http___www.kakolijeciti.com_koji-su-simptomi-mozdanog-udara__1.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 16.2 17.1 17.2 17.3 18.1 18.2 19.1 19.2 19.3 20.1 20.2 20.3 21.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 23.1 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 25.1 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 27.1 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 29.1 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 31.1 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 33.1 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 35.1 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 37.1 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 39.1 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 41.1 42.1 42.2 42.3 43.1 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 45.1 46.1 46.2 46.3 47.1 48.1 48.2 48.3 49.1 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 62.1 63.1 64.1 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 69.1 70.1 71.1 72.1 73.1 74.1 75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.1 80.1 81.1 82.1 83.1 84.1 85.1 85.2 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 86.6 86.7 86.8 86.9 87.1 87.2 88.1 89.1 91.1 93.1 95.1 97.1 99.1 101.1 102.1 103.1 104.1 104.2 105.1 105.2 106.1 106.2 107.1 107.2 108.1
Slideshow: A visual guide to understanding stroke What is a stroke? Stroke is a medical emergency and the third leading cause of death in the UK. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts or, more commonly, when a blockage develops. Without treatment, cells in the brain quickly begin to die. The result can be serious disability or death. If a loved one is having stroke symptoms, seek emergency medical attention without delay. Stroke symptoms Signs of a stroke may include: - Face drooping on one side, unable to smile , eye or mouth drooping on one side - Numbness or weakness of the body, especially on one side Inability to lift one or both arms and keep them lifted - Difficulty speaking (slurred or garbled or unable to talk at all) or difficulty understanding others - Sudden vision changes in one or both eyes - Sudden, severe headache with unknown cause - Problems with dizziness, walking, balance or coordination - Difficulty swallowing - Confusion Call 999 immediately if you notice any of these symptoms. Stroke test: Smile, wave, talk The F.A.S.T. test helps spot symptoms. It stands for: Face. Ask for a smile. Does one side droop? Arms. When raised, does one side drift down? Speech. Can the person repeat a simple sentence? Does he or she have trouble or slur words? Time. Time is critical. Call 999 immediately if any symptoms are present. Stroke: Time = Brain damage Every second counts when seeking treatment for a stroke. When deprived of oxygen, brain cells begin dying within minutes. There are clot-busting drugs that can help prevent brain damage, but they have to be used within four and a half hours of the initial stroke symptoms. Once brain tissue has died, the body parts controlled by that area won’t work properly. This is why stroke is the largest cause of adult disability in the UK. Diagnosing a stroke When someone with stroke symptoms arrives in A&E, the first step is to determine which type of stroke is occurring. There are two main types, and they are not treated the same way. A CT scan can help doctors determine whether the symptoms are coming from a blocked blood vessel or a bleeding one. Additional tests may also be used to find the location of a blood clot or bleeding within the brain. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) A transient ischaemic attack (TIA), sometimes called a 'mini-stroke', is more like a close call. Blood flow is temporarily impaired to part of the brain, causing symptoms similar to an actual stroke. When the blood flows again, the symptoms disappear. A TIA is a warning sign that a stroke may happen soon. It's critical to seek medical attention if you think you've had a TIA. There are therapies to reduce the risk of stroke. What causes a stroke A common cause of stroke is atherosclerosis – narrowing of the arteries. Plaque made of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances builds up in the arteries, leaving less space for blood to flow through. A blood clot may lodge in this narrow space and cause an ischaemic stroke. Atherosclerosis also makes it easier for a clot to form. Haemorrhagic strokes often result from uncontrolled high blood pressure that causes a weakened artery to burst. Risk factors: Diet An unhealthy diet may increase the risk of stroke in a few significant ways. Eating too much fat and cholesterol can lead to arteries that are narrowed by plaque. Too much salt may contribute to high blood pressure. And too many calories can lead to obesity. A diet high in fruit, vegetables, whole grains and fish may help lower stroke risk. Risk factors you can’t control Some stroke risk factors are beyond your control, such as getting older or having a family history of strokes. Gender plays a role, too, with men being more likely to have a stroke. However, more stroke deaths occur in women. Finally, race is an important risk factor. South Asian, African or Caribbean people are at greater risk compared to people of other ethnicities. Stroke: Emergency treatment For an ischaemic stroke, emergency treatment focuses on medicine to restore blood flow. A clot-busting medication is highly effective at dissolving clots and minimising long-term damage, but it must be given within four and a half hours of the onset of symptoms. Haemorrhagic strokes are more difficult to manage. Treatment usually involves attempting to control high blood pressure, bleeding and brain swelling. Stroke: Long-term damage Whether a stroke causes long-term damage depends on its severity and how quickly treatment stabilises the brain. The type of damage depends on where in the brain the stroke occurs. Common problems after a stroke include weakness or paralysis in the arms or legs, difficulty walking, vision problems, trouble swallowing and problems with speech and comprehension. These problems can be permanent, but people often regain their abilities to varying degrees. Stroke rehab: Speech therapy Rehabilitation is the centrepiece of the stroke recovery process. It helps patients regain lost skills and learn to compensate for damage that can't be undone. The goal is to help restore as much independence as possible. For people who have trouble speaking, speech and language therapy is essential. A speech therapist can also help patients who have trouble swallowing. Stroke rehab: Physiotherapy Muscle weakness, as well as balance problems, are very common after a stroke. This can interfere with walking and other daily activities. Physiotherapy is an effective way to regain strength, balance and coordination. For fine motor skills, such as using a knife and fork, writing and buttoning a shirt, occupational therapy can help. Stroke rehab: Talk therapy It's common for stroke survivors and their loved ones to experience a wide range of intense emotions, such as fear, anger, worry and grief. A psychologist or mental health counsellor can provide strategies for coping with these emotions. A therapist can also watch for signs of depression, which frequently strikes people who are recovering from a stroke. Stroke prevention: Medication For people with a high risk of stroke, doctors often recommend medication to lower this risk. Anti-platelet medicines, including aspirin, keep platelets in the blood from sticking together and forming clots. Anti-clotting drugs, such as warfarin, may be needed to help ward off stroke in some patients. Finally, if you have high blood pressure or high cholesterol, your doctor will prescribe medication to lower it. Stroke prevention: Surgery In some cases, a stroke results from a narrowed carotid artery – the blood vessel that travels up each side of the neck to bring blood to the brain. People who have had a mild stroke or a TIA due to this problem may benefit from surgery known as carotid endarterectomy. This procedure removes plaque from the lining of the carotid arteries and can prevent further strokes. Stroke prevention: Balloon and stent Doctors can also treat a clogged carotid artery without major surgery in some cases. The procedure, called angioplasty, involves temporarily inserting a catheter into the artery and inflating a tiny balloon to widen the area that is narrowed by plaque. A metal tube, called a stent, can be inserted and left in place to keep the artery open. Life after a stroke A third of people will make an almost full recovery physically after a stroke. Those who get clot-busting drugs soon enough may recover completely. Those who experience disability can often learn to function independently through therapy. While the risk of a second stroke is higher in the weeks or months after a stroke, this risk decreases over time. Related Reading Medically Reviewed by Dr Rob Hicks on November 02, 2015 IMAGES PROVIDED BY: 1) Photo Researchers Inc./Phototake 2) MedicalRF.com 3) BLOOMimage 4) ISM/Phototake 5) Will & Deni McIntyre / Photo Researchers, Inc. 6) Medical Body Scans/Photo Researchers Inc 7) Zephyr / Photo Researchers, Inc 8) Zephyr / Photo Researchers, Inc 9) 3D4Medical.com 10) Robert Kirk/Photodisc 11) Eric Audras/PhotoAlto 12) Peter Dazeley/Photographer’s Choice 13) Bruce Laurance/Photographer’s Choice 14) Zephyr / Photo Researchers, Inc 15) Rolf Bruderer/Blend Images 16) BSIP/Phototake 17) Arthur Tilley/Taxi 18) Jess Alford/Photodisc 19) Photodisc 20) Thomas J Peterson/Photographer’s Choice 21) Jon Holloway/Phototake 22) hybrid medical animation / Photo Researchers, Inc 23) Kraig Scarbinsky/Lifesize REFERENCES: NHS Choices – Stroke NHS Choices – Stroke – Act F.A.S.T. The Stroke Association American Heart Association US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US National Institutes of Health US National Stroke Association This tool does not provide medical advice. See additional information: THIS TOOL DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. It is intended for general information purposes only and does not address individual circumstances. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and should not be relied on to make decisions about your health. Never ignore professional medical advice in seeking treatment because of something you have read on the BootsWebMD Site. If you have a medical problem please contact your GP. In England call 111. In Scotland call NHS 24. In Wales, call NHS Direct Wales. In the case of medical emergencies, always dial 999. © 2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. BootsWebMD slideshows View our slideshows to learn more about your health. Fingernail file What your nails say about your health Weight gain shockers Surprising reasons you're gaining weight Plan for a healthy pregnancy What you can do now Skin cancer warning signs Precancerous skin lesions and skin cancer Liver damage Surprising things that can damage your liver Foods for heart health Best foods for your heart Advertisement Health information from our sponsors/advertorials ©2009-2017 WebMD UK Limited and Boots UK Limited. All rights reserved. BootsWebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information. This website uses cookies. Our Cookies information page details how we use cookies and how to manage them. To provide even greater transparency and choice, we are working on a number of other cookie-related enhancements. More information Cookie information
1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 7.1 8.1 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10.1 11.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 14.2 14.3 15.1 15.2 16.1 16.2
Koji su simptomi moždanog udara? Koji su simptomi moždanog udara i kako ih prepoznati? Moždani udar pogađa različite osobe na različite načine. To ovisi i o vrsti moždanog udara, dijelu mozga koji je pogođen i opsegu ozljede mozga. Ipak, ako spominjemo simptome moždanog udara, možemo navesti iznenadnu utrnutost ili slabost lica, ruke ili noge, osobito na jednoj strani tijela. Također, tu je i iznenadna smetenost, poteškoće u govoru ili razumijevanju govora. Iznenadne poteškoće s vidom na jednom ili oba oka, mogu biti pokazatelj moždanog udara. Iznenadne poteškoće s hodanjem, vrtoglavicu, gubitak ravnoteže ili koordinacije, su također prepoznatljivi simptomi moždanog udara. Moždani udar se može pojaviti kao iznenadna, teška glavobolja bez poznatog uzroka. Često ljudi taj osjećaj opisuju kao „osjećaj kao da će im glava eksplodirati“ ili kao najgoru glavobolju u životu. Temeljem simptoma koje ljudi dožive, jako često nije moguće ustanoviti o kojoj vrsti moždanog udara je riječ. Pisali smo o vrstama moždanog udara, pa se podsjetite. Kako se postavlja dijagnoza moždanog udara? U bolnici će osoblje hitne službe ili vaš liječnik provjeriti imate li moždani udar na sljedeći način: Liječnik će vas pitat iza simptome, provjerit će snagu, koordinaciju i osjet vaših mišića. Nakon toga će vjerojatno uraditi CT snimku kako bi se ustanovilo koju vrstu moždanog udara možda imate. Medicinsko osoblje će uzeti uzorke krvi kako bi izmjerili broj crvenih krvnih stanica, razinu šećera u krvi, koncentraciju elektrolita i kako funkcionira vaš sustav zgrušavanja krvi. Nakon toga će liječnik tražiti da se uradi EKG kako bi vidjeli dali je problem sa srcem možda uzrok moždanog udara. Te pretrage treba napraviti što je prije moguće kako bi se moglo primijeniti optimalno liječenje. Ukoliko osoblje hitnog prijema posumnja da imate moždani udar, priključiti će vas na uređaj za praćenje rada srca, uvest će kateter u venu, ili više vena i dati vam dodatnu količinu kisika preko cjevčice pričvršćene za vaš nos. Liječnik će vas pitati za simptome – Vaš liječnik će htjeti znati koliko dugo imate simptome i da li ste prije imali moždani udar ili slične simptome. Ukoliko simptomi traju kratko, kraće od nekoliko sati, i vaš moždani udar nije posljedica krvarenja u moždano tkivo, razmotrit će primjenu lijeka za razrjeđivanje ugruška. Vaš će liječnik htjeti znati da li imate tešku glavobolju. Kako se obavlja pregled? Moždani udar može izazivati različite obrasce poremećaja funkcije ovisno o dijelu mozga koji je zahvaćen. Poznajući ozbiljnost simptoma moždanog udara izuzetno je važno odlučiti koliko agresivno treba liječiti moždani udar zbog činjenice da neki lijekovi imaju ozbiljne nuspojave. CT snimka je najvažnija pretraga u većine bolesnika s moždanim udarom jer može točno pokazati je li moždani udar uzrokovan krvarenjem u moždano tkivo. CT snimanje ne može otkriti većinu ishemijskih moždanih udara u prvih 6 sati. Međutim, odlično je u otkrivanju krvarenja u moždano tkivo u slučaju da je moždani nastupio zbog prsnuća krvne žile. Izuzetno je važno odrediti koju vrstu moždanog udara imate jer je liječenje različito. Lijekovi za razrjeđivanje krvi i otapanje ugruška koji se koriste u ishemijskom moždanom udaru pogoršat će hemoragijski moždani udar. Zbog svega gore spomenutog, jako je važno na vrijeme reagirati, slušati savjete liječnika i surađivati sa liječničkim timom što je bolje moguće. Pretrage koje se traže, svakako trebate uraditi bez odgađanja, da bi način liječenja bio valjan i da se liječite na vrijeme.