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Heart Failure Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body’s tissues. Heart failure can develop slowly over time as the result of other conditions (such as high blood pressure and coronary artery disease) that weaken the heart. It can also occur suddenly as the result of damage to the heart muscle. Symptoms Common signs and symptoms of heart failure include: Treatment Treatment for heart failure depends on its severity. All patients need dietary salt restriction and other lifestyle adjustments, medication, and monitoring. Patients with severe heart failure may need implanted devices (such as pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators, or devices that help the heart pump blood) or surgery, including heart transplantation. Doctors usually treat heart failure, and the underlying conditions that cause it, with a combination of medications. These medications include: In some cases, doctors may also prescribe other drugs such as: Other medications that may be helpful include: Decision Making in Advanced Heart Failure For patients with advanced heart failure, symptom relief, quality of life, and personal values are as important to consider as survival, advises the American Heart Association (AHA). The AHA notes that while technology has increased the treatment options for advanced heart failure, “doing everything is not always the right thing.” AHA guidelines emphasize a patient-centered approach to treatment and the importance of patients discussing with their doctors their preferences, expectations, and goals. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body’s tissues. To understand what occurs in heart failure, it helps to understand the anatomy of the heart and how it works. The heart is composed of two independent pumping systems, one on the right side, and the other on the left. Each has two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle. The ventricles are the major pumps in the heart. The Right Side of the Heart. The right system receives blood from the veins of the whole body. This is "used" blood, which is poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. In the right side of the heart: The Left Side of the Heart. The left system receives blood from the lungs. This blood is now rich in oxygen. In the left side of the heart: The Valves. Valves are muscular flaps that open and close so blood will flow in the right direction. There are four valves in the heart: The Heart's Electrical System. Heartbeats are triggered and regulated by the conducting system, a network of specialized muscle cells that form a type of electrical system in the heart muscles. These cells are connected by channels that pass chemically-triggered electrical impulses. Heart failure is a process, not a disease. The heart doesn't "fail" in the sense of ceasing to beat (as occurs during cardiac arrest). Rather, it weakens, usually over the course of months or years, so that it is unable to pump out all the blood that enters its chambers. As a result, fluids build up in the lungs and tissues, causing congestion. This is why heart failure is also sometimes referred to as "congestive heart failure." Ways the Heart Can Fail. Heart failure can occur in several ways: Heart failure’s specific effects on the body depend on whether it occurs on the left or right sides of the heart. Over time, in either form of heart failure, the organs in the body do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, and the body's wastes are removed slowly. Eventually, vital systems break down. Failure on the Left Side (Left-Ventricular Heart Failure). Failure on the left side of the heart is more common than failure on the right side. The failure can be a result of abnormal systolic (contraction) or diastolic (relaxation) action: Ejection Fraction. To help determine the severity of left-sided heart failure, doctors use an ejection fraction (EF) calculation, also called a left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This is the percentage of the blood pumped out from the left ventricle during each heartbeat. An ejection fraction of 50 - 75% is considered normal. Patients with left-ventricular heart failure are classified as either having a preserved ejection fraction (greater than 50%) or a reduced ejection fraction (less than 50%). Patients with preserved LVEF heart failure are more likely to be female and older, and have a history of high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation (a disturbance in heart rhythm). Failure on the Right Side (Right-Ventricular Heart Failure). Failure on the right side of the heart is most often a result of failure on the left. Because the right ventricle receives blood from the veins, failure here causes the blood to back up. As a result, the veins surrounding the heart fill up with blood and fluid. This fluid is pushed out into the body’s tissues and causes swelling in the feet, ankles, legs, and abdomen. Pulmonary hypertension (increase in pressure in the lung's pulmonary artery) and lung disease may also cause right-sided heart failure. Heart failure has many causes and can evolve in different ways. In all cases, the weaker pumping action of the heart means that less blood is sent to the kidneys. The kidneys respond by retaining salt and water. This in turn increases edema (fluid buildup) in the body, which causes widespread damage. Uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension) is a major cause of heart failure even in the absence of a heart attack. In fact, about 75% of cases of heart failure start with hypertension. It generally develops as follows: Coronary artery disease is the end result of a process called atherosclerosis (commonly called "hardening of the arteries"). It is the most common cause of heart attack and involves the build-up of cholesterol in the arteries, with inflammation and injury in the cells of the blood vessels. The arteries narrow and become brittle. Heart failure in such cases most often results from a pumping defect in the left side of the heart. People often survive heart attacks, but many eventually develop heart failure from the damage the attack does to the heart muscles. The valves of the heart control the flow of blood leaving and entering the heart. Abnormalities can cause blood to back up or leak back into the heart. In the past, rheumatic fever, which scars the heart valves and prevents them from functioning properly, was a major cause of death from heart failure. Fortunately, antibiotics and other advances have now made this disease a minor cause of heart failure in industrialized nations. Birth defects may also cause abnormal valvular development. Although more children born with heart defects are now living to adulthood, they still face a higher than average risk for heart failure as they age. Cardiomyopathy is a disorder that damages the heart muscles and leads to heart failure. There are several different types. Injury to the heart muscles may cause the heart muscles to thin out (dilate) or become too thick (become hypertrophic). In either case, the heart doesn't pump correctly. Viral myocarditis is a rare viral infection that involves the heart muscle and can produce either temporary or permanent heart muscle damage. Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy involves an enlarged heart ventricle. The muscles thin out, reducing the heart's pumping action, usually on the left side. Although this condition is associated with genetic factors, the direct cause is often not known. (This is called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.) In other cases, viral infections, alcoholism, and high blood pressure may increase the risk for this condition. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the heart muscles become thick and have difficulty contracting. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be due to a genetic defect that causes a loss of power in heart muscle cells and, subsequently, lower pumping strength. To compensate for this power loss, the heart muscle cells grow. This condition, rare in the general population, is often the cause of sudden death in young athletes. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Restrictive cardiomyopathy refers to a group of disorders in which the heart chambers are unable to properly fill with blood because of stiffness in the heart. The heart is of normal size or only slightly enlarged. However, it cannot relax normally during the time between heartbeats when the blood returns from the body to the heart (diastole). The most common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy are amyloidosis and scarring of the heart from an unknown cause (idiopathic myocardial fibrosis). It often occurs after heart transplant. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (severe chronic bronchitis or emphysema) and other major lung diseases are risk factors for right-sided heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension is increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries that carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. The increased pressure makes the heart work harder to pump blood, which can cause heart failure. An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) or underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can have severe effects on the heart and increase the risk for heart failure. Coronary artery disease, heart attack, and high blood pressure are the main causes and risk factors of heart failure. Other diseases that damage or weaken the heart muscle or heart valves can also cause heart failure. Heart failure is most common in people over age 65, African-Americans, and women. Heart failure risk increases with advancing age. Heart failure is the most common reason for hospitalization in people age 65 years and older. Men are at higher risk for heart failure than women. However, women are more likely than men to develop diastolic heart failure (a failure of the heart muscle to relax normally), which is often a precursor to systolic heart failure (impaired ability to pump blood). African-Americans are more likely than Caucasians to develop heart failure before age 50 and die from the condition. People with a family history of cardiomyopathies (diseases that damage the heart muscle) are at increased risk of developing heart failure. Researchers are investigating specific genetic variants that increase heart failure risk. People with diabetes are at high risk for heart failure, particularly if they also have coronary artery disease and high blood pressure. Some types of diabetes medications, such as rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos), may cause or worsen heart failure. Chronic kidney disease caused by diabetes also increases heart failure risk. Obesity is associated with both high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes, conditions that place people at risk for heart failure. Evidence strongly suggests that obesity itself is a major risk factor for heart failure, particularly in women. Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and alcohol and drug abuse can increase the risk for developing heart failure. Certain drugs can potentially damage the heart and increase the risk for heart failure. Long-term use of high-dose anabolic steroids (male hormones used to build muscle mass) increases the risk for heart failure. The cancer drug imatinib (Gleevec) has been associated with heart failure. Other chemotherapy drugs, such as doxorubicin, can increase the risk for developing heart failure years after cancer treatment. (Cancer radiation therapy to the chest can also damage the heart muscle.) The complications caused by heart failure influence a patient’s chance for survival. Although heart failure produces very high mortality rates, treatment advances are improving survival rates. Cardiac Cachexia. If patients with heart failure are overweight to begin with, their condition tends to be more severe. Once heart failure develops, an important indicator of a worsening condition is the occurrence of cardiac cachexia, which is unintentional rapid weight loss (a loss of at least 7.5% of normal weight within 6 months). Impaired Kidney Function. Heart failure weakens the heart’s ability to pump blood. This can affect other parts of the body including the kidneys (which in turn can lead to fluid build-up). Decreased kidney function is common in patients with heart failure, both as a complication of heart failure and other diseases associated with heart failure (such as diabetes). Studies suggest that, in patients with heart failure, impaired kidney function increases the risks for heart complications, including hospitalization and death. Congestion (Fluid Buildup). In left-sided heart failure, fluid builds up first in the lungs, a condition called pulmonary edema. Later, as right-sided heart failure develops, fluid builds up in the legs, feet, and abdomen. Fluid buildup is treated with lifestyle measures, such as reducing salt in the diet, as well as drugs, such as diuretics. Arrhythmias (Irregular Beatings of the Heart). There are several types of arrhythmias: Angina and Heart Attacks. While coronary artery disease is a major cause of heart failure, patients with heart failure are at continued risk for angina and heart attacks. Special care should be taken with sudden and strenuous exertion, particularly snow shoveling, during colder months. Many symptoms of heart failure result from the congestion that develops as fluid backs up into the lungs and leaks into the tissues. Other symptoms result from inadequate delivery of oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues. Since heart failure can progress rapidly, it is essential to consult a doctor immediately if any of the following symptoms are detected: Fatigue. Patients may feel unusually tired. Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea). Symptoms and types of dyspnea include: Fluid Retention (Edema) and Weight Gain. Heart failure can cause foot, ankle, leg, or abdominal swelling. In rare cases, swelling can occur in the veins of the neck. Fluid retention can cause sudden weight gain and frequent urination. Wheezing or Cough. Heart failure can cause asthma-like wheezing, or a dry hacking cough that occurs a few hours after lying down but then stops after sitting up. Loss of Muscle Mass. Over time, patients may lose muscle weight due to low cardiac output and a significant reduction in physical activity. Gastrointestinal Symptoms. Problems include loss of appetite or a sense of feeling full after eating small amounts. Patients may also have abdominal pain. Pulmonary Edema. When fluid in the lungs builds up, it is called pulmonary edema, which produces severe symptoms. These symptoms may develop suddenly or gradually build up over a matter of days: Abnormal Heart Rhythms. Heart failure can cause episodes of abnormally fast or slow heart rate. Central Sleep Apnea. This sleep disorder results when the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe during sleep. It occurs in up to half of people with heart failure. Sleep apnea causes disordered breathing at night. If heart failure progresses, the apnea may be so acute that a person, unable to breathe, may awaken from sleep in panic. Doctors can often make a preliminary diagnosis of heart failure by medical history and careful physical examination. A thorough medical history may identify risks for heart failure that include: The following physical signs, along with medical history, strongly suggest heart failure: Both blood and urine tests are used to check for problems with the liver and kidneys and to detect signs of diabetes. Lab tests can include: An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of the heart. It is also called an EKG. An electrocardiogram cannot diagnose heart failure, but it may indicate underlying heart problems. The test is simple and painless to perform. It may be used to diagnose: A completely normal ECG means that heart failure is unlikely. The best diagnostic test for heart failure is echocardiography. Echocardiography is a noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to image the heart as it is beating. Cardiac ultrasounds provide the following information: Doctors use information from the echocardiogram for calculating the ejection fraction (how much blood is pumped out during each heartbeat), which is important for determining the severity of heart failure. Stress echocardiography may be needed if coronary artery disease is suspected. Doctors may recommend angiography if they suspect that blockage of the coronary arteries is contributing to heart failure. This procedure is invasive. Radionuclide Ventriculography. Radionuclide ventriculography is an imaging technique that uses a tiny amount of radioactive material (called a trace element). It is very sensitive in revealing heart enlargement or evidence of fluid accumulation around the heart and lungs. It may be done at the same time as coronary artery angiography. It can help diagnose or exclude the presence of coronary artery disease and also demonstrate how the heart works during exercise. Chest x-rays can show whether the heart is enlarged. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also be used to evaluate the heart valves and arteries. The exercise stress test measures heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiographic changes, and oxygen consumption while a patient is performing physically, usually walking on a treadmill. It can help determine heart failure symptoms. Doctors also use exercise tests to evaluate long-term outlook and the effects of particular treatments. A stress test may be done using echocardiography or may be done as a nuclear stress test (myocardial perfusion imaging). Heart failure is classified into four stages (Stage A through Stage D) that reflect the development and progression of the condition. Treatment depends on the stage of heart failure. Stage A is not technically heart failure, but indicates that a patient is at high risk for developing it. In Stage B, the patient has had damage to the heart (for example, from a heart attack) but does not yet have symptoms of heart failure. In Stage C, heart failure symptoms manifest. Stage D is advanced heart failure accompanied by symptoms that may be difficult to manage with standard drug treatments and may require more technologically complex care (defibrillators, mechanical pumps, heart transplantation). The American Heart Association emphasizes the importance of a patient-centered approach to treatment decisions. Patients with advanced heart failure should have ongoing honest discussions with their health care providers concerning their personal preferences and quality of life goals. Stage A. In Stage A, patients are at high risk for heart failure but do not show any symptoms or have structural damage of the heart. The first step in managing or preventing heart failure is to treat the primary conditions that cause or complicate heart failure. Risk factors include high blood pressure, heart diseases, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and previous use of medications that damage the heart (such as some chemotherapy). Important risk factors to manage include: Stage B. Patients have a structural heart abnormality seen on echocardiogram or other imaging tests but no symptoms of heart failure. Abnormalities include left ventricular hypertrophy and low ejection fraction, asymptomatic valvular heart disease, and a previous heart attack. In addition to the treatment guidelines for Stage A, the following types of drugs and devices may be recommended for some patients: Stage C. Patients have a structural abnormality and current or previous symptoms of heart failure, including shortness of breath, fatigue, and difficulty exercising. Treatment includes those for Stage A and B plus: Stage D. Patients have end-stage symptoms that do not respond to standard treatments. Treatment focuses not only on survival but on symptom relief and quality of life issues. Treatment includes appropriate measures used for Stages A, B, and C plus: Whenever heart failure worsens, whether quickly or chronically over time, various factors must be considered as the cause: Many different medications are used in the treatment of heart failure. They include: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are among the most important drugs for treating patients with heart failure. ACE inhibitors open blood vessels and decrease the workload of the heart. They are used to treat high blood pressure but can also help improve heart and lung muscle function. ACE inhibitors are particularly important for patients with diabetes, because they also help slow progression of kidney disease. Brands and Indications. ACE inhibitors are used to treat Stage A high-risk conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetic nerve disorders (neuropathy). They are also used to treat Stage B patients who have had a heart attack or who have left ventricular systolic disorder, and Stage C patients with heart failure. Specific brands of ACE inhibitors include: Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors: ARBs, also known as angiotensin II receptor antagonists, are similar to ACE inhibitors in their ability to open blood vessels and lower blood pressure. They may have fewer or less-severe side effects than ACE inhibitors, especially coughing, and are sometimes prescribed as an alternative to ACE inhibitors. Some patients with heart failure take an ACE inhibitor along with an ARB. Brands and Indications. ARBs are used to treat Stage A high-risk conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetic nerve disorders (neuropathy). They are also used to treat Stage B patients who have had a heart attack or who have left ventricular systolic disorder, and Stage C patients with heart failure. Specific brands include: Common Side Effects Beta blockers are almost always used in combination with other drugs, such as ACE inhibitors and diuretics. They help slow heart rate and lower blood pressure. When used properly, beta blockers can reduce the risk of death or rehospitalization. Brands and Indications. Beta blockers treat Stage A high blood pressure. They also treat Stage B patients (both those who have had a heart attack and those who have not had a heart attack but who have heart damage). A specialist should monitor patients with heart failure who take beta blockers. The three beta blockers that are best for treating Stage C patients with heart failure are: Beta Blocker Concerns Common Side Effects Check with your doctor about any side effects. Do not stop taking these drugs on your own. Diuretics cause the kidneys to rid the body of excess salt and water. Fluid retention is a major symptom of heart failure. Aggressive use of diuretics can help eliminate excess body fluids, while reducing hospitalizations and improving exercise capacity. These drugs are also important to help prevent heart failure in patients with high blood pressure. In addition, certain diuretics, notably spironolactone (Aldactone, generic), block aldosterone, a hormone involved in heart failure. This drug class is beneficial for patients with more severe heart failure (Stages C and D). Diuretics come in many brands and are generally inexpensive. Some need to be taken once a day, some twice a day. Diuretics are usually started at a low dose and gradually increased. Your doctor may advise you to adjust the amount and timing of the diuretic if you notice swelling or weight gain. Diuretics are virtually always used in combination with other drugs, especially ACE inhibitors and beta blockers. There are three main types of diuretics: Side Effects. In addition to increased urination, all types of diuretics may cause dry mouth, dehydration, fatigue, muscle cramps, and dizziness and lightheadedness. Diuretics can increase the amount of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to gout. In men, diuretics may produce erectile dysfunction. Potassium imbalances are an important concern with diuretics: Aldosterone is a hormone that is critical in controlling the body's balance of salt and water. Excessive levels play important roles in high blood pressure and heart failure. Drugs that block aldosterone are prescribed for some patients with symptomatic heart failure. They reduce death rates for patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease, especially after a heart attack. Aldosterone blocker brands include spironolactone (Aldactone, generic) and eplerenone (Inspra, generic). Like loop and thiazide diuretics, aldosterone blockers can cause abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood. Patients should not take potassium supplements at the same time as this drug and may need to avoid foods with high potassium content. Digitalis is derived from the foxglove plant. It has been used to treat heart disease since the 1700s. Digoxin (Lanoxin, generic) is the most commonly prescribed digitalis preparation. Digoxin decreases heart size and reduces certain heart rhythm disturbances (arrhythmias). Although it was once a mainstay of heart failure treatment, it is now used less often than newer drugs. Digitalis may be useful for select patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction who do not respond to other drugs (diuretics, ACE inhibitors). It may also be used for patients who have atrial fibrillation. Side Effects and Problems. While digitalis is generally a safe drug, it can have severe adverse side effects. The most serious side effects are arrhythmias. Early signs of toxicity may be irregular heartbeat, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fatigue, visual disturbances (such as yellow vision, seeing halos around lights, flickering or flashing of lights), and emotional and mental disturbances. Many factors increase the chance for side effects. Digitalis also interacts with many other drugs, including quinidine, amiodarone, verapamil, flecainide, amiloride, and propafenone. For most patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure, low-dose digoxin may be as effective as higher doses. If side effects are mild, patients should still consider continuing with digitalis if they experience other benefits. Hydralazine and nitrates are two older drugs that help relax arteries and veins, thereby reducing the heart's workload and allowing more blood to reach the tissues. They are used primarily for patients who are unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. BiDil is a drug that combines isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine. BiDil is approved to specifically treat heart failure in African-American patients. Statins are important drugs used to lower cholesterol and to prevent heart disease leading to heart failure. These drugs include lovastatin (Mevacor, generic), pravastatin (Pravachol, generic), simvastatin (Zocor, generic), fluvastatin (Lescol), atorvastatin (Lipitor, generic), rosuvastatin (Crestor), and pitavastatin (Livalo). Atorvastatin is specifically approved to reduce the risks for hospitalization for heart failure in patients with heart disease. Anti-platelet and anticoagulant drugs help thin the blood and prevent the formation of blood clots. It is not clear if these drugs are helpful for patients with heart failure who are not at risk for blood clots. Aspirin. Aspirin is a type of non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAID). Aspirin is recommended for protecting patients with heart disease, and can safely be used with ACE inhibitors, particularly when it is taken in lower dosages (75 - 81 mg). Warfarin (Coumadin, generic). Warfarin is recommended only for patients with heart failure who also have: Nesiritide (Natrecor). Nesiritide is an intravenous drug that has been used for © 2017 KentuckyOne Health • 200 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40202
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Zatajenje srca : uzroci , simptomi , dijagnoza , liječenje Kardiovaskularne Bolesti / / August 12, 2017 Heart failure Video Srce je mišićni organ koji radi kao pumpa, pumpa krv u sve dijelove tijela, a za opskrbu organa i tkiva s kisikom i esencijalnih hranjivih tvari. slučaj povrede sposobnosti srca da pumpa krv razviti zatajenje srca. srčani ciklus sastoji se od dijastole i sistole.Tijekom dijastole, moždane šupljine - od srca komore, opustite se i napunite krv dolazi iz atrija.Tijekom sistola moždane šupljine su protjerani, oni sadrže krv u plućne debla i aorte.Ako je nemoguće izbaciti potrebnu količinu krvi klijetke neuspjeh sistolički srca razvija.U tom slučaju, ako se ne može ventrikula za opuštanje, kako bi se potpuno ispuniti krvlju je dijastolički zatajenje srca.Sudjelovanje srca može biti desna ruka - desnostrana zatajenje srca je povezano s desne klijetke preopterećenja;ljevak - lijevo-sided zatajenja srca - je rezultat lijeve preopterećenja klijetke. Lijeva klijetka je glavna crpna komora, a pojava zatajenja srca obično počinje s lijeve strane, ali je često proces bolesti utječe crpna funkcija miokarda, tekućina se može nakupljati u jetri, gastrointestinalni trakt, ruke i noge.To se naziva kongestivno zatajenje srca. razlikovati kronični i akutni zastoj srca. neuspjeh Kronična srca nastaje kao posljedica kardiovaskularnih bolesti ima dugu stazu i napreduje s vremenom.Oštećeno tkivo promijeniti svoju gustoću i strukturu, tako da srce ne može u potpunosti nositi s funkcijom pumpati krv. Akutno zatajenje srca obično se razvija naglo u kratkom vremenskom razdoblju je pojačan otežano disanje, disanje postaje brže i zviždanje, koža postaje plava, krvni tlak skače, ružičasto površan ispljuvak može se pojaviti na usnama.Ovo stanje predstavlja ozbiljnu prijetnju za život pacijenta i zahtijeva hitnu hospitalizaciju u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja. uzrok kongestivnog zatajenja srca su faktori kao što su srčani udar, krvni ugrušak u plućima, alergijske reakcije i teške infekcije, itd .. patoloških procesa koji oštećuju srčani mišić, kao u pravilu, su nepovratna, ali zdravim načinom života, terapije lijekovima, trajnafollow-up, kardiolog može kontrolirati tjelesnu kondiciju, poboljšati njegovu učinkovitost i zadržati potpunu kvalitetu života. Znakovi i simptomi zatajenja srca Simptomi zatajenja srca nisu odmah.U početku, oni mogu nametnuti samo tijekom vježbanja, s vremenom, možda će vam probleme s disanjem i druge simptome, čak iu vrijeme odmora. Simptomi kroničnog zatajenja srca: - oticanje u nogama, gležnjeva, ponekad i na trbuhu, Debljanje zbog zadržavanja tekućine; - otežano disanje i kašalj; - lupanje srca; - Pozivajući za mokrenjem tijekom noći; - umor, slabost, vrtoglavica, - Gubitak apetita; - Kratkoća daha tijekom fizičke aktivnosti ili nakon idete; - Povećanje jetre; - noćnih budenja zbog kratkoće daha; - Smanjenje zdravlja; - Poteškoće koncentriraju. Tijekom dužeg zatajenja srca pokazuje veći broj simptoma, i oni imaju tendenciju da se više izražen. Uzroci zatajivanja srca do zatajenja srca može izazvati bilo kakve bolesti srca.Oštećeno tkivo postaje kruta i zatvorena, a srce se ne može u potpunosti nositi s funkcijom pumpati krv. Najčešći uzroci zatajenja srca: - koronarna arterijska bolest, suženje malih krvnih žila koje opskrbljuju krvlju i kisikom srčanog mišića; - Visoki krvni tlak koji nije pod kontrolom; - prirođene bolesti srca; - Srčani udar; - bolesti srčanih zalistaka; - Infekcije koje oslabiti srčani mišić; - Aritmije; - amiloidoza; - Emfizem; - hipertireoza; - Sarkoidoza; - Teška anemija; - Visok sadržaj željeza u tijelu; - Bolesti štitne žlijezde; - (oštećenja srčanog mišića zbog infekcije, bolesti kao što su reumatoidni artritis ili lupus, kao i zlouporabi alkohola ili droga) kardiomiopatija - miokarditis (upala srca uzrokovanog virusne infekcije). Čimbenici rizika zatajenje srca postoji visoki rizik od razvoja zatajenja srca ako: - hipertenzivna bolest srca; - Dijabetes; - postoje bilo kakve bolesti srca, a vi ste imali srčani udar; - Prekomjerna tjelesna težina; - orthopnea; - uzimanje određenih lijekova; - zlouporaba alkohola, pušenje ili uzimanje lijekova. Dijagnostika zatajenje srca Dijagnoza bolesti uključuje sveobuhvatan pristup. - Fizikalni pregled. Na fizikalni pregled, pacijent je pregledao prsa.Čut ćete rad srca i pluća.Liječnik će vas pregledati radi znakova zatajenja srca: - Brzo disanje ili otežanog disanja; - Oticanje ruku i nogu; - Proširene vene na vratu; - specifični zvukovi iz nakupljanja tekućine u plućima; - Nakupljanje tekućine u trbušnoj šupljini; - Nakupljanje tekućine u jetri, koja je izrazila svoju nježnost; - Nepravilni ili ubrzan rad srca i neobična srce žamor. - Istraživanje. dijagnostički testovi za zatajenje srca: - Krvni testovi za provjeru funkcije bubrega i štitnjače; - echocardiogram: omogućuje vam da odredite vrstu zatajenja srca - sistolički ili dijastoličkog zatajivanja srca; - Određivanje izbacivanje frakcije, da se vidi koliko je krvi srce može ispumpati; - elektrokardiogram (EKG) - otkriva probleme srčanog ritma; - tomografija odrediti opseg oštećenja srčanog mišića, te kako dobro srce je u stanju da pumpa krv; - Koronarna angiografija - otkriva suženu arteriju. - rentgenska slika kako bi se utvrdilo postoje li se povećanjem srca i nakupljanje tekućine u plućima - dva faktora koje su često povezane sa zatajenjem srca. liječenju zatajenja srca terapije droga mogu znatno olakšati rad srca: proširiti krvne žile, normalizira srčani ritam, potrebno je napuniti kalija, smanjuje rizik od oštećenja srca, osloboditi tijelo od viška tekućine i soli. medicinskih pripravaka za liječenje zatajenja srca svrhu terapije lijekovima za zatajenje srca je: - kako bi se smanjili kliničke simptome kao što su umor, aritmije, dispneja, edem, itd;. - štiti krvne žile, srce, bubrege, oštećenje mozga; - poboljšati kvalitetu života; - smanjiti broj hospitalizacija i produžiti život. Glavni lijekova koji se koriste za liječenje zatajenja srca su ACE inhibitori (ACEI), srčane giikozide, B-blokatori, diuretici, antianginalnim sredstvima. - ACE inhibitori. Ovi lijekovi su pridonijeli povećanju koronarnog protoka krvi, a produžena primjena dovodi do smanjenja ozbiljnosti hipertrofije miokarda.Oni šire krvne žile, smanjuje krvni tlak i srce rade lakše pumpa krv. ACE inhibitori su: - benazepril (Lotenzin); - kaptopril (napa); - fosinopril (Monopril); - Lizinopril (Zestrill); - enalapril (Vasotec). - Antagonisti angiotenzina II receptora. Za pacijente koji ne mogu uzimati ACE inhibitore, su dobra alternativa za angiotenzin II antagonisti receptora (ARB): - irbesartana (Avapro); - Kandesartan (Atacand); - losartan (Cozaar); - valsartana (Diovan). - Srčani glikozidi povećava snagu srčane kontrakcije, pomažući da se srce pumpa više krvi, poboljšava mokrenje (mochevyvedeniya), pomoći da se bolje tolerirati vježbe, pridonijeti poboljšanju kliničkih simptoma i usporiti napredovanje bolesti.Oni su vrlo učinkoviti lijekovi, ali oni se moraju koristiti s velikim oprezom i pod liječničkim nadzorom. Ova skupina lijekova uključuje: - digoksina; - Strofantin; - Kkorglikon. - b-blokatori - pomoći da se smanji broj otkucaja srca, poboljšava cirkulaciju krvi, niži krvni tlak. beta-blokatora su: - acebutolol (Sektral); - atenolola (Tenormin); - bisoprolol (Zebeta); - karvedilol (Roper); - propranolol (inderal); - metoprolol (Lopresor). - Diuretici. diuretika ili diuretici zaključiti višak tekućine iz tijela, čime se uklanjanju oteklina i smanjuje opterećenje na srce.Postoje različite vrste diuretika (petlje, tiazidskog, tiazidni).Diuretici negativna značajka je da su osim vode izlučuju kalij i magnezij, čiji nedostatak može pogoršati stanje pacijenta.Zbog toga, upotreba diuretika je nužno kompenzirati nedostatak mikronutrijenata. Najviše popupulyarnym diuretici su: - Tiazidi: klorotiazid, klortalidon, indapamid, hidroklorotiazid, metolazon. - Loop diuretici: bumetanid, furosemid (Lasix), torasemida. - štedi kalij diuretici: amilorid, spironolakton, triamteren. Dostupno kao diuretici, koji sadrže kombinaciju dvaju ili više lijekova. Tijekom prijema diuretika, potrebno je provjeriti bubrege i kontrolira razinu kalija. Zbog povećane učestalosti mokrenja, nemojte uzimati nikakve diuretike u noći.Uzeti ih svaki dan u isto vrijeme. - angine lijekovi - proširuje krvne žile, pomažu smanjiti potrebu srca za kisikom iu isto vrijeme povećati svoje isporuke, dovesti do smanjenja ventrikularne stijenke stresa, dovesti do smanjenja tlaka u plućnoj cirkulaciji, poboljšati sistolički funkciju srca. - izosorbid dinitrat; - hidralazin hidroklorida. Lijekovi se ne preporučuje za primjenu u srčanim Lijekovi koji mogu pogoršati rad srca: - ibuprofen (advil, motrin); - naproksen ((Alevi, naprosyn); - sildenafil (Viagra); - tadalafil (Cialis); - vardenafil (Levitra) Kirurško liječenje zatajenja srca - koronarne arterije presađivanje ili angioplastika sa stenta ili.bez - može poboljšati protok krvi u slučaju oštećenja ili oslabljenog srčanog mišića - kirurgija srca ventili -. srčani omogućuju održavati stabilan ritam srca - defibrilator - medicinski uređaj koji pomoću električnih impulsa, uklanjanje opasnih po život nenormalan ritam srca -. transplantacija srca end-stage srčano zatajenje zatajenje srca - kronično stanje koje može pogoršati razviti ozbiljne zatajenja srca, gdje je terapija lijekovima i drugi, uključujući i kirurške tehnike tijekom vremena, već nekim ljudima.nisu učinkoviti. Mnogi pacijenti su na rizik od umiranja od bolesti.U ovoj fazi obično zahtijeva transplantaciju srca.Čekanje razdoblje transplantata srca, mnogi pacijenti zahtijevaju uporabu posebnih uređaja kao što su: - implantirani defibrilator za povratak normalnog srčanog ritma; -intraballonny pumpa (HAC), koji podržava rad srca; - umjetna lijeve klijetke - koja omogućuje da se produžiti život pacijenta i poboljšati njegovu kvalitetu. Prehrana i dodatke prehrani zatajenje srca Izbor dodatnih dodataka prehrani za pacijente sa zatajivanjem srca treba provoditi u suradnji s kardiologom, uzimajući u obzir sve individualne karakteristike bolesti. - Magnezij potrebno za održavanje zdravlja srca.Ovaj element u tragovima je posebno važno za normalan srčani ritam i često se koristi od strane liječnika za liječenje nepravilnog srca (aritmije).Pacijentima sa srčanom insuficijencijom često u opasnosti od razvoja aritmije.Nadalje, određeni diuretici (diuretici) mogu dovesti do gubitka magnezija.Iz tog razloga, liječnik može preporučiti dodatke prehrani koji sadrže element u tragovima. - karnitin (500 mg 2 puta dnevno) - Neke rane studije su pokazale da je L-karnitin nosa može smanjiti vjerojatnost od razvoja zatajenja srca nakon srčanog udara i za poboljšanje stanja tijekom vježbanja, ako već imate bolest srca.Karnitin - tvar koja pomaže tijelu pretvoriti masnih kiselina u energiju koja se koristi za rad mišića cijelog organizma. - Koenzim Q10 (CoQ10, 100 - 200 mg dnevno) - CoQ10 razine mogu biti niska kod osoba sa zatajenjem srca.Brojne studije su pokazale da CoQ10 supplement može pomoći u smanjenju oteklina na nogama, poboljšavaju disanje kroz smanjenje tekućine u plućima, te povećati tjelesnu vježbanje tolerancije u ljudi sa zatajenjem srca.Međutim, ozbiljna istraživanja na ovom području je provedeno, tako da iz sigurnosnih razloga, posavjetujte sa stručnjakom prije nego što počnete uzimati ovaj dodatak. - Kreatin je aminokiselina proizveden od strane tijela.Ona sadrži uglavnom u mišićima.Prema rezultatima nekih studija u bolesnika koji su primali kreatin osim osnovnog liječenja, poboljšanje mišićne funkcije i izdržljivosti.Međutim, potrebno je više istraživanja o učinkovitosti kreatina nosa bolesnika s zatajenjem srca. - Vitamin B1 (tiamin) Niska razina tiamina može pridonijeti razvoju srčanog zatajenja.Bolesnici s teškim zatajenjem srca može izgubiti značajne količine težine, uključujući mišiće (pod nazivom kaheksija) koja je uzrok mnogih hranjivih tvari nedostatkom, uključujući i tiamina.Osim gubitka tiamina može dovesti prima diuretike. - Amino Istraživanja pokazuju da aminokiseline su korisni za normalan rad srca, ali istraživanje je potrebno o učinkovitosti njihova dodatna ulaznica za zatajenje srca: - Arginin čini tijelo otpornijim na fizički stres, povećava razinu dušikovog oksida u krvi, poboljšanjecirkulacija. - Taurin poboljšava kontraktilnost srca, smanjuje volumen lijeve klijetke. bilja koji se koriste u zatajenja srca uporaba bilja za liječenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti treba provoditi s oprezom, budući da bilje može uzrokovati različite nuspojave i interakcije s drugim biljem, dodataka i lijekova.Iz tog razloga, biljni tretmani moraju se provoditi samo pod nadzorom liječnika - kardiolog. - Glog. cvijeće i bobice tradicionalno koriste za liječenje poremećaja ritma srca, hipertenzija, bol u prsima, ateroskleroza (otvrdnjavanje arterija) i zatajenja srca.