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AIDS and HIV Infection HIV, or human immunodeficiency (HYOO-mun ih-myoo-no-dih-FIH-shen-see) virus, is a virus that can weaken the body's immune system. Infection with HIV causes a life-threatening illness called AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. KEYWORDS for searching the Internet and other reference sources Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Immunodeficiency Opportunistic infections Protease inhibitors Retroviruses Sexually transmitted diseases T-lymphocytes What Are AIDS and HIV? AIDS is the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1, or HIV-1 (usually referred to as HIV). HIV belongs to the retrovirus family, a group of viruses that have the ability to use cells' machinery to replicate (make more copies of the infecting virus). HIV attacks the immune system by damaging or killing a specific type of white blood cell in the body called a T-lymphocyte (LIM-fo-site), also called a CD4+ or T-helper cell. T-lymphocytes help the immune system perform its important task of fighting disease in the body caused by invading germs. As a result of HIV infection, the immune system becomes weakened and the body has trouble battling certain infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Many of these infections are highly unusual in people with healthy immune systems. They are called opportunistic infections because they take advantage of a weakened immune system. People with HIV disease not only are more likely to contract these infections, they are more likely to have them repeatedly and to become much more sick from them. * immune system is the system of the body compose d of specialized cells and the substances they produce that helps protect the body against disease-causing germs. Infection with HIV takes about 10 years to develop into full-blown AIDS. During most of this period, people usually look and feel healthy AIDS was first described in the United States in 1981, after many gay men in San Francisco and New York City became ill from an unknown infectious cause. In 1985, it became clear that a retrovirus causes AIDS. How Common Is HIV Infection? In some areas of the world, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, rates of HIV infection are extremely high and continue to rise rapidly. Worldwide, it is estimated that 42 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. In 2002 alone, 5 million people became infected with HIV, and more than 3 million died from AIDS. Many infected people live in impoverished areas where medicines and other treatments are not available or affordable. In the United States, HIV infection is less common. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), by the end of 2001 a total of about 816,000 cases of AIDS had been reported and about 468,000 deaths had been attributed to AIDS since the disease was How Is HIV/AIDS Spread? HIV/AIDS is contagious from person to person. People can spread the virus before they have developed any symptoms and are unaware they are infected. The HIV virus spreads in certain body fluids, including blood, semen * , breast milk, vaginal * fluid, and any other body fluid that contains blood. HIV can spread in the following ways: - through vaginal, anal, or oral sexual intercourse - by sharing needles to inject intravenous * (IV) drugs - from mother to child in the womb - during childbirth or breast-feeding - from any blood-to-blood contact with someone who is infected, such as, in very rare cases, contact with an open wound (though the virus cannot be transmitted unless the skin of both people is broken). * semen (SEE-men) is the sperm-containing whitish fluid produced by the male reproductive tract. * vaginal (VAH-jih-nul) refers to the canal in a woman that leads from the uterus to the outside of the body. * intravenous (in-tra-VEE-nus) means within or through a vein. For example, medications, fluid, or other substances can be given through a needle or soft tube inserted through the skin's surface directly into a vein. * transfusions (trans-FYOO-zhunz) are procedures in which blood or certain parts of blood, such as specific cells, are given to a person who needs them because of illness or blood loss. The Origin of AIDS Evidence suggests that AIDS likely originated in Africa from a virus called simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) found in monkeys. People probably became infected with SIV from a particular type of chimpanzee when they hunted the chimpanzees for food. Once the virus was in humans, it may have mutated (changed) into the virus known as HIV. Because it can be difficult to see small breaks in the skin such as hangnails, doctors advise caution when coming into contact with any cut or wound on someone infected with HIV. Medical personnel are at risk of contracting HIV infection through accidental injuries with medical instruments (especially needles and scalpels) that have been contaminated with the blood of an HIV-infected patient. Sharing living space or items such as eating utensils or clothes does not transmit the virus. Neither does casual contact—doing things like hugging or shaking hands—so there is no need to avoid this type of contact with someone who has HIV. Blood donations and blood products in the United States have been screened for HIV since 1985, and today the blood supply is considered safe. The risk of becoming infected through blood transfusions * is extremely low. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS? Before a person has developed signs of AIDS, it is impossible to tell whether someone is infected with HIV by just looking at that person. People usually develop an illness with symptoms like those of the flu a few weeks after becoming infected with the virus. They may have a fever, a sore throat, muscle aches, and, sometimes, a measles-like rash. This illness usually goes away after a couple of weeks, and other symptoms may not appear for 5 to 15 years. The incubation (ing-kyoo-BAY-shun) period, or amount of time after infection before symptoms appear, varies from person to person. When symptoms do appear, they might include dry cough, sweating excessively at night, rapid weight loss, recurring fever, pneumonia, white spots or patches on the tongue or throat, headache, persistent diarrhea (dye-uh-REE-uh), memory loss, depression, extreme tiredness, skin rashes, and swollen lymph nodes * . How Is HIV/AIDS Diagnosed? In order to diagnose HIV infection, doctors perform a blood test to look for antibodies * to the virus. This test may not show signs of infection until several months after infection occurs. Other tests can detect the presence of the virus in the blood directly. The most common of these uses a technique called the polymerase (pah-LIM-er-ace) chain reaction (PCR). Special cultures * of the blood for HIV or a measurement of p24 antigen (AN-tih-jen), a part of the virus's coat, are available but are used less frequently. A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person who is infected with HIV develops certain infections or conditions associated with the disease that indicate a weakening of the immune system. AIDS is also diagnosed when the number of CD4+ T-cells in the body drops below a certain level. The level or "count" of these cells can be measured by taking a blood sample. * lymph (LIMF) nodes are small, bean-shaped masses of tissue that contain immune system cells that fight harmful microorganisms. Lymph nodes may swell during infections. * antibodies (AN-tih-bah-deez) are protein molecules produced by the body's immune system to help fight specific infections caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses. * cultures (KUL-churz) are tests in which a sample of fluid or tissue from the body is placed in a dish containing material that supports the growth of certain organisms. Typically, within a few days the organisms will grow and can be identified. * placenta (pluh-SEN-ta) is an organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to a developing baby; it is located within the womb during pregnancy. About one in four infants born to mothers infected with HIV will be infected with the virus if the mother does not receive treatment during her pregnancy, and the baby after birth, to prevent spread of HIV to the infant. Sometimes infants who are not infected test positive for HIV antibodies in their blood for more than a year because antibodies were passed to the baby through the placenta * from the mother. Other tests must be done to help determine whether an infant is truly infected. How Is HIV/AIDS Treated? Receiving treatment as early as possible, before the start of symptoms, increases a person's chances of staying healthier and living longer with HIV infection. Advances in treatment have greatly improved the quality of life, and prolonged life, for many people living with HIV and AIDS. Since the 1980s, various types of medications have been developed to treat AIDS. All of these drugs work by interfering with the replication cycle of HIV; they block the action of certain enzymes * that the virus needs in order to make copies of itself. Taking these medicines slows the spread of HIV in a person's body, delaying the onset of AIDS. The class of drugs called protease (PRO-tee-aze) inhibitors (the enzyme that the drug blocks is known as a protease) has proven to be especially effective. These drugs and others are most often used in combinations of three to five medications in a treatment known as highly active antiretroviral (an-tie-REH-tro-vy-rul) therapy (HAART). Other medicines also are used to treat or prevent the opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection. The amount of HIV in the body, called the viral load, is followed with regular blood tests to see how well treatment is working. CD4+ (T-helper) cell counts are followed as well. Over time, the virus can develop resistance to the drugs used to fight it and treatment may have to be changed, so research and development of new medicines is essential. Taking all medications exactly as they are prescribed is crucial because it can help keep resistance to the medicines from developing. Maintaining general good health, getting enough rest, eating a nutritious diet, not smoking or taking drugs, and visiting the doctor for regular checkups are also important parts of treatment. Currently there is no cure for HIV and AIDS, so once someone becomes infected that person is infected for life. Experts believe that people with AIDS eventually will die from it, unless death from another cause occurs sooner. * enzymes (EN-zimes) are proteins that help speed up a chemical reaction in a cell or organism. * cervical refers to the cervix (SIR-viks), the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. * hepatitis (heh-puh-TIE-tis) is an inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and a number of other noninfectious medical conditions. * syphilis (SIH-fih-lis) is a sexually transmitted disease that, if untreated, can lead to serious lifelong problems throughout the body, including blindness and paralysis. * tuberculosis (too-ber-kyoo-LO-sis) is a bacterial infection that primarily attacks the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Can HIV/AIDS Cause Other Medical Complications? Complications include AIDS-related opportunistic infections; invasive bacterial infection; certain cancers such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's (kuh-POE-zees) sarcoma, and cervical * cancer; pneumonia; and AIDS dementia (dih-MEN-sha), in which there is impairment of thinking, memory, and concentration. HIV-infected people who use IV drugs are at increased risk for hepatitis * C infection, which can lead to severe liver damage and death. People with AIDS also are more likely to develop more severe symptoms and complications from other infections such as syphilis * and tuberculosis * . How Can HIV/AIDS Be Prevented? Researchers are working to develop a vaccine * for AIDS. Until one is available, the best means of prevention is avoiding contact with the bodily fluids of someone who is infected. This means: - avoiding sexual contact; this is the only certain way of preventing HIV infection from heterosexual or homosexual sexual contact - practicing safer sex (using a latex condom properly every time for vaginal, anal, or oral sex), which reduces but does not eliminate the risk of HIV infection; other forms of birth control such as birth control pills offer no protection against the HIV virus - avoiding IV drug use and never sharing needles for drugs, steroids, medications, tattooing, or body piercing. * vaccine (vak-SEEN) is a preparation of killed or weakened germs, or a part of a germ or product it produces, given to prevent or lessen the severity of the disease that can result If a person is exposed to the germ itself. Use of vaccines for this purpose is called immunization. Understanding Opportunistic Infections The opportunistic infections associated with HIV disease can affect every system in the body, such as: - Pneumocystis carinii (nu-mo-SIS-tis kah-RIH-neeeye) pneumonia (PCP): pneumonia caused by an organism that has both parasite and fungus properties. It leads to fever, cough, and trouble breathing and can spread to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Untreated, the infection causes death. - Cryptosporidiosis (krip-toh-spo-rid-e-O-sis) and isosporiasis (eye-so-spuh-RYE-uh-sis): intestinal infections caused by parasites that can cause diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. - Cytomegalovirus (sye-tuh-meh-guh-lo-VY-rus): member of the herpesvirus family. Can cause severe infections in people with weakened immune systems. In people with HIV, it can cause an eye infection that may lead to blindness. - Histoplasmosis (his-toh-plaz-MO-sis): a fungal infection that usually begins in the lungs and causes symptoms such as fever and cough. In people with HIV infection, it can spread throughout the body and lead to problems such as nausea (NAW-zeeuh) and vomiting, joint pain, rash, and sores on the skin. - Cryptococcal meningitis (krip-toh-KAH-kul mehnin-JY-tis): an infection of the membranes lining the brain and spinal cord caused by a fungus-like organism found in soil. It can cause fever, vomiting, and hallucinations, and can eventually lead to coma or death. - Cerebral toxoplasmosis (suh-REE-brul tox-oplaz-MO-sis): an infection caused by an organism that affects the brain, heart, lungs, and other vital organs. It can cause headaches, blurred vision, seizures, and brain damage in people with HIV infection. - Disseminated mycobacterium avium (my-ko-bak-TEER-e-um A-vee-um) complex (MAC): an infection caused by bacteria found in food, water, and soil. Though these germs usually do not make people sick, in those with weakened immune systems they can cause lung disease, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and diarrhea. For pregnant women infected with HIV, taking antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and delivering the infant by cesarean section can greatly reduce the risk of a woman passing the infection to her baby. When treatment is given to both mother and infant, the risk of HIV transmission drops by about 75 percent. Doctors also advise that HIV-infected mothers feed their infants formula to prevent passing the virus through breast milk. Resources Organizations American Foundation for AIDS Research, 120 Wall Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10005. The American Foundation for AIDS Research is a nonprofit organization dedicated to AIDS research, prevention, and education. Telephone 800-392-6327 http://www.amfar.org U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333. The CDC is the U.S. government authority for information about infectious and other diseases. It provides information about HIV and AIDS at its website. It also offers the National AIDS Hotline, which provides confidential information and referrals 24 hours a day. http://www.cdc.gov Websites HIVInSite, from the University of California, San Francisco, offers in-depth information about HIV disease, including http://whatudo.org , a site written just for adolescents in easy-to-understand language. http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite KidsHealth.org . KidsHealth is a website created by the medical experts of the Nemours Foundation and is devoted to issues of children's health. It contains articles on a variety of health topics, including HIV and AIDS. http://www.KidsHealth.org
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HIV I AIDS – prijenos, uzroci, simptomi, tijek infekcije i liječenje HIV (virus stanične imunodeficijencije) je retrovirus koji uzrokuje stečeni sindrom imunodeficijencije – AIDS (eng. acquired immunodeficieny syndrome). Francuski naziv za istu bolest je SIDA, dok se u nas naziva kopnica. Jedan od načina prijenosa je i spolni put, te samim time spada u spolno prenosive bolesti. HIV je klasificiran u lentiviruse – jednu od tri subfamilije retrovirusa. Naziv je dobio od kratice engleskog naziva “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”: - H – Human (ljudski): uzrokuje bolest nakon ulaska u ljudski organizam - I – Immuno-deficiency (imunodeficijencija): virus uzrokuje deficijenciju imunog sustava, tj. slabost i nesposobnost obrambenog sustava organizma koji se bori protiv različitih bolesti - V – Virus: uzročnik bolesti je virus, mikroorganizam kojemu je glavna karakteristika da se ne može samostalno razmnožavati, tj. za razmnožavanje iskorištava materijal i energiju stanice koju napada Karakteristično za lentiviruse je da su to spori virusi, što znači da se dugo zadržavaju u domaćinu i dovode do spore progresije u smrt. Virus ima sferni oblik i sadrži dvostruki RNK genom. Kada uđe u stanicu domaćina virus koristi enzim reverznu transkriptazu da svoj RNK genom izmijeni u DNK, koji sa zatim inkorporira u genom domaćina. HIV nakon ulaska u ljudski organizam napada specifičnu vrstu bijelih krvnih stanica, T-limfocite, u njima se množi, uništava ih i postupno dovodi do slabljenja imuniteta. Prema specifičnim molekulama koje se nalaze na površini tih stanica, one se još nazivaju i CD4 stanice. Postoje dvije vrste (serotipa) HIV virusa – HIV1 i HIV2. HIV1 virus je više virulentan. Virusi slični HIV virusu su do sada pronađeni kod mnogih primata, što je dovelo do hipoteze da su isti prirodni rezervoar virusa. Epidemiologija HIV-a Prvi zabilježeni slučaj HIV-infekcije u svijetu je otkriven u Los Angelesu, SAD 1981. godine. U literaturi se taj pacijent navodi kao „pacijent nula“ – termin koji označava prvu zabilježenu osobu koja ima simptome bolesti. Kako su te infekcije primijećene najprije u muškaraca homoseksualne spolne orijentacije, nazvane su GRID (Gay Related Immune Defficiency), međutim kako je rastao broj prijavljivanih infekcija, rastao je i broj zaraženih heteroseksualnih osoba. 1982. godine službeno je u SAD-u objavljena epidemija AIDS-a i sve je ukazivalo na spolni put prijenosa. Smatra se da trenutno u svijetu ima preko 34 milijuna osoba inficiranih HIV-om, i to preko 97% u manje razvijenim zemljama (subsaharska Afrika). Prema podacima Registra za HIV Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo, od prvog zabilježenog slučaja u Hrvatskoj 1985. godine pa do sredine 2013., registrirano je 1102 osobe kojima je dijagnosticirana HIV-infekcija, od čega 420 oboljelih od AIDS-a. U istom je razdoblju 176 osoba umrlo od AIDS-a. U posljednjih desetak godina u RH se godišnje prosječno registrira 60 osoba inficiranih HIV-om. Godišnja učestalost HIV-infekcije kreće se u vrijednostima 12-17/ 1 000 000 stanovnika, što nas svrstava u zemlje niske učestalosti. Put prijenosa i rizične skupine HIV se prenosi na više načina: - Spolnim putem – visoki rizik imaju osobe promiskuitetnog ponašanja (heteroseksualne i homoseksualne) koji često mijenjaju spolne partnere i prakticiraju nezaštićeni spolni odnos, te osobe koje se upuštaju u odnos sa rizičnim osobama - Putem krv i krvnih derivata – višekratno primanje transfuzije krvi i drugih krvnih pripravaka (danas rijetko zbog uvođenja obveznog testiranja krvnih pripravaka) - Putem pribora intravenskih ovisnika – visoki rizik imaju osobe koje dijele drogu i pribor za ubrizgavanje sa drugim osobama - Preko zaražene majke na dijete – tijekom trudnoće, poroda i dojenja (prema novim podacima smatra se da se HIV ne prenosi putem majčina mlijeka) Putevi kojima se HIV NE prenosi : - uobičajeni kontakti – rukovanje, grljenje, poljubac u obraz… - intimni kontakt bez spolnog odnosa – ljubljenje, milovanje - kontakt s predmetima – u autobusu, vlaku, školi… - uporaba javnih zahoda, sauna, bazena, tuševa - kašljanje, kihanje, kontakt kože sa suzama ili slinom - liječenje u bolnicama, medicinskim i stomatološkim ambulantama, ukoliko su provedene standardne higijenske mjere - pružanje prve pomoći, ukoliko se primjenjuju standardne higijenske mjere - masaže, fizioterapija, bušenje ušiju, piercing, ukoliko se primjenjuju standardne higijenske mjere - ogrebotine i ugrizi domaćih životinja (pas, mačka) - ubodi insekata - skrb za zaražene HIV-om i oboljele od AIDS-a, ukoliko se primjenjuju standardne higijenske mjere Tijek HIV infekcije HIV-infekcija je kronična infekcija virusom HIV-a koja započinje ulaskom virusa u krvotok i traje doživotno. Prodire u tijelo putem oštećene kože, kroz sluznice ili izravnim unošenjem i napada specifičnu stanicu imunološkog sustava – T limfocit. Kada unutar T-limfocita nastane veliki broj novih virusa, on prsne, oslobađa mnoštvo virusa u krvotok, te propada. Virusi ulaze u nove T-limfocite i proces se ponavlja. Time HIV postupno uništava sve veći broj T-limfocita, što dovodi do slabljenja imuniteta i rezultira pojavom oportunističkih infekcija i određenih malignih bolesti. Iako HIV primarno napada specifične stanice imunološkog sustava, T-limfocite, on može izravno oštetiti i neke druge stanice u tijelu (živčane stanice, stanice sluznice probavnog sustava…). Progresija HIV- infekcije se dijeli u 3 stadija: Akutna HIV-infekcija Razvija se nekoliko tjedana nakon infekcije. Najčešće se očituje kao blaga virusna bolest (vrućica, glavobolja, malaksalost, povećani limfni čvorovi) i prolazi nezapaženo. Uobičajeno traje 2 do 3 tjedna. Tijekom ove faze velika količina virusa kruži krvotokom i osoba je vrlo zarazna. HIV je u velikim količinama prisutan u spolnim izlučevinama. Virus se aktivno umnaža, napada i ubija stanice imunosnog sustava što se najbolje može vidjeti po opadanju broja CD4 limfocita. Asimptomatska HIV-infekcija Veoma često osobe koje su HIV+ nemaju nikakve simptome oštećenja imunosnog sustava, što je poznato kao ”asimptomatska” infekcija ili infekcija bez simptoma. To nije indikator da je imunosni sustav neoštećen. Nivo virusa u krvi može pasti veoma nisko, ali osoba je i dalje inficirana i antitijela se mogu otkriti u krvi. Nedavna istraživanja pokazala su da HIV u ovoj fazi ne miruje nego je veoma aktivan u limfnim čvorovima. Veliki je broj CD4-stanica inficiran i umire, te se proizvodi velika količina virusa. Ovi faktori mogu se potvrditi mjerenjem nivoa CD4-stanica i količine virusa u krvi. Traje 7 do 10 godina. Simptomatska HIV-bolest (AIDS): a) rana – broj CD4 limfocita drastično pada sve dok ne dosegne 200 kada prelazi u drugu fazu. Očituje se općim simptomima kao što su vrućica, gubitak apetita, gubitak tjelesne težine, malaksalost, proljev b) uznapredovala – broj CD4 limfocita je manji od 200, dolazi do razvoja i održavanja navedenih općih simptoma uz razvoj karakterističnih oportunističnih infekcija, bolesti, tumora, sindroma propadanja i demencije c) kasna – broj CD4 limfocita je manji od 50/ml, javljaju se za ovaj stupanj karakteristične životno ugrožavajuće bolesti, što u neliječenih bolesnika može dovesti do smrtnog ishoda Važno je zapamtiti da se virus HIV-a može prenijeti sa zaražene osobe na nezaraženu u bilo kojoj fazi infekcije. Sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije (AIDS) AIDS je kratica od engleskog naziva “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”, koji u prijevodu znači sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije. - A – Acquired (stečeno): stanje koje netko stječe nakon infekcije (zaražavanja) HIV-om; nije stanje koje je nasljedno, odnosno koje se genetski prenosi - I – Immune: utječe na imunološki sustav, tj. na specijalizirane stanice koje se nalaze u krvi i koje se bore protiv različitih stranih tijela i mikroorganizama (bakterija, gljivica, virusa) - D – Deficiency (deficijencija): nastaje slabost imunološkog sustava i obrambene snage više nemaju sposobnost učinkovite borbe protiv različitih stranih tijela i mikroorganizama - S – Syndrome: označava skup stanja i znakova bolesti koji su karakteristični za određenu bolest; netko tko ima AIDS može bolovati od širokog spektra različitih bolesti i oportunističkih infekcija Francuska kratica za ovu bolest je SIDA (syndrome d ’imunodéficiencience acquise), a u prijevodu znači isto. Predstavlja krajnji i najteži stadij HIV infekcije uzrokovan teškim oštećenjem imunog sustava. AIDS je zapravo naziv za skupinu bolesti koje se pojavljuju kao posljedica slabljenja imuniteta čovjeka koji je inficiran HIV-om. Brojni mikroorganizmi s kojima se čovjek svakodnevno suočava i uspješno ih svladava, u bolesnika s AIDS-om dovode do nastanka širokog spektra upalnih bolesti te bolesnik na koncu umre od infekcije uzrokovane mikroorganizmom (bakterije, virusi, gljivice, rikecije..) koja za zdrave ljude ne predstavlja znatnu opasnost. HIV također izravno oštećuje stanice živčanog sustava čime uzrokuje teške neurološke bolesti (HIV encefalopatija). Osoba koja je inficirana HIV-om, ne mora imati i AIDS. Nastavite čitati: Dijagnoza, prevencija i liječenje HIV infekcije i AIDS-a Ovaj članak ima više stranica: