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Microsoft was among the first software companies founded at the dawn of the personal computer revolution and remains one of the industry’s most influential players today. Through a combination of solid products, bold business decisions and luck, Microsoft rose from humble beginnings in Albuquerque, New Mexico to become one of history’s most successful businesses. This article is a brief history of one of the most important companies in the history of technology. Microsoft was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, two passionate computer hobbyists who had become friends as children in Seattle. At the time, Gates was attending Harvard University and Allen had recently dropped out of Washington State University to work for Honeywell. Intel released the 8080 microprocessor in 1974 and both men understood that the chip had the potential to make computers sufficiently small and affordable to move out of data centers and into small businesses and homes. The January 1975 issue of “Popular Electronics” featured a cover photo that caught the attention of Gates and Allen. The photo was of the Altair 8800, a computer utilizing the Intel 8080 microprocessor and designed by calculator company MITS. The Altair 8800 was the first commercially available microcomputer. Gates and Allen both believed it would be the first of a new generation of affordable computers and that the new industry would not wait for Gates to finish his education. Gates left Harvard and the two formed Microsoft to write software for the Altair 8800. The Altair 8800 was hardly a computer in the modern sense of the word; it lacked a keyboard, monitor and printer. It also had no operating system or software of any kind. Gates and Allen realized that without a programming language, few people would be able to make the computer do anything useful. Microsoft’s first project was to adapt the BASIC programming language for the Altair 8800 and license it to MITS. By mid-1975, Microsoft was formally established as a company and its BASIC interpreter was made available through MITS as an add-on product for the Altair 8800. Microsoft’s early business centered primarily on adapting programming languages for the Altair 8800 and other computers – such as the groundbreaking Apple II – that began to appear on the market in the late 1970s. By 1979, Microsoft’s success had caused the company to outgrow its original home in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Microsoft relocated to a new headquarters in Bellevue, Washington to make room for the explosive growth that few could have predicted was soon to come. In 1980, IBM had near-total control of the computer industry. IBM designed room-filling mainframe computers for business, education and military use and sold them for millions of dollars. However, the Apple II – the first mass-produced personal computer – was selling thousands of units and becoming too popular to ignore. IBM began developing a personal computer of its own. The IBM PC would need an operating system. IBM based the computer on the Intel 8088 microprocessor. At that time, the CP/M operating system by Digital Research was the preeminent operating system for the Intel 8088 platform, and IBM approached Digital Research with the intention of licensing it. The two companies were unable to come to terms, so IBM turned its attention to Microsoft. Microsoft had no operating system to sell IBM, but Gates and Allen worried that if they were unable to produce one, IBM would not license the company’s programming language interpreters and other products. They located an operating system called QDOS – a clone of CP/M written by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products – and purchased it outright for $50,000 in a deal that would earn Microsoft billions of dollars over the following years. Microsoft adapted the operating system for the IBM PC, renamed it MS-DOS and licensed it to IBM with the provision that they could also license it to other companies. IBM designed the IBM PC using components available to the general public. The sole proprietary component was the firmware that enabled the computer’s components to work together, called the BIOS. Gates and Allen believed that other companies would reverse-engineer the BIOS and release computers compatible with the IBM PC. Their belief came to fruition with the release of the Compaq Portable – the first IBM-compatible “clone” – in 1983. Many other clones soon followed, and Microsoft’s non-exclusive deal with IBM allowed them to license MS-DOS to every clone manufacturer. During the early 1980s, Microsoft made two key personnel changes. Steve Ballmer, Bill Gates’ former Harvard classmate, joined the company in 1980 to give the youthful company business guidance. Paul Allen left Microsoft in 1982 after being diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The disease was treated successfully. After seeing the Xerox Alto, a prototypical computer with an operating system that used a graphical user interface rather than a text parser, Apple’s executives shifted talent away from the Apple II and toward the development of an operating system with a GUI. This resulted in the development of the Lisa in 1983 and the Macintosh in 1984. Microsoft was one of the key companies creating software for the Macintosh, giving them access to the computer during the early stages of its development. Realizing that the Macintosh and computers like it would soon make MS-DOS look extremely outdated, Microsoft began work on a graphical operating environment of its own and released Windows 1.0 in 1985. Early Windows versions were graphical shells for MS-DOS and did not function as true standalone operating systems. However, applications such as Word for Windows and Excel made Windows popular with businesses. During this time, Microsoft also worked with IBM on the development of a new operating system called OS/2. OS/2 was intended to replace MS-DOS and run on proprietary IBM hardware. Because IBM still controlled a large portion of the computer industry, Microsoft felt it was wise to collaborate with IBM on OS/2 in spite of the division of resources and conflict of interest it caused. However, Windows was Microsoft’s priority, and by 1990 it became apparent that the two companies could no longer work together effectively. As IBM’s influence over the industry dwindled, Microsoft’s grew to what some believed were monopolistic proportions. Windows 95 was the first version of Windows marketed to home computer users that functioned as a full operating system. Microsoft poured millions of dollars into research for Windows 95 in an attempt to make it easier to use than previous Windows versions. One of the primary features of Windows 95 was the addition of the Start button, which opened a menu containing shortcuts to applications and common tasks. Windows 95 was compatible with most MS-DOS software, and its release marked the beginning of the end for the legacy operating system. Microsoft ceased development of MS-DOS before the end of the twentieth century. During the 1990s, the World Wide Web became open to the public. People who had never owned computers before began purchasing them by the millions, eager to experience the “information superhighway.” Microsoft realized that the landscape of the Internet was changing so rapidly that a startup company with a good idea could quickly render the company irrelevant and that Internet appliances and Web-based applications could one day make conventional personal computers and operating systems obsolete. Microsoft’s answer to the Internet tidal wave was the Internet Explorer Web browser. Internet Explorer began as an optional add-on for Windows 95 and was an integral component of Windows 98. Because Windows 98 included Internet Explorer, many new computer users never bothered to consider alternative browsers. Competitors such as Netscape began to lose market share, and Microsoft’s dominance of the Web browser industry allowed them to exert control over the development of Web standards. This culminated in the filing of an antitrust suit against Microsoft by the United States government in 1998. The antitrust suit against Microsoft alleged that the company used its dominance of the operating system industry to push Internet Explorer on users and that Microsoft negotiated anti-competitive licensing deals with computer manufacturers that rivals were unable to match. The final settlement in the case forced Microsoft to cease “predatory behavior” against other companies and to open the Windows Application Programming Interface up to other developers. Perhaps in an attempt to curb negative publicity, Bill Gates stepped down as Microsoft CEO in 2000. As the wealthiest person in the world, Gates had become a target for negative sentiment against Microsoft and its business practices. Steve Ballmer was appointed Gates’ replacement as CEO, while Gates remained chairman and took on the new title of Chief Software Architect. Gates’ new role would be product-centric, while Ballmer would manage Microsoft’s business dealings. Windows XP and Vista: 2001-2008 Prior to the release of Windows XP in 2001, the consumer and business versions of Windows were separate products with different feature sets. Windows 95, 98 and Millennium Edition contained both 16- and 32-bit code and remained dependant on the MS-DOS code base for compatibility with legacy software. Windows NT and 2000 contained 32-bit code only and had no dependency on MS-DOS. Windows XP was the first consumer version of Windows based on the Windows NT code base. It also included a “Compatibility Mode” feature that allowed many programs written for previous Windows versions to run without problems. Windows XP was an unusually long-lived product; Microsoft did not replace it until after the release of Windows Vista in 2007. Even then, Windows XP remained available as a retail product until 2008 and was pre-installed on low-cost portable computers until 2010. Although Windows Vista included many improvements over Windows XP, it also had higher system requirements. Some users were dissatisfied with Vista’s performance on their computers. In addition, Vista contained a new security feature called User Account Control, which prompted for confirmation from the user before performing certain tasks. Using the default settings, UAC displayed confirmation prompts several times during common activities such as software installation, causing annoyance. Bill Gates left his day-to-day role at Microsoft in 2008 to focus on his work with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The non-profit foundation’s activities include polio and tuberculosis vaccination, HIV/AIDS research, improving water and sanitation services in underprivileged nations and increasing worldwide rice crop yields. Gates remains chairman of the Microsoft board of directors. Post-PC Era: 2009- Microsoft released Windows 7 in 2009, marketing it as being easier to use than previous Windows versions. Windows 7 introduced a new feature called Libraries, which automatically maintains catalogs of various types of content including music, videos and pictures without moving the associated files from their original folders. Windows 7 also featured the first major change to the taskbar since the release of Windows 95. The Windows 7 taskbar was made larger and associated all open windows with their host applications automatically. In 2010, Apple’s iPad changed the landscape of the industry and appeared to pose the first real threat to Microsoft’s dominance of the personal computer platform since the 1980s. The iPad was a small touch-controlled tablet with a base price under $500. With a library of thousands of free and inexpensive applications, the iPad could fill many of the personal computer’s roles. Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs touted the launch of the iPad as the beginning of the “post-PC era,” saying that conventional computers would soon become niche tools rather than mainstream products. Microsoft is currently in the process of developing Windows 8. Windows 8 will feature support for ARM processors, allowing manufacturers to develop small Windows-based tablets similar to the iPad. In addition, Windows 8 will include a new interface – named Metro – designed for touch-screen input. It will also have the ability to fall back to the classic Windows interface for legacy software support. Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer has called Windows 8 Microsoft’s “riskiest product yet.” Images courtesy of Microsoft.
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Microsoft je među prvim softverskih tvrtki osnovanih u zoru osobnog računala revoluciju i ostaje jedan od industrije najutjecajnijih igrača danas. Kombinacijom krutih proizvoda, bold poslovne odluke i sreća, Microsoft je porastao od skromnih početaka u Albuquerque, Novi Meksiko postati jedna od najuspješnijih u povijesti tvrtke. Ovaj članak je kratka povijest jednog od najvažnijih tvrtki u povijesti tehnologije. Microsoft je osnovana 1975 Bill Gates i Paul Allen, Dva strastveni računalni hobisti koji su postali prijatelji su djeca u Seattleu. U trenutku, Gates je pohađao sveučilište Harvard i Allen nedavno je ispao iz Washington State University raditi za Honeywell. Intel izdao 8080 mikroprocesor u 1974 i obojica shvatili da je čip imao potencijal da računala dovoljno mali i pristupačne iseliti podatkovnih centara i na male tvrtke i domove. Siječnja 1975 Pitanje "Popular Electronics" predstavljena naslovnu fotografiju koja je uhvaćen pozornost Gates i Allen. Fotografija je u Altair 8800, Računalo korištenje Intel 8080 mikroprocesor i dizajnirao kalkulator tvrtke dozvola. Altair 8800 je prvi komercijalno dostupni mikro. Gates i Allen i vjeruje da će to biti prvi iz nove generacije pristupačne računala i da nova industrija neće čekati Gates završiti svoje obrazovanje. Gates napustio Harvard i dva formirana Microsoft pisati softver za Altair 8800. Altair 8800 jedva računalo u modernom smislu riječi; nedostajalo tipkovnice, monitor i pisač. On je također imao operativni sustav ili program bilo koje vrste. Gates i Allen je shvatio da bez programskog jezika, malo ljudi će biti u mogućnosti kako bi računalo učiniti nešto korisno. Microsoft je prvi projekt bio je da se prilagode, osnovni programski jezik za Altair 8800 i licencu za dozvola. Do sredine 1975, Microsoft službeno je osnovana kao društvo i njegova osnovna tumač je dostupan putem dozvola kao dodatak na proizvodu za Altair 8800. Microsoft je početkom poslovni usmjeren prvenstveno na prilagodbi programskih jezika za Altair 8800 i druga računala - kao što je revolucionarno Apple II - koji je počeo da se pojavi na tržištu u kasnim 1970-ih. Po 1979, Microsoft je uspjeh izazvao tvrtki da preraste svoj izvorni dom u Albuquerque, Novi Meksiko. Microsoft preselio u novi sjedištem u Bellevue, Washington kako bi napravili mjesta za eksplozivan rast koji je malo tko mogao predvidjeti ubrzo doći. U 1980, IBM je imao gotovo potpunu kontrolu nad računalom industrije. IBM osmišljen boravak-punjenje mainframe računala za posao, Obrazovanje i vojnu uporabu te ih prodao za milijune dolara. Međutim, Apple II - prvi masovno proizvedeni osobno računalo - je prodaja tisuće jedinica i postao previše popularan ignorirati. IBM je počeo razvijati osobno računalo vlastitu. IBM PC će trebati operativni sustav. IBM temelji računala na Intel 8088 mikroprocesor. U to vrijeme, CP / M operacijski sustav Digital Research bio nadmoćan operativni sustav za Intel 8088 platforma, i IBM prilazi Digital Research s namjerom da ga licenciranje. Dvije tvrtke su u mogućnosti da dođe u uvjetima, pa IBM okrenuo svoju pozornost na Microsoft. Microsoft nije imao operativni sustav za prodaju IBM, ali Gates i Allen zabrinuti da, ako oni nisu bili u stanju proizvesti jedan, IBM ne bi licencu tvrtke programski jezik prevoditelja i druge proizvode. Oni se nalazi operativni sustav pod nazivom QDOS - klon CP / M je napisao Tim Paterson u Seattle Computer Products - i kupili izravno za $50,000 u posao koji će zaraditi Microsoft milijarde dolara tijekom sljedećih godina. Microsoft prilagoditi operativni sustav za IBM PC, preimenovan je MS-DOS i licenciran IBM s tim da i oni mogli licencirati drugim tvrtkama. IBM osmišljen IBM PC pomoću komponente dostupne javnosti. Jedini vlasnička komponenta je firmware koji omogućena računala komponente da rade zajedno, zove BIOS. Gates i Allen smatra da druge tvrtke će obrnuti inženjering BIOS i pustite računala kompatibilna s IBM PC. Njihova vjera je došao na uživanje s izdavanjem Compaq Portable - prvi IBM-kompatibilnim "klon" - u 1983. Mnogi drugi klonovi uskoro slijedi, i Microsoft ne isključuju sporazum s IBM-om im je licencirati MS-DOS svakom proizvođaču klon. Tijekom ranih 1980-ih, Microsoft je napravio dvije ključne kadrovske promjene. Steve Ballmer, Billa Gatesa bivši harvardski kolegica, pridružio tvrtki u 1980 dati poslovno vodstvo mladenački tvrtke. Paul Allen napustio Microsoft u 1982 nakon što je s Hodgkinovim limfomom dijagnozom. Bolest se uspješno liječi. Nakon što je vidio Xerox Alto, prototip računala s operativnim sustavom koji se koristi grafičko korisničko sučelje, a ne tekstualne parser, Appleov rukovoditelji pomaknuo talent od Apple II i prema razvoju operativnog sustava sa GUI. To je rezultiralo u razvoju Lisa u 1983 i Macintosh u 1984. Microsoft je bio jedan od ključnih tvrtki izradi softvera za Macintosh, dajući im pristup računalu u ranim fazama razvoja. Shvativši da je Macintosh i računala kao što je to uskoro učiniti MS-DOS izgleda vrlo zastario, Microsoft je počeo raditi na grafičkom radnom okruženju vlastitih i pušten Windows 1.0 u 1985. Rane verzije Windows su grafička školjke za MS-DOS-a i ne djeluju kao samostalne prave operativne sustave. Međutim, aplikacije kao što su Word za Windows i Excel napravio Windows popularna među tvrtkama. Tijekom tog vremena, Microsoft je također radio s IBM-om na razvoju novog operativnog sustava pod nazivom OS / 2. OS / 2 je trebao zamijeniti MS-DOS i izvoditi na vlasnički IBM hardvera. Budući da IBM još uvijek kontrolira velik dio računalne industrije, Microsoft je osjetio da je pametno suradnju s IBM-om na OS / 2, unatoč podjele resursa i sukoba interesa je prouzročio. Međutim, Windows je Microsoftov prioritet, i 1990 postalo je jasno da su te dvije tvrtke više nije mogao učinkovito raditi zajedno. Kao IBM utjecaj na industriju nestao, Microsoft je porastao za ono što su neki vjerovali su monopolističkim proporcije. Windows 95 je prva verzija Windows prodali za kućne korisnike računala koje je funkcioniralo kao punom operativnom sustavu. Microsoft izlio milijune dolara u istraživanje za Windows 95 U pokušaju da ga lakše koristiti od prethodne verzije sustava Windows. Jedna od osnovnih značajki sustava Windows 95 je dodavanje gumba Start, koji je otvorio izbornik sadrži prečace do aplikacija i zajedničke poslove. Windows 95 je kompatibilan s većinom MS-DOS programa, i njegovo otpuštanje označila je početak kraja za nasljeđe operativni sustav. Microsoft prestao razvoj MS-DOS-a prije kraja dvadesetog stoljeća. Tijekom 1990-ih, World Wide Web je postao otvoren za javnost. Ljudi koji nikada nisu u vlasništvu računala prije nego je počeo ih kupujete u milijunima, željni doživjeti "informacija veleprometnica." Microsoft je shvatio da je krajolik Interneta se mijenja tako brzo da je startup tvrtka s dobrom idejom brzo mogao donijeti tvrtku nevažno i da je internet aparati i web-based aplikacija mogla bi jednog dana napraviti konvencionalni osobni računala i operacijski sustavi zastarjelih. Microsoftov odgovor na Internet plimni val je Internet Explorer web preglednik. Internet Explorer je počeo kao izborni dodatak za Windows 95 i bio sastavni dio sustava Windows 98. Budući da Windows 98 Uključene Internet Explorer, mnogo novih korisnika računala nikada potrudio razmotriti alternativne preglednike. Natjecatelji, kao što su Netscape počeo gubiti tržišni udio, i Microsoft dominacija web preglednika industrije im je izvršiti nadzor nad razvoj web standarda. To je kulminiralo u podnošenja antitrust tužbu protiv Microsofta od strane Sjedinjenih Američkih Država u 1998. Antitrust tužbu protiv Microsofta navodi da tvrtka koristi svoju dominaciju u industriji operativnog sustava gurnuti Internet Explorer na korisnike i da Microsoft pregovara anti-konkurentne licenciranje ponude s proizvođačima računala da suparnici nisu bili u mogućnosti da odgovaraju. Konačna naselje u slučaju prisilnog Microsoft prestati "grabežljivog ponašanja" protiv drugih tvrtki i otvoriti Programiranje Windows aplikacija sučelje do druge programere. Možda u pokušaju da obuzda negativan publicitet, Bill Gates podnio ostavku na mjesto direktora tvrtke Microsoft u 2000. Kao najbogatijih osoba u svijetu, Gates je postao meta za negativno raspoloženje protiv Microsofta i njegovih poslovnih praksi. Steve Ballmer je imenovan Gatesova zamjena kao izvršni, a Gates je ostao predsjednik i uzeo na novom naslovu glavni Software Architect. Gatesova nova uloga će biti produkt-centric, dok je Ballmer će upravljati Microsoftove poslovne odnose. Windows XP i Vista: 2001-2008 Prije izlaska Windows XP u 2001, potrošača i poslovnih verzije Windowsa su odvojene proizvodi s različitim lice setovi. Windows 95, 98 i Millennium Edition sadrži oba 16- i 32-bitni broj i ostalo ovisi o MS-DOS koda bazu za kompatibilnost s postojećim softverom. Windows NT i 2000 sadržavala je samo 32-bitni kod te imao ovisnost o MS-DOS-a. Windows XP je prvi potrošač verzija Windows temelji se na Windows NT koda baze. Ona je također uključena "način kompatibilnosti" značajku koja dopušteno mnogi programi pisani za prethodne verzije sustava Windows pokrenuti bez problema. Windows XP je neobično dugovječni proizvod; Microsoft nije ga zamijeniti tek nakon izlaska Windows Vista u 2007. Čak i tada, Windows XP je ostao na raspolaganju kao maloprodaji proizvoda do 2008 a pre-instaliran na low-cost prijenosna računala do 2010. Iako Windows Vista uključuje mnoge poboljšanja u odnosu na sustav Windows XP, Također je imao veće zahtjeve sustava. Neki korisnici su nezadovoljni Vista nastup na svojim računalima. Dodatno, Vista sadržavao nove sigurnosne značajke naziva User Account Control, što je izazvalo potvrdu od korisnika prije obavljanja određenih poslova. Korištenje zadanih postavki, UAC prikazuje potvrde traži nekoliko puta tijekom zajedničkih aktivnosti kao što su instalacije softvera, uzrokuje smetnje. Bill Gates je napustio svoj dan-to-day ulogu u Microsoftu u 2008 da se usredotoče na svoj rad s Bill i Melinda Gates Foundation. Aktivnosti neprofitne zaklade uključuju dječje paralize i tuberkuloze Cijepljenje, Istraživanje HIV / AIDS-a, poboljšanje vodu i sanitarne usluge u siromašnim zemljama i povećanje prinosa u svijetu riža usjeva. Gates ostaje predsjednik Microsoft uprave. Post-PC ere: 2009- Microsoft je objavio Windows 7 u 2009, Internet marketing kao jednostavniji za korištenje od prethodne verzije sustava Windows. Windows 7 uveo novu značajku pod nazivom Libraries, koji automatski održava kataloge raznih vrsta sadržaja, uključujući glazbu, videa i slika bez pomicanja povezane datoteke iz svojih izvornih mapa. Windows 7 također sadržanu na prvu veliku promjenu u traci od izlaska Windowsa 95. Windows 7 taskbar je napravio veći i povezane sve otvorene prozore sa svojim domaćinima aplikacija automatski. U 2010, Appleov iPad promijenio krajolik industriji i čini se da predstavljaju prvu stvarnu prijetnju Microsoft dominaciju osobnog računala platformu od 1980. IPad je mali touch-kontrolirani tableta s osnovnom cijenom ispod $500. Uz knjižnicu tisuća besplatnih i jeftinih aplikacija, iPad mogao ispuniti mnoge od osobnih računala ulogama. Apple co-osnivač i CEO Steve Jobs krišom lansiranje iPada kao početak "post-PC eri,"Rekavši da je konvencionalna računala uskoro postati niša alate, a ne mainstream proizvoda. Microsoft je trenutno u procesu razvoja sustava Windows 8. Windows 8 će imati podršku za ARM procesorima, omogućuje proizvođačima da razviju male Windows-based tablete slične iPada. Dodatno, Windows 8 će uključivati novo sučelje - pod nazivom Metro - Dizajniran za unos touch-screen. To će također imati mogućnost da se vratiti na klasični Windows sučelje za stare softverske podrške. Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer je nazvao Windows 8 Microsoft "najrizičnija proizvod još." Slike ljubaznošću Microsoft.