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Otočac This border fortress in Otočac lies by the river of Gacka, and the part where the captain is located with most of his men is surrounded with walls with several towers. There is also the church of Saint Mary and the chapel of St Fabian and Sebastian. The rest of the unit and most inhabitants live outside the fortress, in clay-covered houses built on thick poles amid water. These houses are so beautifully arranged that they appear as a town with lanes and streets through which boats can pass. Houses are, however, not lined next to each other, but stand detached from one another, so that on needs a boat to get to his neighbour’s house. J. W. Valvasor, Die Ehre der Herzogthmus Crain, 1689. Otočac Otočac (4.373 inhabitants) is the seat of the Gacka area and the seat of township. It is one of the oldest towns with Croatian population. The first written records of the town date back to the end of the 11th century (1100) and the Baška Tablet, an inscribed stone tablet from the island of Krk which belongs among the earliest known monuments to Croatian literacy and culture. At that time, St. Nicholas Monastery in Otočac was affiliated with St. Lucy’s Convent in Baška on the island of Krk. However, historians believe that Otočac dates farther back than the 11th century and assume that Duke Borna probably had one of his seats in Otočac at the beginning of the 9th century. Otočac owes its name and its survival to a river island. Up until the 18th century Otočac was situated on a small natural island in the Gacka river. The island was surrounded with fortification walls and towers for protection and could be accessed only by boat. This made it invincible and throughout its long history Otočac was never a conquered town. Traces of early human habitation have been found locally. The hill forts in Umac and Vinica, and the nearby Zorišnjak near Staro Selo, testify to the settlements dating back to the Iapodic time. These hill forts are yet to be subject to detailed archaeological study. The oldest preserved deed of donation regarding Otočac dates back to 1300, whereby King Charles II of Naples donated land and the town of Otočac to Doimus II, the Prince of Krk. The princes of Krk, later called the Frankopans, had the town fortified, they built churches and encouraged culture and literacy. Throughout their almost three-centuries-long possession of these lands, the princes of Krk were resident in Otočac: Doimus II, Frederick III, Sigismund and Martin Frankopan. It was under Sigismund that Otočac saw a period of prosperity. On 5 March 1460, Pope Pius II founded the Otočac diocese and upgraded the collegiate church of St. Nicholas into a cathedral, with Otočac granted the civitas status by a Papal Charter. In 1619, the Military Frontier administration erected a fortress above Otočac called Fortica after the hill of the same name, thereby thwarting the Ottoman attempt to conquer Otočac and preventing their incursions to the coast and the town of Senj. Otočac began to develop outside the city walls in the middle of the 18th century after the Ottoman threat had finally subsided and Otočac became a regimental headquarters. Thanks to Empress Maria Theresa the town was made into a trading station in 1746. The so-called trivial school was set up in Otočac as early as 1727 and since 1782 there has been a secondary school there. In 1870, a boy’s school was transformed to a state public school. In 1844, the Croatian army general Nikola Maštrović set up a theatre in the town, with performance held in German and Croatia. Founded in 1873, the public library, still in operation today, was supported by the great Croatian benefactor Josip Juraj Strossmayer, the bishop of the Đakovo and Srijem diocese. For other interesting facts see: • VFD Otočac (Volunteer Fire Department) Water and fire have always been both man’s greatest allies and worst enemies, as illustrated by the old sayings: "Water and fire are good servants but bad masters” and "Extinguish the fire, save the brother" the letter of which stresses the humane nature of the fire-fighting profession. "... a fire in our said town of Otočac in Gatanski Kotar,.." these are the words written long time ago, in February 1476, by one of the members of the noble Frankopan family, the rulers of the island of Krk and Otočac region, Martin Frankopan, in his famous letter in which he complains to his closest relatives about the disastrous fire in Otočac which brought them great trouble, and worst of all, devoured many letters and documents carefully kept for future generations. As far as known, neither Frankopans nor their successors came to experience such a tragedy in Otočac again. The first fire department in Croatia was founded in Varaždin in 1864, followed by the Sisak Fire Department in 1866. Being the seat of the Military Frontier regiment, Otočac area was under immediate command of the Military Frontier Generalate in Varaždin, which explains how Otočac came to set up its fire brigade as early as 1868. At the time, Otočac had 70 houses and a population of 545 and for such a small number of inhabitants to maintain such an organization was a commendable effort. After abolition of the Military Frontier in 1873, Otočac entered a period of rapid development with numerous craftsmen and tradesmen settling here. This spurred the economic and social growth of the town with its population reaching 2676 by 1910. In the said period, the Fire Department was under the patronage of traders and craftsmen and the Military Frontier officers who also made up its membership. For obvious reasons, the fire-fighting equipment was still very primitive and each fireman had to keep his personal equipment at his home for lack of communal facilities. This is confirmed by an 1873 record which says that Vojvoda (the highest ranking officer in the fire service) Jure Žagar would award 2 forints to the first fireman to reach the fire scene with a squirt and a carriage. With the abrupt economic and social progress, the increasing number of artisans and merchants who joined the Fire Department along with officers of the Military Frontier the need arose for building a fire station. In 1875, fundraising was started for the construction of the first fire station and purchase of the most essential equipment, such as hand-held water squirts and horse-drawn fire engines, with each member responsible for purchasing his own personal equipment (bucket, axe, helmets). Completed in 1880, the Fire Station provided space for storing equipment, member meetings and events. The fire service ranks of the time were: commander, deputy commander, secretary and fireman. The persons holding these offices are mentioned in the Fire Department’s records: Primus Knoll, Mirko Bradičić, Joso Gomerčić, Tomo Kregar, Ivan Planina, Bude Boras and others. Since at that time most houses in Otočac were wooden single-story structures without a proper chimney, the Fire Department was very busy and was involved in frequent and extensive fire fighting activities. With the outbreak of the First World War, the Fire Department’s activities subsided because many of its younger members were mobilized to the front. During this tumultuous period, the older members continued their fire fighting efforts and were involved in numerous fire incidents, including those caused by the war. In 1918, the Fire Department was revived and its activity was continued under somewhat better conditions. Placed under the auspices of the municipal government, the Fire Department began to receive financial support amounting from 2000 up to 5000 dinars. In 1935, the fire brigade procured a written-off, military motor vehicle with hard tires called Martha, a donation of the Military Command in Otočac. The vehicle was upgraded with a wooden water tank, later replaced by an iron one. The first original fire engine, a "FAUN", was purchased in 1940 from voluntary citizen contributions. Although no longer in operation today, it is still in possession of the Fire Department. At the beginning of the Second World War, in 1941, the Fire Department once again halted its activity due to enemy occupation. During the war, the fire brigade suffered a considerable loss with almost all of its equipment and most of its records completely destroyed. A large number of its members joined the National Liberation Movement (NOB) to fight against the occupying forces. Those who stayed in Otočac continued their fire fighting efforts, despite having modest resources. A notable fire brigade intervention was that in 1943 when the former gendarmerie building was set on fire during an enemy attack on the town. Immediately after liberation of the country, the Otočac Fire Department was manned by new members who sought to repair the damaged equipment and resume the work of the volunteer fire service as soon as possible. The faulty fire truck “FAUN” was again recovered and returned to service, brass instruments were collected, and soon the Fire Department was again set up and fully operational. The following members deserve special merits for the renewal of the fire brigade in Otočac: Tomislav Božičević, Mate Lončarić, Pavao Kraljić, Josip Štefanac, Jure Marić, Milan Šnidaršić, Ivica Bilović, Mile Burić, Josip Ostović, Pajo Crnić, Bogoslav Peitel, Petar Bernardi and others. This was a period of renaissance for the Fire Department with its membership enlarged with new recruits, mostly young people who were trained in various training courses for different fire-fighter ranks: junior fireman, junior officer, senior officer etc. A notable year in this respect was 1954 when the Otočac Fire Department had 70 active members and a large number of supporting and honorary members. In addition to fire services, the Fire Department’s activities at the time included a very active brass band and a tamburitza choir. It was also the time of construction of a new fire station, a facility of vital importance for Fire Department’s operation and development. The construction of the fire station was funded from the budget of the Otočac District Council and the Fire-Fighters Association, with the Fire Department members contributing with their labour (foundation excavation, carrying of materials, concrete, masonry and painting works). A great assistance was provided by the Otočac garrison who helped demolish the old building and transport the material to the construction site. The first construction phase of today’s fire station was completed in 1956 when the building was put into operation. After completion of the fire station building, the equipment was gradually renewed with a new fully equipped “ČEPEL” fire engine purchased in 1960, with new brass instruments procured in 1962. During this and later periods, the Fire Department looked to increase its active membership base and paid special attention to acquiring new equipment and expending its fleet. In addition, the Fire Department’s brass band participated at all important festivals and competitions achieving excellent results. Also, Otočac Fire Department launched the initiative for setting up volunteer fire brigades in Vrhovine and Sinac, with the Municipal Fire-Fighting Association of Otočac formed in 1971. In 1976, the Otočac VFD opened a fire-extinguisher service centre which was fitted with new equipment after the Croatian war of independence had ended. During the war, the fire brigade members played an important role in assisting the local community (e.g. supply of water) and the military (food supply) while performing fire-fighting, prevention and other important tasks. Exposed to constant mine and shell explosions and aircraft attacks, VFD Otočac was at all times ready to deploy to extinguish fire or take prevention actions. Otočac Fire Department was involved in putting out fire at following sites: the Holy Trinity Church on two occasions, a department store, a business and residential building in the town centre of Otočac, the Ramljane army barracks, the INA-Cosmochemia factory and a total of 106 fires on privately-owned residential and business premises. VDF was also deployed to a number of incidents involving tasks other than fire extinguishing (roof protection, opening of windows and doors, preventive demolition). Since 1994, the Fire Department has been running a majorette group which has had many notable performances at events in Otočac and elsewhere. During the recent war of independence, the dedication and active participation of VDF Otočac in saving lives and property has earned them many donations of equipment from numerous associations and individuals outside Croatia. Today, the operational fire unit has about 40 active members. The wind orchestra has 55 active members and 25 trainees. A couple of years ago the VDF management raised the issue of fire station completion and succeeded in this effort. The opening ceremony of the new Fire Station took place on the 135th anniversary of the Otočac Volunteer Fire Department in 2003. • Otočac trough History This display presents in a selective way, through description of events, through documents and photographs, the known facts about the history of the Gacka River area and the town of Otočac from prehistoric times to the present. It covers the period from the first settlements by Iapodes to the recent War of Independence of 1991. The rich history of the Gacka valley is presented from the settlement by the Illyrian tribe of Iapodes, with its valuable indigenous culture, through to the Roman period when the Iapodes came under Roman rule, with Romans leaving valuable Mithraic stone monuments (altars in Špiljničko Polje and Rajanov Grič in Čovići). The historical outline continues with an explanation of the term Gacka which is mentioned as a province as early as the 9th century, with the inhabitants of Gacka first mentioned in 818 during the rule of King Borna, the time of formation of the Croatian medieval state. The first written mention of Otočac is on Baška Tablet, one of the most important written records in Croatian Glagolitic script dating back to around 1100 AD. The name Otočac probably derives from the fact that Otočac was located on a natural island in the middle of the Gacka river, surrounded with fortification walls and towers for protection, as shown in the displayed 17th century town plans. The oldest preserved deed of donation mentioning Otočac is the one dating back to 1300 AD whereby King Charles II of Naples grants the lands together with the town of Otočac to Doimus II, the Prince of Krk, as confirmed by King Roberto in his charter of 1316 in which Otočac is called a town (castrum). On 5th March 1460, during the rule of Sigismund Frankopan, Pope Pius II founded the Otočac diocese and upgraded the church of St. Nicholas to a cathedral, with Otočac granted the status of a town (civitas). The diocese ceased to exist in 1534. At the end of the 15th and throughout the 16th centuries the Lika and Krbava regions became subject to Ottoman invasions and fell under Turkish rule in 1527, however, Otočac remained invincible. In defence against the Ottoman attacks several fortified towns were built near Otočac: Dabar, Prozor. Gusić Grad, Karin Grad, Šimšanovka Kula. The Turks suffered several severe defeats in the Gacka valley. The first victory over the Ottoman army took place on the river Gacka in 1467, followed by the victory of Banus Petar on 10th May 1520 at the very entrance to Otočac. The Turks suffered another severe defeat in 1527, at Osmanagino Polje near Dabar. The town of Otočac gained in importance in 1543 with Banus Petar Keglević’s defeat of the Turkish troops near Otočac. In 1578, the Military Border defence was reorganized and Otočac became part of the newly established military frontier district of Primorje. Until the final expulsion of the Turks from the Lika and Krbava regions in 1689, a number of successful battles were fought in the Gacka valley. Count Petar Zrinski, with the assistance of the Otočac population, defeated the Turks twice in 1655 and in 1657 Otočac and Senj inflicted a defeat on 6000 Turkish troops in Gusić Polje. The glorious victory of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan took place on 16th October 1663 near Jurjeve Stijene when their army of 2000 men defeated a Turkish army of 8000. Otočac belonged to the Military Frontier (border) from the 15th century to its abolition in 1881. In 1746, the old Otočac Captaincy was formed into the Otočac regiment. During this period Otočac prospered becoming an important military, cultural and trading centre. The Empress Maria Theresa made Otočac into a trading station and a military magistrate was introduced there. Since 13th September 1746, weekly fairs had been held in Otočac on Wednesdays. The so-called trivial school for the Military Frontier officers’ children was set up in 1727. A big school building was built in 1782, and in 1805 the girls’ school started in Otočac. In 1871, Croatian language was introduces as a subject in the school curriculum. In 1888, a four-year higher-grade elementary school of trades was introduced. After the World War I this school was turned into a state public school, and in 1925 into a lower-grade grammar school. In 1844, a small theatre group was founded in Otočac under the patronage of army general Nikole Maštrovića. The group had two performances in the Croatian language. Otočac got its volunteer fire department in 1868, the third oldest volunteer fire service to be established in Croatia. In 1873, a public library was opened. The first movie was shown in 1902, and since 1907 Otočac has had a sports association - "Sokol". Otočac also has a long tradition in health care dating back to the Military Frontier period. In 1836, a massive hospital was built underneath the Fortica hill where a fortress was erected in 1619 for protection against the Turks. Between the two world wars, trades flourished in Otočac, making the town into a strong trading and cultural centre in the Lika region. During World War II, in 1943 ,Otočac became a stronghold of the Croatian anti-fascist movement. On 13th June 1943, the first ZAVNOH meeting was held with Vladimir Nazor nominated president. ZAVNOH (the National Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Croatia) was the highest political and representative body of the Croatian anti-fascist forces. After the end of the second world war Otočac began to develop into an industrial town with wood-processing, chemical, leather-processing, metal-processing, civil engineering, transport and other branches of industry. The display ends with an outline of events of the 1991 War of Independence when Otočac suffered enormous human and economic losses. Last Updated (Friday, 23 May 2014 19:01)
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Otočac kroz povijest U ovoj postavi prezentirane su na selektivan način sve poznate činjenice kroz opise događanja, dokumente i fotografije o povijesti Gacke i Grada Otočca od prapovijesti do danas. Obuhvaćeno je razdoblje od prvih naseljavanja Japoda na ovim prostorima , pa do Domovinskog rata 1991. godine. Bogatu povijest Gacke doline pratimo najprije od naseljavanja Japoda, ilirskog plemena koje razvija svoju vrijednu autohtonu kulturu, a zatim kroz rimsko razdoblje kada Japodi potpadaju pod rimsku vlast, a Rimljani na ovom prostoru ostavljaju vrijedne mitreičke spomenike u kamenu (lokaliteti Oltari na Špiljničkom polju i Rajanov grič u Čovićima). Pregled se dalje nastavlja pojašnjenjem pojma Gacka koja se kao pokrajina spominje još u 9. stoljeću, a njeni žitelji Gačani prvi put 818. godine za vrijeme vladara Borne u vrijeme nastanka i formiranja ranosrednjovjekovne hrvatske države. Otočac se prvi put spominje oko 1100. godine na Bašćanskoj ploči, jednom od najvrednijih sačuvaniih tekstova pisanih hrvatskim glagoljskim pismom. Naziv Otočac vjerojatno je nastao zato jer se Otočac nalazio na prirodnom otočiću usred rijeke Gacke, utvrđen zidinama i kulama radi obrane, što se može vidjeti i iz starih izloženih planova (17.st.). Prva sačuvana darovnica o Otočcu datira iz 1300. godine kad napuljski kralj Karlo II. daruje zemlju i grad Otočac Dujmu II. knezu Krčkom, a istu svojom listinom iz 1316. godine potvrđuje kralj Roberto i Otočac naziva gradom (castrum). 5. ožujka, godine 1460. papa Pio II. za vrijeme Sigismunda Frankopana utemeljuje Otočku biskupiju, stolnu crkvu sv. Nikole uzdiže u rang katedrale i Otočac dobiva status grada (civitas). Biskupija je dokinuta 1534. godine. Krajem 15. st., a pogotovo u 16. st. prodori Turaka su sve žešći tako da Lika i Krbava potpadaju pod tursku vlast 1527. godine, ali Otočac ostaje neosvojiv grad. Zbog provala Turaka pored Otočca sagrađeni su i utvrđeni gradovi: Dabar, Prozor. Gusić grad, Karin grad, Šimšanovka kula. Turci u Gackoj dolini doživješe nekoliko teških poraza. Prva uvjerljiva pobjeda nad Turcima zbila se na rijeci Gackoj 1467. godine, a potom i pobjeda bana Petra 10. svibnja 1520. nadomak samog Otočca. Godine 1527. na Osmanaginom polju kod Dabra Turci doživješe strašan poraz, a važnost grada postade još veća kada 1543. hrvatski ban Petar Keglević porazi tursku posadu kod Otočca. Godine 1578. reorganizira se krajiška obrana i Otočac potpada pod novo ustanovljenu Primorsku krajinu. Do konačnog izgona Turaka iz Like i Krbave 1689. u Gackoj je vođeno nekoliko uspješnih bitaka. Grof je Petar Zrinski s Otočanima 1655. godine dva puta potukao Turke, Otočani i Senjani su na Gusić polju 1657. razbili 6000 Turaka, a onda se 16. listopada 1663. godine dogodila i slavna bitka kod Jurjevih stijena, kada su Petar Zrinski i Fran Krsto Frankopan sa svojih 2000 vojnika potukli tursku vojsku od 8000 vojnika. Otočac je uz Vojnu krajinu (granicu) vezan već od 15. stoljeća pa sve do njenog razvojačenja 1881. Od stare Otočke kapetanije godine 1746. oformljena je Otočka pukovnija. U tom razdoblju Otočac se kao grad razvija, postaje značajno vojno, kulturno i trgovačo središte. Kraljica Marija Terezija Otočac je 1765. učinila trgovištem i uveden je vojni magistrat, a od 13. rujna 1746. održavaju se u Otočcu i tjedni sajmovi srijedom. Osniva 1727. godine trivijalnu školu za djecu krajiških časnika. Velika školska zgrada sagrađena je 1782. godine, a škola za djevojčice počela je s radom 1805. godine da bi 1871. god. u škole bio uveden kao nastavni predmet hrvatski jezik. Godine 1888. počinje raditi Viša pučka četverogodišnja škola gospodarsko-obrtničkog smjera. Ova škola poslije Prvog svjetskog rata prerasta u građansku školu, odnosno 1925. god. u nižu gimnaziju. Već 1844. god. u Otočkoj pukovniji pod patronatom generala Nikole Maštrovića osniva se mala kazališna družina koja prikazuje dvije predstave na hrvatskom jeziku. Dobrovoljno vatrogasno društvo Otočac osniva se 1868. godine kao treće takvo društvo u Hrvatskoj, a 1873. godine utemeljuje se i Narodna čitaonica Otočac. Prva filmska predstava prikazuje se se 1902. godine, a od 1907. godine djeluje i sportsko društvo "Sokol". Zdravstvo u Otočcu ima dugu tradiciju, još iz doba Vojne krajine. Godine 1836. sagrađena je masivna bolnica ispod brda Fortice na kojem je za obranu grada od Turaka bila sagrađena 1619. godine i tvrđava. Između dva svjetska rata u Otočcu je vrlo razvijen obrt što gradu daje obilježje jakog trgovačkog i kulturnog središta u Lici. Za vrijeme II. svjetskog rata u ljeti 1943. godine Otočac je prijestolnica ratne antifašističke Hrvatske. U njemu se 13. lipnja 1943. održava prvo zasjedanje ZAVNOH-a, najvišeg političkog i predstavničkog tijela antifašističkih snaga Hrvatske za čijeg je predsjednika izabran Vladimir Nazor. Poslije II. svjetskog rata Otočac se razvija u gospodarskom smislu. Osnivaju se poduzeća drvne, kemijske, kožarske, metalne, građevinske, autoprijevozničke i druge djelatnosti. Postav završava presjekom događanja u Domovinskom ratu 1991. godine kada Otočac trpi ogromne ljudske i gospodarske štete. Ažurirano (Srijeda, 07 Srpanj 2010 16:20)