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Did You Know? How did ancient shipbuilders waterproof their vessels? Lionel Casson, an expert in ancient ships, explains what shipbuilders in Roman times did after caulking the seams in their vessels’ planking. It was common for them “to smear the seams or even the whole exterior hull with pitch [bitumen] or pitch and wax, and to spread a layer of pitch on the interior.” Long before the Romans, the ancient Akkadians and Babylonians also used bitumen to waterproof their vessels. The Hebrew Scriptures make reference to a similar technique at Genesis 6:14. The Hebrew word here translated “tar” evidently refers to bitumen, a naturally occurring petroleum substance. Natural bitumen comes in two forms Bitumen was plentiful in Bible lands. The Valley of Siddim, in the Dead Sea area, “was full of bitumen pits.” What methods were used to preserve fish in antiquity? Fish has long been an important food item. Before beginning to travel with Jesus, some of his apostles were fishermen on the Sea of Galilee. (Matthew 4:18-22) At least a part of the catches taken there were processed in “factories” located nearby. The technique for fish preservation likely used in ancient Galilee is still used in some places. The fish are first gutted and washed in water. The book Studies in Ancient Technology describes the steps that follow: “Coarse salt is then rubbed into the gills, mouth and scales. Alternate layers of salt and fish are covered by dry matting. After standing from 3-5 days the pile is turned over to stand for a similar period. During this drying the body fluids drain away and salt solution penetrates the fish. After this drying they are firm and hard.” It is not known how long fish would keep when preserved in this manner. However, the fact that the ancient Egyptians exported cured fish to Syria indicates that the methods used worked reasonably well.
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Znate li? Što su u drevno doba činili brodograditelji kako njihovi brodovi ne bi propuštali vodu? Lionel Casson, stručnjak za drevne brodove, objasnio je što su brodograditelji u rimsko doba činili nakon što bi zabrtvili spojeve na drvenoj oplati broda. Imali su običaj “premazati spojeve ili čak cijeli vanjski dio trupa smolom (bitumenom) ili pak smolom i voskom te nanijeti jedan sloj smole na unutarnju stranu trupa”. Puno prije Rimljana drevni Akađani i Babilonci također su koristili bitumen kako njihova plovila ne bi propuštala vodu. Mojsijevoj 6:14, koja spada u biblijske knjige izvorno pisane hebrejskim jezikom, spominje se slična metoda. Hebrejska riječ koja je u tom retku prevedena kao “smola” vjerojatno se odnosi na bitumen, smjesu organskih spojeva koja se nalazi u prirodi. U prirodi postoji tekući i kruti bitumen. Stari brodograditelji koristili su tekući bitumen, koji su nanosili direktno na brod. Kad bi se bitumen osušio i stvrdnuo, nastao bi vodonepropustan premaz. Zemlje koje se spominju u Bibliji bile su bogate bitumenom. Dolina Sidim, koja se nalazila u blizini Mrtvog mora, “bila je puna jama s bitumenom” (1. Mojsijeva 14:10, bilješka). Kako se u drevno doba konzervirala riba? Riba je od davnina važan prehrambeni proizvod. Prije nego što su se pridružili Isusu na njegovim putovanjima, neki su se apostoli bavili ribolovom na Galilejskom moru (Matej 4:18-22). Barem dio ulova s Galilejskog mora završavao je u obližnjim “tvornicama” za preradu ribe. Metoda konzerviranja ribe koja se koristila u drevnoj Galileji još se uvijek primjenjuje u nekim područjima. Riba se najprije dobro očisti, odnosno izvadi joj se utroba, a potom se ispire u vodi. U knjizi Studies in Ancient Technology stoji da se “zatim krupna sol utrljava u škrge, usta i ljuske. Naizmjence se slaže red ribe, pa red soli, a na kraju se sve to prekriva suhom rogožinom. Tako složena riba okreće se nakon tri do pet dana i ostavlja da stoji još otprilike pet dana. Tijekom tog perioda riba se osuši, upije sol te postane čvrsta i tvrda”. Nije poznato koliko se dugo riba na takav način mogla sačuvati od kvarenja. No budući da su stari Egipćani sušenu ribu izvozili u Siriju, može se zaključiti da je ta metoda konzerviranja bila prilično djelotvorna.