http___livro-ensino-medio.f1cf.com.br_fisica_hr_physics-26.html_1.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1
Physics But Newton's theory was not well accepted in its time: it was difficult to understand how the Earth could exert a force on the moon, if they were not in contact. How to extend the concept of gravity, well known on Earth to celestial bodies of space? How could the Sun, just by their presence, keeping the planets in their orbits? Only later they introduced the concept of gravitational field, from studies of electric and magnetic phenomena performed by Michael Faraday(1791-1867) (See Section 13 - "Electromagnetic fields"). The world in the time of Newton, lived a transition because, with the exception of rural property, almost all the wealth was in the hands of the bourgeoisie. Prosperitymade her bourgeois ruling class, controlling nearly all production system. However, even faced with the lack of political privileges that they were banned because of the barriers that remained of feudalism. The status of noble or gentle man was inconceivable without a property. In most Western European countries, the feudal order was implied. However, the economic obsolescence, which made the income of nobles and knights were getting smaller, made his only economic good inalienable privileges of birth and status. The bourgeoisie did not have these privileges.(Adapted from: HOBSBAWM, 1977, p.35) Especially in France, the company was divided into three major classes: the clergy, the nobles and the people. Even classes internally owned power levels. For example, the clergy was divided into superior clergy, who made the decisions and they held great privileges, and the lower clergy, represented by the priests of the churches. Therefore, it was necessary to defy reason and authority of kings, and that's how it arises, in France, the Enlightenment, a project that aimed to break with tradition and build a society based on reason. The Law of Universal Gravitation Newton, uniting heaven and earth to the same laws, takes control of the heavenly God, as interpreted by the Church. So it happens to be adopted by the Enlightenment Voltaire(1694-1778), who happens to study the work of Newton and in 1738 published the book "Elements of the Philosophy of Newton," helping to make Newton known beyond the borders of English . Newton does not have or intend to have an explanation for the origin of the universe or the solar system. He abandons any attempt to purely natural explanation and states that the order observed in the Solar System comes from the divine intelligence. Newton makes no proper study cosmological, ie about the universe as a whole. By using the theory of gravitation, he assumes, without discussion, that the stars are far away from the solar system and, therefore, no need to take into account its influence on the planets of our system. It also assumes that the stars are very distant from each other and that their attraction is minimal, so they do not approach each other.(Martins, 1997, p 89).
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1
Fizika No, Newtonova teorija gravitacije nije bio dobro prihvaćen u svoje vrijeme: bilo je teško shvatiti kako je Zemlja napregnuti snagu na Mjesecu, ako oni nisu bili u kontaktu. Kako produžiti koncept gravitacije, dobro poznat na Zemlji s nebeskim tijelima prostora? Kako bi Sun, samo svojom prisutnošću, imajući planete u njihovim putanjama? Tek kasnije su se uveo pojam gravitacijskom polju, iz studija električnih i magnetskih pojava u izvedbi Michael Faraday(1791-1867) (vidi odjeljak 13 - "elektromagnetskih polja"). Svijet u doba Newtona, živio prijelaz, jer, s izuzetkom ruralnog imovine, gotovo sve bogatstvo je u rukama buržoazije. Prosperitetje svoj građanski vladajuću klasu, kontroli gotovo sve proizvodne sustav. Međutim, čak i suočeni s nedostatkom političke povlastice koje su zabranjene zbog prepreka koje su ostale od feudalizma. Status plemenite ili blagi čovjek je nezamisliva bez imovine. U većini zemalja zapadne Europe, feudalni poredak je podrazumijevao. Međutim, ekonomska zastarjelost, što je prihod od plemića i vitezova su sve manji, samo da je svoje ekonomske dobre neotuđiva privilegije rođenja i status. Buržoazija nisu imali takve privilegije(preuzeto iz: Hobsbawm, 1977, str.35). Pogotovo u Francuskoj, tvrtka je podijeljena u tri glavne skupine: svećenstvo, plemenitaša i ljudi. Čak klase interno vlasništvu razine snage. Na primjer, svećenstvo je podijeljen u vrhunskog klera, koji je napravio odluke i drži velike privilegije i nižim svećenstvom, koju zastupa svećenicima crkava. Dakle, bilo je potrebno da prkose razlog i autoritet kraljeva, a to je kako ona nastaje, u Francuskoj, prosvjetiteljstvo, projekt koji za cilj prekinuti s tradicijom i graditi društvo temeljeno na razumu. Zakon univerzalne gravitacije Newton, ujedinjuje nebo i zemlju da je istim zakonima, suđenja nebeskog Boga, protumačena od strane Crkve. Tako se događa da se usvoji prosvjetiteljstva Voltaire(1694-1778), koji će se dogoditi na studij rad Newton i 1738 objavio je knjigu "Elementi filozofiji Newton," pomaže da se Newton poznati izvan granica engleskom . Newton nema ili namjeravate imati objašnjenje za podrijetlo svemira i Sunčevog sustava. On napušta svaki pokušaj da se posve prirodno objašnjenje i navodi da je primijetio kako u Sunčevom sustavu dolazi iz božanske inteligencije. Newton čini ni potrebna studija kozmološke, tj. o svemiru kao cjelini. Korištenjem teoriju gravitacije, on pretpostavlja, bez rasprave, da zvijezde su daleko od sunčevog sustava, te stoga ne treba uzeti u obzir svoj utjecaj na planeta našeg sustava. Također se pretpostavlja da zvijezde su vrlo daleko jedni od drugih, a da je njihova privlačnost je minimalna, pa se ne približiti jedna drugoj.(Martins, 1997, str 89).