http___mijelom.hr_sto-je-mm_opis-bolesti__2.xml
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The Basil Skyers Myeloma Foundation was set up in 2010 to provide services and practical support for patients with multiple myeloma, their families and carers. The Foundation has no paid staff and and is run entirely through the goodwill and voluntary efforts of those who support us. All of the donations that are made to us go directly on support for patients. The work of the Foundation is overseen by a Board of Trustees comprising patients, carers, consultant haematologists, clinical nurse specialists, researchers and public policy specialists. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the blood plasma and starts in white cells in the bone marrow and is the second most common yet little known blood cancer. There are 4,800 new cases diagnosed in the UK each year and the first family, friends or colleagues hear the words multiple myeloma is often, at the point of diagnosis. Multiple myeloma attacks the blood plasma cells. The blood plasma cells normally produce antibodies which help to fight infection but in the case of multiple myeloma, they start to proliferate and produce rogue proteins which have no use or function. The proliferation of the cancerous cells in the plasma displaces healthy red and white cells from the bone marrow and this leads to anaemia and fatigue, frequent infections, and unexplained bruising and bleeding. These symptoms are also often accompanied by bone pain particularly in the lower back and the ribs, but any part of the long bones which produce blood cells can be affected. Multiple myeloma affects all communities and the Foundation is therefore concerned with identifying and responding in practical ways to the different experiences of patients. The average age at which patients are diagnosed with myeloma is 70+ but that picture has begun to change dramatically and in recent years more people in their 30s, 40s, and 50s are being diagnosed. Clinical evidence does show however that: myeloma tends to affect more men than women; black Caribbean and black African people are more likely to be diagnosed with myeloma and at a much younger age than the population generally, and that men, and black people, have a higher mortality rate. The Foundation is therefore concerned with extending the discussion around myeloma and has conducted research which is unprecedented in the UK, exploring the reasons for these differences, as understanding more about multiple myeloma and diverse patient experiences of the disease has the potential to benefit all patients. There are a number of effective treatments for multiple myeloma. They include a range of chemotherapies and stem cell transplants, which can halt the progress of the disease for 10 years or more in some patients. There is however no cure at the present time but the future is bright as new treatments are continually being developed. We support patients and engage communities to inform and shape services and clinical practice. The activities of the Foundation include but are by no means limited to the following: Grants Programme: We run a grants programme providing individual patients with up to £250 to meet the costs of • Household Bills • Cushioned Wheelchairs • Travel Insurance Clinical Research: We lead research in areas that have not been explored or are under-researched to try to understand more about myeloma in different population groups. This has potential benefit for all myeloma patients. We have provided funding for practical support in a number of ways since we were set up. We have given over £25,000 directly in patient support. Contact Dr. Sophia Skyersinfo@basilskyersfoundation.org
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Multipli mijelom, poznat i kao mijelom, vrsta je karcinoma koštane srži koji se javlja u plazma stanicama, koje se normalno nalaze u koštanoj srži. Plazma stanice čine dio imunološkog sustava. Normalne plazma stanice proizvode anititjela (imunoglobuline) u borbi protiv infekcije. Kod multiplog mijeloma, nenormalne plazma stanice proizvode samo jednu vrstu antitijela, paraprotein ili M protein, koji nema korisnu funkciju. Multipli mijelom često se dijagnosticira i prati mjerenjem razine paraproteina. Koštana srž je „spužvasta“ tvar koja se nalazi u središtu većih kostiju u tijelu. Osim što sadržava plazma stanice, koštana srž središte je proizvodnje krvnih stanica (eritrocita, leukocita i trombocita). Kod multiplog mijeloma, oštećena je DNK plazma stanica, zbog čega stanica postane maligna ili kancerogena. Ove nenormalne plazma stanice zovu se mijelomske stanice. Za razliku od mnogih karcinoma, multipli mijelom ne postoji kao izraslina ili tumor, nego se mijelomske stanice dijele i šire unutar koštane srži. Multipli mijelom zahvaća više mjesta u tijelu gdje je koštana srž kod odraslih normalno aktivna, tj. unutrašnjost kostiju kralježnice, lubanje, zdjelice, rebara i područja oko ramena i kukova. Krajnji dijelovi udova kao što su šake, stopala i donji dijelovi ruku i nogu obično nisu zahvaćeni mijelomom i funkcija tih kritičnih područja obično je sasvim očuvana. Većina medicinskih problema vezanih uz multipli mijelom uzrokovana je nakupljanjem mijelomskih stanica u koštanoj srži i prisutnošću praraproteina u krvi ili mokraći. Česti problemi su bolovi u kostima, prijelomi, umor (uzrokovan anemijom), česte infekcije ili infekcije koje se ponavljaju (kao što su infekcije dišnog i mokraćnog sustava), oštećenje bubrega i hiperkalcemija (povišena razina kalcija u krvi). Kod nekih ljudi multipli mijelom razvije se nakon što im je dijagnosticirana monoklonska gamapatija neodređenog značenja (MGNZ), koju karakterizira povišena razina nenormalnog proteina (paraproteina) kao i kod multiplog mijeloma, ali bez drugih karakteristika multiplog mijeloma (manje od 10% plazma stanica u koštanoj srži i bez znakova oštećenja kostiju specifičnih za mijelom). Razina M proteina kod MGNZ-a je ispod 30g/L. Rizik od prijelaza MGNZ-a u aktivni multipli mijelom jako je nizak (samo 1% šanse u svakoj godini praćenja). U slučaju da je razina mijelomskih stanica u ukupnoj koštanoj srži viša od 10 – 30% i razina M proteina možda viša od 30g/L, stopa rasta može biti jako spora i bez pojave simptoma. To se naziva tinjajućim mijelomom. MGNZ, kao i tinjajući mijelom, mogu se jako sporo mijenjati tijekom godina i ne zahtijevaju aktivno liječenje. Vrlo je važno uspostaviti točnu dijagnozu i razlikovati MGNZ i tinjajući mijelom od aktivnog ili simptomatskog multiplog mijeloma koji zahtijeva liječenje. Kod vrlo malog broja oboljelih (1 – 4%) multipli mijelom može se razviti u plazmastaničnu leukemiju, koju karakteriziraju visoke razine plazma stanica u cirkulaciji u krvi2 i kraće preživljenje.