http___mednotess.com_hr_pages_1423369_1.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 18.2 19.1 19.2 20.1 20.2 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 33.1 34.1 34.2 34.3 35.1 36.1 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1 40.2 41.1 41.2 41.3 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 43.1 44.1 44.2 45.1 46.1 46.2 46.3 47.1 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 49.1 49.2 49.3 50.1 50.2 51.1 51.2 51.3 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 53.1 53.2 53.3 54.1 54.2 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 57.1 57.2 58.1 58.2 59.1 60.1 60.2 61.1 62.1 63.1 63.2 64.1 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 69.1 70.1 71.1 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 73.1 73.2 73.3 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 75.6 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.1 79.2 80.1 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 87.1 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 89.1 90.1 91.1 91.2 92.1 93.1 94.1 95.1 95.2 96.1 97.1 98.1 99.1 99.2 100.1 101.1 102.1 102.2 103.1 104.1 105.1 106.1 107.1 108.1 109.1 109.2 109.3 110.1 110.2 111.1 112.1 113.1 114.1 114.2 115.1
Esophageal carcinoma: Oncology / / May 02, 2016 esophageal cancer video Esophageal cancer, what is it? What is the esophagus? types of esophageal cancer Causes of esophageal cancer esophageal cancer risk factors Symptoms of esophageal cancer diagnosis of esophageal cancer stages of esophageal cancer esophageal cancer Treatment second opinion Supportive care and treatment of complications Nutrition for cancer of the esophagus complications of esophageal cancer esophageal cancer - Cancer of the esophagus is a disease accompanied by a progressive disorder of the swallowing function and a decrease in body weight of from 80 to 90% of all diseases of the body. cancer cells begins building blocks that make up the fabric. Tissues make up the organs of the body. Normal cells grow and divide - to form new cells as the body needs them. When normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old or damaged cells do not die as th benign: - rarely a threat to life; - can be removed and usually do not grow again; - not penetrate into the tissue around them; - do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant Education: - may pose a greater threat to life; - it can often be removed, but can sometimes grow back; - can invade nearby tissues and organs and damage them; - could spread to other parts of the body. Esophageal cancer starts in the cells in the inner layer of the esophagus. Over time, the cancer may invade deeper layers of the esophagus and surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may spread, breaking away from the original tumor. They enter the blood or lymphatic vessels, which ramify all tissues. Cancer cells can be found in the lymph nodes of the esophagus. These cells can spread to other tissues and grow to form new tumors that may damage these tissues. The spread of cancer is called metastasis. What is the esophagus? The esophagus is part of the digestive tract. In adults - muscular tube is some 25 cm long, which helps to get the food from the mouth to the stomach. esophageal wall consists of several layers: - an inner layer or lining (mucosa) - esophageal mucosa is moist, so that food can pass into the stomach; - submucosa: cancer in this layer create mucus moisturizing esophagus; - muscular layer: muscles push the food into the stomach; - outer layer: the outer layer covers the esophagus. types of esophageal cancer Esophageal cancer is classified according to cell type.type cells in cancer of the esophagus helps determine treatment options for the patient. There are two main types of esophageal cancer: - Adenocarcinoma. It begins in the cells of mucus-secreting glands in the esophagus, and occurs most often in the lower part of the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma - the most common form of esophageal cancer, and, primarily in white men; - Squamous cell carcinoma. forms a flat and thin cells lining the surface of the esophagus. Squamous cell cancer occurs most often in the middle of the esophagus. This type of cancer - the most common worldwide esophageal cancer. Both of these types of diagnosis and treatment are the same. - other rare species. Rare forms of esophageal cancer include choriocarcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, sarcoma and small cell. reasons esophagus Cancer Causes of esophageal cancer are not clear.esophageal cancer occurs when cells develop erroneously in the esophagus due to a mutation in the DNA. Cells grow and divide uncontrollably. Accumulating abnormal cells form a tumor in the esophagus that can grow, invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. esophageal cancer risk factors When a patient receives a diagnosis of "cancer", he naturally wonders what could be the cause of the disease. Doctors can seldom explain why one person develops cancer of the esophagus and the other is not. Nevertheless, we know that people with certain risk factors are more likely than others to get esophageal cancer. Risk factor - is something that can increase the likelihood of getting the disease. Here they are: - Age 65 years and older . Age is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer. Chance to get the disease increases when a person gets older; - Male gender. Men 3 times more likely than women develop cancer of the esophagus; - Smoking. People smoking esophageal cancer develops more often than people who do not smoke. Chewing tobacco - also among the risk factors; - Drunkenness. People who consume more than 3 alcoholic drinks every day, squamous esophageal cancer develops more often than people who do not drink. Heavy drinkers who also smoke have a much higher risk than alcoholics who do not smoke. That is, these two factors acting together, further increasing the risk; - Power. Studies show that dieting low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. However, dietary analysis results are not always the same, and more research is needed to better understand how diet affects the risk of developing cancer of the esophagus; - Obesity . Being overweight increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma; - Heartburn. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is heartburn and abnormal backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. Reflux is very common. One of the symptoms of reflux - heartburn, but some people have no symptoms. Gastric acid can damage esophageal tissue. After many years of reflux is tissue damage in some people can lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma; - Barrett's esophagus. Heartburn may result in damage to the esophagus, and over time - a condition known as "Barrett's esophagus". Most people who have Barrett's esophagus, do not know about it. The presence of Barrett's esophagus greatly increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Here, the risk factor is considerably higher than one heartburn; - Swallowing problems. Difficulty swallowing due to esophageal sphincter that does not allow the muscles to relax (achalasia); - hot food. Drinking very hot drinks, etc. Researchers continue to study all of these risk factors. The presence of a risk factor does not mean that a person will definitely develop cancer of the esophagus. Most people who have some of these risk factors never develop esophageal cancer. Those who have pre-cancerous changes in oesophageal cells (Barrett's esophagus), are radiation therapy of the chest or upper abdomen. Symptoms of esophageal cancer Early esophageal cancer may not cause symptoms. With the development of the most common symptoms of cancer - following: - difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), when food gets stuck in the esophagus; - pain when swallowing; - pain in the chest or back; - weight loss; - heartburn; - hoarse voice or a cough that does not go away within 2 weeks. These symptoms may be caused by esophageal cancer or other health problems. diagnosis of cancer of the esophagus If the patient has at least one symptom that refers to oesophageal cancer, the doctor must find out, it's really because of cancer or some other reason. The doctor conducts a physical examination and asked about personal and family history of the patient's health. Perhaps the patient will have to take blood tests. Also, it can offer to pass such procedures: - X-ray with barium. Once the patient drinks a barium solution, it will be assigned to an x-ray of the esophagus and stomach. Barium in the esophagus contributes to obtaining a clearer picture of the X-rays; - Endoscopy (or esophagoscopy, or EGD). The doctor uses a thin tube - an endoscope to examine the esophagus. Then the doctor numbs the throat with an anesthetic spray, and the patient can get medicine to help him relax. The tube is passed through the mouth or nose into the esophagus; - biopsy. cancer usually starts in the inner layer of the esophagus. The doctor uses an endoscope to remove tissue from the esophagus, then it checks the tissue under a microscope for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only sure way to know whether cancer cells are present. If the biopsy shows that the cancer patient, the physician must determine the extent (stage) of the disease to help patients choose the best treatment. Diagnosis and identification of the stage of cancer - a careful attempt to find out the following: - how deeply the cancer penetrates the wall of the esophagus; - whether the cancer invades adjacent tissue; - whether the cancer has spread, and if so, to what parts of the body. Most esophageal cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. If the cancer has reached these nodes, it can also spread to other lymph nodes, bones or other organs, including - on the liver and lungs. For more accurate staging of esophageal cancer doctor may prescribe one or more of the following tests and procedures: - Ultrasonic endoscopy. doctor passes an endoscope into the throat, numb from the anesthetic. Probe tube end sends sound waves that can not be heard. The waves are reflected from the patient's esophagus tissue and to nearby organs. Computer generated image with an echo, which may show how deep the cancer invaded the wall of the esophagus. The doctor may also use a needle to take tissue samples from lymph nodes; - Computed tomography (CT). X-ray machine linked to a computer that can do a series of detailed pictures of the chest and abdomen. Doctors use a CT scan to look for esophageal cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes or other areas. The patient may receive contrast material by mouth or by injection into a blood vessel - with the help of abnormal areas easier to see; - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Use a powerful magnet linked to a computer to make detailed images of the inside of the patient's body.MRI can show whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body. Sometimes the contrast agent is administered by injection into the blood vessels of the patient. The contrast agent makes abnormal areas show up more clearly in the picture; - Positron emission tomography (PET). The patient receives an injection through a small amount of radioactive sugar that emits signals. These signals PET scanner picks up and makes a picture of the place in the patient's body - where currently there is sugar. Cancer cells appear brighter in the image, because they take sugars is much faster than normal cells.PET shows if esophageal cancer has spread; - Bone scan. The patient receives an injection through a small amount of a radioactive substance. It passes through the blood and accumulated in the bones. The machine scanner detects and measures the radiation that makes bones picture. Pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bone; - Laparoscopy. Once the patient is given general anesthesia, the surgeon makes a small cut (or cuts) in the abdomen. The surgeon inserts a small tube - laparoscope - into the abdominal cavity. The lymph nodes or other tissue samples may be removed. Sometimes the diagnosis statement is not complete - before surgery to remove a cancerous tumor and nearby lymph nodes. When cancer spreads from its original site to other parts of the body, the new tumor has the same abnormal cells and the same name as the primary tumor. For example, if the esophagus cancer spreads to the liver, the liver cancer cells - is, indeed, esophageal cancer cells. Disease - metastatic esophageal cancer, not liver cancer. He is regarded as cancer of the esophagus. Doctors call the new tumor "distant" or metastatic disease. esophageal cancer stages There are five stages (stages degrees) of esophageal cancer - from 0 to IV, wherein 0 - is the least invasive (introduction into the body) and IV - the most aggressive stage whenesophageal cancer has spread to distant organs. - Stage 0 - abnormal cells are found only in the inner layer of the esophagus. This is also called "carcinoma in situ". - Stage I - the cancer has grown into the inner layer of the submucosa. - Stage II expressed in the spread of tumor as follows: - the cancer has spread into the inner layer of the submucosa, and cancer cells have invaded the lymph nodes; - the tumor has invaded the muscle layer. Cancer cells can be found in the lymph nodes; - the cancer has grown to the outer layer of the esophagus. - Stage III characterized by one of the following criteria: - the cancer has grown into the outer layer, and cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes; - cancer invaded a number of structures - such as the respiratory tract. Cancer cells can spread to the lymph nodes. - Stage IV - cancer cells have spread to distant neighboring organs - such as the liver, pancreas, etc. Treatment of cancer of the esophagus For people with esophageal cancer have several treatment options: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these treatments. For example, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be given before or after surgery. treatment that is appropriate to each patient depends mainly on the following factors: - exactly where the cancer is in the esophagus; - whether the cancer has invaded nearby organs and tissues; - whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other organs of the body; - symptoms; - general health of the patient. esophageal cancer is difficult to control the current, generally accepted procedures. For this reason, many doctors encourage people with this disease to consider taking their participation in clinical trials, trials of new treatments. Clinical trials are an important option for people with all stages of cancer of the esophagus. patient may have a team of a variety of health professionals to plan your treatment. Since cancer therapy often damaged healthy cells and tissues, the side effects are common. Radiofrequency ablation Barrett's esophagus is considered a precancerous condition and is associated with an increased risk of incidence of cancer cardioesophageal zone and adenocarcinoma of the lower third of the esophagus (esophageal cancer). Modern technologies allow to effectively treat Barrett's syndrome. Minimally invasive treatment called "radiofrequency ablation '(RFA - surgery, which is performed with the help of special catheters - electrodes probes introduced into the puncture of the cavity for the burning of pathological areas using an electric high frequency generator - radio frequency). This is one of several types of ablation can be an alternative when surgery for certain types of cancer is not an option. Ablation involves the destruction of tissue by means of high temperatures - that is, the cells are killed by heating them up to a certain temperature (cautery).
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 33.1 34.1 35.1 36.1 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 46.1 46.2 47.1 48.1 48.2 49.1 49.2 50.1 50.2 51.1 52.1 53.1 53.2 54.1 55.1 56.1 56.2 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 61.2 62.1 63.1 64.1 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 69.1 70.1 71.1 72.1 73.1 74.1 75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.1 80.1 81.1 82.1 83.1 84.1 84.2 85.1 86.1 87.1 88.1 89.1 90.1 91.1 92.1 92.2 93.1 93.2 94.1 94.2 95.1 95.2 96.1 96.2 97.1 98.1 99.1 100.1 101.1 102.1 103.1 104.1 105.1 106.1 107.1 108.1 109.1 110.1 111.1 112.1 113.1 114.1 115.1
Rak želuca : Gastroenterologija / / August 12, 2017 raka želuca Video Rak želuca - maligni tumor koji potječe iz epitela sluznice želuca.Jedan od glavnih alternativnim nazivom - adenokarcinom želuca. želudac je dio probavnog sustava, šuplji organ u gornjem abdomenu, ispod rebara.Hrana, ide u trbuh iz usta, kroz jednjak.U želucu, hrana postaje tekuća.Mišići stijenke želuca gura tekućinu u tanko crijevo. želudac zid se sastoji od pet slojeva: - unutarnji sloj ili sluznice (sluznice).U većini slučajeva počinje raka želuca u ovom sloju; - submukoza - je podržati unutarnji sloj tkanine;sloj mišića - - ovaj sloj mišića je mješovita i mljevenog mesa; - vezivno tkivo (subseroza) - je podrška tkiva za vanjski sloj; - vanjski sloj (serozni) - to se odnosi na želudac i podržava želudac. stanice raka počinje izgradnja blokova koje čine tkaninu.Iz tkiva, pak, sadrže tjelesnih organa.Normalno, stanice rastu i dijele se formirati nove stanice kada ih tijelo treba.Kada se stanice ostare, umru, a nove stanice zauzeti njihovo mjesto. Međutim, ponekad je taj tumori želuca mogu biti benigni (nije kancerogen) ili maligni (zloćudni).Benigni tumori nisu toliko štetna kao i maligne. Benigni tumori: - rijetko prijetnja za život; - može biti uklonjena i obično ne opet rasti; - ne prodiru u tkivo oko njih; - ne šire na druge dijelove tijela. Maligni tumori: - može predstavljati veću opasnost za život; - to često može biti uklonjena, ali ponekad može rasti natrag; - može upasti u blizini tkiva i organa i oštetiti ih; - mogla proširiti na druge dijelove tijela. rak želuca obično počinje u stanicama unutarnji sloj želuca.Tijekom vremena, rak može upasti i u dublje slojeve stijenke želuca.Želučani tumor može rasti kroz vanjski sloj tijela u susjednim organa - jetre, gušterače, jednjaka, crijeva. stanice karcinoma želuca može širiti, razbijanje daleko od izvornog tumora.Oni ulaze krvne ili limfne žile, što razgranati sva tkiva.Stanice karcinoma mogu se naći u limfne čvorove u želucu.Te stanice mogu širiti na druga tkiva i raste u obliku nove tumore koji mogu oštetiti ta tkiva. Širenje raka se naziva metastaza. vrste raka želuca stanica koje formiraju tumore, odrediti vrstu karcinoma želuca.Vrsta stanice u rak želuca, pomaže u određivanju mogućnosti liječenja pacijenta.Vrste raka želuca su: - Adenokarcinom - rak koji počinje u žljezdane stanice.Žljezdane stanice koje najdublje sloj stijenke želuca i luče zaštitni sloj sluz - zaštititi želučane sluznice iz kiselih probavni sokovi.Adenokarcinom računi za većinu slučajeva raka želuca; - limfom - raka koja počinje u stanicama imunološkog sustava.Želudac zidovi sadrže male količine stanica imunološkog sustava koje se mogu razviti rak.Limfom u želucu je rijedak; - karcinoid rak - rak koji počinje u stanicama hormona koje proizvode.Stanice hormon koji proizvodi može razviti karcinoid rak, ali je ova vrsta raka je rijetka u želucu; - strome tumora - rak koji počinje u tkivima živčanog sustava.Gastrointestinalnih stromalnih tumora početi u specifične stanice živčanog sustava u želucu.To je najviše rijedak oblik raka želuca. S obzirom na činjenicu da je u posljednje tri vrste rijetkog raka želuca, kada ljudi koriste termin "rak želuca", oni su obično se odnosi na adenokarcinom. Rak želuca također klasificirani prema mjestu tumora u tijelu: - karcinom kardija otdela- području pischevodno- želuca čvora; - rak donjoj trećini jednjaka; - karcinom tijela kroz želudac; - rak antruma (izlaz kartice); - karcinom želuca kut (kut između želuca i duodenuma); - ukupni poraz na inflitrativni želučanog karcinoma . uzroci i faktori rizika od želuca adenokarcinom Rak počinje s jednim od najčešćih tipova stanica koje se nalaze u sluznici želuca. Liječnici najčešće ne znaju zašto je jedna osoba razvije rak želuca, a drugi - ne.Točan uzrok raka želuca je nepoznat, ali nekoliko faktora može povećati rizik od ove bolesti. Razmotrimo neke od faktora rizika za rak želuca: - Paul. Muškarci imaju dvostruko veći rizik od razvoja raka želuca nego žene; - utrke. crnci i Azijci mogu povećati rizik; - genetika. Genetski poremećaji i sindromi raka naslijedili, neki mogu povećati rizik; - Geografija. Rak želuca je više zajedničkog u Japanu, Europi i dijelovima Srednje i Južne Amerike; - Blood. Osobe s 1. krvne grupe mogu biti pod povećanim rizikom; - starije životne dobi. karcinom želuca je više zajedničkog u dobi od 70 muškaraca i 74 između - u žena; - nasljednost. obiteljska anamneza raka želuca može udvostručiti ili utrostručiti rizik od razvoja ove vrste raka.Bolest se često razvija u nekoliko bliskih srodnika (roditelji, braća, sestre, djeca, itd), osobe s poviješću raka želuca.Više bliskih srodnika s pojavom raka želuca, to je veći rizik; - Loša prehrana, manjak fizičke aktivnosti, pretilost. Istraživanja pokazuju da ljudi koji koriste dijeti niska u voća i povrća, te visoko u slani, kiseli i dimljeni, i pušenje - imaju povećan rizik od razvoja raka želuca.S druge strane, ljudi koji uživaju visok prehrane u svježem voću i povrću imaju manji rizik od bolesti.Nedostatak tjelesne aktivnosti također mogu povećati rizik od raka želuca.Osim toga, ljudi koji su pretili mogu imati povećani rizik od raka u gornjem dijelu trbuha.; - Infekcija s Helicobacter pylori (Helicobacter pylori, ili H. pylori).Helicobacter pylori - bakteriju koja inficira unutarnje sluznice želuca.Infekcija s H. pylori može izazvati upalu želuca i čireva, ali i povećati rizik od raka želuca.No, samo mali broj zaraženih osoba razvije rak želuca. - bolesti probavnog trakta , uključujući: kronični gastritis, opasan anemija, želučanih polipa, intestinalne metaplazije - sve do resekcija želuca, dugotrajna upala želuca i oticanje za dugo vremena u želucu (kronični atrofični gastritis).Ljudi koji imaju bolesti povezane s dugoročnim upala želuca, imaju povećan rizik od razvoja raka želuca.Osim toga, ljudi koji su bili dio trbuha je uklonjena, možda dugoročno upalu želuca i povećani rizik od raka želuca mnogo godina nakon operacije. - Pušenje. Pušači su češće nego nepušači, oboljeti od raka želuca.Teški pušači su najviše izloženi riziku. - Polipi u želucu više od 2 centimetra; - Nekotrye zanimanje, takva ekspedicija rade u rudnicima, nikal, gume prerade, drva i djela izloženosti azbestu. Liječnici znaju da ljudi s određenim čimbenicima rizika imaju veću vjerojatnost od drugih da zaradite rak želuca.Faktor rizika je nešto što može povećati vjerojatnost za dobivanje bolesti.Međutim, mnogi ljudi ne razvijaju rak želuca, poznatim čimbenicima rizika.Na primjer, mnogi ljudi imaju H. pylori infekcije, ali nikad ne razvije rak.S druge strane, postoje ljudi koji razvijaju rak želuca i koji je tako nemaju poznate faktore rizika (uzrok njihove raka je nepoznat). Simptomi raka želuca - simptomi u ranoj fazi raka želuca. U ranim stadijima raka želuca kod pacijenta može biti vrlo malo simptoma.To može uključivati: - probavne smetnje i želuca nemir; - osjećaj nadutosti poslije jela; - ponavljaju bolovi u trbuhu, bolovi, prigovaralo, tup (ispod lijevog ruba rebara), često se javlja nakon obroka - blaga mučnina; - gubitak apetita; - žgaravica - otežano gutanje; - povraćanje krvi ili krv u stolici. Ovi simptomi su slični onima koje uzrokuju ulkusa.U većini slučajeva ovi simptomi povezani s rakom.Ako pacijent iskustva bilo koji od ovih simptoma, treba konzultirati liječnika kako biste saznali točnu dijagnozu i rano liječenje. .Rak želudac može postati vrlo velik prije nego što uzrokuje i druge simptome - Simptomi raka želuca na naprednim stadijima. u naprednijim fazama raka mogu biti: - opipljiv tumor u gornjem i srednjem dijelu trbuha; - krv u stolici (koji izgleda kao crna Ostani stolici); - povraćanje krvi - "kave"; - povećanje veličine želuca; - žutica ili bljedilo kože zbog anemije; - slabost ili umor povezan s umjerenom anemijom (manjak crvenih krvnih stanica u tijelu); - povećani limfni čvorovi, supraklavikularne priemuschestvenno lijevo, lijevi aksilarne limfne čvorove i oko pupka. Dijagnoza raka želuca Ako pacijent ima simptome koji upućuju na rak želuca, njegov liječnik će provjeriti da li su povezani s rakom ili bilo iz nekog drugog razloga.Liječnik može uputiti pacijenta na gastroenterolog (specijalist u dijagnostici i liječenju probavnih problema).Međutim, ako bilo koji pacijent nejasne simptome - kao što su proljev, gubitak težine, mučnina i gubitak apetita, to screening testovi mogu se preporučiti.Ovi testovi mogu uključivati: - povijest bolesti. liječnik će vas pitati o pacijenta osobnog i obiteljskog zdravstvenoj povijesti; - liječnički pregled. liječnik dotaknuo trbuh - da li postoji tekućina, oticanje, ili druge promjene.Također, liječnik će provjeriti da li su limfni čvorovi povećani, a ako je jetra i tekućine u trbušnoj šupljini (ascites povećana), a ne da li trbušne kvržice osjećali tijekom rektalni pregled; - Endoskopija (gastroskopija). Liječnik koristi tanke cijevi (endoskop) kroz usta do jednjaka i u želudac gledati.On je prije svega numbs grlo sprej anestetik.Pacijent može primiti lijek da mu pomogne opustiti; - biopsija. endoskop integrirani alat za uklanjanje tkiva.Liječnik koristi endoskop za uklanjanje tkiva iz prijavi želuca tkiva pod mikroskopom za prisutnost stanica raka.Biopsija je jedini siguran način da se zna da li postoje stanice raka u želucu; Ako biopsija pokaže da pacijent s rakom želuca, liječnik treba naučiti na pozornici (stadij, stupanj) bolesti kako bi se pacijenti odabrati najbolji tretman.Dakle, to izvesti pažljivo pokušaj saznati sljedeće: - koliko je duboko tumor prodire u zid želuca; - da li je tumor napao obližnje tkiva u želucu; - ako se rak proširio, u bilo kojem dijelu tijela.Kad raka želuca širi, stanice raka mogu se otkriti u obližnje limfne čvorove, jetru, gušteraču, jednjak, crijeva i drugih organa.Za testiranje ove krajeve, liječnik može propisati i druge analize. - esophagogastroscopy.Ispitivanje jednjaka i želuca, proizvedene pomoću fleksibilnog fiberoptički endoskopiju, koji stvaraju povoljne uvjete ne samo za pregled, ali dopustiti pomoću posebnog alata za dobivanje materijala za citologiju i obaviti biopsiju. - Dijagnostička laparoskopija. Ova operacija se izvodi pod intravenske anestezije putem punkcije u trbušnom zidu, gdje se uvodi kamera za pregled trbušne šupljine.Koristi studiju u nejasnim slučajevima, kao i za otkrivanje klijanje tumor u okolno tkivo i jetrenih metastaza, i peritonealnoj biopsiju. - X-ray kontrastno sredstvo. Ovaj rendgenski jednjaka, želuca i prvi dio crijeva.Pacijentica pića barij, koja ocrtava želudac na x-ray.To pomaže liječniku pomoću posebnog opreme za snimanje, kako bi pronašli eventualne tumore ili druge abnormalna područja; - CT i MRI. Nakon rak želuca dijagnosticiran, može učiniti više testova kako bi se utvrdilo je li se proširio.Ovi testovi mogu uključivati: CT, MRI skeniranje, skeniranje kostiju.Rentgen povezan s računalom odvija niz detaljnih slika organa bolesnika.Pacijent može primiti injekciju boje što ga čini abnormalna područja lako vidljivi.Tumori u jetri, gušterači, ili negdje drugdje u tijelu može se vidjeti na CT; - Analize. Kompletna krvna za provjeru anemije, test za provjeru za krv u stolici. : - rentgenska slika. X-zrake mogu pokazati da li se rak proširio na pluća; - Ultrazvučno endoskopija. liječnik prolazi tanku cijev endoskopa u grlu.Sonda je na kraju cijevi šalje nečujne zvučne valove.Ovi valovi se reflektiraju od tkiva u želucu i druge organe.Računalno generiranih slika odjekom.Slika može pokazati kako duboko rak napao stijenke želuca.Vaš liječnik može koristiti iglu uzeti uzorak pacijenta tkiva limfnog čvora; rak želuca - Faza 0 - tumor je pronađen samo u unutrašnjem sloju želuca.Faza 0 se također naziva "carcinoma in situ". - Faza I je jedan od sljedećih raka akcije: - tumor je provalila samo submukozi.Stanice raka se može naći samo u limfnim čvorovima 06/01; - tumor je provalila mišićni sloj ili subserozu.Stanice raka se ne proširio na limfne čvorove ili druge organe. - Faza II je jedan od sljedećih raka akcije: - tumor je provalila samo submukozi.Stanice raka su se proširila na limfne čvorove 7-15; - tumor je provalila mišićni sloj ili subserozu.Stanice raka su se proširile na 1-6 limfnih čvorova; - tumor je prodrla u vanjski sloj želuca.Stanice raka se ne proširio na limfne čvorove ili druge organe. - Faza III je jedan od sljedećih raka akcije: - tumor je provalila mišićni sloj ili subserozu.Stanice raka su se proširila na limfne čvorove 7-15; - tumor probio vanjski sloj.Stanice raka su se proširila na limfne čvorove 1-15; - tumor je provalila susjednih organa - jetre, debelog crijeva ili slezenu.Stanice raka se ne proširio na limfne čvorove ili udaljene organe. Stage IV je jedan od sljedećih radnji Rak: - stanice raka su se proširila na više od 15 limfnih čvorova; - tumor je provalila u blizini organa, a najmanje jedan limfni čvor; - stanice raka su se proširila na udaljene organe. Ponekad, odmah nakon operacije kako bi se uklonili tumor i obližnje limfne čvorove, postavljanje stadij raka želuca nije potpun.Kada se rak želuca širi od svog izvornog mjesta na druge dijelove tijela, novi tumor ima iste abnormalne stanice s istim imenom kao primarne (izvorne) tumora.Na primjer, ako rak želuca širi u jetru, stanice raka u jetri, u stvari - je rak želuca stanica.Ova bolest je metastazirajući rak želuca, ali ne i jetre.Iz tog razloga, smatra se kao rak želuca, a ne od raka jetre.Liječnici nazivaju novi tumor "daleke" ili metastatske bolesti.