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History tion of workers. In England, as in the eighteenth century, recreational mutual aid societies organized by letters occasionally intervened to prevent the reduction of wages or require its elevation when the rising cost of living. These activities, ranging from petitions to Parliament for fixing wages to organizing strikes were called combinations. When they occurred, capitalists achieved complained to the Parliament and, in general, obtained its prohibition in specific professional fields. In 1799, the British Parliament passed a law prohibiting combinations of workers in any activity. The prohibition on combinations of workers and their unions persecution reproduced in other countries, as they were industrializing. The laws against combinations in practice, put labor organizations outside the law. The workers were legally forbidden to claim whatever it was, while employers had complete freedom to match against any activity of your employees. For workers remained, then, some courses of action: the practice of destroying machines, which ousted the work and devalue the unjust wages imposed by bosses, action by way rehearsing more diffuse manifestations of revolution, and political unrest the reform of the state. The first route became famous as Luddistas movement, or "machine breakers". Learn a little more about this movement: Text 11 The Luddite subsists in the popular mind as a strange case and spontaneous handymen illiterate, resisting blindly machines. But the destruction of machinery has a much longer history. The destruction of materials, looms, threshers, the inundamento mines or damage in the mouth of mines, looting or ateamento fire to the house or the property of unpopular bosses - these and other forms of direct action, violent were employed in the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. These methods sometimes ran up against the machines taken by odious as such. Most of the time, were a way to enforce conditions established by custom, to intimidate strikebreakers, workers "illegal" or bosses or other actions "union". Lancashire - although the backbone of the organization consisted of weavers - miners, cotton spinners and all kinds of craftsmen participated in the riots. West Riding, although the targets of attacks were carding mechanical and cisalhadeiras, the Luddites were associated not only trimmers tissue but also series of weavers, tailors, shoemakers and representatives from almost all specialties of artisans. can see the Luddite as a manifestation of a working class culture with greater independence and complexity than any experienced by the eighteenth and nineteenth century. (Adapted from Thompson, 1987, p.124-179, v. 3).
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Povijest tion radnika. U Engleskoj, kao u osamnaestom stoljeću, rekreacijske uzajamne pomoći društvima organizira slova povremeno intervenirao kako bi se spriječilo smanjenje plaća ili zahtijevaju njegovu visinu kada porast troškova života. Te aktivnosti, u rasponu od peticije Saboru za fiksiranje plaće organiziranja štrajkova su pozvani kombinacije. Kad su se dogodile, kapitalisti postigao požalio Saboru i, općenito, dobila zabranu u pojedinim stručnim područjima. U 1799, britanski parlament donio zakon koji zabranjuje kombinacije radnika u bilo kojoj aktivnosti. Zabrana kombinacijama radnicima i njihovim sindikatima progon reproducirati u drugim zemljama, kao što su bili industrijalizacije. Zakoni protiv kombinacija u praksi, stavili radne organizacije izvan zakona. Radnici su zakonski zabranjeno tvrditi što god to bilo, dok su poslodavci imali potpunu slobodu utakmici protiv bilo koje aktivnosti svojih zaposlenika. Za radnike je ostao, onda, neki pravci djelovanja: praksa uništavanja strojeva, koji svrgnut rad i devalvirati nepravedne plaće nameće gazda, akcijske putem uvježbavanja više difuzne manifestacije revolucije, i politički nemiri Reforma države. Prvi put je postao poznat kao Luddistas pokret, ili "stroj kvara". Saznajte nešto više o tom pokretu: Tekst 11 U Luddite postoji u popularnoj umu kao čudan slučaj i spontanih majstora nepismeni, odupirući slijepo strojeva. Ali uništavanje strojeva ima mnogo dužu povijest. Uništavanje materijala, tkalački, vršalicama, na inundamento rudnicima ili oštećenja u usta mina, pljačke ili ateamento požara u kući ili imovine nepopularnih gazda - ove i drugih oblika izravne akcije, nasilni su zaposleni u osamnaestom stoljeću i početkom devetnaestog stoljeća. Ove metode se ponekad dotrčao protiv strojeva koje je poduzela mrsko kao takva. Većinu vremena, bili su način da se provede uvjete utvrđene običaju, za zastrašivanje strikebreakers, radnici "ilegalne" ili šefovi ili druge radnje "sindikata". Lancashire - iako je okosnica organizacije sastojao od tkalja - rudara, pamučne prelja i sve vrste obrtnika sudjelovali u neredima. West Riding, iako su meta napada bili carding mehanički i cisalhadeiras, Luddites su bili povezani ne samo za živicu tkivo, ali i niz tkalci, krojači, postolari i predstavnika iz gotovo svih specijaliteta obrtnika. možete vidjeti Luddite kao manifestacija radničke klase kulture s većom neovisnosti i složenosti od bilo koje strane iskusnih osamnaestom i devetnaestom stoljeću. (Preuzeto iz Thompsona, 1987, p.124-179, r.