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Hormones:- A chemical messenger in the body that acts on a specific target to cause a specific response. There are many different hormones, each with a particular job. Some hormones, such as aldosterone , caHormones are your body's chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs.use changes in blood pressure. FUNCTION OF HORMONE:- Growth Hormone:- Somatotrophs are the most numerous cells in the anterior pituitary,and human growth hormone (hGH) is the most plentifulanterior pituitary hormone. The main function of hGH is to promotesynthesis and secretion of small protein hormones calledinsulinlike growth factors (IGFs) or somatomedins. In responseto human growth hormone, cells in the liver, skeletalmuscles, cartilage, bones, and other tissues secrete IGFs, whichmay either enter the bloodstream from the liver or act locally inother tissues as autocrines or paracrines. The functions of IGFs include the following: IGFs cause cells to grow and multiply by increasing uptakeof amino acids into cells and accelerating protein synthesis.IGFs also decrease the breakdown of proteins and the use ofamino acids for ATP production. Due to these effects of theIGFs, human growth hormone increases the growth rate of theskeleton and skeletal muscles during childhood and the teenagethe mass of muscles and bones and promote healing of injuriesand tissue repair. IGFs also enhance lipolysis in adipose tissue, which resultsin increased use of the released fatty acids for ATP productionby body cells. In addition to affecting protein and lipid metabolism, humangrowth hormone and IGFs influence carbohydrate metabolismby decreasing glucose uptake, which decreases the use of glucosefor ATP production by most body cells. This action sparesglucose so that it is available to neurons for ATP production intimes of glucose scarcity. IGFs and human growth hormone may also stimulate liver cells to release glucose into the blood. FUNTION OF GROWTH HORMONE:- 1· As the name implies, it is essential for growth. Without growth, no individual can ever cross the infant stage. It has a hand in everything from the proliferation of cells to the more complex metabolic reactions. 2· It causes the actual increase in the size and number of cells by increasing mitotic division. It also causes specific differentiation of certain types of cells like bones and muscles. In fact, its malfunction is manifested in the form of gigantism and dwarfism when it is secreted in excess or when it is less respectively. 3· The growth hormone is also active in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. To say the least, it is an integral part of the system which maintains the proper growth pattern of the body. Protein metabolism: HGH causes increased amino acid uptake, increased protein synthesis and decreased oxidation of proteins 4· Fat metabolism: HGH enhances the utilization of fat -- gives your body the ability to break down fat cells more efficiently. 5· Carbohydrate metabolism: HGH is one of several hormones that maintain blood sugar within a normal range. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone:- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the synthesisand secretion of the two thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3)and thyroxine (T4), both produced by the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamuscontrols TSH secretion. Release of TRH in turn depends onblood levels of T3 and T4; high levels of T3 and T4 inhibit secretiof TRH via negative feedback. There is no thyrotropininhibitinghormone. The release of TRH is explained later in the chapter . Follicle-stimulating Hormone:- In females, the ovaries are the targets for follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH). Each month FSH initiates the development ofseveral ovarian follicles, saclike arrangements of secretory cells that surround a developing oocyte. FSH also stimulates follicularcells to secrete estrogens (female sex hormones). In males,FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. Gonadotropinreleasinghormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates FSH release. Release of GnRH and FSH is suppressed by estrogensin females and by testosterone (the principal male sexhormone) in males through negative feedback systems. There isno gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone. Luteinizing Hormone:- In females, luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation, therelease of a secondary oocyte (future ovum) by an ovary. LHstimulates formation of the corpus luteum (structure formed after ovulation) in the ovary and the secretion of progesterone(another female sex hormone) by the corpus luteum. Together,FSH and LH also stimulate secretion of estrogens by ovariancells. Estrogens and progesterone prepare the uterus forimplantation of a fertilized ovum and help prepare the mammaryglands for milk secretion. In males, LH stimulates cells in the testes to secrete testosterone. Secretion of LH, like that of FSH,is controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Prolactin:- Prolactin (PRL), together with other hormones, initiates andmaintains milk secretion by the mammary glands. By itself, prolactinhas only a weak effect. Only after the mammary glands have been primed by estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids,human growth hormone, thyroxine, and insulin, which exertpermissive effects, does PRL bring about milk secretion. Ejection of milk from the mammary glands depends on the hormoneoxytocin, which is released from the posterior pituitary. Together, milk secretion and ejection constitute lactation. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:- Corticotrophs secrete mainly adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH). ACTH controls the production and secretion ofcortisol and other glucocorticoids by the cortex (outer portion) of the adrenal glands. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)from the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of ACTH bycorticotrophs. Stress-related stimuli, such as low bloodglucose or physical trauma, and interleukin-1, a substanceproduced by macrophages, also stimulate release of ACTH. Glucocorticoids inhibit CRH and ACTH release via negative feedbac. Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone:- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) increases skin pigmentationin amphibians by stimulating the dispersion of melaningranules in melanocytes. Its exact role in humans is unknown,but the presence of MSH receptors in the brain suggests it mayinfluence brain activity. There is little circulating MSH inhumans. However, continued administration of MSH for severaldays does produce a darkening of the skin. Excessive levels ofcorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) can stimulate MSHrelease; dopamine inhibits MSH release. Summary of the Principal Actions of Anterior Pituitary Hormones:- HORMONE AND TARGET TISSUES PRINCIPAL ACTIONS Prolactin (PRL) Together with other hormones, promotes Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrena hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin Melanocyte- Exact role in humans is unknown but may influence brain activity; when present in excess, can cause darkening of skin Glucocorticoids:- The glucocorticoids, which regulate metabolism and resistanceto stress, include cortisol (hydrocortisone), corticosterone, andcortisone. Of these three hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata,cortisol is the most abundant, accounting for about 95% ofglucocorticoid activity. Somatotrophs secrete human growth hormone (hGH) orsomatotropin (so¯ _-ma-to¯-TRO¯ -pin; somato- _ body; -tropin _change). Human growth hormone in turn stimulates several tissuesto secrete insulinlike growth factors, hormones that stimulategeneral body growth and regulate aspects of metabolism. Thyrotrophs secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)or thyrotropin (thı¯-ro¯-TRO¯ -pin; thyro- _ pertaining to thethyroid gland). TSH controls the secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland. Gonadotrophs (gonado- _ seed) secrete two gonadotropins:follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) (LOO-te¯ -in_-ı¯z-ing). FSH and LH both act on the gonads. They stimulate secretion of estrogens and progesteroneand the maturation of oocytes in the ovaries, and they stimulatesperm production and secretion of testosterone in the testes. Lactotrophs (lacto- _ milk) secrete prolactin (PRL), whichinitiates milk production in the mammary glands. Corticotrophs secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) or corticotropin (kor_-ti-ko¯-TRO¯ -pin; cortico- _ rindor bark), which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoidssuch as cortisol. Some corticotrophs, remnants of thepars intermedia, also secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
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Prenašam tekst kolegice Stele iz Graviola Herba, minimalno prilagođen. Nekoliko osnovnih informacija o žlijezdama i hormonima. Što su hormoni. Hormoni su tvari koje kao “glasnici” u tijelu prenose poruke od jedne stanice do druge posebnim oblikom kemijskog djelovanja. Hormoni po sastavu mogu biti steroidi, prostaglandini, amini, peptidi i proteini. Hormoni kruže krvlju i dolaze u dodir gotovo sa svim stanicama. Oni su zaslužni za regulaciju raznih fizioloških procesa poput metabolizma, rasta i razvoja, a djeluju i na raspoloženje (npr.: stres). Dio medicine koji se time bavi je endokrinologija, iz grane interne medicine. Funkcija i rad žlijezda. Žlijezde su skupine stanica koje izlučuju kemijske tvari, a mogu biti žlijezde s vanjskim i unutarnjim lučenjem. Hormone luče žlijezde s unutarnjim lučenjem: hipofiza, štitna i doštitne žlijezde, prsna, nadbubrežne žlijezde, gušterača, muške spolne žlijezde (sjemenici) i ženske spolne žlijezde (jajnici). Najvažnija žlijezda s unutarnjim lučenjem je hipofiza i ona je smještena u bazi mozga, tik ispod hipotalamusa. Hipofiza luči mnoge hormone i upravlja radom drugih žlijezda, primjerice štitnjače, kore nadbubrežne žlijezde, jajnika i sjemenika. Mozak nadzire rad žlijezda usklađujući njihovu tijesnu međusobnu suradnju u lučenju hormona. Na taj način održavaju zdravlje organizma. Informacije o pojedinim žlijezdama i lučenju hormona, te njihovim utjecajima na rad pojedinih organa. Hipotalamus - Faktor lučenja adrenokortikotropina (CRH) – potiče lučenje adrenokortikotropina (ACTH). - Faktor lučenja hormona rasta (GRH) – potiče lučenje hormona rasta (GH). - Faktor lučenja gonadotropina (GnRH) – potiče lučenje FSH i luteinizirajućeg hormona (LH). - Faktor inhibicije lučenja melatonina (MIH) – koči lučenje melatonina (MSH). - Faktor inhibicije lučenja prolaktina (PIH) – koči lučenje prolaktina. - Somatostatin (GIH) – koči lučenje hormona rasta (GH) i mnogih drugih hormona (tireotropin ili inzulin). Hipofiza - Adenohipofiza (prednji režanj): - Adrenokortikotropni hormon (ACTH) – potiče lučenje glukokortikoidnih hormona nadbubrežne žlijezde. - Tireotropni hormon (TSH) – potiče lučenje hormona štitne žlijezde. - Folikul stimulacijski hormon (FSH) – potiče sazrijevanje folikula u jajnicima. - Prolaktin (PL ili LTH) – potiče proizvodnji proteina mlijeka u mliječnim žlijezdama. - Hormon rasta (GH) – potiče proizvodnju proteina i rast tkiva. - Luteinizirajući hormon (LH) – regulira sazrijevanje folikula, lučenje estrogena i progesterona, ovulaciju, nastanak žutog tijela, u muškaraca lučenje androgenih hormona. - Pars intermedia (srednji režanj) (samo u životinja): - Hormon stimulacije melanocita (MSH) (Intermedin) – potiče prozvodnju melanina u melanocitima (boja kože). - Neurohipofiza (stražnji režanj): - Antidiuretički hormon (ADH) (ili Vazopresin) – povećava reapsorpciju vode u bubrezima. - Oksitocin – izaziva kontrakcije glatkih mišića u maternici za vrijeme poroda i u dojkama pri dojenju. Epifiza (Pinealna žlijezda) - (Melatonin) – regulira cirkadijalni ritam (prilagodbu organizma na izmjene dana i noći). Štitna žlijezda - Tiroksin (T4) – ubrzava metabolizam, povećava toplinu, potiče rast i razvoj. - Trijodtironin (T3) - Kalcitonin (Tireokalcitonin) – smanjuje otpuštanje kalcija iz kostiju i pojačava lučenje fosfata i kalcija urinom. Doštitna žlijezda - Hormon doštitne žlijezde (Parathormon) (PTH) – potiče otpuštanje kalcija iz kostiju, povećava apsorpciju kalcija i smanjuje njegove izlučivanje. Gušterača (endokrini dio gušterače) - Glukagon – potiče razgradnju glikogena u jetri i otpuštanje glukoze u krv. - Inzulin – pojačava ulazak glukoze u stanice, posebno kod jetre i mišića Nadbubrežna žlijezda Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde Glavni učinci: porast krvnog tlaka, ubrzanja rada srca, širenje dišnih putova, pojačani metabolizam glukoze, usporavanje probave. - Adrenalin - Noradrenalin. Kora nadbubrežne žlijezde - Mineralokortikoidni hormoni (u prvom sloju) - Aldosteron – potiču apsorpciju natrijevih iona u bubrezima. - Glukokortikoidni hormoni (kortikosteroidi) (U drugom sloju) – sudjeluju u prometu glukoze i koče upalne reakcije. - Kortizol – potiče stvaranje glukoze iz aminokiselina i glikogena u jetri, koči obrambene reakcije i upale u tkivima. - Kortizon - Kortikosteron - Androgeni (u trećem sloju) – muški spolni hormoni koje luči nadbubrežna žlijezda muškaraca i žena. Spolne žlijezde - Estrogen – potiče razvoj jajašca i djeluje na endometrij maternice. - Progesteron – održava cikličke promjene endometrija maternice. - Testosteron – potiče razvoj spermija. Sve najbolje, Gordana Vučić Izvor: https://www.facebook.com/graviola55?fref=ts