http___m.coloursofistria.com_hr_destinacije_istra_povijest_1.xml
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 7.1 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13.1 14.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 16.1 16.2 16.3 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 19.1 20.1 20.2 20.3 21.1 21.2 21.3 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 23.1 23.2 24.1 24.2 25.1 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 28.1 29.1 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 31.1 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4
The oldest artefact in Croatia was found in Istria, and dates back to the Late Stone Age. The artefact is an ordinary river pebble that primitive man sharpened with simple blows to make a stone tool. Discovered in a cave at the Šandalja site near Pula, it is about 800,000 years old. In another cave at the same site, findings dating back to the Early Stone Age and estimated at being some 12,300 years old, include the remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans, the bones of hunted animals and a large fireplace. At that time during the Ice Age, the prehistoric inhabitants of Istria lived in Romualdo Cave near the Lim Fjord and in Vergotino Cave near Poreč. Climate change in Istria around 6,000 BCE brought about the Neolithic era, the Early Stone Age. The Ice Age ended, climate change made living conditions easier, and plants and animals began to flourish. Neolithic humans emerged from caves and learned to make better stone tools, which they fastened to wooden handles. They discovered clay and learned to make pottery. Istrian earthenware products from that period have a simple, oval shape, decorated with the imprints of seashells and other items. In addition to crop farming and animal husbandry, weaving was developed. The ancient Istrians gave up their nomadic way of life and began to create the first settlements consisting of huts partially buried in the ground. Settlements such as these were located in the south of Istria, in the regions of Verudela, Vela Gromača, Vižula, Paradišele and other areas. During the transition from the Copper Age to the Bronze Age, throughout the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE, many hill-forts or kašteljeri were built. These were prehistoric settlements with fortifications erected in strategically advantageous positions. The origin of the people inhabiting the hill-forts in the Bronze Age is not known, while Histrians lived in the hill-forts during the Iron Age. The Histrians were the first known inhabitants of the Istrian peninsula, and they are mentioned in historical writings of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. The peninsula carries the name of these ancient people of Indo-European origin who emerged at the beginning of the Iron Age. In addition to hunting and fishing, and raising goats and sheep, they also engaged in pirating, and historians refer to them as a dangerous people. The Histrians traded with the Greeks, believed in multiple deities and worshipped goddesses. Contemporaries considered them as being a tall people, the average man reaching 1.65 metres and the average woman, 1.53 metres. The Histrians lived undisturbed lives, until they came into conflict with the Romans because of their pirating in the northern Adriatic. The historian Titus Livius wrote in detail of the defeat of the Histrians at the hands of the Romans in wars during the late 3rd and early 2nd century BCE. King Epulon led the Histrian tribes into battle. The final confrontation took place at the Histrian stronghold Nesactium near Pula. The Romans laid siege, and Epulon and his soldiers, realising they had no way out, committed suicide. Despite being defeated, the Histrians continued to live for some time in their hill-forts throughout Istria. Istria in the Roman era In the mid-1st century BCE, during the rule of Gaius Julius Cesar, the Romans pushed the Histrians into the interior of Istrian away from the coast, where they settled their own people and established the colonies of Pula and Poreč. The Roman era in Istria saw the development of civilisation and a structured way of life. Literacy began to spread, towns emerged as a new form of society, roads and seaports were constructed, and a system for cadastral mapping of land was put in place. Civil engineering flourished, and a vast number of cultural and historical Roman monuments from that time have been preserved up to date, the best known being the Arena and the Temple of Augustus in Pula. Cesar’s successor, Emperor Augustus initiated a time of peace and prosperity, and the inhabitants of Istria were given the same rights as the citizens of Rome. In the centuries to come, many countryside villas were engaged in producing ceramic ware. Istria’s olive oils and wines were appreciated throughout the empire. The first Christian communities began to emerge in the Roman era. The Western Roman Empire was already in the throes of a pervasive crisis. Barbarian invasions and internal problems brought about the fall of the Empire in 476, after which the reign of Germanic kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire alternated in Istria over a brief period. The rule of the Goths in the first half of the 6th century was seen as being unusually lenient, while sacred architecture thrived under Byzantium. The most impressive monument dating from this era is the Euphrasius Basilica in Poreč. Even several centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the social relationships established in the Roman era remained mostly unchanged. However, the ethnical structure of the population began to change with the mass immigration of Slavs and the arrival of Germanic settlers. From the mid-6th century onwards, the Slavs began to mix with the local population, gradually embracing Christianity. Even after their Christianisation, the Slavs continued to observe certain pagan customs, some of which, such as bell-ringers (zvončari) and carnivals, have endured to this day. In the late 8th century, when Charlemagne dominated the European scene, Istria became a part of the Frankish State Only with the arrival of Frankish administration did the Roman-Byzantine social structure of Istria begin to change. Feudalisation, which had taken hold over all of Europe, reached Istria. Towns became the property of lords, their rule over the hinterland was taken away, and they lost the independence they had gained in earlier centuries. The immigration of Slavs continued in earnest, with Duke Ivan, the Frankish governor of Istria seated in Novigrad, coordinating the colonisation. He gave them uncultivated land and initially provided monetary aid. The duke also introduced new taxes and took over certain forests and pastures. While the power of bishops and Frankish vassals grew, the standing of the Roman elite in Istrian towns weakened. The discontented towns appealed to Charlemagne, who convened an assembly in 804 at the Rižana River by Kopar. The assembly granted the towns self-government, but not ownership over the land, and Duke Ivan revoked the taxes he had initially imposed. The conclusions of the Assembly of Rižana reveal vital information about the social relationships and ethnical structure of Istria in the early 9th century, as well as the system of Frankish administration, and as a historical source, they are important on a European scale. From the 10th century on, Istria was part of the Holy Roman Empire , whose central government, however, was very weak. Margraves left the task of administration to their governors, while the power of the nobility and prelates, who used military force to protect their feuds in Istria, grew. Some even set up their own private principalities and manorial estates. Taking advantage of this feudal anarchy, some Istrian towns gradually began to break loose of the rule of bishops and feudal lords and started to rebuild their self-government. The time of the Venetian Republic and the Hapsburg Empire By this time, the burgeoning Venetian Republic had become a naval power in the Adriatic Sea, and increasingly interfered with the state of affairs in Istrian towns. The first treaties were signed in which the Venetians granted the towns protection and the freedom of trade in Venetian territory, while the towns were obliged to provide the Venetians with military aid. This collaboration fostered the economic development of coastal towns in the 10th century: agriculture, fishing and salt production flourished; crafts and trades saw rapid development; and some of the elements of autonomy the towns had enjoyed in Antiquity were restored. By the mid-14th century, the Venetian Republic had succeeded, either by peaceful or military means, in subjugating all towns on the western coast of Istria. Although the towns kept their internal autonomy and town council, they were ruled by a Venetian podest (governor). Heavy taxes and levies were imposed, and military strongholds were set up to protect Venetian holdings in Istria. Once again, history took a different course in the interior of Istria. The inland became part of the Hapsburg Empire, confirming its centuries-long affiliation to the Austrian civilizational circle. Similar to the Venetian part of Istria, the Austrian part had no central government in the late middle ages, but consisted of manors and church estates. Heavy taxes and levies imposed by feudal lords triggered a number of peasant uprisings. Throughout the 14th to the 18th century, Istria was constantly threatened by outbreaks of the plague and malaria. Some towns were almost completely depopulated, and people from present-day Dalmatia, Albania and Greece continuously arrived to settle in the region. During the 16th and 17th century, the people of Istria fought among themselves along the border separating the Venetian and Austrian parts of the peninsula. Although they traded and inter-married, Istrians were deeply divided into Benečani , under Venetian rule, and Kraljevci , under Austrian rule. They waged bloody battles over pastures, woodlands, farmland and boundaries, destroying crops, stealing livestock and killing witnesses. Both the Austrian and the Venetian administrations did little to stop hostilities. When we add widespread occurrences of contagious diseases, draught and natural disasters, it becomes clear that this was one of the most difficult times in Istrian history. Robbery and plunder were widespread. Rich families, churches and travellers were robbed; livestock, stolen, and people, kidnapped and held for ransom. In the late 18th century, the power of the Venetian Republic was failing. Major naval routes had shifted from the Adriatic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, and new naval powers such as Spain and Portugal were gaining control over world trade. These global processes affected Istria’s economy. This was also a turbulent time for Istria in the administrative and political arena, considering that four different countries ruled the region in the short span of 16 years. With the fall of the Venetian Republic in April 1797, the Hapsburg Monarchy took over the Venetian part of Istria, and for the first time in many centuries, the entire peninsula was under a single ruler. Not long after, however, Napoleon conquered Istria. His short reign from 1805 to 1813 is remembered for enforcing the Napoleonic Code that, among other things, separated judicial rule from administrative rule. The new masters were quick to exploit Istria’s natural resources, in particular oak logs, from the regions of Novigrad and Brtonigla, used in shipbuilding. At the time, the English sailed the Adriatic and, being the eternal rivals of the French, they attempted to entice the local population to rebel against Napoleon’s rule. At the same time, the actions of the English obstructed the trading and maritime activities of Istrian towns. On several occasions, they laid siege to and sacked Rovinj, while English pirates attacked merchant ships, stealing both cargo and vessels. Although Napoleon’s governor failed to establish a compact system of government in Istria, a part of the townsfolk nevertheless saw the introduction of the Civil Code as a big step forward. Following Napoleon’s defeat, the Austrian Empire once again acquired Istria, and began to build a unified system of public administration in the region. New crops were introduced, such as potatoes and corn. Istria saw rapid growth in demographics: in 1848, it had more than 230,000 inhabitants living in 24 towns and 479 villages. A provincial assembly convening in Poreč was established for Istria in the second half of the 18th century, a time that witnessed a resurgence of Croatian national awareness. In the First World War, Istrians were called to arms as soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. With the end of the war and the collapse of the Monarchy, the Kingdom of Italy occupied Istria. During the Second World War, Istrians organised a resistance movement against the fascism of Benito Mussolini. In the aftermath of the war, Istria began part of Yugoslavia until the country’s collapse in the early 1990s, when the Istrian peninsula was divided between Croatia and Slovenia.
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 11.1 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 14.1 14.2 14.3 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 16.1 16.2 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 18.1 18.2 18.3 19.1 19.2 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 21.1 21.2 21.3 22.1 22.2
Istra se diči najstarijim pronađenim ljudskim artefaktom u Hrvatskoj što potječe još iz starijeg kamenog doba. To je jednostavni potočni oblutak s kojeg je davni pračovjek udarcima otkrhnuo dijelove, kako bi ga naoštrio i pretvorio u oruđe. Predmet je star oko 800 000 godina, a pronađen je u pećini nalazišta Šandalja, nedaleko Pule. U drugoj pećini istog nalazišta otkriveni su nalazi iz mlađeg kamenog doba - ostaci pračovjeka kromanjonskog tipa, kosti lovnih životinja i veliko ognjište, stari oko 12 300 godina. U to su vrijeme prastanovnici Istre živjeli i u Romualdovoj pećini kod Limskog kanala i Vergotinovoj spilji kod Poreča. Vladalo je ledeno doba. Promjenom klime u Istri je oko 6000. pr. Kr počelo mlađe kameno doba, neolitik. Ledeno doba je završilo, klima postajala pogodnija za život te se razbujao biljni i životinjski svijet. Neolitski čovjek je izašao iz spilja, naučio bolje obrađivati kamen, a oruđe nasađivati na drveni držak. Otkrio je glinu i izumio izradu posuđa. Istarske posude iz tog razdoblja su jednostavne, ovalnog oblika. Ukrašavane su utiscima rubom školjke ili drugim predmetima. Uz ratarstvo i stočarstvo, razvilo se i tkanje, a drevni su Istrani prestali s nomadskim načinom života i stvorili prva naselja s kolibama djelomično ukopanim u tlo. Takvih je naselja bilo u južnoj Istri, na području Verudele, Vele Gromače, Vižule, Paradišela i drugdje. Na prijelazu iz bakrenog u brončano doba, koje traje tijekom 3. i 2. tisućljeća prije Krista, na području Istre nastaju brojne gradine ili kašteljeri. To su prapovijesna naselja s utvrđenjem, građena na strateški povoljnim mjestima. Podrijetlo stanovnika koji su u brončano doba naseljavali gradine nije poznata, dok su tijekom čitavog željeznog doba na njima živjeli Histri. Histri su prvi poznati stanovnici na istarskom poluotoku, dokumentirani u povijesnim zapisima starih Grka i Rimljana, a po njima Istra danas nosi ime. Bavili su se lovom i ribolovom, ispašom koza i ovaca te gusarenjem, zbog čega ih povjesničari spominju kao opasan narod. Trgovali su s Grcima, bili su mnogobošci i štovali ženska božanstva. Suvremenici su ih smatrali visokim narodom - prosječan muškarac bio je visok 1,65 m, žena 1,53 m. Njihov život na gradinama tekao je nepomućenim tijekom sve dok zbog gusarenja na sjevernom Jadranu nisu došli u sukob s Rimljanima. Rimljani su ih porazili u Histarskim ratovima krajem 3. i u 2. stoljeću prije Krista, o čemu je detaljno pisao povjesničar Tit Livije. Histarska plemena u ratu je predvodio kralj Epulon. Konačni obračun dogodio se u histarskom uporištu Nezakciju kraj Pule, koji su Rimljani opsjeli, a Epulon i histarski vojnici, shvativši da nemaju izlaza, počinili samoubojstvo. Unatoč ratnom porazu, Histri su još neko vrijeme nastavili živjeti na svojim gradinama diljem Istre. Sredinom 1. stoljeća prije Krista, u vrijeme rimskog vladara Gaja Julija Cezara, Rimljani su potjerali Histre s obale u unutrašnjost, da bi na obalu doselili svoje stanovnike i osnovali kolonije Pulu i Poreč. U rimsko doba u Istri se razvio niz tekovina civilizacije i uređenog življenja. Usvojena je pismenost, nastali su gradovi kao novi oblik zajednice, izgrađene ceste i morske luke te ustanovljen sistem katastarske izmjere zemljišta. Graditeljstvo je cvjetalo, a golem fundus kulturnih i povijesnih rimskih spomenika sačuvan je do danas – najpoznatiji su pulska Arena i Augustov hram. Cezarov nasljednik car August uspostavio je razdoblje mira i blagostanja, a stanovnici Istre su po pravima izjednačeni sa žiteljima Rima. Na istarskom tlu su u idućim stoljećima aktivne i mnoge rustične vile koje proizvode keramiku, dok su maslinovo ulje i vino iz Istre cijenjeni diljem carstva. Javljaju se i prve kršćanske zajednice. No, Zapadno Rimsko Carstvo već je bilo u dubokoj krizi. Pod naletima barbara i unutarnjih problema, Carstvo se slomilo 476. godine, nakon čega su se u Istri u kratko vrijeme nekoliko puta izmijenile vladavine gemanskih kraljevstava i Bizantskog Carstva. Vladavina Gota u prvoj polovici 6. stoljeća ostala je zabilježena kao neobično blaga, dok je u vrijeme Bizanta bujalo sakralno graditeljstvo. Najljepši spomenik iz tog razdoblja je Eufrazijeva bazilika u Poreču. Ni nekoliko stoljeća nakon pada Zapadnog Rimskog Carstva društveni odnosi uspostavljeni u rimsko doba u Istri se nisu bitnije mijenjali. Počela se, međutim, mijenjati etnička struktura zbog masovnijeg doseljavanja Slavena i u manjoj mjeri Germana. Od sredine 6. stoljeća Slaveni se postupno miješaju s domaćim stanovništvom i polako prihvaćaju kršćanstvo, no čak i nakon pokrštavanja će njihova kultura zadržati pojedine poganske običaje. Neki od njih, poput zvončara i maškara, zadržali su se do danas. Krajem 8. stoljeća, kad europskom pozornicom dominira Karlo Veliki, Istra postaje dijelom njegove Franačke Države. Tek se dolaskom franačke uprave u Istri počinje mijenjati rimsko-bizantski društveni ustroj. Počinje feudalizacija koja je u to vrijeme zahvatila čitavu Europu. Istarski gradovi postaju vlasništvo vladara, oduzeta im je vlast nad zaleđem te su izgubili samostalnost stečenu ranijih stoljeća. Naseljavanje Slavena je ne samo nastavljeno, nego ga je vojvoda Ivan, franački upravitelj Istre koji je stolovao u Novigradu, organizirano provodio. Slavenima je ustupao neobrađenu zemlju te ih u prvo vrijeme i novčano pomagao. Vojvoda Ivan uvodi i neke nove namete, preuzima pojedine šume i pašnjake, jačaju biskupi i franački vazali, dok nekadašnja romanska elita u istarskim gradovima slabi. Nezadovoljni gradovi žalili su se Karlu Velikom pa je oko 804. sazvao čuvenu skupštinu, održanu na rijeci Rižani kraj Kopra. Na njoj je gradovima priznata samouprava, ali ne i vlasništvo nad zemljištem, a vojvoda Ivan odrekao se mnogih nameta koje je prvotno uveo. Zaključci Rižanske skupštine otkrivaju važne podatke o društvenim odnosima i etničkoj strukturi Istre s početka 9. stoljeća, a razjašnjavaju i sustav franačke uprave te su kao povijesno vrelo važni i u europskim razmjerima. Od 10. stoljeća Istra je dio Svetog Rimskog Carstva, no njegova je središnja vlast vrlo slaba. Markgofovi su prepuštali upravu svojim namjesnicima, jačali su plemići i crkveni dostojanstvenici koji su vojno štitili svoje feude u Istri. Stvarane su čak i privatne kneževine i gospoštije. U takvim okolnostima feudalne anarhije neki istarski gradovi polako se oslobađaju vlasti biskupa i feudalaca te ponovno grade samoupravu. U događanja u istarskim gradovima na zapadnoj obali sve se više upliće Mletačka Republika koja je u međuvremenu procvala i postala pomorska sila na Jadranskom moru. Sklapaju se prvi ugovori kojima su istarski gradovi od Mletaka dobili zaštitu i slobodu trgovanja na njihovom području, a zauzvrat Mlečanima osiguravali vojnu pomoć. Suradnja je pomogla gospodarskom razvitku obalnih gradova u 10. stoljeću: cvatu poljoprivreda, ribarstvo i proizvodnja soli te se naglo razvijaju obrti, a prisutni su i neki elementi autonomije kakvu su gradovi imali u antici. Drukčije je bilo u središnjoj Istri, gdje se zadržao čvrst feudalni sustav uspostavljen u doba Karolinga pa unutrašnjost Istre dugo nije mogla izgraditi samoupravu, već je bila podčinjena feudalnim gospodarima. Do sredine 14. stoljeća, Republika Venecija je i mirnim i vojnim putem sebi uspjela potpuno podčiniti sve gradove na zapadnoj obali Istre. Iako su zadržali unutarnju autonomiju i gradska vijeća, na čelu je bio mletački podestat. Uvedeni su veliki porezi i nameti te uspostavljena vojna uporišta iz kojih su se štitili mletački posjedi u Istri. Unutrašnjost je ponovno imala drukčiji povijesni put. Ušla je u sastav Habsburškog Carstva, čime je samo potvrđena njena višestoljetna pripadnost austrijskom civilizacijskom krugu. Kao ni mletački dio Istre, ni njen austrijski dio nije imao jedinstvenu upravu, već se u kasnom srednjem vijeku sastojao od vlastelinstava i crkvenih posjeda. Zbog teških nameta i davanja koja su uvodili feudalni vladari, izbilo je više seljačkih buna. U čitavom razdoblju od 14. do 18. stoljeća Istra je suočena s čestim epidemijama kuge i malarije. Neki gradovi gotovo odumiru pa se novi stanovnici stalno doseljavaju s područja današnje Dalmacije, Albanije i Grčke. Uz to, tijekom 16. i 17. stoljeća stanovnici Istre međusobno se sukobljavaju duž granice mletačkog i austrijskog dijela poluotoka. Iako su međusobno trgovali i ženili se, Istrani su istovremeno bili duboko podijeljeni na one pod mletačkom vlašću – Benečane, i one pod austrijskim vlastima – Kraljevce. Duž granice su vodili krvave bitke oko pašnjaka, šuma, obradive zemlje i međa, praćene uništavanjem uroda, odvođenjem stoke i ubijanjem svjedoka. Ni austrijske, ni mletačke vlasti nisu mnogo učinile da primire sukobe. Kada se tome dodaju epidemije zaraznih bolesti te suše i prirodne nepogode, postaje jasno da je ovaj period jedno od najtežih razdoblja istarske povijesti. Pojavilo se razbojništvo, pljačkalo se bogatije obitelji, crkve i putnike na cestama, otimalo se ljude, stoku i tražilo otkupninu. Potkraj 18. stoljeća, Mletačka Republika je na izdisaju. Glavni pomorski putevi premjestili su se sa Sredozemlja na Atlantik, a na svjetskoj trgovačkoj sceni ojačale su nove pomorske sile poput Španjolske i Portugala. Ovi globalni procesi dotakli su i istarsko gospodarstvo, dok je na upravno-političkom planu uslijedilo turbulentno razdoblje u kojem su se u svega 16 godina na vlasti u Istri izmijenile 4 države. Kada je u travnju 1797. Mletačka Republika prestala postojati, mletački dio Istre pripao je Habsburškoj Monarhiji pa se poluotok nakon mnogo stoljeća ponovno našao pod jedinstvenom vlašću. No, u burnim povijesnim zbivanjima toga doba, Istru je ubrzo osvojio Napoleon. Kratka vladavina Francuske od 1805. do 1813. ostat će zapamćena po uvođenju Napoleonovog zakonika, čime je, uz ostalo, sudska vlast odvojena od upravne. Novi gospodari intenzivno su koristili prirodna bogatstva Istre, posebno hrastove trupce iz okolice Novigrada i Brtonigle, od kojih se gradilo brodove. U to vrijeme Englezi plove Jadranom i, kao vječiti rivali Francuza, pokušavaju odmetnuti domaće stanovnike od napoleonske vlasti. Istovremeno ometaju trgovinu i pomorstvo istarskih gradova. U više su navrata opsjeli i opljačkali Rovinj, dok su engleski gusari prepadali trgovačke brodove, plijeneći teret i plovila. Napoleonov upravitelj nije uspio uspostaviti kompaktan sustav uprave u Istri, iako je uvođenje građanskog zakonika dio gradskog stanovništva prepoznao kao važan korak naprijed. Porazom Napoleona na svjetskoj pozornici Austrijsko Carstvo ponovno dobiva Istru te počinje u njoj graditi jedinstveni sustav javne uprave. Uvode se nove poljoprivredne kulture, napose krumpir i kukuruz, a Istra bilježi velik demografski rast: 1848. imala je više od 230.000 stanovnika koji su živjeli u 24 grada i 479 sela. U drugoj polovici 18. stoljeća Istra ima Pokrajinski sabor koji zasjeda u Poreču te bilježi jačanje nacionalne hrvatske svijesti. U Prvi svjetski rat Istrani su mobilizirani kao vojnici Austro-Ugarske Monarhije, a završetkom rata i raspadom Austro-Ugarske Istru okupira Kraljevina Italija. Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata stanovništvo organizira pokret otpora fašizmu Benita Mussolinija pa Istra nakon rata ulazi u sastav Jugoslavije u kojoj ostaje sve do njenog raspada početkom 1990-ih, kada teritorij istarskog poluotoka dijele Hrvatska i Slovenija.