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Asperger's Syndrome (Asperger Syndrome, Asperger Disorder) Asperger's syndrome facts - Asperger disorder is characterized as one of the autism spectrum disorders. - People with Asperger's syndrome have normal to above-average intelligence but typically have difficulties with social interactions and often have pervasive, absorbing interests in special topics. - Abnormalities in the subtle use of language and interpretation of language are common with Asperger's syndrome, although language development (grammar, syntax, etc.) is normal. - The degree of severity of symptoms can vary among affected individuals. - Anxiety and frustration may contribute to disruptive behaviors or depression in people with Asperger's syndrome. - Successful treatment generally involves one or multiple social, behavioral, and/or educational interventions. - The personality and cognitive traits common to those with Asperger's syndrome are seen as beneficial by many, and many people with Asperger's syndrome believe it has helped advance their professional lives. What is Asperger's syndrome? Asperger's syndrome, also known as Asperger disorder or Asperger syndrome, is one of a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that have effects on an individual's behavior, use of language and communication, and pattern of social interactions. Asperger disorder is characterized as one of the autism spectrum disorders (which also include autistic disorder, Rett disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified [PDD-NOS]), although Asperger's syndrome is considered to be at the milder, or higher-functioning, range of this spectrum. There is still some controversy as to whether Asperger's syndrome should be regarded as a separate clinical entity or simply represents a high-functioning form of autism. People with Asperger's syndrome have normal to above-average intelligence but typically have difficulties with social interactions and often have pervasive, absorbing interests in special topics. Asperger's syndrome is named for Dr. Hans Asperger, an Austrian pediatrician, who first described the condition in 1944. Dr. Asperger described four boys who showed "a lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversation, intense absorption in a special interest, and clumsy movements." Because of their obsessive interests in and knowledge of particular subjects, he termed the boys "little professors." The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recognized Asperger disorder as a specific entity and published diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) in 1994. Most recently, after significant deliberation, the APA recommended "subsuming" Asperger's Disorder into Autism Spectrum Disorders for the next edition DSM-V. However, there has been significant academic debate regarding this decision, and since this edition is not expected to be approved and published until 2013, there will be more debates on the matter. Today, many experts in the field stress the particular gifts and positive aspects of Asperger syndrome and consider it to represent a different, but not necessarily defective, way of thinking. Positive characteristics of people with Asperger syndrome have been described as beneficial in many professions and include: - the increased ability to focus on details, - the capacity to persevere in specific interests without being swayed by others' opinions, - the ability to work independently, - the recognition of patterns that may be missed by others, - intensity, and - an original way of thinking. Dr. Temple Grandin, a noted engineer, author, and professor who suffers from Asperger disorder believes that her condition has been an asset in her professional life. Her life and story was featured in a film that first aired in 2010. Although the diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome is not possible without direct testing and observation of an individual, it has been suggested by some authors that many successful historical figures may have had Asperger's syndrome, including Mozart, Albert Einstein, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Marie Curie. Of course, definitive diagnosis of historical figures with Asperger's syndrome is not possible, and many of the traits exhibited by people with Asperger's syndrome can also occur because of intellectual giftedness or even attention deficit disorder (ADD).
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Detalji Ljudi s Aspergerovim sindromom percipiraju svijet drugačije od svih ostalih. Nas druge smatraju čudnima i zbunjujućima. Zašto ne kažemo što mislimo? Zašto kažemo toliko toga što ne mislimo? Zašto tako često dajemo nevažne primjedbe koje ne znače ništa? Zašto se dosađujemo i postanemo nestrpljivi kada nam netko s Aspergerovim sindromom ispriča stotine zadivljujućih činjenica o voznim redovima, brojevima ugraviranima na ulične svjetiljke u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, različitim vrstama mrkve ili kretanjima planeta? Zašto toleriramo takvu zbrku doživljaja svjetla, zvuka, mirisa, dodira i okusa, a da ne počnemo vrištati? Zašto držimo do društvenih hijerarhija – zašto prema svima ne postupamo na isti način? Zašto imamo tako složene emocionalne odnose? Zašto jedni drugima šaljemo i primamo tolike društvene signale i kako ih razumijemo? I nadasve, zašto smo toliko nelogični u usporedbi s ljudima s Aspergerovim sindromom? Istina je, naravno, da oni koji imaju taj sindrom predstavljaju tek manjinu. Način na koji percipiraju svijet njima je smislen i ima nekih divljenja vrijednih aspekata, no često ih dovodi u sukob s konvencionalnim (tj. većinskim) načinima mišljenja, osjećanja i ponašanja. Oni se ne mogu promijeniti, a mnogi od njih to ni ne žele. Međutim, potrebna im je pomoć u nalaženju načina da se prilagode svijetu kakav jest, da bi mogli konstruktivno koristiti svoje posebne vještine, baviti se svojim specifičnim interesima, a da pritom ne dolaze u sukob s drugima, te postići, koliko god je to moguće, određeni stupanj neovisnosti u odrasloj dobi te neke pozitivne društvene odnose. Što je Aspergerov sindrom? Do prije nekoliko godina jedva da je itko čuo za taj naziv, a danas se čini da gotovo u svakoj školi postoji dijete s ovim sindromom. Ipak, prvu je definiciju takve djece objavio Hans Asperger, bečki pedijatar, još prije više od pedeset godina. On je utvrdio dosljedan obrazac sposobnosti i ponašanja koja su se pretežno javljala kod dječaka. Obrazac je uključivao nedostatak empatije, slabu sposobnost sklapanja prijateljstava, jednostrane razgovore, intenzivnu zaokupljenost specifičnim interesima te nespretne pokrete. Međutim, njegov pionirski rad nije bio međunarodno prepoznat sve do 1990-ih. Sve do nedavno roditelji i nastavnici možda bi shvatili da je dijete neobično, no nisu imali nikakvu ideju o tome zašto je takvo, ni kamo da se obrate za pomoć. Knjiga je napisana kao vodič za roditelje i stručnjake, da im pomogne u prepoznavanju i tretmanu djece i odraslih s Aspergerovim sindromom. Knjiga je tanka, što odražava naš trenutačni nedostatak znanja, no temelji se na širokom pregledu literature i autorovim iskustvima kao kliničkog psihologa specijaliziranog za ovo područje. U posljednjih 25 godina autor je susreo više od tisuću pojedinaca s ovim sindromom, u širokom rasponu dobi, sposobnosti i porijekla, od djece iz vrtića do starijih ljudi, uključujući i umirovljenog profesora koji je dobitnik Nobelove nagrade. Oduvijek je bio zadivljen njihovom strpljivošću i domišljatošću u postizanju sposobnosti koje drugi steknu bez razmišljanja. Također se divi roditeljima i nastavnicima koji, usprkos nedostatku informacija i smjernica, uspijevaju postići značajan napredak. Knjiga daje opis i analizu neobičnih svojstava te praktične strategije kojima se mogu smanjiti ona koja su najupadljivija i koja predstavljaju najveće teškoće. Navedene su brojne izjave ljudi s Aspergerovim sindromom, budući da su njihovi uvidi i opisi jasniji i pronicljiviji od tekstova u znanstvenim časopisima. Autor se držao načela da, ako ne možete nešto objasniti jednostavnim riječima, ne razumijete o čemu govorite. Čitatelju nije potreban doktorat iz psihologije da bi preveo stručne nazive, no za one kojima su potrebne daljnje informacije uključene su originalne reference. Iz sadržaja: Uvodna riječ; Dijagnoza; Socijalno ponašanje; Jezik; Interesi i rutine; Motorička nespretnost; Kognicija; Osjetna osjetljivost; Često postavljana pitanja; Dodatak I: Dodatni izvori o emocijama i prijateljstvu; Dodatak II: Kako se danas osjećam?; Dodatak III: Dijagnostički kriteriji