http___metro-portal.hr_zene-pretezno-sute-kad-su-u-manjini_73985_1.xml
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New experiments in group decision making show that having a seat at the table is very different than having a voice. Scholars at Brigham Young University and Princeton examined whether women speak less than men when a group collaborates to solve a problem. In most groups that they studied, the time that women spoke was significantly less than their proportional representation – amounting to less than 75 percent of the time that men spoke. The new study is published by the top academic journal in political science, American Political Science Review. “Women have something unique and important to add to the group, and that’s being lost at least under some circumstances,” said Chris Karpowitz, the lead study author and a political scientist at BYU. There is an exception to this rule of gender participation, however. The time inequality disappeared when researchers instructed participants to decide by a unanimous vote instead of majority rule. Results showed that the consensus-building approach was particularly empowering for women who were outnumbered by men in their group. Study co-author Tali Mendelberg of Princeton says these findings apply to many different settings. “In school boards, governing boards of organizations and firms, and legislative committees, women are often a minority of members and the group uses majority rule to make its decisions,” Mendelberg said. “These settings will produce a dramatic inequality in women’s floor time and in many other ways. Women are less likely to be viewed and to view themselves as influential in the group and to feel that their ‘voice is heard.’” For their experiments, Karpowitz and Mendelberg recruited people to be part of a group and discuss the best way to distribute money they earned together from a hypothetical task. In all, the researchers observed 94 groups of at least five people. On average, groups deliberated for 25 minutes before settling the matter. Participants voted by secret ballot, but half of the groups followed majority rule while the other half decided only with a unanimous vote. Notably, the groups arrived at different decisions depending on women’s participation – swinging the group’s stance on the level of generosity given to the lowest member of the group. “When women participated more, they brought unique and helpful perspectives to the issue under discussion,” Karpowitz said. “We’re not just losing the voice of someone who would say the same things as everybody else in the conversation.”
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Žene pretežno šute kad su u manjini Žene imaju nešto jedinstveno i važno čime pridonose skupini, ali to biva izgubljeno barem pod nekim okolnostima Kada su žene u skupini malobrojnije od muškaraca manje je vjerojatno da će se izjašnjavati, u stvari, novo je istraživanje pokazalo da žene govore 75 posto manje od muškaraca kada su u takvom okruženju, prenosi u srijedu znanstveni portal LiveScience. Kako bi to dokazali, Chris Karpowitz, glavni autor studije i politolog na sveučilištu Brigham Young, i Tali Mendelberg, koautor studije i profesor na Princetonu, promatrali su kako skupine raspravljaju o raspodjeli hipotetski zarađenog novca. Istraživači su sudionicima dali da tajno glasuju o raspodjeli novca, s time da je polovica skupina odlučivala većinom glasova, a druga polovica jednoglasno. "Žene imaju nešto jedinstveno i važno čime pridonose skupini, ali to biva izgubljeno barem pod nekim okolnostima", rekao je Karpowitz. "Kad su žene više sudjelovale, pridonijele su jedinstvene i korisne perspektive u problematiku. Mi nismo izgubili samo glas nekoga tko će reći iste stvari kao i svi drugi u razgovoru". Kad su glasovale za većinsku odluku, žene su oklijevale govoriti, ako su bile malobrojnije od muškaraca u skupini. Međutim, kada se tražilo jednoglasno glasovanje, istraživači su otkrili da su žene bile puno glasnije, što sugerira da traženje konsenzusa osnažuje žene kada su u manjini. Istraživači su također otkrili da su skupine donijele drugačije odluke kada su žene sudjelovale. Ti rezultati, međutim, nisu ograničeni samo na poslovno okruženje, smatraju autori istraživanja. "U školskim odborima, upravnim odborima organizacija i tvrtki, kao i u zakonodavnim odborima, žene su često u manjini a skupina koristi pravilo većine kod donošenja odluka. Taj će okvir proizvesti dramatične nejednakosti u vremenu koji žene koriste za izjašnjavanje i na brojne druge načine. Manje je vjerojatno da se žene vidi, i da one sebe vide, kao utjecajne u skupini i da osjećaju kako se njihov 'glas čuje'", zaključio je Mendelberg. Istraživanje je objavljeno u American Political Science Review, akademskom časopisu specijaliziranom za političke znanosti. Istraživači su promatrali 94 skupine od najmanje pet ljudi.