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November 24, 1859: Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species is published. On this day in 1859, Charles Darwin brought into the mainstream the theory of evolution by natural selection with the publication of On the Origin of Species, which was the product of at least two decades of research and experimentation. In late 1831, HMS Beagle embarked on what would become a five-year survey voyage across the Atlantic and around the coasts of South America, with Charles Darwin aboard. Darwin served as the captain’s gentleman companion and the ship’s naturalist. Over the course of that five-year voyage between sea and land, Darwin collected samples and made observations, some of which would, upon his return to England, become the foundation for the basic theories promulgated in On the Origin of Species. During the period after his return from the Beagle voyage, Darwin continued to develop his theory and amass through independent research and experimentation a thorough body of evidence that would be included in his publication. Darwin was not the first to suggest a theory of evolution, or the first to theorize a mechanism by which evolution might occur, or the first to propose natural selection as that basic mechanism (Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived his own theory of evolution through natural selection). However, On the Origin of Species was widely read by the public, and Darwin, unlike many others of the time who proposed scientific theories that contradicted preexisting scientific notions, was already a respected and established figure in the scientific community of England. Still Darwin’s vague references to human evolution sparked much controversy and especially Biblical debate, although attempts to secularize science were underway and were likely aided by the debate over Darwin’s propositions. Within a few decades of his book’s publication, evolution - though not necessarily natural selection - was generally agreed upon by the scientific community to be a given. February 12, 1809: Charles Darwin is born. …from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. - On the Origin of Species December 27, 1831: The HMS Beagle embarks on its second voyage, with Charles Darwin aboard. Twenty-two-year-old Charles Darwin boarded the Beagle, a sloop captained by one Robert Fitzroy, an amateur naturalist and a prospective parson. The expedition was to last two years, though it ended up lasting five, taking the Beagle and its crew across the Atlantic, around the coasts of South America, and eventually around the Earth. The main objective of the voyage was to conduct hydrographic surveys, but it was the ship’s young “gentleman naturalist”, hired almost as an afterthought, who cemented the trip’s place in history. The Beagle set sail from Plymouth on December 27, 1831. Darwin was ill-suited for life at sea, commenting that “the misery I endured from seasickness is far beyond what I ever guessed”; luckily, he spent much of his time exploring and theorizing on land rather than sailing at sea. In Punta Alta, Argentina, Darwin discovered giant fossils of extinct mammals. On an island near Chile, he witnessed a volcano and earthquake that levelled cities and altered the coastline. In 1835 he arrived at the Galápagos Islands where he briefly observed his famous finches without bothering to label and categorize them properly. On the islands he noted that “by far the most remarkable feature in the natural history of this archipelago” was “that the different islands to a considerable extent are inhabited by a different set of beings”. By the time he returned to England, Darwin had established his reputation as a respected up-and-coming geologist among the country’s elite scientific circles. In the years following his return, Darwin wrote extensively on his five-year journey. Between 1838 and 1843 The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, a book Darwin edited, was published in five different parts, and in 1839 he published The Voyage of the Beagle. Neither work directly addressed evolution or natural selection, although Darwin was most certainly formulating his theories by that time, and in fact he may have been pondering the idea during the voyage. Although it would take years of further research, when he finally published his 1859 work On the Origin of Species, which presented his theory of evolution by natural selection, Darwin conceded in the introduction that his travels with the Beagle played a key role in formulating the theory: WHEN on board H.M.S. ‘Beagle,’ as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. …from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. November 24, 1859: Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species is published. On this day in 1859, the English naturalist laid the foundations for evolutionary biology when he published his instantly popular study, in which he introduced (or at least brought into mainstream) the theory of evolution by natural selection, a simple concept that would revolutionize the field. The term “natural selection” was Darwin’s own, and the findings in his book were the product of two decades of independent research and experimentation; however, Darwin was not the first to theorize a mechanism by which evolution might occur. In fact, Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived a similar theory as a result of his own research, and he presented a paper on the subject in 1858 (although its importance was not apparent until Darwin’s book was published). Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was the first to suggest a fully-formed theory on the mechanics of evolution, but his (now mostly discredited) theories were never accepted by mainstream science. On the Origin of Species targeted a wider audience and helped to achieve a consensus in the scientific community that evolution had, indeed, occurred (how exactly was still debatable). The first and second editions of the book sold out quickly, and four more editions were subsequently printed during Darwin’s life. The fifth, published in early 1869, was the first to use the phrase “survival of the fittest”. To avoid further controversy, Darwin had barely touched on the subject of human evolution in his book, and he waited until 1871 to publish his theories on the matter in The Descent of Man. Reaction to Darwin’s publication was, naturally, mixed. Darwin had already established himself as a prominent and respected scientist, so there was no way his theories could simply be dismissed as junk science, but his book was criticized nonetheless. There was a sharp divide between religious figures and atheists in reaction to the book, for it (and its author) received much praise from the latter but criticism and outrage from the former. Robert Fitzroy, who had captained the HMS Beagle during Darwin’s voyage, was one critic; a religious man, he claimed that the book had given him “the acutest pain" and that he even felt guilty over his minimal part in helping Darwin form his theories. Despite initial controversy, Darwin’s book and the theories presented in it proved enduring and helped to overturn the seemingly unshakeable idea (once upheld by most of the world’s most prominent scientists) - that species and their destinies are fixed and immutable. November 24, 1859: On the Origin of Species is published. Charles Darwin’s tome was originally titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle or Life. It introduced to public attention the theory of natural selection (and how it could bring about evolution and speciation) and sparked off an international debate about not only the scientific legitimacy of the theory, but also the legitimacy of the Church’s interference with science. The idea of natural selection and evolution were not uniquely Darwin’s, but he introduced the theory as something that could be seen and tested by presenting evidence from his voyages on the Beagle and his own experimentation. Despite opposition from the Church, On the Origin of Species was a bestseller and would pave the way for the now generally accepted theory of evolution. The ideas presented in it still serve as the basis for evolutionary biology today.
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Knjiga dana - A. Wood (ur.): Charles Darwin i njegova pustolovina Uvod u istraživački svijet prirodoslovlja Charles Darwin, najpoznatiji prirodoslovac i otac teorije evolucije, na svom je legendarnom putovanju istraživačkim brodom Beagle otkrio mnoge biljke i životinje i upoznao razne ljude, a ova knjiga prati njegov dnevnik te donosi izvatke iz njega, dijelove pisama i kasnijih djela, podatke o suradnicima i važnim osobama u njegovom životu koje su utjecale na njega i njegov rad. Uz mnoštvo crteža, slika, zemljovida i fotografija zanimljivo i maštovito nas uvodi u istraživački svijet prirodoslovlja. Godine 1836. Charles Darwin je svoje ideje o promjenjivosti vrsta objavio je u djelu "Bilješke o transmutaciji vrsta" (Notebooks on the Transmutation of Species). Darwin se u svome stajalištu o razvijanju organizama još više učvrstio nakon što je pročitao "Esej o principima stanovništva" (An Essay on the Principle of Population) iz 1798. godine, djelo britanskog ekonomiste Thomasa Roberta Malthusa, čije je argumente primijenio na životinje i biljke i 1838. godine načinio nacrt teorije evolucije putem prirodne selekcija. Naredna dva desetljeća radio je na ovoj teoriji i još nekim prirodno-povijesnim projektima Darwin je svoju teoriju prvi puta objavio 1858. godine u novinama, istovremeno kada je to učinio i Alfred Russel Wallace, mladi prirodoslovac koji je nezavisno od Darwina došao do istog zaključka. Darwinova teorija je u cjelosti objavljenja 1859. godine pod naslovom "Postanak vrsta" (The Origin of Species). Knjiga koju su nazvali knjigom koja je šokirala svijet, prodala se u potpunosti već prvi dan te je naknadno tiskano još šest izdanja (Darwin ju je pripremao pune 22 godine). ( *** preuzeto iz članka o C. Darwinu s hrvatske Wikipedije ) Preveo Nebojša Buđanovac Izdavač: Planetopija Opširnije: Moderna vremena Info