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Warts Warts are small, hard growths on the skin or inner linings of the body that are caused by a type of virus. KEYWORDS for searching the Internet and other reference sources Condyloma Flat warts Genital warts Human papilloma virus (HPV) Plantar warts Sexually transmitted disease (STD) Verrucae What Are Warts? Warts are small areas of hardened skin that can grow on almost any part of the body. They are caused by human papilloma (pah-pih-LO-mah) viruses, or HPV. There are more than 100 different kinds, or strains, of HPV. Warts are usually skin-colored and bumpy or rough, but sometimes they are dark and smooth. The way a wart looks depends on where it is growing, and different kinds of warts appear on different parts of the body. Common warts usually grow on fingers and hands, especially around fingernails. These warts usually have a rough, bumpy surface with tiny black dots, which are the blood vessels that feed the wart and allow it to grow. Flat warts are much smaller than common warts and are very smooth. This type of wart typically grows in little bunches on the face and legs; as many as 100 flat warts may grow together in one place. Common warts and flat warts generally are not painful except under certain circumstances, such as when the pressure of a pencil pushes against a wart on the finger while writing. Plantar warts, which grow on the bottoms of the feet, can be quite painful as a person walks on them, flattening them and pushing them back into the skin. Like a common wart, a plantar wart is covered with black dots marking the place of blood vessels. Genital warts are small and pink, and they can grow one at a time or in bunches that make them look a bit like cauliflower. This type of wart can grow on the genitals * , the skin around the genitals, the rectum * , the buttocks, or in the vagina * or cervix * . Although most warts do not cause major health problems, genital warts may itch or bleed, and the ones caused by some strains of HPV are known to increase a woman's chances of developing cancer of the cervix. * genitals (JEH-nih-tuls) are the external sexual organs. * rectum is the final portion of the large intestine, connecting the colon to the anus. * vagina (vah-JY-nah) is the canal, or passageway, in a woman that leads from the uterus to the outside of the body. * cervix (SIR-viks) is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Who Has Warts and Why? About 1 in 4 people have common, flat, or plantar warts at some time in their lives. Children tend to have warts more often than adults do, and people who bite their fingernails or pick at hangnails may be morelikely to have warts because tiny openings in the skin provide a way for HPV to enter the body. Someone with a weakened immune system, due to a chronic * illness or an infection, for example, also may be more likely to have warts. Warts are very contagious because HPV can pass easily from one person to another by contact. Genital warts spread through sexual intercourse. In fact, they are the most common viral sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In rare cases, a mother with genital warts can pass HPV to her baby during birth. The virus can cause growths on the baby's vocal cords or elsewhere in the infant's respiratory tract. How Are Warts Diagnosed and Treated? Health care providers can diagnose a wart by its appearance. It is important to have a professional examine the wart, because it is not always easy to know exactly what is growing on the skin or how to treat it. In the case of genital warts, a doctor also may screen a woman for cervical cancer by performing a pelvic exam * , including a Pap smear * . In some cases, warts eventually disappear on their own without any treatment. However, if a person has a lot of warts or if the warts are painful or seem to be spreading, there are several possible treatments. Over-the-counter medicines containing salicylic (sah-lih-SIH-lik) acid often are used to remove common warts. The medicine can be painted on, or it may come in a patch that sticks to the wart. This type of treatment can take longer than others do, but it is painless. Cryotherapy, or freezing, is a typical treatment for common warts. A special chemical freezes the wart, and a scab develops as the skin heals. Cryotherapy may be used on plantar warts as well. These warts can be difficult to treat, because most of the wart is located beneath the surface of the skin. Electrosurgery can burn warts with a tool that uses an electric current; this type of treatment is used on both common and plantar warts. Chemical peels that contain acids are used to treat flat warts, which grow in such large bunches that the other types of treatments usually cannot be used efficiently. The chemicals are applied to the skin, and they eventually "peel" away the warts. Doctors also may use laser treatment to destroy any type of wart that proves difficult to remove. In some cases, doctors may give injections of interferon (in-ter-FEER-on), a substance that stimulates the body's immune system to attack the HPV causing the wart. * chronic (KRAH-nik) means continuing for a long period of time. * pelvic exam is an internal examination of a woman's reproductive organs. * Pap smear is a common diagnostic test used to look for cancerous cells in the tissue of the cervix. Genital warts require treatment from a doctor. To remove them, doctors may use cryotherapy, lasers, medicines that can be applied directly to the warts, or surgery. Once a woman has had genital warts, doctors may advise her to have Pap smears more often. In some cases, certain types of HPV infection can lead to cancer of the cervix, and a Pap smear will allow the doctor to find and treat the disease in its early stages. Worried About Warts? Warts have a long history in folklore, and the myths about them abound. Touching a frog, for example, has been thought both to cause and to cure warts. No one knows why certain unconventional treatments became popular; perhaps it is simply mind over matter. Among the many wart "remedies" are these, none of which has been proven to work: - Put pebbles in a bag with a silver coin and then tie up the bag and throw it in the street. Whoever finds the money and keeps it will also keep the warts. - Rub a dirty washcloth on the warts and bury it by the light of the full moon. - Make the wart bleed. Put one drop of blood on seven grains of corn and feed it to a black hen. - Apply a piece of raw meat to the warts and bury it. As the meat decays, the warts will disappear. - Mix brown soap with saliva and make a paste. Apply it to the warts and leave on for 24 hours. - Write a wish for your warts to disappear on a piece of paper, take it to the intersection of two roads, tear it up, and cast it to the winds. Can Warts Be Prevented? It can be very difficult for people to protect themselves from common, flat, and plantar warts, because they are so common and the virus spreads so easily. In addition, a person can come into contact with HPV many months or even a year before a wart grows big enough to see, so it is often impossible to know for sure where and how someone caught the virus. If a person has a wart, it is best for other people not to touch it. It is also advisable to avoid sharing towels and washcloths with someone who has a wart and to wear sandals at public showers or pools or in locker rooms, to avoid infection. It can be difficult to prevent genital warts, because skin-to-skin contact spreads them. Condoms may limit the spread of genital warts, but because some warts grow on the skin around the genitals and on the buttocks, a condom may not cover every one of them, making it still possible for the HPV to pass between sexual partners. Abstaining from sex with a person who has genital warts is the safest choice. Resources Organization American Academy of Dermatology, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumburg, IL The American Academy of Dermatology offers a fact sheet and general information about warts on its website. Information for young people can be found through the Kids' Connection at the website. http://www.aad.org Website KidsHealth.org . KidsHealth is a website created by the medical experts of the Nemours Foundation and is devoted to issues of children's health. It contains articles on a variety of health topics, including warts. http://www.KidsHealth.org
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Virusne bradavice – vrste i liječenje Mnogi su se u životu susreli s neumornim bradavicama na tijelu koje osim što predstavljaju smetnju, ponekad mogu biti i bolne. Bradavice su kožne infekcije uzrokovane humanim papiloma virusom (HPV), a njihov izgled i veličina ovise o tome gdje se nalaze jer mogu promijeniti izgled zbog traumatizacije i iritacije kože. Bradavice se mogu pojaviti bilo gdje na tijelu no imaju tendenciju pojave na toplim i vlažnim mjestima, kao što su male posjekotine ili ogrebotine na prstima, rukama i nogama. One su obično bezbolne, osim ako se pojave na tabanima pa tijekom hodanja isto tako stvaraju i smetnje. Bradavice se mogu pojaviti u bilo kojoj životnoj dobi no češće se pojavljuju kod djece, a mogu nastati prijenosom virusa s čovjeka na čovjeka, odnosno dodirom. Isto tako se kod jedne osobe mogu naći na više različitih mjesta zbog prijenosa virusa s jednog mjesta na drugo mjesto na koži. Vrste bradavica Oblik i veličina bradavice ovise o vrsti bradavice, a u nastavku doznajte i karakteristike pojedinih bradavica. Obične bradavice Najčešće se pojavljuju na područjima prstiju, laktova, koljena, tabana i ispod nokta kada su izrazito bolne. Izgledaju kao mali čvorovi, čija je površina gruba, a veličina takve bradavice varira od nekoliko milimetra do jednog centimetra. Mogu biti pravilnog, nepravilnog ili okruglog oblika, a boja im je najčešće žuta, smeđa, sivo-crna i svijetlo siva. Bradavice na tabanima Ovakva vrsta bradavice može biti izrazito bolna jer se nalazi na području tijela kojeg najviše koristimo, na tabanima. Nerijetko izaziva veliku bol prilikom hodanja ili trčanja, a površina im je ravna i često se javljaju u većem broju. Mladenačke bradavice Mladenačke bradavice se najčešće jave kod djece. Ravnog su oblika i malo izdignute iznad kože, površina im je glatka, a boja žuto-smeđa. Ovakve bradavice se vrlo često nađu i na licu, u velikom broju jer se prenose dodirom. Končaste bradavice Končaste bradavice su specifičnog oblika, uske su i dugačke i obično se pojave na vratu, usnicama, očnim kapcima i na drugim područjima na licu. Najčešće se pojavljuju kod muškaraca jer se prenose tijekom brijanja. Genitalne bradavice Genitalne bradavice, poznate još i kao šiljaste bradavice su veoma bitna grupa bradavica koje nastaju djelovanjem virusa na anogenitalnoj sluznici, a ponekad, vrlo rijetko i na sluznici usne šupljine. Genitalne bradavice se prenose spolnim putem, a obično su izduženog oblika, mekane teksture i neravne površine. Genitalne bradavice mogu biti veoma opasne jer kod žena zaraženih HPV-om nastaju promjene na vratu maternice, koje kasnije mogu uzrokovati rak vrata maternice. Jesu li bradavice zarazne? Bradavice se prenose direktnim i indirektnim kontaktom, a najsklonije infekciji su osobe oslabljenog imuniteta. Također, bradavice su sklone pojavljivanju na mehaničkim oštećenjima kože, odnosno malenim rezovima ili ogrebotinama. Isto tako, jedna osoba može prenijeti bradavicu s jednog područja kože na drugo, a vrijeme rasta bradavice varira od osobe do osobe. Kako spriječiti nastanak bradavica? Kako biste maksimalno spriječili nastanak bradavica poželjno je da nastojite održavati pravilnu njegu ruku. Ako vi ili vaše dijete imate posjekotinu ili ogrebotinu na ruci, čistite redovito to područje, jer su otvorene rane sklonije zadobivanju bradavica. Isto tako uvedite zdravu prehranu ako ste osoba slabog imuniteta i izbjegavajte dodirivanje područja na kojem je bradavica, bilo da se nalazi na vašem tijelu ili tijelu neke druge osobe. Liječenje bradavica Liječenje bradavica ovisi o vrsti bradavice, mjestu na kojem se nalaze te o bolesnikovoj dobi. Većina bradavica se povuče bez ikakvog tretmana ili liječenja, no u oko 40 % bolesnika one se ponovno jave. Mladenačke bradavice, koje se najčešće javljaju kod djece se mogu liječiti kremama, otopinama ili gelovima koji sadrže vitamin A, a izazivaju ljuštenje kože. Liječenje genitalnih bradavica jer nužno jer su one vrlo opasne, obično je dugotrajno i zahtjeva ponavljanje. Genitalne bradavice se mogu ukloniti raznim tretmanima kao što je elektrokauterizacija, tretman laserom, krioterapija ili kirurški postupak. Liječnici obično preporučuju i lijekove kod liječenja genitalnih bradavica, a obično preporučuju i višekratno upotrebljavanje lijekova koji ponekad zahtijevaju mjesece liječenja. Krioterapija Krioterapija je metoda zaleđivanja tekućim dušikom, te je veoma učinkovita kod liječenja bradavica, no ponekad ju je potrebno ponavljati nakon 2 do 3 tjedna. Elektrokoagulacija i ekskohleacija Ove dvije metode nerijetko ostavljaju trajne ožiljke na mjestu na kojem je bila bradavica. Uključuju premazivanje kolodija preko bradavice ili premazivanje 40 %-tne salicilne kiseline koja često uzrokuje ljuštenje. Kada kontaktirati liječnika? Odmah kontaktirajte liječnika ako: - imate dijete s bradavicom bilo gdje na tijelu - vaše dijete ima bradavicu na licu, genitalijama ili rektumu Također nazovite liječnika ako je bradavica ili koža oko bradavice: - bolna - crvena - krvava - natečena - gnojna i iz nje curi gnoj