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The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid medicine synthroid thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. It is found at the front of the neck, below the, adam's apple. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones, which thyroid medicine synthroid primarily influence the metabolic rate and protein synthesis. The hormones also have many other effects including those on development. The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are created from iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also produces the hormone synthroid or generic levothyroxine calcitonin, which plays a role taking synthroid with other meds in calcium homeostasis. Hormonal output from the thyroid is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, which itself is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus. 2, the thyroid may be affected by several diseases. Hyperthyroidism occurs when the gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, the most common cause being synthroid grapefruit Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder. In contrast, hypothyroidism is a state of insufficient thyroid hormone production. Worldwide, the most common cause is iodine deficiency. Thyroid hormones are important for development, and hypothyroidism secondary to iodine deficiency remains the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability. In iodine-sufficient regions, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid medicine synthroid also an autoimmune disorder. In addition, the thyroid gland may also develop several types of nodules and cancer. Contents Structure edit The thyroid gland surrounds the cricoid and tracheal cartilages, and consists of two lobes. This image shows a variant thyroid with a pyramidal lobe emerging from the middle of the thyroid. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ that sits at the front of the neck. It is composed of two lobes, left and right, connected by a narrow isthmus. The thyroid weighs 25 grams in adults, with each lobe being about 5 cm long, 3 cm wide and 2 cm thick, and the isthmus about.25 cm in height and width. The gland is usually larger in women, and increases in size in pregnancy. The thyroid sits near the front of the neck, lying against and around the front of the larynx and trachea. The thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage lie just above the gland, below the Adam's apple. The isthmus extends from the second to third rings of the trachea, with the uppermost part thyroid medicine synthroid of the lobes extending to the thyroid cartilage, and the lowermost around the fourth to sixth tracheal rings. The thyroid gland is covered by a thin fibrous capsule, which has an inner and an outer layer. The outer layer is continuous with the pretracheal fascia, attaching the gland to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, via a thickening of the fascia to form the posterior suspensory ligament of thyroid gland also known as Berry's ligament. This causes the thyroid to move up and down with swallowing. The inner layer extrudes into the gland and forms the septae that divides the thyroid tissue into microscopic lobules. Typically four parathyroid glands, two on each side, lie on each side between the two layers of the capsule, at the back of the thyroid lobes. The infrahyoid muscles lie in front of the gland and the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the side. 7 Behind the outer wings of the thyroid lie the two carotid arteries. The trachea, larynx, lower pharynx and esophagus all lie behind the thyroid. In this region, the recurrent laryngeal nerve 8 and the inferior thyroid artery pass next to or in the ligament. 9 Blood, lymph and nerve supply edit The thyroid is supplied with arterial blood from the superior thyroid artery, thyroid medicine synthroid a branch of the external carotid artery, and the inferior thyroid artery, a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, and sometimes thyroid medicine synthroid by an anatomical variant the thyroid. The superior thyroid artery splits into anterior and posterior branches supplying the thyroid, and the inferior thyroid artery splits into superior and inferior branches. The superior and inferior thyroid arteries join together behind the outer part of the thyroid lobes. The venous blood is drained via superior and middle thyroid veins, which drain to the internal jugular vein, and via the inferior thyroid veins. The inferior thyroid veins originate in a network of veins and drain into the left and right brachiocephalic veins. Both arteries and veins form a plexus between the two layers of the capsule of the thyroid gland. Lymphatic drainage frequently passes the prelaryngeal lymph nodes (located just above the isthmus and the pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes. Armour vs synthroid mayo clinic More experience, every year, more than a million people come to Mayo Clinic for care. Our highly specialized experts are deeply experienced in treating rare and complex conditions. The right answers, getting effective treatment depends on identifying the right problem. In a recent study, 88 percent of patients armour vs synthroid mayo clinic who came to Mayo Clinic for a second opinion received a new or refined diagnosis. Seamless care, at Mayo Clinic, every aspect of your care is coordinated and teams of experts work together to provide exactly the care you need. What might take months elsewhere can often be done in days here. Mayo Clinic experts are some of the best in the world. News World Report rankings of top hospitals, Mayo Clinic is consistently ranked among the top hospitals in the nation. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) schedule information displayed applies to substances regulated under federal law. There may be variations in CSA schedules between individual states. Disclaimer: This site is designed to offer information for general educational purposes only. The health information furnished on this site and the interactive responses are not intended to be professional advice armour vs synthroid mayo clinic and are not intended to replace personal consultation with a qualified physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. You must always seek the advice of a professional for questions related to a disease, disease symptoms, and appropriate therapeutic treatments. Click here click here click here click here click here. This amazing site, which includes experienced business for 9 years, is one of the leading pharmacies on the Internet. We take your protection seriously. They are available 24 hours each day, 7 days per week, through email, online chat or by mobile. Privacy is vital. Everything we do at this amazing site is 100 legal. Really Amazing prices, nO prescription required! Discount Bonuses, fast and Discreet Shipping Worldwide 24/7 Customer Support. Visa, MasterCard, Amex etc. Mayo Clinic Synthroid And Hair Loss. Hair loss, tests and diagnosis, mayo Clinic, hair loss. Comprehensive This may help uncover medical conditions related to hair loss, such as thyroid mayo mayo Clinic mayoClinic. Levothyroxine (Oral Route) Side Effects, mayo Clinic hair loss headache increased appetite mental depression Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from. Thyroid, hair Loss Mayo Clinic Hair Loss Causes Mayo Hormone levels are order viagra also affected by the thyroid gland, so thyroid problems may cause hair loss. This type of nonscarring hair loss is called Levothyroxine (Oral Route) Description and Mayo Clinic Levothyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism, Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Women's Hairloss Mayo Clinic ConnectWomen's Hairloss. Posted armour vs synthroid mayo clinic by @ Take a Simple armour vs synthroid mayo clinic TSH test to rule out thyroid disease hair loss emotional distress could indicate thyroid troubles Mayo Clinic Hypothyroidism and Hair Loss How to Stop the ProblemFind out how hypothyroidism and hair loss are connected and find out how. Synthroid Unithroid Levoxyl The Mayo Clinic WebMD Mayo Clinic Low Thyroid Diet tHypothyroidism Treatments: Mayo Clinic Low Thyroid Diet. Hair loss may be at bigger menace of raised blood pressure a lot of people who gain weight quickly. Why does synthroid cause chest pain Heart Health, heart Disease, causes Risk Factors, johner Images/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images. More in Heart Disease, view All, disease of the thyroid gland often produces heart problems. In fact, one of the most important reasons to why does synthroid cause chest pain diagnose and why does synthroid cause chest pain treat thyroid disease is to prevent the cardiac conditions that can result from. The thyroid gland is a small gland located in the neck just below the Adams apple, and is responsible for regulating many vital bodily functions. By producing just the right amount of thyroid hormone, the thyroid helps to regulate your body's metabolism most importantly, how much oxygen and energy your body uses as well as your digestive function, muscle function, and skin tone. In fact, the thyroid has at least some effect on every organ in the body, including the heart. In a person who has almost any type of heart disease, disorders of the thyroid gland can worsen cardiac symptoms or cause new ones, and can accelerate the underlying cardiac problem. Thyroid disease can even produce brand new heart problems in people with why does synthroid cause chest pain otherwise healthy hearts. Thyroid disease affects the heart either by producing too little thyroid hormone (a condition called hypothyroidism ) or too much thyroid hormone (called hyperthyroidism ). Both types of thyroid disorders are common and both why does synthroid cause chest pain can have a significant effect on the heart. Hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone is very important for normal cardiovascular function. When there is not enough thyroid hormone, neither the heart nor the blood vessels can function normally. In hypothyroidism, the reduced level of thyroid hormone causes the heart muscle to pump less vigorously and eventually to become weakened. In addition, the heart muscle cannot fully relax after each heart beat. This failure to relax can produce diastolic dysfunction, a condition that can lead to heart failure. Hypothyroidism also causes blood vessels to stiffen, which can produce hypertension. Cardiac symptoms can occur in anybody with hypothyroidism, but they are especially likely in people who already have underlying heart disease. Common why does synthroid cause chest pain cardiac problems associated with hypothyroidism include: Dyspnea, shortness of breath on exertion and poor exercise tolerance in hypothyroidism is usually due to weakness in the skeletal muscles. In people who also have heart disease, it may be due to worsening heart failure. Slow heart rate ( bradycardia the heart rate is modulated by thyroid hormone. So, with hypothyroidism, the heart rate is typically 10 to 20 beats per minute slower than normal. Especially in patients who also have heart disease, however, hypothyroidism may worsen the tendency for premature beats (such. PVCs ) and may cause atrial fibrillation. Diastolic hypertension, one might think that, why does synthroid cause chest pain because a lack of thyroid hormone slows down the metabolism, people with hypothyroidism might experience low blood pressure. Usually, the opposite is truethe arteries are stiffer in hypothyroidism, which causes the diastolic blood pressure to rise.
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Autor: dr. Nenad Bićanić Štitnjača je žlijezda koja izgleda poput leptira smještenog sprijeda, u donjoj polovici vrata, ispod grkljana, a ispred dušnika. Građena je od dva režnja koji su međusobno spojeni središnjim suženim dijelom. Svoje hormone tiroksin (T4) i trijodtironin (T3) izlučuje u krv. Radom štitnjače u fiziološkim okolnostima upravljaju hipotalamus i hipofiza. U nadzoru rada štitnjače najvažnija je hipofiza, koja pomoću tireotropina (TSH) potiče štitnjaču na stvaranje hormona, ali i na rast, što može dovesti do povećanja štitnjače, odnosno gušavosti (strume). Štitnjača voli jod Hormoni štitnjače utječu na funkciju svih organa. Bez njih nema normalnoga razvoja ni rada središnjeg živčanog sustava. Važni su za održavanje tjelesne temperature i normalne aktivnosti centra za disanje, kontrolu potrošnje energije i potrošnje kisika. Na srce djeluju tako da dovode do povećanja kontraktilnosti srčanoga mišića i ubrzanja rada srca, a pojačavaju i pokretljivost crijeva, utječu na pregradnju kosti, homeostazu šećera i masnoća u krvi. Za stvaranje hormona štitnjače nužan je jod. Nedostatak joda u organizmu dovodi do uvećanja štitnjače (gušavosti/strume). U hranu bogatu jodom ubrajamo morsku ribu, alge, jaja, jogurt, sir i dr. Hrani koja smanjuje apsorpciju joda iz crijeva pripadaju cvjetača, kelj, prokulice, repa, kikiriki i dr. Uz anamnezu i klinički pregled, u dijagnostici bolesti štitnjače koriste se: TSH, slobodni tiroksin (fT4), slobodni trijodtironin (fT3), autoantitijela protiv tiroidne peroksidaze (anti-TPO), odnosno protiv tireoglobulina (anti-TG), antitijela na TSH-receptor, ultrazvuk štitnjače, uz eventualnu citološku punkciju i scintigrafiju štitnjače. Cilj je liječenja postizanje eutireoze, odnosno normalizacija vrijednosti TSH i hormona štitnjače u krvi; kod hipertireoze to se postiže lijekovima koji blokiraju rad štitnjače, operativnim odstranjenjem žlijezde ili primjenom radioaktivnoga joda, a kod hipotireoze nadomjesnim liječenjem (sintetski hormon levotiroksin). Sve se usporava Hipotireoza je stanje smanjenog stvaranja, izlučivanja i djelovanja hormona štitnjače. Može se javiti u bilo kojoj životnoj dobi, a posebno je česta u starijih osoba – javlja se u 10% žena i 6% muškaraca starijih od 65 godina. Najčešći uzrok hipotireoze je kronična autoimuna upala štitnjače (Hashimotov tireoiditis), koja nastaje zbog poremećaja imunološkog sustava, uz genetsku predispoziciju. Može nastati nakon liječenja hipertireoze lijekovima koji koče stvaranje hormona štitnjače ili radioaktivnim jodom, ili nakon operacije štitnjače. Uzrok hipotireoze može biti i manjak joda, poremećaj u stvaranju i izlučivanju hormona štitnjače, bolest hipofize, odnosno hipotalamusa te smanjen periferni odgovor na hormone štitnjače. S obzirom na to da hormoni štitnjače utječu na sve stanice u tijelu, prisutni su simptomi i znakovi različitih organa i organskih sustava: koža je suha, nokti zadebljali i lomljivi, kosa je tanka i prorjeđuje se. S napredovanjem bolesti lice postaje podbuhlo, javlja se otok kapaka, zadebljanje jezika, glas postaje dubok, govor usporen. Javljaju se kroničan umor i iscrpljenost, poremećaji živčanoga sustava, poremećaji pamćenja i raspoloženja, depresija te mišićna slabost, bolovi u mišićima i zglobovima, kao i zatvor. Dolazi do umjerenog povećanje tjelesne mase, uglavnom zbog zadržavanja tekućine. Kod žena dolazi do poremećaja menstrualnog ciklusa, neplodnosti, spontanih pobačaja i prijevremenih poroda, a javljaju se i smetnje libida u oba spola. Simptomi se obično razvijaju postupno. U primarnoj hipotireozi (bolest same štitnjače) vrijednost TSH je povišena, dok je kod sekundarne ili tercijarne hipotireoze (bolest hipofize ili hipotalamusa) vrijednost TSH obično snižena ili normalna, uz snižene koncentracije tiroksina (T4) u krvi. U svim hrvatskim rodilištima radi se probir novorođenčadi na kongenitalnu hipotireozu, kako bi se, u slučaju da ona postoji, što ranije započelo liječenje i tako spriječio razvoj teške mentalne retardacije i zastoja u rastu i razvoju djeteta. Liječenje hipotireoze nadomjesno je – nadoknada hormona koji nedostaje. Cilj je postići nestanak simptoma i normalizaciju laboratorijskih pokazatelja. Kod nas postoji sintetski hormon - levotiroksin, koji se uzima u obliku tablete, natašte, 30-45 minuta prije jela ili drugih lijekova. Doza se individualno prilagođava. Prognoza bolesti odlična jeako se nadomjesna terapija uzima redovito, u dozi koju propiše liječnik. Liječenje hipotireoze levotiroksinom najčešće je doživotno. Mršavljenje uz pojačan apetit Hipertireoza je stanje pojačanog stvaranja hormona štitnjače, koje dovodi do povišene razine hormona štitnjače u krvi, a tireotoksikoza je širi pojam, koji označava stanje izloženosti organizma povišenim razinama hormona štitnjače koja, osim pojačanog rada štitnjače, obuhvaća i druga stanja koja su praćena povišenom razinom hormona štitnjače u krvi (npr. subakutni tireoiditis, prekomjerna doza nadomjesne terapije levotiroksinom). Hipertireoza se može javiti u bilo kojoj životnoj dobi, a posebno je česta u žena između 20. i 50.godine života. Najčešći uzrok hipertireoze je autoimuna bolest štitnjače (Basedowljeva ili Gravesova bolest, rijetko Hashimotov tireoiditis), a ostali sučešći uzroci bolesti TSH receptora: toksična multinodozna struma i toksični adenom. Do suviška hormona štitnjače dovode i subakutna upala štitnjače, tihi tireoiditis, postpartalni tireoiditis te (rijetko) lijek amiodaron. Bolesnici se žale na nervozu, razdražljivost, umor, lupanje srca, ispadanje kose. Unatoč pojačanom apetitu, oni mršave. Mokrenje i stolica su učestali. Mogu se javiti poremećaji menstrualnog ciklusa i smanjen libido. Česte su promjene na očima: ukočen pogled, vlažne i sjajne oči, ispupčene očne jabučice. Srčani ritam je ubrzan, a ponekad se javlja i nepravilan ritam (osobito u starijih osoba). Laboratorijski dokaz hipertireoze je nalaz povišene vrijednosti hormona štitnjače, uz suprimiran (jako snižen) TSH. Hipertireoza se u početku liječi lijekovima (tireostaticima i beta-blokatorima), a kasnije, ako je potrebno, operacijom ili radioaktivnim jodom. Izvor: Narodni zdravstveni list, dvomjesečnik za unapređenje zdravstvene kulture, god. LVIII, br. 672-673, Nastavni zavod za javno zdravstvo PGŽ u suradnji s HZJZ, Rijeka, siječanj-veljača 2016, str.