http___www.tportal.hr_vijesti_biznis_333426_U-Grckoj-i-Hrvatskoj-radi-najmanje-radno-sposobnih.html_1.xml
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European biomass pellets market According to PELLETS@LAS project (2008), a total amount of 8.064.000 tons of pellet utilized in Europe (EU-27 plus Norway, Switzerland), the equivalent of 35 GWh of energy produced comes from wood resources. The annual production of pellets was estimated at approximately 7.5 million tons. However, it must be noticed that the data of PELLETS@LAS project is partly based on estimations and therefore, uncertainties must be considered. Fig. 1: European pellets market (2008) Around 60 % of the produced pellets were of high quality, suitable for usage in small-scale residential combustion. Main producing countries are Sweden, Germany, Austria and Italy. The other 40 % were pellets of lower quality, suitable for usage in industrial sector. Also, in this case, Germany and Sweden contribute large shares. Additionally, Belgium and countries of the Eastern Europe (e.g. Poland and Estonia) are important industrial pellet producers. It can be estimated that the consumption of high quality pellets in the heat sector (mainly Italy, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Denmark) roughly equals the consumption of industrial pellets by the power production sector (mainly Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, UK and Denmark). The European demand for high quality pellets is currently covered by the domestic production while the use of industrial pellets partly depends on imports from countries such as Canada and Russia. Fig. 2: Per capita pellets utilization (kg) - 2008 More specifically, Figure 1 shows that Germany and Sweden are by far the major producers of pellets (1.46 and 1.4 million tons, respectively). High pellet production observed for Italy and Austria (650.000 and 626.000 tons per year, respectively) and subsequently for Latvia, Finland, Poland, Estonia and Belgium. On the other hand there are some countries which do not produce pellets (Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus) or produce very small quantities, less than 50.000 tonnes per annum (Norway, Greece, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Ireland and Hungary). Greece, in particular, produced 27.800 tons of pellets. In 2008 Sweden consumed a total of 1.85 million tonnes of pellets and that was the highest European rate, followed in order by Denmark, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy and Austria. On the other hand, Estonia, Cyprus, Malta and Hungary have not used pellets at all, while Slovakia, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Luxembourg, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic consumed less than 20,000 tonnes. More specifically, as shown in Figure 2, Sweden presents the major annual per capita pellet consumption (about 200 kg). Denmark has a corresponding high value with 193 kg. Subsequently, Belgium, Austria, the Netherlands and Slovenia have high per capita consumption that range from 55 kg (Slovenia) to 86 kg (Belgium). Finally, has to be noted that in several countries (Malta, Estonia, Cyprus, Hungary, Spain, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Portugal and Greece) the consumption of pellets is very low and varies from 0 to 1 kg per capita. In summary, the European pellet market is characterised by heterogeneity at several levels. In Central and Northern Europe the pellet market seems to be well-developed. On the other hand, pellets market in Eastern Europe just started to develop. In addition, the consumption structure varies significantly. In some countries (e.g. Austria and Germany) wood pellets are exclusively used in residential heating. In other countries (e.g. the Netherlands) pellets are mainly used in electricity sector. In Sweden and other countries, both usage types are developed equally. Countries where the pellet production is significantly higher than the domestic consumption (e.g. Germany and countries in Eastern Europe) became pellet exporters to countries with a net pellet demand such as the UK. The above text is based on PELLETS@LAS (http://www.pelletsatlas.info) project data and we should thank the project's administrators for their kind permission to reproduce them. Related articles Biomass pellets market in Greece - Overview and Features In 2008, according to the European Program Pellets Atlas, Greece produced a total of about 27,800 tons of pellets, while the installed capacity amounted to 87,000 tonnes. more Biomass pellets production stages - Process After the reception of the required biomass characteristics concerning its purity, moisture content and dimensions, it takes place its introduction into the ‘heart’ of the pellet production... more Biomass pellets production stages - Biomass pretreatment Wood pellets are manufactured mainly from timber industry residues, forest industry by-products or special sustainable short coppice crops. more Biomass pellets specifications and quality standards The certification of biomass pellets quality is essential both for environmental and practical reasons, as a certified product is much easier traded in the global market. more
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Tako je u prosjeku stopa zaposlenosti u EU28 porasla sa 66,7 posto u 2002., na 70,3 posto u 2008. godini, nakon čega se zbog krize već iduće godine spustila na 68,9 posto i otada kontinuirano pada, te je lani iznosila 68,3 posto Strategijom Europa 2020. zacrtana je stopa zaposlenosti za EU u cjelini od najmanje 75 posto Sličan je trend, odnosno rast stope zaposlenosti do približno 2008. godine a potom njezin pad, zabilježen u ukupno 12 zemalja-članica EU-a. Uz Hrvatsku, u toj se skupini nalaze još Bugarska, Danska, Irska, Grčka, Španjolska, Italija, Cipar, Nizozemska, Slovenija, Slovačka i Finska, pokazalo izvješće Eurostata koje se temelji na rezultatima Ankete o radnoj snazi iz 2013. godine,. U Hrvatskoj je tako stopa zaposlenosti porasla s 57,9 posto u 2002. do najviših 62,9 posto u 2008. godini, da bi se otada kontinuirano smanjivala i pala na 53,9 posto u 2013. godini U sklopu strategije Europa 2020. RH cilja na stopu zaposlenosti od 59 posto do kraja ovog desetljeća. U devet zemalja-članica, Češkoj, Estoniji, Francuskoj, Latviji, Litvi, Mađarskoj, Rumunjskoj, Švedskoj i Velikoj Britaniji, zaposlenost je rasla od 2002. godine do 2008. godine, nakon čega je smanjena, da bi se potom oporavila, u potpunosti ili djelomično. U četiri države EU-a, Belgiji, Luksemburgu, Austriji i Poljskoj, stopa zaposlenosti je rasla do negdje 2008. godine, nakon čega se držala više-manje nepromijenjenom. Jedino je u Portugalu stopa zaposlenosti gotovo kontinuirano padala tijekom promatranog razdoblja, dok su Njemačka i Malta zabilježile gotovo kontinuirani rast zaposlenosti tijekom čitavog razdoblja. Nakon financijske krize razlike u stopama zaposlenosti unutar 28-članog EU-a produbile su se, pri čemu je razlika između najviše i najniže stope zaposlenosti iznosila 19,4 postotna boda u 2010. godini, nasuprot 26,6 postotnih bodova koliko je iznosila 2013. Švedska prednjači po stopi zaposlenosti u dobnoj skupini od 20 do 64 godina, sa čak 79,8 posto u 2013. godini. Slijede Njemačka (77,1 posto), Nizozemska (76,5 posto), Danska (75,6 posto), Austrija (75,5 posto) i Velika Britanija (74,9 posto), te Estonija i Finska (po 73,3 posto). Pritom su Njemačka i Malta već prošle godine premašile ciljanu stopu zaposlenosti za 2020., koja je u slučaju Njemačke iznosila 77,0 a Malte 62,9 posto. Hrvatska je u skupini zemalja s najnižim stopama zaposlenosti, s 53,9 posto u 2013., odmah iza Grčke Slijede Španjolska (58,2 posto) i Italija (59,8 posto). U dobnoj skupini od 55 do 64 godine 28-člani EU bilježi drugačii trend, uz kontinuirani rast stope zaposlenosti u promatranom razdoblju, i to s 38,1 posto u 2002., na 50,1 posto u 2013. godini. Trend rasta stope zaposlenosti tijekom gotovog cijelog tog razdoblja zabilježen je u ukupno 12 zemalja-članica, među kojima su Belgija, Bugarska, Njemačka, Francuska, Italija, Luksemburg, Nizozemska, Austrija, Poljska, Slovačka, Finska i Švedska. U 11 zemalja-članica stopa zaposlenosti među radnicima te dobi rasla je do negdje 2008. godine, zatim se smanjila i potom opet oporavila, u cjelini ili djelomično. Riječ je o Češkoj, Danskoj, Estoniji, Irskoj, Latviji, Litvi, Mađarskoj, Malti, Rumunjskoj, Sloveniji i Velikoj Britaniji. Hrvatska se našla u društvu Grčke, Španjolske i Cipra, u skupini zemalja s kontinuiranim rastom stope zaposlenosti u dobnoj skupini od 55 do 64 godina od 2002. do 2008. godine, nakon čega je uslijedio njihov pad. Jedino je u Portugalu stopa zaposlenosti u toj dobnoj skupini gotovo kontinuirano padala od 2002. godine. U 2013. godini, daleko najvišu stopu zaposlenosti u toj dobnoj skupini zabilježila je Švedska, od čak 73,6 posto. Slijede Njemačka sa 63,5 posto, Estonija sa 62,6 posto, te Danska i Nizozemska, sa 61,7 odnosno 60,1 posto. Među zemljama s najnižima stopama zaposlenosti u dobnoj skupini od 55 do 64 godine redom se nalaze Slovenija, s 33,5 posto, Grčka, s 35,6 posto, Malta, s 35,9 posto, te Hrvatska, s 36,5 posto, i Mađarska, s 38,5 posto.