http___www.irb.hr_Novosti_Geneticko-testiranje-na-nasljednu-sklonost-za-rak-dojke-i-jajnika_1.xml
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Genetic Testing Urged to Identify Potential Ovarian-Cancer Risk CLICK TO READ MORE FROM: When actress Angelina Jolie disclosed last spring that she had undergone a double mastectomy and intended to have her ovaries removed as prophylactic measures to reduce her risk of inherited breast and ovarian cancer, it put a prominent public face on the potential value of genetic testing and counseling. While genetic testing for breast cancer has received more attention, genetic testing for ovarian cancer is also important — particularly given the lack of an effective early screening test for the disease. Women with personal or family histories of ovarian cancer in first- or second-degree relatives are encouraged to seek genetic counseling and testing, says Erin O’Leary, a certified genetic counselor with UCLA’s Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. Also, women with strong family histories of breast cancer, especially breast cancer at young ages, or in male relatives, may benefit from testing. For women who have already been diagnosed, the testing can pinpoint the potential genetic cause so that family members can be tested for the same mutation to determine their risk for developing cancer and to make informed, proactive and preventative medical-management decisions. For healthy women who are seeking counseling and testing because of a family history, a number of genetic factors known to predispose women to ovarian cancer are considered. The most common are BRCA1 (the mutation for which Jolie tested positive) and BRCA2, which can increase a woman’s lifetime risk for breast cancer to approximately 60 to 85 percent and for ovarian cancer to 15 to 40 percent. But O’Leary notes that ovarian-cancer risk is also tied to hereditary colon cancer and other genetic syndromes, and roughly 10 percent of patients who test negative for the BRCA mutation but have a strong family history will have a mutation in another gene associated with the disease. Because as many as half of early stage, treatable ovarian cancers are not detected even by the most vigilant screening efforts, experts recommend that when testing indicates a woman is at a markedly high risk for ovarian cancer, she take preventative measures — removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes after completing childbearing, ideally by the age of 40. For the last several decades, the prognosis for ovarian cancer has remained largely unchanged. Efforts to detect the disease while it is still at an early, treatable stage continue to prove elusive, and little progress has been made in developing effective therapies. Now leading researchers in the field, including a group at UCLA, suspect they know why: they’ve been looking in the wrong place. “We’re learning that the most common and aggressive type of ovarian cancers, called serous tumors, originate not in the ovary but in the neighboring organ, the fallopian tube,” says Sanaz Memarzadeh, MD, PhD, a UCLA gynecologic oncologist and researcher. Much of the investigative effort is now focused on understanding the cells within which the tumors originate, which can lead to better biomarkers for early detection of disease. Dr. Memarzadeh and her colleagues recently identified a population of stem-like cells in a human fallopian tube. Guided by the profile of these cells, they are starting to isolate the most aggressive and regenerative cancer cells in human serous tumors, with the goal of targeting them for therapy. Risk of Cancer with BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to markedly increased lifetime risks for breast and ovarian cancer. Although the exact level of risk can vary among and within families, the current estimates of cancer risk for individuals who are positive for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are: For BRCA1 - Ovarian-cancer risk up to 21% by age 50, up to 54% by age 80 - Breast-cancer risk (in women) up to 39% by age 50, up to 81% by age 80 - Second primary breast-cancer risk (in women) between 40% to 64% by age 70; up to 20% risk of a second primary breast cancer within five years of the first For BRCA2 - Ovarian-cancer risk up to 2% by age 50, up to 27% by age 80 - Breast-cancer risk (in women) up to 34% by age 50, up to 85% by age 80 - Breast-cancer risk (in men) up to 7% by age 80 - Second breast-cancer risk in women up to 50% by age 70, up to 12% risk of a primary breast cancer within five years of the first Either parent can pass on BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are inherited in autosomal dominant fashion — offspring and siblings of known mutation carriers have a 50% chance of also having a mutation. Both male and female carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may pass these on to their offspring.
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Prema podacima Registra za rak Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo iz 2010. godine, u Hrvatskoj od raka dojke obolijeva oko 2500 žena, a umire više od 1100. Nakon oboljenja srca i krvnih žila upravo je rak dojke najčešći uzrok smrti žena u Hrvatskoj. Javlja se u žena svih dobi, a rizik se povećava s godinama starosti. Međutim, prema podacima Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo rak dojke sve češće pogađa mlađe žene, u dobi između 20 i 40 godina. No, ohrabruje podatak da se 75 posto oboljelih izliječi. Rak dojke se pojavljuje i kod muškaraca, ali je kod njih rizik sto puta manji. Iako još nije dovoljno istraženo koji faktori utječu na razvoj raka dojke, znanstveno je dokazano da 5-10% slučajeva otpada na obiteljsko nasljeđe. Važno Često postavljana pitanja: Kada se i kako odlučiti za postupak? Kakva je procedura? Koji su rizici? Uz redovite preglede kod specijalista, te pojačane samo preglede, GENETIČKO TESTIRANJE je važna stepenica u borbi protiv te opake bolesti. Ono može pokazati ima li određena osoba promjene u genima povezane s mogućnošću nastanka raka dojke i jajnika. Ranim otkrivanjem raka povećava se mogućnost izlječenja, a ciljanom i preventivnom terapijom te mijenjanjem životnih navika može se smanjiti smrtnost. Nasljedna sklonost za rak dojke može se odrediti praćenjem mutacija u dva gena, BRCA1 i BRCA2. Određivanje mutacija ta dva gena, koji govore o visokom riziku od karcinoma dojke, provodi se u Laboratoriju za nasljedni rak Instituta Ruđer Bošković. Ovaj test nije predviđen za sporadične slučajeve tumora dojke i jajnika, već za praćenje ljudi s obiteljskom sklonošću. Prvi korak u procesu testiranja gena BRCA1 i 2 je provjeriti jeste li potencijalni kandidat za ovo testiranje, zatim se preporučuje razgovor s liječnikom specijalistom ili genetskim savjetnikom kako bi se utvrdilo je li test prikladan za vas, te kako bi razgovarali o potencijalnim rizicima, ograničenjima i prednosti takvog testa. Test je bezbolan, ali morate uzeti u obzir emotivne implikacije kada se na ovakav test odlučite. Rezultati testiranja gena BRCA1 i BRCA2, ukoliko su negativni, ne isključuju mogućnost obolijevanja od zloćudne bolesti, kao ni što pozitivni rezultati nisu 100% potvrda da će ispitanik na kraju oboljeti od raka dojke jer osim genetskih predispozicija na razvoj ove zloćudne bolesti utječu i brojni drugi faktori. Rezultati ovakvog istraživanja liječnicima omogućavaju pojačani režim praćenja žena iz rizične skupine, pravovremeno uklanjanje tumora te učinkovitije protokole kemoterapije. Potencijalni kandidati za testiranje mutacija u BRCA1 i BRCA2 su: - osobe koje imaju dva ili više bliskih rođaka s rakom dojke (majka ili dvije sestre) - osobe koje u obitelji imaju rak dojke prije 50. godine života, - osobe koje u obitelji imaju rak dojke u više od jedne generacije, - osobe koje imaju više članova obitelji s rakom u obje dojke, - osobe u čijoj je obitelji česta pojava raka jajnika, - osobe kod kojih se javi obostrani rak jajnika prije 40. godine života, - osobe kojima jedna ili više osoba u obitelji ima mutacije BRCA1 i BRCA2 gena. Cjenik usluga Cijene možete vidjeti na ovom linku.