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PC is an acronym for 'Personal Computer', a title company IBM (International Business Machines) has awarded its first desktop computer that was used for the user's personal use. The first operating system that is used on the computer, it was one user and one task (DOS), so computer is designed for one person. PC had (and still has) a strictly defined size and arrangement of casing and size slots for inserting additional cards with a variety of purposes, no matter what the shape of the grooves and method of data transmission changed with time. Stated, with free use of its publicly available specification, allow making it compatible computers from other manufacturers (PC compatible), and thus decrease prices and excellent distribution. Apart from the slot for the microprocessor, BIOS and slots for additional devices, the first motherboards there was almost nothing else, which allowed independent producers to produce various hardware, either consumer or very specialized and meant for, as well as different programming support either that comes to software support and meant for general (such as Lotus 1-2-3) or specialized software support for one area (such as AutoCAD). No matter what the PC during its development underwent a series of changes, the maximum length, width and height of built cards are still the standard, and the amount of software written for all operating systems on the PC used or still use them is enormous. Such an essential factor in the popularity and continual development PC. So, PC or PC compatible computer is a computer for personal use, which in its conception has the term standardization essential peculiarities of the dimensions onwards. Computers 'Macintosh' company Apple, is also a personal computer, but the manufacturer does not allow the freedom and creativity that has enabled PC manufacturer and, indeed tightly controlled and sealed product, with little opportunity for changes and additions. Some circuits PC systems were seen many changes over time as technology has progressed making its components. Sometimes these changes in different parts of the system were of such a nature that they are basically changing the way they function. But a very large spread of PC technology and the agreements enabled PC equipment manufacturers are rapidly implement changes (a few months), which would then represent a new standard in the development of PC and therefore can also find a variety of versions PC components and organization of your PC. Despite the rapid and effective penetration of PCs on the market, the essence of a PC has not substantially changed, and with his knowledge of the functional units described in the following pages apply to both existing systems and future generations of PCs. System PC (Personal Computer) is currently the most spread version of the so-called support. AT (Advanced Technology) architecture based on the IBM PC platform with Intel's 80x86 series microprocessors and their mathematical subsystem series 80x87. The first PC had an Intel processor 8086, which was eventually refined and developed 80286 processors and associated him 80287 math coprocessor (FPU - Floating Point Unit), 80386 and accompanying his math coprocessor 80387 and 80486 with built-in math coprocessor, and then follow Pentium MMX with tags, PRO, II, III, and 4, of course complemented with math coprocessor. But have been developed and more powerful models such Xeon® Pentium HT, Pentium® D, and their poorer and less expensive version called Celeron. Core™ 2, second, third, fourth and fifth generation of Core™ microprocessors (Core™ i3 to Core™ i7), and their corresponding server microprocessors series XEON the newer versions of the microprocessor manufacturer. According to the original processor are all backward compatible, and all belong to the x86 family. Pentium 4 is the first serious revision the x86 architecture. It turned out that x86 compatibility prevents increased efficiency processor architectures and solutions are introduced as NetBurst, then HT (Hyper-Threading), and most recently multicore processors (Dual Core, Quad Core) in order to maximize the effect of the speed of execution of instructions, or allow the simultaneous execution of several of them through multiple branches. It is expected that the further technological development of microprocessors are based on a concept of multiple kernel with integrated graphics capabilities. Many companies have tried to compete with Intel in its products. The most successful is the company AMD (Advance Micro Devices), which is the rate followed Intel products, Intel and cloned each step in the process of making processor series to the 80486th K5 processor was their first independently created x86 compatible processor. Significant shift K6 processor that supports Intel's MMX technology, including fifty new instructions designed to reinforce and accelerate program support for multimedia. But the real 'war' has caused the release of the AMD Athlon (developed under the name K7). Athlon does not execute x86 instructions directly but are decomposed into smaller operations whose execution can proceed efficiently in parallel. Therefore it is more effective. Athlon's first x86 processor with consistently applied techniques in the execution of FP instructions that are not designed at Intel. So the PC where it all happens on the principles of the x86 architecture, and a block diagram of one of the original computers based on this architecture shows the next image. The basis of a computer's motherboard (main board, system), is the largest of all the printed circuit boards in a computer, which integrates the entire computer operation. It is presented as multilayer printed boards in four or more layers in which the conductors are installed to connect the elements on the plate. Contains several functional units, namely: Processor and associated components (clock generator, coprocessor ...) 2. ROM in which the BIOS 3. RAM - working memory with R/W property (reading/writing) 4. I/O input/output devices and channels 5. Controls system The processor and its associated elements are worried how to manage data in exercise management and control over the handling of the data, the ROM is responsible for defining the initial and basic parameters of the system, the RAM memory on current usage, and I / O circuits (cards) take care of upgrading system with regard to the display on the monitor, the lasting memory storage systems, modem and network communication, routing the printer and the like. I / O channels (port) are part of the system to connect to devices through which the traffic between the device and the microprocessor and memory, each with its own gateway address at which recognizes (as name) and registered in the first few kB memory folder. Scheme of the device connection PC system is shown in Figure 3.5.2. Integrated circuits system, I / O communication through the system and form a so-called DMA. 'Chipset' - a set of chips, today almost all integrated in a common casing. Well-known manufacturers of chipsets for PC are Intel, NVIDIA, AMD, OPTI, VIA and SIS. In the picture you can not see the disk system, since it essentially belongs to the extension through the I / O ports, or via the built-specific interfaces such SATA embedded on the motherboard along with the associated controller, composed chipsets or separately. An integral part of modern motherboards increasingly the music and the power subsystem, and sometimes graphics subsystem, and circuits and interfaces for USB and IEEE 1394 communication. No these extensions are only a supplement presents a block diagram. During technological development mode signaling and communication between the individual components shown in the block diagram is constantly changing, but this functionality Schematic interpretation does not change. Stroke is something that manufacturers gladly appear in all possible ways. Since the clock generator (meter) multiplying and dividing the working frequency is obtained operating frequency core processor, its cache memory, working memory, buses, and other devices. Therefore regarding the alignment of the individual components used for this purpose designed controllers within the chipsets or elsewhere. Radar systems have been developed in almost independent discipline, and they all have their own specific parameters that appear in very different ways. Therefore, this should independently analyzed, a theme later Chapter.
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PC je kratica od 'Personal Computer', naziva koji je firma IBM (International Business Machines) dodijelila svom prvom stolnom računalu koje je služilo korisniku za osobnu uporabu. Prvi operativni sustav koji se je rabio na tom računalu bio je jednokorisnički i jednozadaćni (DOS), dakle računalo namijenjeno za rad jednoj osobi. PC je imao (i još uvijek ima) strogo definirane dimenzije kućišta i raspored i veličinu utora za umetanje dodatnih kartica s raznolikom namjenama, bez obzira na to što se je oblik utora i način prijenosa podataka s vremenom mijenjao. Navedeno je, uz besplatno korištenje njegovih javno dostupnih specifikacija, omogućilo izradu njemu kompatibilnih računala drugih proizvođača (PC compatible), a time pad cijene i izuzetnu raširenost. Osim utora za mikroprocesor, BIOS-a i utora za dodatne uređaje, na prvim matičnim pločama nije bilo gotovo ničeg drugog, što je omogućilo nezavisnim proizvođačima da izrađuju različito sklopovlje, bilo za široku potrošnju ili vrlo specijalizirane namijene, kao i različitu programsku potporu, bilo da je u pitanju programska potpora opće namijene (kao Lotus 1-2-3) ili programska potpora specijalizirana za jedno područje (kao AutoCAD). Bez obzira što je tijekom svog razvoja PC doživio niz promjena, najveća duljina, širina i visina ugrađene kartice još uvijek je standardna, a količina programske potpore napisana za sve operativne sustave koje je PC koristio ili ih još uvijek koristi je enormna. Upravo navedeno osnovni je čimbenik popularnosti i neprekidnog razvoja PC-a. Dakle, PC ili PC kompatibilno računalo je računalo za osobnu uporabu koje u svojoj koncepciji ima odrednicu standardizacije bitnih osobitosti, od dimenzija pa nadalje. Računalo 'Macintosh' firme Apple, također je osobno računalo, ali proizvođač ne dozvoljava slobodu i kreativnost koju je omogućio proizvođač PC-a, dapače strogo kontroliran i zatvoren proizvod, s vrlo malo mogućnosti za izmjene i dogradnju. Pojedini sklopovi PC sustava doživljavali su tijekom vremena brojne promjene kao je napredovala tehnologija izrade njegovih komponenti. Ponekad su te promjene u pojedinim dijelovima sustava bile takve prirode da su u osnovi mijenjala način njihovog funkcioniranja. No vrlo velika raširenost PC tehnologije i međusobni dogovori proizvođača PC opreme omogućavali su vrlo brzo implementiranje promjena (par mjeseci) koje bi potom predstavljale novi standard u izradi PC računala te se stoga mogu istovremeno pronaći vrlo raznolike izvedbe PC komponenti i organizacija PC računala. Unatoč brzom i učinkovitom prodoru PC računala na tržištu suština rada PC računala nije se bitno promijenila, te spoznaje s njegovim funkcionalnim cjelinama opisane u narednim stranicama vrijede kako za već postojeće sustave tako i za buduće generacije PC-a. Sustav PC računala (Personal Computer) u trenutno najraširenijoj verziji podržava tzv. AT (Advanced Technology) arhitekturu zasnovanu na IBM PC platformi s Intel-ovim mikroprocesorima serije 80x86 i njihovim matematičkim podsustavom serije 80x87. Prva PC računala imala su Intelov procesor 8086, koji je s vremenom usavršavan pa su razvijeni procesori 80286 i pripadni mu matematički koprocesor 80287 (FPU - Floating Point Unit), 80386 i pripadni mu matematički koprocesor 80387, te 80486 s ugrađenim matematičkim koprocesorom, te potom slijede PENTIUM procesori s oznakama MMX, PRO, II, III i 4, naravno s ukomponiranim matematičkim koprocesorom. No razvijeni su i moćniji modeli kao XEON, Pentium®HT, Pentium®D, te njihove slabije i jeftinije varijante pod nazivom CELERON. Core2, druga, treća, četvrta i peta generacija Core mikroprocesora (Corei3 do Corei7), te pripadni im poslužiteljski mikroprocesori serije XEON novije su inačice mikroprocesora ovog proizvođača. Prema izvornom procesoru svi su unazad kompatibilni, te se svi spadaju u x86 porodicu. Pentium 4 predstavlja prvu ozbiljniju reviziju x86 arhitekture. Pokazalo se da x86 kompatibilnost onemogućuje povećanje efikasnosti arhitekture procesora, te se uvode rješenja kao NetBurst, potom HT (Hyper-Threading), te u najnovije vrijeme višejezgreni procesori (Dual Core, Quad Core) kako bi se povećao učinak u brzini izvršavanja instrukcija, odnosno omogućilo istovremeno izvršavanje više njih kroz više grana. Za očekivati je da će se daljnji tehnološki razvoj mikroprocesora odvijati prema više jezgrenom konceptu uz integrirane grafičke mogućnosti. Mnoge firme pokušavale su konkurirati Intelu svojim proizvodima. Najuspješnija je firma AMD (Advance Micro Devices) koja je u stopu je pratila Intelove proizvode, odnosno klonirala svaki Intelov korak u procesu izrade procesora do serije 80486. Procesor K5 bio je njihov prvi nezavisno napravljeni x86 kompatibilan procesor. Značajni odmak je procesor K6 koji podržava Intelovu tehnologiju MMX, uključujući pedesetak novih instrukcija projektiranih da pojačaju i ubrzaju programsku potporu za multimediju. No pravi 'rat' izazvao je izlazak AMD Athlon (razvijan pod imenom K7). Athlon ne izvršava neposredno x86 instrukcije već ih rastavlja na manje operacije čije se izvršavanje može uspješnije paralelno odvijati. Zbog toga je i učinkovitiji. Athlon je prvi x86 procesor s dosljedno primijenjenim tehnikama u izvršavanju FP instrukcija a koje nisu osmišljene u Intelu. Dakle, kod PC računala sve se zbiva po načelima x86 arhitekture, a blok shemu jednog od prvotnih računala zasnovanih na toj arhitekturi pokazuje naredna slika. Osnova računala je matična ploča (osnovna ploča, ploča sustava), najveća je od svih tiskanih ploča u računalu, koja objedinjava cjelokupni rad računala. Izvedena je kao višeslojna tiskana ploča u četiri ili više slojeva na kojima su provodnici za povezivanje elemenata ugrađenih na ploču. Sadrži nekoliko funkcionalnih cjelina i to: Procesor i prateći elementi (generator takta, koprocesor ...) 2. ROM u kojem je BIOS 3. RAM - radna memorija s R/W svojstvom (čitanje/upisivanje) 4. U/I ulazni/izlazni sklopovi i kanali (I/O - Input/Output) 5. Upravljači sustava Procesor i njegovi popratni elementi brinu su kako obraditi podatke u vrše upravljanje i nadzor nad rukovanjem s podacima, ROM je zadužen da definira početne i osnovne parametre sustava, RAM je memorijski prostor aktualne uporabe, a U / I sklopovi (kartice) brinu se o dogradnji sustava glede prikaza na monitoru, pohrane na trajne memorijske sustave, modemsku i mrežnu komunikaciju, usmjeravanje prema pisaču i slično. U / I kanali (port) su dio sustava za povezivanje s uređajima preko kojih se odvija promet podataka između uređaja te mikroprocesora i memorije, svaki ima svoju pristupnu adresu po kojoj se prepoznaje (kao ime) a koje su upisane u nekoliko prvih kB memorijske mape. Shemu veza između uređaja PC sustava prikazuje slika 3.5.2. Integrirani sklopovi sustava, U / I komunikacije kroz sustav i DMA tvore tzv. 'ChipSet' - skup čipova, danas gotovo cijeli integriran u jedno zajedničko kućište. Poznati proizvođači ChipSet-a za PC računalo su INTEL, NVIDIA, AMD, OPTI, VIA i SIS. Na slici se ne vidi diskovni sustav, jer on u suštini spada u dogradnju preko U / I priključaka ili preko ugrađenih specifičnih sučelja, kao SATA, ukomponiranih na matičnoj ploči zajedno s pripadnim upravljačkim sklopovima, u sastavu chipset-a ili zasebno. Sastavni dio modernih matičnih ploča sve češće je glazbeni i mrežni podsustav te ponekad i grafički podsustav, te sklopovi i sučelja za USB i IEEE 1394 komunikaciju. No navedena proširenja samo su dopuna prikazane blok sheme. Tijekom tehnološkoj razvoja način signalizacije i komunikacije između pojedinih komponenti prikazanih na blok shemi neprestano se je mijenjao, ali to funkcionalnost koju prikazana shema tumači ne mijenja. Radni takt je nešto što proizvođači vrlo rado prikazuju na sve moguće načine. Od generatora takta (brojilo) množenjem i dijeljenjem radne frekvencije dobije se radna frekvencija jezgre procesora, njegove međumemorije, radne memorije, sabirnica i ostalih uređaja. Stoga se glede usklađivanja rada pojedinih sklopova koriste u tu svrhu dizajnirani upravljači u sastavu chipset-a ili van njega. Grafički sustavi razvili su se u gotovo samostalnu disciplinu, a oni opet imaju svoje specifične parametre koji se prikazuju na vrlo različite načine. Stoga sve navedeno treba samostalno raščlaniti, što je tema narednih poglavlja.