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People may work to pay the rent, gain accolades or contribute to society. But a new study suggests another reason why we do anything: to save us from boredom. In fact, we so dread dawdling that we'll take up a meaningless task as long as we find some way to justify it to ourselves, the researchers say. However, the results show humans are wary of work without reason: Participants chose idleness over activity if they felt the task was a waste of time. Such reluctance to accept busywork might come at a cost to our happiness. Across the board, participants were happier if they were busy than if they were idle. The results suggest people should stay occupied, even if their activity serves no purpose. For instance, make a mess just to clean it up, or take something apart just to put it back together again. Such work is a better alternative than engaging in busy, yet destructive activity, such as crimes, the researchers say. Business brings happiness The findings are based on two experiments. In the first, 98 college-age participants were told they would fill out surveys about their school, and must leave all personal items at the door. After the students finished one survey, they were told the next would not be ready for 15 minutes. In their free time, they could either drop their first survey off at a location right outside the door, or at place farther away. It would take about 12 to 15 minutes to walk to the second location and back. The students would receive a candy once they turned in their survey. Some students were told that no matter which location they went to, the candy would be the same — a piece of milk or dark chocolate. Others were told that one location offered only milk chocolate, while the other offered only dark chocolate. A prior test had indicated that the students, on average, did not have a preference for milk or dark chocolate. Students in the first group had no reason to go to the more distant location since the candy they received would be the same either way. The latter group didn't really have a reason either, since students generally liked milk and dark chocolate the same. But a student could justify the longer trip by saying he or she preferred the candy offered at the farther location. When the candies offered at the two locations were the same, most students, 68 percent, chose to drop off the survey at the nearby location. But when the candies were different, the majority, 59 percent, took the long walk. In general, those who kept themselves occupied by walking were happier in the last 15 minutes of the experiment than those who chose to be idle. The second experiment, involving 54 participants, was the same as the first, except that students were told which location to deliver the survey to — they didn't have a choice. Again, students who were busy the entire time by walking to the farther location were happier than students who waited idly in the last 15 minutes. Build a bridge to nowhere When the researchers described the first experiment to a group of 52 participants, most said those who kept themselves busy would be happier. This suggests that, although we know business brings happiness, we can't bring ourselves to do something without reason. Our desire to justify everything we do might have evolutionary underpinnings. "In their strife for survival, human ancestors had to conserve energy to compete for scarce resources; expending energy without purpose could have jeopardized survival," the researchers write in the July issue of the journal Psychological Science. So how do we overcome this aversion to idleness? Since we don't know what's best for ourselves, the researchers suggest those with authority should take the lead. "Governments may increase the happiness of idle citizens by having them build bridges that are actually useless," they write. Some of these interventions actually already exist, the researchers say. "Airports have tried to increase the happiness (or reduce the unhappiness) of passengers waiting at the baggage carousel by increasing the distance between the gate and the baggage claim area, forcing them to walk far rather than wait idly," they write. - 10 Things That Make Humans Special - 7 Thoughts That Are Bad For You - 5 Keys to Happiness
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Radite bilo što i bit ćete sretniji Neobično istraživanje pokazalo je da su ljudi puno zadovoljniji kad rade i neki posao ili obavljaju aktivnost bez posebne svrhe - sve samo da ne gube vrijeme i da se ne dosađuju Nekoliko je očitih razloga zbog kojih smo prisiljeni raditi - da bismo platili režije, doprinijeli društvu, prehranili se, napredovali. Ali radimo i kako bismo se spasili do dosade. Štoviše, prema najnovijem istraživanju, ljudi toliko mrze dosadu da će se prihvatiti i potpuno besmislenog posla sve dok samo sebi mogu opravdati to što rade. Međutim, ljudi su vrlo izbirljivi kad je u pitanju posao bez neke svrhe: prije će izabrati dosađivanje i ljenčarenje nego posao za kojeg smatraju da je čist gubitak vremena. U istraživanju koje je objavljeno u časopisu Psychological Science pokazalo se da su sudionici puno sretniji kad nešto rade nego kad ljenčare i troše vrijeme ne radeći ništa. Čini se kao otkrivanje tople vode, ali pogledajmo o čemu se radi. >> Dosada vas zaista može ubiti Istraživači tvrde da je bolje biti zaokupljen nekakvim poslom iako ta aktivnost i nema neku svrhu. Napravite nered samo kako biste ga morali počistiti ili nešto rastavite kako biste to opet morali sastaviti, savjetuju istraživači. Čak i takav oblik posla je bolja alternativa od iznimno zahtjevnog, ali destruktivnog rada i aktivnosti kao što je, na primjer, kriminal. Saznanja su dobivena iz dva eksperimenta. U prvom je sudjelovalo 98 studenata koji su morali ispuniti upitnik o mjestu školovanja, a na ulazu u prostoriju prije ispunjavanja su morali ostaviti jedan osobni predmet. Nakon prvog upitnika, studentima je rečeno da druga tura upitnika neće biti spremna narednih 15 minuta. U to vrijeme oni su mogli ostaviti prvi upitnik na mjestu pored spomenutog ulaza ili na udaljeniju lokaciju. Bilo im je potrebno 12 do 15 minuta da bi došetali do lokacije gdje su mogli ispuniti drugi upitnik. Nakon što bi predali ispunjeni papir, dobili su slatkiš. Nekim studentima je rečeno da će slatkiš biti isti bez obzira na lokaciju ispunjavanja oba upitnika. Drugim studentima je rečeno da se slatkiši na oba mjesta razlikuju - (mliječna ili tamna čokolada). Studenti nisu preferirali nijedan od dva slatkiša. Studenti iz prve skupine nisu imali potrebe ići na drugu lokaciju obzirom da su vjerovali kako su slatkiši isti. Druga skupina isto nije imala razloga za ići dalje jer su studenti općenito podjednako voljeli i mliječnu i tamnu čokoladu. U prvom slučaju oko 68 posto studenata je ispunjene upitnike ostavilo na bližoj lokaciji pored ulaza. Ali u drugom slučaju njih 59 je odlučilo otići na drugu, udaljeniju lokaciju gdje je slatkiš bio drugačiji. Ukratko, oni koji su svojih 15 minuta slobodnog vremena potrošili na šetnju do druge lokacije bili su sretniji i zadovoljniji od onih koji su odlučili čekati ne radeći ništa. Drugi eksperiment obuhvatio je 54 sudionika i bio je identičan prethodnom, ali je studentima rečeno na koju lokaciju moraju odnijeti ispunjeni upitnik - dakle, nisu imali izbora. Opet, oni koji su morali ići na udaljeniju lokaciju bili su sretniji od onih koji nisu išli nigdje. Kad su istraživači opisali prvi eksperiment sudionicima drugog eksperimenta, većina njih je rekla da će oni koji budu zauzeti nečim sigurno bit ii sretniji. To sugerira da iako znamo da rad i posao donose zadovoljstvo često sami sebe ne možemo natjerati da radimo nešto bez razloga, zaključuju istraživači. Zatim su se upitali kako se možemo boriti s averzijom prema gubljenju vremena. Odmah su dali i objašnjenje - "obzirom da ne znamo što je najbolje za nas", najbolje je da oni koji predstavljaju neku vrstu autoriteta preuzmu glavnu riječ. Vjerovali ili ne, istraživači tvrde da bi "vlade mogle organizirati gradnju mostova koji i nemaju neke potrebe, a koje bi građani radili" i tako im povećati razinu zadovoljstva i sreće. A da je ta strategija već primijenjena u praksi dokaz su brojne zrakoplovne luke u kojima je povećana je udaljenost između šaltera za prijavu prtljage i ulaza kako bi putnici bili prisiljeni hodati, a ne čekati - tako im se smanjila razina nezadovoljstva zbog "gubljenja vremena dok čekaju u redu".