http___mc-faustvrancic.com_hr_o-faustu__1.xml
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Faust Vrančić was born in 1551 in Šibenik in the noble family Vrančić, originally old Bosnian nobility. The Family moved to Šibenik in the 14th century and was quickly established in the city, government, but also in the high politics of the Croatian-Hungarian kingdom,mostly due to the strong relations with Statilić and Berislavić families. Faust spent the first ten years of his life between Šibenik and a mansion on the island of Prvić, where his family had been spending summer months far from the city noise and heat, and occasionally escaping from the plague that had hit Šibenik several times. Island of Prvić left a great mark on the young Faust. He felt nostalgic to his home-country throughout his life and had an aspiration to die on it. But since he got ill in Venice, he died there. From there, his body was transported by boat, first to the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik, whose glory he had spread in the world, respected it as a pearl of his native homeland in his famous Machinae Novae. In his honor, Ivan Tomko Mrnavić held a posthumous speech after which Faust’s body was transported on the island of his childhood. By his explicit wish, Faust’s body, together with one copy of each of his books, was buried in the parish church of St. Mary of of Grace in Prvić Luka “in the bleak soil among the dead bodies of laborers, so that at least he could happily achieve what he could not for his lifetime” Somewhere at the age of 10, Faust leaves his hometown where he has gained an initial classical education, and goes to Pressburg (today’s Bratislava) to his uncle Antun, the diplomat and the Bishop of Eger, who in time has come to the position of archbishop and the Emperor’s Governor of Hungary. At that time, as Mihovil Vrančić (Faust’s father) wrote to his brother Antun, Faust is a “lively-spirited child, possessing a beautiful and truly noble appearance; he is not unreasonable no excessively childish, it seems that he has a significant future ahead of him…” and asks him to take care of him so that “he might not absorb these savage customs in his childhood, but instead from an early age acquire a purer teaching and learn languages.” His uncle supports and finances Faust’s further education and enrolls him at the famous University of Padua where Faust studies law and philosophy. As part of the study of philosophy, he studied mathematics and natural science – the forerunner of modern physics – which is important for understanding the scientific basis for the creation of his inventions. When he graduated from university, 22 years old Faust goes to his uncle but shortly after his return, Antun Vrančić dies. After that he stayed for a while in Rome and was admitted to the Croatian brotherhood of St. Jerome. Soon after, he married to Maria Zar / Zarensis, with whom he had a daughter Alba Rosa and a son who died very young. In 1579 he became the military commander of the town of Veszprem and the administrator of the bishopric estates. It is assumed that thanks to this experience he received first incentives and ideas for designing technical projects and solutions. He stayed there for two years to become secretary of the Roman-German Emperor and Croatian-Hungarian King Rudolf II. Habsburg in Prague in 1581. Rudolf II, the patron of art and science, in love with astronomy, astrology, and alchemy, gathered the greatest minds of that time, which had a great impact on Faust’s work. In 1594, a few months after the battle of Sisak, and his personal loss – the death of his wife, he left the service of Secretary Rudolf II. Having left Prague, he stayed for a while in Italy and Dalmatia when in 1598 Rudolf IIcalled him in service again and named him a Titular Bishop of Csanad a governor of Hungary and Transylvania. Various sources refer to two years as possible years of Faust’s ordination – 1594 and 1600. In 1605 Faust moved to Rome, renounced his bishopric titles and joined Church Order of Barnabites in 1608. The last ten years of his life he is mostly devoted to writing and publishing his works. Faust Vrančić is great Croatian inventor and one of our most versatile humanists – polyhistor. He contributed accomplishments from many areas. He was a lawyer, philosopher, historian, lexicographer, inventor, hagiographer and theologian. He also carried out very demanding political functions of the Emperor Secretariat, the Bishop and royal governor of Hungary and Transylvania. He was a family man – husband and father, but also a priest dedicated to contemplation and the development of Christian virtues, making his life path very meaningful and interesting. His Dictionary of the Five Most Noble European languages – Latin, Italian, German, Dalmatian and Hungarian – is the first Croatian and the first Hungarian dictionary in history. It was published in Venice in 1595 and it is considered as the foundation of Croatian lexicography. In his collection of inventions Machinae Novae or New Machines, Faust describes 56 different devices and technical constructions in 49 large formats of chalcography. In addition to its most famous invention – parachute, two groups of projects – bridges and mills – occupy a prominent place. Three of Faust’s bridges are of great importance because they appear for the first time in technical literature: Bronze bridge- the first idea of a metal bridge in the history of technology, a Bridge with one rope – the forerunner of modern cable car and the Iron bridge – the first idea of chain suspension bridge in history. Faust describes 18 types of mills as well. They are driven by wind, water mass, sea currents, human or animal propulsion. Faust introduces innovations into the existing idea of a mill: vertical shaft, movable wings, the forerunner of the turbine. Other inventions are also very useful in everyday life: saws, presses, water pumps, clocks, and it is interesting that Faust is also inventor of the first shock absorber in the history of technology. For some of his inventions, Faust had patent privileges received from a Venetian Doge. That suggest that he exploited his inventions in Dalmatia, most probably on one of the family estates, and that he was selling licenses for patents to others. All of the above makes him a successful entrepreneur as well. He is the author of historiographical and political discussions, a part of the field of philosophical disciplines – Logica Nova and Ethica Christiana. He also wrote one book in his mother tongue – Život nikoliko izabranih divic – a collection of biographies of 12 early Christian martyrs devoted to nuns noblewomen of the Benedictine convent of Holy Salvation in Šibenik. His IllyricaHistoria is still in the manuscript and unpublished at National and University Library in Zagreb.
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Faust Vrančić rođen je 1551. godine u Šibeniku, u plemićkoj obitelji Vrančić koja je izvorno pripadala starom bosanskom plemstvu. U Šibenik se doselila u 14. st. gdje se vrlo brzo etablirala u gradskoj vlasti, ali i u visokoj politici Hrvatsko-ugarskog kraljevstva, najviše zahvaljujući rodbinskoj povezanosti sa obiteljima Statilić i Berislavić. Faust je prvih deset godina života proveo između rodnog Šibenika i ljetnikovca na otoku Prviću gdje se obitelj u ljetnim mjesecima sklanjala od gradske vreve i žege, a povremeno i od epidemija kuge koja je nekoliko puta pogodila Šibenik. Da je Prvić ostavio velikog traga na mladog Fausta koji je cijeloga života osjećao nostalgiju prema rodnom kraju svjedoči i njegova težnja da se na njemu umirovi, koja je nažalost bila osujećena smrću što ga je zatekla u Veneciji. Odatle je njegovo tijelo bilo prevezeno brodom, prvo u šibensku katedralu sv. Jakova, čiju je slavu pronio svijetom odavajući joj počast kao ukrasu rodnog mu kraju u svojoj čuvenoj Machinae novae. U njegovu je čast Ivan Tomko Mrnavić održao posmrtni govor u katedrali, a potom je Faust, po svojoj izričitoj oporučnoj želji, bio prevezen na otok njegova djetinjstva. Faustovo je tijelo, zajedno sa po jednim primjerkom svake njegove knjige, pokopano u župnoj crkvi sv. Marije od Milosti u Prvić Luci. Negdje u dobi od 10 godina Faust napušta rodni grad u kojem je stekao početnu klasičnu naobrazbu, te odlazi u Požun (današnju Bratislavu) stricu Antunu, diplomatu i jegarskom biskupu, koji je s vremenom napredovao do položaja nadbiskupa i carskog namjesnika Ugarske. U to doba, kako piše Faustov otac Mihovil svome bratu Antunu, Faust je „dijete živa duha, lijepe i uistinu plemenite vanjštine; nije nerazuman niti djetinjasto zaigran, čini se da ima izgleda za značajniju budućnost…“ te ga moli da ga uzme k sebi kako „ne bi ovdje od djetinjstva upijao ove divlje običaje, nego da od malih nogu dobiva čistiju poduku i uči jezike“. Stric podržava i financira Faustovo daljnje obrazovanje, te ga upisuje na čuveno Sveučilište u Padovi gdje Faust studira pravo i filozofiju. U sklopu studija filozofije izučavao je matematiku i prirodnu filozofiju – preteču fizike – što je važno za razumijevanje znanstvene podloge nastanka njegovih izuma. Po završetku studija dvadesetdvogodišnji Faust odlazi stricu u Ugarsku, no ovaj umire nedugo po njegovu povratku. Jedno vrijeme boravi u Rimu gdje je primljen u hrvatsku bratovštinu sv. Jeronima. Nedugo zatim ženi se Marijom Zar/Zarensis s kojom ima kćer Albu Rosu i sina koji umire još kao dijete. 1579. godine postaje vojni zapovjednik grada Veszprema i upravitelj tamošnjih biskupskih imanja. Pretpostavlja se da je zahvaljujući tom iskustvu dobio prve poticaje i ideje za oblikovanje tehničkih projekata i rješenja. Tu se zadržao dvije godine da bi 1581. postao tajnik na dvoru rimsko-njemačkog cara i hrvatsko-ugarskog kralja Rudolfa II. Habsburga u Pragu. Rudolf II., pokrovitelj umjetnosti i znanosti, zaljubljenik u astronomiju, astrologiju i alkemiju, na hradčanskom je dvoru okupljao najveće onodobne umove, što je imalo veliki utjecaj na Faustov rad. 1594., nekoliko mjeseci nakon bitke kod Siska, te osobnog gubitka – smrti supruge, napušta službu tajnika Rudolfa II. Napustivši Prag neko vrijeme boravi u Italiji i Dalmaciji no 1598. Rudolf II. ga ponovno zove u službu i imenuje ga biskupom Csanada te namjesnikom Ugarske i Transilvanije. Različiti izvori navode dvije godine kao moguće godine Faustova zaređenja – 1594. i 1600. Faust 1605. seli u Rim te se 1608. priključuje crkvenom redu Barnabita. Posljednjih desetak godina života najvećim se dijelom posvećuje pisanju i objavljivanju svojih radova. Hrvatski velikan i jedan od naših najsvestranijih humanista – polihistora Faust Vrančić zadužio nas je svojim postignućima iz mnogih područja. Bio je: pravnik, filozof, povjesničar, leksikograf, izumitelj, hagiograf i teolog. Ujedno je obnašao vrlo zahtjevne političke funkcije carskog tajnika, biskupa i carskog namjesnika za Ugarsku i Transilvaniju. Bio je obiteljski čovjek – suprug i otac, ali i svećenik posvećen kontemplaciji i razvijanju kršćanskih vrlina, što njegov životni put čini vrlo sadržajnim i interesantnim. Njegov Rječnik pet najuglednijih europskih jezika – latinskog, talijanskog, njemačkog, dalmatinskog i mađarskog – prvi je hrvatski i prvi mađarski rječnik u povijesti. Objavljen je u Veneciji 1595. i smatra se temeljem hrvatske leksikografije. U svojoj zbirci izuma Machinae novae ili Novi strojevi Faust na 49 bakroreza velikog formata opisuje 56 različitih uređaja i tehničkih konstrukcija. Pored njegova najpoznatijeg izuma – padobrana, istaknuto mjesto zauzimaju dvije skupine projekata – mostovi i mlinovi. Tri su Faustova mosta izumi od velikog značaja jer se kao ideje prvi put pojavljuju u tehničkoj literaturi: most od zvonovine (bronce) – prva ideja mosta od metala u povijesti tehnike, most s jednim užetom – preteča moderne žičare te željezni most – prva ideja mosta ovješenog o lance. U skupini mlinova Faust opisuje čak 18 vrsta. Pokretani su vjetrom, vodenom masom, morskim strujama, ljudskim ili životinjskim pogonom. Faust uvodi inovacije u postojeću ideju mlina: vertikalnu osovinu, pomična krila, preteču turbine. Ostali izumi također su vrlo korisni u svakodnevnom životu: pile, preše, pumpe za vodu, satovi, a zanimljivo je da je Faust također i autor prvog amortizera u povijesti tehnnike. Za neke od svojih izuma Faust je imao povlastice koje jamče patentna prava, ishodovane od mletačkog dužda, što sugerira da je svoje izume eksploatirao na području današnje Dalmacije i/ili da ih je prodavao drugima, što ga uz sve gore navedeno čini i uspješnim poduzetnikom. Autor je historiografskih i političkih rasprava, djela iz područja filozofskih disciplina – Logica nova i Ethica christiana, a napisao je i jedno djelo na materinskom jeziku – Život nikoliko izabranih divic – zbirku životopisa 12 ranokršćanskih mučenica posvećenu redovnicama plemkinjama benediktinskog samostana sv. Spasa u Šibeniku. Njegov rukopis Illiryca historia još leži neobjavljen u Nacionalnoj i sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Zagrebu.