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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucus fluid. The condition, commonly known as a "runny nose", occurs relatively frequently. Rhinorrhea is a common symptom of allergies or certain diseases, such as the common cold or hay fever. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to cold temperatures, cocaine abuse[1] or withdrawal, such as from opioids like methadone.[2] Treatment for rhinorrhea is not usually necessary, but there are a number of medical treatments and preventive techniques available. The term was coined in 1866 and is a combination of the Greek terms "rhino-" meaning "of the nose" and "-rhoia" meaning "discharge or flow".[3] Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result.[4] If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip, resulting in a sore throat or coughing.[4] Additional symptoms include sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal discharge.[5] Rhinorrhea is especially common during winter months and certain low temperature seasons. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a combination of thermodynamics and the body's natural reactions to cold weather stimuli. One of the purposes of nasal mucus is to warm inhaled air to body temperature as it enters the body. In order for this to happen, the nasal cavities must be constantly coated with liquid mucus. During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes an excess amount of water to build up inside nasal cavities. In these cases, the excess fluid usually spills out externally through the nostrils.[6] Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the common cold or influenza. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage.[7] It has also been suggested that Rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution, and may be a response that is not useful to the host, but which has evolved by the virus to maximise its own infectivity.[8] Rhinorrhea caused by these infections usually occur on circadian rhythms.[9] Over the course of a viral infection, sinusitis (the inflammation of the nasal tissue) may occur, causing the mucous membranes to release more mucus. Acute sinusitis consists of the nasal passages swelling during a viral infection. Chronic sinusitis occurs when one or more nasal polyps appear.[citation needed] This can be caused by a deviated septum as well as a viral infection.[10] Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies to certain substances, such as pollen, dust, latex, soy, shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems, the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.[11] In turn, this causes, among other things, inflammation and swelling of the tissue of the nasal cavities as well as increased mucus production. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can make the condition considerably worse. Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears, whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess tears are produced, the liquid drains through the inner corner of the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.[7] If caused by a head injury, rhinorrhea can be a much more serious condition. A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae. This rupture can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid. This condition, known as cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea or CSF rhinorrhea, can lead to a number of serious complications and possibly death if not addressed properly.[12] Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid withdrawal accompanied by lachrymation.[13] Other causes include cystic fibrosis, whooping cough, nasal tumors, hormonal changes, and cluster headaches. Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of several genetic disorders, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia.[10] In most cases treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary and will clear up on its own—especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases, blowing your nose can get rid of the mucus buildup. Alternatively, saline nasal sprays and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays may also be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing rhinitis medicamentosa. In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies, there are medicinal treatments available. For cases caused by histamine buildup, several types of antihistamines can be obtained relatively cheaply from drugstores. People who prefer to keep clear nasal passages, such as singers, who need a clear nasal passage to perform, may use a technique called "nasal irrigation" to prevent rhinorrhea. Nasal irrigation involves rinsing the nasal cavity regularly with salty water or store bought saline solutions.[14]
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Curenje nosa – uzroci, simptomi i liječenje Rhinorrhea ili rhinorrhoea je stanje u kojem je nosna šupljina ispunjena značajnom količinom sluzave tekućine. Stanje, obično poznato kao „curenje nosa“, pojavljuje se relativno često te se obično ne smatra opasnim. Rhinorrhea je čest simptom alergija i nekih bolesti, poput prehlade ili peludne groznice, a može biti i nuspojava plakanja, izloženosti niskim temperaturama odnosno konzumiranja opioida, poput metadona. Liječenje obično nije potrebno, no postoji niz raspoloživih medicinskih tretmana i preventivnih tehnika. Simptomi Rhinorrhea je karakterizirana proizvodnjom viška sluzi od strane sluznice koja okružuje nazalne šupljine. Membrane stvaraju sluz brže nego što ona može biti obrađena, što uzrokuje njezino skupljanje u nosnim šupljinama. Kada je gornji dio šupljine ispunjen, prolaz zraka je blokiran, što uzrokuje otežano disanje kroz nos. U slučaju otežanog protoka zraka, on se može zadržati, primjerice u sinusnoj šupljini, što može uzrokovati glavobolju, ali i upalu sinusa. Ako se sluz zadržava u Eustahijevoj cijevi, postoji mogućnost infekcije uha odnosno boli u tom području. Višak sluzi koji se gomila u grlu ili stražnjem dijelu nosa može uzrokovati kapanje iz nosa, što može rezultirati grloboljom ili kašljem. Ostali simptomi koji se mogu javiti su: kihanje, krvarenje ili iscjedak iz nosa. Uzroci Niske temperature Curenje nosa je posebno često tijekom zimskih mjeseci, i to zbog kombinacije termodinamike i prirodnih reakcija tijela na hladne vremenske podražaje. Jedan od ciljeva nosne sluzi je zagrijavanje zraka prilikom udisanja na toplinu tijela. Da bi to mogle, nosne šupljine moraju stalno biti obložene tekućom sluzi. U hladnim, suhim sezonama, sluznica nosa može se isušiti, zbog čega ona stalno mora proizvoditi više sluzi, kako bi šupljine bile obložene. Kao rezultat toga, nosna šupljina može biti popunjena sa sluzi. U isto vrijeme, kada se zrak ispušta, vodena para u dahu kondenzira kada se topli zrak iz unutrašnjosti susreće s hladnim zrakom u blizini nosnica. To uzrokuje stvaranje viška vode unutar nosne šupljine. U tim slučajevima, obično višak vode uzrokuje curenje nosa. Infekcije Curenje nosa može biti simptom drugih bolesti, poput prehlade ili gripe. Tijekom tih infekcija, nosne sluznice proizvode višak sluzi koji popunjava nazalne šupljine, i to kako bi se spriječilo širenje infekcije na pluća i dišne puteve, gdje bi mogla prouzročiti daleko goru štetu. Tijekom virusne infekcije može se javiti i sinusitis, koji također može uzrokovati veću proizvodnju sluzi. Akutni sinusitis karakteriziraju otekline nazalnih prolaza tijekom virusne infekcije, dok kronična upala sinusa nastaje u slučaju jednog ili više nosnih polipa. Ovo može biti uzrokovano devijacijom septuma, kao i virusnim infekcijama. Alergije Curenje nosa može se javiti i u slučaju alergija na određene tvari, kao što su pelud, prašina, lateks, soja, školjke ili životinjska prhut. Kod osoba sa senzibiliziranim imunološkim sustavom, udisanje jedne od tih tvari potiče proizvodnju antitijela imunoglobulina E (IgE), koji se veže na mastocite i bazofile. IgE vezana za mastocite su stimulirana od strane peluda i prašine, što uzrokuje oslobađanje upalnih medijatora, kao što je histamin. S druge strane, to uzrokuje, između ostalog, i upale te otekline tkiva nosne šupljine, kao i pojačano stvaranje sluzi. Čestice u zagađenom zraku te kemikalije poput klora i deterdženata mogu znatno pogoršati stanje. Pretjerano suzenje očiju Curenje nosa također može biti povezano i s pretjeranim suzenjem očiju, bilo zbog emocionalnih događaja ili iritacije očiju. Kada se proizvodi višak suza, tekućina se odvodi kroz unutarnji kut kapaka, nazolakrimalni kanal, te potom u nosnu šupljinu. Kod veće količine suza, veća količina tekućine dospijeva u nosne šupljine te se potom obično oslobađa u obliku sluzi u nosnicama. Traume glave Curenje nosa koje se javlja zbog ozljede glave može biti mnogo ozbiljnije stanje. Bazilarni prijelom lubanje može dovesti do rupture barijere između sinonazalne šupljine i prednje ili srednje kranijalne jame. To može uzrokovati da ispunjavanje nosne šupljine cerebrospinalnom tekućinom. Ovo stanje poznato je kao cerebrospinalna rhinorrhea ili CSF rhinorrhoea, a može dovesti do niza ozbiljnih komplikacija, pa čak i smrti. Ostali uzroci Curenje nosa može se javiti i kao simptom konzumiranja opioida uz lučenje suza. Drugi uzroci uključuju cističnu fibrozu i kašalj, nosne tumore, hormonske pojave i kronične glavobolje. Rhinorrhea također može biti posljedica i nekoliko genetskih poremećaja, kao što je primarna cilijarna diskinezija. Liječenje U većini slučajeva liječenje curenja nosa nije potrebno i proći će samo od sebe, posebno ako je ono simptom infekcije. Općenito, ispuhivanje sluzi iz nosa može pomoći, a mogu se upotrijebiti i slani nosni sprejevi, no oni mogu postati kontraproduktivni nakon nekoliko dana korištenja, uzrokujući rhinitis medicamentosu. U slučajevima ponavljajućeg curenja nosa, poput onog zbog alergija, postoji veliki broj dostupnih tretmana te nekoliko vrsta antihistaminika. Osobe kojima je održavanje čistog nazalnog prolaza bitno, poput pjevača, mogu koristiti tehniku zvanu „nazalno ispiranje nosa“, kako bi spriječili curenje. Ispiranje nosne šupljine vrši se slanom vodom, a moguće je kupiti i gotove pripravke za ispiranje. Izvor: Wikipedia.org - NAJČITANIJI TEKST DANAS: Ublažite bore i podočnjake uz jedinstven spoj organskih ulja i pčelinjih proizvoda VitaSol Hipertonični Sprej za Nos s Himalajskom soli Pomaže kod upale sinusa, prehlade, alergije. Ulje crnog kima (250 ml) Eko 100% organsko hladno prešano. Poklanjamo vam besplatne E-mail novosti Vi označite što vas zanima, a mi ćemo se pobrinuti pružiti vam samo korisne informacije.