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Transcript Transcribed by Joseph Geni Reviewed by Morton Bast 0:11 The writer George Eliot cautioned us that, among all forms of mistake, prophesy is the most gratuitous. The person that we would all acknowledge as her 20th-century counterpart, Yogi Berra, agreed. He said, "It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future." 0:29 I'm going to ignore their cautions and make one very specific forecast. In the world that we are creating very quickly, we're going to see more and more things that look like science fiction, and fewer and fewer things that look like jobs. Our cars are very quickly going to start driving themselves, which means we're going to need fewer truck drivers. We're going to hook Siri up to Watson and use that to automate a lot of the work that's currently done by customer service reps and troubleshooters and diagnosers, and we're already taking R2D2, painting him orange, and putting him to work carrying shelves around warehouses, which means we need a lot fewer people to be walking up and down those aisles. 1:09 Now, for about 200 years, people have been saying exactly what I'm telling you -- the age of technological unemployment is at hand — starting with the Luddites smashing looms in Britain just about two centuries ago, and they have been wrong. Our economies in the developed world have coasted along on something pretty close to full employment. 1:29 Which brings up a critical question: Why is this time different, if it really is? The reason it's different is that, just in the past few years, our machines have started demonstrating skills they have never, ever had before: understanding, speaking, hearing, seeing, answering, writing, and they're still acquiring new skills. For example, mobile humanoid robots are still incredibly primitive, but the research arm of the Defense Department just launched a competition to have them do things like this, and if the track record is any guide, this competition is going to be successful. So when I look around, I think the day is not too far off at all when we're going to have androids doing a lot of the work that we are doing right now. And we're creating a world where there is going to be more and more technology and fewer and fewer jobs. It's a world that Erik Brynjolfsson and I are calling "the new machine age." 2:23 The thing to keep in mind is that this is absolutely great news. This is the best economic news on the planet these days. Not that there's a lot of competition, right? This is the best economic news we have these days for two main reasons. The first is, technological progress is what allows us to continue this amazing recent run that we're on where output goes up over time, while at the same time, prices go down, and volume and quality just continue to explode. Now, some people look at this and talk about shallow materialism, but that's absolutely the wrong way to look at it. This is abundance, which is exactly what we want our economic system to provide. The second reason that the new machine age is such great news is that, once the androids start doing jobs, we don't have to do them anymore, and we get freed up from drudgery and toil. 3:20 Now, when I talk about this with my friends in Cambridge and Silicon Valley, they say, "Fantastic. No more drudgery, no more toil. This gives us the chance to imagine an entirely different kind of society, a society where the creators and the discoverers and the performers and the innovators come together with their patrons and their financiers to talk about issues, entertain, enlighten, provoke each other." It's a society really, that looks a lot like the TED Conference. And there's actually a huge amount of truth here. We are seeing an amazing flourishing taking place. In a world where it is just about as easy to generate an object as it is to print a document, we have amazing new possibilities. The people who used to be craftsmen and hobbyists are now makers, and they're responsible for massive amounts of innovation. And artists who were formerly constrained can now do things that were never, ever possible for them before. So this is a time of great flourishing, and the more I look around, the more convinced I become that this quote, from the physicist Freeman Dyson, is not hyperbole at all. This is just a plain statement of the facts. We are in the middle of an astonishing period. 4:31 ["Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts. It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and of sciences." — Freeman Dyson] 4:32 Which brings up another great question: What could possibly go wrong in this new machine age? Right? Great, hang up, flourish, go home. We're going to face two really thorny sets of challenges as we head deeper into the future that we're creating. 4:47 The first are economic, and they're really nicely summarized in an apocryphal story about a back-and-forth between Henry Ford II and Walter Reuther, who was the head of the auto workers union. They were touring one of the new modern factories, and Ford playfully turns to Reuther and says, "Hey Walter, how are you going to get these robots to pay union dues?" And Reuther shoots back, "Hey Henry, how are you going to get them to buy cars?" 5:14 Reuther's problem in that anecdote is that it is tough to offer your labor to an economy that's full of machines, and we see this very clearly in the statistics. If you look over the past couple decades at the returns to capital -- in other words, corporate profits -- we see them going up, and we see that they're now at an all-time high. If we look at the returns to labor, in other words total wages paid out in the economy, we see them at an all-time low and heading very quickly in the opposite direction. 5:45 So this is clearly bad news for Reuther. It looks like it might be great news for Ford, but it's actually not. If you want to sell huge volumes of somewhat expensive goods to people, you really want a large, stable, prosperous middle class. We have had one of those in America for just about the entire postwar period. But the middle class is clearly under huge threat right now. We all know a lot of the statistics, but just to repeat one of them, median income in America has actually gone down over the past 15 years, and we're in danger of getting trapped in some vicious cycle where inequality and polarization continue to go up over time. 6:26 The societal challenges that come along with that kind of inequality deserve some attention. There are a set of societal challenges that I'm actually not that worried about, and they're captured by images like this. This is not the kind of societal problem that I am concerned about. There is no shortage of dystopian visions about what happens when our machines become self-aware, and they decide to rise up and coordinate attacks against us. I'm going to start worrying about those the day my computer becomes aware of my printer. 6:55 (Laughter) (Applause) 6:59 So this is not the set of challenges we really need to worry about. To tell you the kinds of societal challenges that are going to come up in the new machine age, I want to tell a story about two stereotypical American workers. And to make them really stereotypical, let's make them both white guys. And the first one is a college-educated professional, creative type, manager, engineer, doctor, lawyer, that kind of worker. We're going to call him "Ted." He's at the top of the American middle class. His counterpart is not college-educated and works as a laborer, works as a clerk, does low-level white collar or blue collar work in the economy. We're going to call that guy "Bill." 7:40 And if you go back about 50 years, Bill and Ted were leading remarkably similar lives. For example, in 1960 they were both very likely to have full-time jobs, working at least 40 hours a week. But as the social researcher Charles Murray has documented, as we started to automate the economy, and 1960 is just about when computers started to be used by businesses, as we started to progressively inject technology and automation and digital stuff into the economy, the fortunes of Bill and Ted diverged a lot. Over this time frame, Ted has continued to hold a full-time job. Bill hasn't. In many cases, Bill has left the economy entirely, and Ted very rarely has. Over time, Ted's marriage has stayed quite happy. Bill's hasn't. And Ted's kids have grown up in a two-parent home, while Bill's absolutely have not over time. Other ways that Bill is dropping out of society? He's decreased his voting in presidential elections, and he's started to go to prison a lot more often. So I cannot tell a happy story about these social trends, and they don't show any signs of reversing themselves. They're also true no matter which ethnic group or demographic group we look at, and they're actually getting so severe that they're in danger of overwhelming even the amazing progress we made with the Civil Rights Movement. 9:03 And what my friends in Silicon Valley and Cambridge are overlooking is that they're Ted. They're living these amazingly busy, productive lives, and they've got all the benefits to show from that, while Bill is leading a very different life. They're actually both proof of how right Voltaire was when he talked about the benefits of work, and the fact that it saves us from not one but three great evils. 9:27 ["Work saves a man from three great evils: boredom, vice and need." — Voltaire] 9:28 So with these challenges, what do we do about them? 9:31 The economic playbook is surprisingly clear, surprisingly straightforward, in the short term especially. The robots are not going to take all of our jobs in the next year or two, so the classic Econ 101 playbook is going to work just fine: Encourage entrepreneurship, double down on infrastructure, and make sure we're turning out people from our educational system with the appropriate skills. 9:54 But over the longer term, if we are moving into an economy that's heavy on technology and light on labor, and we are, then we have to consider some more radical interventions, for example, something like a guaranteed minimum income. Now, that's probably making some folk in this room uncomfortable, because that idea is associated with the extreme left wing and with fairly radical schemes for redistributing wealth. I did a little bit of research on this notion, and it might calm some folk down to know that the idea of a net guaranteed minimum income has been championed by those frothing-at-the-mouth socialists Friedrich Hayek, Richard Nixon and Milton Friedman. And if you find yourself worried that something like a guaranteed income is going to stifle our drive to succeed and make us kind of complacent, you might be interested to know that social mobility, one of the things we really pride ourselves on in the United States, is now lower than it is in the northern European countries that have these very generous social safety nets. So the economic playbook is actually pretty straightforward. 10:58 The societal one is a lot more challenging. I don't know what the playbook is for getting Bill to engage and stay engaged throughout life. 11:07 I do know that education is a huge part of it. I witnessed this firsthand. I was a Montessori kid for the first few years of my education, and what that education taught me is that the world is an interesting place and my job is to go explore it. The school stopped in third grade, so then I entered the public school system, and it felt like I had been sent to the Gulag. With the benefit of hindsight, I now know the job was to prepare me for life as a clerk or a laborer, but at the time it felt like the job was to kind of bore me into some submission with what was going on around me. We have to do better than this. We cannot keep turning out Bills. 11:46 So we see some green shoots that things are getting better. We see technology deeply impacting education and engaging people, from our youngest learners up to our oldest ones. We see very prominent business voices telling us we need to rethink some of the things that we've been holding dear for a while. And we see very serious and sustained and data-driven efforts to understand how to intervene in some of the most troubled communities that we have. 12:10 So the green shoots are out there. I don't want to pretend for a minute that what we have is going to be enough. We're facing very tough challenges. To give just one example, there are about five million Americans who have been unemployed for at least six months. We're not going to fix things for them by sending them back to Montessori. And my biggest worry is that we're creating a world where we're going to have glittering technologies embedded in kind of a shabby society and supported by an economy that generates inequality instead of opportunity. 12:39 But I actually don't think that's what we're going to do. I think we're going to do something a lot better for one very straightforward reason: The facts are getting out there. The realities of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more widely known. If we wanted to accelerate that process, we could do things like have our best economists and policymakers play "Jeopardy!" against Watson. We could send Congress on an autonomous car road trip. And if we do enough of these kinds of things, the awareness is going to sink in that things are going to be different. And then we're off to the races, because I don't believe for a second that we have forgotten how to solve tough challenges or that we have become too apathetic or hard-hearted to even try. 13:21 I started my talk with quotes from wordsmiths who were separated by an ocean and a century. Let me end it with words from politicians who were similarly distant. 13:30 Winston Churchill came to my home of MIT in 1949, and he said, "If we are to bring the broad masses of the people in every land to the table of abundance, it can only be by the tireless improvement of all of our means of technical production." 13:45 Abraham Lincoln realized there was one other ingredient. He said, "I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crisis. The great point is to give them the plain facts." 13:58 So the optimistic note, great point that I want to leave you with is that the plain facts of the machine age are becoming clear, and I have every confidence that we're going to use them to chart a good course into the challenging, abundant economy that we're creating. 14:13 Thank you very much. 14:14 (Applause)
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Transcript Translated by Maja Budisin Lukin Reviewed by Mladen Barešić 0:11 Spisateljica George Eliot upozorila nas je da je među svim pogreškama najnepotrebnija: predviđanje. Osoba koju bismo svi prepoznali kao njenog istomišljenika u 20. stoljeću, Yogi Berra, složio se. Rekao je: "Teško je predviđati, pogotovo budućnost." Ignorirat ću njihova upozorenja i iznijet ću jednu vrlo konkretnu prognozu: U svijetu kojeg vrlo ubrzano stvaramo vidjet ćemo sve više stvari nalik znanstvenoj fantastici, a sve manje nalik klasičnim poslovima. Naši će se automobili vrlo uskoro početi sami voziti, što znači da će nam trebati manje vozača kamiona. Priključit ćemo Siri za Watsona i upotrijebiti ih za automatiziranje mnogih poslova koje danas obavljaju službe za korisnike, stručnjaci za uklanjanje kvarova i oni za prepoznavanje problema. Već koristimo i R2D2 bojimo ga u narančasto i upošljavamo kao prenositelja polica po skladištima, što znači da nam treba puno manje ljudi koji će prolaziti tim prolazima. Već 200-tinjak godina, ljudi govore točno ovo o čemu vam govorim: Približava se doba tehnološke nezaposlenosti... Započinje s ludistima i njihovim razbijanjem tkalačkih stanova u Velikoj Britaniji prije samo dva stoljeća. A oni su bili u krivu. Naša gospodarstva u razvijenom svijetu dugo se već kreću u zoni vrlo bliskoj punoj zaposlenosti. Što nameće ključno pitanje: "Zašto je ovog puta drugačije, ako uopće jest?" Drugačije je zato što su, u proteklih samo nekoliko godina, naši strojevi započeli demonstrirati vještine koje nikada prije nisu: razumijevanje, govorenje, slušanje, viđenje, odgovaranje, pisanje... i još uvijek usvajaju nove vještine. Na primjer, humanoidni mobilni roboti još su uvijek nevjerojatno priprosti, ali istraživački odjel Ministarstva obrane upravo je pokrenuo natjecanje kako bi potaknuli ljude da rade na takvim stvarima. I ako su nam dosadašnja iskustva ikakva vodilja, ovo će natjecanje biti uspješno. Kad pogledam uokolo, pomislim kako uopće nije daleko dan kad će androidi obavljati mnoge naše današnje poslove. Stvaramo svijet u kojemu će biti sve više tehnologije, a sve manje klasičnih poslova. To je svijet koji Erik Brynjolfsson i ja nazivamo "Novo doba strojeva." Treba imati na umu da su to neosporno sjajne vijesti. To su najbolje gospodarske vijesti na planetu ovih dana. Konkurencija i nije velika, zar ne?! To su najbolje gospodarske vijesti ovih dana iz dva glavna razloga... Prvi, tehnološki je napredak taj koji nam omogućava nastaviti ova nevjerojatna suvremena kretanja, pri čemu s vremenom proizvodnja raste, dok istovremeno cijene padaju, a volumen i kvaliteta i nadalje skokovito rastu. Neki ljudi ovo smatraju plitkim materijalizmom, no to je posve pogrešno gledište. To je obilje, upravo ono što želimo da nam naš gospodarski sustav pruži. Drugi razlog zašto je "Novo doba strojeva" tako sjajna vijest je taj što, pošto androidi preuzmu poslove, mi ih više nećemo morati obavljati, i tako ćemo se osloboditi mučnog i iscrpljujućeg rada. Kad razgovaram o tome s prijateljima u Cambridgeu i u Silicijskoj dolini, kažu: "Fantastično. Nema više robovanja, nema više iscrpljivanja. To nam daje priliku da zamislimo posve drugačije društvo, društvo u kojemu stvaraoci i pronalazači, izvođači i inovatori, sa svojim pokroviteljima i financijerima, raspravljaju, zabavljaju se, nadahnjuju, provociraju jedni druge." To je društvo, doista, veoma nalik TED konferenciji. To je, zapravo, poprilična istina. Svjedoci smo nevjerojatnog procvata. U svijetu u kojem je gotovo jednako lako stvoriti objekt kao i tiskati dokument, nevjerojatne nove mogućnosti nam se pružaju. Ljudi koji su nekad bili obrtnici i hobisti sad su stvaraoci, odgovorni za brojne inovacije. I umjetnici, koji su ranije bili ograničavani, sad mogu raditi stvari koje nikad prije nisu mogli raditi. Dakle, ovo je doba velikog procvata, i što više promatram oko sebe, uvjereniji sam kako ovaj citat, fizičara Freemana Dysona, nije nikakvo pretjerivanje. On jednostavno potvrđuje činjenice. Usred smo zadivljujućeg razdoblja. ["Tehnologija je dar od Boga. Nakon dara života, ona je možda i najveći od Božjih darova. Ona je majka civilizacija, umjetnosti i znanosti." - Freeman Dyson] Što nameće sljedeće sjajno pitanje: "Što bi možda moglo poći po zlu u ovom novom dobu strojeva?" Zar ne? Sjajno... Stani, procvjetaj, idi doma! Suočit ćemo se s dva trnovita skupa izazova dok stremimo sve dublje u budućnost koju sami stvaramo. Prvi su ekonomski, i uistinu su lijepo sažeti u apokrifnoj priči o "povuci-potegni" između Henryja Forda II i Waltera Reuthera, čelnika radničkog sindikata u automobilskoj industriji. Tijekom obilaska jedne od novih, modernih tvornica, Ford se nestašno obratio Reutheru: "Walter, kako ćete ovim robotima naplaćivati sindikalnu članarinu?" A Reuther mu uzvrati: "Henry, a kako ćete ih vi nagovoriti da kupuju automobile?" Reutherov problem u toj anegdoti taj je što je teško ponuditi vlastiti rad u gospodarstvu prepunom strojeva, i na to nam vrlo jasno ukazuje statistika. Osvrnemo li se na povrate na kapital u posljednjih par desetljeća - drugim riječima, na korporativne profite - vidimo kako su rasli, i kako su sad na svojim najvišim razinama. Ako pogledamo zarade zaposlenih - drugim riječima, ukupno isplaćene plaće u gospodarstvu - vidjet ćemo ih na najnižim razinama s vrlo brzim kretanjem u suprotnom smjeru. To je nedvojbeno loša vijest za Reuthera; čini se da bi to mogla biti sjajna vijest za Forda... Ali, zapravo nije. Želite li ljudima prodati goleme količine ponešto skupih dobara, tada doista želite brojnu, stabilnu, prosperitetnu srednju klasu. Jednu takvu imali smo u Americi u čitavom poslijeratnom razdoblju. No, srednji sloj je sad očito ugrožen. Svima su nam poznati mnogi statistički podaci, ali ponovimo samo jedan od njih: Prosječna plaća u Americi zapravo je pala tijekom proteklih 15 godina, i u opasnosti smo da ostanemo zarobljeni u začaranom krugu u kojemu nejednakosti i polarizacije s vremenom sve više rastu. Društveni izazovi koji dolaze s tom vrstom nejednakosti zaslužuju pažnju. Postoji niz društvenih izazova zbog kojih i nisam tako zabrinut, i oni su prikazani slikama poput ovih: Ovo nije vrsta društvenog problema koja me brine. Postoji mnoštvo utopijskih vizija o tome što se događa kad naši strojevi postanu samosvjesni, i odluče se podići i usmjeriti napade protiv nas. O tome ću početi brinuti onoga dana kad moje računalo postane svjesno mog pisača... (Smijeh) (Pljesak) Dakle, taj skup izazova nas doista ne treba brinuti. Kako biste razumjeli kakvi će se društveni izazovi pojaviti u tom novom dobu strojeva, ispričat ću vam priču o dva stereotipna američka radnika... A da bi oni stvarno bili stereotipni, neka oboje budu bijelci. Muškarci. Prvi je visokoobrazovan, stručnjak, kreativan tip, menadžer, inženjer, liječnik, odvjetnik... ta vrsta radnika. Zvat ćemo ga "Ted". On je na vrhu američke srednje klase. S druge strane, drugi nije visokoobrazovan, on radi kao fizički radnik, radi kao službenik, obavlja poslove nižeg statusa u gospodarstvu. Njega ćemo zvati "Bill". I vratite li se 50-ak godina, Bill i Ted su živjeli prilično slično. Primjerice, 1960. obojica su vrlo vjerojatno radili u punom radnom vremenu, radeći najmanje 40 sati tjedno. Ali, kao što je sociolog Charles Murray zabilježio, kako smo započeli automatizirati gospodarstvo, a upravo 1960. su se računala počela koristiti u tvrtkama, što smo započeli više i brže uvoditi tehnologiju, automatizaciju i digitalne stvari u naše gospodarstvo, sudbine Billa i Teda sve su se više razilazile. Tijekom tog razdoblja, Ted je i dalje zadržao stalan posao. Bill nije. U mnogim je slučajevima Bill potpuno napuštao svijet rada, dok je Ted to vrlo rijetko činio. Tijekom vremena, Tedov je brak ostao prilično sretan. Billov nije. Tedova djeca odrasla su u domu s oba roditelja, dok Billova nisu bezuvjetno. Ukazuje li još nešto na Billovo društveno otpadništvo? Rjeđe glasuje na predsjedničkim izborima, i češće završava u zatvoru. Dakle, ne mogu ispričati priču sa sretnim završetkom o ovim društvenim trendovima, i oni ne daju nikakve znake promjene smjera. Također, istiniti su za sve promatrane etničke ili demografske skupine, i zapravo se toliko zaoštravaju da su u opasnosti da toliko nadvladaju i zadivljujući napredak koji smo postigli s Pokretom za građanska prava. Ono što moji prijatelji u Silicijskoj dolini i Cambridgeu ne vide jest da su oni "Ted". Oni žive tim silno zaposlenim, produktivnim životima, i imaju sve prednosti koje s tim idu, dok Bill živi posve drugačijim životom. Obojica su dokaz koliko je Voltaire bio u pravu kad je govorio o prednostima rada, i o činjenici da nas rad spašava ne jednog, nego triju velikih zala. ["Rad spašava čovjeka od triju velikih zala: dosade, poroka i oskudice." - Voltaire] Dakle, što ćemo učiniti glede ovih izazova? Ekonomska taktika je iznenađujuće jasna, iznenađujuće izravna. Osobito u kratkom roku. Roboti neće preuzeti sve naše poslove u narednih godinu ili dvije, pa će klasične ekonomske lekcije posve dobro djelovati: Potičite poduzetništvo, prepolovite infrastrukturu, i pobrinite se da iz našeg obrazovnog sustava izlaze ljudi s odgovarajućim vještinama. Ali dugoročno, ako se krećemo ka gospodarstvu snažno oslonjenom na tehnologiju, a slabo na radnu snagu - a upravo je tako - tad moramo razmotriti neke radikalnije zahvate, poput, primjerice, zajamčenog minimalnog dohotka. To vjerojatno nekima ovdje izaziva nelagodu, jer ta je ideja povezana s krajnjom političkom ljevicom i s prilično radikalnim planovima preraspodjele bogatstva. Malo sam istraživao tu tezu, i nekoga bi moglo umiriti saznanje da su zamisao o zajamčenom minimalnom neto-dohotku, s pjenom-na-ustima, zagovarali socijalisti Friedrich Hayek, Richard Nixon i Milton Friedman. A ako vas ipak brine da će nešto poput zajamčenog dohotka ugušiti našu žeđ za uspjehom i učiniti nas neambicioznima, moglo bi vas zanimati da je socijalna mobilnost - jedna od stvari kojima se u SAD-u uistinu ponosimo - sad niža no u sjevernoeuropskim zemljama koje imaju izdašne društvene sigurnosne mreže. Dakle, ekonomska taktika je, zapravo, prilično jednostavna. Socijalna je daleko izazovnija! Ne znam kako potaknuti Billa da se angažira i ostane angažiran u svim aspektima života. Ali, znam da je obrazovanje važan dio taktike. Svjedok sam toga iz prve ruke. Prvih nekoliko godina obrazovao sam se po programu Montessori. Ondje sam naučio da je svijet zanimljivo mjesto, i da je na meni da ga istražujem. U trećem sam razredu prešao u javni školski sustav, i osjećao sam se kao da sam bio poslan u gulag. S naknadnom pameću, sad mi je jasno da su me pripremali za život službenika ili radnika, ali tad mi se činilo kao da je cilj bio da me uljuljkaju za mirenje s onime što se događa oko mene. Moramo biti bolji od toga! Ne možemo i nadalje stvarati "Billove"! Dakle, vidimo neke nagovještaje da se stvari mijenjaju na bolje... Vidimo da tehnologije duboko utječu na obrazovni sustav i angažiraju ljude, od naših najmlađih sve do najstarijih. Čujemo kako nam vrlo ugledni poslovni ljudi govore da trebamo iznova osmisliti sve ono što smo izvjesno vrijeme visoko cijenili. I vidimo vrlo ozbiljna, trajna, i na podacima utemeljena nastojanja da razumijemo što poduzeti u našim najproblematičnijim zajednicama. Znači, nagovještaji postoje... Ne želim ni nakratko umišljati da će nam ovo što imamo biti dovoljno. Suočeni smo s vrlo teškim izazovima. Navest ću samo jedan primjer: oko pet milijuna Amerikanaca nezaposleno je najmanje šest mjeseci. Njima nećemo pomoći pošaljemo li ih natrag u Montessori... A najviše me brine da stvaramo svijet u kojemu će blistava tehnologija biti sastavni dio zapuštenog društva, podržana od strane gospodarstva koje generira nejednakost umjesto da stvara prilike. Međutim, ne mislim da ćemo to učiniti! Mislim da ćemo napraviti nešto puno bolje, iz jednog vrlo jednostavnog razloga: Činjenice su tu! Stvarnost ovog novog doba strojeva i promjene u gospodarstvu svima postaju poznate. Kad bismo željeli ubrzati taj proces, mogli bismo dovesti naše najbolje ekonomiste i političare da zaigraju "Izazov!" protiv Watsona. Mogli bismo sve naše kongresnike poslati na automobilsko putovanje. I učinimo li dovoljno takvih stvari, svijest sviju bit će preplavljena time da je drugačiji svijet moguć. I opet smo u utrci... Jer, ne vjerujem, ni sekunde, da smo zaboravili rješavati žestoke izazove, niti da smo postali previše apatični ili tvrdokorni a da ne bismo barem pokušali. Započeo sam svoj govor mislima nekih pisaca, razdvojenih oceanom i stoljećem... Dopustite mi da ga okončam riječima političara koji su bili podjednako udaljeni. Winston Churchill došao je u moj dom - MIT - 1949., i rekao je: "Ako želimo dovesti široke mase ljudi, u svakoj zemlji, za stol obilja, to je moguće samo neumornim usavršavanjem svih naših tehničkih proizvodnih sredstava." Abraham Lincoln shvatio je da postoji još jedan sastojak... Rekao je: "Čvrsto vjerujem u ljude. Kažemo li im istinu, budite sigurni da će riješiti svaku nacionalnu krizu. Ključno je dati im očigledne činjenice." Dakle, optimistična poruka, glavna poanta s kojom se želim rastati od vas, jest da očigledne činjenice doba strojeva postaju jasne, i potpuno sam uvjeren da ćemo ih koristiti i zacrtati dobar smjer u izazovno, obilno gospodarstvo kakvo stvaramo. Hvala vam najljepša. (Pljesak)