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Ever wonder how the universe could allow the existence of someone as annoying as your bratty little brother or sister? The answer lies in reproduction. If people — like your parents (ew!) — didn't reproduce, families would die out and the human race would cease to exist. All living things reproduce. Reproduction — the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves — is one of the things that set living things apart from nonliving matter. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems, it's not essential to keeping an individual alive. In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes (pronounced: GAH-meetz), are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system. The female needs a male to fertilize her egg, even though it is she who carries offspring through pregnancy and childbirth. When the sperm fertilizes, or meets, the egg, this fertilized egg is called the zygote. The zygote goes through a process of becoming an embryo and developing into a fetus. Humans, like other organisms, pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their genes, the special carriers of human traits. The genes that parents pass along to their children are what make children similar to others in their family, but they are also what make each child unique. These genes come from the father's sperm and the mother's egg, which are produced by the male and female reproductive systems. Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm. Unlike the male, the human female has a reproductive system located entirely in the pelvis (that's the lowest part of the abdomen). The external part of the female reproductive organs is called the vulva, which means covering. Located between the legs, the vulva covers the opening to the vagina and other reproductive organs located inside the body. The fleshy area located just above the top of the vaginal opening is called the mons pubis (pronounced: MONZ PYOO-bis). Two pairs of skin flaps called the labia (which means lips and is pronounced: LAY-bee-uh) surround the vaginal opening. The clitoris (pronounced: KLIH-tuh-rus), a small sensory organ, is located toward the front of the vulva where the folds of the labia join. Between the labia are openings to the urethra (the canal that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, which is pronounced: yoo-REE-thruh) and vagina. Once girls become sexually mature, the outer labia and the mons pubis are covered by pubic hair. A female's internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that extends from the vaginal opening to the uterus. The vagina is about 3 to 5 inches (8 to 12 centimeters) long in a grown woman. Because it has muscular walls it can expand and contract. This ability to become wider or narrower allows the vagina to accommodate something as slim as a tampon and as wide as a baby. The vagina's muscular walls are lined with mucous membranes, which keep it protected and moist. The vagina has several functions: for sexual intercourse, as the pathway that a baby takes out of a woman's body during childbirth, and as the route for the menstrual blood (the period) to leave the body from the uterus. A thin sheet of tissue with one or more holes in it called the hymen partially covers the opening of the vagina. Hymens are often different from person to person. Most women find their hymens have stretched or torn after their first sexual experience, and the hymen may bleed a little (this usually causes little, if any, pain). Some women who have had sex don't have much of a change in their hymens, though. The vagina connects with the uterus, or womb, at the cervix. The cervix has strong, thick walls. The opening of the cervix is very small (no wider than a straw), which is why a tampon can never get lost inside a girl's body. During childbirth, the cervix can expand to allow a baby to pass. The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear, with a thick lining and muscular walls — in fact, the uterus contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body. These muscles are able to expand and contract to accommodate a growing fetus and then help push the baby out during labor. When a woman isn't pregnant, the uterus is only about 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) long and 2 inches (5 centimeters) wide. At the upper corners of the uterus, the fallopian (pronounced: fuh-LO-pee-un) tubes connect the uterus to the ovaries (pronounced: OH-vuh-reez). The ovaries are two oval-shaped organs that lie to the upper right and left of the uterus. They produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes in the process called ovulation (pronounced: av-yoo-LAY-shun). Each ovary measures about 1½ to 2 inches (4 to 5 centimeters) in a grown woman. There are two fallopian tubes, each attached to a side of the uterus. The fallopian tubes are about 4 inches (10 centimeters) long and about as wide as a piece of spaghetti. Within each tube is a tiny passageway no wider than a sewing needle. At the other end of each fallopian tube is a fringed area that looks like a funnel. This fringed area wraps around the ovary but doesn't completely attach to it. When an egg pops out of an ovary, it enters the fallopian tube. Once the egg is in the fallopian tube, tiny hairs in the tube's lining help push it down the narrow passageway toward the uterus. The ovaries are also part of the endocrine system because they produce female sex hormones such as estrogen (pronounced: ESS-truh-jun) and progesterone (pronounced: pro-JESS-tuh-rone). The female reproductive system enables a woman to: Sexual reproduction couldn't happen without the sexual organs called the gonads. Although most people think of the gonads as the male testicles, both sexes actually have gonads: In females the gonads are the ovaries. The female gonads produce female gametes (eggs); the male gonads produce male gametes (sperm). After an egg is fertilized by the sperm, the fertilized egg is called the zygote (pronounced: ZY-gote). When a baby girl is born, her ovaries contain hundreds of thousands of eggs, which remain inactive until puberty begins. At puberty, the pituitary gland, located in the central part of the brain, starts making hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce female sex hormones, including estrogen. The secretion of these hormones causes a girl to develop into a sexually mature woman. Toward the end of puberty, girls begin to release eggs as part of a monthly period called the menstrual cycle. Approximately once a month, during ovulation, an ovary sends a tiny egg into one of the fallopian tubes. Unless the egg is fertilized by a sperm while in the fallopian tube, the egg dries up and leaves the body about 2 weeks later through the uterus. This process is called menstruation. Blood and tissues from the inner lining of the uterus combine to form the menstrual flow, which in most girls lasts from 3 to 5 days. A girl's first period is called menarche (pronounced: MEH-nar-kee). It's common for women and girls to experience some discomfort in the days leading to their periods. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) includes both physical and emotional symptoms that many girls and women get right before their periods, such as acne, bloating, fatigue, backaches, sore breasts, headaches, constipation, diarrhea, food cravings, depression, irritability, or difficulty concentrating or handling stress. PMS is usually at its worst during the 7 days before a girl's period starts and disappears once it begins. Many girls also experience abdominal cramps during the first few days of their periods. They are caused by prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that makes the smooth muscle in the uterus contract. These involuntary contractions can be either dull or sharp and intense. It can take up to 2 years from menarche for a girl's body to develop a regular menstrual cycle. During that time, her body is adjusting to the hormones puberty brings. On average, the monthly cycle for an adult woman is 28 days, but the range is from 23 to 35 days. If a female and male have sex within several days of the female's ovulation (egg release), fertilization can occur. When the male ejaculates (which is when semen leaves a man's penis), between 0.05 and 0.2 fluid ounces (1.5 to 6.0 milliliters) of semen is deposited into the vagina. Between 75 and 900 million sperm are in this small amount of semen, and they "swim" up from the vagina through the cervix and uterus to meet the egg in the fallopian tube. It takes only one sperm to fertilize the egg. About a week after the sperm fertilizes the egg, the fertilized egg (zygote) has become a multi-celled blastocyst (pronounced: BLAS-tuh-sist). A blastocyst is about the size of a pinhead, and it's a hollow ball of cells with fluid inside. The blastocyst burrows itself into the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium (pronounced: en-doh-MEE-tree-um). The hormone estrogen causes the endometrium to become thick and rich with blood. Progesterone, another hormone released by the ovaries, keeps the endometrium thick with blood so that the blastocyst can attach to the uterus and absorb nutrients from it. This process is called implantation. As cells from the blastocyst take in nourishment, another stage of development, the embryonic stage, begins. The inner cells form a flattened circular shape called the embryonic disk, which will develop into a baby. The outer cells become thin membranes that form around the baby. The cells multiply thousands of times and move to new positions to eventually become the embryo (pronounced: EM-bree-o). After approximately 8 weeks, the embryo is about the size of an adult's thumb, but almost all of its parts — the brain and nerves, the heart and blood, the stomach and intestines, and the muscles and skin — have formed. During the fetal stage, which lasts from 9 weeks after fertilization to birth, development continues as cells multiply, move, and change. The fetus floats in amniotic (pronounced: am-nee-AH-tik) fluid inside the amniotic sac. The fetus receives oxygen and nourishment from the mother's blood via the placenta (pronounced: pluh-SEN-tuh), a disk-like structure that sticks to the inner lining of the uterus and connects to the fetus via the umbilical (pronounced: um-BIL-ih-kul) cord. The amniotic fluid and membrane cushion the fetus against bumps and jolts to the mother's body. Pregnancy lasts an average of 280 days — about 9 months. When the baby is ready for birth, its head presses on the cervix, which begins to relax and widen to get ready for the baby to pass into and through the vagina. The mucus that has formed a plug in the cervix loosens, and with amniotic fluid, comes out through the vagina when the mother's water breaks. When the contractions of labor begin, the walls of the uterus contract as they are stimulated by the pituitary hormone oxytocin (pronounced: ahk-see-TOE-sin). The contractions cause the cervix to widen and begin to open. After several hours of this widening, the cervix is dilated (opened) enough for the baby to come through. The baby is pushed out of the uterus, through the cervix, and along the birth canal. The baby's head usually comes first; the umbilical cord comes out with the baby and is cut after the baby is delivered. The last stage of the birth process involves the delivery of the placenta, which is now called the afterbirth. After it has separated from the inner lining of the uterus, contractions of the uterus push it out, along with its membranes and fluids. Girls and women may sometimes experience reproductive system problems. Below are some examples of disorders that affect the female reproductive system. With the Vulva and Vagina With the Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes A variety of menstrual problems can affect girls. Some of the more common conditions are: If you think you have symptoms of a problem with your reproductive system or if you have questions about your growth and development, talk to your parent or doctor — many problems with the female reproductive system can be treated. Reviewed by: Yamini Durani, MD Date reviewed: March 2013 What to expect when coming to Akron Children's For healthcare providers and nurses Residency & Fellowships, Medical Students, Nursing and Allied Health For prospective employees and career-seekers Our online community that provides inspirational stories and helpful information.
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ANATOMIJA: Upoznajte ženske spolne organe Pročitajte kratak, a stručni pregled ženskih spolnih organa i naučite žensku spolnu anatomiju. Ženski spolni organi. Vagina Vagina je približno 10 cm duga, građena je od glatkih mišića. Prednji stjenka dodiruje stražnju, gore se proteže na dio vrata maternice. Unutar strana vagine je prekrivena sluznicom koja je naborana. Izvana je vaginalni ulaz do razdjevičavanja prekriven himenom. Vanjsko spolovilo Vanjsko spolovilo nalazi se oko ulaza u vaginu. Sastoji se od kože dakle, velike stidne usne, prekrivaju male stidne usne. Male stidne usne prekrivaju klitoris.. Među malim stidnim usnama, prije ulaza u vaginu nalazi se uretra. Klitoris je građen kao muški penis, od brecilnog tkiva. Koža spolovila prekrivena je dlakama, pod kožom je relativno malo masnog tkiva. područje između spolovila i analnog otvora zove se presredak. Više o ženskoj anatomiji možete naći u Enciklopediji! Maternica Maternica leži u zdjelici, između mjehura i rektuma. Izrađena je od tri sloja unutar sluznice, srednji sloj glatkih mišića, abdomena i vanjska mrena. Maternica je kruškoliki organ, koji je okrenut vrhom prema dolje. U tijelu maternice nalazi trokutasta šupljina, materište. Ta šupljina postoji kod žena koje su rodile, dok se kod nerotkinja stijenke maternice priljubljene. Dijelovi maternice su, tijelo maternice i vrat maternice. Između trupa i vrata nalazi se suženi dio, koji anatomski pripada trupu maternice, a funkcionalno vratu. Dno maternice je dio tijela maternice koji se nalazi izbočen iznad hvatišta jajovoda za maternicu. Rogovi maternice su dijelovi maternice na koje se vežu jajovodi. Maternice je duga 7,5 cm, a teška 40 do 60 grama, kod odrasle žene. Maternična unutrašnjost prekrivena je sluznicom koja ima funkciju zbog koje dolazi do menstruacije. Menstruacija je mjesečno krvarenje do kojeg dolazi pod utjecajem žlijezda s unutarnjim lučenjem, pri čemu se sluznica maternice koja je bogata krvnim žilama svaki mjesec priprema za primitak oplođenog jajašcei ako se to dogodi dolazi do trudnoće, u protivnom sluznica "odumire" i izbacuje se krvarenjem. Maternica. Jajnici Jajnici su parni organi koji su dio unutrašnjeg reproduktivnog sistema žene. Imaju i endokrinu funkciju. Ovalnog su oblika, sličan bademu. Najčešće su dugi 3 - 5 i široki 1,5 - 3 cm. Smješteni su na krajevima jajovoda ili fallopijan tuba, odnosno neposredno uz nihov otvor, na bočnim stranama gornjeg dijela male zdjelice u plitkim jamicama na dnu trbušne šupljine, s obje strane materice. Jajnici imaju zadaću otpuštanja jajnih stanica. Oko četrnaestog dana ciklusa zrela jajna stanica je oslobođena iz jajnika (ovulacija) da bi mogla biti oplođena. Jajna stanica po pucanju folikularne opne dospijeva u jajovod iz kojeg biva istisnuta u materičnu šupljinu. Ovaj proces traje tijekom plodnog razdoblja žene, odnosno od puberteta do menopauze. Osim ove funkcije, jajnik također ima i endokrinu funkciju. Njihov zadatak je da tijekom cijelog života žene proizvode i dva specifična hormona estrogen i progesteron. Estogen kontinuirano tijekom cijelog života žene i progesteron u drugoj fazi menstrualnog ciklusa i u toku trudnoće. Jajovodi Jajovodi su mišićno sluzokožni organi. Cjevastog su oblika, blago nakrivljeni. Njihova dužina iznosi između 8 i 14 cm. Povezani su sa gornjim dijelom maternice, točnije s rogom materice i smješteni su na oba njena kraja. Drugi kraj jajovoda je slobodan u maloj zdjelici ili pelvisu. Služe kao tuneli kojima se do materice dopremaju jajne stanice iz jajnika. Njima se također kreću i spermatozoidi, jer se oplodnja jajne stanice događa u njima.