http___medievalwall.com_hrvatski_arhitektura_utvrda-medvedgrad__1.xml
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Location of Fortress Medvedgrad fortress is located on the southern hillside of Mount Medvednica, on a hill called Mali Plazur, 593 meters above sea level. Life on Medvednica can be traced back to prehistoric times. Cave Veternica was discovered in the second half of the last century and it is the most significant palaeolithic locality in Zagreb region. It can be classified as most important historic deposit of this type in the entire South-Eastern Europe.1 Apart from the discoveries of many vegetal and animal species which permanently resided in this area,2 many objects have also been discovered, proving the presence of man in this area from the dawn of human civilization.3 Medvedgrad’s position gave it an excellent overview of the surrounding area. From there, it was possible to control territory all the way to Turopolje in the south, and it also had a perfect position for surveillance of transport routes between Slavonia and the West. Origin of Name The name of the fortress itself is connected to the term Medvednica, which is considered to have been derived from an old Slavic word medved (meaning „bear“), and cave bear obviously having been the most common animal in the area. Medvedgrad Historians The first known systematic historical overview of Medvedgrad, based on historical sources, was given by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski in his work entitled Događaji Medvedgrada, published in mid 19th century. Most of later explorers refer to his work. One of them is Ivan Tkalčić, who in 1889 wrote Spomenici Zagreba. In this work he uses most of the data from Kukuljević, primarily the theory about the architect and the end of construction in 1254. Bottom line, he considers Medvedgrad „fear and terror for all the neighbors, especially Gradec“.4 In her work called Medvedgrad i njegovi gospodari, Nada Klaić gives a latest overview of this town’s history, adding to some of the previous historians, but also offering some vital new conclusions. In her capital work she gives a summary of Medvedgrad’s history and its rulers by referring to historical sources. Theories of the Town’s Origin There are several theories of the origin of this town. Most accepted theory is that Medvedgrad was built after the Tartarian invasion in 1242; this theory is also supported by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski. According to this theory, the fortification was built from 1249 to 1254, by bishop Philip, on a royal ground, but using the diocese’s funds. Its purpose was supposedly the defense of Kaptol and episcopal estates against the Tartarian peril. The theory is substantiated by the fact that the fortification had a major strategical significance, since Gradec had not yet been fortified, and fear of another Tartarian breakthrough was still present. The grant was issued to bishop Philip by king Bela IV, however the certificate was not preserved.5 Nada Klaić, however, supports another theory, according to which Medvedgrad was built by duke Koloman, to serve as a court and not as a fortress, before the Tartarian invasion. To substantiate this, instead of using written source (which is nonexistent), she uses the appearance of the town itself, claiming that: “if there was enough room, time and money to build a palace and a chapel in such a large complex (large in comparison to other towers of that time), it cannot be a castrum built ad hoc in fear of another invasion by the enemy“.6 Furthermore, she considers episcopal construction of Medvedgrad to be a fabrication of Zagreb prebendaries in 14th century.7 She is refuted by Drago Miletić, who claims that Medvedgrad is not a court, but an aristocratic town or a burg. He holds on to thesis that Medvedgrad was built after the Tartarian breakthrough. It causes increased construction of aristocratic towns, and having taken in consideration that Bela IV, fleeing from Tatars, hid in Zagreb (Gradec), and also built a series of forts on the bank of the Danube, while the area of Slavonia is in lack of at least one secure stronghold that would provide a safe haven for the king in a case of another Tartarian breakthrough, it can be assumed that Bela IV started the construction of Medvedgrad. This thesis can also be verified by the fact that Philip, who was a king’s trustee, gets appointed as the bishop of Zagreb, so he grants him his newly started fortress, and after the departure of Philip, who became the archbishop of Esztergom in 1262, Bela claims back his fort.8 Newest research in the field of art history, concerning study and mutual comparison of sculptural decorations (early Gothic capitals) in Spiš, Ócsa and Medvedgrad, has spread the area of patronage of duke Koloman and royal stonemasons workshop, and by another review of the papal document from 1252 it confirmed Nada Klaić’s theory of the construction time, as well as Koloman’s involvement in the construction. It also provides a confirmation of Vladimir Bedenko’s thesis that the southern tower was built by Zagreb Kaptol, and only after the Tartarian breakthrough.9 Rulers Medvedgrad had extremely many rulers. Through seven centuries, it had 107 masters. Due to unresolved proprietary issues it was often subject to conflicts between the diocese and secular authority, and its owners changed quite often. Approximately ten years after it was owned by Zagreb bishop Philip, king Bela notices its strategical advantage and puts it under his jurisdiction. In return, he appointed Philip as the Archbishop of Esztergom and as his seal-bearer. He entrusted the rule over the town to Ban Stjepko Šubić. Medvedgrad has thus become a highly important stronghold in the efforts of defense of upper Slavonia.10 After the King claimed possession over Medvedgrad, it was ruled by bans for 11 years. In the years to follow, its rulers were alternately ecclesiastical and secular masters, from Zagreb bishops to the King himself. There were even confrontations regarding the ownership of the fort, thus Medvedgrad was considered in contemporary secret Kaptol letters as a cursed town (Maledictum Castrum Medved).11 Noted as most vicious of all Medvedgrad’s owners were counts Celjski, who became owners of Medvedgrad in 1436. After their reign, the fortress was alternately owned by several aristocratic families (Gregorian, Erdődy, Zrinski…). A powerful earthquake in 1590 damaged the front walls, municipal chambers and chapel so badly that it was hardly inhabitable. After the collapse of the Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy in 1671, Medvedgrad was taken over by the royal chamber, but already in sources from that time it is considered a ruin. Medvedgrad had a few more owners since then, and the last owners were the Kulmer barons, who owned it until the end of World War II. Town’s Problems Medvedgrad was, in Croatian standards, too large and expensive town. It was the center of a small, mountainous, relatively poor seignory, which had difficulties covering the costs of its maintenance. Thus, finance and upkeep were posing enormous problems to Medvedgrad. Its owners have, through their castellans, throughout the entire history of the town, used unpopular methods in order to gain the necessary means for the upkeep, which constantly led to conflicts with the neighbors. The fact that the noble families, at some point, owned Medvedgrad, shows that they had a requirement to buy another property, that was overpriced, because it was located in immediate vicinity of the administrative, political and ecclesiastical center of Slavonia. There is no record that Babonić, Celjski or Zrinski actually lived in Medvedgrad, they just used it for their crew. Parts of the Fortification Medvedgrad has an irregular ground plan that resembles of a trapeze with round corners. This does not surprise, taken the fact that it is located on a hill, thus its walls and architecture have been adjusted to the irregular shape of the terrain. Access to the town is from the mildest northern hillside, and in order to enter the inner, residential part of the town, one had to pass through another two well-guarded gates, having already passed the outer gates and a long infundibular corridor. It is surrounded by a double defensive wall, and between those two walls there is a suburbium, and the approach corridor in the western part. Inner part can be divided into three complexes: residential part in the north, sentry tower in the south, and a commodius yard in the middle. The northern residential part contains almost all of Medvedgrad objects. In the utmost northern part there is an older sentry tower, that is today ruinous. It was fairly isolated from the other buildings that were situated south back in 13th and 14th century, and later it had some economical buildings attached to it. The western palace was subsequently upgraded, and has gradually been spreading towards the north. The chapel, dedicated to St. Phillip and Jacob, is located in the elevated eastern part of town, north of the palace. It has a regular octagonal ground plan with a shallowly convex apse in the western side. It was built out of bricks, whilst the angles were reinforced by angular carved stones from the outside. Other parts of the architectural plastic are also made of stone: portal, window rose, windows, jambs, semicapitals and vault. The chapel of St. Phillip and Jacob is the oldest and most notable chapel of an aristocratic town in all of Croatia, and it is also Croatia’s most significant building of intermediate Romanic-Gothic style. In this part of the town, we can also find some objects of economical purpose, which are today rubbles. There is the town well near the chapel, quite well-preserved even today. In the southern part of the town is a newer sentry tower that dominates the entire stronghold. It was built with a quadratic base, and made out of bricks and stone.12 Conservation The Croatian Conservation Institute started excavations and restoration of Medvedgrad fortress in 70’s of 20th century; following items were found: a Bronze Age axe, Gothic signets, pottery fragments, glass and weapons. The chapel was discovered in 1981, and was since fully restored.13 In 1992, a spot was chosen to raise a monument to honor the victims of war, thus the Altar of Fatherland, a work by sculptor Kuzma Kovačić, was installed under the southern tower, outside the town. - Yet it is unknown who and when erected it - Through history it changed 107 owners - Under its walls battle never took place. - In secret canonic letters it is called the Damned city (Maledictum Castrum Medved) - Dobronić, L. 2003. Stari vijenac sela oko Zagreba. Zagreb, Muzej grada Zagreba - Goss, V. P., Vicelja, M. 2006. Some Observations on the Chapel at Medvedgrad, Starohrvatska prosvjeta III/33, 165-186 The Battle of Cathedrals: or how Zagreb almost Became an Archbishopric in the 13th Century, Medioevo: L’Europa delle Cattedrali, 146-154 - Goss, V. P., Jukić, V. 2007. Medvedgrad-Ócsa-Spiš: Some Stylistic Considerations, Starohrvatska prosvjeta III/34, 295-307 Renesansa 12. stoljeća i Hrvatska, Renesansa i renesanse u umjetnosti Hrvatske, IPU, Zagreb, 417-426 Medvedgrad i njegovi gospodari, Zagreb, Globus - Miletić, D., Valjato-Fabris M. 1987. Kapela sv. Filipa i Jakova na Medvedgradu, Zagreb, Mala biblioteka godišnjaka zaštite spomenika kulture Hrvatske 12/1986 - Miletić, D. 2001. O obnovi Medvedgrada, Peristil 44, 131-157 Medvedgrad i njegovi gospodari: 16 - 2 It is interesting that „in the quaternary fauns remains of cave Veternica nearly 75% of all findings indicate to the rest of Cave Bear (Ursus spelaeus), which very clearly indicates to the origin of mountain name, as well as the town alone. - 3 There has been found various tools, bone retouchers, leave with bronze subjects (one has been found 1959 in immediate vicinity of Medvedgrada), bronze axes, fragments of pipkins, different subjects made of iron… - 5 About her existence we find out indirectly, from the document instituted in Perugga 20 February 1252. in which pope Inocent IV. confirms the Philip property „which he belongs to, and now calls the bishop’s fortress“ -Miletić, D. 2001. O obnovi Medvedgrada, Peristil 44, 131-150 - 8 Miletić, D., Valjato-Fabris, M. 1987:41-43 - 9 Goss, V. P. Jukić, V., Medvedgrad – Ócsa – Spiš Some Stylistic Considerations, Starohrvatska prosvjeta III/34 (2007), 295 – 305, posebno str. - 10 Term Upper Slavonia approximately covers the area of the present north Croatia, along some fewer geographical differences, but in any case it includes region on which Medvedgrad is located. - 12It is the tower which has been built by bishop Philip after Tatarian invasion. - 13 Miletić, D., Valjato-Fabris, M. 1987:7
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Smještaj utvrde Utvrda Medvedgrad nalazi se na južnim padinama planine Medvednice, na brdu Mali Plazur, na 593 metra nadmorske visine. Život na njoj može se pratiti još od prapovijesti. Polovicom prošlog stoljeća otkrivena je špilja Veternica, koja je najznačajniji paleolitski lokalitet u zagrebačkoj regiji, a može se svrstati i u najbitnija nalazišta toga tipa u cjelokupnoj jugoistočnoj Europi.1 Osim što se došlo do otkrića mnogih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta koje su imale svoje prebivalište na ovom području,2 otkriveni su i mnogi predmeti koji nam dokazuju boravak čovjeka na ovom prostoru i u najranijim vremenima ljudske civilizacije.3 Medvedgrad svojim smještajem ima odličan položaj za nadzor nad okolicom. S njega se moglo kontrolirati prostor sve do Turopolja na jugu, a dobiveno je i izvanredno mjesto za nadzor prometnih puteva od Slavonije prema zapadu. Podrijetlo imena Ime same utvrde povezuje se s imenom Medvednice, na kojoj je spiljski medvjed očito bio najrasprostranjenija životinja, a smatra se da ime potječe od staroslavenske riječi medved. Povjesničari Medvedgrada Prvi sustavni pregled povijesti Medvedgrada, zasnovan na korištenju povijesnih izvora, donosi nam Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski u svome djelu Događaji Medvedgrada, objavljenom još sredinom 19. st. Na njegovo se djelo nadovezuje većina kasnijih istraživača Medvedgrada. Jedan od njih je Ivan Tkalčić, koji je 1889. g. napisao djelo Spomenici Zagreba. U njemu dosta podataka preuzima od Kukuljevića, prije svega teoriju o graditelju utvrde i završetku gradnje 1254. g. U srži, za njega je Medvedgrad „strah i užas za sve susjede, a naročito za Gradec“.4 U svome djelu Medvedgrad i njegovi gospodari, Nada Klaić daje najnoviji pregled povijesti ovoga grada, nadovezujući se na starije povjesničare, ali i dajući neke bitne nove zaključke. U svom kapitalnom djelu daje presjek medvedgradske povijesti i njegovih vladara pozivajući se na povijesne izvore. Teorije o nastanku grada Postoji više teorija o nastanku ovoga grada. Najzastupljenija je ona po kojoj se smatra da se Medvedgrad gradi nakon upada Tatara na ova područja, 1242. g., koju zastupa, primjerice, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski. Po njoj se utvrda gradi od 1249. do 1254. g., gradi ju biskup Filip, na kraljevskom zemljištu, ali sredstvima biskupije. Svrha joj je obrana Kaptola i biskupskih posjeda pred tatarskom opasnošću. Argumentira se time što je utvrda imala veliko strateško značenje jer Gradec još nije bio utvrđen, a strah od nove provale Tatara je još postojao. Biskupu Filipu darovnicu je izdao kralj Bela IV., no ta isprava nije sačuvana.5 Nada Klaić zastupa drugu teoriju po kojoj je još prije provale Tatara u ove krajeve, herceg Koloman sagradio Medvedgrad, i to kao dvor, a ne kao utvrdu. Kao dokaz za svoju tvrdnju ona ne uzima pisani povijesni izvor, nego sam izgled grada, tvrdeći: “ako se u jednom tako velikom kompleksu (velik obzirom na dotadašnje kule) nalazi mjesta, vremena i novca za gradnju palače i kapele, to ne može biti kastrum građen ad hoc u velikom strahu od nove navale neprijatelja“.6 Također, priču o biskupskoj gradnji Medvedgrada smatra izmišljotinom zagrebačkih kanonika u 14. st.7 Njoj se suprotstavlja Drago Miletić, koji smatra da nije tako, da to nije dvor, nego plemićki grad ili burg. Ostaje kod teze da je Medvedgrad izgrađen nakon provale Tatara. Ona utječe na povećanu gradnju plemićkih gradova, a ako uzmemo u obzir da se Bela IV. bježeći pred Tatarima skrivao u Zagrebu (Gradecu), također i da on na obali Dunava podiže niz utvrda, dok na području Slavonije nedostaje barem jedna sigurna utvrda koja bi u slučaju nove provale Tatara kralju pružila sigurno utočište, može se uzeti za pretpostavku kako je Bela IV. započeo gradnju Medvedgrada. Tu tezu također može potvrditi i to što na mjesto zagrebačkog biskupa dolazi Filip, koji je čovjek od kraljeva povjerenja, te mu on predaje svoju tek započetu utvrdu, a nakon što Filip odlazi za nadbiskupa u Esztergom 1262. g., Bela svoju utvrdu uzima natrag.8 Najnovija istraživanja s područja povijesti umjetnosti, koja se bave proučavanjem i međusobnom usporedbom skulpturalne dekoracije (ranogotički kapiteli) u Spišu, Ócsi i Medvedgradu, proširila su područje patronata hercega Kolomana i kraljevske klesarske radionice, a ponovnim razmatranjem papine isprave iz 1252. g. potvrdila su tezu Nade Klaić o vremenu izgradnje utvrde, kao i o udjelu hercega Kolomana u njoj. Također je potvrđena i teza Vladimira Bedenka da južnu kulu podiže zagrebački Kaptol i to nakon tatarske provale.9 Vladari Medvedgrad je promijenio izuzetno mnogo vladara. Kroz sedam stoljeća njime je vladalo 107 gospodara. Zbog neriješenih vlasničkih odnosa često je bio predmetom sukoba biskupije i svjetovnih vlasti, te je često mijenjao vlasnike. Desetak godina nakon što je vlast nad njime imao zagrebački biskup Filip, kralj Bela IV. uočava stratešku prednost grada i stavlja ga pod svoju upravu. Zauzvrat je Filipa postavio za ostrogonskog nadbiskupa i svoga pečatnika. Upravljanje gradom povjerio je banu Stjepku Šubiću. Medvedgrad je od tada postao vrlo važno uporište u obrani gornje Slavonije.10 Nakon što je kralj preuzeo vlast nad Medvedgradom, njime su jedanaest godina u kraljevo ime vladali banovi. U slijedećim godinama kao vlasnici se izmjenjuju crkveni i svjetovni gospodari, od zagrebačkih biskupa do samoga kralja. Dolazilo je i do obračuna zbog vlasništva nad utvrdom, pa se Medvedgrad u onodobnim tajnim kaptolskim pismima naziva prokletim gradom (Maledictum Castrum Medved).11 Kao najzloglasniji vlasnici Medvedgrada ostali su zapamćeni grofovi Celjski, koji postaju vlasnici Medvedgrada 1436. g. Nakon njihove vladavine, vlasništvo nad utvrdom prelazi iz ruke u ruku nekoliko plemićkih obitelji (Gregorijanaca, Erdődya, Zrinskih…). Jak potres 1590. g. toliko je oštetio prednje zidine, gradske sobe i kapelu, da se tu jedva moglo stanovati. Nakon sloma Zrinsko-frankopanske urote 1671. g. Medvedgrad je preuzela kraljevska komora, no on se već tada u izvorima naziva ruševinom. Još se nekoliko vlasnika izmijenilo u Medvedgradu, a posljednji vlasnici bili su baruni Kulmer, koji su ga posjedovali do kraja Drugog svjetskog rata. Problemi grada Medvedgrad je za naše prostore bio velik i za održavanje skup grad. On je bio centar jednog malog, planinskog, relativno siromašnog vlastelinstva, koje je svojim prihodima teško moglo pokrivati troškove svog uzdržavanja. Zato su upravo financije i uzdržavanje stvarali Medvedgradu ogromne probleme. Njegovi vlasnici su preko svojih kaštelana kroz cijelu povijest grada pribjegavali nepopularnim postupcima da bi se domogli sredstava za uzdržavanje, što ih je stalno dovodilo u sukobe sa susjedima. To što su plemićke obitelji u nekom trenutku posjedovale Medvedgrad samo pokazuje da su one u tom periodu imale potrebu kupiti još jedan posjed, čija je cijena bila iznad realne, zato što se nalazio u neposrednoj blizini administrativnog, političkog i crkvenog središta Slavonije. Nema podataka da su Babonići, Celjski ili Zrinski zaista i živjeli na Medvedgradu, nego oni tu samo postavljaju svoju posadu. Dijelovi utvrde Medvedgrad ima nepravilan tlocrt kojemu bi najbliži bio oblik trapeza zaobljenih uglova. To ne čudi jer se nalazi na brežuljku, pa se njegove zidine i arhitektura prilagođavaju nepravilnom obliku terena na kojemu se nalaze. Gradu se prilazilo najblažom sjevernom padinom brijega, a da bi se ušlo u uži, stambeni dio grada trebalo je osim vanjskih vrata i dugačkog ljevkastog koridora proći kroz još dvoja vrata koja su bila dobro branjena. Okružen je dvostrukim obrambenim zidom, a između ta dva kruga zidina nalazi se podgrađe, te na zapadnom dijelu prilazni koridor. Unutrašnji dio možemo podijeliti u tri cjeline: stambeni dio na sjeveru, branič-kulu na jugu, te između njih smješteno prostrano dvorište. U sjevernom stambenom dijelu nalaze se gotovo svi medvedgradski objekti. Na krajnjem sjevernom dijelu nalazi se starija branič-kula, koja je danas u ruševnom stanju. Ona je u 13. i 14. st. bila relativno izolirana od ostalih zgrada koje su smještene južnije, da bi joj se kasnije prigradile neke zgrade gospodarske namjene. Istočno i zapadno od ulaza nalaze se dva palasa. Zapadni palas je kasnije dograđivan, te se postepeno širio prema sjeveru. Kapela, posvećena sv. Filipu i Jakovu, nalazi se u povišenom istočnom dijelu grada, sjeverno od palasa. Ima pravilan centralni osmerokutni tlocrt sa plitko izbočenom apsidom na zapadnoj strani. Građena je od opeke, dok su uglovi s vanjske strane pojačani ugaonim klesancima. Od kamena su i ostali dijelovi arhitektonske plastike: portal, prozorska ruža, prozori, polustupovi, polukapiteli i svodna rebra. Kapela sv. Filipa i Jakova je najstarija i najreprezentativnija kapela jednog plemićkog grada u Hrvatskoj, a također je i naša najznačajnija građevina prijelaznog romaničko-gotičkog stila. U ovom dijelu grada nalazimo i neke objekte gospodarske namjene, od kojih su danas ostale samo ruševine. Pokraj kapele nalazi se gradski bunar, koji je u dobrom stanju i danas. U južnom dijelu grada smještena je mlađa branič-kula koja dominira cijelom utvrdom. Građena je nad kvadratnom bazom, od opeke i kamena.12 Obnova Restauratorski zavod Hrvatske započeo je krajem 70-ih godina 20. st. iskapanja i obnovu medvedgradske utvrde, te su tu pronađeni: sjekira iz brončanog doba, gotički pečatnjaci, ulomci keramike, stakla i oružje. Kapela je otkrivena 1981. g., te je u cijelosti restaurirana.13 1992. g. odabrano je mjesto na kojemu će se podignuti spomenik u čast svima poginulima za domovinu, te se ispod južne kule, s vanjske strane grada, postavlja Oltar domovine, djelo kipara Kuzme Kovačića. - Još uvijek se ne zna tko i kada ga je podigao - Kroz svoju povijest promijenio 107 vlasnika - Pod njegovim zidinama nikada se nije odigrala bitka - U tajnim kaptolskim pismima nazivao se prokletim gradom (Maledictum Castrum Medved) - Dobronić, L. 2003. Stari vijenac sela oko Zagreba. Zagreb, Muzej grada Zagreba - Goss, V. P., Vicelja, M. 2006. Some Observations on the Chapel at Medvedgrad, Starohrvatska prosvjeta III/33, 165-186 - Goss, V. P. 2007. The Battle of Cathedrals: or how Zagreb almost Became an Archbishopric in the 13th Century, Medioevo: L’Europa delle Cattedrali, 146-154 - Goss, V. P., Jukić, V. 2007. Medvedgrad-Ócsa-Spiš: Some Stylistic Considerations, Starohrvatska prosvjeta III/34, 295-307 - Goss, V. P. 2008. Renesansa 12. stoljeća i Hrvatska, Renesansa i renesanse u umjetnosti Hrvatske, IPU, Zagreb, 417-426 - Klaić, N. 1987. Medvedgrad i njegovi gospodari, Zagreb, Globus - Miletić, D., Valjato-Fabris M. 1987. Kapela sv. Filipa i Jakova na Medvedgradu, Zagreb, Mala biblioteka godišnjaka zaštite spomenika kulture Hrvatske 12/1986 - Miletić, D. 2001. O obnovi Medvedgrada, Peristil 44, 131-157 - 1 Klaić, N. 1987. Medvedgrad i njegovi gospodari: 16 - 2 Zanimljivo je da „u faunskom spektru kvartarne faune Veternice gotovo 75% svih nalaza zauzimaju ostaci spiljskog medvjeda (Ursus spelaeus)“, što nas vrlo jasno upućuje na podrijetlo imena planine, kao i samog grada. - 3 Pronađena su kamena ognjišta, razna oruđa, koštani retušeri, ostave s brončanim predmetima (jedna je pronađena 1959. g. u neposrednoj blizini Medvedgrada), brončane sjekire, ulomci zemljanih posuda, različiti predmeti od željeza… - 5 O njenom postojanju saznajemo posredno, iz isprave izdane u Peruggi 20.2.1252. kojom papa Inocent IV. potvrđuje Filipu posjed „koji mu pripada, a sada se zove biskupska utvrda“-Miletić, D. 2001. O obnovi Medvedgrada, Peristil 44, 131-150 - 8 Miletić, D., Valjato-Fabris, M. 1987:41-43 - 9 Goss, V. Jukić, V., Medvedgrad – Ócsa – Spiš Some Stylistic Considerations, Starohrvatska prosvjeta III/34 (2007), 295 – 305, posebno str. 302 - 10 Pojam srednjovjekovne Slavonije otprilike pokriva prostor današnje sjeverne Hrvatske, uz neke manje geografske razlike, no u svakom slučaju ona obuhvaća područje na kojemu se nalazi Medvedgrad - 12 To je ona kula koju gradi biskup Filip nakon tatarskih provala. - 13 Miletić, D., Valjato-Fabris, M. 1987:7