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Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 - January 8, 1324) was an Venetian merchant, writer, traveler and explorer. Even though he was not the first European to visit Medieval China, he was the first one to leave detailed chronicle of his travels. The exact location of the birth of Marco Polo is unclear and is still subject of speculation. Most of the historians agree that he was born in the Republic of Venice and in the city of Venice itself. Some biographers claim that Marco Polo was born in the town of Korcula on the island Korcula, which was then part of the Venetian Republic. His father Niccolo and uncle Matteo who were travelling merchants were also ambassadors of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty to the Pope. On their second journey to China they were accompanied by 17 year old Marco Polo through the Silk Road. Marco Polo returned to Europe in 1295 and joined a war between Genoa and Venice with the galley that he equipped. He was captured in naval battle between Venice and Genoa that took place on September 9, 1298 near the island of Korcula (Battle of Curzola). During his several month long imprisonment in Genoa he dictated his travel experiences to fellow inmate Rustichello da Pisa, who wrote down these stories (and probably added some of his own) in a book called “Il Milione ” or better known as “Travels of Marco Polo”. In the era before the printing press, this book spread across Europe in an unprecedented scale. It captured the imagination of many Europeans and was recognized to be the most important description of world beyond Europe at that time. The book allowed Europeans to better understand Middle East, India, China and Japan, and inspired many future explorers including Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan. Niccolo, Matteo and Marco Polo embarked on a journey in 1271 from Venice. They travelled inward, crossing Anatolia and Armenia. Then they went down to the river Tigris, probably touching Mosul and Baghdad. They came to the port of Hormuz in the Persian gulf and through Persia and Khorasan, reached Balkh and Badakhshan. In forty days, they passed the Pamir Mountains and went down to the Tarim Basin. Through the Gobi desert they came to the borders of Cathay, in Tangut, the westernmost province of China. Then they continued along the northern part of the loop of the Yellow River, eventually coming to Khanbaliq ( modern-day Beijing), after a journey that lasted three and a half years. In Cathay, Marco won the favor of Kublai Khan, became adviser and later ambassador. 17 years after the departure, Marco Polo returned to Venice. After the publication of Marco Polo's travelogue, people criticised, blamed and ridiculed him and his book insisting that it is a series of false and fraudulent stories. Even on his deathbed, the priest who was present to perform anointing urged him to save his soul, and confess that at least part of the content was not true, but Marco refused and replied to him "I did not tell half of what I saw, for I knew I would not be believed." Whether Marco Polo visited China or not has attracted significant controversy. Most modern historians believe Marco Polo did visit China, because many of the detailed descriptions of the life in the Far East, such as banknotes (paper money), the Grand Canal , the Mongolian army , coal, wine production, asbestos, description of tiger, complex organization of royal postal system. His mention of “Zipang”, which is Chinese name for Japan, is the first mention of this country in Western literature. Marco Polo through his stories introduced to Europeans many things from China: ice cream, pizza, pasta, eyeglasses, harmonica, kite, juggling stick. In year 1323 Marco Polo was hospitalized due to illness. On January 8, 1324, despite the efforts and treatment of doctors, he died, leaving his wife (Donata) and three daughters (Fantina, Bellela and Moretta). He was buried in the Church of San Lorenzo in Venice. In order to provide you with the best online experience this website uses cookies. Delete cookies By using our website, you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more
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Marko Polo (15. rujna 1254 - siječanj 8, 1324) bio je venecijanski trgovac, pisac, putnik i istraživač. Iako nije bio prvi europljanin koji je posjetio srednjovjekovnu Kinu, prvi je koji je iza sebe ostavio detaljan opis svojih putovanja. Točno mjesto rođenja Marka Pola je nejasno i još uvijek je predmet nagađanja. Većina povjesničara se slaže da je rođen u Mletačkoj Republici, odnosno u samom gradu Veneciji. Neki povjesničari i istraživači tvrde da je Marko Polo rođen u gradu Korčuli na otoku Korčuli, koja je tada bila dio Mletačke Republike. Njegov otac Nikola i stric Mateo, su bili putujući trgovci i veleposlanici mongolske dinastije Yuan pri Vatikanu. Na svom drugom putovanju poveli su sa sobom 17-godišnjeg Marka Pola Putem svile do Kine. Marko Polo se vratio u Europu 1295. i pridružio ratu između Genove i Venecije zapovjedajući galijom koju je sam opremio. Zarobljen je u pomorskoj bitci između Venecije i Genove koja se dogodila 9. rujna 1298. godine u blizini otoka Korčule (Bitka pod Korčulom). Tijekom svog nekoliko mjeseci dugog tamničevanja u Genovi ispričao iskustva sa svojih putovanja suuzniku Rustichellu da Pisi, koji je zapisao ove Markove priče (a vjerojatno i dodao neku svoju) u knjizi pod nazivom "Milion", poznatiju kao "Putovanja Marka Pola". U doba prije izuma tiskarskog stroja, ova knjiga proširila se diljem Europe neviđenom brzinom. Zaokupila je maštu mnogih Europljana i priznata je kao najvažniji opis svijeta izvan Europe u to vrijeme. Knjiga je omogućila uuropljanima da bolje upoznaju Bliski istok, Indija, Kinu i Japan, i inspirirala mnoge buduće istraživače, uključujući Kristofora Kolumba i Ferdinanda Magellana. Niccolo, Matteo i Marko Polo krenuli su na putovanje 1271. godine iz Venecije. Putovali su prema unutrašnjosti kontinenta, prelazeći Anadoliju i Armeniju. Zatim su otišli do rijeke Tigris, vjerojatno prošli kroz Mosul i Bagdad. Došli su do luke Hormuz u Perzijskom zaljevu i dalje preko Perzije i Horasana, došli do Balha i Badahšana. U četrdeset dana, prešli su gorje Pamir te se spustili na Tarimsku zavalu. Kroz pustinju Gobi su došli do Kataja u pokrajini Tangut, najzapadnijem dijelu Kine. Dalje su nastavili uz sjeverni dijelom Žute rijeke, te naposlijetku stigli do Khanbalika (današnjeg Pekinga), nakon putovanja koje je trajalo tri i pol godine. U Kataju, Marko je osvojio naklonost Kublaj-kana, i postao njegov savjetnik a kasnije i veleposlanik. 17 godina nakon odlaska, Marko Polo vratio se u Veneciju. Nakon objavljivanja putopisa Marka Pola, ljudi su kritizirali i ismijavali njega i njegovu knjigu tvrdeći da je ona u stvari niz lažnih i izmišljenih priča. Čak i na samrti, svećenik koji je bio zadužen da pruži Marku posljednje pomazanje, ga je pozvao da spasi svoju dušu, i prizna da je barem dio sadržaja knjige izmišljen. Marko Polo je to odbio kazavši: "Nisam napisao ni pola onoga što sam vidio i doživio jer sam znao da mi nećete vjerovati." Da li je Marko Polo usitinu posjetio Kini ili nije i dalje je predmet burne rasprave i privlači značajnu kontroverzu. Većina modernih povjesničara vjeruje da je Marko Polo posjetio Kini, prvenstveno zbog mnogih detaljnih opisa života na Dalekom istoku, kao što su spomen novčanica (papirni novac), Velikog Kanala, opisi mongolske vojske, ugljena, proizvodnje vina, azbesta, opis tigra, opis složene organizacije kraljevskog poštanskog sustava. Njegovo spominjanje toponima "Zipang", što je kineski naziv za Japan, prvi je spomen ove zemlje u zapadnoj književnosti. Marko Polo je kroz svoje priče upoznao europljane sa mnogim stvarima iz Kine koje su danas sastavni dio zapadnog načina života, poput sladoleda, pizze, tjestenine, naočala, harmonike, zmaj (letjelica), štapovi za žongliranje . Godine 1323 Marko Polo je hospitaliziran zbog bolesti. Umro je 8. siječnja 1324, unatoč naporima liječnika, ostavivši iza sebe ženu (Donata) i tri kćeri (Fantina, Bellela i Moretta). Pokopan je u crkvi San Lorenzo u Veneciji. In order to provide you with the best online experience this website uses cookies. Delete cookies Nastavkom korištenja naših internetskih stranica, slažete se s njihovim korištenjem. Saznajte više...