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Physics ACTIVITY The British chemist Joseph Priestley(1733-1804), in 1774, by heating mercuric oxide, obtained a colorless air. He noted that air had the property to nourish the flame of a candle, a fact previously observed by Robert Boyle(1627-1691) and Robert Hooke(1635-1703) in the previous century. When faced with increasing fire in presence of air, Priestleycalled the air dephlogisticated, believing that the absence of phlogiston in the air made him certain amount of phlogiston come out with more fire intensity to fill the existing gap in air . (Adapted from: BRAGA, et.al., 2000) Now, from reading above, think, discuss with colleagues and answer: would this air dephlogisticated the same air of the theory of the four elements? Justify your answer. The man trying to understand the fire If on one hand the theory of phlogiston realized many chemical problems, on the other contained in its structure many metaphysical components: the substance phlogiston was invisible and impossible to be isolated, as a kind of spirit. Therefore, the theory began to be criticized by Philosophy, and also by the Enlightenment. These were seeking a science based on reason, along the lines of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, not fitting metaphysical aspects. The influence of the Enlightenment, especially in France, made many chemists began to suspect the existence of phlogiston. The French chemist Lavoisier(1743-1794) lived at the time in which they elaborated the ideas of the Enlightenment, which would be the philosophical underpinnings of society that was being built. In this society, scientific knowledge would be free from dogmas, superstitions, authorities (eg, the church), but guided by rationality, described in mathematical models. Phlogistic theory stated that the bodies to be burned liberated a certain amount of phlogistic, reducing its mass. However, the observed experimental chemicals which otherwise occurred in some cases. Given the impossibility of finding explanations convinced that the scien- tas, and philosophers, chemists began experimental bus- Source: http://www.sxc.hu car new explanations for the fire. But what was the contribution of Lavoisier? Physicists who developed the mechanics after Newton, among which Euler(1707-1783), d'Alembert(1717-1783) and Laplace (1749 - 1827), had as main objective to eliminate the metaphysical aspects of Newtonian thinking. Models Heat
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Fizika AKTIVNOST Britanski kemičar Joseph Priestley(1733-1804), u 1774, zagrijavanjem živin oksid, dobio bezbojan zrak. On je napomenuo da je zrak imao imovine kako bi se oplemenili plamen svijeće, činjenica je prethodno primijetio Robert Boyle(1627-1691) i Robert Hooke(1635-1703) u prethodnom stoljeću. Kada je suočen sa sve većim požara u prisustvu zraka, Priestlynazvao ga dephlogisticated klima, vjerujući da je izostanak flogistonsku u zraku ga je određena količina flogistonsku izaći s više intenziteta požara popuniti postojeću prazninu u zraku .(preuzeto iz: Braga, et.al., 2000) Sada, od čitanja gore, mislim, razgovarati s kolegama i odgovoriti: Biste li se klima dephlogisticated isti zrak teorije o četiri elementa? Opravdati svoj odgovor. Čovjek pokušava razumjeti vatru Ako s jedne strane, teorija flogistonsku shvatio mnoge kemijske probleme, as druge sadržana u njegovoj strukturi mnogih metafizičke komponente: tvar flogiston bio nevidljiv i nemoguće biti izoliran, kao neka vrsta duha. Dakle, teorija je počeo biti kritizirani od strane filozofije, a također i prosvjetiteljstva. To su u potrazi za znanost temelji se na razumu, na tragu znanstvene revolucije u sedamnaestom stoljeću, ne dolikuje metafizičke aspekte. Utjecaj prosvjetiteljstva, osobito u Francuskoj, napravio mnoge kemičari su počeli sumnjati postojanje flogistonsku. Francuski kemičar Lavoisier(1743-1794) živio u vrijeme u kojem su razrađene ideje prosvjetiteljstva, koji će biti filozofski podupiranja onoga društvu u kojem je izgrađena. U ovom društvu, znanstveno znanje će biti bez dogmi, praznovjerja, vlasti (npr., crkva), ali vođeni racionalnošću, opisano u matematičkim modelima. Flogističan teorija navodi da su tijela kako bi se oslobodila spalio određenu količinu flogističan, smanjujući njegovu masu. Međutim, promatrani eksperimentalni kemikalije koje inače dogodio u nekim slučajevima. S obzirom na nemogućnost pronalaženja objašnjenja uvjeren da je znanstveno- tas, i filozofi, kemičari počeli eksperimentalniautobus - izvor: http://www.sxc.hu automobila novim objašnjenjima za vatru. No, ono što je bio doprinos Lavoisier? Fizičari koji su razvili mehaniku nakon Newtona, među kojima Euler(1707-1783), d'Alembert(1717-1783), a Laplace (1749 - 1827), je kao glavni cilj da se eliminiraju metafizičke aspekte newtonovskom razmišljanja. Modeli topline79