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Chlamydia infection(from the Greek, xλauύδoς meaning "cloak") is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The term Chlamydia infection can also refer to infection caused by any species belonging to the bacterial family Chlamydiaceae. C. trachomatis is only found in humans. Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease. Chlamydia infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide — about 2.8 million cases of chlamydia infection occur in the United States each year. It is the most common bacterial STI in humans. trachomatis is naturally found living only inside human cells. Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Between half and three-quarters of all women who have a chlamydia infection of the neck of the womb (cervicitis) have no symptoms and do not know that they are infected. In men, infection of the urethra (urethritis) is usually symptomatic, causing a white discharge from the penis with or without pain on urinating (dysuria). Occasionally, the conditions spreads to the upper genital tract in women (causing pelvic inflammatory disease) or to the epididymis in men (causing epididymitis). If untreated, chlamydial infections can cause serious reproductive and other health problems with both short-term and long-term consequences. Chlamydia is easily treated with antibiotics. Chlamydia conjunctivitis or trachoma is a common cause of blindness worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that it accounted for 15% of blindness cases in 1995, but only 3.6% in 2002. Chlamydial infection of the neck of the womb (cervicitis) is an asymptomatic sexually transmitted illness for about 50-70% of the female population. Of those who have an asymptomatic infection that is not detected by their doctor, approximately half will develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a generic term for infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive organs, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, difficulty becoming pregnant, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, and other dangerous complications of pregnancy. Chlamydia causes 250,000 to 500,000 cases of PID every year in the United States. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed. Chlamydia is known as the "Silent Epidemic" because in women, it may not cause any symptoms and will linger for months or years before being discovered. Symptoms that may occur include: unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain in the abdomen, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), fever, painful urination or the urge to urinate more frequently than usual (urinary urgency). In men, Chlamydia shows symptoms of infectious urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) in about 50% of cases. Symptoms that may occur include: a painful or burning sensation when urinating, an unusual discharge from the penis, swollen or tender testicles, or fever. Discharge, or the purulent exudate, is generally less viscous and lighter in color than for gonorrhea. If left untreated, it is possible for Chlamydia in men to spread to the testicles causing epididymitis, which in rare cases can cause sterility if not treated within 6 to 8 weeks. Chlamydia causes more than 250,000 cases of epididymitis in the U.S. each year. Chlamydia is also a potential cause of prostatitis in men, although the exact relevance in prostatitis is difficult to ascertain due to possible contamination from urethritis. Chlamydia conjunctivitis or trachoma was once the most important cause of blindness worldwide, but its role diminished from 15% of blindness cases by trachoma in 1995 to 3.6% in 2002, according to WHO estimates. The infection can be spread from eye to eye by fingers, shared towels or cloths, coughing and sneezing and eye-seeking flies. Newborns can also develop chlamydia eye infection through childbirth (see below). Using the SAFE strategy (acronym for surgery for in-growing or in-turned lashes, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvements), the World Health Organisation aims for the global elimination of trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020 initiative). Because of improved test accuracy, ease of specimen management, convenience in specimen management, and ease of screening sexually active men and women, the NAATs have largely replaced culture, the historic gold standard for chlamydia diagnosis, and the non-amplified probe tests. The latter test is relatively insensitive, successfully detecting only 60-80% of infections in asymptomatic women, and often giving falsely positive results. Culture remains useful in selected circumstances and is currently the only assay approved for testing non-genital specimens. Untested Treatments B-lactams are not suitable drugs for the treatment of chlamydia. While they have the ability to halt growth of the organism (i.e. are microbistatic), these antibiotics do not eliminate the bacteria. Once treatment is stopped, the bacteria will begin to grow once more. (See below for Persistence.) Chlamydiae have the ability to establish long-term associations with host cells. When an infected host cell is starved for various nutrients such as amino acids (e.g. tryptophan), iron, or vitamins, this has a negative consequence for Chlamydiae since the organism is dependent on the host cell for these nutrients. The starved chlamydiae enter a persistent growth state wherein they stop cell division and become morphologically aberrant by increasing in size. Persistent organisms remain viable as they are capable of returning to a normal growth state once conditions in the host cell improve. There is much debate as to whether persistence has in vivo relevance. Many believe that persistent chlamydiae are the cause of chronic chlamydial diseases. Some antibiotics such as B-lactams can also induce a persistent-like growth state, which can contribute to the chronicity of chlamydial diseases.
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Klamidija – simptomi, komplikacije i liječenje Klamidija je jedna od najčešćih spolno prenosivih infekcija, uzrokovana bakterijom Chlamydia trachomatis. Iako su simptomi ove spolne bolesti obično blagi, ona može dovesti do ozbiljnih komplikacija koje uzrokuju nepovratne štete, uključujući i neplodnost. Procjenjuje se kako je jedna od deset žena u dobi do 25 godina zaražena klamidijom, a gotovo 70% njih nije svjesno zaraze. » skoči na liječenje Kako se prenosi klamidija? Klamidija se prenosi putem tjelesnih izlučevina tijekom vaginalnog, analnog ili oralnog seksa, kao i od strane inficirane majke na dijete tijekom vaginalnog poroda (svako treće novorođenče razvije inkluzijski konjunktivitis, a svako šesto klamidijsku upalu pluća). Također, kontaminacija prstiju s genitalnim iscjetkom može dovesti do infekcije oka, kada nastupa klamidijski konjunktivitis. Rizična skupina su djevojke u dobi do 25 godina, dok je kod starijih osoba postotak oboljelih upola manji. Učestalost se dovodi u vezu i sa čestim promjenama spolnih partnera, višestrukim drugim infekcijama spolnih organa te nezaštićenim spolnim odnosom. Testiranje na klamidiju Klamidijska infekcija potvrđuje se laboratorijskim ispitivanjem, a moguće ju je detektirati iz mokraće i brisa vrata maternice. Spolno aktivnim djevojkama mlađima od 25 godina preporučuje se screening na klamidiju najmanje jednom godišnje. Godišnji test također se preporučuje i starijim ženama s čimbenicima rizika za klamidiju (novi spolni partner ili više njih), kao i svim trudnicama i osobama koje planiraju trudnoću. Koji su simptomi klamidije? Klamidija uobičajeno ima blage i neprimjetne simptome, koji rijetko upućuju na postojanje infekcije. Kod osoba koje imaju izražene simptome, oni se obično javljaju 1-3 tjedna nakon infekcije. Simptomi koji se mogu javiti kod žena zaraženih klamidijom su: - bolovi tijekom spolnog odnosa - žarenje ili peckanje prilikom mokrenja - potreba za češćim mokrenjem - neuobičajen vaginalni iscjedak - blag svrbež i peckanje stidnice, posebice u području predvorja rodnice - prigušeni bolovi u donjem dijelu trbuha - blago nemenstrualno krvarenje - mučnina - groznica Simptomi klamidije koji se mogu javiti kod muškaraca su: - žarenje ili peckanje prilikom mokrenja - potreba za češćim mokrenjem - iscjedak iz penisa - svrbež i crvenilo - bol i otekline u testisima Komplikacije uzrokovane klamidijom Ako se ne liječi, klamidija može dovesti do ozbiljnih reproduktivnih i drugih zdravstvenih poteškoća s kratkoročnim i dugoročnim posljedicama. Kao i sama bolest, oštećenja uzrokovana klamidijom mogu proći nezapaženo. Klamidija kod žena Kod žena, neliječena klamidijska infekcija može se proširiti na maternicu ili jajovode i izazvati upalnu bolest zdjelice (kod otprilike 10-15% žena). Prvi simptomi ove bolesti su bolovi u donjem dijelu trbuha, povišena tjelesna temperatura i promjena vaginalnog iscjetka. Međutim, treba imati na umu da navedeni simptomi mogu biti blagog intenziteta ili u potpunosti izostati. Osim navedenog, klamidija može uzrokovati i trajno oštećenje jajovoda, maternice i okolnog tkiva što može dovesti do kronične boli u zdjelici, neplodnosti i potencijalno kobne izvanmaternične trudnoće. Također, klamidija povećava mogućnost oboljenja od HIV-a kod izloženih osoba. Klamidija kod muškaraca Kod muškaraca klamidija najčešće uzrokuje nespecifični uretritis (upala vanjskog dijela mokraćnog sustava). Kada se ne liječi pravovremeno, klamidija može dovesti do kronične zaraze, što uzroke razne komplikacije kao što su upala prostate (prostatitis), sjemenovoda (epididimitis) ili čak neplodnost. Muškarci, isto kao i žene, s neprepoznatom i neliječenom klamidijskom genitalnom infekcijom predstavljaju trajni izvor infekta i rezervoar širenja bolesti. Rijetko, klamidija može uzrokovati artritis praćen oštećenjima kože te upalama oka i uretre. Klamidija u trudnoći Klamidijska infekcija može se prenijeti s majke na dijete tijekom vaginalnog poroda. U ovom slučaju moguća je pojava klamidijskog konjunktivitisa, kao i upale pluća kod novorođenčadi. Prema nekim pokazateljima, klamidijska infekcija može se dovesti u vezu i s preranim porođajem. Liječenje klamidije Kod liječenja genitalne infekcije klamidije primjenjuje se terapija antibioticima. Najčešće se koriste tetraciklini (Doxycyclin), ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay, Ciprinol), klaritromicin (Fromilid) tijekom 10 – 14 dana i azitromycin (Sumamed) u jednokratnoj dozi od 1 g (single shot). U tom razdoblju te sedam dana nakon završetka terapije osobe bi se trebale suzdržavati od spolnih odnosa. Liječenju se trebaju podvrgnuti oba partnera, s obzirom da kod žena čiji partneri nisu liječeni na odgovarajući način postoji visoki rizik za reinfekciju što povećava mogućnost ozbiljnih komplikacija. Također, oba partnera bi se trebala podvrgnuti ponovnom testiranju tri mjeseca nakon liječenja početne infekcije. » Pročitajte više: Najbolji prirodni lijekovi protiv klamidije