http___metro-portal.hr_kako-bi-izgledao-nas-svijet-da-su-ljudi-dvostruko-inteligentniji_67253_1.xml
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What If Humans Were Twice as Intelligent? You might someday be much, much smarter than you are now. That's the hope of neuroscientists focused on understanding the basis of intelligence. They have discovered that the brains of people with high IQs tend to be highly integrated, with neural paths connecting distant brain regions, while less intelligent people's brains build simpler, shorter routes. But no one knows why some brains construct much longer-range connections than others. "When the brain mechanisms that underlie intelligence are understood, it is theoretically possible that those mechanisms can be tweaked to increase IQ," said Richard Haier, a neuroscientist and professor emeritus at the University of California, Irvine, who studies intelligence. For the first time in human history, he said, "the concept that intelligence can be increased is reasonable." It's a titillating thought but, considering the aphorism "ignorance is bliss," one might wonder: Would it really be better to be brainier? What would life and society be like if we all suddenly became, say, twice as intelligent? For simplicity, imagine that instead of our current mean IQ score of 100, humans had an average score of 200. (Experts say this isn't a true "doubling" of intelligence because the IQ scale doesn't start at zero and, furthermore, the test isn't actually designed to yield a score as high as 200 — but we will set aside these qualifications for the purpose of argument.) According to Earl Hunt, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Washington and president of the International Society for Intelligence Research, approximately one person in 10 billion would have an IQ of 200. With a current world population of 7 billion, there may or may not be one such person alive today and, in any case, his or her identity is unknown. However, the 17th-century genius Isaac Newton, discoverer of gravity, calculus and more, is sometimes estimated to have had an IQ of 200 (though he never took an IQ test). So, using him as an archetype, what if we were all a bunch of Newtons? Would the world be much more advanced than it is today? Self-actualization Haier believes greater intelligence, which he defines as the ability to learn faster and remember more, would be highly advantageous on an individual scale. "Experiencing the world with a higher IQ might be more interesting for most people. They might enjoy reading more, might have a greater depth of appreciation for certain things and more insight into life," he told Life's Little Mysteries. Furthermore, IQs of 200 would allow us to pursue activities and careers that most interest us, not just those we're mentally capable of, Haier said. We could master new languages in a few weeks, for example, or become brain surgeons. Smarter humans would also be healthier and longer-living, the scientists said, because they'd have a better grasp of what behavior leads to these attributes. "Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and even more, managing a chronic illness such as diabetes, can be quite cognitively challenging. That's the sort of challenge intelligent people can meet… by definition," Hunt wrote in an email. Social skills Society would not benefit quite as much as individuals from a mass intelligence boost. Although people like to blame social problems on human ignorance and stupidity the scientists say removing these factors would not lead to the emergence of a harmonious Utopia. Greater intelligence does not come hand-in-hand with a greater ability to cooperate. "Intelligence is independent of personality and emotion, so you can have very intelligent people who are also just kind of crazy people," Haier said. "Even if everyone had an IQ of 200, you'd have exactly the same range of personalities as you have now, and because that's a determining factor in how good your society is, you won't necessarily have a better society." Again, consider Isaac Newton: along with his off-the-charts smarts, he was also a notorious misanthrope. While petty crime rates would fall in a society of Newtons, Hunt speculated that white-collar crimes, such as banking scams and cover-ups by pharmaceutical companies, might increase and even grow more sophisticated. On the other hand, so would crime-fighting. "The evil corporate villains would be smarter than ever, but so would the government officials who were writing and enforcing the safety regulations! Who would win? Who knows?" he wrote. Despite these issues, there's a very good chance that higher-functioning brains would help us invent technologies to fix some of our bigger problems. Haier explained that just as a team of 100 engineers is more likely to come up with a remarkable innovation than a team of 10 engineers (because there's more total brainpower working on the job), having 7 billion "geniuses" on Earth would likely lead to solutions to some currently intractable issues. We might figure out a hyper-efficient way to desalinate saltwater, for example, or tap into a limitless alternative-energy source. Because both those advances would produce a greater abundance of resources, they would likely minimize societal conflict — despite some humans being just as nasty as ever. Loss of faith According to Hunt, there's evidence to suggest that many humans, if significantly smarter, would lose their belief in God. "There is a small tendency for people with high scores to be more liberal in their social attitudes and less likely to accept strong religious beliefs. This makes sense; we can know things by reasoning or we can accept something on faith. If we all became very good reasoners, there would probably be a small shift to preferring reasoned over faith-based explanations of the phenomenon of life," he wrote. Some people would undoubtedly continue to accept faith-based cosmologies, however, as there have been many examples in history of highly intelligent and religious people, Hunt noted. Looking smart Confounding the stereotype of the nerdy brainiac with suspenders and thick glasses, Hunt mentioned one other change that would be expected to occur if we all became smarter. "People would be better looking!" he wrote. A study from Harvard University found a significant correlation between peoples' test scores and how physically attractive other people rate them to be, he explained, and extrapolating the finding up to people with IQs of 200 implies that, in our world of super geniuses, an "average-looking person" would move up to the top 15th percentile on our current scale of looks. Even if the extrapolation isn't quite accurate — if the correlation between intelligence and attractiveness breaks down past a certain range —humanity might at least be better at things like exercising and grooming. "I think what would happen is that there would be fewer homely-looking people; especially people who are unattractive because they are slovenly," he explained. "Intelligent people are aware that looking badly is a handicap in getting jobs, being invited to parties, etc." One final thought: Even when scientists finally do discover the mechanism for ramping up intelligence, it is highly improbable that everyone would be given an immediate IQ boost. The "haves" would surely benefit from the neuroscience research more than the "have-nots," and this invites a further line of inquiry. As Hunt put it, "Suppose that in some future society, part of the population, say 10 percent, became hugely intelligent, while the rest stayed where we are now or even dropped behind a bit. What would that do to society?" This story was provided by Life's Little Mysteries, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow Natalie Wolchover on Twitter @nattyover. Follow Life's Little Mysteries on Twitter @llmysteries, then join us on Facebook.
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Kako bi izgledao naš svijet da su ljudi dvostruko inteligentniji Bi li društvo u kojem su svi genijalci odbacilo ratove, pronašlo lijek za sve bolesti i iskorijenilo siromaštvo ili bi se tek tada pokazalo kako je čovjek čovjeku vuk? Jednoga bi dana svatko od nas mogao biti puno, puno pametniji nego što smo danas. Upravo je to ona ideja vodilja koju slijede neuroznanstvenici koji rade na shvaćanju suštine inteligencije. Dosadašnja su istraživanja pokazala kako su mozgovi inteligentnijih ljudi visoko integrirani, s živčanim nastavcima koji spajaju udaljene krajeve mozga, dok su istovremeno ti nastavci puno kraći i jednostavniji kod ljudi niže inteligencije. Ipak, još uvijek nitko ne zna zašto je tomu tako. „Ako shvatimo te mehanizme u ljudskom mozgu, sasvim je moguće da ih možemo mijenjati tako da povećamo nečiji IQ. Po prvi put u povijesti ideja da nekome povećamo inteligenciju više ne zvuči potpuno suludo", rekao je Richard Haier, profesor sa sveučilišta California. Iako nije potpuno nov, koncept da je ljudima moguće povećati inteligenciju znatno iznad onoga što nam je Majka priroda namijenila svakako golica znatiželju i maštu. Kako bi izgledao naš svijet da su ljudi prosječno dvostruko inteligentniji nego što su to danas? Bi li takav svijet bio bolji ili lošiji? Jednostavnosti radi, uzet ćemo da je prosječni kvocijent inteligencije u ljudi 200, umjesto sadašnjih 100. Iako se raspon inteligencije ne kreće tako linearno da se može samo tako udvostručiti, detaljni izračun bio bi previše kompliciran. Samoostvarenje Profesor Haier vjeruje da bi veća inteligencija, koju on definira kao sposobnost osobe da brže uči i više pamti, pojedincu otvorila brojne nove mogućnosti. „Doživljavanje svijeta s visokim IQ-om bilo bi vrlo zanimljivo iskustvo za veliku većinu ljudi. Više bi uživali u čitanju, imali sposobnost da shvaćaju suptilne stvari koje do tada nisu mogli shvatiti te bi naprosto imali bolji uvid u to kako funkcionira život", rekao je. Isto tako, IQ 200 omogućavao bi ljudima da se okušaju u svim aktivnostima i karijerama koje ih zanimaju, a koje su dosad bile dostupne tek nekolicini najbistrijih. Primjerice, svatko bi mogao postati neurokirurg ili naučiti novi jezik za svega nekoliko tjedana. Pametniji bi ljudi živjeli zdravije i bili dugovječniji, budući da bi bolje shvaćali kakav im način života omogućava tako nešto. Puno bi se bolje nosili s različitim kroničnim oboljenjima poput dijabetesa i općenito bolje pazili na svoje zdravlje. Društvene vještine Društvo u cjelini puno bi manje imalo koristi od masovnog napretka u inteligenciji od samih pojedinaca. Iako su ljudi skloni kriviti neznanje i glupost za različite probleme u društvu, nepostojanje tih dviju stvari ne bi dovelo da skladne utopije, budući da veća inteligencija ne znači nužno i bolju sposobnost ljudi da surađuju jedni s drugima. „Inteligencija je usko vezana uz osobnost i emocije, stoga je sasvim moguće da imate dvije iznimno inteligentne osobe koje su naprosto lude", tvrdi profesor Haier. „Čak i kad bi svi imali IQ 200, raspon ljudskih osobnosti ostao bi isti", zaključuje. Iako bi se sitni kriminal u tom slučaju vjerojatno značajno smanjio, zasigurno bi porastao broj tzv. „tehnološkog" kriminala, poput bankarskih prijevara, hakerskih napada i slučajeva zataškivanja od strane krupnog kapitala. Ipak, treba imati na umu da bi i policija te stručnjaci za borbu protiv kriminala također imali znatno više alata na raspolaganju. Unatoč ovim problemima, vrlo je vjerojatno da bi takvo društvo super inteligentnih ljudi uspješno proizvodilo i osmišljavalo novu tehnologiju kojom bi se popravljali društveni problemi. Jednostavno, 100 vrhunskih inženjera ima puno veću šansu da osmisli rješenje za neki problem negoli je to slučaj sa 10 vrhunskih inženjera. Zamislite tek kako bi se stvari rješavale sa sedam milijardi genija na planetu. Sasvim je moguće da bi ljudi ubrzo pronašli super efikasan sustav za desalinizaciju morske vode ili naučili još bolje iskorištavati sustave obnovljive energije. Budući da bi to dovelo do obilja resursa na planetu, vjerojatno bi i društveni nemiri i ratovi postali znatno rjeđa pojava negoli je to danas slučaj. Napuštanje Boga Prema svim našim dosadašnjim saznanjima, što su ljudi prosječno inteligentniji, to je manja šansa da vjeruju u neki oblik božanskog stvorenja. Temeljem toga, profesor Hunt vjeruje da bi u društvu super inteligentnih ljudi štovanje nadnaravnih i božanskih sila imalo značajno slabiju ulogu negoli to ima danas. „Jednostavno, inteligentniji ljudi skloniji su odbacivanju jakih religijskih uvjerenja. Ovo zapravo ima smisla, budući da se inteligentna osoba uglavnom oslanja na razum i logiku u svojim postupcima, a ne u vjeru ili sudbinu", tvrdi profesor. Naravno, to nipošto ne znači da bi religije potpuno nestale, budući da i naša povijest poznaje puno primjera religioznih i visoko inteligentnih ljudi. Pametni i zgodni Unatoč tomu što su visoko inteligentni ljudi u popularnoj kulturi uglavnom prikazani kroz stereotipove neuglednih šmokljanja, profesor Hunt tvrdi da bi stvari u društvu super inteligentnih ljudi bile drukčije. „Ljudi bi izgledali bolje negoli izgledaju danas", tvrdi. Citira i jednu studiju Sveučilišta Harvard koja je pokazala značajnu korelaciju između rezultata ispitanika na testovima i koliko drugi ljudi smatraju ispitanike fizički atraktivnima. Vodeći se ovim zaključcima, profesor tvrdi kako bi osoba prosječnog izgleda bila čak 15 posto zgodnija negoli je to slučaj s današnjim društvom. „Mislim da bi osobe u takvom društvu naprosto bile svjesnije da im nebriga o izgledu smanjuje šanse za dobivanje posla ili da budu pozvani na nekakvo druženje. Takav trend možete primjetiti već i danas. Jednostavno, briga o fizičkom izgledu postat će vrlo česta i poželjna" zaključuje profesor.