<p>The isotopically most abundant form of CO (i.e., <span class="math-container">$^{12}$</span>C<span class="math-container">$^{16}$</span>O) can be <em>so</em> abundant that it becomes optically thick, so that you cannot see all the way into the object you're looking at, and you can only measure a lower limit on how much CO there is.</p>
<p>Because the other istopic versions of CO are rarer (e.g., <span class="math-container">$^{13}$</span>CO is something like 30-70 times less abundant), their emission is often optically thin, and you can see all of it (which will be at a slightly different frequency from the main CO emission, due to the difference in atomic masses).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-11-06T16:09:03.930Z
Just to add... optically thin emission is useful for tracing the mass of the gas, since we see emission from the entire column. Most of the gas in the disk is H2, which is unobservable due to not having a dipole moment. Once the mass of the CO is obtained by measuring optically thin emission, we scale it up using a known abundance of CO comparing to H2, in order to calculate the mass of the entire disk. Optically thick 12CO emission is also useful, not to constrain mass, but as a temperature probe.
lucas
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-11-04T21:25:26.870Z
2021-11-05T06:14:15.150Z
2021-11-05T06:14:15.150Z
Peter Erwin
<p>Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Tauri" rel="nofollow noreferrer">T Tauri</a> explains that this system is an atypical example of T Tauri stars.</p>
<p>It says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>As typical for the young stars, all three stars of T Tauri system are surrounded by a compact disks trimmed by star-star interaction. The disk around T Tauri N has a gap around 12 AU radius, indicating a presence of orbiting Saturn-mass planet within a gap.<sup>13</sup></p>
<p><sup>13</sup><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00974" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>That article says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>We reanalyzed the ALMA archival data obtained for T Tau on August 18, 2017, as part of the project 2016.1.01164.S (PI: Herczeg), including the continuum at 225.5 GHz and  <sup>13</sup>CO (J = 2−1) and C<sup>18</sup>O (J = 2−1) line data. Continuum data have already been published in Long et al. (2019); Manara et al. (2019); Beck et al. (2020). The
observations were performed with a 12-m array consisting of forty-three 12-m antennas (C40-7 antenna configuration with the baseline length extending from 21.0 m to 3637.7 m) and the on-source time of the target source was 8 min.</p>
<p>The data consisted of four spectral windows (spws). Two of the spws were used for the continuum observations and had center frequencies of 218 and 233 GHz. The average observation frequency was 225.5 GHz (wavelength of 1.3 mm). The other spws were used to cover <sup>13</sup>CO and C<sup>18</sup>O with a velocity resolution of 0.16 km s−1 . In this study, we used continuum spws to reconstruct images by employing two different techniques, namely CLEAN and SpM. The  <sup>13</sup>CO and C<sup>18</sup>O data were analyzed, but emissions associated with T Tau S and N were not identified in the two lines.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Question:</strong> Why would radio astronomers choose ¹³CO and C¹⁸O spectral lines instead of the most isotopically common combination?</p>
<p>The only reason I can think of is that they are less strong and so might be more similar to the strength of the continuum bands in their spectral windows. One is even, the other odd, I'm guessing these are molecular rotational/vibrational lines and there's nothing to do with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" rel="nofollow noreferrer">hyperfine splitting</a> here.</p>

<observational-astronomy><radio-astronomy><spectroscopy><t-tauri-stars>
Why would radio astronomers choose ¹³CO and C¹⁸O spectral lines instead of the most isotopically common combination?
uhoh
# Why would radio astronomers choose ¹³CO and C¹⁸O spectral lines instead of the most isotopically common combination?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-11-04)

Wikipedia's [T Tauri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Tauri) explains that this system is an atypical example of T Tauri stars.

It says:

> As typical for the young stars, all three stars of T Tauri system are surrounded by a compact disks trimmed by star-star interaction. The disk around T Tauri N has a gap around 12 AU radius, indicating a presence of orbiting Saturn-mass planet within a gap.13
>
> 13[ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00974)

That article says:

> We reanalyzed the ALMA archival data obtained for T Tau on August 18, 2017, as part of the project 2016.1.01164.S (PI: Herczeg), including the continuum at 225.5 GHz and 13CO (J = 2−1) and C18O (J = 2−1) line data. Continuum data have already been published in Long et al. (2019); Manara et al. (2019); Beck et al. (2020). The
> observations were performed with a 12-m array consisting of forty-three 12-m antennas (C40-7 antenna configuration with the baseline length extending from 21.0 m to 3637.7 m) and the on-source time of the target source was 8 min.
>
> The data consisted of four spectral windows (spws). Two of the spws were used for the continuum observations and had center frequencies of 218 and 233 GHz. The average observation frequency was 225.5 GHz (wavelength of 1.3 mm). The other spws were used to cover 13CO and C18O with a velocity resolution of 0.16 km s−1 . In this study, we used continuum spws to reconstruct images by employing two different techniques, namely CLEAN and SpM. The 13CO and C18O data were analyzed, but emissions associated with T Tau S and N were not identified in the two lines.

**Question:** Why would radio astronomers choose ¹³CO and C¹⁸O spectral lines instead of the most isotopically common combination?

The only reason I can think of is that they are less strong and so might be more similar to the strength of the continuum bands in their spectral windows. One is even, the other odd, I'm guessing these are molecular rotational/vibrational lines and there's nothing to do with [hyperfine splitting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfine_structure) here.

**Tags:** observational-astronomy, radio-astronomy, spectroscopy, t-tauri-stars


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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-11-04. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

The isotopically most abundant form of CO (i.e., $^{12}$C$^{16}$O) can be *so* abundant that it becomes optically thick, so that you cannot see all the way into the object you're looking at, and you can only measure a lower limit on how much CO there is.

Because the other istopic versions of CO are rarer (e.g., $^{13}$CO is something like 30-70 times less abundant), their emission is often optically thin, and you can see all of it (which will be at a slightly different frequency from the main CO emission, due to the difference in atomic masses).

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Just to add... optically thin emission is useful for tracing the mass of the gas, since we see emission from the entire column. Most of the gas in the disk is H2, which is unobservable due to not having a dipole moment. Once the mass of the CO is obtained by measuring optically thin emission, we scale it up using a known abundance of CO comparing to H2, in order to calculate the mass of the entire disk. Optically thick 12CO emission is also useful, not to constrain mass, but as a temperature probe.  

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