http___livro-ensino-medio.f1cf.com.br_biologia_hr_biology-47.html_1.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1
Knowing the cell from the outside, you will find that they are formed by smaller units: the molecules. Of the 92 natural elements existing in the Universe, 21 are essential for the functioning of life on Earth, so important for the cells. Among them, the main chemical elements are: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P). You must be thinking that these are the most common elements in the universe and the most abundant in the earth's crust, right? If you thought that way, unfortunately, you thought wrong. Surveys show that the spatial order of decreasing abundance of chemical elements in the universe is different. These indicate that the most common are: hydrogen (H), helium (He), oxygen (O), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), neon (Ne), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), iron ( Fe), sulfur (S), argon (Ar), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), nickel (Ni) and sodium (Na). The most abundant chemical elements in Earth's crust are oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). In the cell, are present approximately 30 chemicals, and carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N), the main ones. But why is that carbon is the main formative element of living beings? Carbon is found in the analyzes of samples of all living organisms. It has the ability to form four single bonds or further double and triple bonds, always seeking to acquire chemical stability, i.e., the last layer with the electron configuration similar to that of noble gases. The covalent bonding occurs when two atoms approach each other and they share one or more electrons. In cells, the carbon atom is the only capable of forming covalent bonds with long chains together, forming a strong complex structures chemical stability, such as proteins. In addition to the protein, the carbon atom (C) also participates in the chemical composition of the molecules of carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1
Znajući ćeliji izvana, pronaći ćete da su formirane od strane manjih jedinica: Molekule. Od 92 prirodnih elemenata koji postoje u svemiru, 21 su neophodni za funkcioniranje života na Zemlji, tako važno za stanice. Među njima, glavni kemijski elementi su: ugljik (C), vodik (H), kisik (O), dušik (N), sumpor (S) i fosfor (P). Morate biti misleći da su to najčešći elementi u svemiru i najbrojnije u zemljinoj kori, zar ne? Ako ste mislili da je tako, na žalost, u krivu ste mislili. Ankete pokazuju da bi za prostorno smanjuje brojnost kemijskih elemenata u svemiru je drugačiji. To pokazuju da je najčešći su: vodik (H), helij (He), kisika (O), ugljični (C), dušika (N), neon (Ne), silicij (Si), magnezij (Mg), glačalo ( npr.), sumpor (S), argon (Ar), aluminij (Al), kalcija (Ca), nikal (Ni) i natrij (Na). Najzastupljenijih kemijskih elemenata u Zemljinoj kori su kisik (O), silicij (Si), aluminij (Al), željezo (Fe), kalcija (Ca), natrij (Na) i kalij (K). U ćeliji, prisutni su oko 30 kemikalija i ugljik (C), vodik (H), kisik (O) i dušik (N), glavni. Ali zašto je to ugljen je glavni oblikovni element živih bića? Ugljik se nalazi u analizama uzoraka svih živih organizama. Ona ima sposobnost da se formira četiri pojedinačne obveznice ili dodatno dvokrevetne i trokrevetne obveznice, uvijek u potrazi za stjecanje kemijsku stabilnost, tj., zadnji sloj s elektronskim konfiguraciji sličnoj onoj od plemenitih plinova. Kovalentna veza nastaje kada se dva atoma približiti jedni drugima i dijele jedan ili više elektrona. U stanicama, ugljikov atom je jedina sposobna tvoriti kovalentne veze s dugim lancima zajedno, stvarajući snažnu kemijsku stabilnost složene strukture, kao što su proteini. Osim proteina, ugljikov atom (C) također sudjeluje u kemijski sastav molekule ugljikohidrata, lipida i nukleinskih kiselina.