http___lingvo.info_hr_lingvopedia_bulgarian_1.xml
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Grammar There are two numbers in Bulgarian – singular and plural. Besides cardinal numbers and related words such as Hяkoлko (several), masculine nouns use a special count form in –a/–я, which stems from the Proto-Slavonic dual: дBa/Tpи cToлa (two/three chairs) versus Teзи cToлoBe (these chairs). There are three grammatical genders in Bulgarian: masculine, feminine and neuter. The gender of the noun can largely be inferred from its ending: nouns ending in a consonant are generally masculine; those ending in –a/–я are normally feminine; and nouns ending in –e, –o are almost always neuter. Cases exist only in personal pronouns, with nominative, accusative, and dative forms. Vestiges are present in the masculine personal interrogative pronoun koй ("who" as in formal English, "whom") and in a number of phraseological units and sayings. Vocative forms are still in use, however, there is a tendency to avoid them in many personal names. Definiteness is expressed by a definite article which is postfixed to the noun. In adjective-noun phrases, only the adjective takes a definite article ending. There are four singular definite articles. Nouns that end in a consonant and are masculine use –ъT/–яT if they are grammatical subjects, and –a/–я elsewhere. Nouns that end in a consonant and are feminine, as well as nouns that end in –a/–я (most of which are feminine, too) use –Ta. Nouns that end in –e/–o use –To. The plural definite article is –Te for all nouns except for those, whose plural form ends in –a/–я; these get –Ta instead. Bulgarian verbs are the most complicated part of Bulgarian grammar, especially when compared to other Slavic languages. They are inflected for person, number and sometimes gender. They also have lexical aspect (perfective and imperfective), voice, nine tenses, three moods, four evidentials and six non-finite verbal forms. Because the subject of the verb can be inferred from the verb ending, it is often omitted. As there is no infinitive in the contemporary Bulgarian language the basic form of a verb is its present simple tense first person singular form.
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Gramatika Postoje dva gramatička broja na bugarskom: jednina i množina. Osim brojeva i odnosnih riječi kao Hяkoлko (mnogi), riječi muškog roda imaju specijalne oblike za brojeve koji završavaju na -a/-я što su ostaci staroslavenske dvojine: дBa/Tpи cToлa (dva/tri stolca) ali Teзи cToлoBe (ti stolci). Postoje tri gramatička roda na bugarskom: muški, ženski i srednji. Rodovi imenica se mogu općetito odgonetnuti na osnovi nastavaka: imenice koje završavaju na suglasnik su obično muške, one na -a/-я su obično ženske a one na -e/-o su gotovo uvijek srednjeg roda. Padeži postoje samo kod osobnih zamjenica u nominativu, akuzativu i dativu. Tragovi padeža postoje u muškom obliku upitne osobne zamjenice koй (tko) i u nekim fiksiranim izrazima i idiomima. Vokativ se stalno koristi iako ga se pokušava izbjeći kod većine osobnih imena. Određenost se izražava određenim članom koji se dodaje kao sufiks na imenice. U imeničkim grupama s pridjevom, određeni nastavak dobiva samo pridjev. Postoji četiri određena člana u jednini. Muške imenice koje završavaju na suglasnik dobivaju -ъT/-яT kad su gramatički subjekti a -a/-я na drugim mjestima. Ženske imenice koje završavaju na suglasnik kao i imenice na -a/-я (koje su većinom ženskog roda) dobivaju -Ta. Kod imenica na -e/-o član je -To. Određeni član u množini je -Te za sve imenice osim onih koje u množini završavaju na -a/-я. One dobivaju nastavak -Ta. Glagoli su najkompliciraniji dio bugarske gramatike, naročito u usporedbi s drugim slavenskim jezicima. Oni se konjugiraju po licima, broju i poneki put po rodu. Imaju i aspekt (svršeni i trajni), glas, devet vremena, tri modusa, četiri modalnosti i šest nesvršenih oblika. Budući da je subjekt (ako je osobna zamjenica) odrediv na osnovi nastavka glagola, često ga se ne iskazuje posebno. Budući da na modernom bugarskom nema infinitiva, osnovni oblik glagola je glagol u prvom licu sadašnjeg vremena.