http___www.telascica.hr_fauna-mora.php_1.xml
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// Sea fauna // In the sea of the Nature Park Telašćica 58 species of sponges (Porifera), 46 species of Cnidaria (Cnidaria), 1 of Chitons (Polyplacophora), 66 species of snails (Gastropoda), 48 Bivalves (Bivalvia), 3 types of cephalopods (Cephalopoda), 1 species of Spoon worms (Echiuroidea), 35 species of Bristleworms (Polychaeta), 37 crustaceans (Crustacea), 39 of Bryozoa (Bryozoa), 24 of Spiny-skinned animals (Echinodermata), 16 of Ascidians (Tunicata), 92 species of Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) and 3 types of cartilaginous fish (Chondrichtyes) have been recorded. Many attractive locations for diving tell us about the curiosity of this area. These locations rivet one's attention with variety of colours and the richness of different plant and animal species. There are many sea caves on the sea bed, some of which have striking entrances under the sea. They are habitats of otherwise rare species, like carnivorous sponge. Besides that, in the cliffs' fissure lives the red coral a kind that used to be much more frequent but it became rare due to its slow growth and overfishing. Beautiful stone corals grow in accumulations in the bay Telašćica. The most frequent fish in the bay is black-tailed sea bream, even though other fishes are also numerous, both in species and in number of individuals. Big open-sea fish, such as tuna and Atlantic bonito, can also enter the bay. According to that, fishermen used to watch from the hill called Fishing guard on the bay entrance waiting for tunas to come in, so that after that they would close the bay with fishing nets and so the fish could stay inside for the longer period of time. MAMMALS The bottlenose dolphin is the only marine mammal that can be seen in this area. In winter, schools of bottlenose dolphins can be seen below the cliff and some even know how to enter in the bay. The Mediterranean monk seal once lived here also. REPTILES Reptiles are usually represented in the sea only by turtles and in the Adriatic Sea 3 types of turtles can be found. The Park has so far recorded only one species, the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta)./p> FISH Up to date, 407 fish species have been recorded in the Adriatic, but the assumption is that the number is even bigger. Two groups are distinguished among fish: Bony fish (Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichtyes). Osteichthyes have a skeleton built of bones while Chondrichtyes have it built of cartilage. Fish have well-developed sense of hearing, smell and sight. The most common fish that can be seen are: Painted comber (Serranus scriba), Salema (Sarpa Salpa), Two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris), Damselfish (Chromis chromis), Mediterranean rainbow wrasse (Coris julis)... Painted comber – Serranus scriba, is a common species in the Adriatic Sea, living on the sea bed covered with algae and flowering plants, feeding on small fish, crustaceans and molluscs. This species has male and female sexual organs developed. Salema – Sarpa salpa, is characterized by longitudinal gold stripes. The young fish feed on crustaceans, algae and older fish feed on algae. It is interesting that this species of fish changes sex depending on size. At first they are males and when they reach a certain size they change sex and become females. Two-banded sea bream – Diplodus vulgaris, has a distinctive black ring at the end of its tail and a black stain on the top of the back. It feeds on small crustaceans, molluscs and sometimes algae. Damselfish – Chromis chromis, is of a dark chestnut colour with dark longitudinal stripes. Small samples of this species can be of dark blue-violet colour. Young samples of this species reside in shady areas. It is interesting that the males are the ones who guard the fish-roe waving their fins above it to keep strangers from it. Mediterranean rainbow wrasse – Coris julis There is a big difference in appearance between males and females of this species. Males have more live colours and have a beautiful ornament. They also have an orange stripe on the side. By night or when they are frightened they can bury into substratum. Sea horse – Hippocampus sp. This unusual species of fish is protected by law so you can not take it out of the sea! It lives among algae and meadows of sea-flowering plants to which it attaches its tail to. It is typical for this species that the female lays her eggs in a special bag on the belly of the male who then keeps them until they fully develop and until "birth". CNIDARIA Cnidaria are all well-known animals such as sea anemones, corals, gorgonias... To the group of cnidaria belong corals, Scyphoza (known to us as jelly fish) and Hydrozoa. Their developing stages have two forms: polyp and jelly fish. Polyps are attached to the seabed and make the asexual stage in the development cycle and the jellyfish represents the mobile floating sexual phase. Characteristics of the cnidaria is that they have special cells (called nematocysts) that carry within them nettle cells. The nettle cells erupt for the purpose of fixing animals, for defence, to paralyze, killing and catching of prey. For this reason most of these animals burn us when we touch them. Snakelocks Anemone – Anemonia sulcata This cnidaria of brown colour lives in the area bellow low tide and can be used for food. Beadlet Anemone – Actinia equina, lives in the coastal area affected by tidal movements. It's of a strong red colour and feeds on plankton. Pillow coral – Cladocora caespitosa, is the only coral in the Adriatic which can form a coral reef. It builds turf-like accumulations that grow up to 50 cm. ECHINODERMS Echinoderms are a specific group of organisms because they are present only in the sea and have no land relatives. To this group of organisms belong sea-urchins, sea cucumbers, starfishes and brittle stars. In the adult stage all of them live on the sea bottom and as larva float in a sea column. Their common characteristic is also that they have spikes. The sea-urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula are very similar, but may vary in colour because the Paracentrotus lividus can be of dark violet to brown and A. lixula of black colour. They live on the rocky sea bed and feed on algae. On some areas while feeding on algae they could leave behind a completely naked stone. They use the spikes for movement and for defence. At the bottom of the cliffs lives the deep sea-urchin Cidaris cidaris. Sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa) feeds on organic substance in the sediment. In case of danger it defends itself by ejecting its digestive system which it can regenerate. MOLLUSCS Molluscs constitute a very diverse group of organisms of which the best known are: snails, cephalopods, bivalves and polyplacophora. Many molluscs have a firm shell or conch that protects their soft body, while with some of them that firm part remained trapped in the interior of the body and strengthens the structure of the body. Periwinkle (Monodonta turbinata). This snail lives on the rocks in an area of high and low tide, feeding on algae and detritus. During the low tide it closes its shell hermetically with a lid so it wouldn't be left without water. Limpet (Patella sp.) This snail lives on the rocks in an area of high and low tide feeding on algae. During the low tide it attaches its feet to a firm bottom. It can feel the vibrations of the enemy approaching and then it attaches to the bottom. Sea snail (Tonna galea) feeds on Echinoderms and other molluscs by releasing its salivary glands, a sulphuric acid of 4% which dissolves shells of prey. It is a very important predator of the ecosystem that it inhabits. The shell of this species is of a barrel-like shape, it is very large and relatively fragile. It can grow up to 30 cm, so that the Sea snail is one of the largest snails in the Adriatic. Because of the attractive appearance and its size, it is often fished out and sold as a souvenir. Its population in recent years is more and more declining in number. Since 1994 the Sea snail is strictly protected by law! Sea Slug (Cratena Peregrina) lives in depths of up 10 meters. It lives as larva for up to one year and in the adult stage it only lives a month or two until it procreates and then dies. Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) belongs to a group of cephalopods. It has 8 legs between which its mouth is located with a parrot-like beak. It feeds on crabs, shellfish and fish. The octopus is a master of camouflage. It has a very well developed nervous system that allows it a fast changing of pigmentation and colour of body in order to adjust to the surrounding in which it finds itself to be less conspicuous. If it gets attacked it will release a black ink and thus, at least for a short time, confuse the enemy. Chiton olivaceus is a polyplacophora that lives on rocks in an area of high and low tide. It feeds on algae and other organisms from the rocks on which it lives. SPONGES Sponges are the most primitive multiple organisms of a very simple body organization. Their body is composed of a multitude of holes, channels and pores through which water comes through. By filtration of the water, the sponge takes the necessary nutrients and oxygen. Yellow tube sponge – Aplysina aerophoba It got this name because it changes its colour when it is taken out of the sea. White sponge It's a sponge which prefers the shaded area such as cracks in the rocks. CRUSTACEA Most crabs have their bodies protected with shells. They have feelers on their heads which they use as a sense of smell and touch. Many species have well developed eyes. Chtamallus stellatus - Its body is placed in a shell that is permanently attached to one place. It lives on rocks, on boat bottoms and on larger animals. It feeds on plankton by filtration of the sea. Marbled rock crab (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) lives in an area of tidal movement. It is of olive-green colour with darker transverse stripes. Warty or Yellow crab (Eriphia verrucosa) resides in the area of tidal movement among cracks covered by small algae. It spawns in spring and summer. POLYCHAETES The body of the polychaetes is divided into rings and many of them have extensions on each ring used for swimming or moving across the sea bed. Some even build tunnels in the sand. Feather Duster Worms (Sabella spallanzani) have a tube-shaped shell, colourful gills resembling feathers with alternate brown pigment rings. Peacock Worm (Sabella pavonina) also has a tube-shaped shell and the gills and tentacles have a shape of a crest.
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// Morska fauna // U podmorju Parka prirode Telašćica do sada je pronađeno 58 vrsta spužvi (Porifera), 46 vrsta žarnjaka (Cnidaria), 1 mnogoljušturaš (Polyplacophora), 66 vrsta puževa (Gastropoda), 48 školjkaša (Bivalvia), 3 vrste glavonožaca (Cephalopoda), 1 zvjezdan (Echiuroidea), 35 mnogočetinaša (Polychaeta), 37 rakova (Crustacea), 39 mahovnjaka (Bryozoa), 24 bodljikaša (Echinodermata), 16 plaštenjaka (Tunicata), 92 riba koštunjača (Osteichthyes) i 3 vrste hrskavičnjača. O zanimljivosti ovog područja govori već to što se ovdje nalaze atraktivne lokacije za ronjenje, koje plijene pažnju raznolikošću boja te bogatstvom različitih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. U podmorju su brojne morske spilje od kojih neke imaju impozantne ulaze pod morem. U njima žive, inače rijetke vrste, kao što je na primjer mesojedna spužva. Osim toga u pukotinama klifova živi crveni koralj, vrsta koja je na Jadranu nekada bila znatno češća, ali je zbog sporog rasta i izlova postala rijetka. Prekrasni kameni koralji rastu u nakupinama u samoj uvali Telašćica. Najčešće ribe u uvali su ušate, iako su i druge ribe brojne kako vrstama tako i brojem jedinki. U uvalu mogu ući i velike pučinske ribe kao što su tuna i palamida, te su nekada ribari s brijega na ulazu u uvalu koji se zove Ribarska straža promatrali kada će tune ući te bi nakon toga uvalu zatvorili mrežama kako bi riba ostala unutra dulji period. SISAVCI Dobri dupin Tursiops truncatus je jedini morski sisavac kojeg je moguće vidjeti na ovom području. Često se zimi mogu vidjeti jata dobrog dupina ispod strmaca, a poneki znaju ući i u samu uvalu. Nekad je ovdje živjela i sredozemna medvjedica, ali je nestala. GMAZOVI Od gmazova su u moru inače zastupljene samo kornjače, a u Jadranskom moru prisutne su 3 vrste kornjača. U Parku je dosad zabilježena samo jedna vrsta i to glavata želva, Caretta caretta. RIBE Do danas je zabilježeno 407 ribljih vrsta u Jadranu, a pretpostavlja se da je taj broj i veći. Među ribama razlikujemo dvije skupine: koštunjače i hrskavičnjače. Koštunjačama je kostur građen od kostiju dok je kod hrskavičnjača on građen od hrskavice. Ribe imaju dobro razvijene osjete sluha, mirisa i vida. Od riba najčešće se mogu vidjeti: pirka (Serranus scriba), salpa (Sarpa salpa), fratar (Diplodus vulgaris), crnej (Chromis chromis), knez (Coris julis)... Pirka – Serranus scriba, česta vrsta u Jadranu, živi na dnima obraslim algama i morskim cvjetnicama, hrani se manjom ribom, rakovima i mekušcima. Kod ove vrste su istovremeno razvijeni i muški i ženski spolni organi. Salpa – Sarpa salpa, karakteriziraju ih uzdužne zlatkaste pruge, mlade ribe hrane se rakovima, a starije algama. Zanimljivo je da ova vrsta riba mijenja spol ovisno o veličini. U početku su mužjaci, a kad dostignu određenu veličinu mijenjaju spol i postaju ženke. Fratar – Diplodus vulgaris, ima karakterističan crni prsten na korijenu repa i crnu mrlju na vrhu leđa, hrani se sitnim rakovima, mekušcima, a ponekad i algama. Crnej – Chromis chromis, tamnokestenjaste je boje sa tamnim uzdužnim prugama. Potpuno mali primjerci čitavi mogu biti modroljubičasti. Juvenilni primjerci borave u sjenovitim područjima. Zanimljivo je da kod crneja mužjaci čuvaju ikru, mašući perajama iznad nje i na taj način odvraća strance od nje. Knez – Coris julis, kod ove vrste postoji velika razlika u izgledu između mužjaka i ženki. Mužjaci su življe obojeni, imaju ljepše šare. Po boku im se pruža narančasta pruga. Po noći ili kad je prestrašen može se ukopati u supstrat. Morski konjić – Hippocampus sp., ova neobična vrsta ribe zaštićena je zakonom pa ju se ne smije vaditi iz mora!!! Živi među algama i na livadama morskih cvjetnica za koje se prihvaća repom. Za njih je karakteristično da ženka polaže jaja u posebnu vrećicu na mužjakovom trbuhu koji ih potom čuva dok se u potpunosti razviju i to sve do trenutka njihovog "rađanja". ŽARNJACI Žarnjaci su svima poznate životinje kao što su vlasulje, koralji, moruzgve, gorgonije... U skupinu žarnjaka pripadaju koralji, režnjaci (nama poznati kao meduze) i obrubnjaci. U razvoju žarnjaka postoje dvije forme: polip i meduza. Polipi su pričvršćeni za morsko dno i čine nespolnu fazu u razvojnom ciklusu, a meduza je pokretna, plivajuća spolna faza. Karakteristika žarnjaka je da sadrže posebne stanice (tzv. nematocite) koje u sebi nose ŽARNICE. Žarnice se iz stanice mogu izbacivati u svrhu pričvršćivanja životinje, radi obrane, paraliziranja, ubijanja i hvatanja plijena. Iz tog razloga nas većina ovih životinja opeče kad ih dodirnemo. - Eunicella cavolinii - Paramuricea clavata - Crveni koralj – Corallium rubrum - Žarnjak – Parazoanthus axinelle Vlasulja – Anemonia sulcata, ovaj žarnjak, smeđe boje, živi u području ispod granice oseke, može se koristiti i za ishranu. Crvena moruzgva – Actinia equina, živi na obalnom dijelu koje je pod utjecajem plime i oseke tzv. mediolitoral. Izrazito je crvene boje, hrani se planktonom. Kameni koralj – Cladocora caespitosa, jedini koralj koji u Jadranu može tvoriti koraljne grebene. Izgrađuje busenaste zadruge koje narastu do 50 cm. BODLJIKAŠI Bodljikaši su specifična skupina organizama jer su prisutni isključivo u moru i nemaju kopnenih rođaka. Ovu skupinu organizama čine ježinci, trpovi, zvjezdače, zmijače. Svi oni u odraslom stadiju žive na morskom dnu, a kao ličinke lebde u morskom stupcu. Zajednička im je osobina i to što imaju bodlje. Ježinci - Paracentrotus lividus i Arbacia lixula, vrlo su slični, ali mogu se razlikovati po boji jer je P. lividus tamnoljubičaste do smeđe, a A. lixula crne boje. Žive na kamenitom dnu i hrane se algama. Na pojedinim mjestima mogu, hraneći se algama, u potpunosti ogoliti kamen. Bodlje mu služe za pokretanje i obranu. Na dnu u području strmaca živi dubinski ježinac Cidaris cidaris. - Ježinac kamenjar – Paracentrotus lividus - Crni ježinac – Arbacia lixula - Ježinac - Cidaris cidaris Trp - Holothuria tubulosa, hrani se organskom tvari iz sedimenta. U slučaju opasnosti brani se izbacivanjem probavnog sustava kojeg može regenerirati. Zvjezdača – Hacelia attenuata MEKUŠCI Mekušci čine vrlo raznoliku skupinu organizama od kojih su najpoznatiji: puževi, glavonošci, školjkaši i mnogoljušturaši. Mnogi mekušci imaju tvrdu kućicu ili školjku koja im štiti mekano tijelo, dok je kod nekih taj tvrdi dio ostao zarobljen u unutrašnjosti tijela pa učvršćuje strukturu tijela. Ogrc – Monodonta turbinata, ovaj puž živi na stijenama u području plime i oseke, hrani se algama i detritusom. Kad nastupi oseka, pomoću poklopca hermetički zatvara kućicu tako da ne ostane bez vode. Priljepak – Patella sp., ovaj puž živi na stijenama u području oseke i plime, hrani se algama. Kad nastupi oseka, stopalom se pričvrsti za podlogu. Mogu osjetiti vibracije od neprijatelja koji im se približava i tada se pričvšćuju za podlogu Puž bačvaš – Tonna galea, hrani se bodljikašima i drugim mekušcima tako što iz pljuvačne žlijezde izlučuje 4% – tnu sumpornu kiselinu kojom otapa ljušture plijena. Vrlo je značajan predator ekosustava koji nastanjuje. Kućica ove vrste bačvastog je oblika, vrlo je velika i relativno krhka. Može narasti do 30 cm, pa je bačvaš jedan od najvećih puževa Jadrana. Zbog atraktivnog izgleda i svoje veličine često se izlovljava i prodaje kao suvenir. Stoga se njegove populacije posljednjih godina sve više prorjeđuju. Od 1994. godine puž bačvaš je zakonom strogo zaštićen!!! Puž - Cratena peregrina – puž golać, obitava do dubine 10 metara, kao ličinka živi i do godine dana, a u odraslom stadiju provede tek mjesec do dva, razmnoži se nakon čega ugiba. Hobotnica – Octopus vulgaris, pripada skupini glavonožaca. Ima 8 krakova između kojih su smještena usta s "papagajskim" kljunom. Hrani se rakovima, školjkašima i ribama. Hobotnica je majstor kamuflaže. Ima vrlo razvijen živčani sustav koji joj omogućava brzo mijenjanje pigmentacije i boje tijela čime se prilagođava okolini u kojoj se nalazi kako bi bila što manje uočljiva. Ako je napadnuta ispustit će crnilo i time, bar na kratko, zbuniti neprijatelja. Chiton olivaceus – mnogoljušturaš, živi na stijenama u području plime i oseke, a hrani se algama i drugim organizmima sa stijena na kojima živi. SPUŽVE Spužve su najprimitivniji višestanični organizmi, vrlo jednostavne tjelesne organizacije. Tijelo im se sastoji od mnoštva otvora, kanala i pora kojima prolazi voda. Filtrirajući vodu spužva preuzima potrebne hranjive tvari i kisik. Promjenjiva sumporača – Aplysina aerophoba, ime je dobila zbog promjene boje kada se izvadi iz mora. Clathrina sp. – spužva koja preferira zasjenjena područjima kao što su npr. pukotine u stijenama. RAKOVI Većina rakova ima tijelo zaštićeno oklopom. Na glavi imaju ticala koja im služe za osjet njuha i dodira. Mnoge vrste imaju dobro razvijene oči. Chtamallus stellatus – rak vitičar, tijelo mu je smješteno u kućici koja je stalno pričvršćena na jedno mjesto, živi na stijenama, dnima brodova i na većim životinjama. Hrani se planktonskim organizmima filtrirajući more. Pachygrapsus marmoratus – živi u području plime i oseke, maslinaste je boje s tamnijim poprečnim prugama. Eriphia verrucosa – grmalj, kosmej, obitava na području plime i oseke, među škrapama obraslima patuljastim algama. Mrijesti se u proljeće i ljeto. MNOGOČETINAŠI Tijelo im je podijeljeno na kolutiće, mnogi od njih na svakom kolutiću imaju nastavke koji im služe za plivanje ili kretanje po dnu. Neki grade tunele u pijesku. Sabella spallanzani – ima cjevastu kućicu, šarene škrge nalik perju s naizmjeničnim smeđim prstenima pigmenta. Sabella pavonina – također ima cjevastu kućicu, a škrge i lovke su u obliku perjanice.