http___radartutorial.de_10.processing_sp06.tr.html_2.xml
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In-phase & Quadrature Procedure Figure 1: Real and imagine quantities In-phase & Quadrature Procedure If already the IF-frequency with a fast but simple A/D-Converter is digitized, then I have a digital amplitude value for every rangecell. This one represents the real part of the complex echo signal but where does the phase information remain? Yes, with the simple method the phase information is lost! Synchronous Detector A complex quantity always consists of a real part (light green) and an imaginary part (light blue). However, an analog/digital converter always will take only the real part lying in the X-axis into account. This is no problem by older radars. The blip is composed of a minimum of 12 to 15 pulses. If one or two pulses have the real amplitude of zero (by maximum of phase shift), the blip is visibly anyway. But the newer radars use a so-called Monopulse Technology often. All data are a result of one transmitted pulse only. So we need the imagine data too! Sychronous detector provides a representation of the IF signal, including phase and amplitude without loss of information. The baseband in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) signals are digitized using a pair of A/D converters The synchronous detector is also referred to as a quadrature channel receiver, quadrature detector, I/Q demodulator, or coherent detector. Well, If I turn the whole construct by 90° ... then the former imaginary part then is exactly on the X-axis and can be digitized but the former real part is dropped now! But the amount of the original vector can be calculated again with help of the theorem of Pythagoras from these two results. And how turns one the whole construct by 90° now? Figure 2: Block diagram of synchronous detector Oh, this is quite simple: the phase of the signal must be moved by 90°. Both analogous parts of the signal then must be digitized. Now I have but twice so many data lines but the digital processor controlled signal processing primarily brings me very much more possibilities for this. The resulting digital data can then be processed using a wide variety of digital signal-processing algorithms. (Digital filters have for example very much steeper edges than analogous constructions ... ... by the very early conversion into digital signals neither noise can distort my data from the following signal way... and so on) The I and Q components are related as From this, the signal magnitude A and phase shift Φ can be calculated as Figure 3: In-Phase-signal (cyan) and Quadrature-signal (magenta) Why the I&Q evaluation? Radar front-end devices using direct down-conversion almost always offer both outputs. Now the question could be asked, that if you don't need the phase information, it would be sufficient to evaluate only one output. Yes, that would perhaps first bring a result, but very ineffectively. Again, look at Figure 1: The red pointer rotates quite fast depending on the Doppler frequency. But only the size of the green pointer can be measured. Only if the red pointer points in the same direction as the green pointer, you get an effective output signal. With smaller Doppler frequencies or even with fixed targets, the phase position changes slowly or not at all. Here the red pointer can remain in the position perpendicular to the green pointer and the radar cannot deliver an output signal at all. This can even happen at higher Doppler frequencies, because when using a sampling rate with a very specific frequency ratio to the Doppler frequency, a kind of stroboscope effect occurs. So only if both channels are evaluated, then the size of the red pointer can be calculated from both measured signals, independent of in which direction it points.
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Aynı-faz ve Kuadratik-faz Yöntemi Resim 1: Vektör diyagramı Eğer ara frekans sinyalleri basit analog/sayısal dönüştürücü yöntemleri ile sayısallaştırılırsa, o zaman her bir menzil hücresi için karmaşık sayı ile ifade edilen yansıma sinyallerinin gerçek bileşeni sinyalin sayısal genliğini temsil eder, ama faz bilgisini nasıl elde edeceğiz? Evet, basit yöntemlerle faz bilgileri kaybolmaktadır! Bir karmaşık büyüklük daima bir gerçek (yeşil renkli) ve bir sanal (açık mavi renkli) bileşenden oluşur. Fakat bir analog/sayısal dönüştürücü daima x-ekseninde ki gerçek bölümü dikkate almaktadır. Eğer tüm şekli saat yönünde 90° döndürürsem ... ... o zaman önceden dikey y-ekseninde bulunan sanal bileşen şimdi x-ekseninde yer alacaktır ve sayısallaştırılabilecektir, ama önceki gerçek bileşen olmadan! Bu her iki değerden orijinal vektörlerin toplamı pitagor bağıntısı yardımıyla hesaplanabilir. Peki bu tüm şekli nasıl 90° döndüreceğiz? Resim 2: Blok şeması Çok basit: Sinyalin fazı 90° kaydırılarak. O zaman her iki analog bileşeninde sayısallaştırılması gerekir. Şimdi elimizde iki misli veri hattı bulunuyor, fakat her şeyden önce verilerin bilgisayar kontrolüyle sayısal olarak işlenmesi sayesinde daha fazla olanağa sahibiz. (Sayısal süzgeçlerin süzme karakteristik eğrilerinin yan kenarları analog benzerlerine kıyasla çok daha diktir ... Bu çok erken dönüştürme işlemi sayesinde gürültülerin, artık hedefe ait sinyalleri takip eden yansıma sinyalleriyle karışması engellenmiştir...)