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School Among other experiments in 1761, Black studied the melting point of ice. From the results, it was observed that the temperature of a mixture of ice water and placed in a warm room varies more rapidly than the temperature of ice alone, whichis maintained for a long time until the melting process is complete. The conclusion is that if it flows into the vicinity of the caloric mixture of ice and water, even more will happen in the case of ice alone. Therefore, by Black, a mixture of ice and water contained more calories than ice alone. The experiments mentioned,realizes a tendency to mold the caloric properties and phenomena known. However, in science, a theoretical model should not be limited to explain the known phenomena, but also must be able to make predictions about events. ACTIVITY In summary, the theory considers caloric heat as a substance belonging to the body. Resume your notes and compare their theory with the caloric theory. Look for commonalities and contradictory points between the two. The problem is that the ability to make predictions did not appear on the caloric theory. Moreover, the explanations given by this theory to known phenomena manifest certain weaknesses, besides the metaphysical aspects. However, as already said, the lack of atomic theory consistently prevented the refutation of the caloric theory, which was only to be overthrown in the nineteenth century. Heat is Energy? In his work on the factory guns, Benjamin Thompson (1753 - 1814), Count Rumford, observed phenomena whose explanation just representing a blow against the caloric theory. The drilling of iron for the manufacture of the drill guns heated so as iron itself. To prevent melting, the metal had to be cooled with water. According to the caloric theory, the heating was due to the fact of being torn by the metal drill bits during drilling, when the fluid was expelled. The use of a drill "blind" (which could not tear off pieces punching metal) showed that the heat generated was still larger, and there was no caloric output of the material. According Rumford, this result could only be explained by the possibility that the heat will not be fluid, but a form of movement, or in other words a form of energy. The heat would be produced by the agitation of the metal particles by friction with the drill. Thermodynamics
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Škola Među ostalim pokusima u 1761, crna studirao tališta leda. Iz rezultata, uočeno je da je temperatura od mješavine leda i vode i staviti u toploj sobi varira brže od temperature leda sama, kojase vodi za dugo vremena dok se topljenje proces završi. Zaključak je da ako se ulijeva u blizini kalorija smjesu leda i vode, još će se dogoditi u slučaju leda sama. Dakle, crna, mješavina leda i vode sadrži više kalorija nego led sama. Pokusi spomenuto,postoji tendencija da sepercipira oblikuju kalorijama svojstva i pojave poznate. Međutim, u znanosti, teorijski model ne bi trebao biti ograničen objasniti poznatih fenomena, ali također moraju biti u mogućnosti da predviđanja o događajima. AKTIVNOST U sažetku, teorija smatra kalorija topline kao tvar koja se nalazi na tijelu. Nastavi svoje bilješke i usporediti svoju teoriju sa kalorija teorije. Potražite sličnosti i kontradiktorne točke između dva. Problem je u tome što je sposobnost predviđanja nisu pojavili na kalorija teorije. Štoviše, objašnjenja koja su dali ovoj teoriji poznatim fenomena manifestiraju određene slabosti, osim metafizičkim aspektima. Međutim, kao što je već rekao, nedostatak atomska teorija dosljedno spriječila pobijanje od kalorija teorije, što je samo biti razorena u devetnaestom stoljeću. Toplina je energija? U svom radu na tvorničke topova, Benjamin Thompson (1753 - 1814), tačka Rumford, promatra fenomene čije objašnjenje jednostavno predstavlja udarac protiv kalorija teorije. Bušenje željeza za proizvodnju za busenje oružja zagrijava kako bi se željezo. Kako bi spriječili topljenje, metal morao biti hlađen vodom. Prema teoriji kalorija, grijanje je s obzirom na činjenicu da bude rastrgana komadićima metalne svrdla tijekom bušenja, kada se tekućina je isključen. Uporaba bušilicom "slijepi" (koji se ne može otkinuti komada probijanje metala) pokazala je da je toplina koja je još uvijek veća, i nema kalorija izlaz materijala. Prema Rumford, ovaj rezultat samo da bi se moglo objasniti mogućnost da se toplina neće biti tekućine, ali oblik kretanja, odnosno oblik energije. Topline će biti proizvedena od strane miješanja metalnih čestica trenjem s bušilicom. Termodinamika