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Information Source on Lung Disease Lung disease is any disease or disorder where lung function does not work properly. There are three main types of lung diseases: Obstructive lung disease -- a decrease in the exhaled air flow caused by a narrowing or blockage of the lung airways, which can occur with asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis, often due to smoking. Restrictive lung disease -- a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold. Often, this lung capacity issue is due to a decrease in the elasticity of the lungs themselves or caused by a problem related to the expansion of the chest wall during inhalation. A defect in the ability of the lung's air sac tissue to move oxygen into a person's blood. Most lung diseases actually involve a combination of these categories, such as emphysema, which involves both airflow obstruction and oxygenation problems. Major Lung Diseases Include: Asthma Chronic bronchitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Emphysema may become lung cancer Interstitial Lung Disease Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary lung disease Sarcoidosis Other Lung Diseases Include: Asbestosis Aspergilloma Aspergillosis Aspergillosis - acute invasive Atelectasis Eosinophilic pneumonia Lung disease can lead to cancer Metastatic lung cancer Necrotizing pneumonia Pleural effusion Pneumoconiosis Pneumocystosis Pneumonia Pneumonia in immunodeficient patient Pneumothorax Pulmonary actinomycosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Pulmonary anthrax Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolus Pulmonary histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary nocardiosis Pulmonary tuberculosis Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease Rheumatoid lung-disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a slowly progressive serious disease of the airways that is characterized by a gradual loss of lung function. It's has strong similarities to the lung damage done by chronic emphysema. The disease is also known by its acronym which is COPD, and includes chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive bronchitis, or emphysema, or combinations of these life-threatening medical conditions. It represents the 4th leading cause of death in the U.S. The symptoms of "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" can range from chronic cough and sputum production to severe disabling shortness of breath. In some people, the start of a chronic cough and its related sputum production are the first signs they are at risk for developing the airflow obstruction and shortness of breath characteristic of "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" In other people, shortness of breath may be the first evidence they have developed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the United States the most important risk factor for COPD by far is cigarette smoking. Pipe, cigar, other types of tobacco smoking, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke are also risk factors. Other documented causes of COPD include occupational dusts and chemicals. Outdoor air pollution adds to the total burden of inhaled particles in the lungs, but its role in causing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is not certain. The most important measure for preventing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – and for stopping disease progression – is avoidance of smoking. Also visit the emphysema organization for more information on how to stop smoking and potentially save your life, including slowing-down lung disease progression. The diagnosis of "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" is confirmed by the presence of air-way obstruction on testing with spirometry. Unfortunately, there is no known cure for COPD at this time. Chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease treatment is usually supportive and designed to relieve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms and also improve quality of life. With continued exposure to cigarettes or noxious particles, the disease progresses and individuals with COPD increasingly lose their ability to breathe. Acute infections or certain weather conditions may temporarily worsen symptoms (exacerbations), occasionally where hospitalization may be required. COPD develops slowly, and it may be many years before you notice symptoms like feeling short of breath. Most of the time, COPD is diagnosed in middle-aged or older people. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major cause of death and illness, and it's the 4th leading cause of death in the USA and throughout the world. There is no cure for COPD. The damage to your airways and lung disease damage cannot be reversed, however there are things you can do to feel better and slow the damage caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and progression of lung disease. COPD is not contagious and you cannot catch it from someone who already you has the lung disease. Who Is At Risk for COPD? Most people with chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease (COPD) are smokers or former smokers. People with a family history of COPD are more likely to get the disease if they smoke. The chance of developing COPD is also greater in people who have spent many years in contact with lung irritants, such as: Air pollution - Chemical fumes, vapors, and dusts usually linked to certain jobs A person who has had frequent and severe lung infections, especially during childhood, may have a greater chance of developing lung damage that can lead to chronic-obstructive-pulmonary disease. Fortunately, this is much less common today with anti-biotic treatments. Most people with COPD are at least 40-years old or middle age when symptoms start. It is unusual, but possible for people younger than 40-years old to have COPD. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD? The signs and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include the following listed below: - Cough - Sputum (mucus) production - Shortness of breath, especially with exercise - Wheezing - which is a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe - Chest tightness A cough that doesn't go away and coughing up lots of mucus are common signs of COPD. These often occur years before the flow of air in and out of the lungs is reduced. However, not everyone with a cough and sputum production goes on to develop COPD, and not everyone with COPD has a cough. The severity of the symptoms depends on how much of the lung has been destroyed. If you continue to smoke, the lung destruction is faster than if you stop smoking. How the Lungs Work The lungs provide a very large surface area (the size of a football field) for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. A slice of normal lung looks like a pink sponge filled with tiny bubbles or holes. These bubbles, surrounded by a fine network of tiny blood vessels, give the lungs a large surface to exchange oxygen into the blood where it is carried throughout the body by veins and arteries and removes carbon dioxide (out of the blood). This process is called gas exchange, which healthy lungs do well. Here is how normal breathing works: You breathe in air through your nose and mouth. The air travels down through your windpipe (trachea) then through large and small tubes in your lungs called bronchial (BRON-kee-ul) tubes. The larger tubes are bronchi (BRONK-eye), and the smaller tubes are bronchioles (BRON-kee-oles). Sometimes the word "airways" is used to refer to the various tubes or passages that air must travel through from the nose and mouth into the lungs. The airways in your lungs look something like an upside-down tree with many branches. At the ends of the small bronchial tubes, there are groups of tiny air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-uhl-EYE). The air sacs have very thin walls, and small blood vessels called capillaries run in the walls. Oxygen passes from the air sacs into the blood in these small blood vessels. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the air sacs. Carbon dioxide, a normal byproduct of the body's metabolism, must be removed. The airways and air sacs in the lung are normally elastic—that is, they try to spring back to their original shape after being stretched or filled with air, just the way a new rubber band or balloon would. This elastic quality helps retain the normal structure of the lung and helps to move the air quickly in and out. In COPD, much of the elastic quality is gone, and the airways and air sacs no longer bounce back to their original shape. This means the airways collapse, like a floppy garden hose, and air sacs tend to stay inflated. The floppy airways obstruct the airflow out of the lungs, leading to an abnormal increase in the lungs' size. In addition, the airways may become inflamed and thickened, and mucus-producing cells produce more mucus, further contributing to the difficulty of getting air out of the lungs. Causes of "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" Smoking Is the Most Common Cause of COPD Most cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develop after repeatedly breathing in fumes and other things that irritate and damage the lungs and airways. Cigarette smoking is the most common irritant that causes COPD. Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke can also cause COPD, especially if the smoke is inhaled. Breathing in other fumes and dusts over a long period of time may also cause COPD. The lungs and airways are highly sensitive to these irritants. They cause the airways to become inflamed and narrowed, and they destroy the elastic fibers that allow the lung to stretch and then return to its resting shape. This makes breathing air in and out of the lungs more difficult. Other things that may irritate the lungs and contribute to COPD include: - Working around certain chemicals and breathing in the fumes for many years, including asbestos fibres, which may also cause mesothelioma lung cancer - Working in a dusty area over many years - Heavy exposure to air pollution - Being around secondhand smoke (smoke in the air from other people smoking cigarettes) also plays a role in an individual developing COPD. Genes—tiny bits of information in your body cells passed on by your parents—may play a role in developing COPD. In rare cases, COPD is caused by a gene-related disorder called alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. Alpha 1 antitrypsin (an-te-TRIP-sin) is a protein in your blood that inactivates destructive proteins. People with antitrypsin deficiency have low levels of alpha 1 antitrypsin; the imbalance of proteins leads to the destruction of the lungs and COPD. If people with this condition smoke, the disease progresses more rapidly. How Is COPD Diagnosed? Doctors consider a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) if you have the typical symptoms and a history of exposure to lung irritants, especially cigarette smoking. A medical history, physical exam, and breathing tests are the most important tests to determine if you have COPD. Your doctor will examine you and listen to your lungs. Your doctor will also ask you questions about your family and medical history and what lung irritants you may have been around for long periods of time. Breathing Tests Your doctor will use a breathing test called spirometry (speh-ROM-eh-tree) to confirm a diagnosis of COPD. This test is easy and painless and shows how well your lungs work. You breathe hard into a large hose connected to a machine called a spirometer (speh-ROM-et-er). When you breathe out, the spirometer measures how much air your lungs can hold and how fast you can blow air out of your lungs after taking a deep breath. Spirometry is the most sensitive and commonly used test of lung functions. It can detect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease long before you have significant lung disease symptoms. Based on this test, your doctor can determine if you have COPD and how severe it is. Doctors classify the severity of COPD as: - At risk (for developing COPD). Breathing test is normal. Mild signs that include a chronic cough and sputum production. - Mild COPD. Breathing test shows mild airflow limitation. Signs may include a chronic cough and sputum production. At this stage, you may not be aware that airflow in your lungs is reduced. - Moderate COPD. Breathing test shows a worsening airflow limitation. Usually the signs have increased. Shortness of breath usually develops when working hard, walking fast, or doing other brisk activities. At this stage, a person usually seeks medical attention. - Severe COPD. Breathing test shows severe airflow limitation. A person is short of breath after just a little activity. In very severe COPD, complications like respiratory failure or signs of heart failure may develop. At this stage, the quality of life is greatly impaired and the worsening symptoms may be life threatening. Your doctor may also recommend tests to rule out other causes of your signs and symptoms. These tests include: - Bronchodilator (brong-ko-di-LA-tor) reversibility testing. This test uses the spirometer and medicines called bronchodilators. Bronchodilators work by relaxing tightened muscles around the airways and opening up airways quickly to ease breathing. Your doctor will use the results of this test to see if your lung problems are being caused by another lung condition such as asthma. However, since airways in copd may also be constricted, your doctor can use the results of this test to help set your treatment goals. - Other pulmonary function testing. For instance, your doctor could test diffusion capacity. - Chest x-ray. A chest x-ray is a picture of your lungs. A chest x-ray may be done to see if another disease, including arteriosclerotic heart disease, may be causing chronic-obstructive- pulmonary-disease health symptoms. - Arterial blood gas. This is a blood test showing the oxygen level in your blood. It is measured in people with severe COPD to see if oxygen treatment is recommended. How Is COPD Treated? Quitting smoking is the single most important thing you can do to reduce your risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and slow the progress of the pulmonary disease. Your doctor will recommend treatments to help relieve your symptoms and help you breathe easier. However, COPD cannot be cured. The goals of chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease treatment are to: - Relieve your symptoms with no or minimal side effects of treatment - Slow the progress of the lung disease - Improve exercise tolerance (your ability to stay active) - Prevent and treat complications and sudden onset of problems - Improve your overall health The treatment for COPD is different for each person. Your family doctor may recommend that you see a lung specialist called a pulmonologist (pull-mon-OL-o-gist). Treatment is based on whether your symptoms are mild, moderate, or severe. Medicines and pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab) are often used to help relieve your symptoms and to help you breathe more easily and stay active. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Medicine & Drugs Bronchodilators - Your doctor may recommend medicines called bronchodilators that work by relaxing the muscles around your airways. This type of medicine helps to open your airways rapidly and make breathing easier. Bronchodilators can be either short acting or long acting. - Short-acting bronchodilators last about 4 to 6 hours and are used only when needed. - Long-acting bronchodilators last about 12 hours or more and are used every day. - Most bronchodilator medicines are inhaled, so they go directly into your lungs where they are needed. There are many kinds of inhalers, and it is important to know how to use your inhaler correctly. If you have mild COPD, your doctor may recommend that you use a short-acting bronchodilator. You then will use the inhaler only when needed. If you have moderate or severe COPD, your doctor may recommend regular treatment with one or more inhaled bronchodilators. You may be told to use one long-acting bronchodilator. Some people may need to use a long-acting bronchodilator and a short-acting bronchodilator. This is called combination therapy. Inhaled glucocorticosteroids (steroids) - Inhaled steroids are used for some people with moderate or severe COPD. Inhaled steroids work to reduce airway inflammation. Your doctor may recommend that you try inhaled steroids for a trial period of 6 weeks to 3 months to see if the medicine is helping with your breathing problems. Flu shots - The flu (influenza) can cause serious problems in people with COPD. Flu shots can reduce the chance of getting the flu. You should get a flu shot every year. Pneumococcal vaccine - This vaccine should be administered to those with COPD to prevent a common cause of pneumonia. Revaccination may be necessary after 5 years in those older than 65 years of age. Pulmonary Rehabilitation - Pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab) is a coordinated program of exercise, disease management training, and counseling that can help you stay more active and carry out your day-to-day activities. What is included in your pulmonary rehab program will depend on what you and your doctor think you need. It may include exercise training, nutrition advice, education about your disease and how to manage it, and counseling. The different parts of the rehab program are managed by different types of health care professionals (doctors, nurses, physical therapists, respiratory therapists, exercise specialists, dietitians) who work together to develop a program just for you. Pulmonary rehab programs can include some or all of the following aspects. Medical evaluation and management - To decide what you need in your pulmonary rehab program, a medical evaluation will be done. This may include getting information on your health history and what medicines you take, doing a physical exam, and learning about your symptoms. A spirometry measurement may also be done before and after you take a bronchodilator medicine. Setting goals - You will work with your pulmonary rehab team to set goals for your program. These goals will look at the types of activities that you want to do. For example, you may want to take walks every day, do chores around the house, and visit with friends. These things will be worked on in your pulmonary rehab program. Exercise training - Your program may include exercise training. This training includes showing you exercises to help your arms and legs get stronger. You may also learn breathing exercises that strengthen the muscles needed for breathing. Education - Many pulmonary rehab programs have an educational component that helps you learn about your disease and symptoms, commonly used treatments, different techniques used to manage symptoms, and what you should expect from the program. The education may include meeting with (1) a dietitian to learn about your diet and healthy eating; (2) an occupational therapist to learn ways that are easier on your breathing to carry out your everyday activities; or (3) a respiratory therapist to learn about breathing techniques and how to do respiratory treatments. Program results (outcomes) - You will talk with your pulmonary rehab team at different times during your program to go over the goals that you set and see if you are meeting them. For example, if your goal is to walk every day for 30 minutes, you will talk to members of your pulmonary team and tell them how often you are walking and for how long. The team is interested in helping you reach your goals. Oxygen Treatment - If you have severe COPD and low levels of oxygen in your blood, you are not getting enough oxygen on you own. Your doctor may recommend oxygen therapy to help with your shortness of breath. You may need extra oxygen all the time or some of the time. For some people with severe COPD, using extra oxygen for more than 15 hours a day can help them: - Do tasks or activities with less shortness of breath - Protect the heart and other organs from damage - Sleep more during the night and improve alertness during the day - Live longer - Surgery For some people with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, surgery may be recommended. Surgery is usually done for people who have: - Severe lung disease symptoms - Not had improvement from taking medicines - A very hard time breathing most of the time The two types of surgeries considered in the treatment of severe COPD are: - Bullectomy. In this procedure, doctors remove one or more very large bullae from the lungs of people who have emphysema. Bullae are air spaces that are formed when the walls of the air sacs break. The air spaces can become so large that they interfere with breathing. - Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). In this procedure, surgeons remove sections of damaged tissue from the lungs of patients with emphysema. A major NHLBI study of LVRS recently showed that patients whose emphysema was mostly in the upper lobes of the lung and who had this surgery, along with medical treatment and pulmonary rehabilitation, were more likely to function better after 2 years than patients who received medical therapy only. They also did not have a greater chance of dying than the other patients. A small group of these patients who also had low exercise capacity after pulmonary rehabilitation but before surgery were also more likely to function better after LVRS than similar patients who received medical treatment only. A lung transplant may be done for some people with very severe COPD. A transplant involves removing the lung of a person with COPD and replacing it with a healthy lung from a donor. How Can COPD Be Prevented From Progressing? If you smoke, the most important thing you can do to stop more damage to your lungs is to quit smoking. For information on how to quit smoking, visit the Web site of the U.S. Office of the Surgeon General. Many hospitals have smoking cessation programs or can refer you to one. It is also important to stay away from people who are smoking and places where you know there will be smokers. Staying away from other lung irritants such as pollution, dust, and certain cooking or heating fumes is also important. For example, you should stay in your house when the outside air quality is poor. Managing Complications and Preventing Sudden Onset of Problems People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often have symptoms that suddenly get worse. When this happens, you have a much harder time catching your breath. You may also have chest tightness, more coughing, change in your sputum, and a fever. It is important to call your doctor if you have any of these signs or symptoms. Your doctor will look at things that might be causing these signs and symptoms to suddenly worsen. Sometimes the signs and symptoms are caused by a lung infection. Your doctor may want you to take an antibiotic medicine that helps fight off the infection. Your doctor may also recommend additional medicines to help with your breathing. These medicines include bronchodilators and glucocorticosteroids. Your doctor may recommend that you spend time in the hospital if: - You have a lot of difficulty catching your breath - You have a hard time talking - Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray - You are not mentally alert - Your heartbeat is very fast - Home treatment of worsening symptoms doesn't help Living With COPD Although there is no cure for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), your symptoms can be managed, and damage to your lungs can be slowed. If you smoke, to quickly stop-smoking is the most important thing you can do to help your lungs. Here is some online-information on ways to help you quit-smoking. You also need to try to stay away from people who are smoking or public places where smoking is allowed: It is important to keep the air in your home clean. Here are some things that may help your breathing in your home: - Keep smoke, fumes, and strong smells out of your home - If your home is painted or sprayed for insects, have it done when you can stay away from your home - Cook near an open door or window - If you heat with wood or kerosene, keep a door or window open - Keep your windows closed and stay at home when there is a lot of air pollution, smog or dust outside - If you are taking medicines, take them as ordered and make sure you refill them so you do not run-out See your doctor at least 2-times a year, even if you are feeling good. Make sure you bring a list of medicines you are taking to your doctor visit. Ask your doctor or nurse about getting a flu shot and pneumonia vaccination. Keep your body strong by learning breathing exercises and walking and exercising regularly. Eat healthy foods. Ask your family to help you buy and fix healthy foods. Eat lots of fruits and vegetables. Eat protein food like meat, fish, eggs, milk, and soy. If your doctor has told you that you have severe COPD, there are some things that you can do to get the most out of each breath. Make your life as easy as possible at home by: - Asking your friends and family for help - Doing things slowly - Doing things sitting down - Putting things you need in one place that is easy to reach - Finding very simple ways to cook, clean, and do other chores. Some people use a small table or cart with wheels to move things around. Using a pole or tongs with long handles can help you reach things - Keeping your clothes loose - Wearing clothes and shoes that are easy to put on and take off - Asking for help moving your things around in your house so that you will not need to climb stairs as often - Picking a place to sit which location you can enjoy and visit with others If you are finding that it is becoming more difficult to catch your breath, your coughing has gotten worse, you are coughing up more mucus, or you have signs of infection (such as a fever and feeling poorly), you need to call your doctor right away. Your doctor may do a spirometry test, blood work, and a chest x ray. Your doctor may also: - Order antibiotics, which are medicines that help fight off infection - Change the type and dosage of the bronchodilator and glucocorticosteroid medicines you have been taking - Order oxygen or increase the amount of oxygen you are currently using It is helpful to have certain information on hand in case you need to go to the hospital or doctor right away. You should plan now to make sure you have: - The phone numbers for the doctor, hospital, and people who can take you to the hospital or doctor - Directions to the hospital and doctor's office - A list of the drugs and medicines you are taking You should get emergency help if: - You find that is hard to talk or walk - Your heart is beating very fast or irregularly - Your lips or fingernails are gray or blue - Your breathing is fast and hard, even when you are using your medicines Key Points Smoking is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a disease that slowly worsens over time, especially if you continue to smoke. Breathing in other kinds of lung irritants, like pollution, dust, or chemicals, over a long period of time may also cause or contribute to COPD. Secondhand smoke and genetic disorders can also play a role in chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease. There is no cure for "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" (which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and is a major cause of illness, and the 4th most common cause of death. In COPD, much of the lung's elastic quality of the airways and lung air-sacs are gone. The airways collapse and obstruct the normal airflow. Airways may also become inflamed and thickened. The signs and symptoms of COPD are different for each person. Common signs are cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. COPD usually occurs in people who are over 40-years old. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not contagious. If you have COPD, you are more likely to have lung infections, which can be fatal. Your doctor can use a medical history, physical exam, and breathing tests, such as spirometry, to diagnose—or rule out—COPD even before you have significant symptoms. If the lungs are severely damaged, the heart may be affected. A person with COPD dies when the lungs and heart are unable to function and get oxygen to the body's organs and tissues, or when a complication such as a severe infection occurs. Treatment for COPD may help prevent complications, prolong life, and improve a person's quality of life. Quitting smoking, staying away from people who are smoking, and avoiding exposure to other lung irritants are the most important ways to reduce your risk of developing COPD or to slow the progress of the lung disease. Treatment may include medicines such as bronchodilators, steroids, flu shots, and pneumococcal vaccine to avoid or reduce further complications. As the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease worsen over time, a person may have more difficulty walking and exercising. You should talk to your doctor about exercising and if you could benefit from a pulmonary rehab program—a coordinated program of exercise, physical therapy, disease management training, advice on diet, plus diet and health counseling. Oxygen treatment and surgery to remove part of a lung or even to transplant a lung may be recommended for persons with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. If you have a sudden worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease symptoms and lung disease indications, it's important to contact your doctor and seek emergency treatment. Be prepared and have information on hand that you or others would need in a medical emergency, such as information on medicines you are taking, directions to the hospital or your doctor’s office, and people to contact if you are unable to speak or call them. 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KOPB (kronična opstruktivna plućna bolest) je među glavnim uzrocima pobola i smrtnosti u svijetu – u zadnjih 30 g. stopa smrtnosti od KOPB se udvostručila. Svjetski dan kronične opstruktivne plućne bolesti obilježava se u studenom u cilju povećanja svijesti o KOPB-u. KOPB karakterizira smanjenje protoka zraka kroz dišne putove (opstrukcija) koje nije potpuno reverzibilno. Ovo smanjenje protoka zraka obično je progresivno i povezano je s neprimjerenim upalnim odgovorom pluća na štetne čestice ili plinove. Kod bolesnika sa KOPB obično razlikujemo kronični bronhitis ili emfizem. Tijek KOPB-a sastoji se od faza stabilne bolesti i faza akutnog pogoršanja – egzacerbacija. Pušenje je glavni uzrok KOPB-a, više od 80% bolesnika sa KOPB-om su pušači. Otrovi iz cigaretnog dima dovode do oslabljene obrane pluća od infekcija, do suženja dišnih puteva, te oštećenja alveola. Upala u KOPB-u nastaje kao posljedica izlaganja cigaretnom dimu. Dugotrajno i kontinuirano izlaganje cigaretnom dimu dovodi do trajne upale koja posljedično dovodi do gore navedenih poremećaja u plućima i dišnim putovima. Pasivna izloženost duhanskom dimu također doprinosi pojavi respiratornih simptoma i KOPB-a. Međutim, poznato je da svi pušači ne oboljevaju od duhanskog dima, odnosno postoje i drugi uzroci nastanka KOPB-a. Od stečenih čimbenika, najčešći su profesionalna izloženost štetnim plinovima i prašini te zagađenje okoliša. Nasljedni čimbenik rizika je nedostatak enzima alfa1 antitripsina. Glavni simptomi KOPB-a su kratkoća daha tijekom fizičke aktivnosti, svakodnevni kašalj, iskašljavanje te sviranje u prsima. Bolesnici koji puše u srednjoj i starijoj dobi razvijaju kašalj koji se u početku javlja samo ujutro, praćen obilnim iskašljavanjem tzv. “pušački kašalj”. S vremenom, kako bolest napreduje, javlja se tijekom cijelog dana, a zatim i noći. Iskašljavanje je u početku gotovo neprimjetno, jer se javlja samo ujutro. Iskašljaj je sluzav, a tijekom pogoršanja bolesti postaje gnojan. Otežano disanje u početku zapaža se tek pri većem naporu, a pojačava se kod pogoršanja bolesti, tzv. egzacerbacije (najčešće uzrokovanih bakterijskom ili virusnom infekcijom). Tada je zaduha obično popraćena kašljem, sviranjem u prsima a ponekad i vrućicom. Kako bolest napreduje razdoblja između pogoršanja postaju kraća, a u uznapredovaloj fazi, bolesnicima je potrebna stalna njega i okisigenoterapija kako bi mogli disati. Liječenje stabilnoga KOPB-a može poboljšati plućnu funkciju i kakvoću života ovih bolesnika, smanjuje hospitalizacije i povećava preživljenje bolesnika. Treba napomenuti da režim liječenja treba biti specifičan i prilagođen svakom pojedincu. Liječenje KOPB-a ovisi o tome radi li se o stabilnoj bolesti ili akutnoj egzacerbaciji. Učestale egzacerbacije negativan su pretkazatelj napredovanja bolesti, zato je potrebno usmjeriti pozornost na prevenciju. Nefarmakološke mjere uključuju: 1. prestanak pušenja, 2. smanjenje ostalih čimbenika rizika, 3. cijepljenje (influenca, pneumokok), 4. terapiju ja kisikom i 5. plućnu rehabilitaciju. Kirurško liječenje KOPB-a primjenjuje se u bolesnika s uznapredovalom bolešću, a podrazumijeva redukciju volumena pluća ili transplantaciju pluća. Većina lijekova koji se primjenjuju usmjereni su na potencijalno reverzibilne promjene koje u ovih bolesnika uzrokuju ograničenje protoka zraka i dovode do opstrukcije: • kontrakcija glatkih mišića • edem sluznice • upala dišnih puteva • pojačano stvaranje sluzi. Ograničenje protoka zraka (FEV1) samo je jedan pokazatelj težine bolesti pa se stupanj bronhoopstrukcije korigira prema simptomima i učestalosti egzacerbacija. Prema najnovijoj klasifikaciji postoje četiri kategorije bolesti (A – D) s preporučenim protokolom liječenja za svaku kategoriju što dopušta individualan pristup. Inhalatorna terapija najefikasniji je način isporuke lijeka za liječenje KOPB-a. Odabir lijeka prvi je korak u odabiru inhalatorne terapije na što se nadovezuje odabir tipa inhalera i edukacija bolesnika. Pri inhalatornoj terapiji isporuka lijeka u pluća ovisi o uređaju i tehnici uzimanja. Inhaler suhoga praha (DPI ) pokazao se praktičnijim i pogodnijim za odlaganje lijeka u pluća pri KOPB-u bolesnika, u usporedbi s inhalerom aerosola (MDI). u bolesnika s teškom opstrukcijom dišnih puteva zbog nemogućnosti postizanja inspiratorne brzine prilikom inhalacije postoji problem. Nebulizeri se preporučuju u bolesnika s hiperinflacijom plućnoga parenhima i slabijim inspiratornim protokom zraka. Sadašnje dokazi o upotrebi inhalatora/nebulizatora za terapiju održavanja u bolesnika s umjerenim do teškim KOPB-om, uključuje njihovu primjenu tijekom egzacerbacija. Poznato je da velik broj bolesnika neispravno primjenjuje inhalere i inhalatore/nebulizere, unatoč detaljnim pismenim uputama; stoga je nužna edukacija bolesnika pri uvođenju ili mijenjanju inhalatornih lijekova te povremena kontrola inhalatorne tehnike. Medikor je za vas odabrao inhalator vrhunske tehnologije i učinkovitosti – OMRON CompAir inhaltor.