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STRASBOURG, France (AP) — The European Central Bank should be given the power to supervise all the banks in the 17 countries that use the euro and also be able to fine institutions, the European Union's executive said Wednesday. The creation of a single supervisor would be an important step toward a "banking union" — a unified playbook for all of the banks in the eurozone that is vital part of the plan to solve the region's crippling financial debt crisis. In its proposal to solve the eurozone's financial crisis, the European Commission called for the ECB to take over supervisory roles from the member countries' individual banking regulators. The Commission also proposes the ECB should have are the ability to issue — and take away — banking licenses, approve large mergers and acquisitions, investigate banks and fine institutions that break the rules. Banks have played a big role in creating the eurozone's financial crisis. The government debt the banks had bought up during the boom times of the eurozone are now no longer considered safe bets and the banks are struggling to unload them — usually at hefty losses. The banks' government debt problems have been made worse by toxic real estate loans assets following a collapse the region's property markets. In some cases, governments have been forced to step in to prop the lenders up. But rescuing banks is expensive and has added to investors' concerns that European countries are simply spending too much. Many banks have retrenched into their home countries, lending to fewer and fewer companies and households and ditching investments made in other members of the eurozone — especially in Greece, Italy and Spain. That has undone much of the founding principles of the single — to allow money to flow freely and cheaply across borders. The proposed banking union is one part of a strategy to restore confidence in the eurozone's financial system. Other measures: creating a European-wide system of depositors' insurance, a single method for winding down bankrupt banks and allowing the European bailout fund to directly help out banks in trouble, instead of lending money only to governments. The proposal published Wednesday morning still needs to be approved by the European Parliament and the Council, on which the heads of state and government of all 27 countries of the European Union sit. It could be a tough fight since Germany — one of the most powerful members, especially when it comes to the eurozone — has said it only wants the ECB to supervise those banks which, if they were to go bankrupt, would cause major damage to the eurozone. German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble has argued that if the ECB is going to be effective, it should only focus on the biggest banks, as the burden of supervising all 6,000 eurozone banks, many of which only do business in their home countries, would be too great. The commission's proposal, however, goes much further. It wants all banks, big and small, to be put under the ECB's supervision. "What the crisis has taught us is that even medium or small banks can create lots of damage," said a European Union official, who would speak only on condition of anonymity to describe how the proposal was put together. "So it would be irresponsible to devise a system that basically says we're going to focus our attention on the large ones and the small ones just, you know, don't think about them" Currently, the ECB is only in charge of monetary policy for eurozone countries — setting interest rates and printing money. National central banks, in most countries, have the role of supervisor, ensuring that banks in their countries follow the rules and aren't engaging in risky practices. However, the global financial crisis that begun in 2007 has proved that this system has failed to properly assess risks to the banking system. The commission's proposal would see the ECB take over most of what the national supervisors do, although it would not be in charge of winding down banks that go bust. That could come later, the EU official said. The plans could heap even more responsibility on the ECB if any of the 10 countries in the European Union that don't use the euro also want to sign up to the plan. The commission hopes its proposal will take effect Jan. 1, 2013, and slowly ramp up until it is supervising all banks by a year later. It wants it to start by covering the bigger banks and eventually add all 6,000 banks in the eurozone.
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Europska unija treba se pretvoriti u federaciju nacionalnih država, a za to će biti potreban novi ugovor, izjavio je u srijedu u Strasbourgu predsjednik Europske komisije Jose Manuel Barroso. "Moramo krenuti prema federaciji nacionalnih država. To je naš politički horizont", rekao je Barroso u govoru o stanju Unije pred zastupnicima Europskog parlamenta u Strasbourgu. Barroso je dodao da to ne znači uspostavu "superdržave", nego "demokratsku federaciju nacionalnih država", koja će biti u interesu država članica, a ne protiv njih. "Za stvaranje takve federacije potreban nam je novi ugovor", rekao je Barroso, dodajući da je ekonomsku i monetarnu uniju moguće produbiti u okviru postojećeg ugovora, ali kasnije će trebati mijenjati ugovor. Barroso je najavio da će Komisija predstaviti prijedlog za promjenu ugovora prije izbora za Europski parlament 2014. godine. EK predložila jedinstveni nadzor banaka u eurozoni Europska komisija u srijedu je objavila prijedlog za uspostavu jedinstvenog mehanizma za nadzor svih banaka u eurozoni, što je prvi korak prema uspostavi bankovne unije i preduvjet za neposrednu dokapitalizaciju banaka iz europskih fondova za spas eura. Prijedlog je u govoru o stanju Unije na plenarnoj sjednici Europskog parlamenta predstavio predsjednik Europske komisije Jose Manuel Barroso. Središnju ulogu u nadzoru svih šest tisuća banaka u eurozoni imala bi Europska središnja banka (ECB). Barroso je rekao da treba učiniti sve da se jedinstveni nadzor banaka uspostavi do početka sljedeće godine, što onda otvara put izravnoj dokapitalizaciji banaka iz fondova za spas eura. "Novi sustav u kojem ECB ima središnju ulogu i koji uključuje nacionalne supervizore, vratit će povjerenje u nadzor svih banaka u eurozoni. Europski parlament će imati ključnu ulogu u demokratskom nadzoru. Naš prioritet treba biti uspostava europskog nadzora do početka sljedeće godine. To će također otvoriti put za odluke o korištenju europskih fondova za spas eura za dokapitalazaciju banaka. Želimo prekinuti vezu između država i njihovih banaka. Ubuduće gubitci banaka ne bi trebali biti dugovi građana i dovoditi u pitanje financijsku stabilnost čitavih zemalja", rekao je Barroso. Prijedlog Komisije trebaju odobriti zemlje članice, koje će se morati odreći dijela suverenosti kada je nadzor banaka u pitanju. Njemačka se protivi prijedlogu da se nadziru sve banke u eurozoni, nego samo one najveće, dok u Komisiji ističu da i male banke mogu izazvati velike probleme. Uspostava bankovne unije predviđena je u tri koraka: najprije ECB dobije ovlasti za nadzor banaka u eurozoni i u zemljama članicama izvan te zone, a koje to žele prihvatiti; zatim se uspostavlja fond za zatvaranje banaka u poteškoćama te mehanizam za zaštitu depozita građana u eurozoni. Europska središnja banka bi, među inim, dobila ovlasti za izdavanje i oduzimanje bankovnih licenci, odobravala bi ili odbijala udruživanje banaka, nadzirala bi zaduženost i likvidnost banaka. ECB će moći na vrijeme intervenirati kada banka krši ili postoji opasnost od kršenja odredbi o obaveznim rezervama kapitala i nametati im korektivne mjere. Jedinstveni nadzorni mehanizam predstavlja najveću promjenu u upravljanju eurozonom od stvaranja zajedničke valute. Time bi EU dobila neke federalne ovlasti, a to bi predstavljalo i daljnji korak u uspostavi bankovne unije, koja je načelno dogovorena na summitu u lipnju ove godine. Bankovna unija je jedan od četiri temelja dugoročne strategije za rješavanje krize u eurozoni, koja bi do kraja ove godine trebala dobiti konkretne oblike. Preostala tri stupa su fiskalna unija te jačanje ekonomske i političke unije. Na summitu čelnika EU-a 28. i 29. lipnja 2012. godine postignut je dogovor o produbljivanju ekomomske i monetarne unije kao dio odgovora na krizu koja potresa Uniju, a bankovna unija jedan je od glavnih stupova čvršće integracije. Uvođenje zajedničke valute te jedinstveno tržište omogućili su rast bankama, koje su se proširile i preko granica svojih država i razvile aktivnosti u drugim zemljama. Istodobno, nadzor banaka ostao je u nacionalnim rukama. Budući da se kriza banaka prelijeva preko državnih granica, koordinacija nadzornih mehanizama zemalja članica više nije dovoljna i stoga su se u EU-u odlučili za integrirani nadzor.