for this article. I've been trying to drink loads more water as I thought it was better the more I drank. Then had a day in hospital due to illness and the doc said my sodium was very low and to limit water to one litre a day. I was worried about this as my wee has been dark brown for the last two days (since illness). Having read your article and the quote from the nephrologist, I shall stop worrying! Thank you. I had a cloudy urine and it turns out im infectedwith UTI. thanks, well documented i think i'll be drinking more water plus i learned a lot. my urine was dark at the last urine test oct 25 2016 the nurse said she that some concerns, i'm 68 and i like to live so i'm doing all i can and thank you. saul rosenberg Sorry, I meant to say "having trouble with UTI's. Got it wrong. I see you took down the post. Was something wrong with it? Anyway, thanks for the Hub. The info is great. Is there something in here about bleach, or did I just miss it? My urine has always been straw colored (except when trying to get rid of IUD's at which times it is cloudy white) and since I have been having so many troubles with that, and I sometimes get a splash-back from the toilet water which is close too the top, but I rent and have no control over what type toilet I have, I decided to leave a little bleach in the toilet water just in case. The next time I used it my urine was dark orange, almost brown. It has scared me. Is it the bleach or should I call my doctor now? Thanks for this web site. So very good! Thanks for all this information; I sure had no idea. I know I don't drink enough water but I guess I am in a safe range. Water just isn't as good as it was when I was growing up. I just loved water. Now I just force it on myself! lol I knew about most of the colors except for BLUE! That's came as a shock to me. Thank you for sharing this information. As always you do an absolutely excellent job. In your career as a teacher, your students are truly lucky to have you! What a wonderful hub! mine is usually dark yellow, I think i drink too much tea and coffee Thank you for sharing your informative hub. Being a holistic practitioner, I am always interested in hubs pertaining to health. You did a nice job laying this one out and making it easy to read and understand. Have the best of evenings, Blessings, Bobby Hi AliciaC, thanks for sharing such a very important subject. I will point out that when I've eaten beets the urine comes out pinkish but that seems to be normal. Looking forward to more of your health observations. Thank you so much for this very informative article. I have a habit to drink a liter of warm water with a slice of lemon every morning before getting up. I drink this over a period of an hour while doing my social networking from my tablet. I do know that when I drink this liter too fast, ( because I have to get up) I have to run to the loo and I know the water went strait through. Now I'm ready for my coffee! Voted up! Very useful and informative hub. I thought there are only 2 colors of urine, clear and yellow. Thanks for the loads of informations. Excellent info in this article! I am a retired Lab. Tech. and the first thing we noted in our urinalysis report was the color. It is very important. Way back when, before there was a test for sugar (glucose) in the urine, the doctors would taste the urine. Can you imagine that?? Voted this UP, and shared. You have done an excellent job. Urine may not be the most pleasant thing to talk abut, but it can alert us to serious disease. This is very useful and helpful guide. Voted up++ and shared. Also kudos for doing this in a tasteful manner. My stools have yellow moisture around them, my urine is yellow, and if I get a slight cut it leaks a yellow tinge with the moisture Urine color truly talks a lot about ourselves. We must keep in mind the signs that they tell us. Great information on a topic which many of us don't usually stop to think about - organized and thorough. This is real interesting to know about the variations of urine colors and how we eat depends on it. Real informative. Voted up! thanks for the hub, mine is dark yellow urine, too much sugar? Another useful and interesting hub. Will have to be more watchful now. Thank you for sharing a very informative hub, Linda. Since I am entering an age group where I have to be particularly aware of health issues, as well as various types of diseases, this one was great for me. I will keep this hub as my resource to always return to keep a check on my health issues. All but Funny, then again I might have missed it while thinking about the new learning I gained from this very informative Hub. Thanks. Very useful hub! Very interesting hub. I learned a lot and will be more aware now. Thanks you are welcom and you have great hubs :) i'am interested by your article and it contain full advice thank you Thanks for a very interesting article, I learnt a lot reading it I had no idea there were so many different colors and every color was explained so well. The color of our urine is something that isn't given much thought about until we are not well, we really should take more notice of an everyday function that we can't do without. I knew that if it looks concentrated, then the person needs to drink more water and if it looks cloudy, then it could be a UTI, but did not know the rest. Thanks for sharing I will remember that, " Drinking too much water can be dangerous, since it dilutes essential electrolytes inside the body. Thanks for sharing the helpful information in the hub. Voted up. Very useful and interesting article. A great work with much knowledge. thank you for the information Came back to say that I will tweet, G+ and pin this hub to my health board and share with HP followers. Good information! Very useful and elaborate information about Urine color and its significance. Long long ago, when there were no pathological tests available, the color of urine helped the physicians to diagnose the illness. Well presented and well researched hub. Voted up and shared on HP! Fascinating hub Linda! I had no idea about the vast array of colours that are available to human urine. And I didn't know about diabetes insipidus either... so thank you for the education! The things we can learn through hubpages. Fascinating. Very interesting read. Voted up. Hi, Linda. How informative this hub is ! An innocuous looking urine changes color and tells a lot. You have contained so much interesting stuff in this hub that I remained glued to it till the last word. Well-written and very useful. Voted up. Hi, AliciaC Please you give me more detail for this topic I thank full I am MH. from Pakistan. please guide me more information about this topic? please inform me . My urine color is straw well/bad kindly. Very interesting and informing! I didn't know certain foods like beets or asparagus could affect the color of urine. Well written and presented! Lots of interesting information, good to be aware of. How interesting to read the specific 'tracks' of various urine colors and how they relate to specific health issues. Happily, I'm disgustingly healthy and normal, but knowing the symptoms and possible complications is very useful. I've had a habit of drinking the juice of a half or a quarter of a fresh lemon in warm water every morning before anything else, which I believe has helped my kidneys work well. I've never had any problems with them and generally, very few health issues, especially for someone my age - which just became 82. I'm very thankful for it. I like your separation of the terms 'health' and 'disease'. It sometimes seems they become confused in people's minds. "Health Care" seems related to health and it would be good if more of it were dedicated to preventing disease. Thanks for a wonderfully informative hub! You've solved a mystery that has been plaguing us: My daughter started taking a vitamin supplement, but was horrified that it turned her urine a florescent yellow. Now we know it was the B2 in the supplement! Alicia - This was very informative and very helpful. Diabetes runs in my family and your hub explains some of the conditions my family members have had to deal with. Good Hub. Theresa This was very informative. Good to know. You must be a doctor, nurse or supper good researcher. Voted up! What an informative and well written hub! I had no idea urine could turn so many colors for such a variety of reasons. I must say if I noticed blue, black or red urine my first response would likely be alarm. Thanks for the information. Voted up and useful.
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Većina nas ne voli pričati o stvarima poput urina ili izmeta, ali realnost leži u činjenici da su ove izlučevine važne za naše zdravlje. Možda ne razgovaramo o tome, ali svi znamo da premalo ili previše ovih izlučevina nije dobro. Međutim, većina nas pusti vodu za sobom ne posvećujući mnogo pažnje tome ili tek preletimo pogledom kako bi se uvjerili da nema nekih abnormalnosti. Ukoliko postoji osjećaj peckanja ili boli kod uriniranja, to nas ponuka da provjerimo šta tačno izlučujemo. Postoji nekoliko stvari koje su svima vidljive kod uriniranja i vrlo je važno znati šta nam urin govori o nama. Stručnjaci kažu kako je urin najlakši način samopregleda našeg tijela. Ako negdje u tijelu postoji problem, on će se pojaviti u našim izlučevinama. Promjene u mirisu i boji su izravni pokazatelji neispravnog funkcioniranja naših tjelesnih sistema. Urin pomaže pri indiciranju trudnoće, unutrašnjih ozljeda ili nekog problema koji se ne može otkriti izvana. Također, promjena boje urina može ukazati na upale mokraćnih puteva ili dehidraciju, budući da u tim slučajevima urin postaje tamniji i gušći. Može ukazati i na to da je razina kofeina ili nikotina u našem tijelu porasla, naročito kod urina žena. Štaviše, ako urin ima čudan miris onda je to normalno. Znamo da zvuči čudno, ali čudan miris kod urina je dobar pokazatelj. Ali druge karakteristike, kao ove već navedene, kao što je bol ili osjećaj peckanja, mogu ukazati da nam je potreban pregled što je prije moguće. Uz sve ovo ne zaboravite da ni premalo ni previše urina nije dobro. Stoga, nastojte postići balans. Boja urina jest ili bi trebala biti blijedo žute boje. To je zato što sadrži spoj pod nazivom urohrom, spoj koja se stvara raspadom hemoglobina. Ali urin mijenja boju iz mnogih razloga, od kojih su neki bezopasni, a neki alarmantni. Pročitajte o različitim bojama urina i usporedite boju vašeg urina sa njima. Tamno žuta: Budući da je svijetlo žuta boja normalna za urin, tamno žuta boja ukazuje da osoba pati od dehidracije, jer je koncentracija soli veća od normalne. Što je manje vode, žuta nijansa urina će biti tamnija. Stoga, u ovom slučaju nastojte piti više vode. Crvena: U osnovi ova boja varira od nijanse ružičaste do tamno crvene boje. Test može specificirati da li urin sadrži krv ili ugruške krvi, kao što je hematurija. Ali ovo je ozbiljan problem kojeg biste trebali provjeriti što prije. Ova boja se može pojaviti zbog infekcije mjehura, mokraćnih puteva ili uretre. Također, rak prostate kod muškaraca ili mjehura kod oba spola ili čak naporna vježba može dovesti do toga da urin bude crvene boje. Borovnice i cvekla mogu urinu dati takvu boju. Neki lijekovi, kao što su laksativi, također urinu daju crvenkastu boju. Stoga, ako ste jeli cveklu ili borovnice i idućeg dana je vaš urin crven, nemate razloga za brigu. U suprotnom, svakako posjetite ljekara. Smeđkasto crna: Ova boja također može varirati u nijansama od smeđe do crne. Može biti i tamna nijansa crvene boje. Ova boja se pojavljuje zbog nepravilnog rada jetre i stanja poput hepatitisa, blokade žučovoda, tumora ili čak ciroze, jer se bilirubin pojavljuje u mokraći. Također, ozbiljna stanja poput hemolitičke anemije ili melanoma mogu uzrokovati smeđkasto crni urin. Neke namirnice, kao što je smeđi grah ili rabarbara, mogu urinu dati tamnu i smeđu boju, kao i neki lijekovi kao što su antibiotici, antimalarijski lijekovi i laksativi. Narančasta: Mnogi lijekovi mogu uzrokovati da urin bude narančaste boje. Također, pretjeran unos citrusa ili mrkve može biti razlog za narančasti urin. Tamno narančasta boja urina može značiti da je prisutna prevelika razina žuči pa je izrazito važno da se obratite ljekaru. Ljubičasta: Ova boja se javlja u vrećici katetera koji kolonizira bakterija. Urin se sastoji od spojeva crvene, plave i indigo boje što sve zajedno daje ljubičastu. Ono što u ovom slučaju možete učiniti jeste zamijeniti vrećicu katetera. Plavo-zelena boja: Ovu boju urina uzrokuju neki lijekovi, ali i pretjerano uzimanje vitamina. Ukoliko ste tokom pregleda i testiranja bili izloženi zračenju, urin može postati plavo-zelene boje. Međutim, ukoliko ništa od navedenog nije objašnjenje plavo-zelene boje vašeg urina, svakako se obratite svome ljekaru, jer je moguće da se radi o infekciji bakterijom iz porodice Pseudomonas. Ona se lako liječi antibioticima, ali je potrebno reagovati na vrijeme. Urin je indikator nekih problema, stoga ga provjeravajte s vremena na vrijeme. Mnogi ljudi ignoriraju ove vidljive znakove i riskiraju razvitak ozbiljnih bolesti. Posavjetujte se sa ljekarom kako bi se vaše stanje definisalo i odgovarajući tretman bio uspostavljen. Izvor: Human’nHealth Prevod: A. Kadrija