http___www.tsunaminaturaldisaster.com_hr__1.xml
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For generations the Colorado River has supplied water to homes, farms, and industry in Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas. Now a 14-year drought, climate change, a growing population, and overuse are drying up the Colorado. The water levels in Lake Powell, the reservoir behind the Glen Canyon dam on the upper Colorado, and Lake Mead, the reservoir behind Hoover dam on the lower Colorado, have dropped to all time lows. In California, the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada was 10% of normal in the winter of 2013-14. Water deliveries to farmers in the San Joaquin Valley, where 65% of the nation’s fruits and nuts are grown, were drastically reduced. Ground water supplies are also declining due to over-pumping. Water shortages are threatening to curtail the region’s $44 billion annual agricultural production. Water use restrictions have been imposed throughout the region, but even the strictest rationing can’t make up for the enormous loss of basic water supply. A number of ideas have been proposed for supplying additional water to the parched Southwest. Some appear less practical than others, but all are receiving new consideration. Alaska to California Pipeline. In the 1990s, the then-governor of Alaska proposed construction of a 2,000 mile (3,218km) undersea pipeline from river sources in southern Alaska to the Shasta reservoir in Northern California. The congressional Office of Technical Assessment estimated the cost of construction at $150 billion in 1990 dollars. Most experts consider the plan unfeasible due to cost and engineering challenges. Missouri River Pipeline. A proposal to run a 600 mile (965km) pipeline from the Missouri River to Denver has been considered by Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar at the time of the proposal opposed the idea due to high construction cost, to keeping water levels on the Missouri and Mississippi high enough for navigation, and because of political opposition from environmental groups. Converted Oil Tankers. Single-hulled oil tankers were mothballed when new laws mandated double-hulled vessels for transporting oil in 1993. A proposal to sanitize the tanks on the single-hulled tankers and use them for transporting water from Alaska to California has been floated, so to speak. The expense of bringing the ships out of mothballs, sandblasting the tanks; and fuel, crew, and maintenance costs would make it impractical to deliver fresh water by this method at an affordable price, according to those who have studied the idea. Giant waterbags. A California company is building flexible fabric barges designed to carry more than a million US gallons of fresh water. Since fresh water is lighter than salt water, these huge waterbags will float when full, and a train of 4 or 5 of them can be towed by a vessel the size of a tug. They are built to withstand almost any weather. A train of such bags can deliver 4 to 5 million gallons of water at a cost lower than water delivered by pipeline or aqueduct, according to the builders. The bags have been used for delivering water successfully from Turkey to points in the Mediterranean, but have not yet been used on the US west coast. Desalination. This process uses large amounts of fuel to pump seawater through filters to extract the salt. However, several of the US national labs have been researching ways to make desalination more efficient and cost effective. Fresh water supplied by the Israeli-designed plant under construction near San Diego will cost about twice as much as water from the California Aqueduct, but supplies of aqueduct water are being cut back. The three most practical approaches at this time seem to be more efficient desalination, towing waterbags from surplus-water areas to places that need the water, or living with water rationing. People living in drought areas will have to decide.
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Generacijama rijeke Colorado je isporučio vodu u domove, farme i industrije u Arizoni, Kaliforniji, Coloradu, Utahu, Nevadi, Novom Meksiku i Teksasu. Sada 14-godišnja suša, klimatske promjene, sve veći broj stanovnika, i prekomjerno se isušuju Colorado. Razina vode u jezeru Powell, rezervoar iza brane Glen Canyon na gornjoj Coloradu, i jezera Mead, rezervoar iza brane Hoover na donjem Coloradu, pale su na sve vremenske padove. U Kaliforniji, nataloženom u Sierra Nevadi je 10% od normalne u zimu 2013-14. Voda isporuke za poljoprivrednike u San Joaquin Valley, gdje se 65% od nacije voća i orašastih plodova uzgaja, drastično su smanjene. Prizemlje se zalihe vode su također u padu zbog pretjeranog crpljenja. Manjak vode prijete smanjiti regije 44 milijarde dolara godišnje poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Koristiti vodu ograničenja su nametnuta u cijeloj regiji, ali čak i najstrože racioniranje ne može nadoknaditi golemog gubitka osnovne opskrbe vodom. Broj teorije o opskrbi dodatne vode za sasušena Southwest. Neki se pojavljuju manje praktičan od drugih, ali svi su primanje novih razmatranje. Aljaske do Kalifornije cjevovod. U 1990-ih, tada guverner Aljaske predložio gradnju 2.000 milja (3.218 km) podmorskog cjevovoda od izvora rijeke u južnoj Aljasci u Shasta rezervoara u sjevernoj Kaliforniji. Kongresa Ured tehničke procjene procjenjuje trošak izgradnje od 150 milijarde dolara u 1990 dolara. Većina stručnjaka smatra da je Plan neostvariv zbog troškova i inženjerskim izazovima. Missouri River cjevovoda. Prijedlog za pokretanje 600 milja (965 km) cjevovod od rijeke Missouri u Denveru je razmatrati unutarnjih poslova zavoda za melioraciju. Interijer tajnik Ken Salazar u vrijeme prijedlogu usprotivio ideji zbog visokih troškova izgradnje, za održavanje razine vode na Missouri i Mississippi dovoljno visoka za navigaciju, a zbog političkog protivljenja ekoloških skupina. Pretvoreno tankeri s naftom. Jednostrukom oplatom tankera nafte su mothballed kada novi zakoni mandat dvostruko oljuštene brodove za prijevoz nafte u 1993. prijedlog da dezinficirajte tenkove na jednostrukom oplatom tankera i koristiti ih za transport vode od Aljaske do Kalifornije je doplutao , da se tako izrazim. Rashodi od dovođenja brodova iz naftalina, pjeskarenje spremnike; i goriva, posade, a troškovi održavanja bi to nepraktično za isporuku pitke vode ovom metodom po pristupačnoj cijeni, prema onima koji su proučavali ideju. Divovski waterbags. California tvrtka gradi fleksibilne tkanine teglenice dizajnirane za prijevoz više od milion američkih galona pitke vode. Od svježe vode je lakši od slane vode, te ogromnih waterbags će plutaju kada je puna, a vlak od 4 ili 5 od njih može vući sa plovilom veličine tegljača. Oni su izgrađena da izdrži gotovo svim vremenskim uvjetima. Vlak takvih vrećica može isporučiti 4-5 milijuna litara vode po cijeni nižoj od isporučene vode cjevovodom ili vodovoda, u skladu s graditeljima. Vrećice su korišteni za isporuku vode uspješno od Turske do bodova na Mediteranu, ali još nisu koristili na zapadnoj obali SAD. Desalinizaciju. Ovaj proces koristi velike količine goriva pumpati morsku vodu kroz filtere za izdvajanje soli. Međutim, nekoliko je američkih nacionalnih laboratorija su istraživanje načina da zaradite desalinizaciju više učinkovit i isplativ. Svježa voda isporučuje izraelsko-dizajniran postrojenja u izgradnji u blizini San Diega će koštati oko dva puta onoliko koliko vode iz vodovoda u Kaliforniji, ali zalihe vode vodovoda se smanjiti. Tri najčešće praktični pristupi u ovom trenutku čini se da su učinkovitije desalinizaciju, vuče waterbags od viška vode područja u prostore koji trebaju vodu, ili žive s vodom racionalizacije. Ljudi koji žive u sušnim područjima će morati odlučiti.