http___www.undp.org_content_croatia_hr_home_mdgoverview_overview_mdg5__1.xml
1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 33.1 33.2 34.1 35.1 36.1 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 46.1 47.1 48.1 49.1 50.1 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 62.1 63.1 64.1 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 69.1 70.1 71.1 72.1 73.1 74.1 75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.1 80.1 81.1 82.1 83.1 84.1 85.1 86.1 87.1 88.1 89.1 90.1 91.1 92.1 93.1 94.1 95.1 96.1 97.1 98.1 99.1 100.1 101.1 102.1 103.1 104.1 105.1 106.1 107.1 108.1 109.1 110.1 111.1 112.1 113.1 114.1 115.1 116.1 117.1 118.1 119.1 120.1 121.1 122.1 123.1 124.1 125.1 126.1 127.1 128.1 129.1 130.1 131.1 132.1 133.1 134.1 135.1 136.1 137.1 138.1 139.1 140.1 141.1 142.1 143.1 144.1 145.1 145.2 145.3 145.4 145.5 145.6 145.7 145.8 145.9 145.10 146.1 147.1 147.2 147.3 147.4 147.5 148.1 148.2 148.3 148.4 149.1 149.2 149.3 149.4 149.5 150.1 150.2 150.3 150.4 150.5 150.6 150.7 150.8 151.1 152.1 152.2 152.3 152.4 152.5 153.1 153.2 153.3 154.1 154.2 154.3 154.4 155.1 155.2 155.3 155.4 155.5 156.1 157.1 158.1 159.1 160.1 161.1 162.1 163.1 164.1 165.1 166.1 167.1 168.1 169.1 170.1
- UNDP around the world close Many of UNDP's relationships with countries and territories on the ground exceed 60 years. Find details on our successes and ongoing work. Visit UNDP's global website. - Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Angola - Argentina - Armenia - Azerbaijan - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belarus - Belize - Benin - Bhutan - Bolivia - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Brazil - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cambodia - Cameroon - Cape Verde - Central African Republic - Chad - Chile - China - Colombia - Comoros - Congo (Dem. Republic of) - Congo (Republic of) - Costa Rica - Côte d'Ivoire - Croatia - Cuba - Cyprus - Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Denmark (Rep. Office) - Djibouti - Dominican Republic - E.U. (Rep. Office) - Ecuador - Egypt - El Salvador - Equatorial Guinea - Eritrea - Ethiopia - Fiji - Finland (Rep. Office) - Gabon - Gambia - Georgia - Ghana - Guatemala - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - India - Indonesia - Iran - Iraq (Republic of) - Jamaica - Jordan - Kazakhstan - Kenya - Kosovo - Kuwait - Kyrgyzstan - Lao PDR - Latvia - Lebanon - Lesotho - Liberia - Libya - Lithuania - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Maldives - Mali - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mexico - Moldova - Mongolia - Montenegro - Morrocco - Mozambique - Myanmar - Namibia - Nepal - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Norway (Rep. Office) - Pakistan - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People - Romania - Russian Federation - Rwanda - Samoa - São Tomé and Principe - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Serbia - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Somalia - South Africa - South Sudan - Sri Lanka - Sudan - Suriname - Swaziland - Sweden (Rep. Office) - Syria - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - Timor-Leste - Togo - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - Turkmenistan - Uganda - Ukraine Regional PresenceMuch of UNDP’s work is administered through 5 regional bureaus. - Operations - Research & Publications - News Centre 6 Improve maternal health Where we are? The Chinese Government has attached great importance to the living and health condition of women. China signed a number of international conventions on the protection of women, and formulated the Programme for the Development of Chinese Women, the Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care and the Population and Family Planning Law, providing a legal basis for Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services. The Chinese Government has continuously optimized the MCH legal system and service system. MCH public service projects have been implemented, MCH applicable technology has been popularized and the fairness and accessibility of MCH services has been improved. The national maternal mortality rate (MMR) and child mortality rate have dropped considerably, and the health status of women and children has been improved significantly. The MMR fell from 1,500 per 100,000 in the 1950s to 24.5 per 100,000 in 2012, and the infant mortality rate from 200 per 1,000 to 10.3 per 1,000 during the same period. China also strives to build a national healthcare system for women by increasing government input and integrating social resources, incorporating maternity insurance into the social security system. The Chinese Government steadily carries forward the maternity insurance for urban workers and advances the maternity protection measures for unemployed women in rural areas. Furthermore, the Chinese Government has also carried out public campaigns to enhance people's awareness of maternal and reproductive healthcare. These measures and initiatives have significantly improved maternal and reproductive health care in China. Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio Significant progress has been made on the reduction of the MMR in China. It is possible that by 2015 China will reach its target of reducing the MMR by three quarters ahead of schedule. In 2012, the MMR nationwide was 24.5 per 100,000, which is 74.1 percent lower and 53.8 percent lower compared with 1990 and 2000 respectively. However, there remains regional disparity: the MMR is higher in western regions than in central and eastern regions; the lowest MMR is in eastern regions. Nevertheless, this gap and the gap between urban and rural areas has reduced. The top five causes of maternal mortality are obstetric haemorrhage, amniotic fluid embolism, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, pregnancy associated with cardiac disease, and venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Promoting hospitalized delivery is a key measure to ensure maternal and infant safety and reduce mortality. The Ministry of Health launched subsidies for hospitalized delivery of rural women in central and western regions in 2008, and expanded its coverage to all rural areas in 2009. A total of RMB 10.9 billion was invested in this programme by the Central Government from 2009 to 2012. By 2011, over 500,000 professionals were engaged in MCH services; there were altogether 146,000 beds available and 170 million clinical visits per year. The coverage of MCH is gradually expanding and the service is improving. China established its MCH annual reporting system in the early 1980s, the national birth defects monitoring network in 1986, the national maternal mortality monitoring network in 1989 and the national under-five children mortality network in 1991. These were integrated in 1996. Furthermore, in order to reduce MMR and eliminate neonatal tetanus, China instituted the National Basic Public Health Service Programme with a subsidy of 15RMB per person from the central budget. Challenges remain, particularly in relation to the rural–urban gap and in the regional population group disparities. P33para3sect2The MCH system and the service network need to be improved. The professional skills of relevant personnel need to be enhanced. The MCH service at local level is inadequate and unsatisfactory. Furthermore, there is poor accessibility and inadequate use of MCH services in poverty-stricken areas, remote mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas. Investment in MCH is inadequate. A stable MCH input and compensation mechanism has not been established. Midwifery is not recognized as an independent profession in the Chinese health system, despite midwives being the first medical personnel pregnant women meet in their community, especially in rural areas. Target 5B: achieve universal access to reproductive health According to Chinese regulation, all citizens at childbearing age in China have free access to family planning services, including contraceptive surgery, medication and devices. The overall contraceptive rate among married women of childbearing age has remained above 80 percent. Data from the 2008 National Demographic Change Sampling Survey showed that the fertility rate among adolescents (15-19 years old) is 5.26 in every thousand. According to estimates by the United Nations Population Division, China’s unmet requirement for family planning of the 15-49 age group accounts for 2.3 percent. Both are low compared with other countries. Sound and systematic maternal health care management is an important measure to improve the quality of maternal health care, and to ensure maternal and infant health. China has established a complete set of systematic maternal health care system that includes prenatal care, prenatal screening and diagnosis, screening and management of high-risk pregnant women, hospitalized delivery, newborn care and postnatal visit. The rate of systematic maternal management rose from 77.2 percent in 2000 to 85.2 percent iis 47.31 in 2011. The government attempts to make family planning more people-orientated, focusing on quality service, the satisfaction of citizens, informed choice on contraceptive methods and the legitimate rights of citizens. P34sect2To address the rising incidences of cervical cancer and breast cancer among Chinese women, the All-China Women’s Federation and Ministry of Health launched a free breast cancer and cervical cancer inspection project for rural women on a pilot basis in 2009. In collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund, the government is making efforts to improve the education and life skills of young people in response to the increasing unintended pregnancies of unmarried adolescents. The government has launched a programme called ‘Love and Care’ in order to promote equal access to basic health services and free family planning services. Challenges remain in regional disparities, in provision for the migrant community and in issues of women’s reproductive health (breast cancer, cervical cancer, AIDS, syphilis etc). As the maternal and infant mortality rates decline, birth defects become an increasingly important problem. P35sect3para5Some enterprises and employees still lack enough awareness and measures on maternal health promotion. Measures at the workplace should be taken to prevent pregnant or breastfeeding women from being in a hazardous working environment. It is necessary to give women access to prenatal and postnatal health checks, to flexible working hours and breastfeeding facilities so that they do not suffer maternal discrimination. 0.84 years remaining until 2015 Targets for MDG 5 - Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio - Most maternal deaths could be avoided - Giving birth is especially risky in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where most women deliver without skilled care - The rural-urban gap in skilled care during childbirth has narrowed - Achieve universal access to reproductive health & inadequate funding for family planning is a major failure in fulfilling commitments to improving women’s reproductive health - More women are receiving antenatal care - Inequalities in care during pregnancy are striking - Only one in three rural women in developing regions receive the recommended care during pregnancy - Progress has stalled in reducing the number of teenage pregnancies, putting more young mothers at risk - Poverty and lack of education perpetuate high adolescent birth rates - Progress in expanding the use of contraceptives by women has slowed & use of contraception is lowest among the poorest women and those with no education
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 33.1 34.1 35.1 36.1 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 46.1 47.1 48.1 49.1 50.1 51.1 52.1 53.1 54.1 55.1 56.1 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 62.1 63.1 64.1 65.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 69.1 70.1 71.1 72.1 73.1 74.1 75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.1 80.1 81.1 82.1 83.1 84.1 85.1 86.1 87.1 88.1 89.1 90.1 91.1 92.1 93.1 94.1 95.1 96.1 97.1 98.1 99.1 100.1 101.1 102.1 103.1 104.1 105.1 106.1 107.1 108.1 109.1 110.1 111.1 112.1 113.1 114.1 115.1 116.1 117.1 118.1 119.1 120.1 121.1 122.1 123.1 124.1 125.1 126.1 127.1 128.1 129.1 130.1 131.1 132.1 133.1 134.1 135.1 136.1 137.1 138.1 139.1 140.1 141.1 142.1 143.1 144.1 145.1 146.1 146.2 147.1 148.1 149.1 149.2 149.3 149.4 150.1 150.2 150.3 150.4 150.5 151.1 151.2 151.3 151.4 152.1 152.2 152.3 153.1 154.1 155.1 156.1 157.1 158.1 159.1 160.1 161.1 162.1 163.1 164.1 165.1 166.1 167.1 168.1 169.1 170.1 171.1 172.1 173.1 174.1 175.1 176.1 177.1
- UNDP širom svijeta Zatvori UNDP je prisutan u brojnim zemljama i područjima preko 60 godina. Potražite detaljne informacije o tome što radimo i koji su naši uspjesi na terenu. Posjetite UNDP-ovu globalnu webstranicu. - Afganistan - Albanija - Alžir - Angola - Argentina - Armenija - Azerbejdžan - Bahrein - Bangladeš - Barbados - Belize - Benin - Bjelorusija - Bolivija - Bosna i Hercegovina - Brazil - Bugarska - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Butan - Cape Verde / Zelenortski otoci - Cipar - Crna Gora - Čad - Čile - Danska (Predstavništvo) - Demokratska Narodna Republika Koreja - Dominikanska Republika - Džibuti (Predstavništvo) - Egipt - Ekvador - Ekvatorijalna Gvineja - Eritreja - Etiopija - Fidži - Filipini - Finska (Predstavništvo) - Gabon - Gambija - Gana - Gruzija - Gvajana - Gvatemala - Gvineja - Gvineja-Bisao - Haiti - Honduras - Hrvatska - Indija - Indonezija - Irak (Republika) - Iran - Istočni Timor - Jamajka - Jemen - Jordan - Južna Afrika - Južni Sudan - Kambodža - Kamerun - Kazahstan - Kenija - Kina - Kirgistan - Kolumbija - Komori - Kongo (Demokratska Republika) - Kongo (Republika) - Kosovo - Kostarika - Kuba - Kuvajt - Lao NDR - Latvija - Lesoto - Libanon - Liberija - Libija - Litva - Madagaskar - Makedonija (Bivša Jugoslavenska Republika) - Malavi - Maldivi - Malezija - Mali - Maroko - Mauricijus - Mauritanija - Meksiko - Mijanmar - Moldavija - Mongolija - Mozambik - Namibija - Nepal - Niger - Nigerija - Nikaragva - Norveška (Predstavništvo) - Obala bjelokosti - Pakistan - Panama - Papua Nova Gvineja - Paragvaj - Peru - Program pomoći palestinskom narodu - Ruanda - Rumunjska - Ruska Federacija - Salvador - Samoa - Sao Tome i Principe - Saudijska Arabija - Sejšeli - Senegal - Sierra Leone - Sirija - Somalija - Srbija - Srednjoafrička republika - Sudan - Surinam - Svaziland - Šri Lanka - Švedska (Predstavništvo) - Tadžikistan - Tajland - Tanzanija - Togo - Trinidad i Tobago - Tunis - Turkmenistan - Turska - Uganda Prisutnost u regijiVećina UNDP-ovog rada provodi se kroz 5 regionalnih ureda. - Operativna podrška - Publikacije - Arhiva vijesti 6 Poboljšati zdravlje majki Gdje smo U Hrvatskoj, smrtnost majki je niska već godinama, te se svodi isključivo na iznimke. Pod smrt rodilja se misli na sve žene koje su umrle tijekom trudnoće, porođaja ili 42 dana nakon rođenja djeteta, bez obzira da li je uzrok smrti povezan s trudnoćom ili porodom. Sve žene u Republici Hrvatskoj imaju pravo na besplatni porod u zdravstvenoj ustanovi, bez obzira na to imaju li zdravstveno osiguranje ili nemaju, više od 99,9 % poroda održano je u zdravstvenoj ustanovi , uz rijetke iznimke, kao što je rađanje kod kuće ili na putu do rodilišta. U posljednjih deset godina, više od 30 % žena koje su preminule tijekom trudnoće, porođaja ili za vrijeme babinja umrle su od razloga koji su indirektno povezani s porodom (razne kronične i maligne bolesti ). Dio žena plodne dobi koje su umrle od ukupnog broja žena koje su umrle je niska (oko 3 % svih žena koje su umrle), a stopa je nešto iznad 70/100, 000 žena plodne dobi. Najčešći uzroci smrtnosti su tumori , zatim ozljede i bolesti cirkulacijskog sustava . Dakle, zdravstvo treba usmjeriti pozornost na prevenciju tih uzroka bolesti i smrtnosti. Određene preventivne mjere se provode putem nacionalnih programa za preglede (rak dojke), a drugi su na raspolaganju svakoj ženi kroz mjere zdravstvenog sustaava iz obveznog osiguranja. Nacionalni program za rano otkrivanje raka dojke predviđen u 2006 - 2012 se provodi već tri godine , a broj pregledanih žena godišnje postupno raste (u 2008, 57 % je došlo na pregled nakon pozivnice). Očekuje se da će rezultati tih projekcija imati utjecaj na smanjenju pojavu naprednih vrsta raka dojke i naknadne smrtnosti žena. Zahvaljujući pregledima, u protekle tri godine, 1.400 slučajeva raka dojke otkrivena su i potvrđena . Godišnje raka dojke je prisutan u 2.500 / 100.000 žena, od čega 800-900 žena ne preživi (oko 40/100,000 godišnje). Nadalje, prevencija raka dojke kroz sustav obveznog zdravstvenog osiguranja, uključuje nabavku dovoljnog broja mamograma i njihove lokalne raspodjele po potrebi. Prema pojedinim dijagnostičkim entitetima , uzroci smrti stanovništva u Hrvatskoj se nisu promijenili zadnjih pet godina. Najčešći uzrok smrti je ishemijska bolest srca (20%), slijede cerebrovaskularne bolesti (15%), zatajenje srca (6 %), bronhi i pluća (5 %) i, konačno , rak debelog crijeva (4 %). Zastupljena među deset najčešćih uzroka smrti bolesti probavnog sustava su kronične bolesti jetre, fibroza i ciroza. Najistaknutiji u skupini bolesti dišnog sustava su bronhitis, emfizem i astma . U ovom trenutku , smrtnost rodilja se zadržala se na niskoj razini zahvaljujući postojećim mehanizmima antenatalne, perinatalne i postnatalne skrbi definirane standardima zaštite, odnosno programskim mjerama zdravstvene zaštite. Programi prevencije i programi usmjereni na smanjenje broja smrti od ozljeda još nisu razvijeni na nacionalnoj razini, a tu su i neki programi usmjereni na prevenciju specifičnih uzroka smrti (npr. prometne nesreće). Dakle , potrebno je razvijati multidisciplinarni pristup takvih programa, imajući u vidu specifične uzrok smrti. Osim toga, sprječavanje i suzbijanje određenih najčešćih uzroka smrti žena plodne dobi se provodi kroz različite metode zdravstvenog odgoja (predavanja i akcija organiziranih povodom Svjetskog dana zdravlja, specifičnim obrazovnim programima u lokalnim zajednicama). 0.84 years remaining until 2015 The 8 Millennium Development Goals - 1 Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty - 2 Achieve universal primary education - 3 Promote gender equality and empower women - 4 Reduce child mortality - 5 Improve maternal health - 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases - 7 Ensure environmental sustainability - 8 Develop a global partnership for development Targets for MDG 5 - Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio - Most maternal deaths could be avoided - Giving birth is especially risky in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where most women deliver without skilled care - The rural-urban gap in skilled care during childbirth has narrowed - Achieve universal access to reproductive health & inadequate funding for family planning is a major failure in fulfilling commitments to improving women’s reproductive health - More women are receiving antenatal care - Inequalities in care during pregnancy are striking - Only one in three rural women in developing regions receive the recommended care during pregnancy - Progress has stalled in reducing the number of teenage pregnancies, putting more young mothers at risk - Poverty and lack of education perpetuate high adolescent birth rates - Progress in expanding the use of contraceptives by women has slowed & use of contraception is lowest among the poorest women and those with no education