http___www.krenizdravo.com_zdravlje_bolesti-zdravlje_infekcije-mokracnog-sustava-uzroci-simptomi-vrste-i-lijecenje_1.xml
1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 23.1 23.2 24.1 25.1 25.2 25.3 26.1 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 28.1 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 31.1 32.1 33.1 33.2 34.1 35.1 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.9 38.1 39.1 39.2 39.3 40.1 41.1 41.2 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 46.1 47.1 48.1 50.1 51.1 52.1 52.2 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 57.1 58.1 58.2 59.1 60.1 61.1
Urinary Tract Infections A urinary (YOOR-ih-nair-e) tract infection, or UTI, is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary tract. The urinary tract is made up of the urethra * , bladder * , ureters * , and kidneys. KEYWORDS for searching the Internet and other reference sources Cystitis Kidney infection Pyelonephritis Urethritis Urology What Are UTIs? A UTI usually is caused by bacteria. The bacterium most often responsible for UTIs is Escherichia coli (eh-sher-IH-she-ah KOH-lye). Many kinds of E. coli bacteria normally are found in human intestines * (and the vagina in women), but sometimes they are able to make their way into the urethra. When this happens, the bacteria can spread up into other parts of the urinary tract and cause an infection. Other types of bacteria from the intestines and some viruses also can produce infections in the urinary tract. The bacteria Chlamydia (kla-MIH-dee-uh) and Mycoplasma (my-ko-PLAZ-muh) can cause UTIs as well, but these types of infections usually stay in the urethra or reproductive system. The type of UTI that a person contracts depends on which part of the urinary system is infected with bacteria. When bacteria grow in the urethra and cause inflammation, it is called urethritis (yoo-ree-THRY-tis). If the infection involves the bladder, it is called cystitis (sis-TIE-tis). If infection has spread to the kidneys, it is called pyelonephritis (py-uhlo-nih-FRY-tis). How Common Are UTIs? Urinary tract infections are very common: millions of people, especially women, have them every year. It is estimated that 1 in 5 women will have at least one UTI in her lifetime, and some women have them repeatedly. UTIs are not uncommon in children; by the time children reach their eleventh birthday, 3 in 100 girls and 1 in 100 boys will have had a UTI. Women and girls are at a higher risk of UTIs because the urethra is much shorter in a woman than it is in a man. A shorter urethra means a shorter distance for bacteria to travel to enter the urinary tract. Also, because the opening of the urethra is much closer to the anus * in females, if a girl has a bowel movement and any bacteria are left on the skin nearby, it is easy for them to invade the urethra. * urethra (yoo-REE-thra) is the tube through which urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body. * bladder is a sac-like organ that stores urine before releasing it from the body. * ureters (YOOR-eh-ters) are tube-like structures that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. * kidneys are the pair of organs that filter blood and remove waste products and excess water from the body in the form of urine. * intestines are the muscular tubes that food passes through during digestion after it exits the stomach. * anus (A-nus) is the opening at the end of the digestive system, through which waste leaves the body. Men may have UTIs too, but these infections usually result from something in the urinary tract that blocks the normal flow of urine from * kidney stone is a hard structure that forms in the urinary tract. This structure is composed of crystallized chemicals that have separated from the urine. It can obstruct the flow of urine and cause tissue damage and pain as the body attempts to pass the stone through the urinary tract and out of the body. * prostate (PRAH-state) is a male reproductive gland located near where the bladder joins the urethra. The prostate produces the fluid part of semen. * urinary catheters are thin tubes used to drain urine from the body. can be a serious problem among patients in hospitals, where catheters are used frequently. UTIs are not contagious, which means that you cannot catch a UTI from someone who has one. Chlamydia and Mycoplasma bacteria, however, can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a UTI? Some people may not have any symptoms of a UTI, but when the infection occurs, it usually brings with it a burning or stinging feeling during urination. People with UTIs may feel as if they have to urinate more frequently and more urgently than usual, but when a person does urinate, sometimes very little comes out. A UTI can make a person feel very tired or feverish; it also can produce a feeling of pressure in the lower belly in women and a sensation of pressure or fullness in the rectum * in men. The urine itself can be cloudy or have a bit of blood in it, and it may smell bad. If the bacteria spread to the kidneys and cause pyelonephritis, the person typically feels very ill, with fever, chills, nausea (NAW-zee-uh), vomiting, and sharp pain in the back or side. How Do Doctors Diagnose UTIs? If a doctor suspects that a patient has a UTI, he or she will ask about the person's symptoms to rule out other conditions. For example, an allergic reaction to a soap may cause irritation of the urethra that could lead to stinging when a person urinates, mimicking a UTI. The doctor may take a urine sample and then dip a special strip of paper into it, testing for infection-fighting white blood cells, protein, nitrates * , and blood, which can all be signs that a UTI might be present. The urine sample will be examined under a microscope for bacteria and types of white blood cells that might point to infection. To confirm the presence of a UTI, the urine sample will be cultured * . Any bacteria that grow are tested to see which antibiotics will kill them. This helps the doctor decide which medication will best treat the UTI. If an infant has a UTI or if an adult or child has repeated UTIs, the doctor may want to see if there are any problems in the urinary tract that may be causing or contributing to the infections. The doctor may order tests (such as special X rays or ultrasound * images of the urinary tract) to take a better look at the shape and function of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters. If there are any problems, the patient may be referred to a urologist, a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating problems of the urinary tract. The urologist can examine the urethra and bladder with a cystoscope (SIS-tuh-skope), a special lighted tube with lenses that is inserted into the urethra. * rectum is the final portion of the large intestine, connecting the colon to the anus. * nitrates (NYE-trayts) are chemical substances that can be produced by the breakdown of proteins by certain bacteria. * cultured (KUL-churd) means subjected to a test in which a sample of fluid or tissue from the body is placed in a dish containing material that supports the growth of certain organisms. Typically, within days the organisms will grow and can be identified. * ultrasound, also called a sonogram, is a diagnostic test in which sound waves passing through the body create images on a computer screen. What Is the Treatment for UTIs? Once a doctor confirms that a bacterial UTI is present, antibiotics are prescribed, which usually clear up the infection. If the UTI involves the kidneys, this can be a more serious medical problem. Patients with a kidney infection usually need to be treated in a hospital. Antibiotics and fluids may be given intravenously * until fever disappears and the patient begins to feel better. Even if they have no symptoms, all men typically are treated if they are found to have a UTI, and so are women who are pregnant and those who have diabetes * or abnormalities of the urinary tract. Treatment is necessary in these cases because there is a higher risk of pyelonephritis. Young women who have bacteria in the urine but who do not have symptoms of a UTI usually do not need treatment. A person taking antibiotics for urethritis or cystitis usually will feel much better soon after starting the medication. During the first few days of treatment, a heating pad can help soothe some of the lower belly pain that may come with UTIs. There are also medicines that ease discomfort during urination. It is important to remember that these medicines do not treat the infection; they treat only the symptoms of stinging and burning. Doctors advise people with UTIs to take all prescribed antibiotics, which usually are given for about a week. Taking all of the prescribed medication is necessary even if a patient begins to feel better right away. Stopping the antibiotics early can mean that the infection will come back, because all the bacteria may not have been killed. A person with pyelonephritis typically can expect a longer recovery time, possibly up to several weeks. It is very important that kidney infections be cured completely because they can lead to serious problems, such as permanent kidney damage, high blood pressure * , and even kidney failure later in life. Can UTIs Be Prevented? When it comes to preventing UTIs, practicing good hygiene is a major part of keeping bacteria from entering the urinary tract. It is wise for men and women to keep the genital * , urinary, and anal areas clean. It is recommended that women wipe from front to back, from the urinary tract opening to the anus, after going to the toilet. * intravenously means given or injected directly through a vein. * diabetes (dye-uh-BEE-teez) is a condition in which the body's pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin it makes effectively, resulting in increased levels of sugar in the blood. This can lead to increased urination, dehydration, weight loss, weakness, and a number of other symptoms and complications related to chemical imbalances within the body. * high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is a condition in which the pressure of the blood in the arteries is above normal. * genital (JEH-nih-tul) refers to the external sexual organs, * malformation (mal-for-MAY-shun) is an abnormal formation of a body part. Doctors advise that people who want to keep UTIs at bay drink plenty of water, which helps flush out the urinary tract. Going to the bathroom when a person feels the need to go, instead of holding urine in, also can help deter UTIs. Finally, some foods or drinks (such as acidic fruit juices, like orange juice or grapefruit juice; spicy foods; or foods or drinks that contain caffeine) can irritate the bladder; it is a good idea for a person with a UTI to avoid them if they cause irritation. Infants, children, and adults who have UTIs as a result of a malformation * or other problems in the urinary tract are at increased risk of contracting UTIs in the future. Their doctors may prescribe small doses of antibiotics to take every day for several months or longer to help prevent infections and possible damage to the kidneys over time. Resources Websites Healthcommunities.com Healthcommunities.com operates a website with links to many separate sites focusing on specific health concerns. The Urology Channel site has in-depth information about the parts of the urinary tract, urinary tract infections, and other urological conditions. http:llwww.urologychannel.com KidsHealth.org KidsHealth is a website created by the medical experts of the Nemours Foundation and is devoted to issues of children's health. It contains articles on a variety of health topics, including urinary tract infections. http://www.KidsHealth.org
1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 17.2 18.1 19.1 19.2 19.3 20.1 20.2 21.1 22.1 22.2 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 33.1 33.2 34.1 34.2 35.1 36.1 37.1 37.2 39.1 40.1
Infekcije mokraćnog sustava – uzroci, simptomi, vrste i liječenje Infekcije mokraćnog sustava mogu se javiti u bilo kojem dijelu mokraćnog sustava – bubrezima, mokraćovodu, mokraćnom mjehuru i mokraćnoj cijevi. Najčešće infekcija uključuje donji dio urinarnog trakta – mjehur i mokraćnu cijev. Žene imaju veći rizik od razvoja infekcija mokraćnog sustava od muškaraca. Infekcija ograničena na bubrege može biti bolna i neugodna te su ponekad moguće ozbiljne posljedice. Antibiotici su uobičajeni tretman kod infekcija mokraćnog sustava. Simptomi infekcije mokraćnog sustava Infekcije mokraćnog sustava najčešće ne uzrokuju simptome, no kada se oni javljaju, mogu uključivati: - Jak, uporan nagon za mokrenjem - Peckanje pri mokrenju - Nesvjesno ispuštanje male količine urina - Urin crvene ili svijetlo ružičaste boje – znak krvi u mokraći - Bol u zdjelici - Rektalna bol kod muškaraca Kod starijih osoba, infekcije mokraćnog sustava je lako predvidjeti ili ih zamijeniti za druga stanja. Simptomi pojedinih vrsta infekcija mokraćnog sustava Svaka vrsta infekcije mokraćnog sustava može rezultirati s više specifičnih znakova i simptoma, ovisno o tome koji dio mokraćnog sustava je zahvaćen: Uzroci infekcije mokraćnog sustava Infekcije mokraćnog sustava obično se javljaju kada bakterije dospiju u mokraćni sustav kroz mokraćnu cijev i počnu se razmnožavati u mjehuru. Iako je mokraćni sustav predviđen da se obrani od takvih mikroskopskih napadača, ta obrana ponekad nije učinkovita te se bakterije mogu pretjerano razmnožiti i prerasti u infekciju mokraćnog sustava. Najčešće se infekcije mokraćnog sustava javljaju kod žena i mogu utjecati na mjehur i mokraćovod: - Infekcija mokraćnog mjehura (cistitis) – ova vrsta infekcije mokraćnog sustava obično je uzrokovana bakterijom Escherichia coli, koja se nalazi u probavnom traktu. Cistitis može uzrokovati spolni odnos, no ne morate biti seksualno aktivni da bi ga razvili. Sve žene su u opasnosti od cistitisa zbog svoje anatomije, konkretno, male udaljenosti od mokraćne cijevi do anusa te od njezinog otvora do mjehura. - Infekcija mokraćne cijevi (uretritis) – ova vrsta infekcije mokraćnog sustava može se dogoditi se kada bakterije iz probavnog trakta prošire iz anusa do mokraćne cijevi. Isto tako, s obzirom da je kod žena mokraćna cijev blizu vagine, spolno prenosive infekcije, kao što su herpes, gonoreja i klamidija, mogu uzrokovati uretritis. Liječenje infekcije mokraćnog sustava Liječnici obično koriste antibiotike za liječenje infekcija mokraćnog sustava. Koji lijekovi se propisuju i koliko dugo, ovisi o vašem zdravstvenom stanju i vrsti bakterija pronađenih u vašem urinu. - Jednostavne infekcije – simptomi se obično povlače nakon nekoliko dana liječenja, no potrebno je provesti antibiotsku terapiju do kraja, kako bi bili sigurni da je infekcija potpuno nestala. Kod nekompliciranih infekcija mokraćnog sustava, kada ste inače zdravi, liječnik može preporučiti kraći tijek liječenja, kao što je uzimanje antibiotika 1-3 dana. Hoće li to biti dovoljno ovisi o vašim simptomima i medicinskoj povijesti. Također, liječnik može preporučiti lijekove protiv bolova (analgetik) kako bi se ublažilo peckanje prilikom mokrenja. Jedna od najčešćih nuspojava uzimanja analgetika je narančasta ili crvena boja urina. - Česte infekcije – ako imate česte infekcije mokraćnog sustava, vaš liječnik može odrediti posebne preporuke za liječenje, kao što su dulje liječenje antibioticima ili kratkotrajno uzimanje antibiotika čim se jave prvi simptomi, testovi urina, pojedinačna doza antibiotika nakon spolnog odnosa, ako su infekcije vezane uz seksualne aktivnosti, te vaginalna terapija estrogenom ako ste u postmenopauzi, kako bi se smanjile šanse za učestale infekcije mokraćnog sustava. - Teške infekcije – kod teških infekcija mokraćnog sustava, možda ćete trebati liječenje s intravenoznim antibioticima u bolnici. Samoliječenje Infekcije mokraćnog sustava mogu biti bolne, no možete poduzeti nekoliko koraka kako bi olakšali nelagodu: - Pijte puno vode za razrjeđivanje urina i izbacivanje bakterija - Izbjegavajte pića koja mogu iritirati mjehur, kao što su kava, alkohol i bezalkoholna pića koja sadrže citruse i kofein, jer mogu pogoršati infekciju ili izazvati čestu potrebu za mokrenjem. - Stavite topli jastuk na trbuh kako bi smanjili pritisak na mjehur ili nelagodu. Alternativna medicina Ima nekih naznaka, iako to nije dokazano, da svakodnevno konzumiranje soka od brusnice može spriječiti infekcije mokraćnog sustava. Studije su pokazale najveći učinak kod žena koje imaju česte infekcije mokraćnog sustava. Istraživanja koja su uključivala djecu i starije osobe imala su različite rezultate. Nije utvrđeno koliko je potrebno piti soka od brusnice, no ako ga uživate piti i osjećate kako vam pomaže kod infekcija, svakako ga preporučujemo. Za većinu ljudi, sok od brusnice je potpuno siguran i zdrav, no kod nekih osoba se mogu javiti bolovi u želucu ili proljev. Ipak, ako uzimate varfarin ili druge lijekove za razrjeđivanje krvi, ne preporučuje se piti sok od brusnice, jer može dovesti do krvarenja. Urifar Pomaže kod upale mjehura i E. Coli. Urifar Inko Smanjuje simptome inkontinencije.