http___www.krenizdravo.com_korisno_upute_novynette-uputa-o-lijeku_1.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 32.1 33.1 33.2 34.1 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 36.1 36.2 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.9 41.10 41.11 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 44.1 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.7 45.8 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 46.9 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 46.15 46.16 46.17 46.18 46.19 46.20 46.21 46.22 46.23 46.24 47.1 48.1 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 50.1 50.2 50.3 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.7 51.8 51.9 51.10 51.11 51.12 51.13 51.14 51.15 51.16 51.17 51.18 51.19 51.20 51.21 51.22 51.23 51.24 51.25 51.26 51.27 52.1 52.2 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.8 53.9 53.10 53.11 53.12 53.13 53.14 53.15 53.16 53.17 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 54.7 54.8 54.9 54.10 54.11 54.12 55.1 56.1 57.1 58.1 61.1 61.2 61.3 62.1 63.1 64.1 64.2 64.3
Millinette 30/75 microgram coated tablets Last Updated on eMC 25-Jul-2012 View changes | Consilient Health Ltd Contact details Name of the medicinal product Qualitative and quantitative composition Pharmaceutical form Clinical particulars - 4.1 Therapeutic indications - 4.2 Posology and method of administration - 4.3 Contraindications - 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use - 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction - 4.6 Pregnancy and lactation - 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines - 4.8 Undesirable effects - 4.9 Overdose Pharmacological properties - 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties - 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties - 5.3 Preclinical safety data Pharmaceutical particulars - 6.1 List of excipients - 6.2 Incompatibilities - 6.3 Shelf life - 6.4 Special precautions for storage - 6.5 Nature and contents of container - 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Marketing authorisation holder Marketing authorisation number(s) Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of revision of the text How to take MillinetteThe tablets should be taken in the order indicated on the package, every day at approximately the same time. One tablet per day should be taken for 21 days. Each subsequent pack should be started after a 7 day tablet-free interval during which time a withdrawal bleeding will occur. This bleeding usually starts on the 2nd or 3rd day after taking the last tablet, and may not stop until the next pack is started. How to start taking Millinette If no preceding hormonal contraceptive use in the past monthTaking of the tablets should begin on the first day of the woman's natural cycle (i.e. on the first day of the woman's menstrual bleeding). One may begin taking the pills on day 2-5, but in these cases it is recommended that a barrier method also be used for the first 7 days on which pills are taken during the first cycle. When replacing another contraceptive pill of the combination typeThe woman should start taking Millinette on the next day after taking the last active tablet in her previous package of contraceptive pills but no later than the day after the usual tablet-free or placebo-tablet period of her previous contraceptive pill. When changing from progestogen-only preparations (progestogen-only pills, injection, implant)The woman may change from progestogen-only pills (POPs) on any day. The first tablet should be taken on the day after any tablet of the POP package. When changing from an implant, Millinette should be started on the day the implant is removed. When changing from injections, Millinette should be started when the next injection is due to be given. In all these cases the woman is advised to also use a barrier method for the first 7 days of taking the pills. After an abortion in the first trimesterThe woman may start taking the pills immediately. If she does so, no further contraceptive steps need be taken. After delivery or abortion in the second trimesterFor breastfeeding women - see section 4.6. The woman should be advised to begin taking the tablets on day 21- 28 after delivery in non-lactating women or after abortion in the second trimester. If she starts later, she should be advised to also use a barrier method during the first 7 days of taking the pills. If she has already had intercourse, the possibility of pregnancy should be excluded before she begins taking the pills, or she should wait for her first menstruation. Missed tabletsMissing a tablet for less than 12 hours does not diminish the contraceptive protection. The woman should take the tablet as soon as she remembers, and continue taking the rest of the tablets as usual. Missing a tablet for more than 12 hours can diminish the contraceptive protection. The two following rules may be helpful in dealing with missed tablets. Taking of the tablets should never be delayed by a period longer than 7 days. It takes 7 days of uninterrupted ingestion of the tablets to achieve sufficient suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis. Thus, the following advice can be given in daily practice: Week 1The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as she remembers, even if this means that she needs to take 2 tablets at the same time. From then on she should continue to take the tablets at the usual time. At the same time she should use a barrier method, i.e. a condom, for the next 7 days. If she had intercourse during the past 7 days, she should consider the possibility that she might be pregnant. The more tablets have been missed, and the closer this happened to the monthly tablet-free period, the higher the risk of pregnancy. Week 2The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as she remembers, even if this means that she needs to take 2 tablets at the same time. From then on she should continue to take the tablets at the usual time. If the tablets have been taken correctly for the 7 days prior to the missed tablet, it is not necessary to take any additional contraceptive precautions. If this is not the case, however, or if more than 1 tablet has been missed, the woman should be advised to use another birth control method for 7 days. Week 3The risk of reduced protection is imminent because of the approaching tablet-free period. The reduced contraceptive protection can be prevented, however, by adjusting the intake of the tablets. It is, therefore, not necessary to take any additional contraceptive precautions, provided that the tablets have been taken correctly for the 7 days prior to the missed tablet, if one follows one of the following choices. If this is not the case, the woman should be advised to follow the first of the two choices, and at the same time use another birth-control method for 7 days. The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as she remembers even if this means that she needs to take 2 tablets at the same time. From then on she should continue to take the tablets at the usual time. She begins the next pack immediately after she took the last tablet from the current package; that means no pause between packages. The user will probably not get her menstruation before the end of the second package, but she may experience spotting or withdrawal bleeding on the days when she takes the tablets. The woman can also be advised to stop taking tablets from the current package. In that case she should observe a tablet-free period for up to 7 days, including the days when she missed the tablets, and then continue with the next pack. If the woman missed the tablets, and subsequently did not get her menstruation in the first normal tablet-free period, she should consider the possibility that she may be pregnant. What to do in case of vomiting/diarrhoeaIf vomiting occurs within 3-4 hours after tablet taking, absorption may not be complete. In this case the advice concerning missed tablets, described above should be followed. Diarrhoea may reduce the efficacy by preventing full absorption. If the woman does not want to change her usual tablet intake, she should take the required extra tablet(s) from another blister pack. How to advance or delay menstruationOnly in exceptional cases menstruation can be delayed as described below. To delay menstruation, the woman should continue with another pack of Millinette without observing the tablet-free period. Menstruation can be delayed as long as is desired up to the end of the second package, but no longer. While menstruation is being delayed the woman may experience withdrawal bleeding or spotting. Regular intake of Millinette should be resumed after the normal tablet-free period of 7 days. To move menstruation to a weekday other than that on which the woman is used to having it under the current tablet schedule, she can be advised to shorten the next tablet-free period by as many days as she wishes. The shorter the pause, the higher the risk that she will not get her menstruation and will have withdrawal bleeding or spotting while she is taking the next pack (which is also true when menstruation is being delayed). Warnings GeneralWomen should be advised that COCs do not protect against HIV (AIDS) or other sexually transmitted infections (STI). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious cardiovascular side effects from COC use. This risk increases with age and with the extent of smoking and is particularly marked in women over 35 years of age. All women who use COCs should be strongly advised not to smoke. Other methods of contraception should be considered for those women over 35 years old who smoke. If any of the risk factors below is present in any individual woman, the benefits of combined oral contraception must be weighed against possible risks in each individual case and discussed with the woman before combined oral contraception is commenced. In the event of aggravation, exacerbation or first appearance of any of these conditions or risk factors the woman should be advised to contact her physician. The physician must then decide, whether the use of COCs should be discontinued. Circulatory disordersThe use of any COC carries an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with no use. The excess risk of VTE is highest during the first year a woman ever uses a COC. This increased risk is less than the risk of VTE associated with pregnancy which is estimated as 60 cases per 100,000 pregnancies. VTE is fatal in 1-2% of cases. In several epidemiological studies it has been found that women using combined oral contraceptives with ethinylestradiol, mostly with a dose of 30 ug, and a progestin such as gestagen have an increased risk of VTE compared with those who using combined oral contraceptives containing less than 50 ug ethinylestradiol and the progestin levonorgestrel. For combined oral contraceptives containing 30 ug of ethinylestradiol combined with desogestrel or gestodene compared with those containing less than 50 ug of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, the overall relative risk of VTE has been estimated to range between 1.5 and 2.0. The incidence of VTE for levonorgestrel containing combined oral contraceptives with less than 50 ug of ethinylestradiol is approximately 20 cases per 100,000 women-years of use. For Millinette the incidence is approximately 30-40 cases per 100,000 women-years of use, i.e. additional 10-20 cases per 100,000 women-years of use. The impact of the relative risk on the number of additional cases would be the greatest in women during the first year they ever use a combined oral contraceptive when the risk for VTE with all combined oral contraceptives is highest. Thrombosis in other blood vessels has very rarely been reported, i.e. hepatic, mesenteric, renal or retinal veins and arteries, in users of oral contraceptives. There is no consensus, whether the occurrence of these cases is related to use of COCs. The risk for development of venous thromboembolism increases with:− Increasing age.− A positive family history (e.g. venous thromboembolism in siblings or parents at a relatively young age). In the case of suspected hereditary predisposition, the woman should be referred to a specialist before she decides to use oral contraception.− Obesity (body mass index above 30 kg/m²).− Prolonged immobilisation, major surgery, surgery on the legs or major trauma. In such cases, it is recommended that treatment with oral contraceptives be discontinued (in the case of elective surgery at least 4 weeks prior to the operation) and should not be resumed until 2 weeks after complete remobilisation.− There is no consensus concerning the possible role of varicose veins and superficial thrombophlebitis in venous thromboembolism. The use of COCs in general has been associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or stroke, a risk that is strongly influenced by the presence of other risk factors (e.g. smoking, high blood pressure, and age) (see also below). These events occur rarely. The risk of arterial thromboembolic events increases with:− increasing age;− smoking (with heavier smoking and increasing age the risk further increases, especially in women over 35 years of age);− dyslipoproteinaemia;− obesity (body mass index over 30 kg/m2);− hypertension;− valvular heart disease;− atrial fibrillation;− a positive family history (i.e. arterial thrombosis ever in a sibling or parent at a relatively early age). If a hereditary predisposition is suspected, the woman should be referred to a specialist for advice before deciding about any hormonal contraceptive use. Symptoms of venous or arterial thrombosis can include: − unilateral leg pain and/ or swelling; − sudden severe pain in the chest, whether or not it radiates to the left arm; − sudden breathlessness; − sudden onset of coughing; − any unusual, severe, prolonged headache; − sudden partial or complete loss of vision; − diplopia; − slurred speech or aphasia; − vertigo; − collapse with or without focal seizure; − weakness or very marked numbness suddenly affecting one side or one part of the body; − motor disturbances; − 'acute' abdomen. The increased risk of venous thromboembolism during the puerperal period should be taken into consideration. Other medical conditions which have been related to circulatory disorders include diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, chronic inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or colitis ulcerosa) and sickle cell anaemia. An increase in the frequency or severity of migraine (which may be prodromal for a cerebrovascular condition) during use of oral contraceptives must lead to consideration of immediate discontinuation of oral contraceptives. Biochemical factors indicating hereditary or acquired predisposition for venous or arterial thrombosis, include activated protein C (APC) resistance, factor V Leiden mutation, hyperhomocysteinaemia, antithrombin III deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant) and dyslipoproteinaemia. When considering risk/benefit, the physician should take into account that adequate treatment of a condition may reduce the associated risk of thrombosis and that the risk associated with pregnancy is higher than that associated with COC use. Tumours: Cervical cancerIn some epidemiological studies an increased risk of cervical cancer has been reported in long term users of COCs, but it is still not clear to which extent this finding may be influenced by impacts of sexual behaviour and other factors, such as human papilloma virus (HPV). Breast cancerA meta-analysis from 54 epidemiological studies has shown that women using combined oral contraceptives have a slightly increased relative risk (RR=1.24) of having breast cancer diagnosed. This increased risk gradually declined over 10 years following cessation of COC use. Since breast cancer is a rare condition in women below 40 years of age, the increase in number of diagnosed cases of breast cancer in current and previous users of COCs is small compared to the risk of breast cancer during their entire life time. These studies do not present evidence for a causal relationship. The observed pattern of an increased risk may be caused by an earlier diagnosing of breast cancer in COC users, the biological effects of COCs or a combination of both. Liver tumoursBenign and malignant liver tumours have been reported in users of COCs. These tumours have, in isolated cases, lead to life threatening, intra-abdominal haemorrhage. A liver tumour must be taken into consideration as a differential diagnosis when severe pain occurs in the upper abdomen, if there is hepatomegaly, or if there are signs of intra-abdominal haemorrhage in women taking COCs. Other conditionsWomen with hypertriglyceridaemia, or a family history thereof, may be at increased risk of pancreatitis when taking COCs. In the case of acute or chronic impairment of liver function the use of Millinette should be stopped until liver function tests have returned to normal. Steroid hormones may be poorly metabolised in patients with impaired liver function. Hyperlipidaemic women should be closely monitored if they choose to use COCs. Even though slight increases in blood pressure have been reported in many women taking COCs, clinically important increases in blood pressure are rare. If persistent clinical hypertension develops during COC use, intake should be discontinued and the hypertension treated. Use of COCs may be resumed, if appropriate, when normotensive values are reached with antihypertensive therapy. It has been reported that the following conditions may occur, or worsen both during pregnancy and during use of COCs, but the evidence of a relationship is inconclusive: Jaundice and/or pruritus in connection with cholestasis; development of gallstones; porphyria; systemic lupus erythematosus; haemolytic uraemic syndrome; Sydenham's chorea; herpes gestationis; loss of hearing due to otosclerosis.COCs may have an influence on the peripheral insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. Therefore, diabetics should be closely monitored during COC use. Millinette contains lactose and sucrose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption or with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicinal product. Crohn's disease and colitis ulcerosa have been associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives. Chloasma may occur, in particular in women with a medical history of chloasma gravidarum. Women with a tendency to chloasma should avoid exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation while taking COCs. There have been case reports of retinal thrombosis with the use of COCs. COCs should be discontinued if there is unexplained partial or complete loss of vision; onset of proptosis or diplopia; papilloedema; or retinal vascular lesions. Women who get severely depressed during the use of COCs should discontinue use and be advised to use an alternative contraceptive method while trying to determine if the symptoms are due to the COC preparation. Women who have previously suffered from episodes of major depression should be closely monitored and stop the use of the COC if the symptoms of depression relapse. Herbal preparations containing St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) should not be used while taking Millinette due to the risk of decreased plasma concentrations and reduced clinical effects of Millinette (see section 4.5). Reduced efficacyThe efficacy of oral contraceptives may be reduced in the case of missed tablets or vomiting (see section 4.2) or concomitant use of other medicinal product (see section 4.5). Reduced cycle controlWith all combined oral contraceptives, irregular bleeding (spotting or break through bleeding) may occur, especially during the first months. Hence, the evaluation of any irregular bleeding should be considered after a period of adaptation of approximately 3 cycles. If bleeding irregularities persist COCs with a higher hormonal content may need to be considered. If bleeding irregularities occur after previously regular cycles, then non-hormonal causes should be considered, and adequate diagnostic measures are indicated to exclude malignancy or pregnancy. Occasionally withdrawal bleeding during the tablet-free interval may not occur at all. If the tablets have been taken according to the instructions described in section 4.2, it is unlikely that the woman is pregnant. However, if the tablets have not been taken according to the instructions, before the first absent withdrawal bleeding, or if two withdrawal bleedings are overdue, pregnancy should be excluded before COC use is continued Laboratory testsThe use of contraceptive steroids can influence the results of certain laboratory tests, including the biochemical parameters of liver, thyroid, adrenal, and kidney function; plasma levels of (transport) proteins, such as corticosteroid-binding globulin and lipid/lipoprotein fractions; the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism, and the parameter of coagulation and fibrinolysis. The changes usually remain within the normal test ranges. GestodeneAbsorptionGestodene, when taken orally, is absorbed quickly and completely. Following a single dose the maximum serum concentration of 4 ng/ml is reached in approximately one hour. Bioavailability is approximately 99%. DistributionGestodene is bound to serum albumin and to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Only 1-2% of the total amount of gestodene in serum is found as free steroid, while 50-70% is specifically bound to SHBG. The ethinylestradiol-induced increase in SHBG influences the distribution of serum proteins, which causes an increase of the SHBG-bound fraction, and a decrease of the albumin-bound fraction. The apparent distribution volume of gestodene is 0.7 l/kg. MetabolismGestodene is metabolised completely via the known pathways of steroid metabolism. The metabolic clearance rate from serum is 0.8 ml/min/kg. No interaction occurs when gestodene is taken together with ethinylestradiol. EliminationSerum level of gestodene is reduced at 2 rates. The last rate is characterised by a half-life of 12 15 hours. Gestodene is not excreted. Its metabolites are excreted in urine and in bile at a ratio of 6:4. The half-life of metabolite excretion is approximately 1 day. Steady-statePharmacokinetics of gestodene is influenced by the levels of SHBG in serum, which increase to triple values with ethinylestradiol. Upon daily intake, the level of gestodene in serum increases till approximately four times the single dose value, and reaches steady-state within the second half of the treatment cycle. EthinylestradiolAbsorptionEthinylestradiol, taken orally, is absorbed quickly and completely. Maximal serum concentration of about 80 pg/ml is reached within 1-2 hours. Complete bioavailability, resulting from pre-systemic conjugation and first-pass metabolism, is approximately 60%. DistributionEthinylestradiol is predominantly bound non-specifically to albumin (approx. 98.5), and causes increase in serum concentration of SHBG. The apparent distribution volume is found to be approximately 5 l/kg. MetabolismEthinylestradiol undergoes pre-systemic conjugation both in the mucosa of the small intestine, and in the liver. Ethinylestradiol is primarily metabolised by aromatic hydroxylation, but many different hydroxylated and methylated metabolites are formed, and found as free metabolites and as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. The metabolic clearance rate is approximately 5 ml/min/kg. EliminationSerum level of ethinylestradiol is reduced at 2 rates, the last one with a half-life of 24 hours. Ethinylestradiol is not excreted, but its metabolites are excreted in urine and in bile at a ratio of 4:6. The half-life of metabolite excretion is approximately 1 day. Steady-stateSteady-state occurs after 3-4 days, and the serum levels of ethinylestradiol are 30-40% higher than at single dose. Tablet core:Sodium calcium edetateMagnesium stearateSilica colloidal anhydrousPovidone K-30Maize starchLactose monohydrate Tablet coat:Quinoline yellow (E 104)Povidone K-90Titanium dioxide (E 171)Macrogol 6000TalcCalcium carbonate (E170)Sucrose Consilient Health Ltd No. 1 Church Road, Richmond upon Thames, Surrey, TW9 2QE, UK Before you contact this company: often several companies will market medicines with the same active ingredient. Please check that this is the correct company before contacting them. Why? Active ingredients Legal categories This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our policy on the use of cookies. Find out more here.
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 22.2 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 33.1 34.1 35.1 35.2 36.1 36.2 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 45.2 46.1 47.1 48.1 49.1 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 54.2 55.1 56.1 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 61.2 62.1 63.1 63.2 63.3 64.1 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 69.1 70.1 71.1 72.1 73.1 74.1 75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 78.2 79.1 79.2 79.3 80.1 80.2 80.3 81.1 81.2 82.1 82.2 83.1 84.1 84.2 84.3 85.1 86.1 87.1 87.2 88.1 89.1 89.2 89.3 90.1 91.1 92.1 93.1 94.1 94.2 94.3 95.1 96.1 97.1 98.1 99.1 100.1 101.1 102.1 103.1 104.1 104.2 105.1 106.1 106.2 106.3 107.1
NOVYNETTE- uputa o lijeku » pravilo 7 dana, doziranje, nuspojave Sastav Jedna filmom tableta sadržava 0,020 mg etinilestradiola i 0,150 mg dezogestrela. Pomoćne tvari: laktoza hidrat, krumpirov škrob, povidon, stearatna kiselina, silicijev dioksid, koloidni, bezvodni, magnezijev stearat, ά-tokoferol, boja kinolin žuta (E 104), hipromeloza, makrogol 6000, propilenglikol. Farmaceutski oblik i veličina pakovanja Filmom obložena tableta. 21 (1×21) filmom obložena tableta u blisteru (PVC/PVDC//Al), u kutiji Farmakoterapijska skupina i djelovanje Pripravci koji djeluju na urogenitalni sustav i spolni hormoni; Spolni hormoni i ostali pripravci koji djeluju na spolni sustav; Progestageni i estrogeni, fiksne kombinacije. Način i mjesto izdavanja Na recept, u ljekarni. Terapijske indikacije Oralna kontracepcija. Kontraindikacije – Trudnoća ili sumnja na trudnoću (koja se još ne može isključiti) ili dojenje. – Umjerena do teška hipertenzija – Hiperlipoproteinemija – Arterijska tromboza prisutna ili u anamnezi (npr. infarkt miokarda, cerebrovaskularni akcident). – Usto, prisutnost više od jednoga faktora rizika za arterijsku bolest. – Potvrđena venska tromboembolija u anamnezi (VTE); Idiopatska VTE u obiteljskoj anamnezi. Drugi poznati faktori rizika za nastanak VTE. – Šećerna bolest s krvožilnim komplikacijama – Teška jetrena bolest, kolestatska žutica ili hepatitis (akutni virusni ili nevirusni), ili te bolesti u anamnezi, ako se rezultati testova jetrene funkcije nisu vratili na normalne vrijednosti, te 3 mjeseca nakon što se utvrdi da testovi jetrene funkcije pokazuju normalne vrijednosti; anamneza žutice u trudnoći ili žutice uslijed uporabe steroida, kronična obiteljska nehemolitična žutica i Dubin-Johnsonov sindrom, tumori jetrenih stanica i porfirija. – Kolelitijaza – Poznati tumori koji ovise o estrogenu ili sumnja na njih, hiperplazija endometrija; nedijagnosticirano vaginalno krvarenje. – Sistemski eritematozni lupus ili ta bolest u anamnezi. – U anamnezi tijekom trudnoće ili ranije uporabe steroida: – teški pruritus – pemfigoid gestationis – žutica – manifestacija ili pogoršanje otoskleroze – Preosjetljivost na bilo koji sastojak Novynette tableta Mjere opreza Ako je prisutna bilo koja od niže navedenih bolesti, liječnik će za svaku ženu pojedinačno procijeniti kolika je korist od uporabe kombiniranih oralnih kontraceptiva (engl. COC) u odnosu na moguće rizike, te isto s njom razmotriti, prije nego što ona odluči da će ga početi koristiti. Pacijenticu treba biti pod strogim nadzorom. U slučaju agravacije, pogoršanja ili pojave bilo koje od tih bolesti ili faktora rizika dok pacijentica uzima pilulu, uporabu pilule valja prekinuti, koristiti alternativne nehormonske metode kontracepcije (ne metode određivanja sigurnih dana ili temperature), te bez odlaganja zatražiti savjet liječnika. – Poremećaji koagulacije. – Druge bolesti povezane s povećanim rizikom od kardiovaskularnih bolesti kao što je latentno ili očito zatajenje srca, renalna disfunkcija, ili ta stanja u anamnezi. – Epilepsija ili to stanje u anamnezi. – Migrena ili to stanje u anamnezi. – Kolelitijaza u anamnezi. – Prisutnost bilo kojeg faktora rizika za nastanak tumora ovisnih o estrogenu; ginekološki poremećaji osjetljivi na estrogen, kao što su fibromiomi maternice i endometrioza (Vidi niže navedeni tekst; Pilula i karcinom). – Šećerna bolest. – Teška depresija ili ta bolest u anamnezi. Ako je ona popraćena poremećajem metabolizma triptofana, primjena vitamina B6 mogla bi imati terapijsku vrijednost. – Hemoglobinopatija srpastih stanica, jer pod određenim okolnostima, npr. tijekom infekcija ili anoksije, pripravci koji sadrže estrogen mogu izazvati tromboembolijski proces u pacijentica s tom bolešću. – Ako rezultati testova jetrene funkcije postanu abnormalni, valja prekinuti uporabu. Pilula i tromboza Neka epidemiološka ispitivanja navode na zaključak da postoji povezanost između uporabe kombiniranih oralnih kontraceptiva i povećanog rizika od arterijskih i venskih trombotičnih i tromboembolijskih bolesti, kao što je infakrt miokarda, moždani udar, duboka venska tromboza i pulmonarna embolija. Ti događaji rijetko nastupaju. Dokazano je da postoji povećani rizik od razvoja venske tromboembolije (engl.VTE) povezano s uporabom oralnih kontraceptiva. Prekomjerni rizik od VTE najveći je tijekom prve godine, kada žena po prvi put koristi neki kombinirani oralni kontraceptiv. Manji je od rizika koji je povezan s trudnoćom, koji je procijenjen kao 60 slučajeva na 100.000 trudnoća. Neka su epidemiološka ispitivanja zabilježila da u žena koje upotrebljavaju kombinirane oralne kontraceptive koji sadrže desogestrel ili gestoden (takozvane pilule treće generacije), postoji veći rizik od VTE, nego u onih koje upotrebljavaju pilule što sadrže levonorgestrel (takozvane pilule druge generacije). Rizik od tromboembolije (venske i/ili arterijske) povećava se s: – dobi – pušenjem (rizik se to povećava što je pušenje jače, a dob starija, osobito u žena starijih od 35 godina) – pozitivnom obiteljskom anamnezom (t.j. je li u brata, sestre ili roditelja u relativno mladoj dobi, ikada postojala venska ili arterijska tromboembolija). Ako se sumnja na nasljednu predispoziciju, ženu valja uputiti specijalisti radi savjetovanja, prije nego što se odluči za uporabu bilo kojeg kombiniranog oralnog kontraceptiva (COC) – pretilosti (indeks tjelesne mase veći od 30kg/m2 ) – dislipoproteinemijom – hipertenzijom – valvularnom bolesti srca – fibrilacijom atrija – diabetesom – dugotrajnijom imobilizacijom, većim kirurškim zahvatom, svakim operacijskim zahvatom na nogama, ili težom ozljedom. U tim se situacijama preporuča prekinuti uporabu kombiniranog oralnog kontraceptiva (u slučaju elektivnog operacijskog zahvata, barem četiri tjedna prije njega), a nastaviti ga uzimati tek dva tjedna nakon što se postigne potpuna pokretljivost. Nema usklađenog mišljenja o mogućoj ulozi varikoznih vena i tromboflebitisa površinskih vena kod venske tromboembolije. Liječnik mora uzeti u obzir povećani rizik od tromboembolije u puerperiju. Druga medicinska stanja koja se povezuju sa štetnim vaskularnim događajima, uključuju diabetes mellitus, sistemski eritematozni lupus, uremijski hemolitični sindrom, kroničnu upalnu bolest crijeva (Crohnova bolest ili ulcerativni kolitis), te bolest srpastih stanica. Povećanje učestalosti ili intenziteta migrene tijekom uporabe COC-a (što može prethoditi cerebrovaskularnom događaju) može biti razlogom za trenutačan prekid uporabe COC-a. Znakovi i simptomi tromoboembolije mogu uključivati: – iznenadnu jaku bol u prsima, bez obzira da li se širi u lijevu ruku; – iznenadno pomanjkanje daha; – svaku neuobičajenu jaku, dugotrajnu glavobolju, osobito ako se javlja prvi put ili postaje sve gora, ili je povezana s bilo kojim od slijedećih simptoma: – nenadani parcijalni ili potpuni gubitak vida ili diplopija – afazija – vertigo – jaki napad nesvjestice – kolaps sa žarišnom epilepsijom ili bez nje – slabost ili vrlo izražena neosjetljivost koja iznenada zahvaća jednu stranu ili jedan dio tijela – motorički poremećaji – jaka bol u potkoljenici jedne noge – “akutni” abdomen. Pilula i karcinom Uporaba oralnih kontraceptiva koji sadrže estrogen, može ubrzati rast postojećih tumora koji ovise o spolnim steroidima. Zbog toga je uporaba tih oralnih kontraceptiva kontraindicirana u bolesnica s takvim tumorima. U brojnim epidemiološkim ispitivanjima praćen je rizik pojave karcinoma jajnika, endometrija, cerviksa i dojke u žena koje koriste kombinirane oralne kontraceptive. Jasno je dokazano da kombinirani oralni kontraceptivi nude stvarnu zaštitu i od raka jajnika i od raka endometrija. Povećani rizik od cervikalnog karcinoma u dugoročnih korisnica kombiniranih oralnih kontraceptiva zabilježen je u nekim ispitivanjima, no i dalje postoji kontroverza o stupnju u kojem se to može pripisati učincima spolnog ponašanja i drugim faktorima. Meta-analiza iz 54 epidemiološka ispitivanja zabilježila je da postoji nešto povećani relativni rizik (RR = 1,24) da će se rak dojke dijagnosticirati u žena koje sada koriste kombinirane oralne kontraceptive (COC). Zapaženi model povećanog rizika može biti zbog ranije dijagnoze raka dojke u korisnica kombiniranih oralnih kontraceptiva, zbog njihovih bioloških učinaka, ili zbog kombinacije ovo dvoje. Veća je vjerojatnost da će dodatni slučajevi raka dojke koji su dijagnosticirani u sadašnjih COC korisnica, ili u žena koje su ih koristile tijekom posljednjih deset godina, biti lokalizirani u dojci, nego oni u žena koje nikada nisu koristile kombinirane oralne kontraceptive. Rak dojke je rijedak među ženama mlađim od 40 godina, bez odbzira da li uzimaju COC. Dok se taj osnovni rizik povećava s dobi, veliki broj dijagnoza raka dojke u žena koje sada koriste ili su nedavno koristile COC, je malen u odnosu na opći rizik od raka dojke. Najvažniji faktor rizika raka dojke u korisnica COC-a jest dob u kojoj žene prekidaju uporabu COC-a; što je žena starija kada prestaje s primjenom, to se više dijagnosticira rak dojke. Trajanje uporabe je manje važno, a prekomjerni rizik postupno nestaje tijekom 10 godina nakon prekida primjene COC-a, tako da izgleda da za 10 godina više nije prekomjeran. S korisnicom valja razmotriti moguće povećanje rizika od raka dojke, te ga procijeniti u odnosu na koristi od kombiniranih oralnih kontraceptiva, uzimajući u obzir dokaz da nude stvarnu zaštitu od rizika od razvoja nekih drugih oblika raka (npr. rak jajnika i endometrija). U rijetkim su slučajevima u dugoročnih korisnica oralnih kontraceptiva zabilježeni maligni tumori jetre. Benigni se tumori jetre također povezuju s uporabom oralnih kontraceptiva. Na tumor jetre valja pomišljati u diferencijalnoj dijagnozi, kada se javi bol u gornjemu dijelu abdomena, kada je jetra povećana ili postoje znakovi intraabdominalnog krvarenja. Smanjena pouzdanost Kada se Novynette tablete uzimaju prema uputama za uporabu, gotovo da ne postoji vjerojatnost da će doći do trudnoće. No, pod slijedećim se okolnostima može smanjiti pouzdanost oralnih kontraceptiva. Zaboravljene tablete Pod uvjetom da je manje od 12 sati zakasnila uzeti tabletu, pacijentica je treba uzeti čim se sjeti. Slijedeće tablete treba uzimati u uobičajeno vrijeme. Novynette će tijekom toga ciklusa još uvijek pružati kontraceptivnu zaštitu. Ako je s uzimanjem jedne ili više tableta zakasnila više od 12 sati, onda slijedećih 7 dana neće biti zaštićena. Ako se jedna ili više tableta zaborave duže od 12 sati, kontraceptivna će zaštita biti smanjena. Pacijentica treba uzeti posljednju tabletu koju je zaboravila, čak i onda ako to znači da mora uzeti dvije tablete u jednome danu, a nakon toga nastaviti uzimati tablete u normalno vrijeme. Slijedećih se 7 dana trebaju primjenjivati dodatne kontraceptivne mjere opreza, a pacijentica se treba pridržavati “Pravila 7 dana”. Ako se nakon uzimanja tablete javi povraćanje ili proljev, postoji mogućnost nedostatne aporpcije. Ako simptomi nestanu unutar 12 sati od uzimanja tablete, pacijentica treba uzeti dodatnu tabletu iz rezervnog pakovanja, te nastaviti, kao obično, uzimati tablete iz starog pakovanja. No, ako simptomi ustraju duže od tih 12 sati, dodatne su kontraceptivne mjere opreza potrebne za svaki spolni odnos tijekom trajanja želučanih i crijevnih tegoba, te tijekom slijedećih 7 dana (liječnik mora uputiti pacijenticu da se pridržava “Pravila 7 dana”). Ako pacijentica uzima određene druge lijekove Ako pacijentica uzima bilo koji od lijekova koji su navedeni u poglavlju “Interakcije”, liječnik je treba uputiti da se pridržava “Pravila 7 dana”: PRAVILO 7 DANA - Ako pacijentica zaboravi jednu tabletu dulje od 12 sati. - Ako pacijentica povraća ili ima proljev dulje od 12 sati. - Ako pacijentica uzima bilo koji od lijekova koji su navedeni pod naslovom Interakcije. - Pacijentica treba nastaviti uzimati tablete na uobičajeni način, te: - slijedećih 7 dana mora provoditi dodatne kontraceptivne mjere opreza - ALI – ako potroši sve tablete iz tekućeg pakovanja prije isteka tih 7 dana, mora započeti koristiti slijedeće pakovanje čim potroši sve tablete iz tekućeg pakovanja; t.j. između dva pakovanja ne smije ostavljati razmak. (Time se spriječava produžena stanka u uzimanju tableta, koja može povećati rizik od toga da jajnici otpuste jajašce i da se na taj način smanji kontraceptivna zaštita.) - Pacijentica neće imati menstruaciju sve dok ne potroši tablete iz 2 pakovanja, no to joj neće naškoditi, a ako dođe do oskudnog krvarenja u dane kada uzima tablete, to nije ništa ozbiljno. Ako se nakon nekoliko mjeseci uzimanja Novynette tableta iznenada pojavi točkasto ili probojno krvarenje (koje tijekom prethodnih ciklusa nije uočeno), ili izostane abrupcijsko krvarenje, kontraceptivna zaštita može biti smanjena. Ako ne nastupi abrupcijsko krvarenje, a nije se desio niti jedan od gore navedenih događaja, postoji velika vjerojatnost da nije riječ o trudnoći, a uporaba oralnog kontraceptiva može se nastaviti sve do kraja slijedećeg pakovanja. (Ako na kraju drugog ciklusa ne dođe do abrupcijskog krvarenja, treba prekinuti uzimati tablete i isključiti trudnoću, prije nego što se može nastaviti s korištenjem oralnog kontraceptiva.) No, ako je abrupcijsko krvarenje izostalo, a nastupio je bilo koji od gore spomenutih događaja, valja prekinuti uzimati tablete, te isključiti trudnoću, prije nego što se može ponovno uvesti uporaba oralnog kontraceptiva. Ovaj članak ima više stranica: