http___livro-ensino-medio.f1cf.com.br_historia_hr_history-231.html_1.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 22.1
School The formation of the modern state Have you ever wondered what the origin of the powers of kings? In Western Europe during the Middle Ages, the power was divided between the King, the Church and the feudal lords, who exercised power over their fiefdoms in an autonomous and decentralized. Who gave the land (fief) was named Overlord, which was given the land (fief) was called a vassal and who worked the land were serfs. In the late Middle Ages, there were some social upheavals, including the peasant revolts as Jacqueries, In addition to the social revolts, religious riots, as reforms Protestants: Lutheran, Anglican, Calvinist, which occurred in the early sixteenth century, in Western Europe. These facts, representative of a historical process, created a situation of uncertainty for the ruling classes (nobility and clergy), which enabled the strengthening of central political power (the king), in the Modern Age. Another determining factor regarding the formation of the modern state was the interest of the bourgeoisie in decreasing the power of the nobility, as this was aimed at the development of trade. For this, the bourgeoisie began to financially support the policy of centralization of powers of the king. Thus, some monarchies of Western Europe have increased their political responsibilities, reducing the participation of the clergy and nobility in government. In some places, as in Castile, the monarchy could weaken the power of the courts, going to legislate directly, making some concessions to obtain taxes. In others, as in France, the king imposed his direct administration of some provinces, but tolerated the continuation of cuts to its privileges. In England in the seventeenth century, it established principles of representative government, in which the dominant groups (clergy, nobility and bourgeoisie) trade their problems with parliament, which favored the modern economic growth of the country. During the process of formation of the modern state, stood some national monarchies such as Portugal (João I (1357-1433), the Aviz dynasty, beginning in 1385), France (Charles VIII (1470-1498 ) from 1483 - 1498), Spain (Wedding King of Aragon, Ferdinand II (1452-1516), the Queen of Castile, Isabel (1451-1504), in 1469). These modern states, given the origin of the absolute monarchies, which gradually formed a centralized government where the king's authority, within the limits of a territory, exercised a monopoly of justice and tax collection, as well as having its own army . This process was not uniform across Europe, as countries such as Germany and Italy had their territorial and political unity until the nineteenth century. Reports of some historians may help you better understand the formation of modern states in Europe: Power Relations
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 22.1
Škola Stvaranje moderne države Jeste li se ikada pitali što podrijetlu ovlasti kraljeva? U zapadnoj Europi u srednjem vijeku, vlast je podijeljena između kralja, crkve i feudalaca, koji je vršio vlast nad svojim feuda u samostalna i decentralizirani. Tko je dao zemljište (feud) imenovan je Overlord, koji je dao zemljište (feud) zvao vazala, a koji je radio zemljišta su kmetovi. U kasnom srednjem vijeku, bilo je nekih društvenih previranja, uključujući i seljačkih ustanaka što Jacqueries, Francuske (1358). Osim socijalne pobune, neredi, vjerskih i reforme protestanata: evangeličkih, Anglikanska, kalvinske, koji se dogodio početkom XVI stoljeća, u zapadnoj Europi. Te činjenice, reprezentativni povijesni proces, stvorili situaciju neizvjesnosti za vladajuće klase (plemstvo i svećenstvo), što je omogućilo jačanje središnje političke vlasti (kralja), u suvremenom dobu. Drugi odlučujući faktor u pogledu stvaranja moderne države je interes buržoazije u smanjenju moć plemstva, jer to je bio usmjeren na razvoj trgovine. Za to, buržoazija je počeo financijski podržavati politiku centralizacije moći kralja. Dakle, neki monarhije zapadne Europe povećao svoje političke odgovornosti, smanjuje sudjelovanje klera i plemstva u vlasti. U nekim mjestima, kao u Kastilji, monarhija mogao oslabiti moć sudova, ide izravno na zakone, što neki ustupci za dobivanje poreze. U drugima, kao u Francuskoj, kralj nametnuo svoj izravnu upravu nekim pokrajinama, ali se tolerira nastavak posjekotine na svojim pravima. U Engleskoj u sedamnaestom stoljeću, ona je osnovala načela predstavničke vlasti, u kojoj su dominantne skupine (svećenstvo, plemstvo i buržoazije) trgovati svojim problemima s parlamentu, koje su se zalagale za suvremeni gospodarski rast zemlje. Tijekom procesa stvaranja moderne države, stajala neka nacionalna monarhija poput Portugala (João I (1357-1433), Aviz dinastija, počevši od 1385), Francuske (Charles VIII (1470 - 1498 ) iz 1483 - 1498), Španjolska (Vjenčanje kralj Aragona, Ferdinand II (1452-1516), kraljica Kastilje, Isabel (1451-1504), 1469). Ove moderne države, s obzirom na podrijetlo apsolutnih monarhija, koja se postupno formirana centraliziranu vladu gdje je kraljevo tijelo, u granicama teritorija, ostvaruje monopol pravde i naplate poreza, kao i da svoju vojsku . Ovaj proces nije bila jedinstvena u cijeloj Europi, kao i zemlje poput Njemačke i Italije imala svoje teritorijalne i političke jedinstvo sve do devetnaestog stoljeća. Izvješća o nekim povjesničarima može pomoći da bolje razumiju nastanak modernih država u Europi: odnosima moći