http___www.klokanica.hr_beba_zdravlje-i-njega_cijepljenje-protiv-hepatitisa-a-1978_1.xml
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Updated September 08, 2014. Written or reviewed by a board-certified physician. See About.com's Medical Review Board. Hepatitis A is a disease that affects about 32,000 people every year in the United States and about 1.4 million people worldwide. It's unfortunate that so many have to suffer through this disease because hepatitis A is completely preventable. If everyone washed their hands regularly and had access to a clean water supply, people would greatly lower their risk of infection and hepatitis A would be a very rare disease. However, we do have something that can completely prevent hepatitis A: the hepatitis A vaccine. Through vaccination, you can prevent infection from the beginning. What Is Hepatitis A Vaccine? Hepatitis A vaccine is a safe and effective preparation that "tricks" your immune system into building a powerful, natural defense against hepatitis A viruses. The vaccine does this by using inactivated hepatitis A viruses that generate an immune response in the body. The "trick" is that your body doesn't realize the difference between inactive viruses and live viruses. Your body will "rev" up it's immune system like a powerful engine and start producing antibodies against the inactivated viruses. These antibodies will start looking out for any hepatitis A virus that might enter your body in the future and will be ready and waiting to alert the immune system if any are detected. There are two very similar hepatitis A vaccines available for people in the United States: HAVRIX and VAQTA. Both are available for anyone one year of age or older and require two doses. You need one dose to "prime" your body and, between six andt 12 months, you need a second dose that will provide the actual immunity to hepatitis A. There is another vaccine, TWINRIX, but it is a combination vaccine that protects against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. It requires three doses and is only approved for people 18 years of age and older. All hepatitis A vaccines offer immunity that will last up to 25 years for those who are immunized as adults and between 14-20 years for those immunized as children. Should You Be Vaccinated? Most people will benefit from being vaccinated. However, people who are at increased risk of hepatitis A infection are strongly encouraged to be vaccinated. Current recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are: - All children who are 1 year old. - People who travel to a country that has a high rate of hepatitis A infection. - Men who have sexual contact with other men. - People who use illegal drugs. - People who have chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C. - People who are treated with clotting-factor concentrates. - People who work with animals infected with hepatitis A. - People who work in a hepatitis A research laboratory. - Anyone who would like to become immune For more information, read Seven Reasons to Get the Hepatitis A Vaccine. Some people should not be vaccinated for hepatitis A. These include infants who are less than one year old and people who have ever had a serious allergic reaction to the hepatitis A vaccine. Also, although it's safe, it's probably unnecessary for anyone who has ever had hepatitis A to get the hepatitis A vaccine because once you've had hepatitis A, you should be immune. However, you need to be certain you've had hepatitis A. Sometimes people confuse one type of viral hepatitis with another or misunderstand a test result they once received. You should talk with your doctor to be certain. Is This Vaccine Safe? Yes. The hepatitis A vaccine is considered to be very safe and has been given millions of times. The most common side effect is soreness around the area of the injection and serious side effects are extremely uncommon. Because it uses inactivated viruses, hepatitis A vaccine can't cause an infection and is considered safe for pregnant woman and people who have compromised immune systems (for example, someone infected with HIV). People who worry that vaccines cause other health problems, such as autism and mercury exposure, should know that hepatitis A vaccine does not contain Thimerosal (the chemical preservative that is hypothesized by some lay advocates to be linked to autism) and hasn't been linked to any medical problems other than rare allergic reaction. What Is IG? Immune globulin, also called IG, is a type of immunization therapy that uses antibodies instead of viruses. This type of immunity is called passive immunity because it offers protection without your body having to do anything. In cases of known exposure or high-risk travel before the entire vaccine can be given, the best protection for some people may be to get both immune globulin and hepatitis A vaccine. Others should get only one or the other. Talk to your health care provider to see if you fit these circumstances. - For more information about immune globulin, read What Is Immune Globulin? - For more information on who should get immune globulin, read Immune Globulin for Hepatitis A. Where Can I Be Vaccinated for Hepatitis A? Any medical provider can vaccinate your for hepatitis A. However, this is probably easier to do in a public health or primary medicine clinic. City or county health departments usually offer vaccination clinics that may be free or require only a small charge. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A. Pickering, LK (ed), The Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 26th e. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2003.
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Što je hepatitis A? Hepatitis A je upalna bolest jetre uzrokovana virusom hepatitisa A. Bolest počinje općim simptomima kao što su groznica, slabost, povraćanje, proljev, a tek je svaki četvrti oboljeli žut! U oko 25 posto oboljelih koža i bjeloočnice postaju žute, mokraća tamnija, a stolica svjetljija. Nakon 1 do 2 tjedna simptomi bolesti nestaju, ali potpun oporavak traje duže; kod nekih pacijenata čak 6-12 mjeseci. Inkubacija nakon infekcije virusom hepatitisa A traje 15-60 dana. Virus hepatitisa A prenosi se prljavim rukama, zaraženom hranom i vodom. Infekcija se najčešće javlja unutar zajednice (vrtić, škola, obitelj). Cijepljenje se preporučuje kao siguran oblik zaštite od obolijevanja od hepatitisa A. Tko podliježe potrebi cijepljenja? Djeca s visokim rizikom ili pri putovanju u rizična područja, gdje se hepatitis A nalazi endemski (područja gdje je stalno nazočan). Kako cijepiti dijete protiv hepatitisa A? Za postizanje potpune zaštite potrebno je primiti 2 doze cjepiva u bilo kojoj dobi, počevši od navršene godine dana života. Druga se doza daje u razdoblju od 6-12 mjeseci nakon prve doze. Neka djeca ne smiju se cijepiti ili moraju pričekati - Ne smiju se cijepiti djeca koja su pri prethodnom cijepljenju protiv hepatitisa A razvila alergijsku reakciju na cjepivo i djeca koja su alergična na bilo koji sastojak cjepiva. - Djeca koja boluju od neke lakše bolesti, npr. prehlade, mogu se cijepiti, međutim u teže bolesne djece s visokom temperaturom cijepljenje protiv hepatitisa A treba odgoditi dok potpuno ne ozdrave. Koje su moguće neželjene reakcije na cijepljenje? Cjepivo protiv hepatitisa A je vrlo sigurno cjepivo. Ukoliko postoje, neželjene reakcije su u većini slučajeva vrlo blage: - bol i crvenilo na mjestu uboda - prolazno povišenje temperature, glavobolja, umor, zimica, mučnina i gubitak teka. Teži oblici neželjenih reakcija, npr. alergijske reakcije, rijetki su. Što ako se javi teška neželjena reakcija? Iako izuzetno rijetka, alergijska reakcija može se nastaviti nekoliko minuta do nekoliko sati nakon primjene cjepiva. Simptomi uključuju teško disanje, promiklost, osip, bljedilo, opću slabost, ubrzan rad srca i vrtoglavicu. Ukoliko primijetite bilo koji od ovih simptoma, odmah se javite liječniku! Autori teksta: Prof. dr. sc. Milivoj Jovančević, primarijus, spec. pedijatar; prim. dr. med. Denis Mladinić Vulić, spec. pedijatar; prof. dr. sc. Goran Tešović, spec. infektolog