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U.S. - North Korea Key Facts about the National Security Summit An Historic Event Not since 1945 has a U.S. President hosted a gathering of so many Heads of State and Government. This unprecedented meeting is to address an unprecedented threat—the threat of nuclear materials in the hands of terrorists or criminals. The Promise of Prague In April 2009, in Prague, President Obama spoke of his vision of a world without nuclear weapons even as he recognized the need to create the conditions to bring about such a world. To that end, he put forward a comprehensive agenda to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, reduce nuclear arsenals, and secure nuclear materials. In April 2010, the United States took three bold steps in the direction of creating those conditions with the release of a Nuclear Posture Review that reduces our dependence on nuclear weapons while strengthening the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and maintaining a strong deterrent; signing a New START treaty with Russia that limits the number of strategic arms on both sides, and renews U.S.-Russian leadership on nuclear issues; and now has convened a gathering of world leaders to Washington to discuss the need to secure nuclear materials and prevent acts of nuclear terrorism and trafficking. The Threat Over 2000 tons of plutonium and highly enriched uranium exist in dozens of countries with a variety of peaceful as well as military uses. There have been 18 documented cases of theft or loss of highly enriched uranium or plutonium, and perhaps others not yet discovered. We know that al-Qa’ida, and possibly other terrorist or criminal groups, are seeking nuclear weapons –as well as the materials and expertise needed to make them. The consequences of a nuclear detonation, or even an attempted detonation, perpetrated by a terrorist or criminal group anywhere in the world would be devastating. Any country could be a target, and all countries would feel the effects. The Solution The best way to keep terrorists and criminals from getting nuclear weapons is to keep all weapons and materials, as well as the know-how to make and use them, secure. That is our first and best line of defense. We must also bolster our ability to detect smuggled material, recover lost material, identify the materials origin and prosecute those who are trading in these materials. The Nuclear Security Summit Just as the United States is not the only country that would suffer from nuclear terrorism, we cannot prevent it on our own. The Nuclear Security Summit highlights the global threat posed by nuclear terrorism and the need to work together to secure nuclear material and prevent illicit nuclear trafficking and nuclear terrorism. The leaders of 47 nations came together to advance a common approach and commitment to nuclear security at the highest levels. Leaders in attendance have renewed their commitment to ensure that nuclear materials under their control are not stolen or diverted for use by terrorists, and pledged to continue to evaluate the threat and improve the security as changing conditions may require, and to exchange best practices and practical solutions for doing so. The Summit reinforced the principle that all states are responsible for ensuring the best security of their materials, for seeking assistance if necessary, and providing assistance if asked. It promoted the international treaties that address nuclear security and nuclear terrorism and led to specific national actions that advanced global security. The Communiqué The Summit Communiqué is a high-level political statement by the leaders of all 47 countries to strengthen nuclear security and reduce the threat of nuclear terrorism and: Endorses President Obama’s call to secure all vulnerable nuclear material in four years, and pledges to work together toward this end; Calls for focused national efforts to improve security and accounting of nuclear materials and strengthen regulations – with a special focus on plutonium and highly enriched uranium; Seeks consolidation of stocks of highly enriched uranium and plutonium and reduction in the use of highly enriched uranium; Promotes universality of key international treaties on nuclear security and nuclear terrorism; Notes the positive contributions of mechanisms like the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, to build capacity among law enforcement, industry, and technical personnel; Calls for the International Atomic Energy Agency to receive the resources it needs to develop nuclear security guidelines and provide advice to its members on how to implement them; Seeks to ensure that bilateral and multilateral security assistance would be applied where it can do the most good;and Encourages nuclear industry to share best practices for nuclear security, at the same time making sure that security measures do not prevent countries from enjoying the benefits of peaceful nuclear energy. The Work Plan The Summit Work Plan represents guidance for national and international actions to carry out the pledges of the Communiqué. This detailed document lays out the specific steps that will need to be taken to bring the vision of the Communiqué into reality. These steps include: Ratifying and implementing treaties on nuclear security and nuclear terrorism; Cooperating through the United Nations to implement and assist others in connection with Security Council resolutions; Working with the International Atomic Energy Agency to update and implement security guidance and carry out advisory services; Reviewing national regulatory and legal requirements relating to nuclear security and nuclear trafficking; Converting civilian facilities that use highly enriched uranium to non-weapons-usable materials; Research on new nuclear fuels, detection methods, and forensics techniques; Development of corporate and institutional cultures that prioritize nuclear security; Education and training to ensure that countries and facilities have the people they need to protect their materials; and Joint exercises among law enforcement and customs officials to enhance nuclear detection approaches. Country Commitments In addition to signing on to the Communiqué and Work Plan, many Summit Participants have made commitments to support the Summit either by taking national actions to increase nuclear security domestically or by working through bilateral or multilateral mechanisms to improve security globally. These specific commitments will enhance global security, provide momentum to the effort to secure nuclear materials, and represent the sense of urgency that has been galvanized by the nature of the threat and the occasion of the Summit. Many of these commitments are outlined in National Statements. Next Steps In preparation for the Summit, each participating entity named a ―Sherpa‖ to prepare their leadership for full participation. This cadre of specialists, each of whom has both the expertise and leadership positions in their countries to effect change, is a natural network to carrying out the goals of the Summit. The Sherpas plan to reconvene in December to evaluate progress against Summit goals. Additionally, Summit participants plan to reach out to countries who were not able to attend the Washington Summit to explain its goals and outcomes and to expand the dialogue among a wider group. In 2012, leaders will gather again—this time the Republic of Korea—to take stock of the post-Washington work and set new goals for nuclear security. More Coverage Nuclear Security Summit April 2010 - On April 12, leaders from 50 nations and international organizations meet in Washington to discuss steps to secure vulnerable nuclear weapons and the means to make them. Go to Main Page »
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SAD domaćin summita o nuklearnoj sigurnosti Barack Obama nada se da će sudionici prepoznati prijetnju i započeti koordinirane napore za "stavljanje pod ključ" svih zaliha visokoobogaćenog uranija i plutonija Domaćin summita, predsjednik Barack Obama nada se da će sudionici prepoznati prijetnju i započeti koordinirane napore za "stavljanje pod ključ" svih zaliha visokoobogaćenog uranija i plutonija, osjetljivog za krađu u iduće četiri godine, najavila je Bijela kuća. "Naša sadašnja najveća briga zapravo su pitanja nuklearnog terorizma i širenja nuklearnog oružja. Sve više zemalja pribavlja nuklearno oružje, ono se sve manje kontrolira, manje je sigurno, nuklearni materijal putuje", rekao je Obama u Pragu u četvrtak, nakon potpisivanja novog ugovora o ograničavanju nuklearnog naoružanja s Rusijom (Novi START). Nuklearni summit, najveće okupljanje međunarodnih čelnika u Sjedinjenim Državama više od 60 godina, sljedeći je korak u Obaminom dugoročnom planu za postupno oslobađanje svijeta od nuklearnog oružja. Procjenjuje se da u svijetu ima dovoljno materijala upotrebljivog za izradu više od 120 tisuća atomskih bombi. Osim ugovora s Rusijom, Obama je prošloga tjedna objavio novu američku nuklearnu strategiju, koja obuhvaća daljnje smanjenje nuklearnog arsenala, odbacuje razvoj novih bojnih glava i isključuje većinu nenuklearnih zemalja svijeta od prijetnje ili napada iz SAD-a. Na drugoj strani, sve više zemalja planira graditi nuklearne elektrane, cvatu mreže za krijumčarenje nuklearnog materijala, poput one pakistanskog stručnjaka A.Q. Khana, a smatra se da je Al-Kaida spremna uporabiti bilo kakav nuklearni materijal jer ga se već 10 godina nastoji domoći, navodi američki tisak. "Terorističke skupine poput Al-Kaide su jasno zaintersirane za nabavu i uporabu nuklearne tehnologije", kazao je američki dužnosnik za protuterorizam, pod uvjetom da ostane neimenovan. "Zasad se ne čini da su ostvarili puno napretka u tome, ali mi nastavljamo preispitivati svaku informaciju koju dobijemo", dodao je. Nikakav novi sporazum se ne očekuje na summitu, iako će SAD i Rusija potpisati dugo odgađan ugovor po kojem će svaka strana raspolagati s 34 tone plutonija u gradaciji za nuklearno oružje, zaostalog iz Hladnog rata, izjavio je američki dužnosnik na brifingu uoči skupa. Američka administracija nada se da će od čelnika koji sudjeluju na summitu dobiti obećanje da će pojačati mjere za povećanje sigurnosti zaliha visokoobogaćenog uranija i plutonija, od kojih su većina gorivo za istraživačke reaktore ili one za proizvodnju medicinskih izotopa. Primjerice, očekuje se da će SAD potaknuti čelnike da ratificiraju konvenciju UN-a koja traži da zemlje osiguraju nuklearni materijal na svom teritoriju. Trenutačno se one obvezuju samo na zaštitu nuklearnog materijala koji se šalje preko granice. "Svi će imati koristi od snažnijih nacionalnih i međunarodnih mjera. To je područje za koje vjerujemo da je moguće postići široki međunardoni konsenzus", izjavio je Gary Samore, stručnjak Bijele kuće za neširenje nuklearnog oružja, koji je nadgledao pripreme za summit. Samo 25 kg visokoobogaćenog uranija dovoljno je za manju atomsku bombu, a procjenjuje se da u svijetu ima 1,58 tona visokoobogaćenog uranija i pola tone plutonija u 40 zemalja. Po riječima Matthewa Bunna, sa sveučilišta Harvard, glavni problem je u tome što ne postoje globalna pravila koja bi definirala kako se točno moraju osigurati nuklearna postrojenja, nuklearna oprema i nuklearni materijali. Mora biti određen nekakav minimum sigurnosti, a to još uopće nije definirano, rekao je taj američki stručnjak. Američki analitičari su izrazili očekivanja da će upravo postignuti američko-ruski sporazum o smanjenju nuklearnih arsenala pozitivno djelovati na sudionike summita u Washingtonu. Skup je najveće okupljanje svjetskih državnika u SAD-u od osnivačke konferencije UN-a u San Franciscu 1945., i najveći summit u povijesti posvećen isključivo pitanju osiguranja svjetskih zaliha nuklearnog materijala. Samo 25 kg visokoobogaćenog uranija dovoljno je za manju atomsku bombu, a procjenjuje se da u svijetu ima 1,58 tona visokoobogaćenog uranija i pola tone plutonija u 40 zemalja. Radna skupina za fisijski materijal, krovna organizacija nevladinih udruge koje se bave nuklearnim pitanjima, procjenjuje da u svijetu ima dovoljno materijala upotrebljivog za izradu više od 120 tisuća atomskih bombi. Na kraju summita očekuje se prihvaćanje zajedničke izjave o mjerama protiv krijumčarenja nuklearnog materijala, mjerilima za osiguranje zaliha visokoobogaćenog urana i plutonija, te akcijski plan za ispunjenje tih zadaća u iduće četiri godine. Summit će se održati uz izuzetno pojačane mjere sigurnosti u Washingtonu, uključujući i gotovo potpunu blokadu prometa u najužem središtu grada. (hina/metro-portal)