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Whether you like them roasted, boiled, raw, or made into a butter for a sandwich filling, peanuts are a popular food. Unfortunately, they are also among the top eight foods most likely to cause an allergic reaction. About three million Americans are allergic to peanuts. In the Western world, peanuts are often roasted before they are eaten. In Asia, most people eat their peanuts raw, boiled, or fried. Peanut allergies are very rare in Asia and therein lies a clue. Dry roasted peanuts are more likely to trigger a peanut allergy than raw peanuts, according to an Oxford University study, which could explain the difference in the number of people allergic to peanuts in the West compared to the East. The high temperatures involved (320oF and above) in dry roasting peanuts causes chemical changes in the foods' amino acids which may promote an allergic response. Purified proteins from raw peanuts and dry roasted peanuts were given to mice in three different ways. It was injected under the skin of some mice, applied to broken skin on others, and placed directly in the stomach for a third group. The mice exposed to dry roasted peanuts had much greater immune responses — that is, responses characteristic of allergic reactions — compared to mice exposed to raw peanuts. “…[T]he dry roasting causes a chemical modification of peanut proteins that appears to activate the immune system against future exposure to peanuts,” Dr. Amin Moghaddam, first author of the study, said in a statement. “Allergies in people are driven by multiple factors including family genetic background and exposure to environmental triggers. In the case of peanut allergy, we think we may have discovered an environmental trigger in the way that peanuts are processed by high-temperature roasting,” he said. The researchers suggest that it is the products of the Maillard reaction in peanuts that may cause a strong allergic immune response. Because this research is in its early stages and further research needs to be done to confirm these results, the researchers say it is premature to advise avoiding dry roasted peanuts and their products to prevent allergy. However, if dry roasting does contribute to peanut allergies, can changes in the way peanuts are processed reduce the likelihood of peanut allergies? Perhaps. The study was published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
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ALERGIJA na kikiriki možda je sve češća u djece: broj slučajeva u Sjedinjenim se Državama u zadnjih pet godina udvostručio, objavili su znanstvenici. Studija objavljena u prosinačkome broju časopisa Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology govori o tome kako će potencijalno smrtonosna alergija na kikiriki biti sve češća, što je loše za mnogu alergičnu djecu jer mnogi prehrambeni proizvodi sadrže kikirki. "Ova studija potvrdila je od što čujemo od sve većeg broja obitelji, školskih uprava i drugih ustanova: sve je više alergija na hranu", kaže Anne Munoz-Furlong, utemeljiteljica i direktorica Mreže za alergije na hranu i anafilaksiju. "Taj problem javnoga zdravstva utječe na sve nas", kaže se u njezinu priopćenju. Alergiju na kikiriki ima približno milijun i pol Amerikanaca, a svake godine od teške alergijske reakcije umre dvjesto ljudi. Američka akademija za alergije, astmu i imunologiju kaže da je za sve veću učestalost alergije na kikiriki nekoliko razloga. Pečenje kikirikija čini ih vjerojatnijim uzrokom alergijske reakcije. Osim toga, sve više djece počinje jesti kikiriki dok im imunološki sustav još nije sazreo, a sve više krema za kožu sadržava kikiriki i druge orašaste plodove. Godine 1997. dr. Scott Sicherer i dr. Hugh Sampson s newyorškoga medicinskoga fakulteta Mount Sinai ustanovili su da je oko 1,4 posto svih Amerikanaca alergično na kikiriki i orašaste plodove. Pet godina poslije, oni su 2002. proveli telefonsko istraživanje na 4855 kućanstava i 13.493 osobe pitali su o tim alergijama. Broj ljudi koji je rekao da ima alergiju na kikiriki nije se povećao, ali sve više ih kaže da su im djeca alergična. Godine 1997. njih je ukupno 0,4 posto reklo da ima alergično dijete, a u 2002. taj je broj narastao na 0,8 posto. "Budući da se te alergije uglavnom razvijaju u djetinjstvu i vrlo rijetko se prerastu, može se predvidjeti da će sve veći dio populacije patiti od tih alergija", napisali su američki znanstvenici. (Hina) vm dgk