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The old aphorism "you are what you eat" doesn't go far enough, a new study finds. You may also be whatever your mother eats. When pregnant monkeys consume a high-fat diet modeled after the typical American meal plan, their offspring are more anxious and stressed compared with the offspring of moms that ate more healthfully during pregnancy, according to the research. While earlier work uncovered long-term physical health consequences in offspring of fat-consuming moms, the new study reveals similar findings about mental health, said study researcher Kevin Grove of the Oregon National Primate Research Center in Beaverton, Ore. Given the similarities between human and non-human primate physiology and the fact that high-fat diets are the norm in America, the effect of maternal diet on babies' mental health "really is scary," Grove told LiveScience. "Even if we take the offspring, after they're weaned from their mothers, and put them back onto a normal, healthy diet, their susceptibility to stress and anxiety still remains," Grove said. "This really appears to be a permanent issue that occurs in utero." Lead study researcher Elinor Sullivan, also of the Oregon National Primate Research Center, presented the results Monday (Nov. 15) at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in San Diego. Anxious monkeys Grove, Sullivan and their colleagues were researching the metabolic health of Japanese macaque (also known as the snow monkey) offspring when Sullivan noticed that liver damage and excess body fat weren't the only legacies carried by babies of moms on fatty diets. Those offspring also seemed more high-strung. The team took a closer look, comparing offspring of moms on a diet in which 35 percent of calories came from fat with the offspring of moms that ate healthy diets in which just 13 percent of calories were from fat. The researchers tracked 23 babies from moms with high-fat diets and eight babies from moms with low-fat diets. After the babies were a month old, the researchers introduced them to several stressful situations, such as having an unknown human stand near their cage. In another test, the researchers put unfamiliar toys like rubber snakes or Mr. Potato Head (so chosen because the toy's big eyes are "mildly stressful" for an infant, Grove said) in each baby monkey's enclosure. The babies of the moms on the fatty diet were overwhelmingly more freaked out by the toys and stranger, the researchers found. That was especially true of female monkeys, which were reluctant to approach the toys (although they responded eagerly to food). The male offspring of fatty-diet moms were more likely to behave aggressively, threatening the human intruder in the stranger test, for example. Overall, the researchers report, 78 percent of the high-fat diet offspring displayed anxious or aggressive behavior during the tests, compared with 11 percent of the healthy-diet offspring. Healthy diet, healthy baby Regardless of whether the high-fat-diet moms became obese or stayed lean, their babies were more anxious, Grove said, suggesting that it's diet, not obesity, that influences their offspring's behavior. The problem seems to lie with serotonin, a neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being, the researchers found. The brains of fetuses and babies of high-fat diet moms showed disruptions in serotonin signaling. What may be happening, Grove said, is that a high-fat diet inflammes the placenta, which in turn exposes the developing fetus to inflammatory proteins called cytokines. Cytokines are known to disrupt the development of the serotonin system. The researchers are now investigating ways to reverse the effects of the high-fat diet. While the damage seems to be done by birth, altering the maternal diets during pregnancy reduces anxiety symptoms in offspring, Grove said. That's a lesson human mothers-to-be should take to heart, he said. "Pregnancy is a very vulnerable period in time for the developing fetus, obviously," Grove said. "But it's also a time of opportunity for long-term improvement of health in the offspring." - 7 Diet Tricks That Really Work - 7 Biggest Diet Myths - 7 Foods Your Heart Will Hate
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Ono ste što je jela vaša majka Stari aforizam, "ono si što jedeš", očito ne ide dovoljno duboko u srž problematike Naime, kako je otkrila nova studija, kada su trudne ženke majmuna konzumirale hranu bogatu mastima, njihovo potomstvo patilo je od anksioznosti i stresa, u odnosu na potomstvo ženki koje su se hranile zdravije tijekom trudnoće. I dok su ranije studije otkrile dugotrajne posljedice na fizičko zdravlje mladunčadi, novo istraživanje donosi slične rezultate o psihičkom zdravlju. S obzirom na sličnosti psihologije čovjeka i ostalih primata, utjecaj majčine prehrane na mentalo zdravlje djeteta je doista zastrašujuće, navodi istraživač Kevin Grove. "Čak i ako mladunčad ženki vratimo natrag na normalnu, zdravu prehranu, njihova podložnost stresu i ostalim psihičkim problemima i dalje ostaje. Čini se kako je ovo problem koji počinje još u maternici." Nakon što je mladunčad malo porasla, istraživači su je izložili stresnim situacijama. Potomstvo ženki koje su bile na nezdravoj prehrani pokazivalo je puno više negativnih reakcija na takve podražaje. Posebice je bila osjetljiva ženska mladunčad. Muška se ponašala agresivno, prijeteći uljezu tijekom specifičnog testa. Ukupno je 78 posto mladunčadi pokazivalo znakove agresivnog i anksioznog ponašanja, u usporedbi s tek 11 posto onih čije su majke bile na zdravoj prehrani. Bez obzira na to jesu li se ženke udebljale ili ostale na normalnoj tjelesnoj težini, mladunčad je pokazivala simptome. Grove smatra kako problem leži u serotoninu, neurotransmiteru koji potencira osjećaj zadovoljstva. Naime, mozgovi mladunčadi majki koje su bile na prehrani bogatoj mastima, pokazivali su poremećaj u funkcioniranju serotonina. Ono što se dešava, jest da takva prehrana stvara upalu posteljice, što dalje izlaže fetus proteinima upale poznatim kao citokini. Citokini osim toga narušavaju razvoj sustava serotonina. Znanstvenici sada istražuju kako ublažiti ove posljedice. I dok se čini kako se šteta stvara pri rođenju, promjena prehrane tijekom trudnoće može reducirati simptome. To je lekcija koju bi buduće majke trebale ozbiljno shvatiti. "Trudnoća je osjetljiv period vremena za razvoj fetusa. No, ona je također vrijeme kada se zdravlje potomstva može dugoročno poboljšati", zaključuje Grove.