<p>In the extreme energy of a large impact, the rock behaves like a liquid (It isn't actually completely melted, though some is. The extreme forces cause the rock to flow). As the impactor hits the moon, rock is pushed out, and since it is surrounded by relatively solid rock, it is pushed up.</p>
<p>Then gravity takes over as the rock that has been pushed up now pushes back down. This forces rock to flow towards the centre of the crater. And again, in the centre, there is nowhere to go but up.  Once the rocks have settled they act as solid rock again, and the central peak (and crater edge) are preserved.  This is seen not only on Mimas, but on many other large craters.</p>
<p>You can see this effect when something falls into water. Water splashes back forming a central peak.</p>
<p><div class="youtube-embed"><div>
                <iframe width="640px" height="395px" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RLn1ErhxOPo?start=0"></iframe>
            </div></div></p>
<p>You can also see peak formation in a sandbox model of cratering</p>
<p><div class="youtube-embed"><div>
                <iframe width="640px" height="395px" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zufx28sBhWg?start=0"></iframe>
            </div></div></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-06T23:55:04.113Z
Re *"As the impact hits the asteroid"*: Don't you mean "*As the* ***[impactor](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/impactor#Noun)*** *hits the* ***moon***"? (Two changes. My emphasis. "Moon" being Saturnian moon Mimas.)
Peter Mortensen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-04T06:58:24.447Z
2021-07-07T04:57:31.910Z
2021-07-07T04:57:31.910Z
James K
<p>I've noticed this before, too.  My non-professional assessment is that it is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticity" rel="nofollow noreferrer">viscoelastic response</a> to the impact, where the energy of the impact temporarily transforms the surrounding geology into a viscoelastic material. The central peak is essentially a rebound product of the impact.</p>
<p>I'll venture that the peak of molten material <em>solidified</em> before it could collapse back to the floor of the crater.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-07T10:32:19.140Z
The peak might actually never have been molten but (partially) might be rubbles of the original impactor (the back side of it which did not experience the impact melt).
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-06T18:27:18.783Z
2021-07-07T03:29:16.377Z
2021-07-07T03:29:16.377Z
ESP
<h3>This ice crater and even the existence of this solid ice moon so close to Saturn are both still puzzles!</h3>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/LLVe7.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/LLVe7.jpg" alt="PIA06582: Herschel: Dead-On
" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06582" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PIA06582: Herschel: Dead-On</a></p>
<hr />
<p>Herschel crater is on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas_(moon)#Physical_characteristics" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ice moon Mimas</a> with a surface gravity of only 0.064 m/s^2 (0.00648 Earth g).</p>
<p>With a density of only about 1.15 g/cm^3 Mimas is thought to be mostly ice, but mixed with other material.</p>
<p>The other answers address basic mechanisms that can make peaks in the centers of craters, but it's important to remember we're talking about mixtures of <em>dirty ice and liquid water</em> rather than molten rock.</p>
<p>From <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/mimas/in-depth/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Mimas in-depth</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Its most distinguishing feature is a giant impact crater – named Herschel after the moon's discoverer – which stretches a third of the way across the face of the moon, making it look like the Death Star from &quot;Star Wars.&quot; The Herschel Crater is 80 miles (130 kilometers) across – one third of the diameter of the moon itself – <strong>with outer walls about 3 miles (5 kilometers) high and a central peak 3.5 miles (6 km) high. The impact that blasted this crater out of Mimas probably came close to breaking the moon apart. Shock waves from the Herschel impact may have caused the fractures, also called chasmata, on the opposite side of Mimas.</strong></p>
<p>That Mimas appears to be frozen solid is puzzling because Mimas is closer to Saturn and has a much more eccentric (elongated) orbit than Enceladus, which should mean that Mimas has more tidal heating than Enceladus. Yet Enceladus displays geysers of water, which implies internal heat, while Mimas has one of the most heavily cratered surfaces in the solar system, which suggests a frozen surface that has persisted for enough time to preserve all those craters. This paradox has prompted the &quot;Mimas Test&quot; by which any theory that claims to explain the partially thawed water of Enceladus must also explain the entirely frozen water of Mimas.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/RmKzv.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/RmKzv.jpg" alt="cropped from PIA12570" /></a></p>
<p>Cropped from <a href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12570" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PIA12570</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>In this view captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft on its closest-ever flyby of Saturn's moon Mimas, large Herschel Crater dominates Mimas, making the moon look like the Death Star in the movie &quot;Star Wars.&quot;</p>
<p>Herschel Crater is 130 kilometers, or 80 miles, wide and covers most of the right of this image. Scientists continue to study this impact basin and its surrounding terrain (see <a href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12569" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PIA12569</a> and <a href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12571" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PIA12571</a>).</p>
<p>Cassini came within about 9,500 kilometers (5,900 miles) of Mimas on Feb. 13, 2010.This mosaic was created from six images taken that day in visible light with Cassini's narrow-angle camera on Feb. 13, 2010. The images were re-projected into an orthographic map projection. This view looks toward the area between the region that leads on Mimas' orbit around Saturn and the region of the moon facing away from Saturn. Mimas is 396 kilometers (246 miles) across. This view is centered on terrain at 11 degrees south latitude, 158 degrees west longitude. North is up. This view was obtained at a distance of approximately 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) from Mimas and at a sun-Mimas-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 17 degrees. Image scale is 240 meters (790 feet) per pixel.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>OK let's see PIA12569:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/HMMZ1.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/HMMZ1.jpg" alt="cropped from PIA12569" /></a></p>
<p>Cropped from <a href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12569" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PIA12569</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Relatively dark regions below bright crater walls and streaks on some of the walls are seen in this mosaic of Saturn's moon Mimas, created from images taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft during its closest flyby of the moon. The crater floors and surroundings are about 20 percent darker than the steep crater walls in this view.</p>
<p>Mimas' original surface, like the surfaces of most of the other major Saturnian moons without atmospheres, <strong>is not pure ice but contains some dark impurities.</strong></p>
<p>The relatively dark markings appear along the lower portion of the walls of Herschel Crater (130 kilometers, 80 miles wide) and some of the smaller craters and are marked in green in the annotated version of the image. Cassini scientists interpret this darkening as evidence for <strong>the gradual concentration of impurities from evaporating icy materials in areas where the dark impurities slide slowly down the crater wall. There, the bright ice is baked away by the sun and the vacuum of space. At Herschel, the edge where the darker regions contact the crater floor is interrupted by an extensive hummocky area. Scientists believe the hummocky texture came from the flow of melted ice that occurred during the impact that created the crater. That melt filled the bottom of the crater around the central peak.</strong></p>
<p>Dark streaks are seen making their way down the sides of some craters (marked red in the annotated version) and often originated from pockets of dark contaminants embedded just below the rim of the crater wall. The pockets themselves likely represent small, pre-existing, dark-floored craters that were buried by the blanket of material thrown out from the newer impact that created the crater rim. The material from newly exposed dark layer eventually moves downslope and forms a streak. Streaks sometimes are seen starting from the floors of smaller dark-floored craters perched along rims of larger craters.</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-08T05:20:13.123Z
What would Mimas' core consist of? I guess its core is denser than the surrounding ice.
John
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-08T07:16:35.853Z
@John I don't think it can be known for sure at this time. The moon, including its surface is *believed to be* mostly ice with other material mixed in. With such a low surface gravity the ice may be porous or not densified. There *might be* a rocky core, or just rocky material mixed with ice inside. There have only been a few flybys so all they have are optical measurements of the surface, the diameter from images, and the mass from its gravitational effect on the spacecraft as it flies past the Moon.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-08T07:16:43.053Z
[At visible and near infrared (VNIR) wavelengths Enceladus' reflectance spectrum is very bright, consistent with a surface composed primarily of H2O ice. At FUV wavelengths, however, Enceladus is surprisingly dark – darker than would be expected for pure water ice. We find that the low FUV reflectance of Enceladus can be explained by the presence of a small amount of NH3 and a small amount of a tholin in addition to H2O ice on the surface.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231829686_The_surface_composition_of_Enceladus_clues_from_the_Ultraviolet)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-08T02:05:05.273Z
2021-07-08T02:13:27.287Z
2021-07-08T02:13:27.287Z
uhoh
<p>If the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_(Mimantean_crater)" rel="noreferrer">Herschel crater</a> was caused by an impact, why does it have a mountain at its very center, its peak up to 5 mi (8 km) in elevation?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-04T06:18:18.340Z
This is a natural side effect of impact crater formation, depending on the size of the impact and the surface gravity. See e.g. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/26091/how-does-the-central-peak-in-moon-craters-form
Peter Erwin
<natural-satellites><saturn><crater>
Why is there a mountain inside the Herschel crater on Mimas?
John
# Why is there a mountain inside the Herschel crater on Mimas?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-07-04)

If the [Herschel crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_(Mimantean_crater)) was caused by an impact, why does it have a mountain at its very center, its peak up to 5 mi (8 km) in elevation?

**Tags:** natural-satellites, saturn, crater

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: This is a natural side effect of impact crater formation, depending on the size of the impact and the surface gravity. See e.g. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/26091/how-does-the-central-peak-in-moon-craters-form  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2021-07-04. Score: 44

In the extreme energy of a large impact, the rock behaves like a liquid (It isn't actually completely melted, though some is. The extreme forces cause the rock to flow). As the impactor hits the moon, rock is pushed out, and since it is surrounded by relatively solid rock, it is pushed up.

Then gravity takes over as the rock that has been pushed up now pushes back down. This forces rock to flow towards the centre of the crater. And again, in the centre, there is nowhere to go but up. Once the rocks have settled they act as solid rock again, and the central peak (and crater edge) are preserved. This is seen not only on Mimas, but on many other large craters.

You can see this effect when something falls into water. Water splashes back forming a central peak.

You can also see peak formation in a sandbox model of cratering

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: Re *"As the impact hits the asteroid"*: Don't you mean "*As the* ***[impactor](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/impactor#Noun)*** *hits the* ***moon***"? (Two changes. My emphasis. "Moon" being Saturnian moon Mimas.)  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2021-07-06. Score: 3

I've noticed this before, too. My non-professional assessment is that it is a [viscoelastic response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticity) to the impact, where the energy of the impact temporarily transforms the surrounding geology into a viscoelastic material. The central peak is essentially a rebound product of the impact.

I'll venture that the peak of molten material *solidified* before it could collapse back to the floor of the crater.

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: The peak might actually never have been molten but (partially) might be rubbles of the original impactor (the back side of it which did not experience the impact melt).  

---

### Answer by username_6 on 2021-07-08. Score: 0

### This ice crater and even the existence of this solid ice moon so close to Saturn are both still puzzles!

[![PIA06582: Herschel: Dead-On
](https://i.sstatic.net/LLVe7.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/LLVe7.jpg)

[PIA06582: Herschel: Dead-On](https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06582)

---

Herschel crater is on the [ice moon Mimas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas_(moon)#Physical_characteristics) with a surface gravity of only 0.064 m/s^2 (0.00648 Earth g).

With a density of only about 1.15 g/cm^3 Mimas is thought to be mostly ice, but mixed with other material.

The other answers address basic mechanisms that can make peaks in the centers of craters, but it's important to remember we're talking about mixtures of *dirty ice and liquid water* rather than molten rock.

From [Mimas in-depth](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/mimas/in-depth/):

> Its most distinguishing feature is a giant impact crater – named Herschel after the moon's discoverer – which stretches a third of the way across the face of the moon, making it look like the Death Star from "Star Wars." The Herschel Crater is 80 miles (130 kilometers) across – one third of the diameter of the moon itself – **with outer walls about 3 miles (5 kilometers) high and a central peak 3.5 miles (6 km) high. The impact that blasted this crater out of Mimas probably came close to breaking the moon apart. Shock waves from the Herschel impact may have caused the fractures, also called chasmata, on the opposite side of Mimas.**
>
> That Mimas appears to be frozen solid is puzzling because Mimas is closer to Saturn and has a much more eccentric (elongated) orbit than Enceladus, which should mean that Mimas has more tidal heating than Enceladus. Yet Enceladus displays geysers of water, which implies internal heat, while Mimas has one of the most heavily cratered surfaces in the solar system, which suggests a frozen surface that has persisted for enough time to preserve all those craters. This paradox has prompted the "Mimas Test" by which any theory that claims to explain the partially thawed water of Enceladus must also explain the entirely frozen water of Mimas.

---

[![cropped from PIA12570](https://i.sstatic.net/RmKzv.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/RmKzv.jpg)

Cropped from [PIA12570](https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12570)

> In this view captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft on its closest-ever flyby of Saturn's moon Mimas, large Herschel Crater dominates Mimas, making the moon look like the Death Star in the movie "Star Wars."
>
> Herschel Crater is 130 kilometers, or 80 miles, wide and covers most of the right of this image. Scientists continue to study this impact basin and its surrounding terrain (see [PIA12569](https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12569) and [PIA12571](https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12571)).
>
> Cassini came within about 9,500 kilometers (5,900 miles) of Mimas on Feb. 13, 2010.This mosaic was created from six images taken that day in visible light with Cassini's narrow-angle camera on Feb. 13, 2010. The images were re-projected into an orthographic map projection. This view looks toward the area between the region that leads on Mimas' orbit around Saturn and the region of the moon facing away from Saturn. Mimas is 396 kilometers (246 miles) across. This view is centered on terrain at 11 degrees south latitude, 158 degrees west longitude. North is up. This view was obtained at a distance of approximately 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) from Mimas and at a sun-Mimas-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 17 degrees. Image scale is 240 meters (790 feet) per pixel.

OK let's see PIA12569:

[![cropped from PIA12569](https://i.sstatic.net/HMMZ1.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/HMMZ1.jpg)

Cropped from [PIA12569](https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12569)

> Relatively dark regions below bright crater walls and streaks on some of the walls are seen in this mosaic of Saturn's moon Mimas, created from images taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft during its closest flyby of the moon. The crater floors and surroundings are about 20 percent darker than the steep crater walls in this view.
>
> Mimas' original surface, like the surfaces of most of the other major Saturnian moons without atmospheres, **is not pure ice but contains some dark impurities.**
>
> The relatively dark markings appear along the lower portion of the walls of Herschel Crater (130 kilometers, 80 miles wide) and some of the smaller craters and are marked in green in the annotated version of the image. Cassini scientists interpret this darkening as evidence for **the gradual concentration of impurities from evaporating icy materials in areas where the dark impurities slide slowly down the crater wall. There, the bright ice is baked away by the sun and the vacuum of space. At Herschel, the edge where the darker regions contact the crater floor is interrupted by an extensive hummocky area. Scientists believe the hummocky texture came from the flow of melted ice that occurred during the impact that created the crater. That melt filled the bottom of the crater around the central peak.**
>
> Dark streaks are seen making their way down the sides of some craters (marked red in the annotated version) and often originated from pockets of dark contaminants embedded just below the rim of the crater wall. The pockets themselves likely represent small, pre-existing, dark-floored craters that were buried by the blanket of material thrown out from the newer impact that created the crater rim. The material from newly exposed dark layer eventually moves downslope and forms a streak. Streaks sometimes are seen starting from the floors of smaller dark-floored craters perched along rims of larger craters.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: What would Mimas' core consist of? I guess its core is denser than the surrounding ice.  
> **username_6**: @username_0 I don't think it can be known for sure at this time. The moon, including its surface is *believed to be* mostly ice with other material mixed in. With such a low surface gravity the ice may be porous or not densified. There *might be* a rocky core, or just rocky material mixed with ice inside. There have only been a few flybys so all they have are optical measurements of the surface, the diameter from images, and the mass from its gravitational effect on the spacecraft as it flies past the Moon.  
> **username_6**: [At visible and near infrared (VNIR) wavelengths Enceladus' reflectance spectrum is very bright, consistent with a surface composed primarily of H2O ice. At FUV wavelengths, however, Enceladus is surprisingly dark – darker than would be expected for pure water ice. We find that the low FUV reflectance of Enceladus can be explained by the presence of a small amount of NH3 and a small amount of a tholin in addition to H2O ice on the surface.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231829686_The_surface_composition_of_Enceladus_clues_from_the_Ultraviolet)  

---

