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Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe consisting of 16 constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 80.6 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union. Germany is a major economic and political power of the European continent and a historic leader in many cultural, theoretical and technical fields. After the United States, Germany is the second most popular migration destination in the world. Various Germanic tribes have occupied what is now northern Germany and southern Scandinavia since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented by the Romans before AD 100. During the Migration Period that coincided with the decline of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes expanded southward and established kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. The rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation, which had been occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, resulted in the unification of most of the German states in 1871 into the Prussian dominated German Empire. As a result of the military defeat in World War I, and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, and lost some of its territory. This was codified in the Treaty of Versailles. Despite its prominence in many scientific and cultural fields at that time, Germany experienced significant economic and political instability, which intensified during the Great Depression. The establishment of the Third Reich, or Nazi Regime, in 1933 eventually led to World War II and the Holocaust. In 1945, after the military forces of Germany and her allies had suffered a comprehensive military defeat, the remnants of the Nazi regime surrendered to the Allied Powers. Over the next few years, Germany lost some additional territory and was divided by the victors Allied occupation zones, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In October 1990, the country was reunified, regaining full sovereignty about six months later. Germany has the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth-largest by purchasing power parity. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and third-largest importer of goods. It is a developed country with a very high standard of living, featuring comprehensive social security that includes the world's oldest universal health care system. Known for its rich cultural and political history, Germany has been the home of many influential philosophers, artists, musicians, cineasts, entrepreneurs, scientists and inventors. Germany was a founding member of the European Community in 1957, which became the EU in 1993. It is part of the Schengen Area, and has been a member of the eurozone since 1999. Germany is a great power in the world, and is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, the OECD and the Council of Europe.
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Savezna Republika Njemačka (njem.: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) je država u srednjoj Europi. Na sjeveru graniči sa Sjevernim morem, Danskom i Baltikom, na istoku s Poljskom i Češkom, na jugu s Austrijom i Švicarskom, a na zapadu s Francuskom, Luksemburgom, Belgijom i Nizozemskom. Njemačka je demokratska parlamentarna savezna država, koja se sastoji od 16 saveznih zemalja (njem. Bundesländer) od kojih su tri samostalni gradovi. Glavni grad je Berlin i u njemu su smješteni parlament (Bundestag) i vlada (Regierung). Ujedinjena je kao država za vrijeme Francusko-pruskog rata 1870./'71. Njemačka je jedna od najrazvijenijih država svijeta i jedna od osnivačkih članica Europske Unije. Članica je i Ujedinjenih naroda, NATO-a, skupine G8 i G4. Druga je europska zemlja po broju stanovnika, a najveća u EU-u, te ima najsnažnije europsko gospodarstvo. Nakon SAD-a, Njemačka je druga najpopularnija migracijska destinacija u svijetu.