<p>If the disease you are interested in is zombie-ism, then you can look at the seminal paper:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="http://mysite.science.uottawa.ca/rsmith43/Zombies.pdf" rel="nofollow">When zombies attack!: Mathematical modelling of an outbreak of zombie infection</a> by 
Philip Munz, Ioan Hudea, Joe Imad, and Robert J. Smith?. (And yes, the ? is part of his name).</li>
</ul>

<p>The conclusion, jumping to the punchline, is that if a zombie infection ever occurs, we're screwed.</p>

<p>An agent-based framework for performing such simulations has also been published:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/M.Amos/Docs/simzombie.pdf" rel="nofollow">SimZombie: A Case-Study in Agent-Based Simulation Construction</a> by Matthew Crossley and Martyn Amos </li>
</ul>

<p>Perhaps more interestingly, though I can hardly imagine, are the references in these papers. They point to many varied techniques for simulating zombie and other infections.</p>

<p>There is also a lot of work on viruses spreading through social networks (which surprisingly enough is applicable to computer viruses spreading through online social networking sites).  Two of many papers available on Arxiv are <a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/1105.3316" rel="nofollow">Affinity Paths and Information Diffusion in Social Networks</a> and <a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/1105.3316" rel="nofollow">Viral Processes by Random Walks on Random Graphs</a>. The book cited by the other reference and a similar one called <a href="http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0199206651" rel="nofollow">Networks</a> by Mark Newman have chapters covering the topic too, though without the zombies.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-07-06T21:48:32.900Z
Hahahahaha!!!!!
Aaron Sterling
CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-07-10T06:36:54.737Z
I thought that paper was hilarious when I first read it. I wanted to mention it in my answer, but went with the serious approach. I am glad someone mentioned it :D
Artem Kaznatcheev
CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-07-17T18:12:14.383Z
@Dave, your answer is now [immortalized](http://nanoexplanations.wordpress.com/2011/07/17/the-szr-model-of-the-zombie-apocalypse/)
Aaron Sterling
CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-07-17T18:19:54.587Z
@Aaron: I feel honoured.
Dave Clarke
CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-07-06T19:48:10.833Z
2011-07-06T19:48:10.833Z
Dave Clarke
<p>My answer addresses the general theory of disease (and similar) modelling and only briefly touches on the implementations. For simulations (as opposed to analytic work, which usually uses evolutionary game theory or <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SIRModel.html" rel="noreferrer">SIR models</a>) the popular paradigm is agent-based modeling (ABM). A good recent book on agent-based modelling from a CS perspective is:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Yoav Shoham and Kevin Leyton-Brown
  [2009], "Multiagent systems:
  algorithmic, game-theoretic, and
  logical foundations", Cambridge
  University press.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>A big general conference of agent-based modeling is AAMAS (links to <a href="http://www.aamas2011.tw/index.html" rel="noreferrer">2011</a> and <a href="http://aamas2012.webs.upv.es/" rel="noreferrer">2012</a>). They don't specialize in disease modeling in particular, but a lot of the techniques they use can be applied there.</p>

<p>In terms of software for doing rapid prototyping of ABMs, a popular one is <a href="http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/" rel="noreferrer">NetLogo</a>. This seems to be particularly popular in the social sciences, where they do slight variations of standard epidemic models to describe certain social processes.</p>

<p>Currently, it seems like the focus of theoretical work in this field (and this is obviously biased by my own interests) is to consider environments where agents are limited in their interactions. If you just have agents meet randomly, then ABMs are usually overkill and things can be done analytically. However, if there is some interesting network structure (fixed or dynamic) to the interactions (as there often is in real life) then ABMs become an essential tool. A fun recent book that discusses some of these ideas (once again from a CS perspective) is:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>David Easley and Jon Kleinberg [2010],
  "Networks, crowds, and markets:
  Reasoning about a highly connected
  world," Cambridge University press. (a
  draft is <a href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/networks-book.pdf" rel="noreferrer">available
  online</a>)</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-07-06T01:57:23.260Z
2011-07-06T01:57:23.260Z
Artem Kaznatcheev
<blockquote>
  <p>Can anyone recommend a good book(s) or journal article(s) on object-oriented program design patterns/principles and simulation modeling of diseases?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>I received the above question this morning by email.  It was sent to a SIAM list service I belong to.  I don't know the asker, and I don't know a good answer either.  I figured, though, if some people here had good suggestions, either theoretical or practical, I could send him the link to this question.</p>

<p>Thanks.</p>

<p>Edit: I sent the asker a copy of this question, with Artem K's answer visible.  He responded, saying thanks.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-07-05T19:08:55.110Z
What do you mean by modelling of diseases? If you mean modelling how diseases spread then cellular automata could be very useful. Example,[here](http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/ComplexSystems/ComplexSystems.html).
Pratik Deoghare
<reference-request><formal-modeling>
Simulation modeling of diseases
Aaron Sterling
# Simulation modeling of diseases

(Asked by: username_0 on 2011-07-05)

> Can anyone recommend a good book(s) or journal article(s) on object-oriented program design patterns/principles and simulation modeling of diseases?

I received the above question this morning by email. It was sent to a SIAM list service I belong to. I don't know the asker, and I don't know a good answer either. I figured, though, if some people here had good suggestions, either theoretical or practical, I could send him the link to this question.

Thanks.

Edit: I sent the asker a copy of this question, with Artem K's answer visible. He responded, saying thanks.

**Tags:** reference-request, formal-modeling
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: What do you mean by modelling of diseases? If you mean modelling how diseases spread then cellular automata could be very useful. Example,[here](http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/ComplexSystems/ComplexSystems.html).  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2011-07-06. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

My answer addresses the general theory of disease (and similar) modelling and only briefly touches on the implementations. For simulations (as opposed to analytic work, which usually uses evolutionary game theory or [SIR models](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SIRModel.html)) the popular paradigm is agent-based modeling (ABM). A good recent book on agent-based modelling from a CS perspective is:

> Yoav Shoham and Kevin Leyton-Brown
> [2009], "Multiagent systems:
> algorithmic, game-theoretic, and
> logical foundations", Cambridge
> University press.

A big general conference of agent-based modeling is AAMAS (links to [2011](http://www.aamas2011.tw/index.html) and [2012](http://aamas2012.webs.upv.es/)). They don't specialize in disease modeling in particular, but a lot of the techniques they use can be applied there.

In terms of software for doing rapid prototyping of ABMs, a popular one is [NetLogo](http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/). This seems to be particularly popular in the social sciences, where they do slight variations of standard epidemic models to describe certain social processes.

Currently, it seems like the focus of theoretical work in this field (and this is obviously biased by my own interests) is to consider environments where agents are limited in their interactions. If you just have agents meet randomly, then ABMs are usually overkill and things can be done analytically. However, if there is some interesting network structure (fixed or dynamic) to the interactions (as there often is in real life) then ABMs become an essential tool. A fun recent book that discusses some of these ideas (once again from a CS perspective) is:

> David Easley and Jon Kleinberg [2010],
> "Networks, crowds, and markets:
> Reasoning about a highly connected
> world," Cambridge University press. (a
> draft is [available
> online](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/networks-book.pdf))


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2011-07-06. Score: 2

If the disease you are interested in is zombie-ism, then you can look at the seminal paper:

* [When zombies attack!: Mathematical modelling of an outbreak of zombie infection](http://mysite.science.uottawa.ca/rsmith43/Zombies.pdf) by
  Philip Munz, Ioan Hudea, Joe Imad, and Robert J. Smith?. (And yes, the ? is part of his name).

The conclusion, jumping to the punchline, is that if a zombie infection ever occurs, we're screwed.

An agent-based framework for performing such simulations has also been published:

* [SimZombie: A Case-Study in Agent-Based Simulation Construction](http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/M.Amos/Docs/simzombie.pdf) by Matthew Crossley and Martyn Amos

Perhaps more interestingly, though I can hardly imagine, are the references in these papers. They point to many varied techniques for simulating zombie and other infections.

There is also a lot of work on viruses spreading through social networks (which surprisingly enough is applicable to computer viruses spreading through online social networking sites). Two of many papers available on Arxiv are [Affinity Paths and Information Diffusion in Social Networks](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1105.3316) and [Viral Processes by Random Walks on Random Graphs](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1105.3316). The book cited by the other reference and a similar one called [Networks](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0199206651) by Mark Newman have chapters covering the topic too, though without the zombies.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Hahahahaha!!!!!  
> **username_3**: I thought that paper was hilarious when I first read it. I wanted to mention it in my answer, but went with the serious approach. I am glad someone mentioned it :D  
> **username_0**: @Dave, your answer is now [immortalized](http://nanoexplanations.wordpress.com/2011/07/17/the-szr-model-of-the-zombie-apocalypse/)  
> **username_2**: @Aaron: I feel honoured.  

---

