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About 7,000 wild animals are treated each year at the GREFA wildlife hospital in Madrid. DW visited the patients, feathered and furred, to find out how humans put them at risk — and offer hope of conservation. A red kite is having physiotherapy to recover from a gunshot wound. Veterinarian Virginia Moraleda is massaging the bird's wing. She explains that the bird is doing well and will soon be set free. It's one of lucky ones. Only half the 7,000 animals that come to the Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA) hospital each year make it back to the wild. Vultures, for instance, have to be in an extremely fragile state of health before they’re likely to be found lying on the ground and brought in to the hospital, explains Nacho Otero, head of GREFA's rehabilitation and release department. Human friends and foe But those that do make a full recovery make it all worthwhile; it's worth the effort, as around 80 percent of patients end up here due to people. "At least let's repair what we as humans do to wildlife," Otero says. A few have been deliberately targeted by hunters. But most have had accidental run-ins with their human neighbors — colliding with a glass door, for example, or being hit by a car. Power lines are the biggest killer. In Spain, almost 34,000 birds die each year from collision or electrocution. Many more are left disabled. Trash is also a major hazard for wildlife. Lizards get trapped in soda cans; endangered Canarian shrews are often found dead inside discarded bottles. European pond turtles — endangered or extinct in most European countries — are illegally traded as pets, or put at risk by other "pet" species brought from abroad but eventually abandoned in the wild. One of the patients is a Spanish pond turtle with a shell malformation. Rocío Fernández, a student vet and volunteer at the hospital, says it was probably bred in captivity and lacked nutrients because of inadequate food and sunlight. "They are very cute when they're small, but once they grow up, people don't know what to do with them," Fernández says. Lost to the wild Contact with humans carries all kind of risks for wild animals. Young foxes or wild boars, for example, can become dependent on humans, meaning they can never live a normal life in the wild. That’s the case for a fox Otero is looking after. A family accidently ran over its mother and took the cub home to care for it. But nine months later, they regretted their decision. Otero says if it had been brought in right away, it could have been released along with five other baby foxes which the hospital returned to the wild earlier this year. Now it's too late. The young fox would not only face tremendous challenges to survive, but could endanger other animals, if farmers reacted to him approaching humans for food by placing traps and poison. Otero hopes the fox will soon move to an educational open-air center, but is waiting for permits to make this possible. "Being here for him is like being in prison," Otero says sadly. Birds, meanwhile, have better chances of readapting to life in the wild — particularly those with lower intelligence levels like vultures, should they survive. "We try to keep their contact with us to a minimum," Moraleda says. “We usually treat them far less than once a day. And don't worry, they don't see us as their friends — this hurts!" she says, extending the red kite's wing. Reviving species Víctor García, a wildlife specialist with the Spanish Environment Ministry, is carefully fitting a new solar-powered transmitter to a black vulture's back. The old one alerted conservationists that the bird was not moving. It turned out to have a dislocated wing. Now, it’s going to rejoin a growing population of the birds in the Pyrenees, which had been pushed to the brink of extinction a century ago. GREFA doesn’t just care for individual animals. It’s also working to revive whole populations – like that of the lesser kestrel. In the 0960s, there were around 100,000 breeding pairs in Spain. Now there are just 12,000, and that number keeps falling. At GREFA center, they're being bred in captivity. But GREFA can’t rehabilitate species alone. Threatened migratory species in particular can only be saved through cross-border efforts. The long-distance migrant Montagu's harrier is another bird of prey at risk. In Madrid, 28 pairs have been reduced to just four over the last few years. "They don't come back from Africa anymore, but we don't know exactly why. We need further research," Otero says. At the hospital, every animal brought in is a priority, be it a Spanish imperial eagle — which has benefitted from successful conservation efforts — or a baby sparrow. Otero says the act of saving an animal is important to our relationship with the natural world. Living side-by-side For a child, a sparrow chick found flailing on the ground may be the most important animal in the world; "it probably has already been given a name." Rescuing helps motivate people and raise awareness, Otero says. Schoolchildren are invited in to the hospital to learn about threats to the natural world around them — and solutions. Observing a Spanish imperial eagle with an amputated wing, a child asks what he can do to prevent birds from electrocution. "Well, just turn off the lights. Less consumption, fewer power lines, fewer electrocuted birds," Otero says. Living in harmony with wildlife doesn’t come easily in the modern world. The common vole, for example, tucks into crops, causing major disputes between conservationists and farmers. But, after years of awareness campaigns, they're finally cooperating to use birds as a natural control system for the diminutive rodent. "In general, the situation has really improved," Otero says. "Many farmers call us because they’ve found a snake in their barn — that was inconceivable a few years ago; they would have killed it immediately." When people bring animals that are really beyond hope, Otero jokes that he thinks they may have been too effective in raising awareness. But he concludes: "The world is not only ours, everyone has a role protecting it." The majestic sea eagle was on the brink of extinction just decades ago in Germany. Now, the birds of prey are making a slow comeback - the "Bird Man" of the Mecklenburg lakes helps by getting up close and personal. It’s been more than a millennium since wild lynx roamed the British Isles. Now, plans to reintroduce the feline into the countryside have Britain divided. Wolves have been making a comeback, with a few dozen packs already roaming Germany's forests. But the return of a predator feared since ancient times has the human population fiercely divided. Berlin might seem like a concrete jungle, but the metropolis has more biodiversity than you'd expect. What is it about Berlin that attracts wild foxes, raccoons, boars and the largest number of birds in all of Germany? The yellow-breasted bunting has gone from "vulnerable" to "critically endangered," say conservationists. Hunting is the main reason for a dramatic decline in numbers. The songbird is considered a delicacy in China. Vultures, flies and bacteria - none of these organisms are particularly well-loved by humans. But they are essential to keeping our ecosystem healthy and clean by helping to get rid of dead animal and plant matter. Despite legal protection, birds are still illegally killed across migration routes – particularly in the Mediterranean. Experts are meeting this week in Manila to tackle this and other threats against migratory species.
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Crveni jastreb je upravo na fizioterapiji koja mu je potrebna nakon povrede vatrenim oružjem. Veterinarka Virginia Moraleda masira krilo ptice i objašnjava nam kako ptici dobro ide i kako će ubrzo biti puštena na slobodu. Ta ptica je jedna od divljih životinja koje su imale sreću. Samo polovica od oko 7.000 životinja koje budu donesene u Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autócana y su Hábitat (GREFA) uspiju dospjeti nazad u divljinu. Supovi su na primjer poseban problem: te snažne ptice i povrijeđene nekako pokušavaju preživjeti i tek kad su potpuno iscrpljene i u jadnom stanju ostanu ležati na zemlji, uopće dođu u tu veterinarsku ustanovu, objašnjava nam Nacho Otero, direktor GREFA. Ali životinje koje budu spašene svima u tom centru pružaju motiv da ustraju u svom poslu. Tim više što oko 80% životinja dođe u centar krivnjom čovjeka: „Da barem popravimo nešto što smo mi, ljudi učinili divljim životinjama", kaže nam Otero. Najgori su - dalekovodi Neke životinje su bile i cilj lovaca, ali većina je tek doživjela koban sudar sa njihovim ljudskim susjedima: udarili su u staklena vrata ili ih je udario automobil. Najveći ubojica su dalekovodi: u Španjolskoj svake godine pogine oko 34 tisuće ptica u sudarima sa naponskim kablovima ili ih sprži struja. Ako i prežive, mnoge ostanu invalidi. Još jedna golema opasnost za divlje životinje je otpad: gušteri ostaju zarobljeni u konzervama za napitke, ima i kanarinaca koji su se uvukli u boce, ali su uginuli tražeći i izlaz iz te jadne situacije. Onda je tu problem i „kućnih ljubimaca": posebno stradavaju europske barske kornjače, negdje već izumrle i u čitavoj Europi pod najstrožom zaštitom. Ali mnogi ne mogu izdržati pa ih pokupe kao ljubimce ili ih ugrožavaju drugi „ljubimci" koji su dovedeni od nekud iz svijeta i nekako su završili u divljini. U klinici je i jedna kornjača sa deformacijom oklopa. Rocio Fernández je student veterine i volonter, ali već poznaje dijagnozu: vjerojatno je odrasla u zarobljeništvu i nedostajala joj je hrana koja joj treba za formiranje oklopa. A nedostajalo joj je i sunca: „Kornjače su slatke kad su malene, ali kad odrastu, ljudi ne znaju što bi sa njima." I pametnim životinjama je teže u životu Ljudi su opasni za divlje životinje i iz drugih razloga: na primjer mlade lisice ili veprovi lako mogu postati ovisne od ljudske ruke tako da se više nikad ne mogu vratiti u divljinu. To je problem kojim se bavi i Otero: mlada lisica čiju su majku slučajno pregazili, ali obitelj se raznježila kad je vidjela da lisica koju su usmrtili ima i mladunče. Poveli su ga sa sobom kući, ali devet mjeseci kasnije su zažalili zbog svoje odluke. Otero nam kaže, da je mladunče bilo odmah dovedeno, bilo bi još šansi da bude puštena sa još pet mladih lisica koje su puštene iz klinike početkom godine. Ali sad je prekasno. Mlada lisica ne samo da ne zna kako se snaći u divljini, nego će i dalje tražiti blizinu čovjeka. Ali sad, kao odrasla životinja će se vjerojatno prije suočiti sa nekim seljakom koji će joj postaviti zamku ili otrov. Zapravo, u toj klinici postoji i prava „škola" gdje se životinje uče da radije izbjegavaju čovjeka, ali još nije sigurno da li je za tu mladu lisicu i za to prekasno. Otero zna da ni ovakav život nije ugodan: „Tu joj je kao u zatvoru", kaže tužno. Uopće, to je problem sa pametnim životinjama: gluplje, a tu veterinari ipak svrstavaju i supove, tek rijetko imaju problema vratiti se u divljinu. „Neka ga boli, da zapamti što je čovjek" I veterinarka Moraleda nam kaže kako „ne trebamo brinuti" jer se i ona trudi što manje imati posla sa životinjama koje liječi: „Obično ih samo pregledamo, čak niti svakog dana." I taj jastreb kojem masira krilo nije iznimka i smije se: „Ne, on me ne smatra svojom prijateljicom. To što mu radim, vraški boli!" Jastreb u znak potvrde još jednom pokušava kljunom spriječiti veterinarku u postupku. Dobro, neka samo nauči da od ljudi ne očekuje ništa dobro. Victor Garcia, službenik španjolskog ministarstva za prirodni okoliš, pažljivo smješta novi solarni odašiljač na leđa supa. Stari mu je spasio život: primijećeno je da se ptica više ne miče sa mjesta i doista, bio joj je iščašen zglob krila. Čim dobije novi odašiljač, vraća se svojem, na sreću sve većem društvu na obroncima Pirineja. Jer prije stotinjak godina, njihova populacija je bila pred izumiranjem. GREFA se ne skrbi samo za pojedine životinje, nego pokušava učiniti nešto protiv izumiranja čitavih vrsta. Na primjer, u šezdesetima je u Španjolskoj živjelo oko stotinu tisuća parova malih sokolova (Falco naumanni), sad ih je još jedva 12 tisuća. U klinici ih se pokušava uzgojiti u zatočeništvu, ali znaju da u mnogo slučajeva jedva mogu nešto učiniti. Isti postupak i za orla i za vrapca Na primjer, Montagova eja (Circus pygargus), ptica grabljivica, ali i selica zimuje u Africi i živi u Europi i Aziji. U području Madrida je donedavno bilo 28 parova, sad ih je još samo četiri: „Jednostavno se nisu vratile iz Afrike, ali ne znamo zašto. Tu se još mora istražiti uzrok", kaže Otero. Ima li „važnijih" i „manje važnih" životinja koje tu pokušavaju spasiti? Direktor kategorično tvrdi: ne. Svaka je važna za čitav biotop i svaka dobiva hitni i najbolji postupak, bio to španjolski kraljevski orao ili tek vrabac. A svaka životinja je i važna da bi stekli poštovanje prema svijetu divljih životinja. Čak i kad mališan nađe malog vrapca koji je pao iz gnijezda, dobro je da ga odmah dovede njima „makar je već vjerojatno dobio ime", misli direktor klinike GREFA. Ali takvo spašavanje životinja motivira i podiže razinu svijesti ljudi o svijetu koji postoji pored – i usprkos njih. „Prije bi to bio kratki postupak" Kliniku često posjećuju i školski razredi. Mnogi mališani su na rubu suza kad vide orla koji je ostao bez oba krila – posljedica sudara sa dalekovodom. Pitaju direktora, što mogu učiniti da pomognu životinjama? Otero teško može reći bolji odgovor osim: „Gasite svjetla za sobom. Manje potrošnje električne energije znači manje dalekovoda. I manje ranjenih ptica." Zapravo i u klinici primjećuju da su ljudi počeli mijenjati svoj odnos prema divljim životinjama. „U osnovi, stanje je doista postalo bolje. Sad nas zovu i poljoprivrednici da nam jave kako su našli zmiju u njihovoj štali. Tako nešto je bilo nezamislivo još do prije nekoliko godina, seljak bi zmiju smjesta ubio", kaže direktor. Doduše, kad mu ljudi donesu i životinje za koje više doista nema nikakve nade – ptice bez jednog jedinog pera, šepajuće i bez jednog oka, Otero se šali i kaže kako smo „možda otišli previše daleko". Ali brzo postaje ozbiljan i kaže: „Ovaj svijet nije samo naš. I svatko ima svoju ulogu u njegovoj zaštiti." Čitajte nas i preko DW-aplikacije za Android Irene Banos Ruiz Preporuka uredništva "Paljba iz svih cijevi! Ali, pazite na kornjače..." Prava "Mama medvjedica" Otrovom protiv "nosoroške" mafije