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Pneumonia Pneumonia (nu-MO-nyah) is an inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by infection, that can result in breathing difficulty. KEYWORDS for searching the Internet and other reference sources Atypical pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia Pneumococcal vaccine Pneumococcus Streptococcal pneumonia Walking pneumonia What Is Pneumonia? When a person breathes, air enters the lungs and travels through millions of tiny sacs. These sacs, known as alveoli (al-VEE-o-lye), are where oxygen is transferred to the blood, which carries it to all parts of the body. When someone has pneumonia, the lung tissue becomes inflamed and the alveoli fill with mucus * and other debris, making it difficult for oxygen to be transferred. When normal amounts of oxygen cannot reach the body's cells, many symptoms may develop. Bacteria or viruses usually cause pneumonia. In some cases, a virus may directly cause the disease. Also, viral infections that lead to respiratory symptoms (such as those of a common cold) often produce inflammation and mucus buildup that makes it easier for bacteria to take hold and infect the lungs. Fungi or parasites are less common causes of pneumonia. Chemicals, drugs, or radiation also can cause lung inflammation. Aspiration (as-puh-RAY-shun) pneumonia occurs when someone accidentally inhales food or vomited material into the lungs. * mucus (MYOO-kus) is a thick, slippery substance that lines the insides of many body parts. * strains are various subtypes of organisms, such as viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is a common infection among people who are hospitalized for something else. Such hospital-acquired infections are especially widespread among people recovering from surgery and those who are placed on breathing machines (ventilators). Hospital-acquired pneumonia is almost always bacterial and is often caused by strains * of bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics. For this reason, and because it affects people who are already sick, hospital-acquired pneumonia is more frequently serious or fatal compared to cases of pneumonia acquired outside the hospital. What Are Some Different Types of Pneumonia? Bacterial pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia can attack anyone, from infants to adults, and it is most frequently fatal among the elderly. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (strep-tuh-KAH-kus nu-MO-nye), also called pneumococcus (nu-moh-KAH-kus). If the infection is not properly treated with antibiotics, the bacteria can multiply and cause infection not only in the lungs but also in the bloodstream, brain, and other parts of the body. Other bacterial causes include: - Mycoplasma pneumoniae (my-ko-PLAZ-muh nu-MO-nye), which leads to an infection known as "walking pneumonia" because it is often mild enough to go undiagnosed for a long period of time - Staphylococcus (stah-fih-lo-KAH-kus), which usually affects patients in hospitals - Chlamydia trachomatis (kla-MIH-dee-uh truh-KO-mah-tis), often seen in infants; two other species of chlamydia also can cause pneumonia, usually in adults: Chlamydia pneumoniae (kla-MIH-dee-uh nu-MO-nye) and Chlamydia psittaci (kla-MIH-dee-uh sih-TAH-see) - Species of the bacteria Klebsiella (kleb-zee-EH-luh), Pseudomonas (su-doh-MO-nus), and Legionella pneumophila (lee-juh-NEL-uh nu-MO-fee-luh, the bacterium that causes Legionnaire's, lee-juh-NAIRS, disease) Viral pneumonia Viral pneumonia, usually seen in children, makes up nearly half of all pneumonia cases. This type of pneumonia is usually not severe or long lasting. Causes of viral pneumonia include: - respiratory syncytial (RES-puh-ruh-tor-e sin-SIH-she-ul) virus, or RSV, which typically causes more severe illness in infants and very young children - adenoviruses (ah-deh-no-VY-ruh-sez), which affect the tissue lining the respiratory tract * and sometimes the eyes, intestines * , and bladder * - influenza (in-floo-EN-zuh) viruses, which cause flu; pneumonia arising from influenza viruses is an important cause of serious illness among the elderly and people with other health problems - parainfluenza (pair-uh-in-floo-EN-zuh) viruses, which also cause croup * * respiratory tract includes the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs. It is the pathway through which air and gases are transported down into the lungs and back out of the body. * intestines are the muscular tubes that food posses through during digestion after it exits the stomach. * bladder is a sac-like organ that stores urine before releasing it from the body. * croup (KROOP) is an infection involving the trachea (windpipe) and larynx (voicebox) that typically occurs in childhood. It causes inflammation and narrowing of the upper airway, sometimes making it difficult to breathe. The characteristic symptom is a barking cough. Fungal pneumonia Fungal pneumonia usually targets people with weakened immune systems. For instance, pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii (nu-mo-SIS-tis kah-RIH-nee-eye), which was recently identified as a fungus, is most common in patients with compromised immune systems, particularly those who have AIDS * . Other fungal infections that can involve the lungs include histoplasmosis (his-toh-plaz-MO-sis), blastomycosis (blas-toh-my-KO-sis), coccidioidomycosis (kok-sih-dee-oyd-o-my-KO-sis), and aspergillosis (as-per-jih-LO-sis). How Common Is Pneumonia? Pneumonia was a leading cause of death in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century. With the help of antibiotics, it dropped to number five by 2000. Although that is certainly an improvement, the disease is still common enough to affect between 3 and 5 million people each year in the United States, with more than 60,000 deaths annually. Is Pneumonia Contagious? The bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia can pass from person to person. When people who are infected sneeze, cough, laugh, or talk, they expel bacteria or viruses into the air in tiny drops of moisture that can be breathed in by others. The germs also can contaminate surfaces that an infected person touches, such as doorknobs, desks, and keyboards. If people do not wash their hands after touching these things, they could become infected by casually touching their eyes, mouth, or nose. An infection contracted this way can lead to pneumonia, although it usually does not. * AIDS , or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (ih-myoo-no-dih-FIH-shen-see), is an infection that severely weakens the immune system: it is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). William Osler, 1849-1919 Sir William Osler, often called the father of modern medicine, spent much of his life studying pulmonary diseases (diseases of the lungs) and is known for dubbing pneumonia the "old man's friend." Ironically, Osler himself died of pneumonia after contracting influenza. How Do People Know They Have Pneumonia? Depending on the cause of the pneumonia and the health of the person with the infection, its symptoms can vary. Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia may appear suddenly and include high fever, chills, rapid breathing, a deep cough that brings up greenish mucus that is sometimes mixed with blood, and severe chest pain that worsens with breathing and coughing. A persistent dry cough, sore throat, and skin rash mark mycoplasma pneumonia (walking pneumonia). Viral pneumonia can produce symptoms similar to those of the flu, including fever, muscle aches, breathlessness, rapid breathing, and a dry cough, which can worsen and eventually bring up a small amount of mucus. Other symptoms that may accompany both bacterial and viral pneumonia include loss of appetite, nausea (NAW-zee-uh), vomiting, headache, and excessive sweating. In people with weakened immune systems, pneumonia can quickly become worse. How Do Doctors Diagnose and Treat Pneumonia? Diagnosis To identify the infection, the doctor first takes a history of the patient's symptoms and then will listen to a patient's chest with a stethoscope. Fluid in the lungs often produces a crackling sound when a person breathes, which can point to pneumonia. Sometimes the doctor will not be able to hear any air moving through the affected part of the lung. Chest X rays also may be taken, and a cloudy, dense-appearing area may be seen in one or both lungs, particularly in a person who has bacterial pneumonia. Next, the doctor may take samples of blood and sputum (SPYOO-tum, coughed-up mucus) to try to find out what is causing the pneumonia. These samples can be examined under a microscope and sent to the lab for culture * and identification of the organism causing the infection. In severe cases, a bronchoscopy * or a lung biopsy * may be performed. * culture (KUL-chur) is a test in which a sample of fluid or tissue from the body is placed in a dish containing material that supports the growth of certain organisms. Typically, within days the organisms will grow and can be identified. * bronchoscopy (brong-KOS-kopee) is a procedure used to examine the bronchi, the major air passages in the lungs, with an instrument called a bronchoscope, which is a tool for looking inside the lungs that is made up of a lighted tube with viewing lenses. * biopsy (BI-op-see) is a test in which a small sample of skin or other body tissue is removed and examined for signs of disease. * dehydration (dee-hi-DRAY-shun) is a condition in which the body is depleted of water, usually caused by excessive and unreplaced loss of body fluids, such as through sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea. Treatment Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. Antiviral or antifungal medicines are prescribed in some cases of viral or fungal illness. In severe cases, patients may need to be hospitalized, particularly if they are in danger of dehydration * , need more oxygen, or cannot breathe well enough on their own. People with pneumonia get relief from symptoms and aid their recovery by: - taking an over-the-counter, non-aspirin pain reliever such as acetaminophen (uh-see-teh-MIH-noh-fen) to ease fever and muscle aches - resting and drinking liquids to combat dehydration - using a humidifier to keep air cool and moist, making it easier to breathe - staying away from cigarette smoke, which irritates the lungs With treatment, bacterial pneumonia symptoms usually improve within a day or two and are gone in 1 to 2 weeks, but symptoms of viral pneumonia and mycoplasma pneumonia can last longer. Medical complications In severe cases, respiratory failure (the inability to breathe adequately) can occur, requiring the person to be hospitalized and placed on a ventilator for breathing assistance. Pus * can collect in the spaces surrounding the lungs and may need to be drained surgically. The lungs also can become scarred, leading to long-term breathing problems. These complications, particularly when they affect elderly people or patients with other health problems, can ultimately lead to death. How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented? The pneumococcal (nu-moh-KAH-kal) vaccine * works well against pneumococcal bacteria that cause pneumonia and is recommended for people over age 65 and children under age 2 years, those with certain other illnesses, or those with weakened immune systems. The vaccine typically needs to be given only once in a lifetime. Yearly flu vaccines can help prevent pneumonia caused by influenza viruses. Because pneumonia often is caused by contagious respiratory infections, people can protect themselves further by avoiding being near people who are sick, hand washing, not touching used tissues, and never sharing food, drinks, or eating utensils. * pus is a thick, creamy fluid, usually yellow or greenish in color, that forms at the site of an infection. Pus contains infection-fighting white cells and other substances. * vaccine (VAK-seen) is a preparation of killed or weakened germs, or a part of a germ or product it produces, given to prevent or lessen the severity of the disease that can result if a person is exposed to the germ itself. Use of vaccines for this purpose is called immunization. Resources Organizations The American Lung Association, 61 Broadway, 6th Floor, New York, NY The American Lung Association offers information about pneumonia on its website. http://www.lungusa.org U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333. The CDC is the U.S. government authority for information about infectious and other diseases. It provides information about pneumonia at its website. http://www.cdc.gov Website KidsHealth.org KidsHealth is a website created by the medical experts of the Nemours Foundation and is devoted to issues of children's health. It contains articles on a variety of health topics, including pneumonia. http://www.KidsHealth.org
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Virusna upala pluća – uzroci, simptomi, komplikacije i liječenje Virusna upala pluća je obično manje teška od drugih vrsta upala pluća, poput onih uzrokovanih bakterijama i gljivicama. Ipak, neke vrste virusnih upala pluća mogu biti vrlo teške, posebno one uzrokovane virusom gripe. Simptomi virusne upale pluća Simptomi virusne upale pluća su slični onima drugih tipova upale pluća, ali mogu biti manje ozbiljni od bakterijske upale pluća. Najčešći simptomi su: - Kašalj - Groznica - Osjećaj hladnoće - Kratkoća daha (što se može primjetiti prilikom naprezanja, poput penjanja stepenicama) - Bol u prsima prilikom dubokog disanja ili kašlja - Glavobolja - Gubitak apetita - Iscrpljenost ili umor Simptomi virusne upale pluća mogu početi kao i oni kod gripe – groznica, slabost, bol u tijelu i suhi kašalj. U roku od nekoliko dana, mogu se javiti teškoće pri disanju, bolan kašalj i povišena temperatura. Iako tijek bolesti nije isti kod svih osoba, ovo je uobičajeni razvoj bolesti kod većine ljudi. Uzroci virusne upale pluća Virusna upala pluća često se razvija kao komplikacija manje ozbiljnih virusnih infekcija, kao što su hladnoća, infekcije gornjih dišnih puteva ili gripa. Virusna upala pluća je obično manje teška od drugih vrsta i prolazi u roku od 1 do 3 tjedna. Neke vrste virusne upale pluća, posebno one uzrokovane virusom gripe, mogu biti vrlo teške, pa čak i smrtonosne. Često je teško primijetiti da se pluća pune tekućinom, a to vrlo brzo može dovesti do otežanog disanja. Osobe s kroničnim bolestima srca, plućnim problemima i trudnice imaju najveći rizik za ovu vrstu virusne upale pluća. U nekim slučajevima, osobe s virusnom upalom pluća također mogu razviti i bakterijsku upalu pluća. To se događa jer se tijelo pokušava boriti protiv virusnih infekcija, a imunološki sustav nije dovoljno jak da bi se obranio. Liječenje virusne upale pluća Antibiotici nisu učinkoviti protiv virusnih upala pluća, no liječnik ih može propisati ako postoji i bakterijska upala pluća. Obično, liječenje se svodi na kontroliranje simptoma i sprječavanje komlikacija. U nekim slučajevima liječnici mogu propisati antivirusne lijekove za liječenje virusne upale pluća. Samoliječenje Samoliječenje je vrlo važno kod virusne upale pluća i uključuje sljedeće mjere: - Pijte puno tekućine – to će pomoći u oslobađanju sluzi u plućima i iskašljavanju - Odmarajte što je više moguće - Ako je potrebno, uzmite lijekove protiv bolova ili protiv povišene temperature, kao što su acetaminofen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil ili motrin) ili aspirin. - Izbjegavajte lijekove protiv kašlja, osim ako vam to liječnik nije dopustio. Susprežući kašalj kod upale pluća, onemogućuje se čišćenje pluća što može pogoršati virusnu upalu pluća. Komplikacije kod virusne upale pluća Komplikacije kod virusne upale pluća su rijetke, a mogu uključivati: - Respiratorne smetnje - Sepsu - Emfizem pluća ili apces pluća Ove komplikacije su najčešće kod osoba u visokorizičnim skupinama poput djece, osoba starijih od 65 godina, osoba s kroničnim zdravstvenim problemima, poput bolesti srca ili KOPB te pušača. Pročitajte više: Upala pluća (pneumonia) – uzroci, simptomi i liječenje