http___margina.ba_obiljezen-1-decembar-svjetski-dan-borbe-protiv-hivaids-a__1.xml
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What are HIV and AIDS? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. It weakens the immune system by infecting lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that normally help the body fight infections. Specific lymphocytes known as T-helper cells or CD4 cells are major targets for HIV. The virus binds to CD4 cells, enters them, replicates inside them, and eventually kills them. Over time, the amount of HIV virus—the viral load—increases while the number of CD4 cells in the blood declines. After several years without treatment, the number of CD4 cells can drop to the point that AIDS-associated conditions and symptoms begin to appear. AIDS treatments can slow disease progression by reducing the amount of HIV in the body. This allows the body's CD4 cells to increase or stabilize. Currently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 50,000 people in the U. S are newly infected with HIV each year, that 1.2 million people in the U.S. are living with HIV infection, and that nearly 13% of those with the infection are not aware of it and can pass the virus on to others. In 2012, the year with the most current statistics, nearly 14,000 people with AIDS died, and almost 660,000 have died since the beginning of the epidemic, according to the CDC. Worldwide, as many as 2.1 million people in 2013 were newly infected with HIV, 1.5 million died of AIDS-related illnesses, and 35 million people were living with HIV, according to the World Health Organization. HIV can be spread the following ways: - By having unprotected sex with an infected partner; the virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth during sex. Having a sexually transmitted disease (STD) such as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis appears to make people more susceptible to and at higher risk for acquiring HIV infection during sex with infected partners. - By sharing needles or syringes (such as with intravenous injection drug abuse), which can be contaminated with very small quantities of blood from someone infected with the virus. - During pregnancy or birth; approximately 25% to 35% of all untreated pregnant women infected with HIV will pass the infection to their babies. HIV also can be spread to babies through the breast milk of mothers infected with the virus. If the mother is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, she can significantly reduce the chances of passing the infection to her baby. - Through contact with infected blood; in the U.S. today, because of screening blood for transfusion and heat-treating techniques and other treatments of blood derivatives, the risk of getting HIV from transfusions is extremely small. However, before donated blood was screened for evidence of HIV infection and before treatments were introduced to destroy HIV in some blood products, such as factor VIII and albumin, HIV was transmitted through transfusion of contaminated blood or blood components. In areas of the world where donated blood is not routinely screened or treated for HIV, there is still risk of contracting the disease through this mode of transmission. Initially, HIV usually causes flu-like symptoms, but some people may not experience any obvious signs or symptoms. The only way to determine whether a person has been infected is through HIV testing. A person's HIV status, like other medical conditions and test results, is protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule and cannot be shared by healthcare providers with friends, family, or employers without written permission. However, if a person tests positive for HIV, it is important that he or she tell their healthcare providers as well as all sex partners and/or anyone with whom they share needles. Counseling services are often available from the clinic or healthcare provider that performed the test and they can help to advise the individual on who needs to know. HIV status may be shared with healthcare providers who have a "need to know" in order to treat an individual. Also, in order to determine the incidence of HIV and to provide appropriate prevention and care services, all new cases of HIV are reported to state and local health departments. As of April 2008, data from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 5 dependent areas (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) are collected using a confidential name-based reporting system. Development of AIDS HIV initially causes an acute illness with non-specific, flu-like symptoms. During this time, the virus is present in large numbers and is carried throughout the body. About 2 to 8 weeks after exposure, the person's immune system responds by producing antibodies against the virus. As HIV infects the immune cells called CD4 T-cells (also called helper T cells), it slowly begins to decrease their numbers. The person may be apparently healthy for a decade or more, but without treatment, HIV continues to replicate and destroy CD4 T-cells. The virus remains in places such as the brain and lymph nodes, where it will persist even during drug treatment. The term AIDS applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. According to the CDC, AIDS is diagnosed when an individual's CD4 T-cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3. AIDS is also diagnosed when an individual has HIV and an AIDS-related illness, such as tuberculosis or pneumonia caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii). In people with AIDS, opportunistic infections are often severe and sometimes fatal because the immune system is so damaged by HIV that the body cannot fight off certain bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Those with HIV/AIDS are also at an increased risk of developing certain cancers, neurological disorders, and a variety of other conditions.
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Povodom ovogodišnjeg obilježavanja 1.Decembra, Svjetskog dana borbe protiv HIV/AIDS-a, Asocijacija Margina je organizovala niz aktivnosti u cilju podizanja svijesti javnosti. HIV je skraćenica od engleskog human immunodeficiency virus, što bi okarakteriziralo uzročnika opadanja sposobnosti imunološkog sistema organizma. HIV virus napada samo čovjeka, a ovaj virus je preduvjet da se oboli od SIDE ili AIDS-a. Bolest je zarazna i zasad neizlječiva. Od početka epidemije, gotovo 78 milijuna ljudi je zaraženo virusom HIV-a oko 34 milijuna ljudi umrlo od HIV-a. Prema procjenama Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) i Zajedničkog programa UN za borbu protiv HIV//AIDS-a (UNAIDS-a) iz 2014.godine, u svijetu trenutačno živi oko 36.9 milijuna ljudi zaraženih HIV-om (34.3–41.4 miliona). Preko 2 miliona ljudi se godišnje zarazi virusom HIV-a, a više od milijun osoba umire od HIV-povezanih uzroka diljem svijeta.. Procjenjuje se da 0,8% odraslih osoba u dobi od 15-49 godina u svijetu živi s HIV-om, iako teret epidemije i dalje znatno varira među državama i regijama. S virusom HIV-a se danas, zahvaljujući lijekovima može živjeti, te je u svijetu, prema podacima UN-a, krajem 2012. s HIV-om živjelo 35,3 miliona osoba, što je za 18 posto više u odnosu na 2001. godinu. Virus se najčešće prenosi seksualnim putem, a nešto rjeđe zaraženom krvlju, sa zaražene majke na dijete tokom trudnoće, porođaja ili dojenja. Virus se ne može prenijeti uobičajenim socijalnim kontaktima niti putem životinja. Svjetski dan borbe protiv AIDS-a obilježava 1. decembra širom svijeta s ciljem podizanja svijesti o epidemiji, poticanja napretka u prevenciji, liječenju i skrbi HIV/AIDS-a, te iskazivanja solidarnosti i podrške oboljelima od te bolesti. U razdoblju od 2011.-2015. tema HIV/AIDS dana usmjerena je na poboljšanje i jačanje javnozdravstvenih programa i intervencija prevencije i destigmatizacije HIV/AIDS-a u globalnom odgovoru na epidemiju, a slogan na engleskom glasi “Getting to zero: zero new HIV infections. Zero discrimination. Zero AIDS related deaths” (Cilj je nula: Nula HIV infekcija. Nula diskriminacije. Nula AIDS smrti.) U Bosni i Hercegovini prvi slučaj infekcije HIV-om zabilježen je 1986. godine, dok je do 2015. godine registrovano 287 HIV infekcija. U 2015. godini u BiH je registrirano 13 novih HIV infekcija (FBiH 10, RS 3), od kojih 6 sa razvijenim AIDS-om (FBiH 5, RS 1). U posljednjih 5 godina, u BiH se prosječno registrira 20-25 novih HIV infekcija. Prema podacima iz 2013.godine, u Tuzlanskom kantonu bilo je 28 HIV pozitivnih osoba, od čega se kod 12 pacijenata razvio AIDS. U 2013. godini zabilježena su dva novootkrivena slučaja HIV pozitivnih. Na terapijskom liječenju bilo je 11 pacijenata, te 8 pacijenata na praćenju, odnosno pod kontrolom, jer infekcija nije dostigla stadij u kome treba primijeniti liječenje. U toku iste godine zabilježeno je i 7 smrtnih slučajeva. Ovaj datum se tiče svih nas ne samo zato što su svi podložni rizičnom ponašanju, nego i jer svi možemo doprinijeti većoj svijesti o ovom problemu, kao i poboljšanju uvjeta za zaražene i oboljele osobe. Simbol borbe protiv HIV/AIDS-a je crvena vrpca, koja je postala širom svijeta prepoznatljiv znak solidarnosti sa zaraženim i oboljelim osobama. KAKO MOŽETE PODRŽATI SVETSKI DAN BORBE PROTIV SIDE? Podizanjem svijesti ljudi o HIV-u i AIDS-u u svom okruženju. Nošenjem crvene vrpce i predlaganja drugim ljudima da učine isto. Tako što ćete zaštititi sebe – ovo je primarni i najvažniji način da se zaustavi širenje HIV-a. Ako mislite da postoji razlog – testirajte se na HIV. Povodom ovogodišnjeg obilježavanja 1.Decembra, Svjetskog dana borbe protiv HIV/AIDS-a, Asocijacija Margina je organizovala akcije po ugostiteljskim objektima, fakultetima, studentskim domovima i drugim javnim mjestima, gdje su uposlenici udruženja informisali i educirali širu javnost o HIV/AIDS-u, načinu prenošenja, kako se zaštititi, te dijelili edukativne i promotivne materijale, a u cilju podizanja svijesti javnosti o HIV/AIDS-u, pokazivanja solidarnosti prema oboljelima, utjecanja na smanjenje stigme i diskriminacije i skretanja pozornosti na opasnosti koje donosi rizično ponašanje.