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Even in the nineteenth century, had significant participation "bohemians" who expressed the disillusionment of the young with the politics of his time. Mainly in Paris, groups of students gathered in cafes, reading newspapers, talking politics, scandals, and criticizing the exploitation of labor, the established order and discipline. They also challenged the cult of the older to the past showing great concern for the present and the interest in Eastern religions, mysticism and esotericism. Text 16 However, even in the nineteenth century, the revolutionary wave front was also in art-culture, a particular and important phenomenon that became known as "Bohemian". After the disillusionment with revolutionary movements, in which the youths realized that they had been manipulated by powerful guardians of order, the revolutionary energies of young people, like the French, took a new direction: lifestyles amoral and anarchic associated with the bohemian life. Students of Paris, born there or from the provinces, had not much to do besides spend days in cafes, reading newspapers, talking politics and scandals. The bohemian settles acquiring a figuration "exotic" (contempt to work, concern only the present, resistance to order and discipline, cultivation of mysticism, occultism, Eastern religions and other esoteric). (Adapted from GROPPO, 2000, p. 84-89.) The conditions of life in industrial society, such as poverty and unemployment, propitiated, still in nineteenth-century Europe, the emergence of youth groups called gangs. Most of these groups had local roots and stemmed, almost always, the traditions of revolt and resistance of the poor segments of society. Meet two of these groups: Text 17 Apparently, it is from 1902 that the name of Apaches shall be used to designate the band of youths whose offenses were shaking. In the strict sense, unique, Apache designates the "young rascals from the suburbs." Apache is connected to the big city, specifically the peripheral neighborhoods of Paris. The Apaches crystallized one latent fear. They live in well-organized gangs, where girls are less numerous. Like tattoos, recognition signals, symbols or sentimental bucolic, provocative inscriptions or fatalistic. The Apache has three hatreds: the bourgeois, the cop, the job. He disdains established society, condemning authorities despises workers, laborers, slaves. His ghost: part of the horrible and the miserable procession penniless; go to the workshop, worse, to the factory. Why waste the youth? (Adapted from PERROT, 1988, p. 315-323.) Text 18 In this same turn of the century, but limited only to Germany and parts of Austria, another manifestation juvenile happened. It was the German Youth Movement, an uprising cultural policy and almost against the "world" and "adult values." The youth movement began with the group Wandervogel ("Migrant Bird"), the Gymnasium Steglitz, near Berlin. Its members uses
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Još u devetnaestom stoljeću, imala značajan sudjelovanje "Bohemians" koji je izrazio je razočaranje mladi s politikom svog vremena. Uglavnom u Parizu, skupina studenata okupljenih u kafićima, čitati novine, razgovara o politici, skandalima, i kritiziranja iskorištavanje rada, uspostavljen red i disciplinu. Oni su također osporili kult stariji u prošlost pokazuje veliku zabrinutost za sadašnjost i interes u istočnjačkih religija, misticizam i ezoterije. Tekst 16 Međutim, čak u devetnaestom stoljeću, revolucionarni val prednja je također u art-kulture, posebno i važno fenomen koji je postao poznat kao "češkim". Nakon razočaranja s revolucionarnim pokretima, u kojoj su mladići shvatili da su bili izmanipulirani od strane moćnih čuvara reda, revolucionarne energije mladih ljudi, kao što su francuski, je novi smjer: stilova života nemoralan i anarho povezan s boemskom životu. Studenti Parizu, rođeni tamo ili iz provincije, je ne činiti puno, osim provode dane u kafićima, čitati novine, razgovara o politici i skandala. Boemski Utvrđuje stjecanja figuracija "egzotični" (prijezir raditi, odnositi samo na sadašnjost, otpornost na red i disciplinu, uzgoj misticizma, okultizma, istočnjačkih religija i druge ezoterične). (Preuzeto iz GROPPO, 2000, str. 84-89.) Uvjeti života u industrijskom društvu, kao što su siromaštvo i nezaposlenost, propitiated, još u devetnaestom stoljeću Europi, pojava mladih skupina naziva bandama. Većina od tih skupina imala lokalnim korijenima i stabljikom, gotovo uvijek, tradicije pobune i otpora od siromašnih dijelova društva. Upoznajte dvije od ovih skupina: Tekst 17 Očito, to je da je od 1902 Ime Apaches će se koristiti za označavanje bend mladića čija djela su mu drhtale. U užem smislu, jedinstveno, Apache naznače "mlade nitkove iz predgrađa." Apache je povezan sa velikom gradu, posebno perifernih četvrti Pariza. Apači iskristaliziralo jedan latentni strah. Oni žive u dobro organiziranih bandi, u kojem djevojke su manje brojne. Sviđa mi se tetovaže, prepoznavanje signala, simbole ili sentimentalne seljak, provokativnih natpisa ili fatalistički. Apache ima tri mržnje: buržoaska, policajac, posao. On preziru uspostavljena društvo, osuđujući vlasti prezire radnike, radnici, robovi. Njegov duh: dio tog groznog i bijedan procesija bez novca, ići na radionici, još gore, u tvornicu. Zašto trošiti mladost? (Preuzeto iz Perrot, 1988, str. 315-323.) Tekst 18 U tom istom prijelazu stoljeća, ali je ograničena samo na Njemačku i dijelovima Austrije, još jedna manifestacija Maloljetnik se dogodilo. To je njemački pokret mladih, ustanak je kulturna politika i gotovo protiv "svijeta" i "odrasle vrijednostima." Omladinski pokret je počeo s grupom Wandervogel ("migrant ptica"), Gimnazija Steglitz, u blizini Berlina. Njezini članovi koristi