http___www.klokanica.hr_beba_zdravlje-i-njega_cijepljenje-protiv-hepatitisa-b-1977_1.xml
1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9.1 9.2 10.1 11.1 11.2 12.1 12.2 12.3 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1
Updated December 16, 2014. Written or reviewed by a board-certified physician. See About.com's Medical Review Board. Hepatitis B is one of five well-known types of hepatitis that can infect humans. All of the hepatitis viruses affect the liver, but they have different modes of transmission and cause different levels of damage. Approximately 70% of people who become infected with hepatitis B will show some symptoms of the virus. Hepatitis B symptoms usually appear within three months of infection, and may include some or all of the following: jaundice (yellowing of the skin/whites of the eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, low grade fever, and flu-like symptoms. In general, children are less likely to experience symptoms than adults. The probable severity of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is closely related to age. Fortunately, 94% of adults and older children who are infected with HBV will clear the virus within four months after they first experience symptoms. The rest remain chronically infected with the virus. Chronic infection with HBV, which is more common in infants and children who become infected with the virus than in adults, can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or death. Ninety percent of infants who are infected with hepatitis B during delivery will become chronically infected with the virus, as will approximately 30% of children who become infected between the ages of one and five years. Hepatitis B Transmission Hepatitis B can be transmitted sexually, through injection drug use, during delivery of an infant, and through other types of blood exposure (toothbrushes, razors, etc.). To reduce the risk of sexual transmission, it is important to use condoms every time you have sex. Avoiding sharing personal items that may have become contaminated with blood, such as toothbrushes or razor blades, is also essential. HBV can remain infectious outside of the body for up to seven days, so it is important always wear gloves when cleaning up blood - even if it has dried. A 1:10 solution of bleach and water can be used to kill the virus on most surfaces. Because of the severity of hepatitis B infection in infants, it is particularly important for pregnant women to get tested for the virus. Although there is no cure for hepatitis B, there are treatments, and ways of reducing the likelihood that it will be transmitted to infants during delivery. Hepatitis B Testing and Treatment Hepatitis B can be diagnosed using a simple blood test. On average, most people with a new, acute, infection will test positive for the virus within four weeks, although it may take some people up to two months before their infection is detectable. There is no treatment for acute infection with hepatitis B. Most people, over the age of five, who are infected with the virus will clear the infection on their own within 15 weeks of first having symptoms. Chronic infection with hepatitis B is treatable, but not curable, and individuals infected with HBV should avoid alcohol because it can make their liver health worse. Even with treatment, between 15% and 25% of individuals who are chronically infected with hepatitis B will eventually die of chronic liver disease. Prevention Hepatitis B may be the only completely preventable sexually transmitted disease. A vaccine has been available that protects against the virus since 1982. Many doctors recommend routine vaccination for children and teenagers, and adults who were not vaccinated during their childhood are also good candidates for the vaccine. The HBV vaccine protects individuals for at least 23 years, and is one of the safest vaccines on the market (though it should not be given to people who are allergic to yeast). For people who lack health insurance, or for whom the vaccine is not covered, some health departments make the vaccine available for free or at very low cost. If you are fit any of the following criteria, you should strongly consider vaccination: - People with multiple sex partners - People with a prior diagnosis of an STD - Men who have sex with men - People who have a sexual partner with hepatitis - People who use injection drugs, or who have partners who use them - People who share a household with someone chronically infected with hepatitis - Health care workers - Dialysis patients Sources: The CDC Viral Hepatitis/Hepatitis B Fact Sheet The CDC Viral Hepatitis/Hepatitis B FAQ Page
1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 13.2 14.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 28.2 29.1 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4
Što je hepatitis B? Hepatitis B je upalna bolest jetre koju uzrokuje virus hepatitisa B. Obično se manifestira nejasnim simptomima (opća slabost, mučnina, gubitak teka) i jedan dio bolesnika razvija žuticu. Kod djece infekcija može proći bez simptoma, ali često nedovoljno jak obrambeni sustav dječjeg organizma ne može u potpunosti uništiti virus. U tom slučaju dijete postaje kronični nositelj virusa i kronični bolesnik, koji u budućnosti može razviti ozbiljne komplikacije, kao što su ciroza ili primarni karcinom jetre. Što je dijete mlađe, već je šansa da nakon infekcije virusom hepatitis B razvije teške komplikacije u smislu kronične bolesti jetre. Dijete se može zaraziti virusom hepatitisa B: Tijekom poroda od majke koja je kronični nositelj virusa U bliskom kontaktu s inficiranom osobom (koristeći zajedničke četkice za zube te pribor za manikiranje, preko manjih rana, ugriza i ogrebotina) Putem zaražene krvi, npr. slučajni ubod injekcijskom iglom koja je kontaminirana te putem zaraženih krvnih pripravaka Seksualni put je najčešći put infekcije kod adolescenata i odraslih. Cijepljenjem protiv hepatitisa B može se spriječiti nastanak bolesti. Kako cijepiti dijete protiv hepatitisa B? Shema cijepljenja protiv hepatitisa B sadrži tri doze cjepiva koje dijete mora primiti da bi bilo potpuno i dugotrajno zaštićeno od infekcije. Između prve i druge doze treba proći mjesec dana, a između druge i treće 5 mjeseci, ili po nekoj drugoj shemi ako tako odluči liječnik. O potrebi kasnijeg docjepljivanja savjetovat ćete se sa svojim liječnikom. U Hrvatskoj se od 1999.godine, prema Programu obveznog cijepljenja, protiv hepatitisa B cijepe djeca u 6. razredu osnovne škole, a djeca rođena od 2007. godine već u rodilištu. Ukoliko je potrebno dijete zaštititi ranije (vrijedi za djecu rođenu prije 2007. godine), to je moguće nakon savjetovanja s liječnikom vašeg djeteta. Djeca majki koje su kronični nositelji virusa zaštićuju se odmah po porodu. Sve se trudnice rutinski testiraju na hepatitis B. Neka djeca ne smiju se cijepiti ili moraju pričekati Ne smiju se cijepiti djeca koja su pri prethodnom cijepljenju protiv hepatitisa B razvila alergijsku reakciju na cjepivo i djeca koja su alergična na bilo koji sastojak cjepiva. Teže bolesna djeca s visokom tjelesnom temperaturom moraju pričekati ozdravljenje. Koje su moguće neželjene reakcije na cijepljenje? Cjepivo protiv hepatitisa B je vrlo sigurno cjepivo. Blaže reakcije (koje su i najčešće zabilježene) bol, crvenilo i otvrdnuće na mjestu uboda Umjerene reakcije (rijetko) - umor, groznica, prolazno povišenje temperature - osip, svrbež - mučnina, povraćanje, proljev, bol u trbuhu. Nisu zapreka daljnjem cijepljenju. Iako izuzetno rijetko, alergijska reakcija se može desiti nekoliko minuta do nekoliko sati nakon primjene cjepiva. Simptomi uključuju teško disanje, promuklost, osip, bljedilo, opću slabost, ubrzan rad srca i vrtoglavicu. Ukoliko primijetite bilo koji od ovih simptoma, odmah se javite liječniku! Autori teksta: Prof. dr. sc. Milivoj Jovančević, primarijus, spec. pedijatar; prim. dr. med. Denis Mladinić Vulić, spec. pedijatar; prof. dr. sc. Goran Tešović, spec. infektolog