http___livro-ensino-medio.f1cf.com.br_geografia_hr_geography-251.html_1.xml
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volcanic activity, or displacement (migration) of gases within the Earth. The movement is caused by the rapid release of large amounts of energy in the form of seismic waves. Most earthquakes occur at the edges of tectonic plates ("tectonic" comes from the word "construction" in Greek) or in gaps between two boulders. Search in a Geographic Atlas planisfério the "tectonic plates" and identify the boundaries of the plates and the direction of their movements. The length of a fault can range from a few centimeters to thousands of kilometers, as is the case of the San Andreas fault in California, USA. Only in the United States occur 12 thousand to 14 billion annually seismic events (or approximately 35 days). Based on long-term historical records, approximately 18 big earthquakes (7.0 to 7.9 in the range of scales Richterveja the table), and a giant earthquake (8 or above) in a year may be expected. Among the effects of earthquakes are ground vibration, opening faults, landslides, tsunamis, change the axis of rotation of the Earth, and the destructive effects on man-made constructions, resulting in loss of lives, injuries and high financial losses and social (such as homeless whole populations, facilitating the spread of disease, starvation, etc.).. The region where there is release of seismic energy (seismic waves), or failure in the rock, is called the earthquake focus or focal region - hypocenter. The point directly above the focus on the Earth's surface is called the epicenter. The area around the epicenter is usually the most affected by an earthquake. If this point be located at sea or uninhabited areas, the earthquake can not cause damage. In some earthquakes, the tremors can only be registered by devices called seismographs. Others are so violent shocks that devastate large regions. The largest earthquake ever recorded was the Great Chilean Earthquake in 1960, reaching 9.5 on the Richter scale, then to Indonesia in 2004, registering 9.3 on the same scale. What causes an earthquake on the Earth's surface, such as shaking felt by people, cracks in the walls or on the ground, collapsing buildings, etc.., Can be measured as intensity, scale called the Mercalli Scale. Because of collapsing buildings and fires resulting, some earthquakes were causing major disasters. The Mercalli scale has a value only qualitative and should not be interpreted as absolute, since it relies on human observation. For example, an earthquake on the Richter scale of 8 in a desert uninhabited is classified as I in Mercalli scale, while a smaller magnitude earthquake seismic, for example 5, on an area- Geography Table 3 Richter scale The amount of energy released by an earthquake, and its magnitude is measured by the amplitude of the waves emitted second parameter on the Richter scale, which goes from zero to nine points. Mercalli Scale The destructive power of an earthquake is measured by the Mercalli scale, from zero to 12 points. The quake that destroyed the City of Mexico in 1985, was magnitude 8.1 and intensity 10. Source: www.apolo11.com/ richter.php
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vulkanske aktivnosti, ili raseljavanje (migracije) od plinova unutar Zemlje. Pokret je uzrokovan brzom oslobađanje velike količine energije u obliku seizmičkih valova. Većina potresi javljaju na rubovima tektonskih ploča ("tektonske" dolazi od riječi "gradnje" u grčkom) ili u pukotinama između dvije stijene. Traži u Geographic Atlas planisfério su "tektonske ploče" i odrediti granice ploča i smjer njihovog kretanja. Duljina kvara može se kreću od nekoliko centimetara do nekoliko tisuća kilometara, kao što je slučaj u San Andreas rasjeda u Kaliforniji, SAD. Samo u Sjedinjenim Državama javljaju 12.000 do 14 milijarda godišnje seizmičke događaje (ili oko 35 dana). Na temelju dugoročnih povijesnim zapisima, oko 18 velikih potresa (7,0-7,9 u rasponu ljestvice Richterveja stol), i divovski potresa (8 ili noviji) u godinu dana može se očekivati. Među učinke potresa su zemlju vibracije, otvaranje rasjedi, klizišta, tsunamiji, promijenite os rotacije Zemlje, a razorno djelovanje na umjetan građevina, što je rezultiralo gubitkom života, ozljeda i visokim financijskim gubicima i socijalna (kao što su beskućnici cijelih populacija, olakšavajući širenje bolesti, gladi i sl.) .. Regija u kojoj se nalazi izdanje seizmičke energije (seizmičkih valova), ili neuspjeh u stijeni, naziva potresa fokus ili žarišna regija - hypocenter. Točku točno iznad naglaskom na Zemljinoj površini naziva se epicentar. Područje oko epicentra je obično najviše pogođene potresom. Ako se ta točka nalazi na moru ili nenaseljenim područjima, potres ne može oštetiti. U nekim potresa, podrhtavanja se mogu registrirati samo po uređajima pod nazivom seizmografa. Drugi su toliko nasilni da šokovi devastirao velikih regija. Najveći potres ikad zabilježen bio Veliki čileanski potres 1960, dosegnuvši 9,5 stupnjeva po Richterovoj ljestvici, a zatim do Indonezije 2004, registracije 9,3 na istoj ljestvici. Što uzrokuje potres na Zemljinoj površini, kao što trese osjećaju ljudi, pukotine u zidovima ili na tlu, urušavanja zgrade, itd.., Može se mjeriti kao intenziteta, mjerilo zove MM ljestvica. Zbog urušavanja zgrade i požara koji ostvaruju, neki su potresi uzrokuju velike katastrofe. MM ljestvica ima vrijednost samo kvalitativno, a ne bi trebalo tumačiti kao apsolutna, jer se oslanja na ljudski promatranja. Na primjer, potres stupnjeva po Richterovoj skali od 8 u pustinji nenaseljenom je klasificiran kao I u MM ljestvica, dok je manja magnituda potresa potresna, primjerice 5, na području- Geografija Tablica 3 Richter scale Količina energije objavljenom u potresu, a njegova veličina je mjerena amplitude valova koje emitira drugi parametar po Richteru, koji ide od nula do devet bodova. MM ljestvica Razornu moć potresa se mjeri MM ljestvica, od nula do 12 bodova. Potres koji je uništio grad u Meksiku u 1985, bio je magnitude 8,1 i intenziteta 10. Izvor: www.apolo11.com/ richter.php