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Index of Owl Species ... Photos of Various Owl Species for Identification Overview (below) Distribution / Range ... Description Diet / Feeding ... Breeding Owls: Myths and Popular Culture Owls are solitary, mainly nocturnal bird of prey. Owls belong to the order Strigiformes, in which there are 222 known species. Owls are classified in two families: the typical owls, Strigidae, and the barn owls, Tytonidae. The literary collective noun for a group of owls is a parliament. Different species of owls make different sounds Owls are more closely related to the nightjars (Caprimulgiformes) than to the diurnal predators in the order Falconiformes. Some taxonomists place the nightjars in the same order as owls, as in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Throughout history, owls were by many cultures feared and associated with evil and death. Some considered them to be "messengers of death," suggesting that if we spotted an owl or heard its calls, someone we knew was about to die. Most owls are nocturnal, but several, including the pygmy owls (Glaucidium), are crepuscular - hunting mainly at dawn and dusk. A few owls, such as the Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia) and the Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), are also active during the day. The color of the eyes tells us a lot about their habits: Owls with dark brown or black eyes are nocturnal hunters. Owls with yellow eyes mostly hunt during the day. Owls with orange eyes hunt at night and during the day. Distribution / Range They are found on all regions of the Earth except Antarctica, most of Greenland, and some remote islands. Description The smallest owls include the pygmy owls, some of which are only 5.1 inches (13 cm), have a 12.6-inch (32 cm) wingspan and weigh only 1.76 oz (50 g). The largest owls are the eagle owls, the Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo and Verreaux's Eagle Owl B. lacteus, which may reach 30 inches (76.2 cm) long, have a wingspan of just over 6.6 ft (2 m), and weigh about 9 lb (4 kg). Owls have a hawk-like beak, and usually a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disc. The facial disc helps to funnel the sound of prey to their ears. Additionally, the right ear is typically set higher in the skull and at a slightly different angle, and by tilting or turning the head until the sound is the same in each ear, an owl can pinpoint both the direction and the distance to the source of a sound. They have excellent hearing and exceptional vision in low light, allows them to hunt in total darkness. Their large forward-facing eyes are immobile within their sockets. For this reason, owls need flexible necks, as they have to turn the entire head to change views. They have the same number of vertebrae in their necks as most mammals and can move their heads 270 degrees in either direction (nearly all the way around!). Most other bird species have their eyes on the sides of their heads enabling them to see sideways and, to some extent, backwards. Owls, on the other hand, have both eyes in the front which enhances their depth perception. Owls are far-sighted, and are unable to clearly see anything within a few inches of their eyes. Their far vision - particularly in low light - is, however, exceptional. To protect their eyes, Owls have 3 eyelids - one upper and one lower eyelid. The upper lid closes when the owl blinks, and the lower closes when the Owl sleeps. The third eyelid - called a nictitating membrane - is a thin layer of tissue that closes diagonally across the eye, from the inside to the outside. The purpose of these membranes is to clean, moisten and protect the surface of the eyes. Nesting / Breeding Owl nests are crudely built and placed in trees, caves, and underground burrows or barns. The typical clutch consists of 3 - 12 white eggs (depending on the species). Diet / Feeding Owls mostly hunt small mammals, insects and other birds. A few species specialize in hunting fish. The hunting strategies differ by species. For example the Common Barn Owls generally capture prey in flight, and the Great Horned Owls usually hunt from perches and pounce on their prey on the ground. Many owls can hunt by sound in complete darkness, as the facial disc helps to funnel the sound of prey to their ears. Their muffled wings and dull feathers allow them to fly practically silent and unseen. Some fish-eating owls, which have no need of silence, lack this adaptation. Owls' powerful clawed feet and sharp beak enable them to tear their prey to pieces before eating, although most items are swallowed whole. Scientists studying the diets of owls are helped by their habit of disgorging the indigestible parts of their prey (bones, scales, fur, etc.) in the form of pellets. These "owl pellets" are often sold by companies to schools to be dissected by students as a lesson in biology and ecology, because they are plentiful and easy to interpret. Myth, lore and popular culture In many parts of the world, owls have been associated with death and misfortune, likely due to their nocturnal activity and common screeching call. However, owls have also been associated with wisdom and prosperity as a result of frequently being companion animals for goddesses. Henry David Thoreau summarized one perception of owls, when he wrote in 1854's Walden, "I rejoice that there are owls. Let them do the idiotic and maniacal hooting for men. It is a sound admirably suited to swamps and twilight woods which no day illustrates, suggesting a vast and underdeveloped nature which men have not recognized. They represent the stark twilight and unsatisfied thoughts which all [men] have." Africa Ancient Egyptians used a representation of an owl for their hieroglyph for the sound m, although they would often draw this hieroglyph with its legs broken to keep this bird of prey from coming to life. The Americas In the culture of the Native Americans, (e.g. the Native American Hopi nation), taboos often surround owls and they are often associated with evil or sorcery. Like eagle feathers, the possession of owl feathers as religious objects is regulated by federal law (e.g. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and Title 50 Part 22 Code of Federal Regulations). The Aztecs and Mayans, along with other natives of Mesoamerica, considered the Owl a symbol of death and destruction. In fact, the Aztec god of death, Mictlantecuhtli, was often depicted with owls. There is a saying in Spanish that still exists today: cuando el tecolote canta, el indio se muere ("when the owl cries/sings, the Indian dies"). Asia In Japanese culture, owls are seen as either negative or positive symbols depending on species. Eagle Owls are seen as divine messengers of the gods while Barn or Horned owls are perceived as demonic figures. In Indian culture, a white owl is considered a companion of the goddess of wealth, and therefore a harbinger of prosperity. The owl has been adapted as an emblem to reflect its implications of wisdom (Wise old owl) by a revered military institution in India known as the Defence Service Staff College. In colloquial use, however, it is commonly used to refer to stupidity. In the ancient region of Akkadia (located in present-day Iraq), the demoness Lilith is thought to have been associated with(screech) owls as well. However, prior to the rise of Islam, owls were considered evil omens and bad luck in most Middle Eastern pagan traditions. In modern times, although such superstitions are less prevalent, owls are still popularly considered "evil" because of their fierce, horrific appearance. Europe In Greek mythology, the owl, and specifically the Little Owl, was often associated with the Greek goddess Athena, a bird goddess who often assumed the form of an owl. Athena was also the goddess of wisdom, the Arts, and skills, and as a result, owls also became symbols of teaching and of institutions of learning, being included in the crest of arms of many universities. In the Western world, owls continue to be traditionally associated with wisdom. They are the unofficial mascot of the high-IQ society Mensa. The Romans, in addition to having borrowed the Greek associations of the owl, also considered owls to be funerary birds, due to their nocturnal activity and often having their nests in inaccessible places. As a result, seeing an owl in the daytime was considered a bad omen. The vampiric strix of Roman mythology was in part based on the owl. Likewise, in Romanian culture, the mournful call of an owl is thought to predict the death of somebody living in the neighbourhood. Such superstitions caused a minor disturbance when an owl showed up at Romanian President's residence, Cotroceni Palace. Species Research by Sibylle Johnson For updates please follow BeautyOfBirds on Google+ (google.com/+Avianweb) Please Note: The articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers. Please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you. The Avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up-to-date information; however, mistakes do happen. If you would like to correct or update any of the information, please send us an e-mail. THANK YOU!
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Sove su noćni lovci Nalikuju dnevnim pticama grabljivicama, jastrebovima, škanjcima i sokolovima s oštrim kanđama i savinutim kljunom za hvatanje i savladavanje plijena, te s prilagodbama koje im pomažu u noćnom lovu. Oči su im velike, jer sabiru svo raspoloživo svijetlo, a položene su naprijed, što im pomaže u prosuđivanju razdaljine. Imaju oštar sluh, a meko perje omogućuje im nečujan let. U svijetu poznajemo oko 205 vrsta. Najbrojnije vrste sova u Hrvatskoj su: ćuk, sivi ćuk, kukuvija, ušara, mala ušara, sova močvarica, šumska sova, jastrebača, ćuk batoglavac, velika sova. Šumska sova i sova ušara najbrojnije su i najrasprostranjenije. Mala ušara (Asio otus), ova vrsta spada u porodicu pravih sova (Strigidae), naraste do duljine od 35 cm. Ime je dobila po dugim perima na glavi koja može uspraviti ili spustiti, a izgledaju poput uški. Mala ušara najčešće živi u crnogoričnim šumama, ali može obitavati i u miješanim šumama te predjelima s raštrkanim drvećem i močvarama. Za razliku od većine sova, ovo je društvena skupina te se tijekom jeseni i zime može susresti u manjim skupinama. Ponašanje i prehrana: Dane provodi sjedeći na granama, iz deblo, a noću lovi najviše male sisavce, ali i ptice i kukce. Najčešće lovi na otvorenim prostorima, rjeđe u šumama. Leti bešumno duboko zamahujući krilima. Gnijezdi se u napuštenim gnijezdima ( najčešće gnijezdima sive vrane) na drveću, a rijetko u pukotinama u stijenama ili na tlu. U proljeće ženka snese obično četiri jaja, na kojima sama sijedi.Mlade također hrani ženka, dok mužjak donosi hranu. Utjecaj sova na kulturu: U mnogim djelovima svijeta, sove su povezivane sa smrću i nesrećom, vjerojatno zbog njihovog noćnog života i karakterističnog hukanja. Međutim, u nekim djelovima svijeta sove su bile povezivane sa mudrošću i uspjehom, često prikazivane kao božji ljubimci. U Starom Egiptu, lik sove se koristio za označavanje slova „m“. Ovaj hijeroglif je obično bio crtan tako da bi sova izgledala polomljenih nogu „da grabljivica ne bi oživjela“. U Keniji, pripadnici plemena Kikuju su vjerovali da je sova znak smrti i da, ako čovjek vidi sovu, netko će umrijeti. Među urođenicima američkih kontinenata (npr. u plemenu Hopi u SAD), sove su često bile povezivane sa zlom i vještičarenjem. Poput pera orla, religijsko posjedovanje pera sove je regulirano federalnim zakonom. Civilizacije Asteka i Maya, kao i drugi urođenici Srednje Amerike, su sovu smatrali simbolom smrti i uništenja. Čak, astečki bog smrti, Miktlantekuhtli, je obično prikazivan u obliku sove. Na španjolskom jeziku postoji izreka "cuando el tecolote canta, el indio se muere" („kada sova zapjeva, Indijanac umre“). Reč „tecolote“ znači „sova“ i koristi se u nekim djelovima Meksika, iako je ispravna riječ za sovu u španjolskom jeziku „buho“. Pripadnici plemena Mohe u starom Peruu su obožavali sovu i često je slikali u umjetnosti. U japanskoj kulturi, na sove se gledalo kao na negativne ili pozitivne pojave. Ponekad su predstavljale božanske glasnike, dok su tipične i rogate sove predstavljale đavolske simbole. Chouette U indijskoj kulturi, bijela sova se smatra ljubimcem Lakšmi, boginje bogatstva, i stoga se smatra vjesnikom uspeha. Tu sova, kao simbol mudrosti, predstavlja i sastavni dio grba indijske Vojne akademije. U kolokvijalnoj upotrebi, međutim, taj se simbol često koristi da označi glupost. U grčkoj mitologiji, sove su obično povezivane sa boginjom Atenom, boginjom pticom, koja se povezivala sa mudrošću, umjetnošću i raznim sposobnostima i, posljedično, i sove su povezivane sa mudrošću. Nezvanično, sove predstavljaju maskotu Mense. Atenski novac, iskovan poslije 449. prije n.e. sa likom boginje Atene na prednjoj strani i predstavom sove na reversu. Rimljani, pored toga što su nasljedili grčka vjerovanja u vezi sa sovama, su ih povezivali i sa smrću. Zbog toga, sova je predstavljala loš znak. Poput toga, u rumunjskoj kulturi, žalosni huk sove je značio predskazanje smrti nekog u blizini. U Finskoj sova, paradoksalno, predstavlja i znak mudrosti i znak gluposti (vjerojatno zbog svoje izbuljenosti). Mnogi misle da sova tijekom dana jako slabo vidi ili da je čak potpuno slijepa. No treba znati da to nije istina. Naime, sovin vid i tijekom dana je dobar, gotovo toliko dobar kao i kod ljudi! Većina sova odmara se tijekom dana i vrlo često tada žmiri te otuda uvriježeno mišljenje o dnevnoj sljepoći sova. Osim toga, iako sove rado love u mraku, njima je potrebna tek mala količina svjetlosti pomoću koje izoštravaju vid i tako love. Nadalje, one ne mogu pomicati oči unutar očnih duplji, ali zato mogu okrenuti glavu i do 270 stupnjeva! Ovo znači da sova može gledati ravno iza sebe. Ovo je nadomjestak za to što ne može pomicati oči u očnim dupljama. Fotografije & video : Zoran Ožetski POUČNI ČLANCI BROŠURE I BILTENI Izdavač : DZZP - Zagreb