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These days, the Northern Ireland peace process and free trade mean you'd hardly notice that there was a border separating two parts of the Emerald Isle. Brexit could make things complicated once again. Based on their past meetings, Monday's Brexit talks between EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker and UK Prime Minister Theresa May could provide further fireworks. Among the many contentious issues, the question of how to resolve the Irish border dispute could be a major stumbling block. But what makes the issue of the Irish frontier so sensitive? Ireland splits into two The British response to the Irish political and armed struggle for independence around the time of World War I was a succession of Home Rule Acts that sought to allow devolution, rather than independence, on the island of Ireland. Initially, one institution was envisaged in Dublin, but unionists in the north would have been unhappy at the prospect of being ruled from such a perceived hotbed of Irish nationalism. Instead, two home rule parliaments were set up, Northern Ireland and the short-lived entity known as Southern Ireland. Read more: EU, Ireland tell UK to come up with Brexit border plan After a three-year Irish War of Independence, Britain admitted defeat. Southern Ireland was superseded in 1922 by the Irish Free State, as enshrined in the Anglo-Irish Treaty (pictured above). This state would no longer be part of the United Kingdom. Carved for convenience Unionists were in the minority in most of Ireland, but not in the mainly Protestant Antrim, Down, Armagh and Derry/Londonderry — all part of the northern ancient province of Ulster. These four were not considered enough to form a viable area, and so Tyrone and Fermanagh were also incorporated into Northern Ireland. Three of Ulster's other counties — Donegal, Monaghan and Cavan — became part of Southern Ireland. All of these considerations meant that physical practicality was never at the forefront of the minds of those who drew the borders. The border often cut through communities, a subject that was the theme of comic writer Spike Milligan's novel Puckoon, which chronicled the troubles of a fictional village cut in half by the border. Barely noticeable boundary The Common Travel Area, established in 1923, has long ensured that there was no need to show passports at the border — a sort of early Schengen arrangement [a European agreement signed in 1985 that largely does away with internal border checks - the ed.] that was briefly suspended during World War II. It's a very busy border. Because of the erratic nature of the boundary, regular journeys in border areas often cross the frontier several times. In addition, the northern county of Donegal is separated from the rest of the Irish Republic by a thin territorial isthmus of land. This means it's often far quicker to reach other parts of the Republic from there by crossing into Northern Ireland. Read more: UK MPs warn post-Brexit Irish border checks inevitable There are some 300 major and minor crossings along the 499-kilometer (310-mile) border which, unlike most other borders in the EU, is not officially marked by either government although there may be "Welcome to" signs. This makes identifying the border difficult for strangers who are unacquainted with landmarks known to locals as the crossing point. Time of Troubles The border wasn't always so understated. With an escalation in violence in Northern Ireland in 1969, British troops were sent to the province. The border was heavily securitized to prevent the smuggling of weapons from arms dumps in the Irish Republic. In order to control traffic entering or leaving the province at main checkpoints, the British Army blocked off smaller access points. Roads were cratered and bridges were blown up. For some communities, the inconvenience of this was crippling, helping to fuel nationalist resentment. A study by Belfast's Queen's University, "Bordering on Brexit," asked people what they felt at the time. Northern Ireland is often called Ulster, but three of the ancient province's counties lie in the Republic "I grew up a stone's throw from the border," one woman, from the Fermanagh and Omagh district on the northern side, told the survey. "I remember 22-mile detours to go 4 miles up the road. I remember the militarization of border crossings and the closure of roads. I remember how few services we had and how difficult it was for people to survive. We were completely terrorized by the British military." Anything to declare? Despite the Common Travel Area, movement of goods across the border was not unfettered and customs points were established. Initially, the checkpoints were only intended to regulate the movement of certain goods. However, the Anglo-Irish Trade War of the 1930s saw the introduction of tariffs on agricultural products and eventually coal and steel. Both governments enacted policies that were damaging to their border communities. Smuggling and black market trading picked up, exacerbated by World War II, in which Ireland remained neutral. The trade war ended in 1936 but there were still customs checks even after both nations joined the European Economic Community (at the same time in 1973). They only ended with the opening of the European Single Market in January 1993. Given that Britain appears set to leave the EU Customs Union and Single Market at some future point, the issue of customs checks looks likely to be revisited once again. Ireland's prime minister says Britain must offer a plan for keeping the Irish border open after Brexit. According to a UK parliamentary committee, Brexit would be impossible to reconcile with an open border.
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Politika Irska granica: povijest puna problema Što će se dogoditi s irskom granicom nakon „Brexita“? To je jedno od glavnih pitanja u aktualnim pregovorima. Jer, Republika Irska pripada Europskoj uniji a Sjeverna Irska kao dio Velike Britanije to više neće biti. U vrijeme Prvog svjetskog rata, irski pokreti za neovisnost su bili na vrhuncu. Britanski odgovor na tu političku i oružanu borbu su bili zakoni čiji je cilj bio da se irski otoci decentraliziraju ali da im se ne dozvoli da postanu neovisni. Prvi planovi da se u Dublinu sazove jedinstveni parlament za čitav otok, propali su zbog otpora sjevernoirskih unionista. Oni su htjeli ostanak u Velikoj Britaniji. Poslije toga su postavljena dva parlamenta i nastale su Sjeverna Irska i Južna Irska koja je bila kratkog vijeka. Poslije trogodišnjeg rata za neovisnost, vlada u Londonu je priznala poraz. Tako je 1922. Južna Irska izašla iz okvira slobodne irske države i nije više bila dio Velike Britanije. Kada je utvrđivana granica između dva otočna dijela, nisu bile u prvom planu geografske osobitosti, nego političko opredjeljenje stanovnika pojedinih regija, tako da je granica ponekad sjekla pojedine općine. To je potom ublaženo stvaranjem neke vrste minijaturne preteče Šengenske zone – stanovnicima je 1923. dozvoljen prelazak unutarirske granice bez putovnice što se tada zvalo Common Travel Area. Jer, ljudi su, kako bi iz jednog sela stigli u drugo, često morali više puta prelaziti granicu koja je pola povučena u cik-cak liniji. Osim toga, grofovija Donegal na sjeveru otoka je s preostalim dijelom Republike bila povezana uskim koridorom; oni koji su odatle išli u druge dijelove Republike, radije su išli poprijeko – preko Sjeverne Irske. Bilo je teških vremena Bivša (i buduća) granica Na granici dugoj 499 kilometara postoji ukupno 300 graničnih prijelaza raznih veličina. Oni su uređeni tako da ljudi često ni ne primjećuju da su prešli granicu. Ploče s porukom dobrodošlice, po kojima se vidi nalazi li se putnik u Velikoj Britaniji ili u Republici Irskoj, su rijetke. No granica nije uvijek bila tako nevidljiva: kada je 1969. došlo do eskalacije nasilja u sjevernoirskom sukobu, uzduž granica su raspoređeni britanski vojnici. Granica je osigurana kako bi se spriječilo ilegalno doturanje oružja u Sjevernu Irsku iz tajnih skladišta u Republici Irskoj. Britanska vojska je zatvorila manje granične prijelaze, uništila prilazne putove i digla mostove u zrak. Masivno ograničavanje kretanja je revoltiralo mnoge stanovnike regije i samo podgrijalo tamošnji nacionalizam. U jednoj studiji o predstojećem izlasku Velike Britanije iz Europske unije, znanstvenici sa Sveučilišta u Belfastu su razgovarali sa stanovnicima graničnog područja o njihovim nekadašnjim iskustvima. „Sjećam se da sam, da bih prevalio put koji je pod normalnim okolnostima iznosio četiri milje, tada morao prevaliti 22 milje zbog zatvorenih putova i mostova. Tada je bilo vrlo teško živjeti – britanska armija nas je baš maltretirala". Nova faza na pomolu I pored dogovora iz 1923. o slobodnom putovanju, robni promet je u toj regiji uvijek bio ograničen. U početku su carinske postaje imale zadatak ograničiti protok određenih vrsta robe. Ali, zbog englesko-irskog trgovinskog rata 30-ih godina, uvedene su carine na poljoprivredne proizvode; nešto kasnije, i na ugljen i čelik. Mjere vlada u Londonu i Dublinu su nanijele veliku štetu pograničnim općinama. Krijumčarenje robe i trgovina na crno su uzeli maha. Trgovinski rat je završen 1936. I pored toga, granične kontrole su ostale. One su nastavljene čak i kada su Republika Irska i Velika Britanija 1973. istodobno stupile u Europsku ekonomsku zajednicu koja je bila preteča EU-a. Kontrole su ukinute tek u siječnju 1993. otvaranjem zone zajedničkog Europskog tržišta. S obzirom na to Velika Britanija napušta Europsku uniju, ta faza slobodnog putovanja i trgovine bi uskoro mogla biti okončana. Preporuka uredništva Audios and videos on the topic - Autor Richard Connor - Ključne riječi Irska, Velika Britanija, granica, Brexit, Europska unija, Europa