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Watch Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made. Favorite Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students. Thyroid Gland Share this content to stop seeing ads The thyroid gland, the largest endocrine gland, is responsible for the production of the hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. Learning Objective Describe the hormones produced by the thyroid and explain how their production is regulated Key Points The thyroid gland is made up of thyroid follicles, which produce three main hormones. T3 and T4 hormones increase the metabolic activity of the body‘s cells while calcitonin helps regulate calcium concentrations in body fluids. T3 and T4 release is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone; however, calcitonin release is controlled by calcium ion concentrations. Terms triiodothyronine the most powerful thyroid hormone, affecting almost every process in the body, including body temperature, growth, and heart rate thyrocalcitonin a hormone, secreted by parenchymal cells, that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism thyroxine a hormone (an iodine derivative of tyrosine), produced by the thyroid gland, that regulates cell metabolism and growth thyroglobulin a globulin, produced by the thyroid gland, that has a role in the production of the thyroid hormones Full Text Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland, one of the largest endocrine glands in the body, is located in the neck, just below the larynx and in front of the trachea . It is a butterfly-shaped gland with two lobes that are connected by the isthmus. It has a dark red color due to its extensive vascular system. When the thyroid swells due to dysfunction, it can be felt under the skin of the neck. The thyroid gland is made up of many spherical thyroid follicles which are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium. These follicles contain a viscous fluid, called colloid, which stores the glycoprotein thyroglobulin. This glycoprotein is the precursor to the thyroid hormones. The follicles produce hormones that can be stored in the colloid or released into the surrounding capillary network for transport to the rest of the body via the circulatory system. The thyroid gland produces the hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). These hormones increase the metabolic activity of the body‘s cells. Follicle cells are stimulated to release stored T3 and T4 by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the anterior pituitary. These thyroid hormones increase the rates of mitochondrial ATP production. Another hormone produced by the thyroid gland, thyrocalcitonin, or calcitonin, decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood. Most of the calcium removed from the blood is stored in the bones. Calcitonin is produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid, either releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones. The hormone's release is not controlled by TSH, but instead is released when calcium ion concentrations in the blood rise. Calcitonin functions to help regulate calcium concentrations in body fluids. It acts in the bones to inhibit osteoclast activity and in the kidneys to stimulate excretion of calcium. The combination of these two events lowers body fluid levels of calcium. Key Term Reference - ATP - Appears in this related concepts: The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway, Muscle Metabolism, and Benefits of Carbohydrates - calcitonin - Appears in this related concepts: Overview of Parathyroid Glands, Control of Thyroid Hormone Release, and Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium Levels - cell - Appears in this related concepts: The Importance of Studying Cells, Citric Acid Cycle, and Absorption of Light - endocrine - Appears in this related concepts: Overview of Pancreatic Islets, Control of Hormone Secretion, and Development of the Endocrine System - glycoprotein - Appears in this related concepts: Attachment and Entry to the Host Cell, Blood Components, and Steps of Virus Infections - hormone - Appears in this related concepts: Hormone Action, How Stress Impacts our Health, and How Hormones Work - ion - Appears in this related concepts: Ion-Dipole Force, Resting Membrane Potentials, and Ions and Ionic Bonds - osteoclast - Appears in this related concepts: Connective Tissues: Bone, Adipose, and Blood, Parathyroid Glands, and Cell Types in Bones Sources Boundless vets and curates high-quality, openly licensed content from around the Internet. This particular resource used the following sources: Cite This Source Source: Boundless. “Thyroid Gland.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 03 Jul. 2014. Retrieved 11 May. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-endocrine-system-37/endocrine-glands-214/thyroid-gland-805-12043/
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Štitna žlijezda – simptomi bolesti i liječenje Osjećate li umor svakog dana, magli vam se vid, debljate se, uhvati vas jeza ili gubite kosu? Ili vam se događa suprotono: često se zadihani, oznojeni, uznemireni? Mogući krivac je štitnjača ili štitna žlijezda. Važno je da problem otkriti na vrijeme, jer uz odgovarajuće liječenje možete izbjeći ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme. Opće informacije Štitnjača ima oblik leptira, nalazi se u donjem dijelu vrata ispod Adamove jabučice i proizvodi hormone koji reguliraju brzinu metabolizma. Poremećaj njenog rada usporit ili ubrzati metabolizam, jer remeti proizvodnju hormona štitnjače. Kada je njihova razina preniska ili previsok, dolazi do brojnih simptoma. Preporučene kontrole Na pregled štitnjače treba ići svakih pet godina, počevši od 35. godine. Ljudi sa simptomima ili faktorima rizika moraju raditi ispitivanja još češće. Hipotireoza najviše pogađa žene starije od 60 godina, a obiteljska povijest ove bolesti povećava rizik. Pregled vrata Ova mala navika vam pomaže da uočite uvećanu štitnjaču. Zabacite glavu unatrag i popijte gutljaj vode. Dok gutate, opipajte vrat ispod Adamove jabučice,neposredno iznad ključne kosti. Potražite ispupčenja i ponovite postupak nekoliko puta. Ako osjetite bilo kakvu izbočinu ili kvržicu, javite se liječniku! Dijagnostika Dijagnostika poremećaja rada štitne žlijezde provodi se pomoću testa krvi koji mjeri razinu tireostimulišućeg hormona (TSH). Ako je visok, to obično znači da je funkcija štitnjače preniska (hipotireoza), a ako je nizak, štitna žlijezda je pretjerano aktivna (hipertireoza). Na zahtjev liječnika provjerava se i razinu drugih tireoidnih hormona u krvi. Najčešći uzrok hipotireoze Smatra se da je najčešći uzrok hipotiroidizma Hashimoto bolest. To je autoimuni poremećaj u kojem tijelo napada štitnjaču. Rezultat je oštećenje štitnjače, pri čemu ona ne proizvodi dovoljno hormona. Hashimoto bolest je često nasljedna, au nekim slučajevima posljedica problema s hipofizom. Ova žlijezda se nalazi u mozgu i proizvodi spomenuti TSH, koji stimulira rad štitnjače. Ako ga hipofiza ne proizvodi dovoljno, razina hormona štitnjače će pasti. Ostali uzroci su privremeno zapaljenje štitne žlijezde ili lijekovi koji utječu na njenu funkciju. Najčešći uzrok hipertireoze Gravesova bolest vrijedi za drugi najčešći uzrok oboljenja štitne žlijezde. To je autoimuni poremećaj koji uzrokuje oslobađanje visoke razine hormona štitnjače. Jedno od obilježja bolesti je oticanje vrata i očiju (buljavost), koje je vidljivo i neugodno. Posljedice uslijed nedostatka terapije Ako se ne liječi, posljedice ovog oboljenja su visoka razina kolesterola i povećan rizik od moždanog udara i infarkta. U težim slučajevima niska razina hormona štitnjače može izazvati gubitak svijesti i po život opasan pad tjelesne temperature. Sa druge strane, posljedice neliječenja hipertireoze jesu srčani problemi i smanjena gustoća kostiju. Liječenje hipotireoze U većini slučajeva provodi se pomoću hormona štitnjače u vidu pilula, a poboljšanje je primjetno obično u roku od nekoliko tjedana. Dugoročan tretman povećava energiju, a smanjuje razinu kolesterola i težinu. Većina bolesnika mora uzimati terapiju do kraja života. Tretman hipertireoze On uključuje antitiroidni lijek za smanjenje količine hormona koje štitnjača proizvodi i često se mora piti i kad problem nestane. Drugi lijekovi mogu smanjiti simptome kao što su ubrzan puls i drhtavica. Druga opcija je radioaktivni jod, koji uništava štitnjaču u roku 6-18 tjedana. Kada se štitnjača uništi ili ukloni operacijom, većina pacijenata mora uzimati njene hormone u obliku tableta. Operacija Kirurška intervencija se preporučuje kod hipertireoze i to u slučaju da lijekovi ne djeluju. Izvor:lisa.rs