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Passiflora Passiflora, known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 500 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family Passifloraceae. They are mostly vines, with some being shrubs, and a few species being herbaceous. For information about the fruit of the passiflora plant, see passionfruit. The monotypic genus Hollrungia seems to be inseparable from Passiflora, but further study is needed. Contents Distribution[edit] The family Passifloraceae has a pantropical distribution. Passiflora itself is absent from Africa, where many other members of the family Passifloraceae occur (e.g. the more plesiomorphic Adenia). Most species are found in South America, eastern Asia, southern Asia and New Guinea. Nine separate species of Passiflora are native to the United States, found from Ohio to the north, west to California and south to the Florida Keys. Four or more species are also found in Australia and a single endemic species in New Zealand. New species continue to be identified: for example, P. pardifolia and P. xishuangbannaensis have only been known to the scientific community since 2006 and 2005, respectively. Some species of Passiflora have been naturalised beyond their native ranges. For example, blue passion flower (P. caerulea) now grows wild in Spain.[1] The purple passionfruit (P. edulis) and its yellow relative flavicarpa have been introduced in many tropical regions as commercial crops. Ecology[edit] The passion flowers have a unique structure, which in most cases requires a large bee to effectively pollinate. In the American tropics, wooden beams are mounted very near passionfruit plantings to encourage carpenter bees to nest. The size and structure of flowers of other Passiflora species is optimized for pollination by hummingbirds (especially hermits like Phaethornis), bumble bees, Carpenter bees (Xylocopa varipuncta), wasps or bats, while others are self-pollinating. The sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera) with its immensely elongated bill has co-evolved with certain passion flowers, such as P. mixta. Yellow passion flower (P. lutea) pollen is apparently the only pollen eaten by the unusual bee Anthemurgus passiflorae. However, these bees simply collect the pollen, but do not pollinate the flowers. The leaves are used as food plants by the larva of a number of lepidoptera. To prevent the butterflies from laying too many eggs on any single plant, some passion flowers bear small colored nubs which resemble the butterflies' eggs and seem to fool them into believing that more eggs have already been deposited on a plant than actually is the case. Also, many Passiflora species produce sweet nutrient-rich liquid from glands on their leaf stems. These fluids attract ants which will kill and eat many pests that they happen to find feeding on the passion flowers.[2] The following lepidoptera larvae are known to feed on Passiflora: - Swift moth Cibyra serta - Longwing butterflies (Heliconiinae) - American Sara longwing (Heliconius sara) - Asian leopard lacewing (Cethosia cyane). - Postman butterfly (Heliconius melpomene) prefer P. menispermifolia and P. oerstedii - Zebra longwing (Heliconius charithonia) feed on yellow passion flower, two-flowered passion flower (P. biflora), and corky-stemmed passion flower (P. suberosa) - Banded orange (Dryadula phaetusa) feed on P. tetrastylis - Julia butterfly (Dryas iulia) feed on yellow passion flower and P. affinis - Gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae) feed on stinking passion flower (P. foetida) [3] and Maypop (P. incarnata) The bracts of the stinking passion flower are covered by hairs which exude a sticky fluid. Many small insects get stuck to this and get digested to nutrient-rich goo by proteases and acid phosphatases. Since the insects usually killed are rarely major pests, this passion flower seems to be a protocarnivorous plant.[4] Banana passion flower or "banana poka" (P. tarminiana), originally from Central Brazil, is an invasive weed, especially on the islands of Hawaii. It is commonly spread by feral pigs eating the fruits. It overgrows and smothers stands of endemic vegetation, mainly on roadsides. Blue passion flower (P. caerulea) is holding its own in Spain these days, and it probably needs to be watched so that unwanted spreading can be curtailed.[1] On the other hand, some species are endangered due to unsustainable logging and other forms of habitat destruction. For example, the Chilean passion flower (P. pinnatistipula) is a rare vine growing in the Andes from Venezuela to Chile between 2,500 and 3,800 meters altitude, and in Coastal Central Chile, where it occurs in woody Chilean Mediterranean forests. P. pinnatistipula has a round fruit, unusual in Tacsonia group species like banana passion flower and P. mixta, with their elongated tubes and brightly red to rose-colored petals. Notable and sometimes economically significant pathogens of Passiflora are several sac fungi of the genus Septoria (including S. passiflorae), the undescribed proteobacterium called "Pseudomonas tomato" (pv. passiflorae), the Potyvirus passionfruit woodiness virus, and the Carlavirus Passiflora latent virus. Use by humans[edit] A number of species of Passiflora are cultivated outside their natural range for of their beautiful flowers and delicious fruit. Hundreds of hybrids have been named; hybridizing is currently being done extensively for flowers, foliage and fruit. The following hybrids and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- During the Victorian era the flower (which in all but a few species lasts only one day) was very popular, and many hybrids were created using the winged-stem passion flower (P. alata), the blue passion flower (P. caerulea) and other tropical species. Many cool-growing Passiflora from the Andes Mountains can be grown successfully for their beautiful flowers and fruit in cooler Mediterranean climates, such as the Monterey Bay and San Francisco in California and along the western coast of the U.S. into Canada. One blue passion flower or hybrid even grew to large size at Malmö Central Station in Sweden.[8] Passion flowers have been a subject of studies investigating extranuclear inheritance; paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA has been documented in this genus.[9] The plastome of the two-flowered passion flower (P. biflora) has been sequenced. The French name for this plant has lent itself to La Famille Passiflore, a highly successful children's book series by Geneviève Huriet, and an animated series based upon it. These have been translated into English as Beechwood Bunny Tales and The Bellflower Bunnies. Fruit[edit] Most species have round or elongated edible fruit from two to eight inches long and an inch to two inches across, depending upon the species or cultivar. - The passion fruit or maracujá (P. edulis) is cultivated extensively in the Caribbean, South America, south Florida and South Africa for its fruit, which is used as a source of juice. A small purple fruit which wrinkles easily and a larger shiny yellow to orange fruit are traded under this name. The latter is usually considered just a variety flavicarpa, but seems to be more distinct in fact.[according to whom?] - Sweet granadilla (P. ligularis) is another widely grown species. In large parts of Africa and Australia it is the plant called "passionfruit": confusingly, in South African English the latter species is more often called "granadilla" (without an adjective). Its fruit is somewhat intermediate between the two sold as P. edulis. - Maypop (P. incarnata), a common species in the southeastern US. This is a subtropical representative of this mostly tropical family. However, unlike the more tropical cousins, this particular species is hardy enough to withstand the cold down to −20 °C (−4 °F) before its roots die (it is native as far north as Pennsylvania and has been cultivated as far north as Boston and Chicago.) The fruit is sweet, yellowish, and roughly the size of a chicken's egg; it enjoys some popularity as a native plant with edible fruit and few pests. - Giant granadilla (giant tumbo or badea, P. quadrangularis), water lemon (P. laurifolia) and sweet calabash (P. maliformis) are Passiflora species locally famed for their fruit, but not widely known elsewhere yet. - Wild maracuja are the fruit of P. foetida, which are popular in Southeast Asia. - Banana passionfruits are the very elongated fruits of P. tripartita var. mollissima and P. tarminiana. These are locally eaten, but their invasive properties make them a poor choice to grow outside of their native range.[10][11] Traditional medicine[edit] incarnata (maypop) leaves and roots have a long history of use among Native Americans in North America and were adapted by the European colonists. The fresh or dried leaves of maypop are used to make a tea that is used for insomnia, hysteria, and epilepsy, and is also valued for its analgesic properties.[12][medical citation needed] P. edulis (passion fruit) and a few other species are used in Central and South America for similar purposes. Once dried, the leaves can also be smoked. The medical utility of only a few species of Passiflora has been scientifically studied.[13] In initial study in 2001 for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, maypop extract performed as well as oxazepam but with fewer short-term side effects.[14] It was recommended to follow up with long-term studies to confirm these results. A study performed on mice demonstrated that Passiflora alata has a genotoxic effect on cells, and suggested further research was recommended before this one species is considered safe for human consumption.[15] Passionflower herb (Passiflorae herba) from P. incarnata is listed in the European Pharmacopoeia. The herbal drug should contain not less than 1.5% total flavonoids expressed as vitexin.[citation needed] Passionflower is reputed to have sedative effects and has been used in sedative products in Europe, but in 1978, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration prohibited its use in over-the-counter sedative preparations because it had not been proven safe and effective. In 2011, the University of Maryland Medical Center reported that passionflower "... can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should take herbs with care, under the supervision of a health care provider."[16][17] Passionflower is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods in the US,[18] and is “possibly safe when used orally and appropriately for short-term medicinal purposes,” “possibly unsafe when used in excessive amounts,” but unsafe when used orally during pregnancy since “...passionflower constituents show evidence of uterine stimulation.” The database suggests it is possibly effective for adjustment disorder with anxious mood, anxiety, and opiate withdrawal, but it “can cause dizziness, confusion, sedation, and ataxia” and there are some reports of more severe side effects including vasculitis and altered consciousness. Chemistry[edit] Many species have been found to contain beta-carboline harmala alkaloids,[13][19] some of which are MAO inhibitors. The flower and fruit have only traces of these chemicals, but the leaves and the roots often contain more.[citation needed] The most common of these alkaloids is harman, but harmaline, harmalol, harmine, and harmol are also present.[13][19] The species known to bear such alkaloids include: P. actinea, P. alata (winged-stem passion flower), P. alba, P. bryonioides (cupped passion flower), P. caerulea (blue passion flower), P. capsularis, P. decaisneana, P. edulis (passion fruit), P. eichleriana, P. foetida (stinking passion flower), P. incarnata (maypop), P. quadrangularis (giant granadilla), P. suberosa, P. subpeltata and P. warmingii.[13][19] Other compounds found in passion flowers are coumarins (e.g. scopoletin and umbelliferone), maltol, phytosterols (e.g. lutenin) and cyanogenic glycosides (e.g. gynocardin) which render some species, i.e. P. adenopoda, somewhat poisonous. Many flavonoids and their glycosides have been found in Passiflora, including apigenin, benzoflavone[disambiguation needed], homoorientin, 7-isoorientin, isoshaftoside, isovitexin (or saponaretin), kaempferol, lucenin, luteolin, n-orientin, passiflorine (named after the genus), quercetin, rutin, saponarin, shaftoside, vicenin and vitexin. Maypop, blue passion flower (P. caerulea), and perhaps others contain the flavone chrysin. Also documented to occur at least in some Passiflora in quantity are the hydrocarbon nonacosane and the anthocyanidin pelargonidin-3-diglycoside.[13][19][20] The genus is rich in organic acids including formic, butyric, linoleic, linolenic, malic, myristic, oleic and palmitic acids as well as phenolic compounds, and the amino acid a-alanine. Esters like ethyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, n-hexyl butyrate and n-hexyl caproate give the fruits their flavor and appetizing smell. Sugars, contained mainly in the fruit, are most significantly d-fructose, d-glucose and raffinose. Among enzymes, Passiflora was found to be rich in catalase, pectin methylesterase and phenolase.[13][19] Etymology and names[edit] The "Passion" in "passion flower" refers to the passion of Jesus in Christian theology. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish Christian missionaries adopted the unique physical structures of this plant, particularly the numbers of its various flower parts, as symbols of the last days of Jesus and especially his crucifixion:[citation needed] - The pointed tips of the leaves were taken to represent the Holy Lance. - The tendrils represent the whips used in the flagellation of Christ. - The ten petals and sepals represent the ten faithful apostles (excluding St. Peter the denier and Judas Iscariot the betrayer). - The flower's radial filaments, which can number more than a hundred and vary from flower to flower, represent the crown of thorns. - The chalice-shaped ovary with its receptacle represents a hammer or the Holy Grail - The 3 stigmas represent the 3 nails and the 5 anthers below them the 5 wounds (four by the nails and one by the lance). - The blue and white colors of many species' flowers represent Heaven and Purity. The flower has been given names related to this symbolism throughout Europe since that time. In Spain, it is known as espina de Cristo ("thorn of Christ'"). Older Germanic names[21] include Christus-Krone ("Christ's crown"), Christus-Strauss ("Christ's bouquet"[22]), Dorn-Krone ("crown of thorns"), Jesus-Lijden ("Jesus' passion"), Marter ("passion"[23]) or Muttergottes-Stern ("Mother of God's star"[24]). Outside the Christian heartland, the regularly shaped flowers have reminded people of the face of a clock. In Israel they are known as "clock-flower" (שעונית) and in Greece as "clock plant" (poλoYιά); in Japan too, they are known as tokeisō (時計草, "clock plant"). In Hawaiian, they are called lilikoʻi;[25] lī is a string used for tying fabric together, such as a shoelace, and liko means "to spring forth leaves".[26] In India, blue passionflowers are called Krishnakamala in Karnataka and Maharashtra, while in Uttar Pradesh and generally north it is colloquially called "Paanch Paandav" (referring to the five Pandavas in the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata). The five anthers are interpreted as the five Pandavas, the divine Krishna is at the centre, and the radial filaments are opposing hundred. The colour blue is moreover associated with Krishna as the colour of his aura. In northern Peru and Bolivia, the banana passionfruits are known as tumbos. This is one possible source of the name of the Tumbes region of Peru. In Turkey, the shape of the flowers have reminded people of Rota Fortunae, thus it called Çarkıfelek. Taxonomy[edit] Passiflora is the most species rich genus of both the family Passifloraceae and the tribe Passifloreae. With over 530 species, an extensive hierarchy of infrageneric ranks is required to represent the relationships of the species. The infrageneric classification of Passiflora not only uses the widely used ranks of subgenus, section and series, but also the rank of supersection. The New World species of Passiflora were divided among 22 subgenera by Killip (1938). More recent work reduces these to 4 - Astrophea (Americas, 57 species), Deidamioides (Americas, 17 species), Passiflora (Americas, >200 species) and Decaloba (Americas, Asia and Australasia, >200 species). Other studies have shown that the segregate Old World genera Hollrungia and Tetrapathaea are nested within Passiflora, and form a fifth subgenus (Tetrapathaea). The Old World species form two clades - supersection Disemma (part of subgenus Decaloba) and subgenus Tetrapathaea. The former is composed of 21 species divided into sections Disemma (3 Australian species), Holrungiella (1 New Guinean species) and Octandranthus (17 south and east Asian species).[27] The remaining (New World) species of subgenus Decaloba are divided into 7 supersections. Supersection Pterosperma includes 4 species from Central America and southern Mexico. Supersection Hahniopathanthus includes 5 species from Central America, Mexico and northernmost South America. Supersection Cicea includes 19 species, with apetalous flowers. Supersection Bryonioides includes 21 species, with a distribution centered on Mexico. Supersection Auriculata includes 8 species from South America, one of which is also found in Central America. Supersection Multiflora includes 19 species. Supersection Decaloba includes 123 species.[28] See also[edit] Footnotes[edit] - ^ a b Dana et al. [2001] - ^ Sezen, Uzay. "Ants defending extrafloral nectaries of Passiflora incarnata". Retrieved 16 May 2012. Butterfly Gardening in Southern Arizona. Tierra del Soule Press, Tucson, AZ - ^ Radhamani et al. (1995) - ^ "RHS Plant Selector Passiflora × exoniensis AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. - ^ "RHS Plant Selector Passiflora 'Amethyst' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. - ^ "RHS Plant Selector Passiflora × violacea AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. - ^ Petersen (1966) Hansen et al. (2006) - ^ Smith, Clifford W. "Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai'i's Native Biota". University of Hawaii. Retrieved 8 March 2011. - ^ The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health and the National Park Service (17 February 2011). "Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". Retrieved 8 March 2011. - ^ UMMC (2008)[dead link] - ^ a b c d e f Duke (2008) - ^ "Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. October 2001. - ^ "Toxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of Passiflora alata Curtis (Passifloraceae)". J Ethnopharmacol. - ^ "Passionflower". nih.gov. - ^ "Passionflower". University of Maryland Medical Center. - ^ "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". fda.gov. - ^ a b c d e Drugs.com (2008) - ^ Dhawan, et al. (2002) - ^ Marzell (1927) - ^ "Christ's flower" is a mistranslation of Marzell (1927) - ^ "Martyr" is a mistranslation of Marzell (1927) - ^ Muttergottes-Schuzchen (or -Schurzchen) is a nonsensical misreading of Marzell (1927) - ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of lilikoʻi ". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. line feed character in |title=at position 23 (help) - ^ Pukui et al. (1992) - ^ Shawn Elizabeth Krosnick, Ph.D. thesis, Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of morphological evolution in the Old Word species of Passiflora (subgenus Decaloba: supersection Disemma and subgenus Tetrapathaea) - ^ "MBG: Research: Passiflora Research Network". mobot.org. References[edit] - Akhondzadeh, Shahin; Naghavi, H.R.; Vazirian, M.; Shayeganpour, A.; Rashidi, H.; Khani, M. (2001). "Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. - Dana, E.D.; Sanz-Elorza, M. & Sobrino, E. [2001]: Plant Invaders in Spain Check-List. PDF fulltext - Dhawan, Kamaldeep; Kumar, Suresh; Sharma, Anupam (2002). "Beneficial Effects of Chrysin and Benzoflavone on Virility in 2-Year-Old Male Rats". Journal of Medicinal Food. - Drugs.com [2008]: Passion Flower. Retrieved 2008-NOV-01. - Duke, James A. [2008]: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases – Passiflora spp. Retrieved 2008-NOV-01. - Hansen, A. Katie; Escobar, Linda K.; Gilbert, Lawrence E.; Jansen, Robert K. (2006). "Paternal, maternal, and biparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome in Passiflora (Passifloraceae): implications for phylogenic studies" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. - Marzell, Heinrich (1927): Deutsches Wörterbuch der Pflanzennamen ["German Plant Name Dictionary"]. Leipzig. - Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel Hoyt; Mookini, Esther T. & Nishizawa, Yu Mapuana (1992): New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary with a Concise Grammars and Given Names in Hawaiian. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. - Petersen, Elly (1966): Passionsblume ["Passion flowers"]. In: Praktisches Gartenlexikon der Büchergilde (2nd ed.): 270-271 [in German]. Büchergilde Gutenberg. Frankfurt am Main, Vienna, Zürich. - Radhamani, T.R.; Sudarshana, L.; Krishnan, R. (1995). "Defence and carnivory: dual roles of bracts". Passiflora foetida. Journal of Biosciences. - University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) (2008): Passionflower. Retrieved 2008-NOV-01. External links[edit] - Passiflora at the Encyclopedia of Life - The Passiflora Society International - Killip, The American Species of Passifloraceae, Fieldiana, Bot. - Passiflora online - Passiflora edulis - Passiflora Picture Gallery - Chilean Passiflora pictures - A list of Heliconius Butterflies and the Passiflora species their larvae consume
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Isusova kruna - lat. Passiflora - Postovi: 8 Isusova kruna - lat. Passiflora Re: passiflora?? Caeruela Vrtna biljka sa vrlo zanimljivim cvijećem. Cvijet joj se sastoji od pet peludnica koje predstavljaju pet kristovih rane, trodijelni tučak koji predstavljaju tri čavla, a niti oko prašnika krunu Isusovu. Tako da je zbog toga vjerovanja u narodu dobila mnogobrojna imena kao što su: Isusova muka, Isusovo cvijeće, Kristova kruna, Gospodinova kruna i slično. Porijeklo Passiflore je Peru i Brazil, a odatle je prenijeta u 17. stoljeću i u naše krajeve. I od tada je skupila mnoge svoje obožavatelje i izazvala veliko divljenje velikog broja stanovništva. Ima ih jako puno vrsta a glavna razlika im je po boji cvijeta njegovoj veličini i visini rasta biljke. Sami oblik cvijeta i karakteristike su im gotovo pa iste. Sadi se u proljeće u bogatu rahlu zemlju.Može se saditi u tlo ili u cvijetnjak. Također ovisno o vrsti biljka može biti jednogodišnja ili višegodišnja. Vrsta Passiflore, P. Caeruela je najotpornija na hladnoću i tako da može prezimiti i vani naravno ovisno o podneblju u kojem živite jer P. Caeruela može podnijeti temp. Do -10 i čak -15 stupnjeva Celzijevih. Dok su ostale vrste osjetljivije i ne mogu podnijeti tako niske temperature. Odaberite sunčano mjesto ili polusjenovito na kojem će lijepo cvjetati tijekom cijelog ljeta. Iako cvijet bude vrlo kratko svega dan-dva biljka je uvijek u cvijet i to se ne može primijetiti Ukoliko ju sačuvate više od jedne godine, Passiflora će vam dati plodove koji su u pojedinih vrsta ljekoviti i vrlo cijenjeni ( marakuja ). Uz to što je vrtna biljka ona je ujedno jako i ljekovita biljka!!! DJELOVANJE I INDIKACIJE : Pasiflora – prirodni sedativ Ljekoviti sadržaj pasiflore : alfa alanin, apigenin, fruktoza, tirosin, saharoza, valin, vitexin, kumarini, indolni alkaloidi, fenolne kiseline, no glavni važni sastojci su flavonoidi, cijanoglikozidi i esencijalna ulja. U pradomovini su je koristili kao sedativ i protiv grčeva. Od vrste P. edulus listovi se ponekad upotrebljavaju za patvorenje droge, a P . caerula se može zamijeniti sa ljekovitom passiflorom incarnata, (sadrži otrovni cijanid), te je potrebno dobro razlikovati biljke. line, no glavni važni sastojci su flavonoidi, cijanoglikozidi i esencijalna ulja. in, kumarini, indolni alkaloidi, fenolne kisPrema statistici u Hrvatskoj oko milijun osoba ima problema s nesanicom. Razni lijekovi za nesanicu često uzrokuju ovisnost, živčanu malaksalost, mamurluk i ošamućenost, što nije slučaj s lijekovima iz prirode poput pasiflore koja djeluje smirujuće i opuštajuće. Postoji izreka „ od jutra bez stresa do večeri bez nesanice..“ Pasiflori je priznato umirujuće djelovanje na središnji živčani sustav u slučajevima stresa, napetosti, razdražljivosti i kod poremećaja spavanja i tahikardijama koji su psihogenog uzroka. Pomaže kod neuroza. U nekim drugim zemljama uz liječenje nesanice koristi se i za liječenje Parkinsonove bolesti, histerije, epilepsije, konvulzija, visokog krvnog tlaka i tetanusa, reguliranje menstruacije, menstrualnih grčeva, hemoroida te bolesti kože. U Europi je koriste kod neuroza i nesanice, alkoholizma, neuralgija, glavobolja, tahikardije i liječenje hiperaktivnosti djece. U J. Americi ju koriste za smirenje, kao diuretik, protiv bolova, kod paralize, bronhitisa, histerije, hipertenzije i tamo najviše koriste vrstu P. edulus – istu onu koja se koristi kao droga ! Dijelove biljke najbolje je uzimati u obliku ekstrakta gdje se zbog posebne tehnologije ekstrakcije očuvaju najdjelotvornije komponente biljke, koje se ne mogu ekstrahirati ni u čaju ni u vodi. Infuzi – čajevi i tinkture nisu najbolji način korištenja, ali ipak ako nemate drugih mogućnosti pripremite i koristite ovako : 5 grama biljne droge preliti s 250 ml vruće vode, pije se 3 puta dnevno a u slučaju nesanice uzimaju se dvije doze navečer: jedna nakon obroka a druga prije spavanja. NUSPOJAVE : Droga je sasvim sigurna za korištenje. Ne izaziva ovisnost kao ni toleranciju. Pomaže u odvikavanju od lijekova kao npr. Benzodiazepina i često je zamjena za različite propisane sedative u osoba ovisnih o lijekovima i li alkoholu. Naravno, ne uzimati u trudnoći, kod djece mlađe od 2 godine, te prije općih anestezija, a pošto može izazvati pospanost izbjegavati je tijekom dana ako osoba misli vozi ili upravljati teškom strojevima. U izrazito rijetkim slučajevima moguće su alergijske reakcije. ZVORI PODATAKA : gđa Marica Buratović centar Cerdus Ali tebe zanima u biti ova vrsta Maypop (Passiflora incarnata L.) Many species have been found to contain beta-carboline harmala alkaloids.[6][7] which are MAO inhibitors with anti-depressant properties. The flower and fruit have only traces of these chemicals, but the leaves and the roots are often more potent and have been used to enhance the effects of mind-altering drugs. The most common of these alkaloids is harman (1-methyl-9H-b-carboline), but harmaline (4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), harmalol (1-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-one), harmine (7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) and harmol[clarification needed] were found The species known to bear such alkaloids include: P. actinea, P. alata (winged-stem passion flower), P. alba, P. bryonoides (cupped passion flower), P. caerulea (blue passion flower), P. capsularis, P. decaisneana, P. edulis (passion fruit), P. eichleriana, P. foetida (stinking passion flower), P. incarnata (maypop), P. quadrangularis (giant granadilla), P. ruberosa, P. subpeltata and P. warmingii[6][7] P. incarnata (maypop) leaves and roots have a long history of use among Native Americans in North America and were adapted by the European colonists. The fresh or dried leaves of maypop are used to make a tea that is used to treat insomnia, hysteria, and epilepsy, and is also valued for its analgesic properties.[5] P. edulis (passion fruit) and a few other species are used in Central and South America for similar purposes. Once dried, the leaves can also be smoked. - Postovi: 90 - Prim. zahvala: 2 puta Re: Passiflora?? - Devil'sChase - Postovi: 837 - Zahvalio/a: 290 puta - Prim. zahvala: 188 puta Re: Passiflora?? The species known to bear such alkaloids include: P. actinea, P. alata (winged-stem passion flower), P. alba, P. bryonoides (cupped passion flower), P. caerulea (blue passion flower), P. capsularis, P. decaisneana, P. edulis (passion fruit), P. eichleriana, P. foetida (stinking passion flower), P. incarnata (maypop), P. quadrangularis (giant granadilla), P. ruberosa, P. subpeltata and P. warmingii[6][7] Meni sada samo nije jasno dali onda P.caerulea takoder sadrzi betacarbloine harmalne alk. ili ne, Jer mi se cinilo da samo incarnata sadrzi njih i da samo incarnatu "koriste" za ayahuascu, jel uopce moguce uzgojiti incarnatu u kontinentu zbog zima? Ili je samo moguce caeruleu? Re: Passiflora?? Međutim kao lijek se uvijek spominje P. Incarnata. malo više o uzgoju Položaj: sunčan ili lagana polusjena. Biljke u posudama mogu se ljeti iznjeti na balkon ili vrt. Tlo: Rahlo, pjeskovito i humusno, dobro propusno te lagano kiselo (pH 5-6,5). Biljke u posudama trebaju hranjivu vrtnu zemlju, bogatu humusom, uz dodatak ilovače i pijeska, te odgovarajuću veličinu posude. Ako je zamlja prelaka mješavina, biljka u posudi neće cvasti. Doba cvatnje: Od lipnja do rujna, a cvast će samo na toplom i sunčanom mjestu. Temperatura: Otpornije vrste mogu zaštićene prezimiti na otvorenom ili u svijetlom zimovalištu na temperaturi od 3-7 °C. Ostale vrste traže zimsku temperaturu od 8- 12 °C, a šarenolisne vrste od 17- 20 °C. Kada lišće počne otpadat, znak je da biljka miruje. Ne treba se zabrinuti ako lišće počne žutiti i otpadati, ali pod uvjetom da nešto lišća i ostane. Voda: U doba vegetacije i cvatnje zalijevati redovito i umjereno odstajalom vodom. Zimi zalijevati manje, ali ipak toliko da zemlja ne postane presuha. Njega: Dohranjivati tekućim gnojivom od ožujka do kolovoza jednom tjedno. Vlaga: Umjerena vlaga zraka. U pregrijanim prostorijama, gdje je zrak bez vlage, dolazi do opasne pojave crvenog pauka. Razmnožavanje: Sjemenom ili poludrvenastim reznicama. Sije se u proljeće, najbolje u ožujku, pri temperaturi od 18-21 °C. Sjemenke klijaju polako i nejednako. Reznice sa po dva para listova sade se u pjeskovitu tresetnu zemlju, pod staklo, od veljače do travnja, pri temperaturi od 16-20 °C. Mogu se kupiti i kontejnerske sadnice. U području s oštrom klimom sadnice se sade u proljeće, a u području s blažom klimom u jesen. Presađuje se u ožujku, a prije toga treba prikratiti izboje na tri do sedam oka. Iz njih će izbiti čvrsti izboji koji će dati obilje cvjetova. Ozljede od obrezivanja biljke mogu uzrokovati zarazu, a uzročnici su u zemlji, stoga je najbolje zemlju raskužiti prije sadnje. Uzgoj: Obrezati u rano proljeće. Ako su izboji pregusti, treba odrezati suvišne i slabije kako bi biljka dobila više svjetlosti te obilnije cvala. Biljkama treba omogućiti podlogu ili potporanj za lakše penjanje. Skupljanje - za ljekovitu primjenu koriste se cijeli nadzemni dijelovi biljke. Biljka se skuplja zajedno s cvjetovima i plodovima, te pažljivo suši. - za jelo, plodovi se beru u jesen, prije mraza, te koriste svježi ili osušeni. [img=float-left]http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1566/X1304/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1566-056110.jpg[/img]Upotreba Kuhinja: Plodovi pasiflore koriste se za pripremu sokova, marmelada i slastica. Liječenje: Ljekovite tvari pasiflore djeluju protiv nesanice, razdražljivosti, nervoze i psihičkog nemira, a postoje tvrdnje da pomaže kod epilepsije i tetanusa. Ta ljekovit biljka smanjuje srčanu nervozu, nervozu želuca i crijeva, te previsok krvni tlak. Osim toga, pasiflora potiče cirkulaciju, smanjuje predmenstrualne tegobe i menstrulane bolove, te smiruje kašalj i olakšava disanje kod bronhitisa i astme. Protiv nesanice najbolje djeluje u čajnoj mješavini zajedno s matičnjakom, odoljenom, hmeljom i pljuskavicom, a čaj treba uzeti 1 sat prije spavanja. Ta mješavina opušta, umiruje i uspavljuje. Čaj od pasiflore 1 čajnu žličicu usitnjene suhe pasiflore preliti sa 2,5 dl vruće vode te pokriveno ostaviti da odstoji 10-15 min. Tekućinu procijediti i uzimati 2-4 puta na dan. - Devil'sChase - Postovi: 837 - Zahvalio/a: 290 puta - Prim. zahvala: 188 puta Re: Passiflora?? -cyanogenic glycosides- koji vode do cyanida, ali uglavnom nestane kada se prokuha, zvuci ovako opasno naravno, ali nema nikakvih upozorenja tj velikih opreznih mjera da sam nasao u vezi toga... A nasao sam jos jedan podatak koji me malo zbunjuje sada, Evo citat s wikipedije: "Maypop (P. incarnata), a common species in the southeastern US. This is a subtropical representative of this mostly tropical family. However, unlike the more tropical cousins, this particular species is hardy enough to withstand the cold down to -4°F (-20°C) before its roots die (it is native as far north as Pennsylvania and has been cultivated as far north as Boston and Chicago.) The fruit is sweet, yellowish, and roughly the size of a chicken's egg; it enjoys some popularity as a native plant with edible fruit and few pests." Re: Passiflora?? Lako je pricat o tome kada govorimo o biljci koja je vec starija i koja je dobro razvila korijen, ali ako se igramo sa malim sadnicama i tek novim biljcicama, sumnjam da bi takvu zimu prezivjela. kako god, ako sadis pasifloru, dobro bi ju bilo prve zime spremiti u kucu, a kada se ona vec razvije ko velika, sljedece zime ju mozes presaditi vani i zastitit. - Devil'sChase - Postovi: 837 - Zahvalio/a: 290 puta - Prim. zahvala: 188 puta Re: Passiflora?? - Postovi: 1745 - Zahvalio/a: 101 put - Prim. zahvala: 216 puta Re: Passiflora?? Re: Isusova kruna - lat. Passiflora Natrag na “Biljke: Magičan svijet biljaka i Uzgoj” Online Trenutno korisnika/ca: Nema prijavljenih korisnika/ca. i 1 gost.