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Your toenails may hold clues to your risk of developing lung cancer, a new study finds. The results show men with high levels of nicotine in their toenails were about 3.5 times more likely to develop lung cancer than those with lower levels of nicotine, regardless of their smoking histories. The findings suggest the detrimental effects of smoking may be underestimated in studies that use only self-reported smoking history to assess lung cancer risk, the researchers said. Studies that only ask people how much they smoke might misjudge the amount of nicotine people actually inhale — either because people fudge a little when they answer, or because some may smoke fewer cigarettes than others but inhale more deeply, taking in more tobacco carcinogens. To find an indicator of tobacco exposure that would be less prone to error, study researcher Wael Al-Delaimy of the University of California, San Diego, and colleagues turned to toenails. Because toenails grow slowly, nicotine levels in toenail clippings are relatively stable compared to levels in our salvia and urine. The study involved men who had answered a health questionnaire in 1986, and were followed up every two years. In 1987, 33,737 men provided toenail clippings. Of these, 210 men developed lung cancer between 1988 and 2000. The researchers compared the toenail clippings of this group to those 630 men who did not develop lung cancer. The clippings were used to assess the men's tobacco exposure over the last year. Not surprisingly, participants' smoking history predicted their lung cancer risk. The nicotine levels in toenail clippings predicted the men's risk of developing lung cancer, regardless of how much participants said they had smoked in the past, and whether they were currently smoking. In fact, the researchers found more than 10 percent of men who had the highest levels of nicotine in their toenail clippings had never smoked. The findings suggest that "previous studies that have determined risk of lung cancer from tobacco use by using only reported active smoking may have underestimated the true effects of tobacco smoke," the study said. The researchers noted that nicotine is not a carcinogen, but the findings are based on the assumption that higher levels of nicotine correspond to higher levels of exposure to carcinogens in tobacco. Nicotine levels could serve as a possible biomarker for exposure to tobacco, and letting someone know their levels might motivate them to quit smoking, or avoid heavy exposure to secondhand smoke, the researchers said. The work was published online March 2 in the American Journal of Epidemiology. Pass it on: Toenails may provide an indication of lung cancer risk. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily staff writer Rachael Rettner on Twitter @RachaelRettner. This story was provided by MyHealthNewsDaily, a sister site to LiveScience.
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Nokti nožnih prstiju otkrivaju rizik od raka pluća Nokti rastu relativno sporo, a razina nikotina u njima je poprilično stabilna u usporedbi s analizama pljuvačke i urina. to ih čini idealnima za određivanja rizika od raka pluća Nokti s nožnih prstiju mogli bi biti dobar pokazatelj rizika od dobivanja raka pluća. Muškarci koji u noktima imaju visoku razinu nikotina izloženi su 3,5 puta većem riziku od te smrtonosne bolesti, bez obzira na pušačku prošlost. Rezultati su to istraživanja Waela Al-Delaimyja, stručnjaka sa Sveučilišta California iz San Diega, i njegovih kolega; rezultati sugeriraju da su štetni utjecaji pušenja često neprecizno određeni kod pojedinaca koji u istraživanjima samo opisuju svoje navike pušenja, recimo preko upitnika. U takvim situacijama može doći do toga da sudionici lažu, malo mijenjaju odgovore ili je stvarnost takva da jednostavno dublje udišu iako puše manje cigareta, a ovo posljednje znači da unose više nikotina u tijelo. Upravo zbog toga je Al-Delaimy htio pronaći precizniji indikator izloženosti duhanu. Nokti su se pokazali kao pomalo neobičan, ali na kraju sasvim logičan izbor. Oni rastu relativno sporo, a razina nikotina u njima je poprilično stabilna u usporedbi s analizama pljuvačke i urina. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 33.373 muškarca. Oni su prvi put 1986. godine ispunili upitnike o pušenju i zatim se njihovo zdravstveno stanje pratilo svake druge godine; 1987. muškarci su istraživačima dostavili odsječene nokte s nožnih prsta. Njih 210 je u periodu do 2000. dobilo rak pluća. Istraživači su tada usporedili njihove nokte s noktima zdravih muškaraca iz istraživanja. Bez obzira na to koliko su muškarci pušili u prošlosti i kakve su im pušačke navike bile, nokti su jasno davali do znanja tko je više izložen riziku od raka pluća. Zanimljivo, oko 10 posto muškaraca koji su imali visoku razinu nikotina u noktima uopće nisu bili pušači. Istraživanje, ako ništa drugo, pokazuje da upitnici i postojeće analize nisu dovoljno dobra sredstva određivanja rizika od raka pluća. Istraživači napominju da sam nikotin nije kancerogen sam po sebi, ali činjenica da ga ima puno u noktima ukazuje na to da u tijelu ima i puno kancerogenih tvari iz duhana. Razina nikotina u noktima bi mogla biti sjajan biomarker izloženosti duhanu; rezultati analize noktiju mogle bi odvratiti mnoge od pušenja i natjerati ih da se što manje izlažu dimu iz druge ruke. Detalji istraživanja su objavljeni u američkom Časopisu za epidemiologiju (Journal of Epidemiology).