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Pacifier Use Can Lead To Emotional Problems In BoysEditor's Choice Main Category: Pediatrics / Children's Health Also Included In: Psychology / Psychiatry Article Date: 19 Sep 2012 - 0:00 PDT Pacifier Use Can Lead To Emotional Problems In Boys The emotional development of baby boys may be damaged if they use pacifiers, because using these common objects actually stops babies from experimenting with facial expressions when they are very young. University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers have associated frequent use of pacifiers with impairing boys' ability to express emotional maturity after conducting 3 separate investigations. The trial, published in Basic and Applied Social Psychology, is the first of its kind to link psychological outcomes to pacifier use. In the past, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended to control the amount of pacifier use among babies and children. Previous research has determined that stopping the use of pacifiers may encourage feeding. Pacifiers have also been been associated with dental abnormalities. In addition, a 2008 study suggested that there is a link between pacifier use and ear infections. Paula Niedenthal, lead author of the study and a professor of psychology at UW-Madison, explained: "By reflecting what another person is doing, you create some part of the feeling yourself. That's one of the ways we understand what someone is feeling - especially if they seem angry, but they're saying they're not; or they're smiling, but the context isn't right for happiness." It has long been known that people of every age imitate the actions of others, including body language, facial expressions, and movements, and these acts of mimicry are very important learning tools for babies to begin expressing their emotions. Niedenthal continued: "We can talk to infants, but at least initially they aren't going to understand what the words mean. So the way we communicate with infants at first is by using the tone of our voice and our facial expressions." Pacifiers can impair children's emotional development, especially boys. These results are much like those seen in studies examining the effects of Botox injections, which immobilize the use of facial muscles, and rid the face of wrinkles. Individuals who use Botox have a smaller range of emotions and usually have a hard time recognizing which facial expressions represent certain emotions in others. "The work got us thinking about critical periods of emotional development, like infancy," said Niedenthal, who has received support for his work from the French Agence Nationale de le Recherche. "What if you always had something in your mouth that prevented you from mimicking and resonating with the facial expression of somebody?" The authors discovered that boys aged 6 and 7 who used pacifiers regularly as babies or young children were not as likely to copy emotional expression they saw in others in a video they were asked to watch. Men of college age who self reported using pacifiers often when they were babies had lower scores on tests regarding perspective-taking, a large part of empathy. The researchers administered a common emotional intelligence test to a group of college students, in order to calculate how the individuals come to conclusions when they are evaluating others' moods. Lower scores were linked to the men who reported the most pacifier use. "What's impressive about this is the incredible consistency across those three studies in the pattern of data. There's no effect of pacifier use on these outcomes for girls, and there's a detriment for boys with length of pacifier use even outside of any anxiety or attachment issues that may affect emotional development," continued Niedenthal. The report says that girls may not have these same results from pacifier use because they develop earlier in a variety of ways, suggesting that the girls probably make progress emotionally before pacifier use, or regardless of it. Boys may be more vulnerable than girls, indicating that pacifier use would affect them significantly more. The idea of pacifier use having such detrimental consequences does not sit well with parents. The researcher commented: "It could be that parents are inadvertently compensating for girls using the pacifier, because they want their girls to be emotionally sophisticated. Because that's a girly thing. Since girls are not expected to be unemotional, they're stimulated in other ways. But because boys are desired to be unemotional, when you plug them up with a pacifier, you don't do anything to compensate and help them learn about emotions. Parents hate to have this discussion. They take the results very personally. Now, these are suggestive results, and they should be taken seriously. But more work needs to be done." She continued: "Probably not all pacifiers use is bad at all times, so how much is bad and when? We already know from this work that nighttime pacifier use doesn't make a difference, presumably because that isn't a time when babies are observing and mimicking our facial expressions anyway. It's not learning time." The authors note that the next step in their research is to discover why girls seem to not be affected by pacifier use in the same way boys are, or how they make up for it. Niedenthal calls this type of inspection "dose response". "I'd just be aware of inhibiting any of the body's emotional representational systems. Since a baby is not yet verbal - and so much is regulated by facial expression - at least you want parents to be aware of that using something like a pacifier limits their baby's ability to understand and explore emotions. And boys appear to suffer from that limitation," concluded Neidenthal Written by Christine Kearney Copyright: Medical News Today Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today MLA APA http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/250405.php. Please note: If no author information is provided, the source is cited instead. Visitor Opinions (latest shown first) Are Pacifiers Necessary?posted by Susan on 12 Oct 2012 at 9:43 am In response to the other Susan - you say that this article will dissuade new parents from using pacifiers, and that the authors have a responsibility to "first, do no harm." I am part of that generation of new parents (though I have no children yet myself, most of my friends have babies under the age of 2 years, and I have worked in early childhood development and as a birth doula with new parents), and I can assure you that there are MANY things that have changed with the current generation of parents that were different when my parents first had me. Now, pacifiers do cause concern for us, but not only because of this study - we've realized over the last several years that pacifiers interfere with feeding, especially breastfeeding, either because it interferes with good latch at the breast, or because parents will use it as a substitute for feedings when the infant truly needs to be fed. As a generation concerned about best practices in child rearing, pacifiers do not seem necessary, and certainly not vital, to the healthy development of the human child - and, indeed, could very well be causing harm. While there is certainly a time and place for a pacifier (after three months of age, and during naps or bedtime, especially for babies who are sleeping away from their parents, as there is a correlation between babies who sleep in their own room and use pacifiers and a decreased risk of SIDS), parents need to be sure that they aren't using it as a babysitter or ignoring their child's needs when the child is using a pacifier. But what about confounding?posted by Dr Sarah on 23 Sep 2012 at 2:38 pm Surely there are a couple of obvious potential confounders here? First off, it could be that parents who have fewer skills in fostering emotional expression in children are also more inclined to stick pacifiers in their babies' mouths rather than deal with their babies' emotions - in which case, the higher levels of pacifier use wouldn't be the cause of the problem but rather a marker for the underlying problem. Secondly, it could be reverse causation - maybe children with lower levels of inborn skill at picking up the emotions of others also have a tendency to be fussier babies, which would mean they would be more likely to be given pacifiers. 1...2...3...hmmm interestingposted by Kalyn Z on 19 Sep 2012 at 4:17 pm It is certainly an interesting thing to consider, but I am not so sure I agree with it. I do not think that it is the pacifiers fault, but the fault of the environment in which the child is raised, but I am sure you included something like that in the research. It seems to me that if there was really something that hinders the ability for babies to have empathy and relate feelings later on in life, that both sexes would be affected, not just males. Men are stereotyped as being emotionally constipated so it seems to me that the boys are just being taught how to be that way by society and that it really has nothing to do with the pacifier. This article lacks evidence to back up the findings. Perhaps if it included more about the actually studies people would be more convinced. Pacifier Useposted by Denise H on 19 Sep 2012 at 12:22 pm Ok so I read your article. It was never said other than at bedtime to try to keep the pacifier's away. So could you please let me know how often is he allowed to have his pacifier that is still not going to give him emotional problems? I have tried to hide the pacifier during the day but it doesn't seem to work. See the Obviousposted by Ari on 19 Sep 2012 at 10:55 am A little common sense helps. If anything at all about the study is true then the reason it affected boys and not girls is because the boys were commanded not to cry or whine while the girls were not told to hold it in. It would be the command and not the pacifier. A pacifier does not upper facial muscle use. You have only to look at adult smokers to see this as well as an angry baby with a pacifier in its mouth. Boys and Pacifiersposted by Susan on 19 Sep 2012 at 9:02 am In response to your study..." Hog Wash"! I am a Mom of five (now) adult children, three of whom are 'boys". They are college grads, well adjusted, successful and Happy. Sadly, I find your thoughts will dis way a parent from using a pacifier to comfort their little one. You have a responsibility to the public to do no harm. Too many parents can only see "black or white...god forbid they see grey". I used pacifiers for years and whispered in my babies ear to comfort at the same time! Please consider all the "new" parents reading your interpretations and be flexible with your interpretations. To claim "Emotional Problems" is irresponsible. Junk Scienceposted by Wendy B on 19 Sep 2012 at 8:22 am This study sounds like the worst kind of junk science I've ever heard. Who were the participants? How many? What variables were controlled for? Was it double-blind? Unbelievable what passes for science in today's journals. Add Your Opinion On This Article'Pacifier Use Can Lead To Emotional Problems In Boys' Please note that we publish your name, but we do not publish your email address. It is only used to let you know when your message is published. We do not use it for any other purpose. Please see our privacy policy for more information. 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Psihološke posljediceDobro razmislite prije nego muškom djetetu date dudu Dude varalice čine se sjajnim rješenjem za umirivanje bebe, ali nova studija je pokazala da bi one utječu na njihov emocionalni razvoj - točnije, samo muške djece.Dojenčad uči komunicirati uglavnom preko mimikrije, a znanstvenici su zaključili kako dude varalice ometaju taj proces kod muške djece, jer ih to sprečava da kopiraju različite izraze lica i tako uče emocije. Tim psihologa sa Sveučilišta Wisconsin-Madison otkrio je da je upotreba duda varalica povezana s lošijim rezultatima kod mjerenja emocionalne zrelosti. U prvoj studiji koja je povezala dude varalice s psihološkim posljedicama, pokazalo se da dude mogu otežati emocionalni razvoj dječaka. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija i Američka pedijatrijska akademija već su pozvale na ograničenu upotrebu duda varalica radi promicanja dojenja, ali i povezanosti duda s ušnim infekcijama i dentalnim nepravilnostima. 'Ljudi svih uzrasta često oponašaju druge - svjesno ili nesvjesno - njihove izraze lica ili pokrete tijela. Oponašanjem onoga što drugi rade, sami stvaramo dio njihovog osjećaja. To je jedan od načina kako možemo shvatiti što drugi osjećaju, posebno ako su ljuti, a kažu da nisu ili se smiju, a kontekst ne odgovara sreći', objašnjava voditeljica studije, profesorica Paula Niedenthal. Mimikrija je važan alat učenja kod beba. S dudom u ustima beba će slabije oponašati izraze lica i emocije koje predstavljaju. Istraživanje je pokazalo da šestogodišnji i sedmogodišnji dječaci, koji su često kao mala djeca koristili dude, teže pokazuju emocije. Današnji studenti koji su kao djeca koristili dude pokazali su niže rezultate na testovima emocionalne inteligencije. Dude varalice ne utječu i na djevojčice Zanimljivo da korištenje dude varalice nije utjecalo na emocionalni razvoj djevojčica. 'Djevojčice se u mnogočemu razvijaju ranije, pa je moguće da čine značajan emotivni napredak prije ili unatoč dudama varalicama. Može biti da su dječaci ranjiviji od djevojčica, i ometanje njihove mimike za njih je više štetno', objašnjava Niedenthal. 'Od djevojčica se ne očekuje da budu neemotivne, pa ih se stimulira i da druge načine. Od dječaka se očekuje da budu neemocionalni i kada im date dudu varalicu, ne činiti ništa drugo da biste im nadoknadili i pomogli učiti emocije.' Niedenthal kaže kako ograničena upotreba vjerojatno neće štetiti, posebno noću, kada nije vrijeme učenja. 'Želim da roditelji budu svjesni da korištenje dude varalice ograničava bebinu sposobnost shvaćanja i istraživanja emocija. A čini se da mušku djecu više pogađa ta limitacija.' Studija je objavljena u listu Basic and Applied Social Psychology.