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Abstract Supply chain management is proposed in late 80s, a new management model, in analyzing the supply chain and its model based on the supply chain based on product design strategy and design process flow chart. Key words reactive supply chain effectiveness Supply Chain (SupplyChain, SC) concept put forward in the late 80s, in recent years as the global manufacturing (GlobalManufacturing) the emergence of supply chain management in the manufacturing sector are widely used as a new management touch-type. By the current international market competition, economic and user demand increases uncertainty, rapid technological innovation and other factors, supply chain management (SupplyChainManufacturing, SCM) proposed time not long, but have caused widespread concern . Some famous international companies such as Hewlett-Packard, IBM Corporation, DELL computer company in the supply chain practice has made great achievements, people supply chain is even more convinced that the 21st century enterprise to adapt to global competition is an effective way, thus attracted many scholars and business people study and practice of supply chain management. How to design a supply chain is the basis for the implementation of supply chain management, little research at home and abroad, this paper first analyzes the supply chain and its model, the analysis of product and supply chain based on the type of product-based supply chain design strategy. 1, concepts and models supply chain The early view is that manufacturing companies in the supply chain is an internal process, which refers to the procurement of raw materials and components received through the production process of conversion and sales is passed to the manufacturer's user's a process. Limited to the traditional concept of supply chain enterprise's internal operations, focusing on corporate self-interest goals. Later, the concept of supply chain and other companies pay attention to the link, pay attention to the external environment in the supply chain, tend to define it as a chain of different enterprises by the manufacture, assembly, distribution and retail process of converting raw materials to final products Users of the conversion process, it is broader, more systematic concept. For example, the United States, Stevens 〔Stevens) said: "value-added processes and distribution channels through control of suppliers from the supplier to the user is the user's current supply chain, which began in the supply source, the end of the consumption the end. " Evans 〔Evens) said: "Supply chain management is the flow of information through the feedforward and feedback material flow and information flow, to suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, until the end user with the structure as a whole model. " Note that these definitions are the integrity of the supply chain, supply chain, taking into account the consistency of all members of the operation (the relationship between the members of the chain). Recently, more emphasis on the concept of supply chain around the core enterprise network chain relationships. If the core business with suppliers, suppliers and all suppliers and even before the relationship with users, customers and the relationship after all. At this point the concept of supply chain formation of the concept of a network chain, such as Toyota (Toyota), Nike (Nike), Nissan (Nissan), McDonald's (McDonalds) and Apple (Apple) and so the company's supply chain management are from the net chain point of view to implement, such as Harrison (Harrision) is defined as "supply chain is the implementation of the procurement of raw materials, convert them into intermediate and finished products, and sell the finished product to the user's functional network chain." These concepts are also stressed that the strategic supply chain partnership, Philip (Phillip) and Wendell (Wendell) that the strategic partnership between the supply chain is very important, through the establishment of strategic partnerships with key suppliers and users work more effectively. Although the supply chain there is no unified definition, but it is certain that the supply chain is not only a connection to the user's material supplier chain, and is a value-added chain, materials for processing in the supply chain, and transportation process to increase its value. And such a chain in the 90's global manufacturing, global competition environment, it should be a core business of network chain, not just from a simple chain of suppliers to the user. 2 Supply chain design strategy Design and operation of an efficient supply chain for each manufacturer are essential. Because it can get to improve customer service levels, achieve cost and service effective balance between, improve competitiveness, increase flexibility, infiltration of people new markets, improve efficiency by reducing inventory and other interests. But may also be because of inappropriate design of the supply chain leading to waste and failure. The right design strategy is required. Fisher (MarshalIL. Fisher, 1997) that the design of the supply chain to product-centric. Supply chain design to first understand the needs of users of enterprise products What is this? Product life cycle, demand forecasting, product diversity, in advance of market standards and service impact of supply chain design are important issues. Product characteristics must be designed in line with the supply chain, which is studied in this paper supply chain based on product design strategy. 2.1 Product Type Different product types on the design of the supply chain have different requirements, high margins, stable demand for innovative products (InnovativeProducts) supply chain design is different from the low profit margin on a stable demand for functional products (FunctionalProducts). Comparison of two different types of products in Table 1. Table 1 two different types of products in demand on the comparison As can be seen from Table 1, functional products - like to meet the basic needs of users, change very little, with a stable, predictable demand and long life cycle, but their profit margins low; in order to avoid low profit margins, many businesses in the form or technical innovations for consumers to buy, to gain high profit margins, the demand for this innovative product generally unpredictable, life cycle is shorter. Because of these two products are different only need to have different types of supply chain management to meet the different needs. 2.2 Supply chain type Why do different types of products require different supply chain? Mainly because of the supply chain work in different ways: physical function and market intermediary function. Therefore the supply chain can be divided into two: the effectiveness of the supply chain (EfficientSupplyChain) and reactive supply chain (ResponsiveSupplyChain). Effectiveness of the supply chain, supply chain, mainly reflected the physical function, which is the lowest cost of raw materials into components, semi-finished products, products, and in the supply chain and transportation; responsive supply chain is mainly reflected the supply chain function of market intermediaries, that the distribution of products to meet customer demand market, the demand is not predictable rapid reaction. Two types of supply chain is shown in table 2. Table 2 Comparison of two types of supply chain 2.3 The supply chain design based on product strategy When that product and supply chain characteristics, you can design the same product demand and the supply chain, design strategy shown in Figure 2. Figure 1 type of supply chain design and product strategy for matrix Matrix of the four elements of strategy on behalf of four kinds of possible combinations of products and supply chain, from which you can see the characteristics of products and supply chain, managers can determine its supply chain business process design is consistent with the type of product, which is based on product supply chain design strategy. 2.4 In the early stages of product development, supply chain design In some high-tech enterprises, such as Hewlett-Packard (HP), product design, supply chain management is considered an important factor, many researchers have also suggested the design for supply chain management products (DesigneForSupplyChainManagement, DFSCM) concept. DFSCM goal is to design products and processes related to supply chain costs and operations can be managed effectively. It is becoming increasingly clear understanding of the supply chain, manufacturing and product distribution in the total cost of the final decision on the product design. Therefore, product design and development must start early in the design of the supply chain while considering the issue, to get the maximum potential benefits. 3, based on the product supply chain design steps Product-based supply chain design steps shown in Figure 3. Figure 2 Supply chain design process model diagram (1) analysis of market competition Purpose is to find which product market development for supply chain to be effective, must know what the product demand, product type and attributes. Analysis of market characteristics of the process to vendors, customers and competitors to investigate, "what users want" and "them in the market how much weight" to certain issues, to identify the needs of users and for vendors, users, the pressure of the competitors. The output of this step is of importance for each product ordered by the characteristics of the market. At the same time the uncertainty of the market should analysis and evaluation. (2) summarize, analyze business status Analyzes the status of enterprise supply and demand management (if the company already has supply chain management, the analysis of supply chain status quo), not to evaluate the importance of supply chain design strategy and suitability, but rather focus on the direction of supply chain development, analysis, to find, summarize existing problems and the impact of corporate supply chain design of the resistance and other factors. (3) for supply chain design projects The existing problems of supply chain design projects, analyze its necessity. (4) the establishment of supply chain design goals Main objective is to achieve high customer service levels and lower inventory investment and low unit cost of the balance between two goals (two goals often conflict), should also include the following objectives: ① to enter new markets; ② the development of new products; ③ the development of new distribution channels; ④ to improve service levels; ⑤ improve user satisfaction; ⑥ reduce costs; ⑦ by reducing inventory to improve work efficiency. (5) analysis of the composition of the supply chain Propose a basic framework for the composition of the supply chain. Supply chain analysis of the composition include manufacturing plants, equipment, technology and suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers choose their orientation, and to identify criteria for selection and evaluation. (6〕 analysis and evaluation of the technical possibility of supply chain design This is not just to improve the technology, strategy or recommended list, and it is the development and realization of supply chain management, the first step, it is the basis of feasibility analysis, combined with the actual situation of the enterprise supply chain for the development of technology choices made advice and support . This is a decision-making process, if that is feasible, can be carried out following the design; if it is not necessary to re-design. (7) Design Chain Supply Chain Mainly to solve the following problem: ① the composition of the supply chain (suppliers, equipment, factories, distribution centers and positioning, planning and control); ② source of raw materials (including suppliers, traffic, prices, transportation, etc.); ③ production design (demand forecasting, production any product, production capacity, distribution centers which supply, price, production planning, production planning and tracking control, inventory management, etc.); ④ distribution and ability to design tasks (products and services in which market, transport, prices); ⑤ Information Management System; ③ logistics management system; and so on. In the supply chain design, the use of many tools and technologies, including induction, collective problem solving, flow charts, simulation and design software. (8) testing the supply chain Supply chain design is completed, through certain methods and techniques for testing, inspection or test run, if not, return to (4) to re-design. If there is any problem, you can implement a supply chain management. 4 Conclusion 21st century business success lies in the success of supply chain management, supply chain management will rise to the attention of Management sector. Design and operation of an effective supply chain is critical for every enterprise, and must choose an appropriate design strategy for supply chain design, product-based supply chain design strategy is one of them.
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Sažetak Supply chain management je predloženo krajem 80-ih, novi model upravljanja, u analizi lanca opskrbe i model koji se temelji na opskrbnom lancu na temelju dizajna proizvoda strategije i dizajna dijagram toka procesa. Ključne riječi reaktivni učinkovitost lanca nabave Supply Chain (SupplyChain, SC) Koncept iznio je krajem 80-ih, u posljednjih nekoliko godina naširoko kao globalne proizvodnje (GlobalManufacturing) pojavu menadžmenta opskrbnog lanca u sektoru proizvodnje koriste se kao novo rukovodstvo touch-type. Po trenutnom međunarodnom tržištu natjecanje, ekonomski i potražnje korisnički povećava neizvjesnost, brzim tehnološkim inovacijama i drugim čimbenicima, upravljanja opskrbnim lancem (SupplyChainManufacturing, SCM) predložio vrijeme nije dugo, ali su uzrokovali raširena zabrinutost . Neke poznate međunarodne tvrtke kao što je Hewlett-Packard, IBM Corporation, tvrtka Dell računala u praksi nabavnom lancu je napravio velike uspjehe, ljudi opskrbnog lanca se još više uvjeren da 21. stoljeće poduzeća da se prilagode globalnoj konkurenciji je učinkovit način, čime privukla je mnoge znanstvenike i poslovne ljude studij i praksu menadžmenta opskrbnog lanca. Kako dizajnirati opskrbnog lanca je osnova za provedbu u lancu nabave, malo istraživanja u zemlji i inozemstvu, u radu se prvo analizira opskrbnog lanca i njen model, analize proizvoda i opskrbnog lanca ovisno o vrsti proizvoda na bazi opskrbnog lanca dizajn strategije. 1, koncepti i modeli lancem opskrbe Rano vidi se da je proizvodnih tvrtki u lancu je unutarnji proces, koji se odnosi na nabavku sirovina i komponenti primljenih kroz proizvodni proces pretvorbe i prodaje se prosljeđuje proizvođača korisničkom proces. Ograničen na tradicionalni pojam dobavljačkog lanca poduzeća unutarnjih poslova, s naglaskom na korporativno vlastiti interes ciljeva. Kasnije, pojam opskrbnog lanca i drugih tvrtki obratite pozornost na link, obratite pozornost na vanjsko okruženje u nabavnom lancu, nastoje definirati kao lanac različitih poduzeća po proizvodnje, montaže, distribuciju i maloprodaju proces pretvaranja sirovina do gotovih proizvoda Korisnici postupka pretvorbe, to je širi, sustavnije koncept. Na primjer, Sjedinjene Države, Stevens 〔Stevens) je rekao: "dodanu vrijednost procesa i kanali distribucije kroz kontrole dobavljača iz dobavljaču da korisnik korisnik 'tekući opskrbnog lanca, koji počinje u opskrbi izvoru, kraj potrošnje kraju. " Evans 〔Evens) je rekao: "supply chain management je protok informacija kroz feedforward i povratne tok materijala i protoka informacija, da dobavljači, proizvođači, distributeri, trgovci, sve do krajnjeg korisnika sa strukturom u cjelini modelu. " Imajte na umu da ove definicije su integritet opskrbnog lanca, opskrbnog lanca, vodeći računa o konzistentnosti svih članova rada (odnos između članova lanca). U posljednje vrijeme, više naglasak na koncept opskrbnog lanca oko jezgre Enterprise Network lanca odnosa. Ako core business s dobavljačima, dobavljačima i svim dobavljačima, a čak i prije odnosa s korisnicima, kupcima i nakon svih odnosa. U ovom trenutku koncept opskrbnog lanca stvaranja koncepta mreže lanca, kao što su Toyota (Toyota), Nike (Nike), Nissan (Nissan), McDonald's (McDonalds) i Apple (Jabuka) i tako tvrtki u lancu nabave su iz neto lanac stajališta za provedbu, kao što su Harrison (Harrision) je definiran kao "supply chain je provedbu nabave sirovina, pretvoriti ih u srednju i gotovih proizvoda, i prodaje gotovih proizvoda na korisnikov funkcionalne mreže lanca." Ovi pojmovi su također naglasio da je strateški supply chain partnerstvo, Filip (Phillip) te Wendell (Wendell) da strateškom partnerstvu između opskrbnog lanca je vrlo važno, kroz uspostavljanje strateškog partnerstva s ključnim dobavljačima i korisnicima učinkovitije raditi. Iako naknada predsjednik ne postoji jedinstven definicija, ali je sigurno da opskrbnog lanca nije samo vezu s korisnikom lanac materijala dobavljaču, te je s dodanom vrijednosti lanca, materijala za obradu u nabavnom lancu, i prijevoz procesa povećati njegovu vrijednost. I takav lanac u 90 globalnoj proizvodnje, globalne konkurencije okoliš, to treba biti osnovna djelatnost mreže lanca, a ne samo iz jednostavnog lanac dobavljača za korisnika. 2 Supply chain dizajn strategija Projektiranje i upravljanje opskrbnog lanca efikasan za svakog proizvođača su bitni. Jer može doći do poboljšanja razine usluga korisnicima, postići cijenu i uslugu učinkovitu ravnotežu između, poboljšanje konkurentnosti, povećati fleksibilnost, infiltracija ljudi novih tržišta, poboljšanje učinkovitosti smanjivanjem zaliha i druge interese. Ali isto tako mogu biti zbog neprimjerenog dizajn opskrbnog lanca vodi do otpada i neuspjeha. Pravi dizajn strategija je potrebna. Fisher (MarshalIL.Fisher, 1997) da je dizajn opskrbnog lanca se na proizvod u centar. Dizajn Supply chain prvi razumjeti potrebe korisnika proizvodi poduzeća Što je ovo? Životnog ciklusa proizvoda, prognoziranje potražnje, proizvoda raznolikosti, prije tržišnih standarda i servis utjecaj opskrbnog lanca dizajn su važna pitanja. Karakteristike proizvoda moraju biti dizajnirana u skladu s opskrbnog lanca, koji je studirao u ovom lancu opskrbe radu temelji se na strategiji dizajna proizvoda. 2,1 Vrsta proizvoda Različite vrste proizvoda o dizajnu opskrbnog lanca imaju različite zahtjeve, visoke marže, stabilna potražnja za inovativne proizvode (InnovativeProducts) opskrbnog lanca dizajn se razlikuje od nisko profitna marža na stabilnu potražnju za funkcionalni proizvodi (FunctionalProducts). Usporedba dvije različite vrste proizvoda u tablici 1. Tablica 1 dvije različite vrste proizvoda u odnosu na potražnju Kao što se vidi iz tablice 1, funkcionalni proizvodi - like to meet osnovne potrebe korisnika, mijenjati vrlo malo, sa stabilnim i predvidljivu potražnju i dugi životni ciklus, ali njihova profitne margine niske, kako bi se izbjegle nisku granice zarade, mnoge tvrtke u obliku ili tehničke inovacije za potrošače da kupuju, da dobije visoki profit margine, potražnja za ovaj inovativni proizvod općenito nepredvidljiv, životni vijek je kraći. Zbog ova dva proizvoda razlikuju samo treba da imaju različite vrste menadžmenta opskrbnog lanca, kako bi se zadovoljile različite potrebe. 2,2 Supply chain tipa Zašto se različite vrste proizvoda zahtijevaju različite opskrbnog lanca? Uglavnom zbog posla opskrbnog lanca na različite načine: fizičke funkcije i tržišta posredovanja. Stoga lancem opskrbe može se podijeliti u dvije: učinkovitost opskrbnog lanca (EfficientSupplyChain) i jalove lancem opskrbe (ResponsiveSupplyChain). Djelotvornost opskrbnog lanca se uglavnom ogleda fizičke funkcije opskrbnog lanca, koji je najniži iznos troškova sirovina u komponente, polu-gotovih proizvoda, proizvoda, te u nabavnom lancu i prijevoza; reagira opskrbnog lanca se uglavnom odražava funkciju lancem opskrbe tržišta posrednika, da je distribucija proizvoda da zadovolji tržište potražnje kupaca, potražnja nije predvidljiv brzo djelovanje. Dvije vrste opskrbnog lanca prikazan je u tablici 2. Tablica 2. Usporedba dvije vrste opskrbnog lanca 2,3 Dizajn temelju Supply Chain Strategije Kada se taj proizvod i lancem opskrbe karakteristike, možete dizajnirati isti proizvod potražnju i opskrbnog lanca, dizajn strategija je prikazano na slici 2. Slika 1 tip opskrbnog lanca, dizajna i stvarajući strategija za matrice Matrica od četiri elementa strategije u ime četiri vrste mogućih kombinacija proizvoda i opskrbnog lanca, od koje možete vidjeti karakteristike proizvoda i opskrbnog lanca, menadžeri mogu odrediti svoje opskrbnog lanca dizajn poslovnih procesa u skladu s vrstu proizvoda, koja se temelji na proizvod lanca opskrbe dizajn strategije. 2,4 U ranim fazama razvoja proizvoda, nabavnom lancu dizajn U nekim high-tech poduzeća, kao što je Hewlett-Packard (HP), dizajn proizvoda, upravljanja opskrbnim lancem smatra važan čimbenik, mnogi znanstvenici su predložili dizajn za proizvode lancem opskrbe (DesigneForSupplyChainManagement, DFSCM) koncept. DFSCM cilj je dizajn proizvoda i procesa vezanih za troškove naknada predsjednik operacije i može se upravljati učinkovito. To postaje sve jasnije razumijevanje opskrbnog lanca, proizvodnih i distribuciju proizvoda u ukupni trošak konačne odluke o dizajna proizvoda. Stoga, konstrukcije i razvoja proizvoda mora započeti rano u dizajnu opskrbnog lanca, a obzirom na pitanje, da biste dobili maksimalni potencijal prednost. 3, na temelju lanca opskrbe proizvoda dizajn koraka Proizvod na bazi lancem opskrbe dizajn koraka prikazanih na slici 3. Slika 2 Supply chain dizajn modela procesa dijagram (1) analiza tržišnog natjecanja Namjena je pronaći koji proizvod i razvoj tržišta za opskrbnog lanca kako bi bila djelotvorna, mora znati što potražnje proizvoda, tip proizvoda i atributima. Analiza tržišta značajke procesa prema dobavljačima, kupcima i konkurentima istražiti, "ono što korisnici žele" i "njih na tržištu koliko težine" na određene probleme, prepoznati potrebe korisnika i prodavač, korisnike, pritisak konkurencije. Rezultat ovog koraka je važno za svaki proizvod po nalogu karakteristike tržišta. U isto vrijeme nesigurnosti tržišta trebaju analizu i ocjenu. (2) sažeti, analizirati poslovno stanje Analizira stanje poduzeća ponude i potražnje za upravljanje (ako tvrtka je već za upravljanje opskrbnim lancem, analiza opskrbnog lanca statusa quo), a ne ocijeniti važnost opskrbe strategiji lanca dizajn i podobnosti, nego se fokusirati na smjeru opskrbnog lanca razvoja, analizu, pronaći, sažeti postojećih problema i utjecaj korporativni dizajn opskrbnog lanca otpora i drugih čimbenika. (3) za opskrbnom lancu projekti Postojećih problema opskrbe projekata lanca dizajn, analizirati njegove nužnosti. (4) uspostava opskrbe ciljeva lanca dizajn Glavni cilj je postizanje visoke razine usluge kupcima i niže inventara ulaganja i niske cijene jedinicu ravnoteže između dva gola (dva cilja često sukob), treba također uključiti sljedeće ciljeve: ① za ulazak na nova tržišta; ② razvoj novih proizvoda; ③ razvoj novih kanala distribucije, ④ na poboljšanju razine usluga; ⑤ poboljšati zadovoljstvo korisnika; ⑥ smanjiti troškove; ⑦ smanjenjem zaliha poboljšati efikasnost rada. (5) analizu sastava opskrbnog lanca Predložiti osnovni okvir za sastav opskrbnog lanca. Nabavka lanca analiza sastava su proizvodnja postrojenja, opreme, tehnologije i dobavljača, proizvođača, distributera, trgovaca i kupaca izabrati svoju orijentaciju, te utvrditi kriterije za odabir i vrednovanje. (6〕 analizu i ocjenu tehničkih mogućnosti opskrbnog lanca dizajna To je ne samo za poboljšanje tehnologije, strategije ili preporučene liste, a to je razvoj i realizacija u lancu nabave, prvi korak, to je osnova izvodljivosti analize, u kombinaciji sa stvarnim stanjem lanca poduzeća opskrbe za razvoj tehnologije izbora napravio savjete i podršku . To je proces donošenja odluka, ako je to moguće, može se provesti sljedeće dizajn, ako nije potrebno re-design. (7) Dizajn Chain Supply Chain Uglavnom za rješavanje sljedećih problema: ① sastav opskrbnog lanca (dobavljači, oprema, tvornica, distribucija centriranje i pozicioniranje, planiranje i nadzor); ② izvor sirovina (uključujući i dobavljača, promet, cijene, prijevoz itd.); ③ proizvodnja dizajn (prognoziranje potražnje, proizvodnje bilo kojeg proizvoda, proizvodni kapacitet, distribucijski centri koji ponude, cijena, planiranje proizvodnje, planiranje proizvodnje i praćenja kontrole, upravljanje inventarom, itd.); ④ sposobnost za dizajn i distribuciju zadataka (proizvodima i uslugama u kojima tržište, promet, cijene); ⑤ Information Management System; ③ logistički sustav upravljanja, i tako dalje. U dizajnu opskrbnog lanca, korištenje mnogih alata i tehnologija, uključujući indukcija, kolektivna rješavanje problema, shematski, simulacija i dizajn softvera. (8) ispitivanje naknada predsjednik Supply chain dizajn je dovršen, kroz određene metode i tehnike za ispitivanje, pregled i probni rad, ako ne, vratite se u (4) na re-design. Ako postoji bilo koji problem, možete primijeniti za upravljanje lancem opskrbe. Zaključak 21. stoljeća poslovnog uspjeha leži u uspjehu u lancu nabave, upravljanje lancem opskrbe će se popeti na pozornost menadžmenta. Projektiranje i upravljanje opskrbnog lanca snazi je kritične za svaki poduzeća, te mora odabrati odgovarajuću strategiju za dizajn opskrbnom lancu dizajn, proizvod-based strategije opskrbnog lanca dizajn je jedan od njih.