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Subtitles and Transcript 0:11 Let me start by asking you a question, just with a show of hands: Who has an iPhone? Who has an Android phone? Who has a Blackberry? Who will admit in public to having a Blackberry? (Laughter) 0:26 And let me guess, how many of you, when you arrived here, like me, went and bought a pay-as-you-go SIM card? Yeah? I'll bet you didn't even know you're using African technology. Pay-as-you-go was a technology, or an idea, pioneered in Africa by a company called Vodacom a good 15 years ago, and now, like franchising, pay-as-you-go is one of the most dominant forces of economic activity in the world. 0:52 So I'm going to talk about innovation in Africa, which I think is the purest form, innovation out of necessity. But first, I'm going to ask you some other questions. You don't have to put your hands up. These are rhetorical. 1:05 Why did Nikola Tesla have to invent the alternating current that powers the lights in this building or the city that we're in? 1:12 Why did Henry Ford have to invent the production line to produce these Fords that came in anything as long as they were black? 1:19 And why did Eric Merrifield have to invent the dolos? Blank stares. That is what a dolos looks like, and in the background, you can see Robben Island. This is a small dolos, and Eric Merrifield is the most famous inventor you've never heard of. In 1963, a storm ripped up the harbor in a small South African town called East London, and while he was watching his kids playing with toys made from oxen bones called dolosse, he had the idea for this. It's a bit like a huge jumping jack, and they have used this in every harbor in the world as a breakwater. The global shipping economy would not be possible without African technology like this. 2:03 So whenever you talk about Africa, you have to put up this picture of the world from space, and people go, "Look, it's the Dark Continent." Actually, it isn't. What it is is a map of innovation. And it's really easy to see where innovation's going on. All the places with lots of electricity, it isn't. (Laughter) (Applause) And the reason it isn't is because everybody's watching television or playing Angry Birds. (Laughter) (Applause) 2:41 So where it's happening is in Africa. Now, this is real innovation, not the way people have expropriated the word to talk about launching new products. This is real innovation, and I define it as problem-solving. People are solving real problems in Africa. Why? Because we have to. Because we have real problems. And when we solve real problems for people, we solve them for the rest of the world at the same time. 3:09 So in California, everybody's really excited about a little square of plastic that you plug into a phone and you can swipe your credit card, and people say, "We've liberated the credit card from the point of sale terminal." Fantastic. Why do you even need a credit card? In Africa, we've been doing that for years, and we've been doing it on phones like this. This is a picture I took at a place called Kitengela, about an hour south of Nairobi, and the thing that's so remarkable about the payment system that's been pioneered in Africa called M-Pesa is that it works on phones like this. It works on every single phone possible, because it uses SMS. You can pay bills with it, you can buy your groceries, you can pay your kids' school fees, and I'm told you can even bribe customs officials. (Laughter) Something like 25 million dollars a day is transacted through M-Pesa. Forty percent of Kenya's GDP moves through M-Pesa using phones like this. 4:10 And you think this is just a feature phone. Actually it's the smartphone of Africa. It's also a radio, and it's also a torch, and more than anything else, it has really superb battery life. Why? Because that's what we need. We have really severe energy problems in Africa. By the way, you can update Facebook and send Gmail from a phone like this. 4:33 So we have found a way to use the available technology to send money via M-Pesa, which is a bit like a check system for the mobile age. I come from Johannesburg, which is a mining town. It's built on gold. This is a picture I Instagrammed earlier. And the difference today is that the gold of today is mobile. If you think about the railroad system in North America and how that worked, first came the infrastructure, then came the industry around it, the brothels -- it's a bit like the Internet today, right? — and everything else that worked with it: bars, saloons, etc. The gold of today is mobile, and mobile is the enabler that makes all of this possible. 5:15 So what are some of the things that you can do with it? Well, this is by a guy called Bright Simons from Ghana, and what you do is you take medication, something that some people might spend their entire month's salary on, and you scratch off the code, and you send that to an SMS number, and it tells you if that is legitimate or if it's expired. Really simple, really effective, really life-saving. In Kenya, there's a service called iCow, which just sends you really important information about how to look after your dairy. The dairy business in Kenya is a $463 million business, and the difference between a subsistence farmer and an abundance farmer is only a couple of liters of milk a day. And if you can do that, you can rise out of poverty. Really simple, using a basic phone. If you don't have electricity, no problem! We'll just make it out of old bicycle parts using a windmill, as William Kamkwamba did. There's another great African that you've heard that's busy disrupting the automobile industry in the world. He's also finding a way to reinvent solar power and the electricity industry in North America, and if he's lucky, he'll get us to Mars, hopefully in my lifetime. He comes from Pretoria, the capital of [South Africa], about 50 kilometers from where I live. So back to Joburg, which is sometimes called Egoli, which means City of Gold. And not only is mobile the gold of today, I don't believe that the gold is under the ground. I believe we are the gold. Like you've heard the other economists say, we are at the point where China was when its boom years began, and that's where we're going. 6:55 So, you hear the West talk about innovation at the edge. Well, of course it's happening at the edge, because in the middle, everybody's updating Facebook, or worse still, they're trying to understand Facebook's privacy settings. (Laughter) This is not that catchy catchphrase. This is innovation over the edge. 7:18 So, people like to call Africa a mobile-first continent, but actually it's mobile-only, so while everybody else is doing all of those things, we're solving the world's problems. So there's only one thing left to say. 7:33 ["You're welcome"] (Laughter) 7:35 (Applause)
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Transcript Translated by Marinela Zagorscak Reviewed by Tilen Pigac - EFZG 0:11 Počeo bih s pitanjem za vas, samo podignite ruke: Tko ima iPhone? Tko ima Android telefon? Tko ima Blackberry? Tko bi priznao u javnosti da ima Blackberry? (Smijeh) 0:26 I dajte da pogodim, koliko vas je, po dolasku ovdje, kao i ja, otišlo i kupilo SIM karticu na bonove? Kladim se da niste znali da koristite afričku tehnologiju. Kartica na bonove je tehnologija, odnosno ideja, koju je u Africi pokrenula tvrtka pod imenom Vodacom prije gotovo 15 godina, i sada, poput franšize, kartica na bonove jedna je od najdominantnijih sila gospodarske djelatnosti u svijetu. 0:52 Stoga ću govoriti o inovativnosti u Africi, koja je po mom mišljenju najčišći oblik, inovativnosti iz potrebe. Ali, prvo ću vam postaviti neka pitanja. Ne morate dizati ruke. Ova su retorička. 1:05 Zašto je Nikola Tesla morao izmisliti izmjeničnu struju koja napaja svjetla u ovoj zgradi ili u ovome gradu? 1:12 Zašto je Henry Ford morao izmisliti proizvodnu liniju kako bi proizvodila Fordove bilo koje boje dokle god je riječ o crnoj boji? 1:19 I zašto je Eric Merrifield morao izmisliti "dolos"? Prazni pogledi. Ovako izgleda "dolos", a u pozadini možete vidjeti otok Robben. Ovo je mali "dolos", a Eric Merrifield je najpoznatiji izumitelj za kojeg niste nikad čuli. Godine 1963. oluja je uništila luku u malom južnoafričkom gradu East London. I dok je gledao kako se njegova djeca igraju igračkama od volovih kostiju koje se zovu "dolosse" dobio je ideju. Izgleda kao veliki "jumping jack" (skok s raznoženjem i razručenjem), i postavljen je u svakoj luci na svijetu kao lukobran. Globalno trgovačko gospodarstvo ne bi bilo moguće bez ovakve afričke tehnologije. 2:03 Kada se govori o Africi i pokaže ova slika svijeta snimljena iz svemira, ljudi će reći, "Gledaj, to je crni kontinent". Zapravo, ona to nije. Ovo je karta inovacija. I vrlo je lako vidjeti gdje se izumi događaju. Na svim dobro osvjetljenim mjestima nema inovacija. (Smijeh) (Pljesak) A razlog tomu je što svi ili gledaju TV ili igraju Angry Birds. (Smijeh) (Pljesak) 2:41 Stoga se događaju u Africi. To su pravi izumi, ne poput onih za koje ljudi koriste tu riječ kako bi je iskoristili za lansiranje novih proizvoda. To su prave inovacije. Ja ih definiram kao izumi koji rješavaju probleme. Ljudi u Africi rješavaju prave probleme. Zašto? Zato jer moramo. Zato jer imamo stvarne probleme. I kada riješimo stvarne probleme za ljude istovremeno ih riješimo za cijeli svijet. 3:09 U Kaliforniji su svi uzbuđeni oko komadića plastike koji se priključi na telefon i može se provući kreditna kartica, i ljudi kažu: "Oslobodili smo karticu od POS uređaja." Izvrsno. Zašto nam uopće treba kreditna kartica? U Africi to radimo već godinama, pomoću telefona poput ovoga. Ovo je slika iz mjesta Kitengela, udaljenom oko jedan sat južno od Nairobija, i ono što je sjajno kod načina plaćanja M-Pesa koji se razvio u Africi je to što radi na ovakvom uređaju. Radi na bilo kojem telefonu, zato što koristi SMS. Mogu se plaćati računi, kupovati namirnice, djeci plaćati školarine, i rekli su mi da je moguće podmititi i carinike. (Smijeh) Dnevno se obavljaju transakcije u vrijednosti oko 25 milijuna dolara putem M-Pesa sustava. Četrdeset posto BDP-a Kenije prolazi kroz M-Pesa korištenjem ovakvih telefona. 4:10 A vi mislite da je to samo telefon s posebnim mogućnostima. Zapravo je to pametni telefon u Africi. To je ujedno i radio i džepna svjetiljka, i najvažnije od svega, vijek trajanja baterije je izuzetan. Zašto? Jer je to ono što trebamo. Imamo ozbiljnih problema s energijom u Africi. I da, možete ažurirati Facebook profil i poslati Gmail putem ovakvog telefona. 4:33 Pronašli smo način kojim možemo koristiti dostupnu tehnologiju za slanje novaca putem M-Pesa, što je poput korištenja čekova u doba mobilne telefonije. Dolazim iz Johannesburga, koji je rudarski grad. Izgrađen je na zlatu. Ovo je slika koju sam postavio na Instagram maloprije. Današnje zlato su mobiteli, i to je razlika. Razmislite o željezničkom sustavu u Sjevernoj Americi i kako se razvijao. Prvo je postavljena infrastruktura, potom se raširila industrija, javne kuće -- to je nešto poput interneta danas, zar ne? - i sve ostalo što je bilo potrebno: kavane, barovi, itd. Današnje zlato su mobiteli, koji omogućuju sve. 5:15 Što sve možete raditi pomoću njega? Ovo je ideja Brighta Simonsa iz Gane, i ono što činiš je da uzmeš svoj lijek, na koji neki ljudi potroše mjesečnu plaću, precrtaš kod, pošalješ ga u SMS poruci, i dobiješ odgovor je li lijeku prošao rok trajanja ili nije. Vrlo jednostavno, djelotvorno, i spašava živote. U Keniji postoji servis iCow, koji šalje vrlo važne informacije o tome kako čuvati mliječne proizvode. Trgovina mliječnim proizvodima u Keniji vrijedi 463 milijuna dolara, i razlika između naturalne poljoprivrede i industrijske poljoprivrede je u samo nekoliko litara mlijeka dnevno. Ako možete to, možete se maknuti iz siromaštva. Vrlo jednostavno, koristeći običan telefon. Ako nemate struje, nema problema! Mi ćemo je proizvesti od starih dijelova bicikala koristeći vjetrenjače, kao što je to učinio William Kamkwamba. Još jedan Afrikanac za kojeg ste čuli je zauzet s remećenjem automobilske industrije u svijetu. Također, pokušava pronaći način za korištenje solarne energije i elektroprivrede u Sjevernoj Americi, i ako će imati sreće, odvest će nas na Mars, nadam se, za mojeg životnog vijeka. On je iz Pretorije, glavni grad [Južne Afrike], udaljen oko 50 kilometara od mjesta gdje ja živim. Vratimo se na Joburg, koji se ponekad zove Egoli, što znači Zlatni Grad. Nisu samo mobiteli današnje zlato, ne vjerujem da se zlato nalazi ispod površine. Vjerujem da smo mi zlato. Kao što ekonomisti govore, mi smo u vremenu u kojem je Kina bila kada su počele "boom" godine, i u tom smjeru idemo. 6:55 Čujete kako Zapad govori o inovacijama na rubu. Pa, naravno, da se događa na rubu, jer u sredini, svi ažuriraju Facebook, ili još gore, pokušavaju shvatiti sigurnosne postavke Facebooka. (Smijeh) To nije fraza koja se lako pamti. To je inovacija preko ruba. 7:18 Ljudi vole reći za Afriku da je kontinent gdje su mobiteli na prvom mjestu, međutim, to je kontinent gdje je mobitel jedino sredstvo tehnologije. I dok drugi rade sve ostale stvari mi rješavamo svjetske probleme. Preostaje još jedino reći: 7:33 "Nema na čemu": (Smijeh) 7:35 (Pljesak)