http___lingvo.info_hr_lingvopedia_russian_1.xml
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Grammar Verbs in Russian are divided into two categories called aspects depending on whether they refer to an ongoing process (imperfective verbs) or a finished action (perfective verbs). Imperfective verbs have three tenses (past, present and future) while perfective verbs have only past and future tenses but no present tense. ЧTo дeлaTb? Doing something (the action is not finished, the process) ЧTo cдeлaTb? Finish doing something (the finished action, the result) There are 6 cases in Russian. They are shown by endings and indicate the role the noun plays in a sentence and have corresponding question forms of the type 'who' 'whom'. Nouns and noun-like words are grouped into declinations according to the particular forms of endings used. The Russian language is very rich. When speaking Russian, different variants (or registers) of language are used. For example, in a business letter or official document, words and constructions are used, which would likely not be used in everyday life (even in a very serious conversation). It is necessary to cultivate a high level of language awareness in order to not make wrong choices and to be able to choose the appropriate words. A person’s literacy, way of life and often the way they want to be seen and accepted by others is reflected in their language choices. Russians have three names: a personal name, a patronym and a family name. Patronyms are formed from the personal name of the father: The personal name and patronym (ИBaH BлaдиMиpoBич, AHHa ИлbиHичeHa) are used while greeting superiors, older people and in formal situations. Addressing people by their family name is not very common and generally used in very formal situations. Teachers in schools often address pupils by family name: «CидopoB, иди k дocke!» (Sidorov, idi k doske! - "Sidorov, come up to the front of the classroom"). Especially the most naughty ones: CepreeB, oпяTb Tы He cдeлaл дoMaшHee зaдaHиe! (Sergeev, opjat' ty ne sdelal domašnee zadanie! - "Sergeev, again you haven’t done your homework!). Almost all personal names in Russian have diminutive forms: - Cepreй – Cepeжa – CepeжeHbka - AHHa – AHя – AHHyшka, AHюTa Generally children are called by their diminutive form: CepeжeHbka [Serezhen'ka] (diminutive form of Cepreй, [Sergej]), Иpoчka [Irochka] (diminutive of ИpиHa, [Irina]). Children are usually called by their full name when they have done something bad. Patronyms are not popular outside of Russia. Russians living abroad often prefer to be called by a diminutive form of their names, e.g. ДиMa [Dima] instead of ДMиTpий [Dmitrij], Haдя [Nadya] instead of Haдeждa [Nadezhda].
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Gramatika Ruski se glagoli dijele na dvije kategorije i to po aspektu, ovisno o tome da li označavaju trajni proces (trajni glagoli ili svršeni čin (svršeni glagoli. Trajni glagoli imaju tri vremena (prošlo, sadašnje i buduće), dok svršeni imaju samo prošlo vrijeme i buduće dok nemaju sadašnjeg. ЧTo дeлaTb? raditi nešto (trajno događanje, proces) ЧTo cдeлaTb? učiniti nešto (svršeni čin, rezultat) Postoji 6 padeža na ruskom. Označeni su nastavcima i pokazuju ulogu koju igra imenica u rečenici te odgovaraju na pitanja kao: "tko", "koga". Imenice i imeničke zamjenice su grupirane po deklinacijskim paradigmama prema tome koje nastavke koriste. Ruski je vrlo bogat jezik. Upotrebljavaju se razne varijante (ili jezični nivoi). Npr. u trgovačkim pismima ili službenim dokumentima se koriste riječi ili konstrukcije koje se neće koristiti u svakodnevnom jeziku (čak ni u vrlo ozbiljnoj konverzaciji). Potrebno je brinuti o visokoj jezičnoj svijesti da bi se mogle izabrati odgovarajuće riječi. Obrazovanje, način života a često i način kako ljudi žele biti viđeni i prihvaćeni od drugih utječu na jezični izbor. Rusi imaju tri imena: osobno, očevo i prezime. Očeva imena su napravljena od osobnih imena očeva. Osobno i očevo ime (ИBaH BлaдиMиpoBич, AHHa ИлbиHичeHa) se koriste u svakom oslovljavanju nadređenih, starijih te u formalnim situacijama. Oslovljavati ljude prezimenom nije često a to se radi samo u vrlo formalnim situacijama. Učitelji u školama često oslovljavaju učenike prezimenom: “CидopoB, иди k дocke!” [Sidorov, idi k doske!] (Sidorov, pođi k ploči!). Uglavnom najneinteligentnije: CepreeB, oпяTb Tы He cдeлaл дoMaшHee зaдaHиe! [Sergejev, opjat’ ty ne sdelal domašnee zadanie! - Sergeev, - Sergejev, zar opet nisi napisao zadaću!). Gotovo sva osobna imena na ruskom imaju deminutivne oblike. - Cepreй – Cepeжa – CepeжeHbka - AHHa – AHя – AHHyшka, AHюTa Općenito djecu zovu deminutivnim oblicima: CepeжeHbka [Serjoĵen’ka] (deminutiv od {sound2], [Serguei]), Иpoчka [Iroĉka] (deminutiv od ИpиHa, [Irina]).. Obično se koriste njihova prava imena kad su napravili nešto loše. Očeva imena nisu popularna izvan Rusije. Rusi koji žive u inozemstvu vole da ih se imenuje deminutivnim imenima npr. ДиMa [Dima] umjesto ДMиTpий [Dmitrij], Haдя [Nadja] umjesto Haдeждa [Nadeĵda].