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What Is the Soul? Download The Bible’s answer The word “soul” in the Bible is a translation of the Hebrew word ne′phesh and the Greek word psy·khe′. The Hebrew word literally means “a creature that breathes,” and the Greek word means “a living being.” * The soul, then, is the entire creature, not something inside that survives the death of the body. Consider how the Bible shows that the human soul is the whole person: When Jehovah God created the first man, Adam, the Bible says that “man became a living soul.” (Genesis 2:7, King James Version) Adam was not given a soul —he became a living soul, or person. The Bible says that the soul can work, crave food, eat, obey laws, and touch a dead body. (Leviticus 5:2; 7: 20; 23:30; Deuteronomy 12:20; Romans 13:1) Those activities involve the entire person. Is the soul immortal? No, the soul can die. Dozens of Bible verses refer to the soul as being mortal. Here are some examples: “The soul that sinneth, it shall die.” —Ezekiel 18: 4, 20, King James Version. In ancient Israel, the punishment for the most serious offenses was that the “soul shall be cut off.” (Exodus 12:15, 19; Leviticus 7: 20, 21, 27; 19:8, King James Version) The person would “be put to death.” —Exodus 31:14, King James Version. After a person dies, the literal term “dead soul” is used for the corpse in some Bible verses. (Leviticus 21:11, footnote; Numbers 6:6, footnote) Although many Bible translations use the terms “dead body” or “dead person” in those verses, the original Hebrew uses the word ne′phesh, or “soul.” “Soul” can mean “life” The Bible also uses “soul” as a synonym for “life.” For example, Job 33:22 uses the Hebrew word for “soul” (ne′phesh) as a parallel for “life.” Similarly, the Bible shows that a person’s soul, or life, can be risked or lost. This use of the word for “soul” helps us to understand verses in which the soul is said to be “going out” or “departing.” (Genesis 35:18; King James Version) This figure of speech indicates that the person’s life is ending. Some translations render this expression at Genesis 35:18 as “she breathed her last.” Where belief in an immortal soul comes from Christian denominations that believe in an immortal soul get this teaching, not from the Bible, but from ancient Greek philosophy. The Encyclopædia Britannica says: “Biblical references to the soul are related to the concept of breath and establish no distinction between the ethereal soul and the corporeal body. Christian concepts of a body-soul dichotomy originated with the ancient Greeks.” God does not condone merging his teachings with human philosophies, such as belief in an immortal soul. Instead, the Bible warns: “Look out that no one takes you captive by means of the philosophy and empty deception according to human tradition.” ^ par. 3 See The New Brown, Driver, and Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, page 659, and the Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros, page 627. Many Bible translations render the words ne′phesh and psy·khe′ differently according to the context, using words such as “soul,” “life,” “person,” “creature,” or “body.”
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Što je duša? Preuzmi Što kaže Biblija: Riječ “duša” koja se koristi u Bibliji prijevod je hebrejske riječi nefeš i grčke riječi psykhé. Nefeš doslovno znači “stvorenje koje diše”, a psykhé “živo biće”. * Očito je da se izraz “duša” odnosi na cijelu osobu, a ne na neki duhovni princip koji nadživljava smrt tijela. Zapazite kako Biblija potvrđuje da duša označava čitavog čovjeka: U biblijskom izvještaju o stvaranju prvog čovjeka, Adama, piše: “Jahve, Bog, napravi čovjeka od praha zemaljskog i u nosnice mu udahne dah života. Tako postane čovjek živa duša” (1. Mojsijeva 2:7, Jeruzalemska Biblija). Dakle, Adam nije dobio dušu, nego je postao živa duša, to jest osoba. U Bibliji stoji da duša može raditi, osjećati želju za hranom, jesti, držati se zakona te doticati tijelo mrtvog čovjeka ili uginule životinje (3. Mojsijeva 12:20; Rimljanima 13:1, JB). Sve navedene radnje može napraviti jedino čovjek od krvi i mesa. Na temelju toga može se zaključiti da je “duša” cijela osoba, a ne neki njen bestjelesni dio. Je li duša besmrtna? Nije, duša može umrijeti. To potvrđuju mnogi biblijski reci. Navest ćemo neke od njih: “Duša koja griješi, ona će poginuti” (Ezekijel 18:4, 20, Šarić). U starom Izraelu najteži prijestupi kažnjavali su se smrću. Osoba, to jest duša, koja ih je počinila trebala je biti “istrijebljena” ili “uklonjena” iz naroda (2. Mojsijeva 7:20, 21, 27; 19:8; Vrtarić). U nekim biblijskim recima izraz “duša mrtvaca” koristi se za tijelo umrle osobe (3. Mojsijeva 21:11, bilješka; 4. Mojsijeva 6:6, bilješka). Iako u tim recima mnogi prijevodi Biblije koriste izraze “mrtvac” ili “mrtvo tijelo”, dobro je imati na umu da se u izvornom hebrejskom tekstu na tim mjestima koristi riječ nefeš, odnosno “duša”. Izraz “duša” može značiti “život” U Bibliji se izraz “duša” koristi i kao sinonim za “život”. Jedan primjer takve upotrebe hebrejskih riječi za “dušu” i “život” nalazi se u Jobu 33:22. Slično tome Biblija pokazuje da se duša, ili život, može izložiti opasnosti ili izgubiti (2. Mojsijeva 4:19; Suci 9:17; Filipljanima 2:30, bilješka). Takva upotreba riječi “duša” pomaže nam razumjeti biblijske retke u kojima piše da je nečija duša “izlazila” ili da se netko “rastavljao” sa svojom dušom (1. Mojsijeva 35:18, JB). Ti preneseni izrazi ukazuju na to da je osoba umrla, odnosno da se njen život ugasio. Zato se, naprimjer, u 1. Mojsijevoj 35:18 (Škarić) za Rahelu, ženu patrijarha Jakova, kaže da je izdahnula. Odakle potječe učenje o besmrtnosti duše? Mnoge kršćanske vjerske zajednice i crkve vjeruju da je duša besmrtna, no to učenje nije biblijsko, nego vuče korijen iz grčke filozofije. U djelu Encyclopaedia Britannica stoji: “Biblijski koncept duše povezan je s pojmom disanja; njime se ne pravi razlika između nematerijalne duše i fizičkog tijela. Podjela na dušu i tijelo uvriježila se u kršćanstvu, ali ona zapravo potječe od starih Grka.” Bog ne odobrava da se učenja koja je otkrio u svojoj Riječi stapaju s ljudskim idejama, primjerice s učenjem o besmrtnosti duše. Stoga Biblija upozorava: “Pazite da vas tko ne odmami mudrovanjem i ispraznom prijevarom što se temelji na ljudskoj predaji” (Kološanima 2:8). ^ odl. 3 The New Brown, Driver, and Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, stranica 659; Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros, stranica 627 i Grčko-hrvatski rječnik Novoga zavjeta Rudolfa Amerla, stranica 196. U mnogim prijevodima Biblije nefeš i psykhé prevode se ovisno o kontekstu izrazima “duša”, “život”, “stvorenje”, “biće” ili “tijelo”.