http___www.informatika.buzdo.com_s946-formula-1-trkaci-auto.htm_1.xml
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 16.2 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3
The vehicle industry is a growing share of electronic devices that are by their nature are basically computers, sensors or actuators. The sensors provide data to the computer, which in turn based on the received data managed by mechanical processes through actuators. The computer has become an essential part of modern cars, which certainly makes a huge improvement, but it also requires trained personnel for their service. Sure that such computers are adequately protected from the heat, dust, water and moisture; environment that is not even close to a home computer environment. Therefore, the computer components built into the cars must be technologically advanced and stable to user safety car was unquestionable, and at a very high level. Sophisticated way to use computers and other electronic devices in the car is most evident in the design and construction of racing cars 'Formula 1' (F1). F1 racing car is very sophisticated vehicle, which has an average of over 50'000 different parts, and the vehicle itself is compiled with an accuracy of 100%. That would mean that in preparing an accuracy of 99.9% came out onto the track with over 50 defective parts and score the race would be very doubtful despite the use of sophisticated computer technology. In addition to the description of this page describes the principle of operation of computer systems in a race car on the example of a racing car 'McLaren-Mercedes MP4-27'. Group companies 'McLaren' includes making cars for the F1 race, making and selling cars and general purpose group for the electronic equipment and software (McLaren Electronics Systems). With regard to the last mentioned work closely with the company 'Microsoft'. What they do, circuits and devices are advanced technology, which is not limited to Formula 1, but are used in the aero industry, marine, medical, as well as home entertainment purposes. Therefore, advanced technology, little by little take place in the devices that we use every day. There are many useful products that are used in the industry even though they can be the first application had in racing. Regarding F1 devices used may be generally classified into four groups: Formula 1 season in 2008. year will be remembered as the beginning of a rapid growth in the use of computers, sensors and controllers and devices in race cars with significant research and development resources to the use of standardized components and infrastructure, and its multitude of innovations. Each F1 team has networked and use standardized circuits for electronic control unit (ECU - Electronic Control Unit). This is made possible by the partnership between firms the 'McLaren Electronic Systems' (MES) and the 'Microsoft' resulting from the contract with the FIA (Federation Interationale de l'Automobile), the international institution which is the regulatory body for all car racing world championships. Although the apparatus called the 'standard', the ECU is actually a very sophisticated system that will have a key role in developing the car of the future, both in cars and in racing cars for everyday use. Elements of the system designed to monitor the performance race car 'McLaren-Mercedes MP4-27' is shown in Figure 7.10.1a. What marks 7.10.1a image is a two-way radio link between the car and the system network that connects computers members of a racing team, which means that in addition to collecting data remotely via wireless to automatically make the necessary adjustments on the car - TELEMETRY. With the driver of car working his 'race engineer' who informs driver about the state of the car and suggests actions that would be useful to take. In Figure 7.10.1b shows the most commonly used electronic components and devices. From the shape of each component can be seen that the shape of the components completely different and meant for general, more resistant to external influences and electronic components that are used in production last much rigorous controls in relation to products intended for wider use. Today's Formula 1 has built between 150-300 sensors and actuators for various purposes, and ECU system processes data. During the race processed 100-200 kB of data in one second, which in one week, including training and the race itself, is the total volume of data from approximately 100 GB or more picturesque 250 DVDs. During the year assembled the 2-3 TB of data and consequently 5000 DVDs. Application ECU system essentially means the development and processing of data. Data gathering sensors (converters mechanical quantities into electrical), potentiometers (mechanical position converters into electrical data) and actuators (converters electrical source into mechanical displacement). Of course, all computer-controlled, which suggests that the development of software very important. In Figure 1.10.1b shows only a part of these electronic components and devices. Figure 7.10.2a shows the principle of their work. Very simplified overview of the use of computers and electronic devices is shown in Figure 7.10.2a, that shows an example of the regulation of fuel supply in accordance with the accelerator pedal, which the course of events as follows; potentiometer attached to the accelerator pedal sends data to the computer, who compares the present situation, which is read as part of a potentiometer for fuel, and an actuator in accordance with the changes made necessary mechanical setting of fuel injection until the data of potentiometer and actuator are not matched. Analog values produced by sensors and potentiometers are repackaged into digital records for the purposes of sending data by wireless to racing team. Reading speed and various adjustments made using driver using the display panel and switches incorporated into the steering wheel, as shown in Figure 7.10.2b, and its activities are sent to the computer that performs the necessary actions regarding adapting the engine, clutch use, speed change, limiting the speed gain entry in 'boxing' (pit-stop) to replace the tire, use KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery System), and performing some other specific tasks. KERS is a system of batteries that collect energy from braking and adds to her over the motors and gear systems operating system with regard to increasing the total available drive power. KERS enables increased propulsion power for approximately 60 kW to 560 kW of existing engine that achieves 'Mercedes-Benz FO 108Z' shown in the top image 7.10.2b. The engine has a cubic capacity of 2.4 liters, eight cylinders arranged in a ' V ' shape with four cylinders in each branch and four valves per cylinder and can reach up to 18'000 rpm (revolutions per minute). It weighs just 95 kg and is made of lightweight but resistant aluminum alloy. But it seems that since year 2014 again in 'vogue' turbo-charger and six cylinder ' V ' engine slightly smaller in size and weight, with cubic capacity of 1.6 liters, and at 15'000 rpm has an power output of about 450 kW. Behind the engine shown in Figure 7.10.2b, followed clutch, gearbox and differential to transfer power the rear wheels, as suggested scheme in Figure 7.10.2a. Of course, all monitors by computer. Times when drivers are mechanical handle changing speed at no-synchronized gearboxes by 'ear' to setting the speed of the motor in accordance with the current track conditions, and thereby know and get a blister changing speeds (on the track in Monte Carlo speed changes up to 3500 times during the race) was concluded. Formula 1 cars are the highest class of car at all and practically used the endurance limit of available technology. Although computers have long been used in the design and optimization of complex items, the car, the key innovation is the ECU system, which collects data from sensors cars and wirelessly sends data to the support team. FIA chose ECU solution developed 'McLaren Electronics' and 'Microsoft' and provided that the same solution available to all teams. ECU monitors all aspects of the developments on the car and collect lots of data via embedded sensors. Modern electronics ensures that all monitors in real time, with no time delay, taking into account all aspects of the condition of the car, as well as training, racing, stopping for tire changes and refueling, or stay in the garage. ATLAS server on said data must be collected and distributed to all the team and provide a 'racer engineer' almost instantly-available information regarding their analysis and decision making. In addition, if for some reason all the data they could immediately convey, for example due to limited bandwidth of radio system, on arrival at the car replacement tires in the garage or missing data can be directly taken from the car and modify data stored on the server. 'McLaren Electronics' and 'Microsoft' working on the technology for use in F1 have concluded that the quantity and quality of ECU data so valuable that it is therefore necessary to use storage solution that is simpler and faster, and download telemetry data is particularly highly developed effective files. In addition data were available to other software tools such as 'Excel' with standard database access (ODBC - Open Database Connectivity) and enabled the Object Linking and Embedding DataBase (OLEDB) without having an understanding of the file formats that are used. It effectively uses a large number of data is the reason of using 'SQL Server 2008' servers. The solution uses a peculiarity of data processing logic separate processes, so-called 'multi-tier' architecture, which includes: Typically, daily computer user, especially at home, uses a lot of unstructured data such as text documents, images and videos. These are often the data is stored outside the database, which can cause the complexity of their use, especially with regard to speed data access. However, if the data is structurally linked through a database and stored in the form of compressed binary files, the use of a series of such stored data resulting in better performance when using them in a network environment - FILESTREAM. A very small section of the ATLAS system monitors the user a set of images illustrates 7.10.3. From the figure it is clear that shows the amount of data that is huge and need specialized expertise regarding their interpretation. SUMMARY: Thus, monitoring of the car and making the right decisions based on the data transmitted from the sensor, regardless of whether the decision was made by a man or a computer, basic to successful 'driving' modern Formula 1 racing car. What already mentioned controlled sensors and actuators? Some examples, sensor pressure (nitrogen) in tires, air pressure sensor when setting the engine valves, tank condition, temperature protection, tilt sensor wheel, control engine crankshaft rotation, voltage fuel injectors, oxygen sensor, the sensor in the gearbox shifts gears sensor, the sensor of clutch, clutch hydraulic pressure, lateral acceleration, longitudinal acceleration, actuator for regulating the hydraulic pressure, gas engines, state of the accelerator, hand controls, choice of manual or computer control, front brake pressure, the rear brake pressure, mode in the garage monitoring the ignition switch, the speed of rotation of each wheel, engine oil pressure, transmission oil pressure, oil level, the amount of transmission oil, coolant pressure, fuel pressure, fuel, tire temperature, oil temperature in the gearbox and engine, the temperature in the cooling system, fuel temperature, exhaust gas temperature in each branch, etc. Indeed it is a very large 'stack' of that mentioned above is just a small part. When the FIA decided to introduce a new form of competition in which instead of gasoline engine is used an electric motor, along the lines of 'Tesla Motors' and similar manufacturers of electric cars, is developed a racing car 'Formula E' described on the next page. Of course, retained most of actuators, sensors and other systems used in racing cars of 'Formula 1'.
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 11.2 12.1 12.2 12.3 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 16.2 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3
U automobilskoj industriji sve je veći udio elektroničkih uređaja koji su po svojoj prirodi u osnovi računala, senzori ili aktuatori. Senzori dostavljaju podatke računalu, koje pak na osnovu primljenih podataka upravlja mehaničkim procesima posredstvom aktuatora. Računalo je postalo nezaobilazni dio modernog automobila, što zasigurno čini ogroman napredak, ali i traži stručno osoblje za njihovo servisiranje. Naravno da su takva računala adekvatno zaštićena od vrućine, prašine, vode i vlage; okoliša koji nije ni blizu okolišu kućnog računala. Stoga računalne komponente ugrađene u automobile moraju biti tehnološki napredne i stabilne kako bi sigurnost korisnika automobila bila neupitna i na vrlo visokom nivou. Sofisticirani način uporabe računala i ostalih elektroničkih uređaja u automobilu najizraženiji je u dizajnu i konstrukciji trkaćih automobila 'Formule 1' (F1). Trkaći automobil F1 vrlo je sofisticirano vozilo, koje se u prosjeku sastoji od preko 50'000 različitih dijelova, a samo vozilo sastavlja se s točnošću od 100%. To bi značilo da bi pri sastavljanju s točnošću od 99.9% izašlo na trkalište sa preko 50 neispravnih dijelova i rezultat završetka utrke bio bi vrlo upitan unatoč korištenju sofisticirane računalne tehnologije. Nadalje se u opisu ove stranice opisuje načelo rada računalnog sustava u trkaćem automobilu na primjeru trkaćeg automobila 'McLaren-Mercedes mp4-27'. Grupa kompanija 'McLaren' obuhvaća izradu automobila za utrke F1, izradu i prodaju automobila opće namjene i grupu za izradu elektroničke opreme i programske potpore (McLaren Electronics Systems). Glede posljednjeg navedenog usko surađuju s firmom 'Microsoft'. Ono što rade, su sklopovi i uređaji napredne tehnologije, koji se ne ograničavaju samo na Formulu 1, već se koriste u zrakoplovnoj industriji, pomorstvu, medicini, kao i u svrhu kućne zabave. Dakle, napredne tehnologije malo po malo zauzimaju mjesto u uređajima koje svakodnevno koristimo. Mnogo je korisnih proizvoda koji nalaze svoju primjenu u industriji iako su moguće prvu primjenu imali u trkaćim automobilima. Glede F1 uređaji koje koristi mogu se općenito razvrstati u četiri grupe: Sezona Formule 1 iz 2008. godine ostati će zabilježena kao početak naglog rasta korištenja računala, te senzorskih i regulatorskih uređaja u trkaćim automobilima uz znatna istraživanja i razvoj sredstva u cilju korištenja standardiziranih dijelova i infrastrukture, te po mnoštvu inovacija. Svaka momčad F1 umrežena je i koristiti se standardiziranim sklopovima za elektroničku kontrolu (ECU - Electronic Control Unit). To je omogućeno partnerstvom između 'McLaren Electronic Systems' (MES) i firme 'Microsoft' nastalom temeljem ugovora s FIA-om (Federation Interationale de l'automobile), međunarodnom institucijom koja je upravljačko tijelo svih automobilističkih svjetskih prvenstava. Iako se uređaji nazivaju 'standardni', ECU je zapravo vrlo sofisticiran sustav koji će sigurno imati ključnu ulogu u razvoju automobila budućnosti, kako u automobilima za trke tako i u automobilima za svakodnevnu uporabu. Elemente sustava dizajniranog za praćenje rada trkaćeg automobila 'McLaren-Mercedes mp4-27' prikazuje slika 7.10.1a. Ono što obilježava sliku 7.10.1a je dvosmjerna radioveza između automobila i mrežnog sustava koji povezuje računala članova trkaćeg tima, što znači da je osim prikupljanja podataka na daljinu bežičnim putem moguće automatski izvršiti potrebna podešavanja na automobilu - TELEMETRIJA. Uobičajeno je da s vozačem automobila surađuje njegov 'trkaći inženjer' koji ga obavještava o stanju automobila i sugerira postupke koje bi bilo korisno poduzeti. Na slici 7.10.1b prikazani su najčešće korišteni elektronički dijelovi i uređaji. Iz samog oblika pojedinih komponenti vidi se da su po obliku skroz različite od komponenti opće namijene, otpornije na vanjske utjecaje i koriste elektroničke komponente koje su u proizvodnji prošle mnogo rigorozniju kontrolu u odnosu na proizvode namijenjene za širu uporabu. Današnja Formula 1 ima ugrađeno oko 150-300 senzora i aktuatora različite namjene, a ECU sustav obrađuje podatke. Tijekom trke obrađuje se 100-200 kB podataka u jednoj sekundi, što u jednom tjednu, uključujući treninge i samu utrku, čini ukupni obim podataka od približno 100 GB ili slikovitije 250 DVD medija. U toku godine skupi se 2-3 TB podataka ili sukladno tome 5000 DVD medija. Primjena ECU sustava u suštini znači razvoj i obradu podataka. Podatke skupljaju senzori (pretvarači mehaničkih veličina u električne), potenciometri (pretvarači mehaničkog položaja u električni podatak) i aktuatori (pretvarači električnog izvora u mehanički pomak). Naravno, sve pod nadzorom računala, što upućuje na zaključak da je razvoj programske potpore jako bitan. Na slici 1.10.1b prikazan je samo dio od navedenih elektroničkih komponenti i uređaja. Slika 7.10.2a prikazuje načelo njihovog rada. Jako pojednostavnjena shema uporabe računala i elektroničkih uređaja prikazana je na slici 7.10.2a, na kojoj je prikazan i primjer reguliranje dotoka goriva u skladu s pritiskom na pedalu gasa, za koji je tijek zbivanja kako slijedi; potenciometar vezan za pedalu gasa šalje podatke računalu, koji ih uspoređuje s trenutnim stanjem koje očitava potenciometar u sklopu za napajanje motora gorivom, a aktuator u skladu sa promjenama vrši potrebno mehaničko podešavanje ubrizgavanja goriva sve dok se podaci potenciometara ne usklade. Analogne vrijednosti koje daju senzori i potenciometri prepakiraju se u digitalne zapise za potrebe bežičnog slanja podataka trkaćem timu. Očitavanje brzine vožnje i različita podešavanja vozač vrši koristeći pokazivač i prekidače ukomponirane u sam volan automobila, kako prikazuje slika 7.10.2b, a njegove aktivnosti šalju se računalu koje vrši potrebite radnje glede podešavanja rada motora, uporabe kvačila, promjene brzine, ograničavanja brzine glede ulaska u 'boks' (pit-stop) radi zamjene guma, uporabe KERS-a (Kinetic Energy Recovery System), te obavlja još neke druge specifične zadaće. KERS je sustava baterija koje prikupljaju energiju dobivenu kočenjem i pridodaje ju preko elektromotora i sistema zupčanika pogonskom sustavu glede povećanja ukupne raspoložive pogonske snage. KERS omogućava povećanje pogonske snage za približno 60 kW uz postojećih 560 kW koje ostvaruje motor 'Mercedes-Benz FO 108Z' prikazan u vrhu slike 7.10.2b. Motor ima kubikažu od 2.4 l, osam cilindara raspoređenih u ' V ' obliku s po četiri cilindra u svakoj grani i četiri ventila po cilindru, a može dostići najviše 18'000 okretaja u minuti (rpm - revolutions per minute). Težak je svega 95 kg, a izrađen je od laganih ali otpornih aluminijskih legura. No, izgleda da je od 2014. godine ponovo u 'modi' turbo-punjač i šest cilindrični ' V ' motori nešto manje veličine i težine, kubikaže 1.6 l, koji pri 15'000 okretaja u minuti razvijaju snagu od oko 450 kW. Iza motora prikazanog na slici 7.10.2b, slijedi kvačilo, mjenjač brzina i diferencijal glede prijenosa snage stražnjim kotačima, kako sugerira shema na slici 7.10.2a. Naravno sve nadzire računalo. Doba kada su vozači mehanički ručicom mijenjali brzine nesinkroniziranog mjenjača i 'na uho' podešavali brzinu motora u skladu s trenutnim uvjetima na trkalištu, i pri tome znali i dobiti žulj mijenjajući brzine (na stazi u Monte Carlu brzina se mijenja oko 3500 puta tijekom utrke), zaključeno je. Automobili Formule 1 predstavljaju najvišu klasu automobila uopće i praktički se koriste na granici izdržljivosti raspoložive tehnologije. Iako se računala već dugo koriste u dizajniranju i optimiziranju složenih stavki automobila, ključna inovacija je ECU sustav, koji prikuplja podatke iz senzora automobila i bežično šalje podatke timu za podršku. FIA je odabrala ECU rješenje koje je razvio 'McLaren Electronics' i 'Microsoft' i omogućila da je isto rješenje raspoloživo svim timovima. ECU prati sve aspekte zbivanja na automobilu i prikuplja mnoštvo podatka putem ugrađenih senzora. Moderna elektronika omogućava da se sve prati u realnom vremenu, bez vremenske odgode, uvažavajući sve aspekte stanja automobila, kao trening, utrka, zaustavljanje za zamjenu guma i dolijevanje goriva, ili boravak u garaži. Glede navedenog ATLAS poslužitelj podatke mora prikupljati i distribuirati cijelom timu i osigurati 'trkačem inženjeru' da gotovo odmah ima raspoložive podatke glede njihove analize i donošenja odluke. Osim toga, ako se iz nekog razloga svi podaci nisu mogli odmah prenijeti, na primjer zbog ograničene propusne moći radio-sustava, pri dolasku automobila na zamjenu guma ili u garažu podaci koji nedostaju mogu se izravno uzeti iz automobila i dopuniti podaci pohranjeni na poslužitelju. 'McLaren Electronics' i 'Microsoft' radeći na tehnologiji za uporabu u F1 zaključili su da je količina i kakvoća ECU podataka toliko vrijedna da je stoga neophodno uporabiti rješenje za pohranu podataka koje je jednostavnije i brže, te se preuzimanje telemetrijskih podataka vrši posebno razvijenim vrlo učinkovitim datotekama. Osim toga podaci su dostupni drugim programskim alatima kao što je 'Excel' sa standardnim pristupom bazi podataka (ODBC - Open DataBase Connectivity) i omogućeno je povezivanje i ugrađivanje objekata baze podataka (OLEDB - Object Linking and Embedding DataBase) bez potrebe razumijevanja formata datoteka koje se koriste. Upravo učinkovito korištenje velikog broja podataka razlog je korištenja 'SQL Server 2008' poslužitelja. Rješenje koje se koristi ima osobitost obrade podataka u logički odvojenim procesima, tzv. 'multi-tier' arhitektura, koja uključuje: Uobičajeno, svakodnevni korisnik računala, osobito kod kuće, rabi puno nestrukturiranih podataka, poput tekstualnih dokumenata, slika i videa. To su često podaci pohranjen izvan baze podataka, što može uzrokovati složenost pri njihovom korištenju, osobito glede brzine pristupa podacima. No, ako su podaci strukturno povezani posredstvom baze podataka i spremljeni u vidu sažetih binarnih datoteka, korištenje niza tako spremljenih podataka rezultira boljim performansama pri njihovom korištenju u mrežnom okruženju - FILESTREAM. Vrlo mali dio prikaza na monitorima korisnika ATLAS sustava ilustrira skup slika 7.10.3. Iz slike je jasno da je prikazana količina podataka ogromna i da je potrebno specijalizirano stručno znanje glede njihovog tumačenja. SAŽETAK: Dakle, nadzor stanja automobila i donošenje ispravne odluke temeljem podataka odaslanih od senzora, bez obzira da li je odluku donio čovjek ili računalo, osnovno su za uspješno 'voženje' današnjih trkaćih automobila Formule 1. A što sve nadziru već spomenuti senzori i aktuatori? Neki od primjera; senzor tlaka zraka (dušika) u gumama, senzor tlaka zraka pri podešavanju ventila motora, stanje spremnika zraka, temperatura okoliša, senzor nagiba kotača, nadzor okretanja radilice motora, napon brizgaljki goriva, senzor količine kisika, senzor pomaka u mjenjaču brzina, senzor kvačila, tlak hidraulike kvačila, bočno ubrzanje, uzdužno ubrzanje, aktuator za reguliranje hidrauličnog tlaka, gas motora, stanje papučice gasa, ručne kontrole, izbor ručne ili računalne kontrole, prednji kočioni tlak, stražnji kočioni tlak, mod rada u garaži, nadzor prekidača za paljenje, brzina okretanja svakog pojedinog kotača, tlak ulja u motoru, tlak ulja u mjenjaču, količina ulja u motoru, količina ulja u mjenjaču, tlak rashladne tekućine, tlak goriva, količina goriva, temperatura guma, temperatura ulja u motoru i mjenjaču, temperatura u rashladnom sustavu, temperatura goriva, temperatura ispušnih plinova u svakoj grani itd. Zaista se radi o vrlo pozamašnoj 'hrpi' od koje je nabrojen samo mali dio. Kada je FIA odlučila uvesti novi vid natjecanja kod kojeg se umjesto benzinskog motora koristi elektromotor, po uzoru na 'Tesla Motors' i slične proizvođače električnih automobila, razvijen je trkaći automobil 'Formula E' opisan na narednoj stranici. Naravno, zadržana je večina aktuatora, senzora i drugih sustava koji se koriste u automobilima 'Formula 1'.