http___qha.com.ua_tr_fikir-yazilari_paylasilamayan-yarimada-kirim_154491__1.xml
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Coordinates: 45°18′N 34°24′E / 45.3°N 34.4°E The Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukrainian: ABToHoMHa Pecпyблika KpиM, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Russian: ABToHoMHaя Pecпyблиka KpыM, Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym; Crimean Tatar: Qırım Muhtar Cumhuriyeti, KъыpыM MyxTap ДжyMxypиeTи, ҠыpыM MyxTap ҖyMxypиeTи)[2] is an autonomous republic of Ukraine, encompassing the territory of the former Crimean Oblast, though it was annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014. While Russia and ten other UN member states recognize Crimea as part of the Russian Federation, Ukraine continues to claim Crimea as an integral part of its territory, supported by most foreign governments and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262.[3] The Crimean Oblast was transferred from Russia to Ukraine in 1954 and later, following a referendum on 20 January 1991, it was upgraded to the status of an autonomous republic within the Ukrainian SSR. However, in March 2014 following the Ukrainian revolution and the takeover of the territory by pro-Russian separatists and Russian Armed Forces,[4] an unconstitutional[5][6][7] referendum was held on the issue of reunification with Russia; the official result was that a large majority of Crimeans wished to join with Russia.[8] Russia then annexed Crimea to incorporate the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia.[9] Crimea was annexed from the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire in 1783 and this was recognised in 1792 when the peninsula was ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Jassy. Russian rule in Crimea spanned a period of 171 years, punctuated by short periods during political upheavals and wars, which ended on 19 February 1954 when the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet issued a decree that transferred the Crimean Oblast from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, within the Soviet Union.[10][11] The reason for the transfer, as stated in the decree, was "the integral character of the economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR.":[12] Following a referendum on 20 January 1991, the Crimean Oblast was upgraded to the status of an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR. When the Soviet Union collapsed and Ukraine became an independent country, Crimea remained part of the newly independent Ukraine, leading to tensions between Russia and Ukraine[nb 1] with the Black Sea Fleet being based on the peninsula. On 26 February 1992, the Crimean parliament renamed the ASSR the Republic of Crimea and proclaimed self-government on 5 May 1992[14][15] (which was yet to be approved by a referendum that had been planned for 2 August 1992[16] though it was ultimately postponed) and passed the first Crimean constitution the same day.[16] On 6 May 1992 the same parliament inserted a new sentence into this constitution that declared that Crimea was part of Ukraine.[16] On 19 May, Crimea agreed to remain part of Ukraine and annulled its proclamation of self-government but Crimean Communists forced the Ukrainian government to expand on the already extensive autonomous status of Crimea.[17]:587 In the same period, Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk agreed to divide the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet between Russia and the newly formed Ukrainian Navy.[18] On 14 October 1993, the Crimean parliament established the post of President of Crimea and agreed on a quota of Crimean Tatars represented in the Council of 14. However, political turmoil continued. Amendments[clarification needed] to the constitution eased the conflict,[citation needed] but on 17 March 1995, the parliament of Ukraine intervened by abolishing the Crimean Constitution of 1992, all the laws and decrees contradicting those of Kiev, among which were the laws guarantying representation for the Crimean Tartars and other ethnic groups, and removing Yuriy Meshkov (the President of Crimea) as well as the office of The President of Crimea.[19][20] After an interim constitution, the current constitution was put into effect, changing the territory's name to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Following the ratification of the May 1997 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership between Russia and Ukraine on friendship and division of the Black Sea Fleet, and in which Russia recognized Ukraine's borders and sovereignty over Crimea, international tensions slowly eased. However, in 2006, anti-NATO protests broke out on the peninsula.[21] In September 2008, the Ukrainian Foreign Minister Volodymyr Ohryzko accused Russia of giving out Russian passports to the population in the Crimea and described it as a "real problem" given Russia's declared policy of military intervention abroad to protect Russian citizens.[22] On 24 August 2009, anti-Ukrainian demonstrations were held in Crimea by ethnic Russian residents. Sergei Tsekov (of the Russian Bloc[23] and then deputy speaker of the Crimean parliament[24]) said then that he hoped that Russia would treat the Crimea the same way as it had treated South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[25] Chaos in the Ukrainian parliament erupted during a debate over the extension of the lease on a Russian naval base on 27 April 2010 after Ukraine's parliament ratified the treaty that extends Russia's lease on naval moorings and shore installations in port of Sevastopol and other locations in Crimea until 2042 with optional five-year renewals. Along with Verkhovna Rada, the treaty was ratified by the Russian State Duma as well.[26] Following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution that ousted the pro-Russian Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych on 22 February 2014, there was a push by pro-Russian protesters for Crimea to secede from Ukraine and seek assistance from Russia.[27] On 26 February 2014, thousands of pro-Russian and pro-Ukraine protesters clashed in front of the parliament building in Simferopol. Two days later, Russian forces occupied airports and other strategic locations in Crimea[28] which the interim Government of Ukraine described as an invasion and occupation.[29][30] Gunmen, either armed militants or Russian special forces, occupied the Crimean parliament. Under armed guard and with the doors locked, members of parliament reportedly elected Sergey Aksyonov as the new Crimean Prime Minister.[31] The de facto Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksyonov said that he asserted sole control over Crimea's security forces and appealed to Russia "for assistance in guaranteeing peace and calmness" on the peninsula. The central Ukrainian government did not recognize the Aksyonov administration and considers it illegal.[32][33] Ousted Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich sent a letter to Putin asking him to use military force in Ukraine to restore law and order.[34] The Russian foreign ministry stated that "movement of the Black Sea Fleet armored vehicles in Crimea (...) happens in full accordance with basic Russian-Ukrainian agreements on the Black Sea Fleet".[35] On 1 March, the Russian parliament granted President Vladimir Putin the authority to use military force in Ukraine.[36] The move was condemned by many Western and Western-aligned nations. On the same day, the acting president of Ukraine, Oleksandr Turchynov decried the appointment of the Prime Minister of Crimea as unconstitutional.[37] Russia established de facto control of the territory. On 3 March, Ukrainian defense sources were reported to have said that the head of Russia's Black Sea Fleet gave Ukraine a deadline of dawn on the 4th to surrender their control of the Crimea, or face an assault by Russian troops occupying the area.[38] However, Interfax news agency later quoted a fleet spokesman who denied that any ultimatum had been issued.[38] Nothing came to pass at the deadline. On 4 March, several Ukrainian bases and navy ships in Crimea reported being intimidated by Russian forces but vowed non-violence. Ukrainian warships were also effectively blockaded in their port of Sevastopol.[39][40] On 6 March, members of the Crimean Parliament asked the Russian government for the region to become a subject of the Russian Federation with a referendum on the issue set for the Crimean region for March 16. The Ukrainian central government, the European Union, and the US all challenged the legitimacy of the request and of the following referendum. Article 73 of the Constitution of Ukraine states: "Alterations to the territory of Ukraine shall be resolved exclusively by an All-Ukrainian referendum."[41] International monitors arrived in Ukraine to assess the situation in Crimea but were halted by armed militants at the Crimean border.[42][43] Russian forces scuttled a Russian Kara-class Cruiser Ochakov across the entrance channel to Donuzlav Lake on the west coast of Crimea to blockade Ukrainian navy ships in their port.[44][45] On 7 March, Russian forces scuttled a second ship, a diving support vessel, to further block the naval port at Donuzlav Lake.[45] The Crimean parliament released the Ballot Questions for the 16 March referendum. The referendum questions were: Only ballots with exactly one positive response were considered valid. There was no option on the 16 March ballot to maintain the status quo. Although some Ukrainian outlets considered the questions to be equivalent to "join Russia immediately" or "declare independence and then join Russia"[46][47] the Crimean constitution of 1992 would restore Republic of Crimea's autonomous status within the borders of Ukraine.[19][48] Official turnout for the referendum was 83%, and the overwhelming majority of those who voted (95.5%)[49] supported the option of rejoining Russia. However, a BBC reporter claimed that a "huge number of people in the minority population – the Tatars and Ukrainians – abstained from the vote", making it difficult to tell if the figures added up.[50] On 18 March 2014, the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a treaty of accession to the Russian Federation.[51] The accession was granted but separately for each the former regions that composed it: one accession for the Republic of Crimea, and another accession for Sevastopol as a federal city.[52] Under the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which is subject to the Constitution of Ukraine, the legislative body of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is the Supreme Council of Crimea. Ukraine's national parliament voted to dissolve this 100-seat parliament in March 2014 as its leaders were finalising preparations for a referendum on whether to join Russia.[53] After the referendum, the members of the Supreme Council voted to rename themselves as the State Council of the Republic of Crimea, and also formally appealed to Russia to accept Crimea as part of the Russian Federation.[54] According to the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers of Crimea, headed by a Chairman, appointed and dismissed by the Supreme Council of Crimea, with the consent of the President of Ukraine.[55][56] The authority and operation of the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of Crimea are determined by the Constitution of Ukraine and other the laws of Ukraine, as well as by regular decisions of the Supreme Council of Crimea.[56] While not an official body controlling Crimea, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People represents Crimean Tatars and could address grievances to the Ukrainian central government, the Crimean government, and international bodies.[57] During the 2004 presidential elections and 2010 presidential elections, Crimea largely voted for the presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych. In the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary elections and the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the Yanukovych-led Party of Regions also won most of the votes from the region, as they did in the 2006 Crimean parliamentary election and the 2010 Crimean parliamentary election.[58] Crimea has not been part of any election in Ukraine since the annexation of the peninsula in March 2014. Citizens of Crimea can take part in the open party-list proportional representation part of Ukrainian parliamentary elections, but not in the elections for constituencies where 50% of the seats are elected.[59][60] The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is subdivided into 25 administrative areas: 14 raions (districts) and 11 mis'kradas and mistos (city municipalities), officially known as territories governed by city councils.[61] While the City of Sevastopol is located on the Crimean peninsula, it is administratively separate from the Autonomous Republic of Crimea though tightly integrated within the infrastructure of the whole peninsula. The largest city is Simferopol with major centers of urban development including Kerch (heavy industry and fishing center), Dzhankoy (transportation hub), Yalta (holiday resort) and others. I will be frank; we used our Armed Forces to block Ukrainian units stationed in Crimea CпycTя 22 roдa и 364 дHя пocлe пepBoro B CCCP peфepeHдyMa B aBToHoMHoй pecпyблиke ykpaиHы KpыM cocToялcя пocлeдHий peфepeHдyM. ПpoBoдилcя oH Boпpekи ykpaиHckoMy зakoHoдaTeлbcTBy, He пpeдycMaTpиBaющeMy пoHяTия perиoHaлbHый peфepeHдyM и пpeдпиcыBaющeMy peшaTb TeppиTopиaлbHыe Boпpocы Toлbko Ha BceykpaиHckoM peфepeHдyMe Organizing and holding the referendum on Crimea’s accession to Russia was illegal under the Ukrainian constitution. Article 2 of the constitution establishes that “Ukraine shall be a unitary state” and that the “territory of Ukraine within its present border is indivisible and inviolable”. This is confirmed in regard to Crimea by Chapter X of the constitution, which provides for the autonomous status of Crimea. Article 134 sets forth that Crimea is an “inseparable constituent part of Ukraine”. The autonomous status provides Crimea with a certain set of authorities and allows, inter alia, to hold referendums. These rights are, however, limited to local matters. The constitution makes clear that alterations to the territory of Ukraine require an all-Ukrainian referendum. Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers. None of the audio/visual content is hosted on this site. All media is embedded from other sites such as GoogleVideo, Wikipedia, YouTube etc. Therefore, this site has no control over the copyright issues of the streaming media. All issues concerning copyright violations should be aimed at the sites hosting the material. This site does not host any of the streaming media and the owner has not uploaded any of the material to the video hosting servers. Anyone can find the same content on Google Video or YouTube by themselves. The owner of this site cannot know which documentaries are in public domain, which has been uploaded to e.g. YouTube by the owner and which has been uploaded without permission. The copyright owner must contact the source if he wants his material off the Internet completely.
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Son dönemde Rusya destekli ayrılıkçı hareketlerden kaynaklı çatışmalar, Karadeniz’in güvenliğini tehdit etmeye başlamıştır. Ukrayna ve Rusya arasındaki Kırım sorunu başlıca önemli kriz alanıdır. Sorunun kaynağını anlayabilmek için Kırım’ın tarihini analiz etmemiz gereklidir. Kırım, 1774 yılına kadar yaklaşık 300 yıl boyunca Kıpçak soyundan gelen Giray Hanlar tarafından Osmanlı egemenliği altında özerk bir eyalet olarak yönetildi. 1774 Yılında imzalanan Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması ile bağımsız hale gelen Kırım Hanlığı, 1783 yılında Çariçe II. Katerina tarafından Rusya’ya ilhak edilmiştir. Böylelikle Giray Hanların yönetimine son verilmiş ve Osmanlı ile kader birliği de bozulmuştu. 1917 Ekim Devrimi’nden sonra 18 Ekim 1921 tarihinde bu bölge Kırım Özerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti adıyla Sovyet Rusya’nın bir parçası haline geldi. İlk Kırım Özerk Anayasası 10 Kasım 1921 yılında kabul edildi. 1941-1944 yılları arasında Almanya tarafından işgal edilen Kırım, bu işgalin ardından tarihin en kara sayfasını araladı. 11 Mayıs 1944 tarihinde Josef Stalin tarafından imzalanan Kırım Yarımadası’ndan Kırım Türklerinin sürgün edilmesini emreden kararla birlikte bu kararı uygulamak için NKVD birlikleri 17 Mayıs’ı 18 Mayıs’a bağlayan gece Kırım’ın her yerinde harekete geçilmiştir. 18 Mayıs 1944 tarihi Kırım Türkleri için büyük felâket olmuştur. Almanlarla işbirliği yaptıkları gerekçesiyle Kırım yarımadasının asli unsuru olan Kırım Türkleri kendi anavatanları Kırım’dan sürgün edilmişlerdir. Bu sürgünde hiçbir Kırım Türkü, Sovyet Partizanları, Kızıl Ordu askerleri, Komünist Partisi mensupları dahi istisna edilmemiş ve herkes topyekün sürülmüştür. Hayvan vagonlarında günlerce devam eden yolculuklarında yiyecek ve su verilmeyen, yolculukta ölenlerin dışarı çıkarılmasına dahi izin verilmeyen, hiçbir tıbbi yardımının olmadığı ölüm yolculuğunda havasızlık, açlık, susuzluk ve hastalıktan çoğu Kırım Türkü hayatını kaybetmiştir. Kırım Türklerini taşıyan hayvan vagonları neredeyse tamamı Orta Asya (Özbekistan), Sibirya ve Urallar’a gönderildiler. Sürgün esnasında çoğunluğu kadın ve çocuklardan oluşan halkın yaklaşık yüzde %46’sı hayatını kaybetmiştir. Sürgün akabinde özellikle Kırım bölgesinde ve genel anlamda SSCB’de Kırım Türkçesi ile yazılan kitaplar yakılmıştır. 1944 Yılında Kırım Özerk yapısını kaybetmiş ve 30 Haziran 1945 yılında SSCB Yüksek Konseyi kararıyla Kırım Özerk Bölgesi “Kırım ili”ne dönüştürülmüş ve Oblast olarak SSCB'ye bağlanmıştır.. Kırım, 1954 yılında Ukrayna asıllı Sovyet lider Nikita Kruşçev tarafından Ukrayna ile Rusya’yı birleştiren 1654 tarihli Pereyaslav Anlaşması’nın 300. Yıldönümüne atfen Ukrayna SSC’ye hediye edilmiştir. Kırım Türkleri sürgün edildiği bölgelerde ‘özel yerleşim’e tabi tutulmuşlardır. Josef Stalin’in ölümünden sonra SSCB Yüksek Sovyet Prezidyumu 5 Eylül 1967 yılında yayınladığı bir kararname ile Kırım Türklerine haksızlık edildiğini kabul etmiş ve tüm yurttaşlar gibi Kırım Türklerinin de SSCB’nin her yerinde yaşayabileceklerini açıklamışlardır. Bu kararnamenin yayınlanmasında bile ustaca ibareler kullanılmış “Kırım Tatarları” tabiri yerine “Kırım’da eskiden yaşamış Tatar milletinden yurttaşlar” denilmiştir. Nikita Kruşçev’in “yumuşama politikası” izlemesi Kırım Türklerinin “özel yerleşim”ine 1956 yılında son verilmiştir. Fakat sürgün edilen diğer halklara tanınan öz vatanlarına geri dönme hakkı Kırım Türklerine tanınmamıştır. Kırım Türkleri vatana dönme hakkını Soğuk Savaşın sona erdiği 1989 yılında kazanabilmişlerdir. 1990 sonrasında ortaya çıkan tabloya baktığımızda; Kırım Tatarlarının durumlarında, Sovyet dönemi ile mukayese edilemeyecek nispette bir iyileşme olduğunu ifade etmek mümkündür. Ancak “Vatana dönüş” mücadelesini kazanıp da, Kırım’a dönebilen Kırım Tatarlarının sayısı halen 300.000 civarında olup, çoğunluğu Özbekistan’da olmak üzere yaklaşık henüz Kırım’a dönme imkânı bulamayan eski SSCB arazisindeki Kırım Tatarlarının sayısı çeşitli tahminlere göre 200.000 civarındadır. Ukrayna Parlamentosu, Kırım Tatarlarının siyasi, iktisadi, sosyal ve kültürel haklarının verilmesi için gerekli kanunları yeterince uygulayamamıştır. Bununla birlikte Ukrayna’daki siyasi değişim rüzgarı Batı kaynaklı renkli devrimlerin halkası turuncu devrimin yansımaları, yolsuzluk ve kargaşa dönemini de beraberinde getirmiş ve devrimin başarısız olmasıyla birlikte Rus yanlısı hükümetin başa gelmesine neden olmuştur. Özellikle Rus lider Vladimir Putin ile birlikte büyük hamle yapan ve yeniden süper güç olma serüveninde olan Rusya’nın, Ukrayna’nın NATO ve AB ile yakınlaşmasını engellemesi aşamasındaki büyük çabaları ve Ukrayna’da Rusya yanlısı Yanukoviç’in 2010’da seçilmesi üzerine başlayan siyasi gerilim etkisini göstermiş ve Kasım 2013’de Ukrayna’da milliyetçiler Rusya baskısından kurtulmak üzere Euromeydan olaylarını başlatmıştır. Üç ay süren mücadele sonunda Rus yanlısı Başkan Yanukoviç Ukrayna’dan kaçmıştır. Fakat bu olayların sonucu Kırım’da yaşayan Kırım Türklerini de ağır bir şekilde etkilemiştir. Rusya Federasyonu Euromeydan’dan sonra Ukraynalı milliyetçilerin Kırım’a saldıracağını bahane ederek 27 Şubat 2014’te Kırım’ı bir günde işgal etmiştir. Ukrayna’nın toprak bütünlüğü kararı hiçe sayılarak uluslararası hukuka tamamen aykırı 16 Mart 2014’de yapılan referandum ile de kurulan Kırım Cumhuriyeti Rusya Federasyonu’na bağlanmıştır. Kırım nüfusunun ise %60’tan fazlası Rus olup %13’un üzerindeki Tatar Türkü yaşamaktadır. Türklerin tamamına yakını söz konusu referandumu boykot etmişti. Başta BM olmak üzere uluslararası toplum bu katılmayı halen onaylamamıştır. Ukrayna ve Rusya arasında gerginliğin adresi Kırım’da yaşanan bu kriz sonrasında ABD ve AB Rusya’ya yönelik ekonomik alanda bazı yaptırımlar uygulamaya başlamıştır. Rus ekonomisi bu durumdan ciddi zarar görmüş fakat Ukrayna üzerinde uyguladığı işgalci tutumundan geri adım atmamıştır. Rusya, her ne kadar 1994 yılında imzalanan Budapeşte Anlaşması ile teoride “Ukrayna’nın toprak bütünlüğü ve Kırım üzerindeki egemenliğini onaylamasına rağmen” pratikte Ukrayna’yı daima anavatanının bir toprağı olarak algılamış ve Kırım Yarımadası ile Sivastopol üzerindeki Ukrayna egemenliğini asla kabullenememiştir. Budapeşte Anlaşması’na aykırı olarak 2014’de Rusya, Kırım’ı işgal ve ilhak etmiştir. Kırım’ın ilhakı ile Rusya, Karadeniz’de stratejik üstünlüğü yeniden elde etmiş, Sivastopol’deki deniz üssünü ele geçirmiş, Akdeniz’e deniz gücü intikal ettirebilme ve Akdeniz’de daimi deniz gücü bulundurabilme yeteneğini kazanmıştır. Ayrıca, Rusya Kırım’ı ilhak etmek suretiyle hava kuvvetlerinin operasyon alanını Karadeniz’in batısına genişletmiştir. Kırım’ın uluslararası hukuka aykırı olarak yapılan referandum sonuçlarını Türkiye tanımamıştır. Türkiye Hükümeti Rusya Hükümeti tarafından işgal edilen Kırım’ı Ukrayna’nın toprağı olarak kabul ettiğini, Ukrayna'nın toprak bütünlüğü konusundaki görüşlerinin çok net olduğunu, Kırım’ın Türkiye için tarihi önemi olduğunu ısrarla vurgulamış ve dış politikasında da bu tutumunu sürdürmüştür. Kırım’ın Ruslar tarafından illegal olarak ilhakını hiçbir zaman tanımayacaklarını ve Kiev Hükümeti ile birlikte çalışacaklarını resmi düzeyde açıklamışlardır. Türkiye Hükümeti için Kırım Türklerinin tarihi ata yurdu olan Kırım’daki varlıklarının devamı, kimliklerinin korunması, hak ve çıkarlarının güvence altına alınması yegane önceliktir. Bunun sağlanması için Türkiye Hükümeti Ukrayna Hükümeti ile işbirliğini sürdürecek ve Kırım Türklerinin hak ve çıkarlarını takip ederek uluslararası platformda konuyu gündeme getirecektir. Karadeniz’in güvenliği de bu krizin ivedi biçimde çözülmesine bağlıdır. Burada en önemli mesele Ukrayna ve Rusya arasındaki sorunun barışçıl yollarla ve diplomasiyle çözülmesini sağlamaktır. QHA