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Rich Source of the Omega-3 Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in a Palatable Liquid Form Because the advantages of feeding fat are accepted almost universally by equine nutritionists, veterinarians, and horsemen, scientists are delving deeper into how certain fats help horses. Researchers have focused much of their attention on omega-3 fatty acids and the relationship between them and omega-6 fatty acids. The two types of fatty acids must be balanced within the body in order for both to be effective. Horses are often fed diets composed entirely of grain mixes and hay. Such diets are rich in omega-6 fatty acids but extremely low in omega-3 fatty acids. If vegetable oil is added to the ration, it further skews the ratio, with omega-6 fatty acids being over represented. To help counteract this imbalance, horses should be supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids, the richest sources of which are fish oils. Kentucky Equine Research developed EO•3™, a potent marine-derived oil that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. EO•3 is a palatable oil that is top-dressed onto the feed. EO•3 contains the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA. - Contains an omega-3 concentration of 35%, more than most common fat supplements - Supplies omega-3 fatty acids, compounds with positive effects on reproduction, bone development and numerous inflammatory conditions in horses Now that the advantages of fat are accepted almost universally by horsemen, scientists are delving deeper into how certain fats help horses. Researchers have focused their attention on two distinct families of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): the omega-3 family and the omega-6 family. The omega-3 family stems from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and the omega-6 family originates from linoleic acid (LA). The term omega-3 is in reference to the location of the first double bond positioned three carbon atoms from the terminal end of the fatty acid chain. Marine-derived oils are rich in the longer chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 20 and 22 carbon atoms, respectively, while ALA, containing 18 carbon atoms, can be found in plant sources such as flax, soybean, and canola. ALA and LA are considered “essential fatty acids”because they are instrumental in the life cycle, yet they cannot be manufactured in the body and must be obtained from dietary sources. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Significant members of the omega-3 family are EPA, DHA, and ALA. EPA and DHA are found almost exclusively in fish, namely cold-water species, since they are at the top of a food chain based largely on algae that manufacture EPA and DHA. On the other hand, ALA is found predominantly in leafy plants and flaxseed (linseed). Omega-6 Fatty Acids The primary source of omega-6 fatty acids in the diet is LA derived from the oils of seeds and grains. Corn, sunflower, and safflower oil contain abundant quantities of LA. Arachidonic acid (AA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of LA to the various cytokines termed “pro-inflamatory.” Why should I use EO•3 for my horse? Palatable deodorized fish oil with cherry flavor Improves glucose tolerance Strengthens immune function Increases red blood cell flexibility Enhances bone metabolism and development Benefits of DHA- and EPA-mediated inflammatory response include reduction in joint inflammation, allergic reactivity, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage Reproductive benefits include improved fertility, improved colostrum quality, enhanced passive transfer of antibodies to foals, and increased sperm concentration, motility, and viability Marine-derived long-chain fatty acids DHA and EPA are more efficiently used as precursors of local hormones than plant-based sources of omega-3 fatty acids Feeding Directions Add 1 to 2 oz (30 to 60 ml) to the feed of growing horses, broodmares, and performance horses in light to moderate work daily. Horses in heavy work, breeding stallions, and those recovering from an illness or injury may be fed 2 to 4 oz (60 to 120 ml) per day. For best results, introduce EO·3 to the ration gradually over a period of 5 to 10 days. The Omega-3 to Omega-6 Ratio: A Balancing Act Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids must be balanced within the body in order for both to be effective. The significant biological difference between omega- 3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids is related to their roles as precursors of inflammatory and immune intermediaries. For example, each fatty acid is necessary for the production and distribution of prostaglandins. The prostaglandins that evolve from consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have different effects on inflammation processes in the body. The omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, are precursors of a class of inflammatory compounds that yield a milder response than those produced from omega- 6 fatty acids. In other words, the inflammatory response from cytokines and prostaglandins that originate from these omega-3 fatty acids is moderate compared to the response from cytokines and prostaglandins derived from omega-6, which are considered “pro-inflammatory”by comparison. Scientists have not pinpointed the optimal ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to omega-6 fatty acids for horses of various ages and uses, though they believe a ratio of 2 to 4:1 may be optimal. Even without an exact ratio, general knowledge of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and typical equine management practices uncover some undesirable trends. Feed stuffs have varying levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The natural diet of horses—primarily fresh and dried forages—contains more omega- 3 fatty acids than diets consisting of a mixture of forage and cereal grains. Domesticated horses are frequently given concentrated sources of energy in the form of grain meals. Grains possess more omega-6 fatty acids than forage. Performance horses are often fed supplemental sources of fat to add much needed calories to their rations. Corn oil, probably the most popular fat supplement offered to horses, as well as safflower oil, canola oil, and sunflower oil, is rich in omega-6 fatty acids. Feeding one or more of these, especially in combination with a high-grain diet, may supply a horse with a surplus of omega-6 fatty acids, skewing the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids and creating a balance of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids that may be inappropriate. Such diets may not be as beneficial as one abundant in omega-3 fatty acids. EO•3 – Preferential Source for Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids such as flaxseed (linseed) are inferior sources due to inherent metabolic disadvantages. Even though EPA and DHA (20 and 22 carbon, respectively) can be formed in vivo by elongation of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18 carbon), this process is inefficient and complicated. In addition, the enzymes used in the metabolism of ALA to EPA and DHA are the same enzymes used to elongate LA to AA. When horses consume feeds with greater quantities of LA (omega-6) than ALA (omega-3), the concomitant conversion of LA (18 carbon-omega-6) to AA (20 carbon–omega-6) results in the production of more pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins. Only fish oils are direct sources of EPA and DHA. In the past, these oils were typically not as palatable as those that provide more generous quantities of omega-6 fatty acids. However, recent studies at Kentucky Equine Research (KER) have shown that advances in processing technology have overcome the palatability issue inherent in the use of fish oil. Guaranteed Analysis EO•3 is a stabilized and flavored EPA/DHA marine-derived oil. KER has shown EO•3 to be highly palatable when compared to other marine-derived oils. EO•3 is intended to be fed to horses of all classes and working levels to improve the critical omega-3:omega-6 ratio in their diets. EO•3 is the most potent, effective source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids available. Analysis has shown that EO•3 has the highest percentage of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as well as the highest ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids when compared to other commonly fed oils. The equine athlete that is provided EO•3 can benefit from the difference in inflammatory response. In addition, EO•3 has also demonstrated benefits to the cardiovascular system, reproductive performance, and bone development in numerous research studies in a variety of animal species. The consumption of EPA and DHA from a source such as EO•3 is the only way to ensure that these fatty acids are available for metabolism of the “less-inflammatory” compounds and other metabolites beneficial for the horse’s overall health and well-being.
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Suvremene tehnologije proizvodnje omega-3 Suvremena, vrlo selektivna tehnologija omogućava proizvodnju različitih formulacija prilagođenih specifičnim stanjima Danas znamo da je zdravstvena korist od esencijalnih omega-3 masnih kiselina EPA i DHA neupitna, i to u svim životnim razdobljima. Omega-3 se opisuju kao dragocjene masnoće zbog povoljnog djelovanja na zdravlje, a u prvom redu štite srce i krvne žile sniženjem razine triglicerida, kolesterola i krvnog tlaka. Važne su od samih početaka života. DHA masna kiselina ključna je za rast i funkcionalni razvoj mozga novorođenčadi. Korist od povišenog unosa DHA prehranom imaju i školarci, jer adekvatan unos tih masnoća može rezultirati poboljšanjem sposobnosti učenja. DHA je potrebna i za održavanje normale funkcije mozga odraslih - smanjenje razine DHA u mozgu povezano je sa slabljenjem kognitivnih funkcija uslijed starenja kao i s početkom razvoja Alzheimerove bolesti. Osim u mozgu, DHA je posebno visokokoncentrirana i u membranama retine, pa se zato smatra da ima kritičnu ulogu u razvoju vida kod djece i održavanju normalnog vida kod odraslih. Osim prehrambenih izvora, vrijedan izvor omega-3 masnih kiselina u prehrani suvremenog čovjeka čine dodaci prehrani. Na tržištu postoji nekoliko vrsta dodataka prehrani s omega–3, a prednost treba dati onima koji sadrže visokopročišćeno i koncentrirano riblje ulje. Da bi se dobio kvalitetan proizvod, iz ribljeg ulja valja ukloniti teške metale (i koristiti sitnu plavu ribu koja je siromašna teškim metalima) i druga onečišćenja, te povećati koncentraciju EPA i DHA uklanjanjem tvari koje se prirodno nalaze u ribljem ulju. Među metodama posebno se ističe tehnologija superkritičnim fluidima koja za ekstrakciju koristi plin CO2. Ona se smatra superiornom metodom koncentracije i pročišćavanja ribljeg ulja. Proizvodnja ribljeg ulja Proizvodnja ribljeg ulja počinje s preradom ribe koja počinje već na samom mjestu ulova. Klasičnim rafiniranjem ulja dobiva se riblje ulje koje u 1.000 mg sadrži 180 mg EPA i 120 mg DHA u obliku triglicerida. Riblje ulje sadrži 30% omega-3 masnih kiselina, dok ostalih 70% čine tvari koje nam nisu od interesa, poput zasićenih masnih kiselina, kolesterola i omega-6 masnih kiselina. Tako dobiveno ulje može se kapsulirati i prodavati kao dodatak prehrani nižeg cjenovnog ranga. No, može se otići i korak dalje, te ulje dodatno dekontaminirati i koncentrirati. Riblje ulje dolazi u obliku triglicerida što znači da su tri masne kiseline vezane za jednu molekulu glicerola. Zbog veličine omega-3 masnih kiselina, za molekulu glicerola može se vezati samo jedna molekula EPA ili DHA, dok se na druge dvije pozicije na molekuli glicerola vežu masne kiseline kraćih lanaca koje zauzimaju manje mjesta u prostoru. Viši udio omega-3 u ribljem ulju može se postići hidrolizom ulja, odnosno cijepanjem veza na masne kiseline i glicerol. Nakon hidrolize, dalje možemo eliminirati nepoželjne sastojke i povećati koncentraciju omega-3 masnih kiselina koristeći nekoliko kemijskih metoda. Molekularna destilacija vs. ekstrakcija superkritičnim fluidima Metoda koncentracije omega-3 masnih kiselina koju proizvođači najčešće koriste je molekularna destilacija. Njome se dobiva umjereno koncentrirano riblje ulje, a proces se temelji na činjenici da slobodne masne kiseline i etilni esteri masnih kiselina evaporiraju pod vakuumom na temperaturama između 140 i 160 °C. Ekstrakcijom se dobiva ulje koje sadrži maksimalno 70% omega-3. Ta metoda nije selektivna, te ne može ukloniti masne kiseline čiji je lanac jednako dug kao i onaj od EPA masne kiseline. I DHA masna kiselina ima svoje „dvojnike“. Iako je molekularna destilacija uspješna u uklanjanju kolesterola, teških metala, pesticida, polikloriranih bifenila i dioksina, ipak ne može proizvesti visoko koncentrirano ulje. Zbog toga se ekstrakcija superkritičnim fluidima nameće kao superioran izbor za pročišćavanje i koncentraciju ribljeg ulja. Tehnologija superkritičnim fluidima temelji se na ekstrakciji tvari uz pomoć komprimiranog ugljičnog dioksida, te se obavlja na niskim temperaturama, između 40 i 50°C, čime se čuvaju delikatne masne kiseline. Radi se o tehnologiji koja je nježna i vrlo selektivna. Njom se može dobiti ulje koncentracije od čak 99%. Cijeli se postupak odvija bez korištenja kisika, što znači da nema rizika od oksidacije, tj. kvarenja masnih kiselina koje mogu užegnuti. Superkritičnom ekstrakcijom dobiva se riblje ulje bez ribljeg okusa i mirisa, a visoko selektivna karakteristika tehnologije, omogućava izradu prilagođenih formulacija za specifična stanja, u skladu sa najnovijim znanstvenim spoznajama. Velika prednost te tehnologije je činjenica da je ekološki prihvatljiva jer koristi 75% manje energije u usporedbi s ostalim metodama ekstrakcije. Dodaci prehrani prilagođeni individualnim potrebama Kvalitetni dodaci prehrani formulirani su tako da su prilagođeni specifičnim dobnim skupinama, te su obogaćeni tvarima koje s omega-3 masnim kiselinama djeluju sinergijski, povećavajući njihov učinak. S obzirom da se mediteranska prehrana smatra zlatnim standardom prehrane za zdravlje srca, poželjna karakteristika dodatka prehrani za zdravlje srca je dodatak ekstrakta namirnica poput češnjaka i maslinovog ulja, koje mediteransku prehranu čine blagotvornom. Mudro je u formulaciju za djecu dodati vitamin D koji pomaže imunosnom sustavu te normalnom rastu i razvoju kostiju kod djece, dok je dodatke prehrani za odrasle poželjno obogatititi vitaminima i mineralima za vitalnost i imunitet – cinkom, vitaminom C, koenzimom Q10 i vitaminima B skupine. Literatura: Harris WS. The omega-3 index: clinical utility for therapeutic intervention.Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010;12(6):503-8. Rubio-Rodríguez, N., Beltrán, S., Jaime, I., de Diego, S., Sanz, MT., Rovira Carballido, J. Production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates: A review. Innov Food Sci Emerg Tech. 2010; 11(1): 1-12.