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Known as the sunshine vitamin, the body naturally produces vitamin D when it is directly exposed to sunlight and converts a chemical in your skin into calciferol (vitamin D2). As well as the sun, we can get vitamin D from oily fish, red meat, liver, egg yolks, mushrooms and fortified foods like milk and cereal. You can also take it in supplement form. “Vitamin D is a fat-soluble essential nutrient that plays an important role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus, which helps bone formation,” says registered dietitian Nichola Ludlam-Raine (opens in new tab). “It also facilitates calcium absorption, which is vital for good bone and teeth health.” The problem is that about 42% of Americans aren’t getting enough vitamin D, according to research published in the National Institutes of Health (opens in new tab) database. A deficiency can lead to bone deformities, such as rickets (weak bones) in children, and osteomalacia (bone pain) in adults. And a study published in Nutrients (opens in new tab) showed that people with darker skin pigmentation needed longer or more intense UV radiation exposure to synthesize enough vitamin D. So, if you have darker skin, you tend to make less vitamin D in the sun than someone with a lighter skin tone. In this article, we talk to Ludlam-Raine about vitamin D, how to make sure you’re getting enough, and signs you might have a deficiency. Why are the benefits of vitamin D? Nichola Ludlam-Raine is a specialist registered dietitian, scientific author and media spokesperson with over 13 years of clinical experience. She graduated with a first class honours degree in BSc Sport & Exercise Science from Loughborough University, U.K., before gained a Post Graduate Diploma in Dietetics from Leeds Metropolitan University to become a registered dietitian in 2009. She also has an MSc in Health Science. Scientists are finding links between vitamin D and a range of health benefits. Improved sports performance and reduced risk of injury Looking to improve your sports performance? Vitamin D could help. A study in the journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (opens in new tab) found vitamin D supplementation could increase muscle strength, especially in people who are deficient. Higher serum levels of vitamin D are also associated with reduced injury rates and improved athletic performance (opens in new tab). Lower risk of arthritis and osteoporosis Vitamin D is essential in preventing thinning of the bones, especially for people who are at high risk of inflammatory arthritis or osteoporosis. Boosted immunity According to the journal Nutrients (opens in new tab), vitamin D may support the immune system and reduce inflammation and abnormal cell growth. People who don’t get enough could be at higher risk of infection and autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and bowel disease. Reduced risk of multiple sclerosis and other chornic conditions Vitamin D could help prevent diabetes, hypertension and multiple sclerosis (opens in new tab) (MS). But, more research is needed in these areas, says the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Improved mental health A study published in Scientific Reports (opens in new tab) found that inadequate vitamin D levels were associated with a higher risk of depression. Compared with those with sufficient levels of vitamin D, those with insufficient levels were more likely to report elevated depressive symptoms. However, becoming or no longer being vitamin D deficient was, in the short term, not associated with elevated depressive symptoms. So further evidence is required on whether vitamin D supplementation might contribute to the prevention or treatment of depression. How much vitamin D should you consume? The recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for vitamin D in the U. S are 15 mcg (600 IU) for adults and children aged four and older, rising to 20 mcg (800 IU) for those over the age of 70. But there is a lot of debate about how much we need. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, older adults, anyone with dark skin, and people exposed to insufficient UVB radiation should consume extra vitamin D from vitamin D-fortified foods or supplements. The American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention echo this recommendation, while some experts claim that optimal amounts for all adults are closer to 800–1000 IU (20-25 mcg) daily. The tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D is 2000 IU (50 mcg) per day in North America and in Europe; however, some scientists (opens in new tab) are calling for this guidance to be reviewed, suggesting upwards of 10,000 IU may be more appropriate. Preliminary studies (opens in new tab) also show a link between unhealthy vitamin D levels and cancer of the colon, prostate and breast, according to the NIH's Office of Dietary Supplements. However, more research is needed. It is possible to take too much vitamin D, however. One man’s 'overzealous' vitamin D use led to hospitalization, according to the British Medical Journal (opens in new tab). Under the regimen, the patient had been taking 150,000 IU of vitamin D daily — 250 times the 600 IU RDA. What are the best sources of vitamin D? “Most of the vitamin D we synthesize comes through the skin from sunlight, and it can be hard to obtain sufficient levels through diet alone as it’s only found in a small number of foods,” says Ludlam-Raine. Good food sources of vitamin D include: - Oily fish – salmon, sardines, herring and mackerel - Red meat - Liver - Egg yolks - Mushrooms - Fortified foods: milk, fat spreads, breakfast cereals, bread and orange juice Another source of vitamin D is dietary supplements. Signs of vitamin D deficiency The amount of vitamin D your skin makes depends on many factors, including the time of day, season, latitude and your skin pigmentation. Depending on where you live and your lifestyle, vitamin D production may reduce or be absent during the winter months. Sunscreen, while important to prevent skin cancer, can also decrease your intake. Vitamin D deficiency can cause health problems. Perhaps the best known is rickets (weak bones). Just as scientists were discovering vitamins at the turn of the 20th century, a scourge of rickets hit the children of factory workers in England. Urban children were spending most of their time indoors or under polluted skies. With the help of scientist Harriette Chick in Vienna, researchers showed that taking cod liver oil and getting more sun exposure treated rickets. Ludlam-Raine says: “Signs of deficiency include fatigue, bone and muscle pain, and possibly even fractures – those at higher risk of this include those that spend more time indoors, pregnant and breastfeeding women, those with dark skin or that cover up their skin.” You can determine a vitamin D deficiency with a simple blood test. Your doctor may also order an X-ray to check the strength of your bones; they may then recommend high-dose vitamin D tablets or liquids. This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice.
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Debljina uzrokuje manjak vitamina D Poznato je da debjina utječe na utječe na razvoj dijabetesa tipa 2, srčanih bolesti i određenih oblika raka U nedavnom izdanju časopisa PLoS Medicine objavljena je studija koja upozorava da debljina može uzrokovati manjak vitamina D. Ova je studija, koju su proveli istraživači okupljeni u zajedničkoj suradnji pod imenom D-CarDia u okviru Britanske zaklade za srce (British Heart Foundation), prva povezala visok indeks tjelesne mase (BMI) s niskim razinama vitamina D. Studija je obuhvatila više od 42.000 ljudi iz 21 zemlje, a unutar nje istraživači su pokušali prepoznati sve genetske varijacije kojr bi mogle biti povezane s indeksom tjelesne mase i vitaminom D kako bi bili sigurni da nijedan drugi čimbenik nije utjecao na rezultate. Visok indeks tjelesne mase povezan s niskim razinama vitamina D Istraživači su otkrili da je povezanost između visokog indeksa tjelesne mase i niskih razina vitamina D svojstvena svim demografskim skupinama. Svako povećanje indeksa tjelesne mase za 10 posto uzrokovalo je padom razine vitamina D od 4,2 posto. „Pokazali smo da je povezanost između indeksa tjelesne mase i vitamina D prisutna kod svih bijelaca Sjeverne Amerike i Europe bez obzira na dob ili spol. Dokazali smo i da povećanje indeksa tjelesne mase dovodi do smanjenja vitamina D, a time i da pretilost predstavlja rizik za nedostatak vitamina D", izjavili su autori, podsjećajući kako je vitamin D nužan za zdravlje kostiju i sprečavanje bolesti poput raka, dijabetesa i visokog krvnog tlaka. Nedavno istraživanje provedeno na Sveučilištu u Kopenhagenu otkrilo je kako niske razine vitamina D mogu povećati rizik obolijevanja od srčanih bolesti i prerane smrti. „Naša studija ističe nužnost povećanja razine vitamina D kod pretilih osoba, kao i važnost praćenja i tretiranja nedostatka vitamina D kako bi se smanjili nepovoljni učinci pretilosti na zdravlje. Smanjenje pretilosti u populaciji trebalo bi dovesti i do smanjenja učestalosti nedostatka vitamina D", izjavili su autori istraživanja. Debljina i niske razine vitamina D povezane su s rizikom od dijabetesa Moguće je i da bi pretilost mogla utjecati, osim na smanjenje razine vitamina D, i na razvoj dijabetesa tipa II. Istraživači su otkrili da je rizik za razvoj inzulinske rezistencije veći kod osoba koje su i pretile i imaju nizak vitamin D, nego kod osoba kod kojih je samo jedan od tih dvaju čimbenika izražen. Shaum Kabadi i njegov tim sa Sveučilišta Dextrel otkrili su kako pretili ljudi s normalnom razinom vitamina D imaju čak 20 puta veći rizik za razvoj inzulinske rezistencije u usporedbi s ostatkom populacije. No, rizik kod pretilih ljudi s niskom razinom vitamina D veći je čak 32 puta.