http___megagiga.info_naucnik-otkrio-najveci-uzrok-raka-dojke-uzimamo-to-svaki-dan__1.xml
1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 14.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 16.1 16.2 16.3 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5
Women who drink at least five cups of coffee daily have a lower risk of developing an aggressive form of breast cancer, says a new study. Researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm uncovered this strong link between coffee and lower risk of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer by analyzing data obtained from nearly six thousand postmenopausal women, aged from 50 to 74 years. Among the participants in the study, 2818 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Besides gathering information on the coffee drinking habits of the participants, the researchers also took into account their education level, reproductive history, menstrual history, family history of breast cancer and smoking, drinking and exercising habits. According to their coffee drinking habits, the volunteers were divided into four groups. Women in the first group consumed not more than one cup of coffee per day. The second group drank more than one and up to three cups of coffee daily. Participants in the third group enjoyed between three and five cups of coffee each day. And the fourth group drank five or more cups of coffee daily. The findings, reported in the recent edition of the journal Breast Cancer Research, showed that compared with women who drank coffee occasionally, women who consumed five or more cups of coffee daily were 57 per cent less likely to develop hormone receptor negative breast cancer. In addition, the authors of the study found that coffee intake could slightly reduce the overall risk of developing all forms of breast cancers. However, the association was insignificant after taking into account risk factors such as body weight and age of a woman. How coffee affects breast cancer Researchers speculate that coffee could protect postmenopausal women from breast cancer by boosting the level of phytoestrogen enterolactone in the blood. In earlier studies, researchers have found that higher levels of this hormone could reduce the risk of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. However, the Karolinska Institute study contradicts some earlier studies that claim that compounds in coffee might fuel multiplication of cancer cells or they might obstruct activities of chemicals that repair the damaged cells. The Karoliska Institute researchers believe that compounds in coffee might act differently on different forms of breast cancers. Types of breast cancers and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer In women diagnosed with ductal cancer in situ (DCIS), malignant cells are present in some of the ducts in a breast. This is an early form of breast cancer, in which the cancer cells are confined in some of the ducts. In this non-invasive form of breast cancer, the cancer cells have not invaded the neighboring breast tissues. In lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), abnormal cells are present inside the breast lobes. Although the changes in the tissues in the breast lobes might not lead to breast cancer, women diagnosed with LCIS have a higher risk of developing breast cancer in the future. LCIS usually occurs in menstruating women. Almost 70 to 80 per cent women diagnosed with breast cancer suffer from invasive ductal breast cancer, also known as ductal carcinoma. In this form of breast cancer, the cancer that originates in the ducts, spread to the tissues in the neighborhood of the ducts. Invasive lobular breast cancer accounts for nearly 10 per cent of all breast cancer cases. In this form of cancer, the malignant cells originate in the breast lobules, from where they spread to tissues surrounding the breast lobules. This form of breast cancer can develop at any age. However, it is more likely to occur between 45 and 55 years of age. Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare form of breast cancer that accounts for about 1 to 4 per cent of all breast cancer cases. In this form of cancer, the malignant tissues clog the small lymph channels in the breast. As a result, the affected breast becomes red, swollen, hard and hot to touch. Often inflammatory breast cancer is confused with mastitis or breast infection. Paget’s disease, which occurs in less than two per cent of women diagnosed with breast cancer, usually appears in the form of a scaly itchy rash, which is often mistaken for eczema or psoriasis. The cancer might start in the nipple or in the areola. In most women with Paget’s disease, a breast cancer lump is present behind the nipple. In overwhelming majority of cases, this is a symptom of an invasive breast cancer. Invasive breast cancer might even occur in the absence of a breast lump. Besides these common forms of breast cancers, one might even suffer from certain rare or special type breast cancers. Before planning the appropriate treatment, a breast cancer patient undergoes tests to determine presence of hormone receptors in the breast cancer cells. If estrogen receptors are present in the breast cancer cells, the cancer is said to be estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. In this form of cancer, the estrogen hormone triggers development of malignant cells in the breast. Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers respond positively to hormone therapy. Before surgery, a breast cancer patient receives hormone therapy to shrink the cancer tumor. After surgery, hormone therapy is recommended for preventing the cancer from returning. In estrogen receptor negative breast cancer, hormone receptors are absent in the breast cancer cells. Unfortunately, this is the most aggressive form of breast cancer, which has a higher relapse risk than estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. In this form of breast cancer, chemotherapy is usually the only option for preventing breast cancer from returning. Estrogen receptor negative breast cancer causes The exact factors that increase the risk of developing estrogen receptor negative breast cancer are unclear. In a study, researchers at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School found that excess abdominal fat increases the risk of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Health experts speculate that abdominal fat might affect development of estrogen negative breast cancer through pathways independent of sex hormones. Belly fats are linked to pre-diabetes and hyperinsulinemia. The authors of the study speculate that insulin related pathways might trigger development of breast cancer cells that lack hormone receptors.
1.1 1.2 2.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2
Rizik od razvoja raka dojke je čak tri puta veći kod ljudi koji konzumiraju tri šolje mlijeka od onih koji su imali samo jednu šoljicu ili manje na dnevnoj bazi. Ovo je otkriveno u naučnim istraživanjima u Norveškoj. Rak dojke je danas jedan od najčešće prisutnih vrsta raka širom svijeta, a vrlo očito je da je mlijeko jedna od stvari koju možemo kriviti za to. Prema istom istraživanju koje je provedeno u Norveškoj otkriveno je da u područjima gdje je potrošnja mlijeka na jako niskoj razini gotovo ne postoji slučaj raka dojke. Također žene koje su imale iskustva s rakom dojke konzumirale su dva puta više vitamina D u odnosu na one koji nikada nisu imali rak dojke. Ovo su rezultati studije. Ono što još više povećava rizik od raka dojke jeste konzumiranje velike količine prerađene hrane, tjestenine, svinjskog mesa i šećera. Grudnjak isto može biti uzrok raka dojke. Žene koje često nose grudnjak više od 12 sati, imaju veći rizik od razvoja raka dojke u odnosu na žene koje ga nose samo povremeno ili ga nikada ne nose.