http___www.klikic.hr__page_id_23_1.xml
1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the art of making high quality wines was continued primarily in France, whose wines were of Roman origin. Alongside with spices, wine was the most important and bestselling commodity. It sold particularly well in northern Europe, which has neither geographic nor climatic conditions for its production. Owing to many wars waged in the Middle Ages, all agriculture suffered, and the vine even more than other crops. With the (re)establishment of peace, cultivation would be restarted. The production of wine was dominated by the monks, especially in and after the 6th century, when vineyards received royal protection and penalties were introduced for those destroying them. The significance of viticulture and winemaking can be recognized in a decree issued by Louis XI, forbidding the use of poor wine producing grapevines. Probably the most famous contribution made by the monks is Dom Perignon, named after the Benedictine monk who invented it. Monks dominated the production of wine for almost a thousand years, justifying their interest in it by the fact that next to bread, wine is the key necessity of the Eucharist, as suggested by the Biblical description of the Last Supper. However, numerous riots and revolutions brought about a number of changes on the political scene, and some of the consequences can still be felt. Thus, Henry VIII took away the land and wealth bestowed on monasteries by his predecessors, and after the French Revolution the church and nobility lost their property which was divided among common people. Thus, in today’s Burgundy there are still numerous small wineries the foundations of which were set by those very divisions. Napoleon soon did the same in Germany, so step by step wine got secularized. Its primary purpose, the use in the Eucharist, has changed, making it more accessible to the masses. The New World obtained its knowledge of wine primarily from Spanish conquistadores, who brought it overseas to assure a supply for the celebration of the Catholic mass. No wonder the first traces of European-like viticulture are found among the Spanish missionaries who lived and worked in the area. Later on, immigrants started importing their own wines, French, Italian and German included, although the indigenous peoples also had their authentic grapevines native to the Americas. Today grapes are cultivated primarily between 30° and 50° north or south of the equator and some of the greatest producers and exporters of wine are France, Italy, Spain, Chile, the USA, Germany, Portugal, Romania, Hungary, Argentina and Croatia. Mainly due to its geographical position and climate, Croatia has a long and abundant tradition of winemaking. Continental Croatia, i.e. the area between Plešivica and the Danube, is famous for its white wines, while Coastal Croatia makes both white and red wines. The former prefers dry, aromatic wines mixed with mineral water (known as gemišt), while the latter has a preference for bevanda, wine mixed with water. Famous Croatian wines include Graševina, Traminac, Chardonnay, Pošip, Plavac, Malvazija, Žlahtina, Prošek, etc. There are 700 wines with protected designation of origin (PDO) certification. In recent years wine drinking has been popularized by the development of rural tourism and wine roads, which offer not only a rich selection of wine, but ample traditional cuisine as well.
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6
Nakon propasti Zapadnog Rimskog Carstva 476. proizvodnja se kvalitetnih vina nastavila ponajprije u Francuskoj, čija su sva vina bila rimskog podrijetla. Vino je uz začine tada bilo najvažnija i najprodavanija roba, a osobito ga se dobro moglo prodati na sjeveru Europe, koji nema dobre geografske ni klimatske uvjete za samostalnu proizvodnju. Tijekom brojnih srednjovjekovnih vojnih pohoda mnoge su poljoprivredne kulture bivale uništene te je po uspostavi mira valjalo krenuti iz početka, a posebno se to odnosilo upravo na uzgoj vinove loze. Proizvodnju su vina na sebe preuzeli redovnici, posebice od šestog stoljeća nadalje, kada su vinogradi uživali i kraljevsku zaštitu te je bilo protuzakonito uništavati nasade. Koliko je vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo bilo važno pokazuje primjer Luja XI, koji je zabranio uzgoj onih vrsta vinove loze koje daju loše vino. Vjerojatno je najznačajniji doprinos redovnika proizvodnji vina Dom Perignon, prvi šampanjac, nazvan po Benediktincu koji ga je proizveo. Redovnici su proizvodnjom vina dominirali gotovo tisuću godina, opravdavajući to činjenicom da je vino, uz kruh, ključni element euharistije, koji svoje podrijetlo vuče iz biblijskog opisa Kristove Posljednje večere. No, zbog burnih događanja i prevrata na političkoj sceni, dolazi do izvjesnih promjena, čiji se rezultati osjećaju i dan danas. Tako je primjerice Henrik VIII oduzeo samostanima njihovo bogatstvo i zemlju, a nakon Francuske revolucije sve ono što je pripadalo Crkvi i plemstvu podijeljeno je običnim ljudima. Posljedice se i danas vide na područuju Burgundije, gdje postoji niz manjih privatnih vinarija. Napoleon je uskoro istu stvar napravio u Njemačkoj te tako dolazi do procesa sekularizacije vina odnosno ono više svoju primarnu primjenu ne prepoznaje u kršćanskom bogoslužju te samim time postaje dostupnije običnim smrtnicima. Novi je svijet vino upoznao ponajprije zahvaljujući španjolskim konkvistadorima, koji su ga ponijeli preko oceana jer je bilo nužni dio katoličkog obreda. Stoga ne čudi da začetke uzgoja iz Europe donesenih vrsta vinove loze na američkom tlu nalazimo među španjolskim misionarima. Doseljavanjem ostalih naroda, na američki su kontinet stigla i francuska, talijanska i njemačka vina, iako je i tamošnje indijansko stanovništvo imalo svoje autohtone vrste vinove loze. U današnje se vrijeme vinova loza uzgaja prvenstveno u području od 30° do 50° sjeverno i južno od Ekvatora. Među zemljama koje se bave proizvodnjom, pa i izvozom vina, valja istaći Francusku, Italiju, Španjolsku, Čile, SAD, Njemačku, Portugal, Rumunjsku, Mađarsku, Argentinu i Hrvatsku. Vinogradarstvo u Hrvatskoj ima veoma dugu tradiciju, ponajprije zahvaljujući odličnom geografskom položaju i klimatskim uvjetima. Kontinentalna je Hrvatska odnosno prostor od Plešivice do Dunava, poznata prvenstveno po bijelim vinima, dok se uz obalu, u primorskoj Hrvatskoj, proizvode podjednako bijela i crna vina. U sjevernom se, kontinentalnom dijelu, uglavnom piju suha i aromatična vina pomiješana s mineralnom vodom, odnosno gemišt, dok je na jugu popularnija bevanda, vino pomiješano s običnom vodom. Poznata su hrvatska vina graševina, traminac, chardonnay, pošip, plavac, malvazija, žlahtina, prošek itd. Ukupno je 700 vina sa zaštićenim geografskim podrijetlom. Zadnjih se godina vino popularizira seoskim turizmom i vinskim cestama, koji pored vina uključuju i bogatu gastronomsku ponudu.