<p>Mg I does indeed mean neutral magnesium atoms, but May and his collaborators weren't observing magnesium atoms orbiting in the inner Solar System -- they were seeing absorption by magnesium atoms <em>in the Sun's atmosphere</em>.</p>

<p>In the optical and near-infrared, the zodiacal light is sunlight scattered/reflected by interplanetary dust particles. Not surprisingly, the spectrum is largely the same as that seen coming directly from the Sun, complete with all the Fraunhofer absorption lines. Their approach was to focus on a narrow region of the solar spectrum containing a strong Mg I absorption line, and measure how the the dust particles redshifted or blueshifted the reflected solar spectrum, since that would tell them the velocities of the dust particles relative to the Earth.</p>

<p>(They also sometimes detected Mg <em>emission</em> partly filling in the absorption line; since this was always at the rest wavelength of that transition and thus not Doppler shifted, they deduced that it was probably emission from Mg atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere, likely deposited by vaporized meteoroids.)</p>

<p>As for possible retrograde motions: the zodiacal dust is thought to come from three main sources: occasional collisions between asteroids, sublimation from comets passing through the inner Solar System, and a possible contribution from interstellar dust grains as the Sun moves relative to the local interstellar medium. The second source -- comets -- can give you retrograde orbits because many long-period comets (coming originally from the Oort Cloud) have retrograde orbits.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-11-30T10:01:53.970Z
Wow, very interesting! Okay I'll have another, closer look at the original source.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-11-30T17:26:01.383Z
it's a quite well-written Ph.D. thesis. There are even a couple of entertaining references to his other career (e.g., when he's describing relevant discoveries in between his thesis research and 2007, when he's completing the thesis: "It was the data gathered from the IRAS satellite in 1983 (while my rock group Queen was touring football stadia in South America) which finally moved our picture of the Zodiacal Cloud, in a giant step, from diffuse oblate spheroid, the limit of anyone's imagination since the 17th century, to a structured, dynamic, and complex dust ensemble.")
Peter Erwin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-08-06T22:00:01.333Z
Google's spooky AI in YouTube just suggested to me Dr. Becky's 2019 video [How fast does the Sun orbit the Milky Way? | Brian May's Astrophysics Thesis on Solar System Dust](https://youtu.be/noT8kkdl8hE) where she goes through May's thesis in some degree of detail, reading from a hard covered and apparently autographed edition. She mentions dust results from the Ulysses spacecraft which I'd though only observed neutral atoms from interstellar sources, so I'll read up more about that and ask a new question at some point.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-11-30T09:12:04.410Z
2019-11-30T17:22:17.417Z
2019-11-30T17:22:17.417Z
Peter Erwin
<p>This <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/28734/7982">answer</a> to the question <em>What direct or indirect observations of dust can one make by eye or with binoculars?</em> mentions Brian May's thesis and it's connection to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiacal_light" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Zodical Light</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Brian May</a> (CBE):</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>In 2007, Brian May, lead guitarist with the band Queen, completed his thesis, A Survey of Radial Velocities in the Zodiacal Dust Cloud, thirty-six years after abandoning it to pursue a career in music.</strong> He was able to submit it only because of the minimal amount of research on the topic undertaken during the intervening years. May describes the subject as being one that became &quot;trendy&quot; again in the 2000s.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Brian May's Thesis: <a href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/handle/10044/1/1333" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud</a></p>
<p>And for good measure, Brian May's announcement of IAU's naming of the asteroid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17473_Freddiemercury" rel="nofollow noreferrer">17473 Freddiemercury</a> YouTube: <div class="youtube-embed"><div>
                <iframe width="640px" height="395px" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/o2vo6VR51eA?start=0"></iframe>
            </div></div></p>
</blockquote>
<p>I believe that MgI stands for neutral, atomic magnesium, and since this is optical (not X-rays) this would have to be free atoms, or perhaps molecular, but not bound magnesium in compounds or metals.</p>
<p><strong>Question:</strong> Why is there free magnesium in the ecliptic (if there is) and why would some be orbiting within the ecliptic plane but retrograde?</p>
<hr />
<p>Here is the abstract of the thesis in full:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>This thesis documents the building of a pressure-scanned Fabry-Perot Spectrometer, equipped with a photomultiplier and pulse-counting electronics, and its deployment at the Observatorio del Teide at Izaña in Tenerife, at an altitude of 7,700 feet (2567 m), for the purpose of recording high-resolution spectra of the Zodiacal Light. The aim was to achieve the first systematic mapping of the MgI absorption line in the Night Sky, as a function of position in heliocentric coordinates, covering especially the plane of the ecliptic, for a wide variety of elongations from the Sun. More than 250 scans of both morning and evening Zodiacal Light were obtained, in two observing periods – September-October 1971, and April 1972. The scans, as expected, showed profiles modified by components variously Doppler-shifted with respect to the unshifted shape seen in daylight. Unexpectedly, MgI emission was also discovered. These observations covered for the first time a span of elongations from 25º East, through 180º (the Gegenschein), to 27º West, and recorded average shifts of up to six tenths of an angstrom, corresponding to a maximum radial velocity relative to the Earth of about 40 km/s. The set of spectra obtained is in this thesis compared with predictions made from a number of different models of a dust cloud, assuming various distributions of dust density as a function of position and particle size, and differing assumptions about their speed and direction. The observations fit predominantly prograde models fairly well, but show a morning-evening asymmetry, different in the two observing periods. Models are investigated containing various components, including prograde and retrograde orbiting dust around the Sun, a drift of interstellar material though the Solar System, and light from distant emitting matter. The implications for possible asymmetries of the Zodiacal Cloud are discussed. Other researches on the Zodiacal Dust Cloud, before, during, and after my observations, are reviewed, including recent insights into its structure, orientation, and evolution, up to the present day, and my observations are evaluated in this context. Period of study, 1970-2007.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/303wc.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/303wc.jpg" alt="Brian May and coelostat" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/handle/10044/1/1333" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Source</a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-03-21T13:27:17.523Z
@caInstrument I've flagged your comment - there are several problems with it, I chose the mildest reason available (no longer needed) but please note that Stack Exchange comments are not for doing what you are doing here.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-03-22T15:32:19.733Z
I have also flagged the rude and condescending comment by caInstrument.
Stu Smith
<dust><ecliptic><zodiacal-light>
Why is there free magnesium in the ecliptic (if there is) and why would some be orbiting within the ecliptic plane but retrograde?
uhoh
# Why is there free magnesium in the ecliptic (if there is) and why would some be orbiting within the ecliptic plane but retrograde?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-12-15)

This [answer](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/28734/7982) to the question *What direct or indirect observations of dust can one make by eye or with binoculars?* mentions Brian May's thesis and it's connection to [Zodical Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiacal_light):

> [Brian May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May) (CBE):
>
> > **In 2007, Brian May, lead guitarist with the band Queen, completed his thesis, A Survey of Radial Velocities in the Zodiacal Dust Cloud, thirty-six years after abandoning it to pursue a career in music.** He was able to submit it only because of the minimal amount of research on the topic undertaken during the intervening years. May describes the subject as being one that became "trendy" again in the 2000s.
>
> Brian May's Thesis: [A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud](https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/handle/10044/1/1333)
>
> And for good measure, Brian May's announcement of IAU's naming of the asteroid [17473 Freddiemercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17473_Freddiemercury) YouTube:

I believe that MgI stands for neutral, atomic magnesium, and since this is optical (not X-rays) this would have to be free atoms, or perhaps molecular, but not bound magnesium in compounds or metals.

**Question:** Why is there free magnesium in the ecliptic (if there is) and why would some be orbiting within the ecliptic plane but retrograde?

---

Here is the abstract of the thesis in full:

> This thesis documents the building of a pressure-scanned Fabry-Perot Spectrometer, equipped with a photomultiplier and pulse-counting electronics, and its deployment at the Observatorio del Teide at Izaña in Tenerife, at an altitude of 7,700 feet (2567 m), for the purpose of recording high-resolution spectra of the Zodiacal Light. The aim was to achieve the first systematic mapping of the MgI absorption line in the Night Sky, as a function of position in heliocentric coordinates, covering especially the plane of the ecliptic, for a wide variety of elongations from the Sun. More than 250 scans of both morning and evening Zodiacal Light were obtained, in two observing periods – September-October 1971, and April 1972. The scans, as expected, showed profiles modified by components variously Doppler-shifted with respect to the unshifted shape seen in daylight. Unexpectedly, MgI emission was also discovered. These observations covered for the first time a span of elongations from 25º East, through 180º (the Gegenschein), to 27º West, and recorded average shifts of up to six tenths of an angstrom, corresponding to a maximum radial velocity relative to the Earth of about 40 km/s. The set of spectra obtained is in this thesis compared with predictions made from a number of different models of a dust cloud, assuming various distributions of dust density as a function of position and particle size, and differing assumptions about their speed and direction. The observations fit predominantly prograde models fairly well, but show a morning-evening asymmetry, different in the two observing periods. Models are investigated containing various components, including prograde and retrograde orbiting dust around the Sun, a drift of interstellar material though the Solar System, and light from distant emitting matter. The implications for possible asymmetries of the Zodiacal Cloud are discussed. Other researches on the Zodiacal Dust Cloud, before, during, and after my observations, are reviewed, including recent insights into its structure, orientation, and evolution, up to the present day, and my observations are evaluated in this context. Period of study, 1970-2007.

[![Brian May and coelostat](https://i.sstatic.net/303wc.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/303wc.jpg)

[Source](https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/handle/10044/1/1333)

**Tags:** dust, ecliptic, zodiacal-light

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: @caInstrument I've flagged your comment - there are several problems with it, I chose the mildest reason available (no longer needed) but please note that Stack Exchange comments are not for doing what you are doing here.  
> **username_1**: I have also flagged the rude and condescending comment by caInstrument.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2019-11-30. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

Mg I does indeed mean neutral magnesium atoms, but May and his collaborators weren't observing magnesium atoms orbiting in the inner Solar System -- they were seeing absorption by magnesium atoms *in the Sun's atmosphere*.

In the optical and near-infrared, the zodiacal light is sunlight scattered/reflected by interplanetary dust particles. Not surprisingly, the spectrum is largely the same as that seen coming directly from the Sun, complete with all the Fraunhofer absorption lines. Their approach was to focus on a narrow region of the solar spectrum containing a strong Mg I absorption line, and measure how the the dust particles redshifted or blueshifted the reflected solar spectrum, since that would tell them the velocities of the dust particles relative to the Earth.

(They also sometimes detected Mg *emission* partly filling in the absorption line; since this was always at the rest wavelength of that transition and thus not Doppler shifted, they deduced that it was probably emission from Mg atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere, likely deposited by vaporized meteoroids.)

As for possible retrograde motions: the zodiacal dust is thought to come from three main sources: occasional collisions between asteroids, sublimation from comets passing through the inner Solar System, and a possible contribution from interstellar dust grains as the Sun moves relative to the local interstellar medium. The second source -- comets -- can give you retrograde orbits because many long-period comets (coming originally from the Oort Cloud) have retrograde orbits.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Wow, very interesting! Okay I'll have another, closer look at the original source.  
> **username_2**: it's a quite well-written Ph.D. thesis. There are even a couple of entertaining references to his other career (e.g., when he's describing relevant discoveries in between his thesis research and 2007, when he's completing the thesis: "It was the data gathered from the IRAS satellite in 1983 (while my rock group Queen was touring football stadia in South America) which finally moved our picture of the Zodiacal Cloud, in a giant step, from diffuse oblate spheroid, the limit of anyone's imagination since the 17th century, to a structured, dynamic, and complex dust ensemble.")  
> **username_0**: Google's spooky AI in YouTube just suggested to me Dr. Becky's 2019 video [How fast does the Sun orbit the Milky Way? | Brian May's Astrophysics Thesis on Solar System Dust](https://youtu.be/noT8kkdl8hE) where she goes through May's thesis in some degree of detail, reading from a hard covered and apparently autographed edition. She mentions dust results from the Ulysses spacecraft which I'd though only observed neutral atoms from interstellar sources, so I'll read up more about that and ask a new question at some point.  

---

