http___qha.com.ua_tr_kultur-sanat_kirim-tatar-dili-hakkinda-ilginc-bilgiler_152931__1.xml
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Crimean Tatar (KъыpыMTaTapджa Qırımtatarca, KъыpыMTaTap Tили Qırımtatar tili), also called Crimean Turkish[1] or simply Crimean,[1] is a Turkic language spoken for centuries in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar proper, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; the languages are related but not mutually intelligible. Though only distantly related, it has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz Turkic languages such as Turkish, Turkmen, and Azerbaijani. Today, more than 260,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea. Approximately 150,000 reside in Central Asia (mainly in Uzbekistan), where their ancestors had been exiled in 1944 during World War II by the Soviet Union. However, of all these people, mostly the older generations are the only ones still speaking Crimean Tatar.[6] In 2013, the language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in only around 15 schools in Crimea. Turkey has provided support to Ukraine, to aid in bringing the schools teaching in Crimean Tatar to a modern state.[7] An estimated 5 million people of Crimean origin live in Turkey, descendants of those who emigrated in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[citation needed] Of these an estimated 2,000 still speak the language.[6] Smaller Crimean Tatar communities are also found in Romania (22,000), Bulgaria (6,000), and the United States.[6] Crimean Tatar is one of the seriously endangered languages in Europe.[8] Almost all Crimean Tatars are bilingual or multilingual, using as their first language the dominant languages of their respective home countries, such as Russian, Turkish, Uzbek, or Ukrainian. Each of the three subethnic groups of the Crimean Tatars has its own dialect. The dialect of the Nogays, the former inhabitants of the Crimean steppe (should not be confused with Nogai people), is of Kypchak–Nogay origin. The Yalıboylus, who lived on the southern coast of Crimea before 1944, speak an Oghuz dialect. The Tat Tatars from the Crimean Mountains (should not be confused with Tat people) use a middle dialect of Kypchak–Cuman origin. The dialect is a direct descendant of the Cuman language, but it has been strongly influenced by Oghuz.[citation needed] The modern Crimean Tatar written language is based on Tat because the Tats comprise about 55% of the total Crimean Tatar population. The forming of the Crimean Tatar spoken dialects began with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea and ended during the period of the Crimean Khanate. However, the official written languages of the Crimean Khanate were Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish. After Islamization, Crimean Tatars wrote with an Arabic script. In 1876, the different Turkic Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by Ismail Gasprinski. A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of the Yalıboylus, in order to not break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. In 1928, the language was reoriented to the middle dialect spoken by the majority of the people. In 1928, the alphabet was replaced with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet based on the Latin script. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic alphabet. Since the 1990s, the government has encouraged replacing the script with a Latin version again, but the Cyrillic is still widely used (mainly in published literature and newspapers). The current Latin-based Crimean Tatar alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, with two additional characters: Ñ ñ and Q q. Crimean Tatar was the native language of the poet Bekir Çoban-zade. The vowel system of Crimean Tatar is similar to some other Turkic languages.[9] Because high vowels in Crimean Tatar are short and reduced, /i/ and /ɯ/ are realized close to [ɪ], even though they are phonologically distinct.[10] In addition to these phonemes, Crimean also displays marginal phonemes that occur in borrowed words, especially palatalized consonants.[11] According to constitution of Republic of Crimea Crimean Tatar language is an official language in Crimea as well as Russian and Ukrainian. According to the constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, as published in Russian by its Verkhovna Rada,[12] Russian and Crimean Tatar languages enjoy a "protected" (Russian: oбecпeчиBaeTcя ... зaщиTa) status; every citizen is entitled, at his request (xoдaTaйcTBo), to receive government documents, such as "Passport, Birth certificate and others" in Crimean Tatar. According to the constitution of Ukraine, however, Ukrainian is the only official language in all of Ukraine. Recognition of Russian and Crimean Tatar was a matter of political and legal debate. Before the Sürgün, the 18 May 1944 deportation by the Soviet Union of Crimean Tatars to internal exile in Uzbek SSR, Crimean Tatar had an official language status in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Crimean Tatar can be written in either the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets, both modified to the specific needs of Crimean Tatar, and either used respective to where the language is used. Under Ukrainian rule, the Latin alphabet was preferred, but upon Russia's annexation of Crimea, Cyrillic became the sole official script.[citation needed] Crimean Tatars used Arabic script from 16th[citation needed] century to 1928. â symbol is not considered to be a separate letter. rъ, kъ, Hъ and дж are separate letters (digraphs). The following newspaper report compares Crimean Tatar with Turkish and Azerbaijani:[citation needed] Because of its common name, Crimean Tatar is sometimes mistaken to be a dialect of Tatar proper. Although these languages are related (because both are Turkic), the Kypchak languages closest to Crimean Tatar are, as mentioned above, Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar and Nogay, not Tatar. None of the audio/visual content is hosted on this site. All media is embedded from other sites such as GoogleVideo, Wikipedia, YouTube etc. Therefore, this site has no control over the copyright issues of the streaming media. All issues concerning copyright violations should be aimed at the sites hosting the material. This site does not host any of the streaming media and the owner has not uploaded any of the material to the video hosting servers. Anyone can find the same content on Google Video or YouTube by themselves. 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Çağdaş Kırım Tatarcasının tarihi 19. yüzyılın sonlarına dek uzanıyor ve ünlü eğitimci İsmail Bey Gaspıralı’nın faaliyetleriyle yakından ilgisi bulunuyor. Hangi dil ailesine bağlı olduğuna dair tartışmaların günümüzde kadar devam ettiği Kırım Tatar dili hakkında ne biliyoruz? - Her Kırım Tatar alt etnik grubunun (Nogaylar, Tatlar ve Yalıboylular) Nogay (çöl), Tat (Bahçesaray) ve Yalıboyu olmak üzere kendi ağızları var. Geleneksel Kırım Tatarcası, Türkçe'nin Kıpçak kolunun Kıpçak-Kuman alt grubuna ait. Edebi Kırım Tatarcasının dayandığı Bahçesaray ağzı, Kıpçak ve Oğuz kolları arasında olduğundan çoğunlukla bu tür bir sınıflandırma yapabilmek her zaman mümkün olmuyor. -İsmail Bey Gaspıralı dönemi Kırım Tatar edebi dili, çağdaş edebi dilden farklı olarak Yalıboyu ağızına dayanıyordu. - Türkiye’de Kırım Tatar diasporasının çoğu çöl ağzında konuyor. Yaklaşık 25 bin Kırım Tatar dili taşıyıcısının ikamet ettiği Bulgaristan ve Romanya’da Balkan-Kırım Tatarcası olarak sınıflandırılan ağızlar yaygın. - Kırım Hanlığı döneminde Kırım Tatarlarının edebi dili önce Altın Ordu’dan miras kalan Kıpçak Türkçesi'ydi, daha sonra Osmanlı Türkçesi edebi dil oldu. - “Büyük Rus halkının kültürüne yakınlık şartlarını sağlamaması" nedeniyle 1939 yılında Kırım Tatar dilinin yazısı Kiril alfabesine çevrildi. Bununla birlikte Kırım’ın Almanlar tarafından işgal edildiği dönemde yerel sakinler ile irtibat için hem Latin hem Arap alfabeleri kullanılıyordu. -Kırım Tatarcasının yazılmasında 1929 yılına kadar Arap, 1929-1938 yıllarında Latin, 1939 yılından sonra Kiril alfabesi kullanılıyordu. - Kırım Tatar dilinde hem isim hem zamirler için “cinslik” kategorisi yoktur. - Ukrayna’nın “Devlet Dil Politikasının Temellerine İle İlgili” kanunu ve Novoalekseyevka şurasının 19 Nisan 2013 tarihli kararıyla Kırım Tatarca, Ukrayna’nın Herson ili Geniçesk ilçesi Novoalekseyevka kasabasında bölgesel dil olarak kabul edildi. - Kırım Tatarca kelimesinin Rusça yazılışı günümüze kadar birçok tartışmalara neden oluyor. Rus dilbilimi kurallarına göre Kırım Tatarca (krımskotatarskiy/kpыMckoTaTapckий) kelimesinin bitişik yazışması gerekiyor, ancak Rusya’da bu kelime kısa çizgi ile yazılıyor (kpыMcko-TaTapckий). Rusçada, zor bir kelimenin arasına “ve” bağlacı konabiliyorsa, kelimenin kısa çizgi ile yazılması gerektiği şeklinde bir kural var. Böylece Ruslar kasten Kırım ve Kırım Tatarlarını birbirinden ayırmaya çalışıyor. Ukrayna’da Kırım Tatarca kelimesi bitişik olarak yazılıyor. Bilindiği gibi Dünya Anadili Günü, dil çeşitliliğinin ve farklı dillerde eğitimin desteklenmesi, kaybolma tehlikesi altındaki dillerin gelişiminin sağlanması amacıyla UNESCO Genel Konferansının 30. Toplantısının girişimiyle 2000 yılından itibaren kutlanıyor. Uzmanlara göre eğer bir toplumda çocukların yüzde 30’undan daha azı ana dilini öğreniyorsa bu dil kaybolma tehlikesi altında kabul ediliyor. Kırım Tatar dili de, çeşitli derecelerde kaybolma tehlikesi altında olan toplam 2 bin 465 dilin bulunduğu UNESCO’nun Kaybolma Tehlikesi Altındaki Dünya Dilleri Listesi’nde yer alıyor. QHA