http___www.informatika.buzdo.com_s772-linux-debian.htm_1.xml
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Debian distribution it is easiest to describe as a distribution developed by the authors for their needs. It is characterized by an advanced package management system based on .deb archive format that provides a very low maintenance system, provided that the computer connected to the network. Debian is being developed according to the document, which is called 'Debian social contract' and that actually guarantees that the distribution can share with others. Therefore, the Debian packages are divided into three groups: free (main), contrib and non-free. Group 'main' make packages that are larger part of distribution, are free and are mainly composed of the installation media. Group 'contrib' packages are not part of the standard distribution, but are free and packages in the aforementioned group. Group of 'non-free' are packages that include free source code, but not compiled piece of work, or need to be licensed per installation. According to his philosophy. Debian GNU philosophy is closest to the project; freeware free support for any changes and distribution. The peculiarity of the Debian distribution is a very rare publication of the CD version of the distribution, which is why beginners often choose for a different distribution of the latest version of which can be easily installed from a CD. Debian is a distribution that also has the largest selection of ready-made binary packages, since quite a number of people who develop Debian and have very different interests and needs, and maintain a variety of different packages, so very rich and varied distribution of its content. As with any Linux distribution consists of a core, basic tools and computer programs for very diverse applications. Debian GNU / Linux provides a lot more than what is meant by the title 'operating system': it comes with more than 40'000 packages, precompiled software (binary code for different hardware platforms) bundled up in a nice format for easy installation on your computer. Debian is special because it is completely in the work of dedicated volunteers brand development and expansion of free software and what is more each day. This distribution was named after names of the people who founded this project: Debra and Ian Murdock. Debian as operating system is basically not upgraded. There are two teams who care about the development of Debian. One deals with the very development of the operating system and software support, and the other addresses the security vulnerabilities, while still using the three versions: Versions are periodically alternating sequence. When the 'Testing' version becomes safe enough passes to version 'Stable' and previous retiring (OldStable-Security), and after a while revoked. The version that was 'Unstable' turns into 'Testing' and establishes a new 'Unstable' version. Since its first distribution onwards particular version called the characters from the animated movie 'Toy Story', and of April 25, 2015 listed version valid code name: Jessie (OldStable-Security), Stretch (Stable), Buster (Testing) and Sid (Unstable). With the proviso that the term 'Unstable' version never changes, Sid was always Sid. To upgrade went correctly ensures a well-designed packaging system to take care of dependencies and transactions, thus increasing reliability and security of the operating system and software support. Not only the above, each version has its own download area of the package so that even here there can be no confusion. In addition to these code names each of the 'stable' version carries and numbered as follows: Which version to choose? For server 'Stable' version or advanced 'Testing' version, which is expected imminent transition to 'Stable' version. And other users as appropriate, unless it comes to some institution where indicated defined security policy. Also is interested that Microsoft also supports Debian 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in 'Hyper-V' and many products in the 'System Center' suite, and interconnection between Debian 8/9 and 'Microsoft Azure cloud'. In order to install the operating system to obtain installation media, either from vendors downloading .ISO files from servers around the globe and create a separate media or buy a computer server with preinstalled (prepared) operating system optimized for that computer. Linux as an operating system becomes more and more a part of server systems. The reason for this is shown in a very good stability in the work, especially if you take a distribution of some renowned companies. Linux is free, but the person who installs it and add your program support (bookkeeping application or content for the Web site or the like), or agrees or commissioning, complete and distribute a set, has the right to charge his efforts. Linux supports about fifteen different computer platforms, and from version 8 of this operating system distribution media can be purchased or downloaded for a selected architecture and not for all architecture as in previous versions. After almost 24 months of constant development the Debian project, stable version 8 (code name Jessie) will be supported for the next 5 years thanks to the combined work of the 'Security team' and of the 'Long Term Support' (LTS) team. Further descriptions will refer only to the most common - Intel PC compatible platform. Available to the user for Jessie distribution is: The latter is very interesting because in this basic configuration can be upgraded only what the user needs and to ensure a fast server with a minimum of resources spent. The installation process on a clean disk patrician (home computer) or a new computer (usually a server) is similar. The basic difference between these two types of installation is as follows: In either case, start / select the operating system to perform it worked program support - BOOT LOADER, as LILO (Linux Loader) or GRUB (GRand Unified Boot Loader), which offers only the main menu when starting the computer loads the operating system. When you start your computer BIOS consults written in the first 512 bytes of disk called the MBR (Master Boot Record). It is all or part of the IPL (Initial Program Loader) that loads the operating system and information - the partition table that describes how the disk is partitioned. Each disc contains two tracks in its first sector. Stated is illustrated in the following figure. Numeric partition labels from 1-4 refer to primary partitions from previously mentioned reasons related to features of BIOS of PC compatible computers, and all logical partitions wear numbered from 5 upwards. To make computer to work properly must be at least one PRIMARY partition must have on file system and must be marked as active (marked ' A '), which means it contains BOOT SECTOR and carries BOOTSTRAP indication that the BIOS can recognize. In this case, the user's computer will be [hda1] with BOOT LOADER and menu with selection of the operating system that wants to run, Windows or Linux. Partition [hda3] is PRIMARY partition declared as EXTENDED partition, commonly called simply EXTENDED partition, in which they were created logical partitions, and it acts as a container of logical partitions and the operating system is not seen as a possible file system. [hdaX] stands for the type of IDE drives and their partitions, while for SCSI and SATA disks are used [sdaX] tags. Linux can not be installed on a Windows partition, and therefore the concept of user needs to have one partition that is not occupied by the Windows OS, as in the example above figure with EXTENDED partition. Logical partition [/data] is created by the Linux operating system to make it easier to retrieve information is intended to be visible from the Windows operating system. Windows OS will recognize Linux partitions but will recognize this as [E:]. Since the FAT partition type, its size can not be larger than 2 GB. It should be borne in mind that when you install the Windows OS and Linux OS on the user's computer (dual boot), you first need to create a partition for Windows and install it, but when it can not be defined, or occupy, a space (partition) is intended for Linux and then install Linux OS using the space left by installing Windows. When a server is not a SWAP partition file system and can not be active, and therefore must be at least one primary partition with file properties that will be active partition and it's [hda2]. It is followed by [hda3] EXTENDED partition is a container for logical partitions of Linux operating system and should not be seen as a file system. Only one partition on the disk that would be an extended partition can not be created. Query: How to file primary partitions can be created on the two discs in the standard PC compatible computer? Answer: As much as they can directly identify the BIOS - four (four addresses from 01D8-01DB size 1 B on the IRQ 14). Upgrading the BIOS with UEFI layer between the BIOS and the OS solves this limitation On two separate drive, not in the field, the first primary partition of a disk must be declared to be active, and one in 512 byte boot sector disk contains data that ALL partitions of ALL the disk complex (MBR). If a disk editor (could be ancient DiskEdit) look at records of the first sector of the active drive to see some ASCII addresses and descriptions, but in the first sector of the second disc are zero - no records. A problem may arise if you want to edit discs that have already been used somewhere before. Then, wipe the disc with the editor first sectors both disk (enter the zero) and only then the organization of partitions on the disks. Why are so many stories in this part of the MBR and not shared on a Windows? So who 'plays' with Linux has a bit more to know :-). So, to all of the above worked successfully take care of the FILE SYSTEM that rests at the core (kernel) drawn when installing the operating system, which ensures that the FILE SYSTEM was successfully linked with all the computer hardware, and that allows it to be usable software uses all available aid. Having supported many types of file systems and distributions are made in fifteen different computer platforms, it essentially means that the software artwork created on one platform to work properly, and the second provided directly 'without prejudice' in the hardware peculiarities. What should be immediately noted that all the discs and / or their partitions 'hooked' (mount) for directories, of course with some of their associated subdirectories and files, and to 'move' the file system is done just by switching from one directory to another help some of the software for managing files and applying appropriate controls were in the GUI (graphical user interface) or CLI (command-line interface) interface, and that the drives and their partitions are not directly visible. Windows XP (and related) operating systems partitions are displayed as letters of the alphabet. Further description of how to perform the following installation of the operating system on a new computer, so if that is so a new computer is created with Microsoft Virtual PC software support.
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Debian je distribucija koju je najjednostavnije opisati kao distribuciju koju autori razvijaju za svoje potrebe. Odlikuje se naprednim sustavom upravljanja paketima baziranom na .deb obliku arhiva koji omogućuje vrlo jednostavno održavanje sustava pod uvjetom da je računalo povezano na mrežu. Debian se razvija prema dokumentu koji se zove 'Debian social contract' i koji zapravo garantira da se distribucija može podijeliti s drugima. Zbog toga su Debian paketi podijeljeni u tri grupe: free (main), contrib i non-free. Grupu 'main' čine paketi koji su gro distribucije, besplatni su i uglavnom su u sastavu instalacijskih medija. Grupa 'contrib' su paketi koji nisu dio standardne distribucije, ali su besplatni kao i paketi u prethodno navedenoj grupi. Grupa 'non-free' su paketi koji imaju besplatan izvorni kod, ali ne i kompajlirani uradak, ili ih treba po instalaciji licencirati. Po svojoj filozofiji. Debian je najbliži filozofiji GNU projekta; besplatna programska potpora slobodna za bilo kakve izmjene i distribuciju. Osobitost Debian distribucije je vrlo rijetko objavljivanje CD verzija distribucije, zbog čega se početnici često odlučuju za neku drugu distribuciju čiju zadnju verziju mogu jednostavno instalirati sa CD-a. Debian je ujedno distribucija koja raspolaže s najvećim izborom gotovih binarnih paketa, jer je popriličan broj ljudi koji razvijaju Debian a imaju vrlo različite interese i potrebe, pa održavaju mnoštvo različitih paketa, dakle vrlo bogata distribucija i raznolika po sadržaju. Kao i svaki Linux distribucija se sastoji od jezgre, osnovnih alata i programske potpore za vrlo raznolike primjene. Debian GNU / Linux pruža puno više od onog što se misli pod nazivom 'operativni sustav': dolazi s više od 40'000 paketa, već kompajliranih programa (binarni kod za različite strojne platforme) spakiranih u zgodan format za laganu instalaciju na računalo. Debian je poseban zato što je u potpunost plod rada volontera potpuno predanih razvoju i širenju slobodnog software-a i kojih je sve više svaki dan. Ova distribucija dobila je ime prema imenima ljudi koji su osnovali ovaj projekt: Debra i Ian Murdock. Debian se kao operativni sustav u osnovi se ne nadograđuje. Postoje dva tima koji se brini o razvoju Debian-a. Jedan se bavi samim razvojem operativnog sustava i programske potpore, a drugi rješava sigurnosne propuste, a u uporabi uvijek su tri verzije: Verzije se periodički slijedno izmjenjuju. Kada 'Testing' verzija postane dovoljno sigurna prelazi u verziju 'Stable' a prethodna ide u mirovinu (OldStable-Security) te se nakon nekog vremena ukida. Verzija koja je bila 'Unstable' prelazi u 'Testing' a uspostavlja se nova 'Unstable' verzija. Od svoje prve distribucije pa nadalje pojedine verzije nazivaju se prema likovima iz animiranog filma 'Toy Story', pa tako od 25. travnja 2015. godine za navedene verzije vrijede kodna imena: Jessie (OldStable-Security), Stretch (Stable), Buster (Testing) i Sid (Unstable). S tim da se naziv 'Unstable' verzije nikad ne mijenja, Sid je uvijek Sid. Da bi dogradnja išla ispravno brine se dobro dizajniran paketni sustav koji pazi na međuovisnosti i transakcije, te na taj način povećava pouzdanost i sigurnost operativnog sustava i programske potpore. Ne samo navedeno, svaka verzija ima svoje područje preuzimanja paketa tako da ni tu ne može doći do zbrke. Osim navedenih kodnih imena svaka od 'stable' verzija nosi i brojčanu oznaku i to: Koju verziju izabrati? Za poslužitelj 'Stable' verziju ili uznapredovalu 'Testing' verziju za koju se očekuje skorašnji prijelaz u 'Stable' verziju. A ostali korisnici prema nahođenju, osim ako nije u pitanju neka ustanova u kojoj navedeno definira sigurnosna politika. Također je interesantno da Microsoft podržava Debian 5, 6, 7, 8 i 9 u 'Hyper-V' i mnogim proizvodima u programskom paketu 'System Center', i povezanost između Debian 8/9 i 'Microsoft Azure cloud'. Da bi se operativni sustav instalirao treba nabaviti instalacijske medije, bilo od prodavača, preuzimanjem .ISO datoteka sa poslužitelja diljem svijeta i samostalno izraditi medije ili kupiti računalo-poslužitelj sa predinstaliranim (pripremljenim) operativnim sustavom optimiziranim za to računalo. Linux kao operativni sustav postaje sve više dio poslužiteljskih sustava. Razlog u tome je pokazana vrlo dobra stabilnost u radu, osobito ako se uzme distribucija neke renomirane tvrtke. Linux jeste besplatan, ali onaj tko ga instalira i doda svoju programsku potporu (knjigovodstvenu aplikaciju ili sadržaj za web poslužitelj ili slično), odnosno složi ili upogoni, upotpuni i podesi neku distribuciju, ima pravo svoj trud naplatiti. Linux podržava petnaestak različitih računalnih platformi, i od verzije 8 ovog operativnog sustava distribucijski mediji mogu se kupiti ili preuzeti samo za neku odabranu arhitekturu a ne za sve arhitekture kao u prethodnim verzijama. Nakon gotovo 24 mjeseca konstantnog razvoja Debian projekta, stabilna verzija 8 (kodno ime Jessie) biti će podržana za narednih 5 godina, zahvaljujući kombinaciji rada 'tima za sigurnost' (Security team) i 'tima za dugoročnu potporu' (LTS - Long Term Support team). Daljnji opisi odnositi će se samo na najrašireniju - Intel PC kompatibilnu platformu. Na raspolaganju korisniku za Jessie distribuciju je: Posljednje navedeno je vrlo interesantno jer se na tu osnovnu konfiguraciju može dograditi samo ono što korisniku treba i tako osigurati brz poslužitelj s najmanje potrošenih resursa. Postupak instalacije na čistu patriciju diska (kućno računalo) ili novo računalo (uobičajeno poslužitelj) je sličan. Osnovna razlika između ove dvije vrste instalacije je u slijedećem: U oba slučaja pokretanje/odabir operativnog sustava vrši se za to izrađenom programskom potporom - BOOT LOADER, kao LILO (LInux LOader) ili GRUB (GRand Unified Boot loader), koja nudi samo glavni polazni izbornik kad računalo učitava operativni sustav. Pri uključivanju računala BIOS konsultira ZAPIS u prvih 512 byte-a diska koji se naziva MBR (Master Boot Record). U njemu je sav ili dio IPL programa (Initial Program Loader) koji učitava operativni sustav i informacija - tablica particija koja opisuje na koji način je disk podijeljen. Svaki disk sadrži ova dva zapisa u svom prvom sektoru. Navedeno je ilustrirano na narednoj slici. Brojevne oznake particija od 1-4 odnose se na primarne particije iz već prije navedenih razloga vezanih uz mogućnosti BIOS-a PC kompatibilnih računala, a sve logičke particije nose brojčanu oznaku od 5 pa na više. Da bi računalo ispravno radilo mora biti barem jedna PRIMARNA particija koja mora imati na sebi datotečni sustav i mora biti označena kao aktivna (oznaka ' A '), a to znači da sadrži BOOT SECTOR i nosi BOOTSTRAP oznaku da je BIOS može prepoznati. U slučaju korisnikovog računala to će biti [hda1] na kojoj će biti BOOT LOADER s izbornikom glede odabira operativnog sustava koji se želi pokrenuti, Windows ili Linux. Particija [hda3] je PRIMARNA particija proglašena kao EXTENDED particija, uobičajeno se jednostavnije naziva EXTENDED particija, u kojoj su kreirane logičke particije i ona se ponaša kao kontejner logičkih particija i operativni sustav je ne vidi kao mogući datotečni sustav. [hdaX] je oznaka za diskove IDE tipa i njihove particije, dok se za SCSI i SATA diskove koriste [sdaX] oznake. Linux se ne može instalirati na neku Windows particiju te stoga kod korisničke koncepcije treba imati jednu particiju koju nije zauzeta od strane Windows OS, što je u primjeru s gornje slike EXTENDED particija. Logička particija [/data] kreira se od strane Linux operativnog sustava kako bi se lakše dohvatili podaci namijenjeni da se vide iz Windows operativnog sustava. Windows OS neće prepoznati Linux particije ali će ovu prepoznati kao [E:]. Pošto je particija FAT tipa, njena veličina ne može biti veća od 2 GB. Treba imati na umu da prilikom instalacije Windows OS i Linux OS na računalo korisnika (dual boot), prvo treba izraditi particiju za Windows OS i instalirati ga, ali pri tome ne smije se definirati, odnosno zauzeti, prostor (particija) namijenjen za Linux, te se potom instalira Linux OS koristeći prostor ostavljen po instalaciji Windows OS. Kod poslužitelja SWAP particija nije datotečni sustav i ne može biti aktivna, te stoga mora postojati barem jedna primarna particija s datotečnim svojstvima koja će biti aktivna particija i to je [hda2]. Na nju se nastavlja [hda3] EXTENDED particija koja je kontejner za logičke particije Linux operativnog sustava i ne vidi se kao datotečni sustav. Samo jednu particiju na disku koja bi bila EXTENDED particija nije moguće kreirati. Upit : Koliko se datotečnih primarnih particija može kreirati na dva diska u sustavu standardnog PC kompatibilnog računala? Odgovor : Onoliko koliko ih izravno može prepoznati BIOS - četiri (četiri adrese od 01D8-01DB veličine 1 B koje pripadaju IRQ 14). Nadogradnja BIOS-a s UEFI međuslojem između BIOS-a i OS rješava ovo ograničenje. Na dva odvojena diska, koja nisu u polju, prva primarna particija jednog diska mora se proglasiti aktivna, i ona u 512 byte-a nultog sektora diska sadrži podatke kako su SVE particije SVIH diskova složene (MBR). Ako se s editorom diska (može i prastari DISKEDIT) pogledaju zapisi prvog sektora aktivnog diska vide se nekakve adrese i ASCII opisi, ali na prvom sektoru drugog diska su nule - nema nikakvih zapisa. Problem može nastati ako se žele urediti diskovi koju su se već negdje prije koristili. Tada se s editorom diska obrišu prvi sektori oba diska (upišu se nule) te se tek potom pristupa organizaciji particija na diskovima. Zašto ovoliko priče u ovom dijelu o MBR a ne u dijeli o Windows-ima? Pa, tko se 'igra' s Linux-om mora malo više znati :-). Dakle, da bi sve navedeno uspješno radilo brine se DATOTEČNI SUSTAV (DS) koji počiva na jezgri (kernel) izrađenoj prilikom instalacije operativnog sustava, koja se brine da je DS uspješno povezan sa svim raspoloživim sklopovljem računala, i koji omogućava da se uporabljivo koristi sva raspoloživa programska potpora. Pošto je podržano više vrsta datotečnih sustava i izrađene su distribucije za petnaestak različitih računalnih platformi, to u suštini znači da će programski uradak izrađen na jednoj platformi uredno raditi i na drugoj uz uvjet da se izravno 'ne dira' u osobitosti sklopovlja. Ono što treba odmah zapaziti je da su svi diskovi i / ili njihove particije 'zakačeni' (mount) za imenike, naravno s nekim pripadnim im podimenicima i datotekama, i da se 'kretanje' kroz datotečni sustav vrši upravo prelaskom iz jednog imenika u drugi pomoći nekakve programske potpore za upravljanje datotekama ili primjenom odgovarajućih komandi bilo u GUI (graphical user interface) ili CLI (command-line interface) sučelju, te da se diskovi i njihove particije izravno ne vide. Windows XP (i srodni) operativni sustavi particije prikazuju kao slova abecede. Nadalje slijedi opis kako izvršiti instalaciju operativnog sustava na NOVO računalo, pa kad je već tako neka je novo računalo kreirano s Microsoft Virtual PC programskom potporom.