http___www.teen385.com_savjeti_zdravlje-tijelo_cjepivo-protiv-hpv-a-vecini-zarazenih-djevojaka-zao-je-sto-se-nisu-cjepile_1.xml
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You would think that a vaccine that could prevent cancer would be an easy sell, but that's hasn't proven to be true so far with the vaccine to prevent cervical cancer. Just 33 percent of girls and less than 7 percent of boys in the U.S. have gotten all three recommended doses of the vaccine to protect against the human papillomavirus, which causes cervical and other cancers. Compare that to the tiny African nation of Rwanda, where more than 90 percent of sixth-grade girls were vaccinated in 2011, or Australia, where 73 percent of 12- and 13-year-old girls have gotten all three vaccines. "This is a vaccine that protects against cancer; what could be better than that?" asks Shannon Stokley, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She and other public health officials are trying to figure out the best ways to persuade American teenagers and preteens to get the HPV vaccine. The argument for it is simple: HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Most HPV viruses are harmless. But a few types can cause cervical, anal and penile cancer, as well as genital warts. "We don't know who is going to develop cancer or who will clear infection," Stokley says, "which is why it's so critical to protect adolescents with the vaccine long before they're ever exposed to the virus." The federal government recommends that the first of three HPV vaccine doses be given to children when they turn 11 or 12. A second dose is given about one month later, with a third and final dose within six months. HPV vaccine has been recommended for routine vaccination for girls since 2006 and for boys since 2011. A recent CDC study found HPV prevalence was reduced by 56 percent among teenage girls between the ages of 14 and 19 who were vaccinated, suggesting the vaccine is highly protective. But as many as two thirds of 11- and 12-year-old girls don't get the HPV vaccine when they are at the doctor getting other vaccines. About one quarter of parents say they don't plan on getting their daughters vaccinated in the next year, according to a survey published in July 2013 by the CDC. The most common reasons parents gave were thinking that the vaccine wasn't necessary (19.1 percent); the doctor didn't recommend it (14.2 percent); and safety concerns (13.1 percent). Studies to date have shown no significant safety problems. Then there are logistical issues. In countries like Australia and Rwanda with high rates of coverage, children are vaccinated at school. In the U.S., parents have to take children to a doctor or clinic three times to get all three shots. Younger kids routinely go to a doctor for well child visits, but teenagers typically don't see a doctor regularly. And Stokley says "doctors may feel uncomfortable" talking about a vaccine that protects against sexually transmitted disease with teens or with parents of kids as young as 11. The fact that one-fifth of parents think the vaccine isn't necessary shows that doctors have to be more vigilant in recommending the HPV vaccine, says Dr. Jeffrey Duchin. He is chief of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology & Immunization Section at the Seattle & King County Department of Public Health. "Our research showed that parents did not have a lot of knowledge about how widespread HPV was, how readily it was transmitted, how easy it is to acquire and also about the severity of illness it can cause," he says. People often mistakenly think the vaccine is targeted at teens who are sexually active, which Duchin says is simply not true. "Once you become sexually active, you can acquire HPV infection quite readily. The entire strategy is based on protecting kids before they get infected, just like it is with all our other vaccine preventable diseases." Earlier in February, the President's Cancer Panel said that more need to be done to get the public educated about HPV and cancer. The panel also called for more efforts by health care providers to recommend and give vaccines, and to make sure the vaccines are available where teenagers get their health care. Convenience is key, Duchin says. And that may include offering the HPV vaccine in school-based health clinics, or at pharmacies, similar to the flu vaccine. Transcript ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST: From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Robert Siegel. AUDIE CORNISH, HOST: And I'm Audie Cornish. A recent federal report finds that not nearly enough children are being vaccinated against the human papillomavirus, or HPV. The virus causes some STDs and a number of genital cancers. As NPR's Patti Neighmond reports, there are several reasons why children may not be getting the safe and highly effective vaccine. PATTI NEIGHMOND, BYLINE: HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Nearly all sexually active men and women will get at least one type of the virus at some point in their lives. They are more than 40 different types of HPV, a few cause serious problems like genital warts and certain cancers, including cervical, anal and penile cancer. Most people never know they're infected and it usually goes away by itself without causing health problems. Shannon Stokely is an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SHANNON STOKELY: The thing is we don't know who is going to develop cancer. We don't know who will clear the infection. And that's why it's critical that we vaccinate our adolescents with this vaccine so that their projected long before they are ever exposed to this virus. NEIGHMOND: It's recommended the first of three doses is given to children when they were 11 or 12, a second dose about a month later, and a third within six months. STOKELY: This vaccine has high efficacy. We know he protects against four types of HPV. Two of the types cause about 70 percent of the cervical cancer in this country. And the other two types cause about 90 percent of the genital warts. NEIGHMOND: In fact, a recent study found HPV prevalence was reduced by more than half among teenage girls who were vaccinated. Even so, federal officials say only one-third of girls and not even 10 percent of boys have been vaccinated. STOKELY: This is a vaccine that protects against cancer. What could be better than that? NEIGHMOND: Stokely says it's not clear why the majority of teens haven't gotten vaccinated. Some parents say they're reluctant until more is known about the long-term safety of the vaccine. Studies to date have shown no significant problems. Then there's the issue of time. Younger kids have regular, well child visits. The typically teenagers don't see a doctor regularly. And when they do, Stokely says, doctors may feel uncomfortable talking about a vaccine that protects against sexually transmitted disease with parents of kids as young as 11. STOKELY: They may feel that it means this long conversation to talk about sex with the parents and they may not be comfortable with that. NEIGHMOND: In Seattle, Washington, Dr. Jeff Duchin is an infectious disease specialist who oversees the administration program for the public health department. He says physicians need to be more vigilant in recommending the HPV vaccine. JEFF DUCHIN: Our research locally showed that parents did not have a lot of knowledge about how widespread HPV was, how readily it's transmitted, how common it is, how easy it is to acquire, and also about the severity of illness that it can cause. NEIGHMOND: And Duchin says people often mistakenly think the vaccine is for kids who are sexually active. DUCHIN: Because once you become sexually active, you acquire HPV infection quite readily. And the entire strategy is based on protecting kids before they get infected, just like it is with all our other vaccine preventable diseases. NEIGHMOND: In Washington and other states, health officials like Duchin are working to figure out how to get the vaccine - all three doses of it - to kids, as conveniently as possible. One option may be school-based health clinics or pharmacies similar to the flu vaccine. Patti Neighmond, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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Čula si u školi da frendice pričaju o HPV cjepivu, no nisi baš sigurna o čemu je riječ. Na sam spomen cijepljenja naježe ti se dlake na vratu, ali bitno je da znaš o čemu se tu radi kako bi, ako se ipak odlučiš na taj korak, bila skroz educirana. Kako se može zaraziti HPV-om? Sve se više mladih cura odlučuje na ovaj oblik zaštite od ove spolno prenosive bolesti, ali nikako ne bi trebala otići na cijepljenje bez da prije znaš osnovne stvari. Krenimo od početka – što je to HPV? Humani papillomavirusi (HPV) su virusi koji uzrokuju bradavice i abnormalni rast tkiva. Postoji više od 100 tipovahumanih papilomavirusa, od kojih su neki povezani s genitalnim karcinomima. Dva tipa (16 i 18) uzrokuju otprilike 70% karcinoma vrata maternice (cerviksa). Većina HPV infekcija ne uzrokuje simptome i prolazi sama od sebe. Oko 80% spolno aktivnih odraslih žena će biti bar jednom u životu zaraženo HPV-om. Obično je infekcija prolazna i nestaje nakon nekoliko mjeseci do godine dana bez simptoma ili trajnog oštećenja. Međutim, ako se zarazi visokorizičnim tipom HPV-a (kao što su spomenuti 16 i 18) može se razviti karcinom cerviksa koji je drugi uzrok smrti kod žena diljem svijeta. Trajna infekcija HPV-om uzrokuje premaligne promjene (promjene za koje postoji rizik od prelaska u rak) genitalnog (spolnog) područja, rak vrata maternice, rak stidnice i rodnice kod djevojaka i žena, rak penisa kod muškaraca, a rak usta i grla, rak analne regije i bradavice anogenitalnog područja kod osoba oba spola. Zaraziti se možeš spolnim putem, virus se širi direktnim kontaktom sa zaraženom kožom i sluznicama. HPV se prenosi s osobe na osobu kontaktom preko kože i sluznica , prvenstveno spolnim putem i izravnim nespolnim kontaktom. HPV je pronađen i kod djevica, tako da za njegov prijenos nije neophodno potreban spolni odnos u užem smislu s obzirom na to da se virus nalazi i u koži anogenitalne regije. Zar kondom ne štiti od ove spolno prenosive bolesti? Iako kondom štiti od većine spolno prenosivih bolesti, ne štiti u potpunosti od HPV-a budući da zaraza ne ovisi odpenetrantnog spolnog odnosa. Ona se može dogoditi i tijekom kontakta "koža na kožu" u području spolovila. No, postoji cjepivo – zašto se cijepiti? HPV cjepivo namijenjeno za cijepljenje učenika i učenica sadrži tipove 6,11, 16 i 18, te je dostupno pod nazivom Silgard. Koristi se u svrhu zaštite od karcinoma cerviksa, premalignih lezija (abnormalni rast stanica) u genitalnom području i bradavica anogenitalnog područja uzrokovanih određenim tipovima HPV-a. Ovo cjepivo sprečava oko 70% karcinoma cerviksa, oko 50 % premalignih promjena na cerviksu i oko 90% anogenitalnih bradavica. Očekuje se da je zaštita HPV cjepivom dugotrajna. 'Cijepljenje se apsolutno preporučuje za djevojke i dječake. Ovo je cjepivo jedino adekvatno što postoji za sprečavanje raka maternice. To je jedino djelotvorno rješenje budući da se bolest ne može nikako drugačije spriječiti', rekla je dr. med., spec. školske medicine Angelika Tičinović Ivančić. Tko se treba cijepiti? Ovo HPV cjepivo se koristi u žena i djevojaka, mladića i muškaraca u dobi od devet godina na dalje Primjenjuje se u oba spola, u dvije doze u dobi od 9 do 13 godina, a nakon četrnaestog rođendana u tri doze. Preporučuje se razmak od dva mjeseca između prve i druge doze, te četiri mjeseca između druge i treće doze. HPV cjepivo smije se primjenjivati istovremeno s drugim cjepivima. Tko se ne bi trebao cijepiti? Osobe koje su imale alergijsku reakciju opasnu po život na bilo koju komponentu HPV cjepiva ili na prethodnu dozu HPV cjepiva. Cijepiti se smiju osobe koje su blago bolesne u trenutku predviđenog cijepljenja, no ne bi se smjele cijepiti osobe koje su ozbiljnije bolesne (tada cijepljenje treba odgoditi).Koji su rizici cjepiva? Bilo koji lijek može uzrokovati ozbiljne probleme, poput teške alergijske reakcije. Rizik razvoja ozbiljne nuspojave i smrti nakon primjene bilo kojeg cjepiva je izuzetno mali. Poznata je pojava blagih do umjerenih reakcija nakon HPV cjepiva Ove reakcije ne traju dugo, te prolaze same od sebe. Najčešće nuspojave cjepiva su glavobolja, mialgija (bol u mišićima), reakcije na mjestu injekcije uključujući bol, crvenilo i oticanje te iscrpljenost. Kratke nesvjestice i povezani simptomi mogu se javiti nakon bilo kojeg medicinskog zahvata, uključujući i cijepljenje. Da se izbjegne nesvjestica, treba sjediti 15 minuta nakon injekcije. 'Cjepivo se u Hrvatskoj koristi od 2007. godine. Osobno sam cijepila preko 100 djevojaka i niti jedna nije imala ozbiljne nuspojave. Za vrijeme dok sam radila u Centru za reproduktivno zdravlje pričala sam s djevojkama koje su zaražene s HPV-om. Većina ih je rekla da im je žao što nisu prije saznale za cjepivo jer bi se sigurno ccijepile To nisu bile promiskuitetne djevojke i imale su možda jednog ili dva partnera. Za bolest koju uzrokuje HPV nema lijeka, a liječenje HPV-a je dugotrajanproces', dodala je dr. med., spec. školske medicine Angelika Tičinović Ivančić. Djevoke koje znaju da su zaražene s HPV virusom mogu napraviti testiranje te ukoliko sanzaju da tipovi kojima su zaražene nisu oni protiv kojih štiti cjepivo mogu se svejedno cijepiti. *Do kraja 2016. godine mogu se cijepiti besplatno protiv HPV-a sve djevojčice i djevojke, dječaci i mladići od devet godina starosti do 25 godina starosti četverovalentnim cjepivom (Silgard). Djecu i mladež koja pohađaju školu te redovite studente i studentice cijepe nadležni timovi školske medicine, a djeca i mladež do 25 godina koja ne pohađaju školu mogu se cijepiti u službi za epidemiologiju nadležnog zavoda za javno zdravstvo ili kod izabranog liječnika. Ukoliko se odlučiš na ovaj korak, moraš imati pristanak roditelja ili staratelja te se tada javiš svom nadležnom školskom liječniku koji ti može dodatno sve pojasniti. VAŽNO: Cijepljenje nije dozvola za neodgovorno spolno ponašanje. Također, žene i dalje trebaju redovito ići na ginekološke preglede i citološki bris (Papa test). Foto: Shutterstock/ Instagram Pročitajte još: Savjet liječnika: cjepiva i tinejdžeri Meningitis – zašto je tako opasan za tinejdžere? Od 01. listopada liječnici više učenicima ne pišu ispričnice