http___www.infofazana.hr_hr_guide_rimska-povijest_tvornica-amfora__1.xml
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At the site of the present-day Parish Square, archaeological finds were found testifying to the presumption of a large kiln from the Roman period. It is supposed to have been square-shaped with ribs and a central firebox in the shape of a vaulted tunnel. Based on few protective excavation and evidence of finds some hundred years ago, one of the kilns in Fažana may be characterized as a Type II/b kiln of rectangular, square or trapezium-shape fire-box with a central hall. The peculiarity of this type of kiln is that the grille was very strong and stable and statically could have carried heavy modeled clay products. - Outer size of the kiln was 9.0 x 8.0 m and the inside 7.5 x 6.3 m - Size of grille: 5.4 x 4.0 m - Ribs: 9 pieces 4.0 m long /width of each rib 30 cm CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF STANDARD KILN Praefurnium is a vaulted area, i.e. canal that stood immediately in front of the kiln. Cold air entered the canal. By combustion of fuel it heated and entered the area for baking modeled clay products, then went out through the opening on the cupola. Kiln walls were usually built of clay or brick. The construction began from the firebox - base and from the kiln ribs with grille. At the level of the baking area there was an opening through which products were introduced and taken out. Kiln cupola its main function was to preserve heat during baking and after closing the baking chamber. The baking chamber was situated above the combustion area. It was bordered by kiln walls and a cupola, while on the bottom by the grille onto which the products were placed. The baking process began by introducing hot air from the praefurnium into the baking chamber. In the first phase of heating, this chamber was gradually heated, its temperature being increased up to optimal baking temperature after which the kiln and modeled clay products were gradually cooled. Kiln grille was usually a horizontal perforated clay compartment through which hot air circulated. It divided the combustion area (firebox) from the upper part of the kiln (baking chamber). The kiln firebox was an area where fuel of various quality and calories combusted, in which cold air was introduced and was heated by means of air circulation. In single-piece kilns it was also the part where objects were baked. PRODUCTS Among the various excavated fragments of ceramic material, there are very many roof tiles (tegulae), floor tiles (spicae), amphoras, amphora lids, ceramic tubes for heating square sections (tubuli) and large ceramic vessels with thick walls for oil and wine storing (dolia). A certain number of circumferential fragments and amphora handles with seals, as well as a large number of small round lids were found. Thorough analysis proved that this type of amphoras was characteristic for Istria. With great probability, Fažana was the site of producing Dressel 6B, Lamboglia 2, amphora of East Adriatic origin. SEALS Gnirs made the most important classification of data and seals found in Fažana, and according to the then available data concluded that this significant ceramic-brick production center was owned by Caius Laecanius Bassus, from the well-known senatorial family, that between the 1st century BC and 2nd century gave several well-known consuls - highly ranked government officials. In terms of epigraphy, the amphora fragments yielded the greatest number of seals of Caius Laecanius Bassus (CLaekB). The circumferences sometimes show seals with names of servile origin (e.g. Amethysti, Crescentis, Viatoris, Opi, etc.) indicating names of workers who modeled the amphoras from Fažana.
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Na prostoru današnjeg Župnog trga nađeni su arheološki nalazi koji potvrđuju pretpostavku da je na ovom mjestu u Rimsko doba postojala velika keramička peć četvrtastog oblika s rebrima i središnjim ložištem u obliku nadsvođena tunela. Temeljem šturih zaštitnih istraživanja i notiranja nalaza prije stotinjak godina, jedna od fažanskih peći može se okarakterizirati kao Tip II/b peći pravokutnog, kvadrata ili trapeziodnog oblika ložišta s centralnim hodnikom. Specifičnost ovoga tipa keramičarske peći jest u tome da je rešetka bila veoma čvrsta i stabilna te je mogla statički izdržati veće težine oblikovanih glinenih izrađevina. - Vanjske dimenzije peći bile su 9,0 x 8,0 m., a unutarnje 7,5 x 6,3 m - Dimenzije rešetke: 5,4 m x 4,0 m - Rebra: 9 kom. duljine 4,0 m - širina pojedinog rebra 30,0 cm GRAĐEVINSKI I FUNKCIONALNI DIJELOVI KLASIČNE KERAMIČARSKE PEĆI Prefurnij (praefurnium) je nadvođeni prostor, tj. kanal koji se nalazio odmah ispred peći. Kroz kanal ulazi hladan zrak, koji se sagorijevanjem goriva grije te prelazi u prostor za pečenje oblikovanih glinenih proizvoda, te je kroz otvor na kupoli izlazio van. Zidovi peći uobičajeno su se gradili od gline ili opeke. Gradnja je počinjala od ložišta – podnice i od rebara peći s rešetkom. U visini prostora za pečenje nalazio se otvor za ulaganje i vađenje keramičkih proizvoda. Kupola peći Osnovna joj je funkcija u zadržavanju topline tijekom pečenja i nakon zatvaranja komore za pečenje. Komora za pečenje nalazila se iznad prostora za sagorijevanje. Bila je omeđena stijenkama peći i kupolom te s donje strane rešetkom na koju su se polagali proizvodi. Proces pečenja započinjao je ulaskom toplog zraka iz prefurnija u komoru za pečenje. Ova komora se u prvoj fazi loženja lagano zagrijavala, pojačanim loženjem temperatura se povećavala do optimalne, nakon čega je slijedilo postupno hlađenje peći i pečenih keramičkih proizvoda. Rešetka peći je uobičajeno vodoravna šupljikava glinena pregrada kroz koju je strujao topli zrak, a razdvajala je prostor za sagorijevanje (ložište) od gornjeg dijela peći (komore za pečenje). Ložište peći je prostor u kojem je sagorijevalo gorivo različite kvalitete i kaloričnosti, u koji je ulazio hladan zrak i strujanjem se grijao, a kod jednodijelnih peći to je bio i prostor pečenja keramike. PROIZVODNI ASORTIMAN Među raznim ulomcima sakupljenog keramičkog materijala s obzirom na funkcionalnost evidentirano je mnoštvo krovnih opeka (tegulae), podnih opeka (spicae), amfora, poklopaca amfora, keramičkih cijevi za grijanje četverokutnoh presjeka (tubuli),velikih keramičkih posuda debelih stijenki za čuvanje uljai vina (dolia). Prikupljen je i određen broj ulomaka oboda i drški amfora sa žigovima, te velik broj malih kružnih poklopaca. Preglednom analizom je ustanovljeno da se radi o tipu amfora karakterističnih za Istru, a s velikom vjerojatnošću su se upravo u Fažani proizvodile Dressel 6B, Lamboglia 2, amfore istočne- jadranske provenijencije. ŽIGOVI A.Gnirs je primarno sortirao i podatke o žigovima nađenim u Fažani, te je prema tada dostupnim podacima zaključio da je ovaj značajni keramičarsko-opekarski centar bio u vlasništvu Gaja Lekanija Basa, pripadnika poznate senatorske obitelji, koja je između 1. stoljeća pr. Kr. i 2.stoljeća imala nekoliko poznatih konzula – visokih državnih službenika. U epigrafskome smislu, na ulomcima amfora nađeno je najviše žigova Gaja Lekanija Basa (CLaekB). Na obodima se ponekad nalaze i žigovi s imenima servilnog podrijetla (npr. Amethysti, Crescentis, Viatoris, Opi i dr.), što upućuje na imena radnika koji su fažanske amfore oblikovali.