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Alternative Names: Lymphadenopathy The lymphatic system is a complex network of thin vessels, valves, ducts, nodes and organs. It helps to protect and maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing, filtering and conveying lymph and by producing various immune blood cells. The lumps that you feel in your neck or under your jaw when you have a cold or a sore throat are called lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are part of the body's immune system. They help to destroy infectious germs, such as viruses (e.g. the common cold virus) and bacteria (e.g. strep). The lymph nodes make antibodies that will help keep you from being infected with a particular germ in the future. The lymph system is present throughout the body. Common areas where enlarged lymph nodes can be felt (palpable nodes) include the groin area (inguinal region), armpit (axilla), the neck (there is a chain of lymph nodes on either side of the front of the neck, both sides of the neck, and down each side of the back of the neck), under the jaw and chin, behind the ears, and over the occiput (prominence on the back of the head). Their function is the same regardless of their location. There are also lymph nodes that you can not feel, in your abdomen, pelvis and chest. Lymph nodes play an important part in the body's defense against infection. Swelling might occur even if the infection is trivial or not apparent. Lymphadenitis is an infection and inflammation of one or more of the lymph nodes and usually results from an infection that begins near a lymph node. Often caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, this condition affects the nodes in the neck, groin and armpit. It sometimes strikes individuals who have had coronary artery bypasses using a saphenous vein from the leg: The removal of this vein is accompanied by removal of related structures of the lymphatic system, lowering immunity to infection. Acute lymphangitis is a bacterial infection in the lymphatic vessels which is characterized by painful, red streaks below the skin surface. This is a potentially serious infection which can rapidly spread to the bloodstream and be fatal. Lymph nodes are filters that can catch malignant tumor cells or infectious organisms. When they do, lymph nodes increase in size and are easily felt. While lymph nodes are the most common cause of a lump or a bump in the neck, there are other, much less common causes, e.g., cysts from abnormalities of fetal development or thyroid gland enlargement. Usually, your doctor can tell the difference on a physical examination. Swelling of lymph nodes generally results from localized or systemic infection, abscess formation, or malignancy; other causes of enlarged lymph nodes are extremely rare. By far the most common cause of lymph node enlargement is infection. As a rule, when swelling appears suddenly and is painful, it is usually caused by injury or an infection. Enlargement that comes on gradually and painlessly may result from malignancy or tumor. Common causes of enlarged lymph nodes: Lumps in the armpit (axilla) may arise from various causes, including: In general, always check with your health care provider to determine the nature of the lump. Do not try to diagnose lumps without professional help. For a lump in the armpit caused by an infected, painful gland, follow the instructions about the proper treatment for the underlying infection. A lump in the armpit caused by a generalized viral infection will eventually disappear without therapy. A lump in the armpit caused by an allergic reaction will go away after the provoking substance is removed. No treatment is necessary for a lump in the armpit caused by normal breast tissue, and usually no treatment is necessary for a cyst. A lump in the armpit caused by a lipoma (fatty growth) is harmless, unless it grows so large that it causes discomfort. For a lump in the armpit caused by a malignancy, follow the appropriate cancer treatment recommended by a doctor. Call your health care provider if:
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Natečeni limfni čvorovi – što ih uzrokuje i koje bolesti nam mogu otkriti? Limfni čvorovi su male žlijezde u obliku graha, a nalaze se u cijelom tijelu. One su dio limfnog sustava, koji nosi limfne tekućine, hranjive tvari i otpadni materijal između tkiva i krvotoka. Limfni sustav važan je dio imunološkog sustava. Limfni čvorovi filtriraju limfnu tekućinu, kada ona prolazi kroz njih, zadržavajući bakterije, viruse i druge strane tvari, koje se potom uništavaju posebnim bijelim krvnim stanicama (limfociti). Limfni čvorovi mogu se naći pojedinačno ili u skupinama, a mogu biti vrlo male ili veličine masline. Skupine limfnih čvorova mogu se osjetiti na području vrata, prepona i pazuha. Limfni čvorovi obično nisu natečeni ili bolni, te većinu njih u tijelu ne možemo osjetiti. Što uzrokuje natečene limfne čvorove? Limfni čvorovi obično su otečeni na jednom mjestu kada se određeni zdravstveni problemi, kao što su ozljede, infekcije ili tumori, razvijaju u blizini ili na limfnom čvoru. Tako položaj natečenih limfnih čvorova može pomoći identificirati konkretni problem: - Žlijezde na obje strane vrata, ispod čeljusti ili iza uha obično nabubre u slučaju prehlade ili upale grla. Također, one mogu oteći nakon ozljede u blizini žlijezde ili kada se tumor odnosno infekcija javlja u ustima, glavi ili vratu. - Žlijezde u pazuhu (pazušni limfni čvorovi) mogu oteći u slučaju ozljede ili infekcije u ruci. Rijetko uzrok aksilarnih oteklina mogu biti rak dojke i limfoma. - Limfni čvorovi u preponama (bedreni ili ingvinalni limfni čvorovi) mogu oteći od ozljeda ili infekcija u području stopala, nogu, prepona ili genitalija. U rijetkim slučajevima, rak testisa, limfom ili melanom mogu uzrokovati kvržicu na tom području. - Žlijezde iznad ključne kosti (suprakla limfni čvorovi) mogu oteći u slučaju infekcija ili tumora u području pluća, grudi, vrata ili abdomena. Uobičajena mjesta otečenih natečenih limfnih čvorova uključuju vrat, prepone i područje ispod pazuha. Kada limfni čvorovi nabubre na dva ili više mjesta, to se naziva generalizirana limfadenopatija. Mogući uzroci su: - Virusne bolesti, kao što su ospice, rubeola, vodene kozice ili zaušnjaci - Mononukleoza (Epstein-Barr virus), koja rezultira groznicom grloboljom i umorom ili citomegalovirus (CMV) te virusne infekcije, koji uzrokuju simptome slične onima kod mononukleoze. - Bakterijske bolesti, kao što su streptokok grla (uzrokovan Streptococcus bakterijom) ili Lyme borelioza (bakterijska infekcija koju prenose određene vrste krpelja). - Nuspojave fenitoina (Dilantin), lijeka koji se koristi za sprječavanje epileptičnih napadaja - Nuspojave cijepljenja protiv ospica, zaušnjaka te rubeole. - Tumori, leukemija, Hodgkinove bolesti i non-Hodgkinov limfom. - Sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije (AIDS), koji se razvija nakon infekcije HIV virusom. Ovaj virus napada imunološki sustav, zbog čega se tijelo teško bori protiv infekcija i bolesti. - Sifilis,koji je spolno prenosiva bolest Liječenje Liječenje natečenih limfnih čvorova fokusira se na liječenje uzroka. Primjerice, bakterijske infekcije mogu se liječiti antibioticima, dok u slučaju sumnje na rak, može biti učinjena biopsija kako bi se potvrdila dijagnoza. U slučaju natečenih limfnih čvorova koji se ne vrate na normalnu veličinu tijekom mjesec dana, trebali biste posjetiti svog liječnika. Limfni čvorovi mogu ostati natečeni ili tvrdi još dugo nakon što nestane početna infekcija. To je osobito slučaj kod djece, čije žlijezde se mogu vratiti na normalu veličinu, a ostati čvrste i vidljive još nekoliko tjedana.