http___www.kastela-info.hr_hr_kastelanski-crljenak_1.xml
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Crljenak kaštelanski is an old, almost forgotten, Croatian species of grape which recently captured interest of the wine-making public. The reason for that was discovery that Crljenak kaštelanski and an American species Zinfandel have the same genetic profile. It was established that the two species are the same. The mystery of origin was resolved. Under the name of Zinfandel this species from the Imperial State Plant Nursery (where numerous plants of the monarchy were collected) was introduced to the United States (Long Island) in the early twenties of the 19th century. It becomes a respectable species in the southwest of the country, as an edible fruit at first. In the colder areas it was grown even in the hothouses. Some thirty years later it was transferred to California, where it spreads quickly, especially during the Gold Rush. In the eighties of the 19th century it becomes the most spread species of grape in the United States. Popularity of the Zinfandel lasts up today. It takes over 23% of all the vineyard areas, and grown by more than 200 producers. It is a very valued species in the US, resulting usually in strong and full, intensively colored wines. Unlike some other black species Zinfandel wines are soft and drinkable with aroma of the species. This aroma could vary from discretely flowery to distinctively developed fruity scents. The quality and character of the wine depend largely on area and age of grove, and technology applied. A rosé wine of this species called the White Zinfandel is famous. It was at the top of popularity among the American wines for a long time. Number of the Zinfandel enthusiasts and producers grew every year, and in 1991 an association called Zinfandel Advocates and Producers – ZAP was founded. The goal of the association is to promote the species and wine, ant to support professional and scientific researches related to this species. Many researches focused on its origin. That mystery was intriguing from the very beginning of its cultivation. It was known that this species same as other quality vines have been brought from Europe. But, due to its meaning in the American culture and history it was considered an America's vine and wine. The first discovery regarding its background dates from 1967. Austin Goheen a professor from the University of California Davis, tasted wines in Italy and among others a type called Primitivo which reminded him of the Zinfandel. Results of various comparative studies of the Zinfandel and the Primitivo led to the conclusion that they were indeed the same species. Professor Carole Meredith from the Davis University gave the final confirmation of their genetic matching by using DNA – fingerprinting. But, the Primitivo was grown in Italy relatively shortly, much shorter than the Zinfandel in the United States. According to some documents it was brought to the Italian region of Puglia from the eastern coast of the Adriatic. The question of the origin was still opened, and the Croatian coast emerged as a possible homeland of this species. Due to the morphological similarity with the Primitivo and the Zinfandel a species named Plavac Mali was being mentioned some twenty years ago as a possible third name for the same vine. This hypothesis gained more and more supporters with time. In order to continue her work on the origin of the Plavac mali , professor Meredith ask for help some American producers (among them was Miljenko Grgić, the famous American wine-maker who is Croatian by birth) and some researchers from the Agronomy Faculty of the Zagreb University (Ivan Pejić, Edi Maletić, Jasminka Karoglan Kontić, Nikola Mirošević). She visited Dalmatia and gathered over 150 samples of Plavac Mali from different locations. The results showed that the Zinfandel and the Plavac Mali are two different species. They are genetically very close, or to be more accurate the Zinfandel is one of the Plavac Mali’s parent. This discovery incited Croatian scientists Maletić and Pejić to continue the search and they discovered the other parent of the Plavac Mali – Dobričić an old species from the island of Šolta. Now, the search was narrowed to islands Šolta, Brač, Čiovo and the central Dalmatian coastline. Among numerous samples collected was a species Crljenak kaštelanski, taken from the vineyard of Ivica Radunić from Kaštel Novi, recommended by Ante Vuletin. The analysis has shown the identical genetic profile of Crljenak kaštelanski and Zinfandel. This finally solved the mystery of origin of the most popular American vine species. The additional proof of the Croatian origin of this species is a discovery that many other Croatian indigenous species have parental relations to Zinfandel / Primitivo / Crljenak kaštelanski.
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Kaštelanski Crljenak je stara, gotovo zaboravljena hrvatska sorta koja u posljednje vrijeme zaokuplja domaću i stranu vinogradarsku javnost. Naime, utvrđeno je da Kaštelanski Crljenak i američka sorta Zinfandel imaju identičan genetski profil, odnosno da se radi o istoj sorti vina što je pomoglo u rješavanju misterija njezina podrijetla. Ta je sorta, pod imenom Zinfandel, u ranim dvadesetim godinama 19. stoljeća iz Carskog državnog rasadnika u Beču (u kojem su se nalazile brojne sorte tadašnje monarhije) prenesena u SAD, točnije na Long Island. Na sjeveroistoku zemlje je vrlo brzo postala cjenjena sorta i to najprije kao zobatica dok je u hladnijim područjima uzgajana i unutar staklenika. Tridesetak godina kasnije prenesena je u Kaliforniju u kojoj se vrlo brzo proširila i to posebno za vrijeme tzv. Zlatne groznice. Osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća dobiva status najrasprostranjenije sorte u Americi. Popularnost Zinfandela, prvenstveno u Americi traje i danas. Zauzima preko 23% ukupne površine vinograda a uzgaja ga više od 200 proizvođača. U SAD-u je vrlo cijenjen kao sorta od koje se dobivaju jaka i puna, intenzivno obojena vina. U usporedbi s nekim drugim crnim sortama, njegova su vina mekana i pitka, s izraženom sortnom aromom koja varira od diskretnih cvjetnih pa do snažnih voćnih mirisa. Kakvoća i karakter vina umnogome ovise o području uzgoja, starosti nasada i tehnologiji koja se primjenjuje. Poznato je i rose vino ove sorte, tzv. White Zinfandel, koji je dugo vremena bio na vrhu popularnosti među američkim vinima. Iz godine u godinu širio se krug njegovih poklonika pa je 1991. osniovana udruga proizvođača i ljubitelja Zinfandela (Zinfandel Advocates and Producers – ZAP) čiji je cilj bila promocija te sorte i samog vina, te potpora stručnim i znanstvenim istraživanjima ove sorte. Mnoga istraživanja vezana uz ovu sortu bavila su se njezinim podrijetlom koje je, obzirom da je bilo nepoznanica, od samih početaka uzgoja budilo veliki interes. Iako je bilo poznato da je zajedno sa ostalim sortama plemenite loze (Vitis vinifera L.) donesena iz Europe, zbog položaja kojeg zauzima u američkoj kulturi i povijesti smatralo je se čak i američkom sortom i vinom (America\\\' s vine and wine). Prvo otkriće vezano uz podrijetlo seže u daleku 1967. godinu. Te je godine prof. Austin Goheen sa Sveučilišta u Davisu, Kalifornija (University of California, Davis) u Italiji kušao različite sorte vina i uočio sortu naziva Primitivo koja ga je podsjetila na Zinfandel. Komparativnim istraživanjima došlo se do zaključka da bi Zinfandel i Primitivo zaista mogli pripadati istoj sorti. Konačnu potvrdu ovoj teoriji dala je prof. Carole Meredith sa Sveučilišta u Davisu koja je pomoću tzv. DNA – fingerprintinga dokazala njihovu genetičku identičnost. Međutim, kako se Primitivo u Italiji uzgaja relativno kratko, kraće nego Zinfandel u Americi, a ako je vjerovati nekim dokumentima da je Primitivo u talijansku pokrajinu Puglia donesen s istočne obale Jadrana, pitanje podrijetla ostalo je i dalje otvoreno. Time je hrvatska obala postala interesantna kao moguća domovina ove sorte. Zbog morfološke sličnosti sa Primitivom odnosno Zinfandelom, prije dvadesetak godina počeo se spominjati i Plavac mali kao mogući treći sinonim za istu sortu a s vremenom je ova pretpostavka okupljala sve više istomišljenika. Kako bi mogla nastaviti svoj istraživački rad na podrijetlu Zinfandela, prof. Meredith je uz pomoć nekih američkih proizvođača (među kojima i Miljenka Grgića, poznatog američkog vinara hrvatskog podrijetla) i suradnika s Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (Ivana Pejića, Edija Maletića, Jasminke Karoglan Kontić i Nikole Miroševića) obišla Dalmaciju i na različitim lokacijama prikupila preko 150 uzoraka Plavca malog. Rezultati su pokazali da su Zinfandel i Plavac mali dvije različite sorte ali da su genetički vrlo bliske. Odnosno, zaključilo se da je Zinfandel jedan od „roditelja“ Plavca malog. Potaknuti ovim otkrićem hrvatski znanstvenici Maletić i Pejić su nastavili potragu tijekom koje je otkriven i drugi „roditelj“ Plavca malog – Dobričić, stara sorta s otoka Šolte. Time je područje traženja suženo na Šoltu, Brač, Čiovo i srednjodalmatinsko priobalje. Među brojnim prikupljenim uzorcima našao se i uzorak sorte kaštelanski Crljenak, uzet prema preporuci dipl. ing. Ante Vuletina iz vinograda Ivice Radunića u Kaštel Novom. Analiza je pokazala identičan genetski profil kaštelanskog Crljenka i Zinfandela čime je napokon razriješen misterij podrijetla najpopularnije sorte u Americi. Dodatni dokaz hrvatskom podrijetlu ove sorte pruža otkriće o bliskoj rodbinskoj vezi mnogih drugih hrvatskih autohtonih sorti i Zinfandela / Primitiva / kaštelanskog Crljenka.