http___mednotess.com_hr_pages_1423214_1.xml
1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 26.2 26.3 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 32.2 33.1 34.1 34.2 35.1 36.1 36.2 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1 40.2 41.1 42.1 43.1 43.2 44.1 44.2 45.1 46.1 47.1 48.1 48.2 48.3 49.1 49.2 50.1 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 54.2 55.1 55.2 56.1 56.2 57.1 57.2 57.3 58.1 58.2 59.1 60.1 60.2 61.1 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 63.1 63.2 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 65.1 65.2 65.3 66.1 67.1 68.1 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 69.6 70.1 70.2 70.3 71.1 71.2 71.3 72.1 72.2 72.3 73.1 73.2 73.3 74.1 75.1 75.2 75.3 76.1 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 78.1 79.1 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 82.1 82.2 82.3 83.1 83.2 84.1 85.1 86.1 86.2 86.3 87.1 87.2 88.1 88.2 89.1 90.1 90.2 91.1 92.1 92.2 93.1 94.1 95.1 95.2 96.1 97.1 97.2 98.1 98.2 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 100.1 101.1 102.1 103.1 104.1 105.1 106.1 106.2 106.3 107.1 108.1 108.2 108.3 109.1 109.2 109.3 109.4 110.1 111.1 112.1 112.2 112.3 113.1 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.4 115.1 116.1 116.2 117.1 117.2 118.1 119.1 120.1 121.1 121.2 122.1 123.1 124.1 124.2 125.1 125.2 125.3 126.1 127.1 128.1 128.2 129.1
Overview An ear infection (acute otitis media) is most often a bacterial or viral infection that affects the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum that contains the tiny vibrating bones of the ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. Ear infections frequently are painful because of inflammation and buildup of fluids in the middle ear. Because ear infections often clear up on their own, treatment may begin with managing pain and monitoring the problem. Ear infection in infants and severe cases in general often require antibiotic medications. Long-term problems related to ear infections — persistent fluids in the middle ear, persistent infections or frequent infections — can cause hearing problems and other serious complications. Next Symptoms The onset of signs and symptoms of ear infection is usually rapid. Children Signs and symptoms common in children include: - Ear pain, especially when lying down - Tugging or pulling at an ear - Difficulty sleeping - Crying more than usual - Acting more irritable than usual - Difficulty hearing or responding to sounds - Loss of balance - Fever of 100 F (38 C) or higher - Drainage of fluid from the ear - Headache - Loss of appetite Adults Common signs and symptoms in adults include: - Ear pain - Drainage of fluid from the ear - Diminished hearing When to see a doctor Signs and symptoms of an ear infection can indicate a number of conditions. It's important to get an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. Call your child's doctor if: - Symptoms last for more than a day - Symptoms are present in a child less than 6 months of age - Ear pain is severe - Your infant or toddler is sleepless or irritable after a cold or other upper respiratory infection - You observe a discharge of fluid, pus or bloody discharge from the ear An adult with ear pain or discharge should see a doctor as soon as possible. PreviousNext Causes An ear infection is caused by a bacterium or virus in the middle ear. This infection often results from another illness — cold, flu or allergy — that causes congestion and swelling of the nasal passages, throat and eustachian tubes. Role of eustachian tubes The eustachian tubes are a pair of narrow tubes that run from each middle ear to high in the back of the throat, behind the nasal passages. The throat end of the tubes open and close to: - Regulate air pressure in the middle ear - Refresh air in the ear - Drain normal secretions from the middle ear Swelling, inflammation and mucus in the eustachian tubes from an upper respiratory infection or allergy can block them, causing the accumulation of fluids in the middle ear. A bacterial or viral infection of this fluid is usually what produces the symptoms of an ear infection. Ear infections are more common in children, in part, because their eustachian tubes are narrower and more horizontal — factors that make them more difficult to drain and more likely to get clogged. Role of adenoids Adenoids are two small pads of tissues high in the back of the nose believed to play a role in immune system activity. This function may make them particularly vulnerable to infection, inflammation and swelling. Because adenoids are near the opening of the eustachian tubes, inflammation or enlargement of the adenoids may block the tubes, thereby contributing to middle ear infection. Inflammation of adenoids is more likely to play a role in ear infections in children because children have relatively larger adenoids. Related conditions Conditions of the middle ear that may be related to an ear infection or result in similar middle ear problems include the following: PreviousNext - Otitis media with effusion is inflammation and fluid buildup (effusion) in the middle ear without bacterial or viral infection. This may occur because the fluid buildup persists after an ear infection has resolved. It may also occur because of some dysfunction or noninfectious blockage of the eustachian tubes. - Chronic otitis media with effusion occurs when fluid remains in the middle ear and continues to return without bacterial or viral infection. This makes children susceptible to new ear infections, and may affect hearing. - Chronic suppurative otitis media is a persistent ear infection that often results in tearing or perforation of the eardrum. Risk factors Risk factors for ear infections include: PreviousNext - Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more susceptible to ear infections because of the size and shape of their eustachian tubes and because of their poorly developed immune systems. - Group child care. Children cared for in group settings are more likely to get colds and ear infections than are children who stay home because they're exposed to more infections, such as the common cold. - Infant feeding. Babies who drink from a bottle, especially while lying down, tend to have more ear infections than do babies who are breast-fed. - Seasonal factors. Ear infections are most common during the fall and winter when colds and flu are prevalent. People with seasonal allergies may have a greater risk of ear infections during seasonal high pollen counts. - Poor air quality. Exposure to tobacco smoke or high levels of air pollution can increase the risk of ear infection. Complications Most ear infections don't cause long-term complications. Frequent or persistent infections and persistent fluid buildup can result in some serious complications: PreviousNext - Impaired hearing. Mild hearing loss that comes and goes is fairly common with an ear infection, but it usually returns to what it was before the infection after the infection clears. Persistent infection or persistent fluids in the middle ear may result in more significant hearing loss. If there is some permanent damage to the eardrum or other middle ear structures, permanent hearing loss may occur. - Speech or developmental delays. If hearing is temporarily or permanently impaired in infants and toddlers, they may experience delays in speech, social and developmental skills. - Spread of infection. Untreated infections or infections that don't respond well to treatment can spread to nearby tissues. Infection of the mastoid, the bony protrusion behind the ear, is called mastoiditis. This infection can result in damage to the bone and the formation of pus-filled cysts. Rarely, serious middle ear infections spread to other tissues in the skull, including the brain or the membranes surrounding the brain (meningitis). - Tearing of the eardrum. Most eardrum tears heal within 72 hours. In some cases, surgical repair is needed. Prevention The following tips may reduce the risk of developing ear infections: PreviousNext - Prevent common colds and other illnesses. Teach your children to wash their hands frequently and thoroughly and to not share eating and drinking utensils. Teach your children to cough or sneeze into their arm crook. If possible, limit the time your child spends in group child care. A child care setting with fewer children may help. Try to keep your child home from child care or school when ill. - Avoid secondhand smoke. Make sure that no one smokes in your home. Away from home, stay in smoke-free environments. - Breast-feed your baby. If possible, breast-feed your baby for at least six months. Breast milk contains antibodies that may offer protection from ear infections. - If you bottle-feed, hold your baby in an upright position. Avoid propping a bottle in your baby's mouth while he or she is lying down. Don’t put bottles in the crib with your baby. - Talk to your doctor about vaccinations. Ask your doctor about what vaccinations are appropriate for your child. Seasonal flu shots, pneumococcal and other bacterial vaccines may help prevent ear infections. Diagnosis Your doctor can usually diagnose an ear infection or another condition based on the symptoms you describe and an exam. The doctor will likely use a lighted instrument (an otoscope) to look at the ears, throat and nasal passage. He or she will also likely listen to your child breathe with a stethoscope. Pneumatic otoscope An instrument called a pneumatic otoscope is often the only specialized tool a doctor needs to make a diagnosis of an ear infection. This instrument enables the doctor to look in the ear and judge whether there is fluid behind the eardrum. With the pneumatic otoscope, the doctor gently puffs air against the eardrum. Normally, this puff of air would cause the eardrum to move. If the middle ear is filled with fluid, your doctor will observe little to no movement of the eardrum. Additional tests Your doctor may perform other diagnostic tests if there is any doubt about a diagnosis, if the condition hasn't responded to previous treatments, or if there are other persistent or serious problems. - Tympanometry. This test measures the movement of the eardrum. The device, which seals off the ear canal, adjusts air pressure in the canal, thereby causing the eardrum to move. The device quantifies how well the eardrum moves and provides an indirect measure of pressure within the middle ear. - Acoustic reflectometry. This test measures how much sound emitted from a device is reflected back from the eardrum — an indirect measure of fluids in the middle ear. Normally, the eardrum absorbs most of the sound. However, the more pressure there is from fluid in the middle ear, the more sound the eardrum will reflect. - Tympanocentesis. Rarely, a doctor may use a tiny tube that pierces the eardrum to drain fluid from the middle ear — a procedure called tympanocentesis. Tests to determine the infectious agent in the fluid may be beneficial if an infection hasn't responded well to previous treatments. - Other tests. If your child has had persistent ear infections or persistent fluid buildup in the middle ear, your doctor may refer you to a hearing specialist (audiologist), speech therapist or developmental therapist for tests of hearing, speech skills, language comprehension or developmental abilities. What a diagnosis means PreviousNext - Acute otitis media. The diagnosis of "ear infection" is generally shorthand for acute otitis media. Your doctor likely makes this diagnosis if he or she observes signs of fluid in the middle ear, if there are signs or symptoms of an infection, and if the onset of symptoms was relatively sudden. - Otitis media with effusion. If the diagnosis is otitis media with effusion, the doctor has found evidence of fluid in the middle ear, but there are presently no signs or symptoms of infection. - Chronic suppurative otitis media. If the doctor makes a diagnosis of chronic suppurative otitis media, he or she has found that a persistent ear infection resulted in tearing or perforation of the eardrum. Treatment Some ear infections resolve without treatment with antibiotics. What's best for your child depends on many factors, including your child's age and the severity of symptoms. A wait-and-see approach Symptoms of ear infections usually improve within the first couple of days, and most infections clear up on their own within one to two weeks without any treatment. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians recommend a wait-and-see approach as one option for: - Children 6 to 23 months with mild inner ear pain in one ear for less than 48 hours and a temperature less than 102.2 F (39 C) - Children 24 months and older with mild inner ear pain in one or both ears for less than 48 hours and a temperature less than 102.2 F (39 C) Some evidence suggests that treatment with antibiotics might be beneficial for certain children with ear infections. Talk to your doctor about the benefits of antibiotics weighed against the potential side effects and concern about overuse of antibiotics creating strains of resistant disease. Managing pain Your doctor will advise you on treatments to lessen pain from an ear infection. These may include the following: - A warm compress. Placing a warm, moist washcloth over the affected ear may lessen pain. - Pain medication. Your doctor may advise the use of over-the-counter acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) to relieve pain. Use the drugs as directed on the label. Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Children and teenagers recovering from chickenpox or flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin because aspirin has been linked with Reye's syndrome. Talk to your doctor if you have concerns. Antibiotic therapy After an initial observation period, your doctor may recommend antibiotic treatment for an ear infection in the following situations: - Children 6 months and older with moderate to severe ear pain in one or both ears for at least 48 hours or a temperature of 102.2 F (39 C) or higher - Children 6 to 23 months with mild inner ear pain in one or both ears for less than 48 hours and a temperature less than 102.2 F (39 C) - Children 24 months and older with mild inner ear pain in one or both ears for less than 48 hours and a temperature less than 102.2 F (39 C) Children younger than 6 months of age with confirmed acute otitis media are more likely to be treated with antibiotics without the initial observational waiting time. Even after symptoms have improved, be sure to use all of the antibiotic as directed. Failing to do so can result in recurring infection and resistance of bacteria to antibiotic medications. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about what to do if you accidentally skip a dose. Ear tubes If your child has recurrent otitis media or otitis media with effusion, your doctor may recommend a procedure to drain fluid from the middle ear. Otitis media is defined as three episodes of infection in six months or four episodes of infection in a year with at least one occurring in the past six months. Otitis media with effusion is persistent fluid buildup in the ear after an infection has cleared up or in the absence of any infection. During an outpatient surgical procedure called a myringotomy, a surgeon creates a tiny hole in the eardrum that enables him or her to suction fluids out of the middle ear. A tiny tube (tympanostomy tube) is placed in the opening to help ventilate the middle ear and prevent the accumulation of more fluids. Some tubes are intended to stay in place for six months to a year and then fall out on their own. Other tubes are designed to stay in longer and may need to be surgically removed. The eardrum usually closes up again after the tube falls out or is removed. Treatment for chronic suppurative otitis media Chronic infection that results in perforation of the eardrum — chronic suppurative otitis media — is difficult to treat. It's often treated with antibiotics administered as drops. You'll receive instructions on how to suction fluids out through the ear canal before administering drops. Monitoring Children with frequent or persistent infections or with persistent fluid in the middle ear will need to be monitored closely. Talk to your doctor about how often you should schedule follow-up appointments. Your doctor may recommend regular hearing and language tests. PreviousNext Preparing for an appointment You'll likely begin by seeing your family doctor or your child's pediatrician. You may be referred to a specialist in ear, nose and throat (ENT) disorders (otolaryngologist) if the problem has persisted for some time, is not responding to treatment or has occurred frequently. If your child is old enough to respond, before your appointment talk to the child about questions the doctor may ask and be prepared to answer questions on behalf of your child. Questions for adults will address most of the same issues. Previous - What signs or symptoms have you observed? - When did the symptoms begin? - Is there ear pain? How would you describe the pain — mild, moderate or severe? - Have you observed possible signs of pain in your infant or toddler, such as ear pulling, difficulty sleeping or unusual irritability? - Has your child had a fever? - Has there been any discharge from the ear? Is the discharge clear, cloudy or bloody? - Have you observed any hearing impairment? Does your child respond to quiet sounds? Does your older child ask "What?" frequently? - Has your child recently had a cold, flu or other respiratory symptoms? - Does your child have seasonal allergies? - Has your child had an ear infection in the past? When? - Is your child allergic to any medication, such as penicillin?
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 17.2 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 21.2 22.1 22.2 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 33.1 34.1 35.1 35.2 36.1 36.2 37.1 37.2 38.1 38.2 39.1 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 46.1 47.1 48.1 49.1 50.1 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 56.2 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 60.2 61.1
Otitis : uzroci , simptomi , dijagnoza, liječenje i prevencija Djeca I Zdravlje / / August 12, 2017 Otitis Video Uho bolest ili otitis - bolest izvan vremena i prostora.Otitis bolestan iu Sahari, a Arctic Circle.Ne radi se o klimi.Uzrok bolesti uha ne ovisi o zemljopisu.A od čega?I to je organ sluha? uho struktura ljudsko uho klasificirati na vanjskog, srednjeg i unutarnjeg.Svaki od ta tri obavlja svoju funkciju.Vanjsko uho prikuplja zvučne vibracije ili valove koji se tada prenose kroz slušni kanal na bubnjić.Kada zvuk ulazi u uho i uho postiže, ona počinje da vibrira kao bubanj (otuda ime) pretvaranjem zvučne valove u mehaničku energiju. sada počinje djelovati srednjeg uha.To je prilično komplicirana struktura, ispunjena zrakom.Postoje tri sićušne kosti.To je oni djeluju kao bubanj palicama i prenose zvučne valove do unutarnjeg uha. unutarnjeg uha je ispunjena tekućinom.Ovdje je slična strukturi kose, koji stimuliraju živce.Tako zvučni valovi pretvaraju u elektrokemijske impulse.Ovi impulsi se isporučuju na mozak.A on ih vidi kao zvukove. struktura unutarnjeg uha - tri po Govoreći o strukturi uha, nemoguće je zaobići Eustahijeva cijev, koja je u srednjem uhu, nosna prolaza ide do vrha grla.Ova cijev pomaže izjednačiti tlak zraka u srednjem uhu s parametrima vanjskog tlaka zraka.Ovdje je također često je uho infekcije. o tome - u nastavku.U međuvremenu, recimo da je bolesti uha ne može se liječiti ležerno.Međutim, bol u isto vrijeme osoba doživljava ne dati mu priliku da ga odbaci.To će zahtijevati liječenje.I ovdje najvažnija stvar: liječenje treba biti pismen, imenovani medicinski stručnjaci, ili previsoka cijena će morati platiti.Pogotovo kada je riječ o djeci. vrste bolesti djecu, a mali na prvom mjestu, vrlo često pate od bolesti uha.Najčešći - upala srednjeg uha, kronične upale srednjeg uha, akutni otitis externa.Uzroci bolesti i njihovih simptoma, mi smo sada u obzir. Otitis media - je upala potaknuta bakterija zarobljeni u srednjem uhu iz tekućine u Eustahijeve tube.reakcija malog djeteta do ove bolesti je vidljiv odmah: on vuče uho, njegovu groznicu, nemirno mašući glavom.No, upalu srednjeg uha mogu biti neki drugi oblik - otitis medija s izljev.U srednjem uhu nakuplja tekućina bez vidljivih znakova infekcije.Izričito dijete ne osjeća bol.Osjećaj nelagode da dijete ne može još biti opisano, već se odvija.Ako vaše dijete vokabular mu omogućuje da objasni svoje osjećaje, može se reći da je "plug u ušima", a odrasli će primijetiti da bebin sluh postao gori. sekretorni otitis media - još jedan niz bolesti, kada je tekućina, takozvani izljev nagomilanih iza bubnjića.Štoviše, on može biti u jednom uhu ili oboje.Ponekad je to tekućina bez infekcije.Ali je ona ta koja stvara zapara u ušima, sluh i umanjuje pažnju.Osjećaj - kao da je pod vodom.Manifestirati ne boli i nemir puni.Ako je bolest postala kronična, nakupila tekućina ne postane teška i ljepljiva.Stoga još jedno ime - "ljepljiva uho."Nedostatak akutne boli ne treba tupim budnost roditelja i liječnika: ako se bolest ne liječi, gubitak sluha je moguće. Postoje djeca koja imaju predispoziciju za ovu vrstu bolesti: do 3 godine možda je imao nekoliko puta sekretorni otitis media.Za većinu od njih se bolest može trajati i do 3 mjeseca.No, 30-40% djece i opet podvrgnuti ljepilo uho.U posebnim slučajevima, od 5 do 10%, ponavljanje može biti u roku od godinu dana. Kronična upala srednjeg uha. Kad tekućina nakupila iza bubnjića, nije infekcija, ali to i dalje biti tamo, onda je kronična upala srednjeg uha.Ako paralelno je upala srednjeg uha ili okrugle kosti iza uha (mastoids), tu je i puknuće bubnjića s drenažom (odljev prema van) od nagomilanih tekućine u uhu.To je kronična gnojna upala srednjeg uha. Akutni otitis externa, ili "plivača uho» - upale ili infekcije uha, i (ili) vanjskog uha.Obično je posljedica vode koja ulazi u uho i formiranje tzv zamku.Može se razviti bakterije i gljivice, koje aktivno razmnožiti.Drugi razlog - agresivno, oštri pokreti čišćenje uha uz primjenu ogrebotina i manjih rana.Pomoć može acetaminofen ili nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi kao što su ibuprofen.Primjena kapi za uši, u većini slučajeva u 2-3 dana je moguće ukloniti problem. razloga otitis Povratak na razloge.Akutna upala srednjeg uha, ili srednje infekcije uha - rezultat nekoliko faktora koji povećavaju osjetljivost na infekcije uzrokovane virusima i bakterijama.Dijete ima svoje mjesto u "kolekciji" zaraze postaje Eustahijeva cijev.To je, kako je već rečeno, dolazi iz srednjeg uha, a dodiruje grlo i nos.Eustahijeva cijev je kraća u djece nego u odraslih, a time i više ranjiv na blokade.U vrlo male djece, ovaj uređaj je mnogo vodoravno, što sprječava drenažu tekućine. - Infekcije i bakterije. Kod ljudi, puno bakterija koje "stick" s njom i ne donose veliku štetu.To u potpunosti vrijedi i za nos grlo.No, neke od bakterija koja ulaze u uho (tri tijela svjesno ujedinjeni jedna pojam Lauren), izazivaju akutni otitis media.Prema statistikama, oko 60% slučajeva djece s akutne upale srednjeg uha uzrokovane bakterijama samo provokatora.A prvi od njih - pneumokoka, je najčešći bakterijski uzročnik akutne upale srednjeg uha. - Haemophilus - ne manje uobičajena bakterijska infekcija.To se prenosi preko kapljica u zraku, sline i na dodir.Primici takva bolest je često u teškim oblicima invazivnog meningitisa, upale pluća, itd, ali to bi mogao biti lokalni oštećenja organa. - Isti otitis.Udio Hib račune za između 20 do 30% slučajeva. - Moraxella catarrhalis - predstavnik normalne flore gornjeg respiratornog trakta.Ovaj organizam se nalazi u nazofarinksa u 10-20% dojenčadi i male djece.U pravilu, infekcija se prenosi od kapljica u zraku ili kontaktom. - Streptococcus pyogenes - sferni streptokoki, koje se smatraju oportunistički, međutim dosta opasno.S obzirom na apsolutnu zdravlje njihovog razvoja u tijelu usidren imuniteta.Ipak, blagi pad imunološkog statusa, oni uzrokovati ozbiljne infekcije u tijelu, među kojima otitis. - Streptococcuspyogenes i (rijetko) Staphylococcus aureus - bakterija koja može uzrokovati otitis media.Što se tiče Staphylococcus aureus, još uvijek je u top četiri lidera u različitim infekcijama - od kože do zgloba. - Virusi - Druga kategorija infekcije provokatora uha.Rino uzrokovane hladnoće, glavni preduvjet za infekcije uha.Za prijenos infekcije putu da nose to je nemoguće, ali ne umanjujući ulogu rinovirusnih od toga: ona uzrokuje oticanje i upale membrane prolazi.Ako Eustahijeva cijev je blokirana uskim, teško odljev tekućine.On se nakuplja i postaje plodno tlo za daljnje infekcije. Prema statistikama, to je virusi i bakterije su na prvom mjestu u uha.Virusi ne samo pogoršati upalu srednjeg uha, ali i ometati učinkovito liječenje antibioticima. - Anatomska anomalija također utjecati na stanje srednjeg uha.Ako dijete eustachian cijev je kraća i kut nagiba je mala, to je potencijalna prijetnja za početne i rekurentne infekcije.Povećava rizik i prirodnu anomaliju kao što su rascjep nepca. - Genetika također igra važnu ulogu.Na primjer, kada se nalazi u Kartagener sindrom uha kose nalik cilija uzeti mirovanja, čime se povećava nakupljanje tekućine.To je rizik od dobivanja upale srednjeg uha.Anatomski abnormalnosti u Down sindrom ili sindrom fetalnog alkoholnog može postati uzrok bolesti srednjeg uha. Tu je razumno pitanje: može zaraziti drugu djecu, na primjer, u vrtiću ili u školi dijete koje je pronašao upalu uha?Prije svega, on ne bi trebao prisustvovati skrb za djecu do oporavka.Osim toga, direktan kontakt sa zdravom djecom može biti opasnost za njih samo zbog respiratornih infekcija.Da, sami po sebi nisu strašne infekcije uha.No, veza uha, nosa i grla, kada zaražena jednom od tih organa, povećava vjerojatnost oboljenja. faktori rizika za otitis Ako zbrojimo poznate medicinske uzroke upale srednjeg uha može nazvati takve faktore rizika: - doba. akutni otitis media prijemljive na jednu trećinu djece mlađe od 3 godine, - najmanje jedan napad ove bolesti su prisiljeni seliti.Druga trećina su oboljela od akutne upale srednjeg uha dva puta.Iako ne postoji jasno objašnjenje, ali statistike pokazuju da su dječaci manje sretni od djevojčica: akutne upale srednjeg uha da se događaju češće.Najčešći akutna upala srednjeg uha kod djece 6-18 mjeseci.Što prije se bolest dogodila, to je veći rizik od drugog epizodi.Liječnici upozoravaju čak i bolesti trostruki u roku od šest mjeseci.No, kako dijete raste, njihov imunološki sustav postaje jači.Slijedom toga, smanjuje rizik od ponavljajućih infekcija.Do 5 godina, većina djece su imuni na bilo kakve infekcije uha. - Utjecaj hladnoće. najčešćih infekcija uha "napad" na jesen i zimu djeteta: to je učinak niskim temperaturama.Nije ni čudo brižna majka i baka su vrlo osjetljiv na pokrivala za glavu djeci, te ih zaštititi kako bi se, kako kažu, "neće ugasiti."Sama po sebi, ova zaštita je jednostavan, ali učinkovit. - Alergija. To ne postoji veza između upale u dišnim putevima uzrokovane alergijama ili bolestima uha na prvi pogled.Podsjetimo još jednom: uho, grlo, nos u paketu.Zbog upale dišnih putova može biti kulisa za infekcije uha.Slično kao što je astma povezana s sinusitis. - Umjetno hranjenje. Neke studije (American Academy of Pediatrics) vidi učinkovitu zaštitu od otitis u grudima, barem do 6 mjeseci, bebe hranjenje.Međutim, odavno dokazao da je dojenje - najmoćniji tonik za bebu.A, recimo, bradavica - naprotiv: to može povećati rizik od infekcije uha.Činjenica da promiče razvoj sisa sline.I to pomaže bakterijama da se kroz Eustahijeve tube u srednjem uhu. - Prekomjerna tjelesna težina. Promiče uho bolest i pretilost. - Priče o otitis medija u obitelji. Ako obitelj ima druge djece s rekurentnim infekcijama uha, potrebno je obratiti posebnu pozornost na najmlađe dijete - on također može biti predmet bolesti uha. Simptomi akutne upale srednjeg uha glavnih simptoma i znakova upale uha su: - Akutna bol u uhu; - uho zagušenja; - Gubitak sluha, koji mijenjaju položaj glave obično poboljšati; - Glavobolja i vrtoglavica; - porast temperature; - Mučnina, povraćanje i proljev kod djece; - Gubitak apetita; - iscjedak iz uha. sada pogled na njih u više detalja. prvi simptom biti stalna jaka bol u uhu.Pojava (često privremeno) gubitak sluha.Mala djeca mučnina, povraćanje, proljev, povećanje tjelesne temperature za 38-39 stupnjeva. Što se to događa?Bubnjić je upaljena, mijenja oblik, a može čak i oticati.Ponekad se događa jaz: uho tekućine je pušten iz krvi.Zatim, krv postaje manje likvidno i transparentniji boje.I na kraju, ovaj fluid je pušten i vizualno sliči gnoj. A onda je vrlo opasna komplikacija: upala okolnog kosti, polukružne kanala, paraliza mišića lica, gubitak sluha, upala membrane mozga i moždanog apscesa.Simptomi tih komplikacija uključuju glavobolju, nagli teškog gubitka sluha, vrtoglavica, zimice i groznica. Ako je dijete razdražljivo, plače puno, on ima nesanicu, apetit, letargija duge prolazi, on maše glavom, kao da ne može naći svoje mjesto - to je ujedno i alarm.Pa, ako tekućina istječe iz uha, pa čak i pomiješani s krvlju, a zatim zadržavaju u svakom slučaju to je nemoguće!To znači jednu stvar: ozbiljne infekcije uha s mogućim rupture bubnjića.U vrijeme kada je dijete osjeća olakšanje od bolova.No, liječenje je potrebno.Malo je vjerojatno da su sve rezultiralo uho gnoj.A činjenica da je on još uvijek je rizik od gubitka sluha.Pogledajte ovaj jednostavan: ako je dijete već zna kako razgovarati, odgovarati za svoje riječi, i odjednom ne reagira na glas na radiju ili TV zvuk, potrebno je alarm. također treba reći da mehanička oštećenja na uho može uzrokovati pokušaj da se očisti od nagomilanih sumpora: pravilno čistiti uši malo dijete može biti pomoću pamučne turundochki ili fitilji oprezno, držeći ruku djetetovu glavu.Samo budite oprezni da ekstrakt zarobljeni u ušima stranih predmeta.No, najbolja stvar je da povjerenje svog liječnika. dijagnoza upale srednjeg - Tjelesni pregled uha. Uho - složen organ.Sa svojim liječnički pregled pomoću posebnih alata.I na prvi liječnik uklanja uho vosak, a potom su u ispitivanju srednjeg uha.Da biste to učinili, liječnik koristi instrument nalik na svjetiljku - otoskop.To vam može pomoći da dobijete dovoljno detaljnu sliku stanja srednjeg uha., Bubnjić i, ako je dostupan, žuljeva na nju.Uz otoskop može vidjeti sve lokalnih mjesta boli u srednjem uhu. odrediti infekcije uha ENT liječnik koristi pneumatski otoskop.On je tako konstituiran da ga čini moguće otkriti bilo smanjenje u bubnjić.Pneumatski otoskop je vrsta ventilator, kroz koji je liječnik komprimira zrak u uho.U tom svjetlu se uključuje, a liječnik je u mogućnosti vidjeti kako se zrak kreće u bubnjić. - Tympanometry.Ponekad metoda tympanometry koristiti za dijagnozu: koristiti posebne sonde je vrlo malih dimenzija, koji se uvodi u vrhu uha na takav način da se formira hermetički spoj.Kada se mijenja tlak zraka, zvuk se snima, a njegova energija se mjeri.Takva očitavanje pomaže otkriti prisutnost tekućine u srednjem uhu i za otkrivanje prepreka u Eustahijeve tube. - reflektometrije. koristiti za dijagnosticiranje i reflektometrije.Ona podsjeća tympanometry, ali mjeri reflektira zvuk.Tako da nema potrebe da se čvrsto zatvoriti ulaz u kanal, ali prisutnost tekućine i drugih prepreka OTDR mogu otkriti. - analiza srednjeg uha tekućine. Ponekad liječnik pribjegava ovom načinu uklanjanja tekućine iz uha, poput igle.Uz pomoć upisali uha tekućine, koja se zatim analiziraju kako bi se identificirati specifične bakterije koje su pokrenule otitisa.Ovaj postupak se naziva timpanotsentez.Obično se odmah nakon što stupi na reljefu boli uho.No, takva manipulacija zahtijeva posebnu obuku i liječnik propisao samo u teškim ili ponavljajućih slučajeva. Vraćajući se najviše negativnih posljedica - gubitak sluha, potrebno je znati nekoliko jednostavnih načina kako bi se utvrdilo raspravu.Jer čak i gubitak ispod 20 dB sluha - ovaj alarm: dijete ima problem, a možda će napredovati.Zato roditelji treba biti oprezan kako se njihovo dijete reagira na zvukove.Zašto?