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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION DEFINITION Urolithiasis is a disease that is symptomatic of the formation of stones in the urinary tract. Suspected urinary tract stone formation related to urine flow disorders, metabolic disorders, urinary tract infection, dehydration, and other circumstances that remain unclear (idiopathic). Epidemiologically, there are several factors that facilitate the occurrence of urinary tract stones at someone. These factors are intrinsic factor which is the state that comes from one's body and extrinsic factors that influence comes from the surrounding environment. Intrinsic factors such as: Hereditary (hereditary). The disease is thought to be derived from his parents. Age. The disease is most often obtained at the age of 30-50 years. Gender. The number of male patients are three times more than the number of female patients. Several extrinsic factors such as: Geography. In some areas show the incidence of urinary tract stones are higher than other areas and became known as the stone belt (belt rocks), while the Bantu in South Africa found almost no urinary tract stone disease. Climate and temperature. Water intake. Lack of water intake and high levels of calcium in mineral water consumption can increase the incidence of urinary tract stones. Diet. Many purine diet, oxalate, and calcium facilitate the occurrence of urinary tract stone disease. Job. The disease is often found in people who are sedentary or less pekerjannya activity or sedentary life style. THEORY OF THE FORMATION OF STONE TRACT. The theory of the formation of stones: The theory of the core (nucleus); crystals and foreign body is where the deposition of crystals in the urine which have had a supersaturasi. Matrix theory; organic matrix derived from serum or urine protein-protein offers the possibility of precipitation of crystals. The theory of crystallization inhibitors; some substance in the urine to inhibit the crystallization, the low concentration or absence of this substance allows the crystallization. Etiology TRACT STONES: Idiopathic. Disorders of urine flow. - Phimosis. - Stricture meatus. - Hypertrophy of the prostate. - Vesicoureteral reflux. - Ureterokele. - Constriction associated with ureteropelvik. Metabolic disorders. - Hyperparathyroidism. - Hiperuresemia. - Hypercalciuria. Urinary tract infections by microorganisms that can make a urease (Proteus mirabilis). Dehydration. Foreign objects. Tissue death (necrosis papil). Multifactorial. - Children in developing countries. - Patients multitrauma. Theoretically can form stones in the entire urinary tract, especially in places that are experiencing barriers to the flow of urine (urinary stasis), namely the system of renal calices or jar. Congenital abnormalities in pelvikalises (uretero-pelvic stenosis), diverticular, chronic obstructive infravesika as in benign prostate hyperplasia, stricture, and neurogenic bladder is a condition that facilitates the formation of stones. A rock composed of crystals composed of organic and inorganic materials dissolved in the urine. The crystals remain in a metastable state (remains dissolved) in the urine in the absence of particular circumstances which caused the precipitation of crystals. Precipitation of crystals held together to form a rock core (nucleation) which would then hold the aggregation, and other interesting material so that it becomes larger crystals. Although the size is large enough, aggregate crystals are fragile and not quite able clogs up the urinary tract. For the aggregate crystals stick to the urinary tract epithelium (shape retention crystals) and from other materials deposited on aggregate to form stones that are large enough to block the urinary tract. Metastable condition is influenced by temperature, pH, presence of colloids in the urine, the concentration of solute in the urine, urine flow rate in the urinary tract, or the corpus alienum in the urinary tract that acts as the core stone. More than 80% of urinary tract stones composed of calcium stones, both of which bind with oxalate or phosphate, forming calcium oxalate stones and calcium phosphate, while the rest comes from uric acid stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones (infection stones), stone xanthyn, cysteine stones, and other types of stone. Although the pathogenesis of stone formation in the almost same, but the atmosphere inside the urinary tract that allows the formation of the rock types are not the same. In this simple example uric acid stones form in acidic conditions, while the magnesium ammonium phosphate stones form because the urine is alkaline. COMPOSITION STONE Urinary tract stones in general contain the following elements: calcium oxalate or potassium phosphate, uric acid, magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP), xanthyn, and cystine, silicates, from other compounds. Data regarding the content / composition of substances contained in rocks is very important for prevention efforts against the possibility of stone residif. Calcium stone Stones of this type most often found, which is approximately 70-80% of all urinary tract stones. The content of this type of rock composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or mixtures of the two elements. Factor of calcium stones are: Hiperkalsiuri, the levels of calcium in the urine is greater than mg/24jam 250-300. According to Pak (1976) there are three kinds of causes of hiperkalsiuri, among others: - Hiperkalsiuri absorptive occurring due to an increased absorption of calcium through the intestines. - Hiperkalsiuri occur because of impaired renal reabsorption of calcium through the ability of the kidney tubules. - Hiperkalsiuri resorptif is due to the increase in bone calcium resorption is the case with primary hyperparathyroidism or parathyroid tumors. Hiperoksaluri, the excretion of urinary oxalate in excess of 45 grams per day. This situation is often found in patients with disorders of the intestine after undergoing intestinal surgery and patients who consumed foods rich in oxalate, among which are: tea, instant coffee, soft drinks, cocoa, strawberry, lemon, and green vegetables, especially spinach. Hyperuricosuria, the levels of uric acid in urine in excess of 850 mg/24jam. Excessive uric acid in the urine acts as a core rock / nidus for calcium oxalate stone formation. Source of uric acid in the urine comes from the foods that contain lots of purine or derived from endogenous metabolism. Hipositraturia, in the urine reacts with the calcium citrate form of calcium citrate, thus blocking the binding of calcium with oxalate or phosphate. This is possible because the binding of calcium citrate is more soluble than calcium oxalate. Therefore, citrate can act as an inhibitor of calcium stone formation. Hipofosfaturi can occur in renal tubule acidosis disease or malabsorption syndrome, renal tubular acidosis, or the use of thiazide diuretics group in the long term. Hipomagnesuria, as well as the citrate, magnesium acts as an inhibitor of calcium stone incidence, because the magnesium in the urine reacts with oxalate to magnesium oxalate thus preventing the binding of calcium with oxalate. The most common cause is hipomagnesuria inflammatory bowel disease (inflammatory bowel disease) followed by malabsorption disorders. Uric acid stones Uric acid stones is 5-10% of all urinary tract stones. Between 75-80% of uric acid stones composed of uric acid and the remainder is a mixture of pure calcium oxalate. Uric acid stone disease affects many patients with gout disease, myeloproliferative disease, patients receiving anti-cancer therapy, and a lot of drug use among the sulfinpirazone urikosurik, thiazide, and salicylate. Obesity, alcohol consumption, and high-protein diet have a greater opportunity to get this disease. Source of uric acid from purine-containing diet and endogenous metabolism in the body. Degradation of purines in the body through inositat acid converted into hipoxanthyn. With the help of xantyhn oxidase enzyme, hipoxanthyn which eventually turned into xanthyn converted into uric acid. In mammals other than humans and dalmation, have enzymes that can alter urikase uric acid into allantoin which is soluble in water. In humans because it does not have that enzyme, uric acid is excreted into the urine in the form of free uric acid and urate salts are more likely to bind to the sodium to form sodium urate. Sodium urate more soluble in water compared with uric acid-free, making it impossible to hold a crystallization in the urine. Relatively insoluble uric acid in the urine so that in certain circumstances is easy to form crystals of uric acid, and subsequently form uric acid stones. Factors that led to the formation of uric acid is; urine is too acidic (pH urine <6), with small amounts of urine volume (<2 liters / day) or dehydration, hiperurikosuri or high uric acid levels. Uric acid stone size ranged from small to large sizes so as to form staghorn stones that fill the entire pelvikalises kidney. Not like a rock that looks kind of jagged calcium, uric acid stone is smooth and rounded shape so it often came out spontaneously. Pure uric acid stones are radiolucent, so that the examination of PIV appears as a shadow filling defect in the urinary tract so often be distinguished by a blood clot, the formation of renal papillae necrosis, tumor or fungal bezoar. On ultrasound examination gives an acoustic shadow (acoustic shadow). To prevent recurrence of uric acid stones after treatment, is, drinking a lot, alkalanisasi urine to maintain pH between 6.5 to 7, and keep not going to prevent the occurrence of hyperuricemia hyperuricosuria. Every morning, patients are encouraged to check the pH of the urine with paper nitrazin, and guarded so that no urine production less than 1500-2000 ml per day. Uric acid levels examined periodically, and if there is hyperuricemia should be treated with drugs xanthyn oxidase inhibitor, which is allpurinol. EXAMINATION Plain photo abdomen Making a plain photo abdomen aims to look at the possibility of a radio opaque stones in the urinary tract. Types of calcium oxalate stones and calcium phosphate is radio opaque and most often found among the other stones, while the uric acid stone is non opaque (radio lusen). Intra Pielografi veins (PIV) This examination aims to assess the anatomy and renal function. In addition it can detect the presence of PIV semi-opaque stone or non-opaque stone that can not be seen by plain photo abdomen. If the PIV can not explain the state of the urinary system due to a decrease in renal function, as a successor is pielografi retrograde examination. Ultrasonography (USG) Ultrasound may be performed if the patient does not undergo PIV, which is in the state; allergy to contrast material, decreased renal physiology, and in women who are pregnant. Ultrasound examinations can examine the stone in the kidney or bladder shown as echoic shadow, hydronephrosis, renal pionefrosis or shrinkage. MANAGEMENT Stones that have caused problems in the urinary tract should be removed as soon as possible so as not to cause more severe complications. Indications for therapeutic action in the urinary tract stones if the stone has caused: obstruction, infection, or should be taken as an indication of the social. Obstruction due to urinary tract stones that have caused hidroureter or hydronephrosis and stone that has been causing a urinary tract infection, should be released. Sometimes urinary tract stones do not cause complications such as above, but suffered by a person for the job (eg stone suffered by an aircraft pilot) have a high risk can lead to blockage of the urinary tract in question was at the time of their profession, in which case the rock must be expelled from the urinary tract. Stones can be removed by ESWL Medical solved through action endourology, laparoscopic surgery or open surgery. Medical Medical treatment intended to rock the size of less than 5 mm, because the stone is expected to come out spontaneously. Given therapy aims to relieve pain, facilitate the flow of urine by administering diuretikum, and drink a lot in order to push the stone out of the urinary tract. ESWL (Extracorporeal Shockwave LITHOTRIPSY) ESWL is a rock-breaking tool that was first introduced by Caussy in 1950. This tool can break up kidney stones, stones proximal ureter, or bladder stones without invasive and without anesthesia. Stone broken into small fragments that easily excreted through the urinary tract. Not infrequently the rock fragments that induce a feeling of being out of colicky pain and cause hematuria. Endourology Endourology action is minimally invasive techniques to remove urinary tract stones are composed of rock breaking, and then remove it from the urinary tract through a device that is inserted directly into the urinary tract. The device is inserted through the urethra or through a small incision in the skin (percutaneous). Stone-solving process can be done mechanically, by means of hydraulic energy, the energy of sound waves, or with laser energy. Some of endourology action are: PNL (Percutaneous Nephro Litholapaxy), which issued the stone inside the kidney channel by inserting an endoscope into the system calices instrument through an incision in the skin. Stone is then removed or broken down into tiny fragments advance. Lithotripsy, which breaks the rock or stone bladder urethra by inserting a rock-breaking tool (litotriptor) into the jar. Rock fragments removed by evakuator Ellik. Ureteroskopi or uretero-renoskopi, which include peruretram ureteroskopi tool to see the state of the ureter or renal system pielo-Calix. By using a particular energy, the stone inside the ureter and the system can be broken down through the guidance pelvikalises ureteroskopi / ureterorenoskopi this. Dormia extraction, which issued a ureteric stone with Dormia basket menjaringnya through the tool. Laparoscopic Surgery Laparoscopic surgery to take urinary tract stones are currently being developed. This method is most often used to take the ureter. OPEN SURGERY In the clinics that do not have adequate facilities for the action endourology, laparoscopy, or ESWL, stone retrieval is performed through open surgery. Open surgery include: pielolitotomi or nefrolitotomi to pick up stones in the bile duct, and for stones in the ureter ureterolitotomi. Not infrequently the patient must undergo nefrektomi action or decision because the kidneys are not functioning kidneys and contains pus (pionefrosis), korteksnya is very thin, or experiencing shrinkage due to urinary tract stones that cause obstruction and chronic infection. BLADDER STONE Stone bladder or vesikolitiasis often occurs in patients suffering from micturition disorders or there is a foreign object in bladder. Micturition disorders occur in patients with prostatic hyperplasia, urethral strictures, bladder diverticular, or neurogenic bladder. Catheter attached to bladder for a long time, the presence of other foreign objects that accidentally inserted into the bladder is often a core for the formation of bladder stones. Besides bladder stones can be derived from the kidney or ureter stones are dropped into a jar. In developing countries are still common in endemic stone jars are often found in patients suffering children who are malnourished or suffer from dehydration or diarrhea. Typical symptoms of bladder stones is a form of irritation symptoms include: pain when urinating (dysuria) to stranguri, uneasy feeling when urinating, and urinate all of a sudden stop and then smoothly return with changes in body position. Pain during micturition is often perceived (Referred pain) on the tip of the penis, scrotum, perineum, waist to toe. In children often complain of eneuresis nokturna, in addition to frequently pulling his penis (in boys) or rub the vulva (the girls). Often the composition of bladder stones composed of uric acid or struvit (if the cause is an infection), so it is not uncommon on a plain abdominal examination did not appear as an opaque shadow in the pelvic cavity. In this case the PIV investigation on cystogram phase gives a negative image. Ultrasound can detect radiolucent stones in a bladder. Bladder stones can be solved by lithotripsi or if too large requires open surgery (vesikolitotomi). It is no less important is to make corrections to the causes of urinary stasis.
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Bubrežni kamenci – Kada bubrežni kamenac zastane u mokraćovodu, dolazi do bolova i grčeva Bubrežni kamenac je problem koji neki ljudi ni ne znaju da imaju. Kad bubrežni kamenac zastane u mokraćovodu, dolazi do bolova i grčeva. Pojave koje se tad javljaju su mučnina, znojenje i osjećaj straha. Kad kamenac prođe u mjehur tek onda bolovi prestaju. Veći kamenci ne mogu proći kroz mokraćovod, pa ih je potrebno operativno izvaditi. Bubrežni kamenac se stvara iz kristala koji se talože iz mokraće i nakupljaju na unutrašnjim površinama bubrega. Urolitijaza je stručni medicinski izraz kojim se opisuju kamenci koji se pojavljuju u urinarnom traktu. U normalnim uvjetima, mokraća sadrži kemijske tvari koje sprečavaju ili koče stvaranje kristala. Međutim, čini se da ti inhibitori ne djeluju kod svih ljudi i kod nekih osoba se stvaraju kamenci. Ako kristali ostanu dovoljno sitni, putovat će kroz urinarni trakt i izaći izvan tijela mokraćom, a da to osoba niti ne primijeti. Bubrežni kamenci mogu sadržavati različite kombinacije kemijskih tvari. Najčešća vrsta kamenaca sadrži kalcij u kombinaciji ili s oksalatom ili fosfatom. Te kemijske tvari dio su čovjekove normalne ishrane i sačinjavaju važne dijelove tijela, kao što su kosti i mišići. Rjeđi oblici su kamenci mokraćne kiseline i cistinski kamenci. Kamenci nastaju uslijed visoke koncentracije kalcija – soli u urinu. Do toga dolazi zbog previše soli u hranu, te nedovoljnog lučenja tekućine preko kože. Lijekovi protiv bolova također mogu dovesti do stvaranja bubrežnih kamenaca ako se koriste duže vrijeme. Sprječavanje novih bubrežnih kamenaca možete pospješiti pijući najmanje 2 litre tekućine dnevno, naročito mineralnu vodu bez ugljičnih kiselina, sokove i čajeve od ribizla, mrkve i celera. Izbacivanje mokraćne kiseline pospješuju koprive i šipka. Izbjegavajte previše soli, jedite što manje špinata, rajčice i mliječnih prerađevina, a što više celera i peršina. Nastojite se što više kretati i vršiti pretrage svakih 6 mjeseci.