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Below is a glossary of some of the key terms we use when talking about our work. For more information about any of the information below, get in touch with our press office on press@anthonynolan.org or 0207 424 1300 (Out of hours: 07881 265 285) Allele An alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that’s located at a specific position on a specific chromosome and determines a distinct trait that can be passed on from parents to children. Allograft A transplant using cells taken from a healthy donor and given to a patient. Sometimes called a graft. Autograft A transplant using the patient’s own cells. Doctors collect their stem cells, remove their diseased cells, then return the stem cells to the patient. Autologous transplant A transplant using the patient’s own ’cleaned up’ stem cells. BBMR British Bone Marrow Registry (the NHS’s bone marrow register). Blood cancers A term for cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic system. There are three main kinds of blood cancer – leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma. Bone marrow Found in the centre of all large bones. Blood stem cells are produced there. Bone marrow donation The process of taking the bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells from the donor. Doctors can do this in two ways: via bone marrow harvest or peripheral blood stem cell collection. BSBMT British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Confirmatory testing If a potential donor comes up as a match on our system for someone in need of a transplant, a confirmatory blood test helps establish if he/she is the best available match. Cord blood The blood in a pregnant woman’s umbilical cord and placenta. Cord blood is rich in stem cells, which can be used for lifesaving transplants. Anthony Nolan’s cord blood programme collects this blood after the safe delivery of babies. Engraftment The acceptance of a donor’s healthy blood stem cells when they’re infused into the patient’s bloodstream. If they’re engrafted, the donor’s blood stem cells then begin to produce normal blood cells. G-CSF People who donate their stem cells via peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection receive injections of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) before their donation. This increases the amount of blood stem cells they produce, and encourages the cells to move from their bone marrow to their circulating blood. GIAS The Graft Identification Advisory Service. A service that Anthony Nolan offers to UK transplant centres to ensure that each patient gets the best possible donor. Graft Another name for the bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells taken from the donor and given to the patient. GvHD Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). A patient’s immune system normally identifies ‘foreign’ cells in their body, such as bacteria or viruses, and attacks them, helping to protect against infection. Sometimes, following a transplant, the patient’s new immune system recognises the patient’s old cells as different. If this happens, the donor’s new white cells will attack the patient (its host). Haematopoietic stem cells These stem cells are found in the bone marrow. They produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Haplo-identical stem cells Stem cells taken from a donor, usually a sibling, which are not a perfect match for the recipient. Doctors may try to use these for a transplant if there is no better option. HLA Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the name for the molecules that have to match between a donor and a patient to make a transplant successful. Leukaemia A cancer of the white blood cells. The four main types of leukaemia are: Lymphocyte A type of white blood cell. After a blood stem cell transplant, a patient may need an infusion of lymphocytes from their donor. Lymphoma Cancer of the white blood cells, localised in the lymph nodes. Match When a patient and donor have the same tissue (HLA) types. Mismatch When a patient and donor have different tissue (HLA) types. NHSBT NHS Blood and Transplant, the Special Health Authority responsible for optimising the supply of blood, organs and tissues, including bone marrow. Peripheral blood stem cells The blood stem cells that circulate in the body. Often abbreviated to PBSC. Phenotype An observable characteristic or trait of an organism such as its form, structure or behaviour. Phenotypes come from an organism’s genes, environmental factors – and the interaction between the two. Stem cell Stem cells have the potential to turn into any type of cell, regenerating dying cells and repairing any damaged by disease. T cells (T lymphocytes) A type of white blood cell that fights diseases, including tumour cells. T reg cells (T regulatory cells) A type of T cell that can control or regulate the body’s immune system. T reg cells can potentially control the development of graft versus host disease (GVHD), infection and/or disease relapse in bone marrow transplant patients. Tissue type test A test to see what type of tissue someone has, measuring substances called antigens on the surface of the body’s cells and tissues. Transplant centres The hospitals where donors donate their stem cells and patients receive them. For confidentiality and anonymity, the patient and their donor are always treated in separate transplant centres. Unrelated donor A donor who is not related to the patient. Approximately 70% of patients in the UK who receive a stem cell transplant get it from an unrelated donor. White blood cell The type of blood cell responsible for fighting infection. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome The condition Anthony Nolan had. It’s an inherited immune system disorder, with symptoms including a low level of blood platelets, eczema, recurrent infections and a high risk of leukaemia and lymph node tumours. We will send you press releases on your areas of specific interest on the day they are published. Sign up For media enquiries please call us on 0207 424 1300 or email us at press@anthonynolan.org
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Transplantacijom koštane srži mogu se liječiti bolesnici s akutnim i kroničnim oblikom leukemije te bolesnici s teškim oštećenjem koštane srži. Registar koštane srži potreban je onim bolesnicima koji nemaju donora u užoj obitelji. Oni pacijenti kojima je potrebna nesrodna transplantacija umiru ako ne pronađu odgovarajućeg donora. Poklapanje dva organizma, donora i primatelja, u slučaju transplatacije koštane srži mora biti stopostotno. Zato su najčešći i najizgledniji donori članovi uže obitelji, ali vjerojatnost da bolesniku odgovara koštana srž krvnog brata ili sestre je samo Svi registri koštane srži skupljeni su u Europsku, odnosno Svjetsku banku koštane srži. To znači da, ako se upisani u registar, možete spasiti život ne samo nekom čovjeku u vašem gradu ili zemlji, već bilo gdje na svijetu. Vrlo je teško pronaći donora i vjerojatnost da jedan organizam 100% odgovara drugome je 1:100.000. Hrvatski pacijenti svoje donore obično traže u njemačkom registru koštane srži. Donacija koštane srži znači dati: 1. ili KOŠTANU SRŽ- ona se uzima iz kosti zdjelice U OPĆOJ ANESTEZIJI. 2. ili PERIFERNE MATIČNE STANICE- to su stanice koje se nalaze u vašem krvotoku a imaju veliku moć samoobnavljanja. Iz vašeg tijela uzimaju se postupkom LEUKOFEREZE. To je postupak odvajanja perifernih matičnih stanica iz cirkulacije davatelja. Aparat za leukaferezu sličan je dijalizatoru. Krv davatelja iz jedne ruke odlazi u aparat, centrifugira se i odvajaju se matične stanice, dok se ostali dio krvi kroz drugu ruku vraća u cirkulaciju davatelja. Postupak se BEZBOLAN i NEMA POTREBE ZA ANESTEZIJOM. resađivanje koštane srži ili matičnih stanica omogućuje vašem djetetu primanje znatno viših doza kemoterapije od uobičajenih. Tijekom nekoliko dana daju se vrlo visoke doze kemoterapije, katkad u kombinaciji sa zračenjem cijelog tijela. Time se, kod određenih vrsta zloćudnih tumora, povećavaju izgledi djeteta za ozdravljenje. No, takav vid liječenja praćen je i većim brojem nuspojava. Koštana srž i matične stanice Koštana je srž spužvasta tvar koja se nalazi u sredini svih kostiju, osobito u dugim kostima udova i kostima zdjelice. Koštana srž poput tvornice proizvodi tzv. matične stanice iz kojih se potom razvijaju tri vrste krvnih stanica: - crvene krvne stanice ili eritrociti, opskrbljuju kisikom sve stanice u organizmu - bijele krvne stanice ili leukociti, imaju najvažniju ulogu u obrani od infekcija - krvne pločice ili trombociti, sudjeluju u zgrušavanju krvi i sprečavanju krvarenja. Matične su stanice nezrele krvne stanice koje se razvijaju u koštanoj srži. U toj fazi iz njih nastaju tri spomenute vrste krvnih stanica. Kada posve sazriju,te se stanice oslobađaju i odlaze u krvotok. Vrlo visoke doze citostatika razaraju koštanu srž. Nakon takve intenzivne kemoterapije, primjenom odgovarajućeg postupka, vaše će dijete primiti matične stanice ili koštanu srž. Matične stanice ulaze na mjesto njegove koštane srži, gdje ponovno počinju proizvoditi krvne stanice. Vrste presađivanja (transplantacije) Dvije su osnovne vrste transplantacije: - autologna transplantacija – presađivanje vlastitih matičnih stanica ili vlastite koštane srži - alogena transplantacija – presađivanje matičnih stanica ili koštane srži dobivenih od donora. Alogena je transplantacija složen postupak koji se obavlja u specijaliziranim bolnicama. Oporavak može potrajati više mjeseci.