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Arterial Calcification and Vitamin K2 Conflicting calcium information Unfortunately, there has been a recent misunderstanding because of a study that showed that those supplementing with 1000 mg/day of calcium had an increase in cardiovascular deaths. That in conjunction with doctors now testing for arterial calcification, has led to some confusion that calcium supplementation is bad for you. “What was not explained is the body’s complex relationship with calcium and how it is required for many important functions, such as providing structure and hardness to bones and teeth, allowing muscles to contract and nerves to send signals, making blood vessels expand and contract, helping blood to clot, and supporting protein function and hormone regulation.7 But most important is that the body does not produce calcium on its own, making supplementation necessary. Further, these startling studies did not take into account vitamin K2’s relationship with calcium, and how adequate intakes ensure that calcium is directed to where it needs to be (the bones), and inhibits it from being deposited in the arteries and blood vessels, where it can lead to increased cardiovascular risks. Observing K2’s heart benefits Adequate intake of vitamin K2 has been shown to lower the risk of vascular damage because it activates MGP, which inhibits calcium from depositing in the vessel walls. Hence, calcium is available for other multiple roles in the body, leaving the arteries healthy and flexible.8 However, vitamin K deficiency results in inadequate activation of MGP, which greatly impairs the calcium removal process and increases the risk of blood vessel calcification.9 As this process occurs in the vessel wall, it leads to the wall thickening via the formation of calcified plaques (typical atherosclerosis progression), which is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. Vitamin K2 is essential for bone and cardiovascular health: without vitamin K2, calcium is not properly directed to bones, allowing it to build up in blood vessel walls and soft tissues The population-based Rotterdam study evaluated 4807 healthy men and women aged 55 and older, and the relationship between dietary intake of vitamin K and aortic calcification, heart disease and all-cause mortality.10 The study revealed that a high dietary intake of vitamin K2 (at least 32µg per day), reduced arterial calcification by 50%, cardiovascular risk by 50% and all-cause mortality by 25%. These findings were supported by another population-based study with 16,000 healthy women (aged 49–70) from the Prospect-EPIC cohort population.11 After 8 years, the data showed that a high intake of natural vitamin K2, helps to protect against cardiovascular events; for every 10µg of vitamin K2 (in the forms of MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9) consumed, the risk of coronary heart disease was reduced by 9%.” https://www.nutraceuticalbusinessreview.com/technical/article_page/Vitamin_K2_new_research_confirms_essential_role_in_heart_health/114933 A recent study published in the Journal Thrombosis and Haemostasis, has helped to confirm the link between Vitamin K intake and heart health. This 3 year study on postmenopausal women, found that taking 180mcg of MK-7 version of Vitamin K2 daily reduced stiffness in the arteries and improved elasticity in the blood vessels. Lead researcher Cees Vermeer and his colleagues studied 244 postmenopausal women. Half were given Mk-7 and the other half were given a placebo. They used ultrasound technology to evaluate thickness and stiffness. Women who had the highest stiffness measures in the beginning were seen to have improved carotid artery elasticity as the study progressed. As we age, our arteries begin to stiffen due to calcification. Vitamin K2 helps protect against soft tissue calcification. This study is one of the first to show a reversal of arterial stiffness using this long acting form of Vitamin K2. * Thromb Haemost. Super K – Protection Against Arterial Calcification, Bone Loss, Cancer, and Aging! An abundance of human clinical data reveals that vitamin K found in Super K plays a critical role in maintaining healthy bone density by facilitating the transport of calcium from the bloodstream into the bone.6-10 Vitamin K is also required by calcium-regulating proteins in the arteries. Matrix Gla-protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent protein, and it must be carboxylated to function properly. Poor vitamin K status leads to inactive uncarboxylated MGP (ucMGP), which accumulates at sites of arterial calcification.11,12 Since MGP is a potent local inhibitor of arterial calcification, MGP is important in relation to the health of the entire cardiovascular system. Without adequate vitamin K, calcium in the blood can bind to the arterial wall resulting in calcification.13,14 As people age, even a subclinical vitamin K deficiency can pose risks to the vascular system. Poor vitamin K status also results in increased circulating levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin that is shown to be associated with increased bone loss in postmenopausal women.15,16 Humans get most of their vitamin K from green vegetables in the form of vitamin K1. The problem is that K1 is tightly bound to plant fiber and only a small fraction absorbs into the bloodstream.17-19 Vitamin K2 (menaquinones) is found in meat, eggs, and dairy products and is also made by bacteria in the human gut, which provides a certain amount of the human vitamin K requirement.20 Human studies show that vitamin K2 is up to ten times more bioavailable than K1. Vitamin K2 remains biologically active in the body far longer than K1. For instance, K1 is rapidly cleared by the liver within eight hours, whereas measurable levels of K2 (MK-7) have been detected 72 hours after ingestion.10 The Rotterdam Heart Study, a large-scale, well-controlled clinical trial that tracked 4,800 participants for seven years, revealed that participants who ingested the greatest quantities of vitamin K2 in their diet experienced a better cardiovascular condition than people who ingested the least.21 High intakes of vitamin K2 also corresponded to less calcium deposition in the aorta, whereas participants who ingested less K2 were more likely to show moderate or severe calcification. Animal studies suggest vitamin K intake not only blocks the progress of further calcium accumulation, but also induces 37% regression of preformed arterial calcification.22,23 Ideal Forms of Vitamin K2 Found in Super K In recent years, two forms of vitamin K2 have been extensively researched and the findings reveal vastly improved effects compared to K1. The MK-4 form of vitamin K2 is the most rapidly absorbed and is now routinely used in Japan to maintain healthy bone density. MK-4, however, only remains active in the blood for a few hours. The MK-7 form of K2, on the other hand, remains bioavailable to the human body over a sustained 24-hour period24 and to higher levels (seven- to eightfold) during prolonged intake.10 Both MK-4 and MK-7 have demonstrated remarkable health benefits when studied in human populations. The Most Complete Vitamin K Formula – Super K Vitamin K1 is the form found in plants and vegetables and should be part of most people’s daily supplement regimen. Even more important is inclusion of the MK-4 and MK-7 forms of vitamin K2. Based on data substantiating the long-acting effects of MK-7, it is now possible to ingest fewer total micrograms of vitamin K but achieve far higher sustained blood levels of this critical nutrient. The latest Super K with Advanced K2 Complex formula provides vitamin K1 and the MK-4 and MK-7 forms of vitamin K2 in just one daily softgel. The virtue of this formula is that it provides the precise amount of the long-acting MK-7 form of vitamin K2 that recent human studies have shown provides optimal K2 levels over a 24-hour period. The MK-4 is included to provide the rapid increase in vitamin K blood levels that may account for its beneficial effects in certain studies. Super K Supplement Facts Super K – Regular Price $30 per bottle Now Through July 8th Get 1 Bottle of Super K for just $18 Buy – 1 Bottle of Super K – $18.00 (Save 40%) – Click Here Plus if your total order on any of our products is over $100, you will get Free Shipping (Saves you $9.95) To see our other great health products, Click Here References: S.L. Edwards, ‘Maintaining Calcium Balance: Physiology and Implications,’ Nursing Times 101, 58–61 (2005). L.J. Schurgers, et al., ‘Regression of Warfarin-Induced Medial Elastocalcinosis by High Intake of Vitamin K in Rats,’ Blood 109, 2823–2831 (2007). E.C. Cranenburg, et al., ‘The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a Biomarker for Cardiovascular Calcification,’ J. Vasc. Res.
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Kalcij i vitamin K2 Vitamin K2 u obliku MK-7 najpotentniji je aktivator proteina krvožilnog sustava koji osiguravaju pravilnu ugradnju kalcija u kosti i elastičnost krvnih žila, a u kombinaciji s vitaminom D3 osigurava mehanizme potrebne za pravilnu mineralizaciju kostiju i prevenciju osteoporoze Nedostatan unos kalcija može dovesti do smanjene gustoće kostiju, što povećava rizik od fraktura. Nadomjestak kalcija povećava mineralnu gustoću i čvrstoću kostiju te može prevenirati osteoporozu, osobito kod starije populacije i žena u postmenopauzi. Međutim, nedavna znanstvena istraživanja pokazuju da povećan unos nadomjesnog kalcija može povećati rizik od srčanih bolesti te da može biti povezan s ubrzanim nastankom plakova u krvnim žilama i mekim tkivima. Nasuprot tome, uz vitamin k2 veže se inhibicija arterijske kalcifikacije i arterijskog gubitka elastičnosti, što znači da povećan unos vitamina k2 može smanjiti zdravstveni rizik uzimanja kalcija. Međutim, od 1950. unos vitamina K putem hrane postupno se smanjuje, tako da ga danas ni dobro balansirana prehrana ne pruža u količinama koje bi zadovoljile tjelesne potrebe. Nadalje, zbog modernizacije procesa u proizvodnji hrane sadržaj vitamina K, posebno se to odnosi na vitamin k2, u drastičnom je padu, pa je jedini siguran način osiguravanja adekvatnog unosa - nadomjesni vitamin k2. Balansirajući unosom kalcija i k2 moguće se boriti protiv osteoporoze, a istovremeno prevenirati kalcifikaciju i očvršćivanje arterija. Nova klinička studija s vitaminom k2 pokazuje povećanje arterijske elastičnosti i regresije arterijskog očvrščivanja uzrokovane starijom dobi. Najvažnije, preko aktivacije proteina ovisnih o vitaminu K, vitamin K2 optimizira raspodjelu kalcija u tijelu, prevenirajući negativan utjecaj povećanog unosa suplementacijskog kalcija. Razlike unutar skupine vitamina K Vitamin K1 – filokinon – najučestaliji je oblik vitamina K u našoj prehrani. Glavni izvor je zeleno lisnato povrće, dobro se apsorbira, manje je reaktivan od vitamina K2 te sudjeluje u hemostazi. Vitamin K2 – MK-4 – aktivira proteine u krvožilnom sustavu, dobro se apsorbira, ali je manje aktivan od forme MK-7. Nalazimo ga u mesu, siru i jajima. Vitamin K2 – MK-7 – najaktivniji je oblik vitamina K koji djeluju u krvožilnom sustavu na aktivaciji osteokalcina. Nalazimo ga u fermentiranim namirnicama kao što su natto i sirevi od mlijeka krava koje su u slobodnoj ispaši. Menakinoni dugih bočnih lanaca – sintetiziraju se u našem probavnom sustavu iz vitamina K1, ali se slabo apsorbiraju i imaju malu aktivnost. Uloga vitamin k2 Kosti se sastoje od čvrstog vanjskog dijela i unutarnjeg spužvastog matriksa, te se može reći da su žive. Čitav kostur zamijeni se svakih 7-10 godina.Tijekom remodeliranja kostura tijelo oslobađa kalcij iz kosti u krvotok da bi se zadovoljile individualne metaboličke potrebe, omogućujući kostima mijenjanje veličine i oblika tijekom rasta ili obnove od ozljede. Remodeliranje je regulirano osteoblastima – stanicama koje grade kosti, te osteoklastima – stanicama koje razgrađuju kosti. Sve dok je proces izgradnje kosti aktivniji od razgradnje, kosti su zdrave i čvrste. Osteoblasti proizvode osteokalcin koji pomaže hvatanju kalcija iz krvotoka i vezanju u koštani matriks. Osteokalcin utječe na mineralizaciju kosti zbog sposobnosti da veže mineralnu sastavnicu kosti – hidroksiapatit koji čini kostur čvršćim i manje podložnim ozljedama i prijelomima. Međutim, novostvoreni osteoklacin je neaktivan i potreban mu je k2 da bi se aktivirao i vezao kalcij. To daje pivotalnu ulogu vitaminu k2 u zdravlju kostiju, ali značaj mu tu ne prestaje. Vitamin k2 također sprječava kalcij da se taloži na stijenkama krvnih žila. Matriksni GLA protein, inhibitor je kalcifikacije koji proizvode stanice glatkih mišića krvnih žila, regulira potencijalno smrtonosno nakupljanje kalcija, a također ovisi o k2. Struktura i oblici vitamina K2 Vitamin K je topljiv u mastima, a potreban je za zgrušavanje krvi. U prirodi se nalazi u 2 oblika: filokinon – K1 i menakinon – K2. Vitamin K1 proizvode biljke i alge, a zeleno lisnato povrće je njegov najbogatiji izvor. S druge strane, vitamin K2 je produkt bakterijske fermentacije te se nalazi u mesu, jajima i fermentiranoj hrani kao što su sir, jogurt i natto – japansko jelo od fermentirane soje. Iako se postrani lanci u molekuli vitamina K razlikuju u duljini, obično 4-13 ponavljanja izoprenoidnih jedinica (MK4 do MK13) svi koriste enzim gama glutamat karboksilazu za aktivaciju, uključujući proteine za koagulaciju, formiranje kostiju i inhibiciju kalcifikacije mekog tkiva. Svi oblici vitamina K esencijalni su u održavanju hemostaze krvi kao i zdravlja kostiju te kardiovaskularnog sustava. Zbog svoje uloge u pravilnom raspoređivanju kalcija u organizmu, posebno je važan vitamin K2, jer koristi kalcij u izgradnji snažnijih kostiju te inhibira kalcifikaciju arterija. Svi derivati vitamina K dijele istu jezgru - menadion, ali imaju bočne lance različitog sastava i duljine, zbog čega se razlikuju po reaktivnosti i brzini apsorpcije. Studije napravljene na vitaminu K2 sa 7 izoprenoidnih jedinica – MK7 pokazuju da njegov povećani unos dovodi do povećanja aktivnosti osteokalcina, a posljedično do ubrzanog stvaranja koštanog matriksa i povećanja gustoće kostiju. Također, velika studija napravljena na više od 4.000 ispitanika starijih od 55 g. otkrila je da uzimanje minimalno 32 mcg vitamina k2 na dan, dovodi do smanjenja smrtnosti od kardiovaskularnih bolesti uzrokovanih kalcifikacijom krvnih žila za čak 50%. Zapadnjačka prehrana ne sadrži dovoljne količine vitamina K2 za aktivaciju MGP, što znači da otprilike 30% proteina ostaje neaktivirano, a taj postotak s godinama raste, jer brza hrana uopće ne sadrži vitamin K, a upitna je i količina u hrani koja se proizvede u industrijaliziranim zemljama. Ako proteini koji su ovisni o vitaminu K ne mogu vršiti svoju funkciju, zdravlje kardiovaskularnog sustava i kostiju može biti ozbiljno narušeno zbog neravnomjerne raspodjele kalcija u tijelu. Vitamin D3 Brojne studije pokazuju da je vitamin D3, uz kalcij i vitamin K2, jedan od vrlo važnih čimbenika za održavanje zdravlja kostiju. Mehanizam djelovanja temelji se na regulaciji rasta i diferencijaciji funkcije normalnih stanica osteoblasta, što potiče mineralizaciju kostiju. Glavni izvor vitamina D3 u ljudskom organizmu je izlaganje UV sunčanim zrakama, zbog čega postoje preporuke da se koža izlaže suncu u trajanju od pola sata na dan. Danas je to gotovo nemoguće postići zbog štetnosti UV zračenja tijekom ljetnih mjeseci i korištenja krema za sunčanje koje blokiraju UV zrake, ali blokiraju i sintezu vitamina D3. U zimskim mjesecima sunčeva svjetlost je slabijeg intenziteta, što opet posljedično dovodi do smanjene sinteze vitamina D3. Srećom, vitamin D3 unešen putem dodataka prehrani ima istu aktivnost kao i onaj stvoren u koži, pa na taj način možemo osigurati njegovu dovoljnu koncentraciju, a time i normalnu funkciju osteoblasta. Zaključak Dodatan unos kalcija putem hrane ili dodatka prehrani pruža mnoge benefite, osobito za zdravlje koštanog sustava kod osoba koje imaju povećanu potrebu za izgradnjom kosti kao što su djeca, starije osobe i žene u postmenopauzi. Međutim, povećan unos kalcija sa sobom nosi i određene rizike zbog toga što bez aktivnosti proteina nema ni balansa u raspodjeli kalcija u organizmu. Vitamin K2 u obliku MK-7 najpotentniji je aktivator proteina krvožilnog sustava koji osiguravaju pravilnu ugradnju kalcija u kosti i elastičnost krvnih žila, a u kombinaciji s vitaminom D3 osigurava sve mehanizme koji su potrebni za pravilnu mineralizaciju kostiju i prevenciju osteoporoze. ABELA PHARM PROMO Literatura: Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Warensjö Lemming E, Wolk A, Byberg L. Long term calcium intake and rates of all cause and cardiovascular mortality: community based prospective longitudinal cohort study. Beulens JW, Bots ML, Atsma F, et al. High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. Theuwissen E, Smit E, Vermeer C. The role of vitamin K in soft-tissue calcification. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyák K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7.