http___www.klokanica.hr_trudnoca_beba-u-trbuhu_pocinju-plodni-dani-218_1.xml
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To become pregnant, the following steps must occur: These steps are described below. The transport of sperm is dependent upon several factors: Following ejaculation, the semen forms a gel that protects it from the acidic environment of the vagina. The gel is liquefied within 20 to 30 minutes by enzymes from the prostate gland. This liquefaction is important to free the sperm so transportation may occur. The seminal plasma is left in the vagina. The protected sperm with the greatest motility travel through the layers of cervical mucus that guard the entrance to the uterus. During ovulation, this barrier becomes thinner and changes its acidity, creating a friendlier environment for the sperm. The cervical mucus acts as a reservoir for extended sperm survival. Once the sperm have entered the uterus, contractions propel the sperm upward into the fallopian tubes. The first sperm enter the tubes minutes after ejaculation. The first sperm, however, are likely not the fertilizing sperm. Motile sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for up to five days. Egg transport begins at ovulation and ends once the egg reaches the uterus. Following ovulation, the fimbriated, or finger-like, end of the fallopian tube sweeps over the ovary. Adhesive sites on the cilia, which are located on the surface of the fimbriae, are responsible for egg pickup and movement into the tube. The cilia within the tube, and muscular contractions resulting from the movement of the egg, create a forward motion. Transport through the tube takes about 30 hours. Conditions such as pelvic infections and endometriosis can permanently impair the function of the fallopian tubes, due to scarring or damage to the fimbriae. Following ovulation, the egg is capable of fertilization for only 12 to 24 hours. Contact between the egg and sperm is random. Once the egg arrives at a specific portion of the tube, called the ampullar-isthmic junction, it rests for another thirty hours. Fertilization — sperm union with the egg — occurs in this portion of the tube. The fertilized egg then begins a rapid descent to the uterus. The period of rest in the tube appears to be necessary for full development of the fertilized egg and for the uterus to prepare to receive the egg. Defects in the fallopian tube may impair transport and increase the risk of a tubal pregnancy, also called ectopic pregnancy. A membrane surrounding the egg, called the zona pellucida, has two major functions in fertilization. First, the zona pellucida contains sperm receptors which are specific for human sperm. Second, once the membrane has been penetrated by the sperm, it becomes impermeable to penetration by other sperm. Following penetration, a series of events set the stage for the first cell division. The single-cell embryo is called a zygote. Over the course of the next seven days, the human embryo undergoes multiple cell divisions in a process called mitosis. At the end of this transition period, the embryo becomes a mass of very organized cells, called a blastocyst. It's now believed that as women get older, this process of early embryo development is increasingly impaired due to diminishing egg quality. Once the embryo reaches the blastocyst stage, approximately five to six days after fertilization, it hatches out of its zona pellucida and begins the process of implantation in the uterus. In nature, 50 percent of all fertilized eggs are lost before a woman's missed menses. In the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process as well, an embryo may begin to develop but not make it to the blastocyst stage — the first stage where those cells destined to become the fetus separate from those that will become the placenta. The blastocyst may implant but not grow, or the blastocyst may grow but stop developing before the two week time at which a pregnancy can be detected. The receptivity of the uterus and the health of the embryo are important for the implantation process. Reviewed by health care specialists at UCSF Medical Center. This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or health care provider. We encourage you to discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have.
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Do kraja drugog tjedna, prema službenom računanju, još uvijek niste stvarno trudni, no sada bi trebalo doći do ovulacije. U to vrijeme vaginalni iscjedak obično postane obilniji, vlažniji i prozirniji, nalik sirovom bjelanjku, a mogli biste osjetiti i laganu bol u donjem dijelu trbuha. Jajnici ispuštaju zrelu jajnu stanicu u jajovod. Tu će biti oplođena, ukoliko jedan od oko 250 milijuna spermija, koliko ih sadrži prosječni ejakulat, uspije prijeći put dug 10 sati, od vagine kroz vrat maternice i maternicu do jajovoda, te probiti vanjsku membranu jajne stanice. Do višeplodne trudnoće doći će ukoliko su jajnici izbacili, a spermiji oplodili više od jedne jajne stanice. Ako se pak jedna oplođena jajna stanica prilikom diobe podjeli u dvije odvojene cjeline, razvit će se identični blizanci. Ovulacija je proces kojim tijelo otpušta jedno ili više zrelih jajnih stanica iz jajnika prema jajovodu, u kojem se može dogoditi oplodnja spermijem. I vaše tijelo daje vam znakove koji vam mogu pomoći da predvidite plodne dane. Pročitaje koji su to simptomi i prepoznajte znakove ovulacije. Ključan je odabir pravog trenutka Da bi uopće došlo do oplodnje, mora se poklopiti puno stvari, a najvažniji je odabir pravog trenutka. Budući da je životni vijek jajne stanice oko 24 sata od trenutka ovulacije, a spermija oko 72 sata od ejakulacije, da biste povećali vjerojatnost začeća, preporučuje se seks dan ili dva prije i opet na sam dan očekivane ovulacije. Nakon uspješne oplodnje, tijekom sljedećih 10 do 30 sati miješaju se stanične jezgre spermija i jajašca, odnosno genetski materijal roditelja. Oplođena jajna stanica, koja se zove zigota, ima ukupno 46 kromosoma: 23 od majke i 23 od oca. Na taj su način već sada definirane mnoge buduće osobine, kao i spol djeteta: ako je spermij donio Y kromosom, rodit će se dječak, a ako je donio X kromosom, dobit ćete djevojčicu.