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In this section, we will share an easy-to-understand overview of type 1 diabetes, including what it is, diagnosis, treatment and links for learning more. In This Section Understanding Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. For unknown reasons, the immune system attacks the insulin producing cells in the pancreas called beta cells and destroys them. You can think of insulin as the key that unlocks your cells and enables them to access sugar. Without access to sugar, it builds up in your blood. You feel tired, your body turns to fat for energy and you lose weight, and you urinate frequently as your body tries to flush out all that excess sugar. Every human (well, all mammals, actually) need insulin to live. Everyone with diabetes needs to take some form in insulin in order to survive. Unfortunately, at this time, type 1 diabetes can’t be prevented or cured. You may have heard type 1 diabetes called juvenile diabetes. About half of people with type 1 diabetes are diagnosed in childhood, though the truth is that type 1 diabetes can develop at any age. This terminology has long since been abandoned. (See: How Many People Have Diabetes?) If left untreated, type 1 diabetes will eventually be fatal. How Do You Treat Type 1 Diabetes? Everyone with type 1 diabetes needs to take insulin to live. Insulin can come from insulin injections, insulin pump or inhaling insulin. Experimental treatments are using implanted insulin-producing cells. The primary challenge of type 1 diabetes is to take enough insulin to lower the high blood sugars but not so much that you have severe low blood sugars. This typically requires frequent checking of blood sugars or, if you have access, using a continuous glucose meter (CGM). Type 1 diabetes requires monitoring and managing all day long. (LADA, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, is a form of type 1 diabetes the progresses slowly over the course of years, leaving the patient with much more insulin production than a type 1 diabetic but not enough insulin production to manage healthy blood sugar levels.) Facts About Type 1 Diabetes Here are some stats about type 1 diabetes from the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles: Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms for all types of diabetes, as well as others such as gestational diabetes, are very similar. You do not need to have all the symptoms in order to have diabetes but you would likely have at least 3 or 4 of these symptoms: - Increased thirst and frequent urination: As glucose builds up in the blood, your body tries to flush it out by increasing your desire to consume fluids, which inevitably results in need to expel those fluids with more frequent urination. - Increased hunger: Without insulin to use the glucose in your bloodstream for fuel, you’ll feel hungrier because your body wants fuel! - Weight loss: Without enough insulin present, your body will start burning body fat for fuel which produces toxic levels of ketones in the bloodstream and urine. This leads to DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) which is different than nutritional ketosis. - Fatigue: Without insulin your body doesn’t have the fuel it needs to function…causing you to feel exhausted! - Blurred vision: Prolonged high blood sugars lead to toxic levels of ketones which can affect your vision, causing blurriness. - Slow healing sores. High blood sugar levels make it very hard for the body to properly heal, so simple cuts and sores will struggle to heal themselves. - Frequent yeast infections. The excessively high levels sugar in your blood will partially come out in your urine and sweat, which feeds the growth of yeast in uncomfortable areas (such as genitals or between folds of skin). Yeast causes unbearable itchiness. Over the counter treatments for yeast infections will not work until blood sugar levels return to safe and healthy levels. Contact your healthcare team immediately if you are experiencing several of the symptoms list above. Type 1 diabetes can develop very quickly causing the symptoms to appear suddenly. It is important to seek medical attention right away to avoid the risk of a life threatening condition called Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) which can lead to coma or death. DKA develops when your body doesn’t have the insulin it needs and the body starts to use body fat for energy. This creates a buildup of acids called ketones which are eventually excreted in the urine as the body tries to get rid of these ketones from the bloodstream. Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) According to the American Diabetes Association, early symptoms include: - Thirst or a very dry mouth - Frequent urination - High blood sugar levels - High levels of ketones in the urine Symptoms that develop if the condition progresses: - Major fatigue and tiredness - Dry or flushed skin - Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain - Difficulty breathing - Fruity odor on breath - Trouble concentrating, unexplained confusion Read more about diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Living with Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body continually attacks the beta cells produced by the pancreas. Beta cells are responsible for producing insulin. Type 1 diabetes used to be known as “juvenile” diabetes because it is more commonly diagnosed during childhood, but type 1 diabetes can develop at any age. More and more adults today are developing type 1 diabetes–there is even a record of a woman recently being diagnosed at 90 years old. Type 1 diabetes is often misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes in adults–which is why it’s important to request an “antibodies test” if you suspect you’ve received the wrong diagnosis. In order to survive, a type 1 diabetic must receive insulin every single day. When autoimmune diabetes develops very slowly in adults, they are typically diagnosed as having LADA or Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults, also referred to as diabetes type 1.5. Before the discovery of insulin in 1922 by Frederick Banting and Charles Best, the future for a person with type 1 diabetes was grim, and short, usually resulting in death within months of diagnosis. Although in the early 1900s, doctors found that a starvation diet of less than 600 calories per day could extend life for up to three years by reducing the need for insulin and reducing the work of the pancreas. Insulin can be injected into body fat with a syringe multiple times a day or with an insulin pump which administers insulin through a small cannula that sits in body fat for 3 days before a new cannula is placed. Carbohydrate-counting and regular blood sugar tests are essential to making adjustments in insulin doses and achieving healthy blood sugar levels. The newest technology that supports people with type 1 diabetes today are continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) that involves a thin sensor being inserted into body fat and reporting blood sugar levels to a receiver (similar to the size of a cell-phone) that displays levels on a graph. Today, with adequate insulin and monitoring, people with type 1 diabetes can do anything. Compete (and win) in the olympics. Experience pregnancy, giving birth, and parenthood. Run marathons. Play in the NFL. Drive racecars. Become professional ballerinas. Star in the movies and broadway plays. Teach math class. The sky’s the limit. To learn more about the variety of insulins and medications for treating type 1 diabetes, read our Introduction to Insulin and Guide to Diabetes Drugs by diaTribe. How Is Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosed? If diabetes is suspected, a blood test should be done by a healthcare provider to check for elevated blood sugar. If any symptoms of DKA are present, a healthcare provider should give the patient a urine test to check for ketones in the urine. Dr. Stephen Ponder, a pediatric endocrinologist, type 1 diabetic for 50 years, and author of a book about managing type 1 diabetes called Sugar Surfing, says “The most important thing to remember is that diagnosis requires a good history and physical exam first. Beware of just relying on lab work.” He added that “there should be more than just one piece of information to make a proper diagnosis.” There can be challenges involved in diagnosing the correct type of diabetes. Healthcare providers will sometimes order a blood test to check for autoantibodies to see if the body is attacking its insulin producing cells. It is important to note that some people with type 1 diabetes do not have autoantibodies, however. Another test that may be done is a C-peptide test which shows how much insulin is being produced in the body. A crucial thing to remember is that when symptoms of DKA are present, medical attention should be sought immediately and diabetes needs to be ruled out before being sent home with a non-diabetes diagnosis. What Causes Type 1 Diabetes? We do not yet know the cause of type 1 diabetes. Scientists suspect a combination of hereditary and environmental factors. The Mayo Clinic notes several known risk factors for developing type 1 diabetes: - Family History- Having a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes slightly increases the risk. - Genetics- Certain genes predispose a person to developing type 1. - Location- The incidence of type 1 diabetes increases the farther away one is from the equator. - Age- Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age any age but scientists have observed noticeable peaks between the ages of 4-7 and 10-14. Other potential risk factors which have been suspected but not proven include: - Exposure to certain viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, Coxsackie virus, mumps virus and cytomegalovirus - Early exposure to cow’s milk - Low vitamin D levels - Drinking water that contains nitrates - Early (before 4 months) or late (after 7 months) introduction of cereal and gluten into a baby’s diet - Having a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy - Being born with jaundice Type 1 Diabetes Complications Type 1 diabetes complications can be broken into two parts – short term and long term complications. Short term complications involve low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Long term complications are categorized into two groups: - Microvascular complications (involving the tiny blood vessels in the body) which include eye, kidney, and nerve disease - Microvascular complications (involving the large vessels) which affect heart health. You can read more about identifying and preventing diabetes complications. The GREAT news is that the risk for diabetes complications can be improved by managing blood sugars well and leading a healthy lifestyle. Dr. Steven Edelman, a type 1 diabetic and endocrinologist speaks in the video below about how lifespans for people with type 1 are improving and how managing diabetes can make all the difference! Photo Credit: Adobe Photo Stock and Wikimedia Commons
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Dijabetes tip 2 – uzroci, simptomi i liječenje Dijabetes tipa 2 je kronično stanje koje utječe na način na koji vaše tijelo metabolizira šećer (glukozu), glavni izvor goriva za vaše tijelo. Sa dijabetesom tipa 2 vaše tijelo se odupire učinku inzulina ili ne proizvodi dovoljno inzulina za održavanje normalne razine glukoze. Ukoliko se ova bolest ne liječi može biti opasna za život. Više čest kod odraslih, dijabetes tipa 2 uvećano utječe na djecu koja su pretila u djetinjstvu. Nema lijeka za ovu bolest, ali možete kontrolirati stanje pravilnom prehranom, vježbom i održavanjem zdrave težine. Ako dijeta i vježbe ne pomažu u kontroli vaše razine šećera u krvi biti će vam potrebni lijekovi za dijabetes ili terapija inzulinom. Simptomi dijabetesa tipa 2 Simptomi dijabetesa tipa 2 se mogu razvijati vrlo polako. Čak možete imati ovu bolest godinama i to ne primijetiti. Najčešći simptomi su: - Povećana žeđ i učestalo mokrenje – višak šećera koji se nakuplja u vašem krvotoku uzrokuje da se tekućina izvlači iz tkiva i to vas radi žednim. Kao rezultat toga, mokriti ćete puno češće. - Povećana glad – bez dovoljno inzulina koji pomiče šećer u stanice, vaši mišići i organi mogu postati gladni za energijom. To izaziva jaku glad. - Gubitak težine – unatoč tome što jedete više nego obično da bi utažili glad, moguće da ćete početi gubiti težinu. Bez mogućnosti da se glukoza metabolizira, tijelo koristi alternativna goriva koja su pohranjena u mišićima i masti što dovodi do gubitka težine. - Umor – ako su vaše stanice lišene šećera, možete postati umorni i razdražljivi. - Zamagljen vid – ako je razina šećera u vašoj krvi previsoka, tekućina se može izvući iz leće u vašim očima. To može utjecati na vaš vid. - Spora ozdravljenja i učestale infekcije – tip 2 dijabetesa utječe na vašu sposobnost da se liječite i otjerate infekcije. - Područja tamne kože – neke osobe sa dijabetesom tipa 2 imaju tamne mrlje na koži i naborima njihova tijela – najčešće ispod pazuha i na vratu. Ovo stanje, koje se zove acanthosis nigricans, može biti znak otpora na inzulin. Kontaktirajte vašeg liječnika čim primijetite neke od znakova dijabetesa tipa 2. Uzroci dijabetesa tipa 2 Tip 2 dijabetesa razvija se kada tijelo postane otporno na inzulin ili kada gušterača prestane proizvoditi dovoljno inzulina. Točan razlog zbog kojega do ovoga dolazi nije poznat, iako su prekomjerna težina i neaktivnost vrlo česti faktori. Kako radi inzulin Inzulin je hormon koji dolazi iz gušterače, žlijezde koja je smještena iza i ispod trbuha. - Gušterača izlučuje inzulin u krvotok. - Inzulin cirkulira, omogućujući šećeru da uđe u vaše stanice. - Inzulin snižava količinu šećera u krvotoku. - Kako vaša razina šećera u krvi opada, isto tako opada i izlučivanje inzulina iz gušterače. Uloga glukoze Glukoza je glavni izvor energije za stanice koje čine mišiće i ostala tkiva. - Glukoza dolazi iz dva glavna izvora: hrane i vaše jetre. - Šećer se apsorbira u krvotok gdje ulazi u stanice uz pomoć inzulina. - Vaša jetra pohranjuje i radi glukozu. - Kada je razina inzulina niska jetra pretvara pohranjeni glikogen u glukozu da bi se razina glukoze održava unutar normalnog raspona. Kod dijabetesa tipa 2, ovaj proces radi nepravilno. Umjesto da se kreće u vaše stanice, šećer se nakuplja u vašem krvotoku. U mnogo rjeđem dijabetesu tipa 1, gušterača proizvodi malo ili nimalo inzulina. Liječenje dijabetesa tipa 2 Liječenje dijabetesa tipa 2 zahtjeva doživotnu predanost za: - praćenje šećera u krvi - zdravu prehranu - redovitu vježbu - terapiju inzulinom Ovi koraci će vam pomoći u održavanju razine šećera u krvi normalnom, što može odgoditi ili spriječiti komplikacije. Praćenje šećera u krvi Ovisno o vašem planu liječenja, možete provjeriti ili zabilježiti razinu šećera u krvi jednom dnevno ili nekoliko puta tjedno. Pitajte vašeg liječnika koliko često želi provjeriti razinu šećera u krvi. Pažljivo praćenje je jedini način da budete sigurni da je razina šećera u vašoj krvi unutar normalnog okvira. Čak i kada jedete na kruti raspored, količina šećera u krvi se može nepredvidivo mijenjati. Uz pomoć svojega tima za liječenje dijabetesa, naučiti ćete kako vaša razina šećera u krvi reagira u odnosu sa: - Hranom – što i koliko jedete može utjecati na razinu šećera u krvi. Ta razina je obično najviša do otprilike dva sata nakon obroka. - Fizička aktivnost – fizička aktivnost seli šećer iz krvi u vaše stanice. Što ste više aktivni to je manja razina šećera u krvi. - Lijekovi – bilo koji lijekovi koje uzimate mogu utjecati na šećer u krvi, ponekad čak zahtijevajući promjenu u vašem liječenju dijabetesa. - Bolest – tijekom prehlade ili neke druge bolesti, vaše tijelo proizvodi hormone koji povećavaju razinu šećera u krvi. - Alkohol – alkohol i tvari koje koristite za pravljenje miješanih pića mogu izazvati visok ili nizak šećer u krvi, ovisno koliko pijete i dali jedete u isto vrijeme. - Stres – hormoni koje vaše tijelo može proizvesti kao reakciju na stres mogu spriječiti inzulin da radi ispravno. - Za žene, oscilacije u razinama hormona – kako se vaši hormoni mijenjaju tijekom menstrualnog ciklusa tako se mijenja i razina šećera u krvi, posebno u tjednu prije menstruacije. Menopauza može oscilacije u razini šećera u krvi. Saznajte više o dijabetesu u sljedećim tekstovima: - Dijabetes tip 1 – uzroci, simptomi i liječenje - Dijabetes tip 2 – uzroci, simptomi i liječenje - Fruktoza, glukoza i njihovi prijatelji na optuženičkoj klupi – dio drugi - Što uzrokuje inzulinsku rezistenciju? - Važnost tjelesne aktivnosti u prevenciji dijabetesa - Šećer – učinci na zdravlje i kako smanjiti njegov unos? - Dijabetes i lipotoksičnost: Kako zasićene masti podižu šećer u krvi? - Može li se izliječiti dijabetes tipa II? - Metformin – lijek za dijabetes, usporava starenje i liječi teške bolesti - Istraživanje: Šećer je povezan sa “širokim rasponom bolesti” Ovaj članak ima više stranica: nastavi čitati ovaj članak D-Mol 1+2 Kapsule – Kräuterhaus Za posebne prehrambene potrebe kod dijabetesa. Ao2 Medicinske čarape s Celliantom Potiču cirkulaciju. Pomažu hladnim i bolnim nogama.