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Quick: How many Internet browser tabs do you have open while reading this article? Chances are good that it's more than one. Chances are also good that you're chatting online, checking your text messages and maybe keeping half an eye on the television as you read these words. Given the ever-growing array of digital distractions available, multitasking is more prevalent than ever. Unfortunately, experts say, our brains weren't built for this onslaught. The price is attention overload that leaves us foggy-brained and less productive than before. [Digital Overload: Too Much Technology Takes a Toll] In multitasking, "there are only disadvantages," Stanford University communication professor Clifford Nass told LiveScience. "There's nothing good about doing it." Struggling to multitask Our ability to carry out complicated tasks like reading and reasoning lie in a brain process called working memory. Short-term memory, attention and cognitive control all come into play in keeping our brains on the ball as we take in and manipulate information. But all of these processes have their limits. So while multitaskers might believe they're listening to a podcast while texting a coworker, the brain can't actually handle that sort of simultaneous processing, said Nass, the author of "The Man Who Lied to His Laptop: What Machines Teach Us About Human Relationships" (Current Hardcover, 2010). "When we're trying to do that, our brain is rapidly attempting to switch back and forth from one activity to the other," he said. "That turns out to be extremely difficult." And unlike most skills, multitasking doesn't get easier the more you do it. In a study published in 2009 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nass and his colleagues reported that frequent multitaskers were even worse at multitasking than infrequent multitaskers. Specifically, the frequent multitaskers' brains bombed four tasks. They were bad at filtering out irrelevant information. When given the option of focusing on task-related information or extraneous material, they chose the extraneous information. They also struggled to pull information from short- or long-term memory into working memory. Finally, despite doing it all the time, the frequent multitaskers were flummoxed whenever they had to switch from task to task. "Basically, they're lousy at all aspects of multitasking," Nass said. Step away from the Internet Nass and his colleagues aren't yet sure whether multitasking makes people scatterbrained or whether an innate inability to focus causes the multitasking and makes people bad at it. One thing is for sure: The lure of multitasking is almost irresistible. Our brains seek novelty, said Joanne Cantor, an emerita professor at the University of Wisconsin at Madison and author of "Conquer CyberOverload: Get More Done, Boost Your Creativity, and Reduce Stress" (CyberOutlook Press, 2009). Computers and mobile devices exploit that novelty-seeking instinct, she said. "Every time we hear a click or something pops up, it's extremely hard not to wonder 'What's in that?'" Cantor told LiveScience. Unfortunately, shifting attention every time your e-mail client alerts you to a message can be exhausting. "It is cognitive work," Nass said. "It's a lot of work to switch tasks. It's much less work on the brain to do one thing and then a second thing." That's when the productivity blessing of computers and the Internet becomes a curse, Cantor said. "It's important to know when you're brain is just, I don't know, fried," she said. "The best thing to do then is to take a break, and to take a break to a low-information environment." That means no clicking through every post on your favorite blog. Step away from the computer, Cantor advised, take a walk to boost blood flow to your brain, and treat yourself to a soothing view of nature, if possible. "It's hard, but one of the things I suggest is that you just try it in small doses and see how much more effective you are," Cantor said. Technology has made it possible to do "a zillion activities at once," Nass said, and people are starting earlier than ever. His lab is now researching those who start multitasking as children or teens. He's also collaborating with brain imaging researchers to find out what brain areas get triggered when we multitask. One thing that's not so easy to study is what happens when people quit multitasking cold turkey. "I tried that once at Stanford, where I offered $100 for people to stop multitasking for a week," Nass said. "I couldn't get anyone to do it."
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Kako vam suvremena tehnologija prži mozak Raditi previše stavri odjednom naporno je za mozak - napravite pauzu, prošećite i gledajte u prirodu kako biste ga odmorili Obratite pozornost na to koliko kartica internetskog preglednika imate otvoreno na računalu u trenutku dok ovo čitate. Ili koliko pokrenutih programa imate dok surfate našim stranicama. Vrlo je vjerojatno da chatate, provjeravate poruke na mobitelu, možda čak slušate glazbu ili pogledavate na televizor. Multitasking je sve zastupljenija pojava, najviše zahvaljujući širokom spektru digitalnih izvora ometanja. Nažalost, naš mozak nije stvoren za takvu vrstu mučenja. Zbog toga što previše stvari radimo istovremeno i što nas previše toga ometa, dekoncentrira i odvlači pozornost, naša siva masa funkcionira slabije i manje produktivno. Malo je onih koji bi se mogli usprotiviti tvrdnjama Clifforda Nassa sa Stanforda koji je jednom prigodom za LiveScience izjavio kako „u multitaskingu postoje samo nedostatci". Komplicirane zadatke poput čitanja i rasuđivanja omogućuje nam radna memorija mozga. Kratkotrajno pamćenje, pozornost i kognitivna kontrola preuzimaju stvar u svoje ruke u svakom trenutku dok zaprimamo i manipuliramo informacijama. Međutim, sve to ima svoja ograničenja, a o tome je sam Nass više rekao u svojoj knjizi Man Who Lied to His Laptop: What Machines Teach Us About Human Relationships. Oni koji podliježu multitaskingu misle da to što slušaju glazbu dok pišu poruku suradniku uopće nije teško, ali njihov mozak u stvarnosti ne može podnijeti sličnu vrstu istovremenih procesa, tvrdi Nass. Dok pokušavamo obaviti jednu stvar, prelazimo na drugu, a mozak se na taj način stalno prebacuje s prve na drugu pa s druge na prvu stvar i nijednu ne obavi kako treba. Nadalje, za razliku od ostalih vještina, multitasking se s vremenom ne poboljšava. Opet se vraćamo na Nassa. on je s kolegama 2009. godine u časopisu Proceedings of he National Academy of Sciences predstavio rezultate istraživanja koje dokazuje da 'redoviti multitaskeri' više griješe od 'neredovitih multitaskera'. U tom su istraživanju osobe koje stalno obavljaju više poslova odjednom bile loše u četiri sfere - izdvajanja nevažnih informacija, prizivanju informacija iz kratkoročnog i dugoročnog pamćenja, u slučajevima u kojima su za određeni zadatak morale biti skoncentrirane na informacije vezane za njega to nisu uspijevale već su im pozornost odvlačile nepovezane informacije i na kraju svaki put bi bile zbunjene kad bi trebale prijeći s jednog zadatka na drugi. Drugim riječima, bile su loše u samom multitaskingu, objašnjava Nass. On međutim nije siguran je li multitasking kao takava odgovoran za zbunjenost mozga ili je pak sam multitasking posljedica naše urođene sposobnosti da se fokusiramo samo na jednu stvar pa smo zato loši u multitaskingu. Problem je i taj što je multitasking neodoljiv. Joanne Cantor, autorica knjige Conquer CyberOverload: Get More Done, Boost Your Creativity and Reduce Stress i profesorica sa Sveučilišta u Wisconsinu, tvrdi da mozak stalno traži nešto novo, a računala i mobilne elektroničke naprave mu daju upravo to. Zato svaki put kad se nešto pojavi na ekranu računala, čujemo zvuk poruke, dobijemo email i slično ne možemo odoljeti a da ne vidimo o čemu je riječ. To je puno kognitivnog rada i vrlo umarajuće za mozak. Na taj način Internet i računala postaju prokletstvo iako su njihove prednosti neosporne. Cantor savjetuje da se s vremena navrijeme udaljite od računala i mobitela, koliko god to teško bilo. Prošećite da vam dođe svježe krvi u mozak i počastite se smirujućim pogledom na prirodu.