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Toxic shock syndrome Alternative Names: Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome Toxic shock syndrome is a severe disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with the function of several body organs. Causes of Toxic shock syndrome Toxic shock syndrome is caused by a toxin produced by certain types of Staphylococcus bacteria. A similar syndrome, called toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS), can be caused by Streptococcal bacteria. Although the earliest cases of toxic shock syndrome involved women who were using tampons during their periods (menstruation), today less than half of current cases are associated with such events. Toxic shock syndrome can also occur with skin infections, burns, and after surgery. The condition can also affect children, postmenopausal women, and men. Risk factors include: - Childbirth - Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection, commonly called a Staph infection - Foreign bodies or packings (such as those used to stop nosebleeds) - Menstruation - Surgery - Tampon use (particularly if you leave on in for a long time) - Use of barrier contraceptives such as a diaphragm or vaginal sponge - Wound infection after surgery Toxic shock syndrome Symptoms - Confusion - Diarrhea - General ill-feeling - Headaches - High fever, sometimes accompanied by chills - Low blood pressure - Muscle aches - Nausea and vomiting - Organ failure (usually kidneys and liver) - Redness of eyes, mouth, throat - Seizures - Widespread red rash that looks like a sunburn -- skin peeling occurs 1 or 2 weeks after the rash, particularly on the palms of the hand or bottom of the feet Tests and Exams No single test can diagnose toxic shock syndrome. The diagnosis is based on several criteria: fever, low blood pressure, a rash that peels after 1-2 weeks, and problems with the function of at least three organs. In some cases, blood cultures may be positive for growth of S. aureus. Treatment of Toxic shock syndrome Any foreign materials, such as tampons, vaginal sponges, or nasal packing, will be removed. Sites of infection (such as a surgical wound) will be drained. The goal of treatment is to maintain important body functions. This may include: - Antibiotics for any infection (may be given through an IV) - Dialysis (if severe kidney problems are present) - Fluids through a vein (IV) - Methods to control blood pressure - Intravenous gamma globulin may help in severe cases Prognosis (Outlook) Toxic shock syndrome may be deadly in up to 50% of cases. The condition may return in those that survive. Potential Complications - Severe organ dysfunction - Kidney failure - Heart failure - Liver failure - Shock When to Contact a Health Professional Toxic shock syndrome is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you develop a rash, fever, and feel ill, particularly during menstruation and tampon use or if you have had recent surgery. Prevention of Toxic shock syndrome Menstrual toxic shock syndrome can be prevented by avoiding the use of highly absorbent tampons. You can reduce your risk by changing tampons more frequently and using tampons only once in a while (not regularly) during menstruation. Ferguson AJ. Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes. Lancet Infect Dis. Que Y, Moreillon Ph. Staphylococcus aureus (including staphylococcal toxic shock). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 195. Related Images Learn more about Toxic shock syndrome Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Redmond, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. Copyright 2012 A.D.A.M., Inc.
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Sindrom toksičkog šoka opasan je po život! Sindrom od koga mogu oboljet žene, muškarci pa i djeca, može biti opasan po život. Pročitajte kako prepoznati simptome toksičkog šoka i što poduzeti ako vam se to dogodi. Toksički šok je izuzetno rijetko bakterijsko otrovanje, koje napreduje izvanredno brzo. Vrlo je malo ljudi svjesno ozbiljnosti sindroma toksičkog šoka (STŠ). Stoga ćemo se danas pozabaviti tom temom. Što je toksički šok i što ga uzrokuje? Toksički šok je izuzetno rijetko bakterijsko otrovanje, koje napreduje izvanredno brzo. Sindrom toksičkog šoka najčešće nas asociira na upotrebu tampona. Iako su mnogi uvjereni kako su ipak tamponi uzročnici tog oboljenja, moramo vas upozoriti da je to samo jedan od teoretski mogućih uzroka za izbijanje oboljenja. Uz to, STŠ također može biti u vezi s raznim postoperacijskim infekcijama, ugrizima insekata, opeklinama, ... Isto je tako mnogima nepoznato da je toksički šok oboljenje koje može pogoditi kako žene, tako i muškarce i djecu. STŠ uzrokuje bakterija Staphylococcus aureus (latinski), koja se kod žena razvija u rodnici i proizvodi otrovne tvari. Načelno bakterija obitava u rodnici, na koži, u nosu, pod pazuhom i slično, pri čemu ne izaziva nikakve probleme kod svih triju skupina potencijalnih bolesnika. Opasnost se pojavi kada bakterije počnu proizvoditi toksine - otrove, što dovodi do STŠ. Liječnici preporučuju da se kod upotrebe tampona striktno pridržavate propisanih uputa, te da ih mijenjate svakih 4 do 6 sati (jlp) Kakvi su simptomi i što učiniti kada ih primijetite? Simptomi su prilično slični simptomima gripe ili neke druge bolesti. Oboljeli obično imaju povišenu temperaturu, proljev, povraćaju, imaju vrtoglavicu, bolove u mišićima, nizak krvni tlak ili crveni osip na koži. Ako ste primijetili nenadane promjene i sumnjate na toksički šok, odmah se obratite svom liječniku. Ako koristite dijafragmu, cervikalnu kapicu ili spužvicu, odmah je izvadite iz rodnice, a liječniku trebate reći što ste od toga upotrebljavali. To je vrlo bitna informacija, jer na taj će način liječnik lakše dijagnosticirati eventualno oboljenje STŠ i odrediti terapiju. Ako se dijagnoza postavi dovoljno brzo, oboljenje se liječi antibioticima koji uništavaju bakteriju, te drugim lijekovima koji ublažavaju simptome. U slučaju neblagovremenog poduzimanja mjera sindrom može dovesti do smrtnog ishoda oboljenja. Zbog toga je vrlo važno znati da - ako se želimo oporaviti, a pretpostavljamo da to svatko želi - bolest mora biti liječena što brže. Upotreba tampona i toksički šok Mnogi istraživači misle kako je STŠ povezan s načinom upotrebe tampona. U Velikoj Britaniji, koja ima 60 milijuna stanovnika, svake godine od STŠ-a oboli četrdesetak osoba, od čega je čak pola tih slučajeva povezano s upotrebom tampona (podatak se temelji na istraživanju britanskog zdravstvenog laboratorija, prvedenog od 1985. do 1995. godine). Liječnici preporučuju da se kod upotrebe tampona striktno pridržavate propisanih uputa, te da ih mijenjate svakih 4 do 6 sati, a povremeno upotrebljavajte i higijenske uloške. Također vam ne preporučujemo upotrebu tampona tijekom noći. Upotrebljavajte tampone primjerene jačini vaše menstruacija. Također pazite da vam, dok mijenjate tampon, ruke budu čiste i u nikako nemojte u rodnicu istovremeno stavljati više od jednog tampona.