<p>It is indeed a much more interesting cocktail of chemicals.</p>
<p>Before plunging into Saturn, Cassini collected some invaluable data about composition of its atmosphere and how the complex ring system works.</p>
<p>Cassini experienced some &quot;heavy ring rains&quot; in Saturn's innermost D ring, which turns out to be dust grains. The probe tried to use the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) to analyse the chemical content of this rain even though it was designed to analyse gases but the rain hit Cassini at such tremendous velocity that INMS instantly vaporized. It was able to collect some data about its composition which include <strong>molecular hydrogen, water, butane and propane and trace amount of  methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and carbon dioxide</strong>. A second study was done when Cassini used Cosmic Dust Analyzer(CDA) and inspected 2,700 grains of dust and found that, while <strong>most of the material (around 95 percent) was water ice, there was also trace amount of silicates.</strong></p>
<p>The material flowed from the ring downpour was huge. Cassini measured 22,000 pounds (10000 kg) of material per second falling from rings. Most of the chemical slurry is being purged from the D-ring and in turn the C-ring is somehow replenishing the D ring (which is playing a role in the composition of the planet's ionosphere and atmosphere).</p>
<p>Cassini also predicted the composition of E-rings by inspecting the ice grains ejecting from Enceladus. New kinds of organic compounds have been detected in the plumes bursting from Saturn's moon Enceladus. Powerful hydrothermal vents eject material from Enceladus' core, which mixes with water from the moon's massive subsurface ocean before it is released into space as water vapor and ice grains. <strong>The newly discovered molecules, condensed onto the ice grains, were determined to be nitrogen and oxygen-bearing compounds. The organic material found were categorized in three types: (i) Amine (ii) Carbonyl  (iii) Aromatics</strong></p>
<p>Additional information of E-ring came from the compositional profile of ice particles from Saturn’s moon Rhea, from a series of spectra recorded on Cassini’s Rhea flyby (R4) in 2013. No striking change in composition is observed but the ice grains had a varying size distribution. <strong>Sodium salts and organic compounds were more frequent in relatively large ice grains, whereas pure water ice particles become more abundant in smaller E ring grains.</strong></p>
<p>Source:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-cassini-reveals-new-sculpting-in-saturn-rings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-cassini-reveals-new-sculpting-in-saturn-rings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/saturns-rings-rain-organic-compounds-its-atmosphere-180970475/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/saturns-rings-rain-organic-compounds-its-atmosphere-180970475/</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/saturn-ring-rain-heavy-chemical-composition-organic-compounds-cassini" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.sciencealert.com/saturn-ring-rain-heavy-chemical-composition-organic-compounds-cassini</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/new-organic-compounds-found-in-enceladus-ice-grains" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/new-organic-compounds-found-in-enceladus-ice-grains</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.space.com/saturn-moon-enceladus-organic-compounds-in-plumes.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.space.com/saturn-moon-enceladus-organic-compounds-in-plumes.html</a></li>
<li>Khawaja, Nozair. (2017). Organic compounds in Saturn's E-ring and its compositional profile in the vicinity of Rhea. (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312493720_Organic_compounds_in_Saturn%27s_E-ring_and_its_compositional_profile_in_the_vicinity_of_Rhea" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a>)</li>
</ol>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-03T08:22:53.767Z
2020-10-03T08:22:53.767Z
Nilay Ghosh
<p>The phys.org article<a href="https://phys.org/news/2018-10-chemical-complexity-saturn-planet-upper.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Surprising chemical complexity of Saturn's rings changing planet's upper atmosphere</a> about the chemical complexity of Saturn's rings, quotes a member of the INMS (Thomas Cravens) as saying,</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>What the paper is describing is the environment in the gap between the inner ring and upper atmosphere, and some of the things found were expected, such as water," Cravens said. "What was a surprise was the mass spectrometer saw methane—no one expected that. Also, it saw some carbon dioxide, which was unexpected. The rings were thought to be entirely water. But <em>the innermost rings are fairly contaminated, as it turns out, with <strong>organic</strong> material caught up in ice</em>. (italics and boldface are mine).</p>
</blockquote>

<p>What is the nature of this <em>organic</em> material?</p>

<p>Does he simply mean a few carbon-based molecules like methane, propane, and butane, or maybe <em>only</em> methane,  or is it a much more interesting cocktail of chemicals than that?</p>

<p>It also links to <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6410/eaat2382" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Chemical interactions between Saturn’s atmosphere and its rings</a> published in Science, but the article is paywalled.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-03-23T03:30:54.200Z
The primary author on that paper was also an author on [this 2017 paper](https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2017/pdf/1401.pdf).  Figure 1 in that paper shows a spectra, where it looks like they identified organic signatures, such as benzyl rings.  While I didn't look past the paywall, my guess would be that they're probably doing the same.  Since they're using such spectra, they're more able to detect components of the organics rather than the organics as a whole.  This may make it difficult to qualify precisely how complex the organics are, beyond containing certain functional groups.
Nat
<planetary-ring><astrochemistry><saturn-rings>
What is the organic material in Saturn's rings?
Octopus
# What is the organic material in Saturn's rings?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-03-22)

The phys.org article[Surprising chemical complexity of Saturn's rings changing planet's upper atmosphere](https://phys.org/news/2018-10-chemical-complexity-saturn-planet-upper.html) about the chemical complexity of Saturn's rings, quotes a member of the INMS (Thomas Cravens) as saying,

> What the paper is describing is the environment in the gap between the inner ring and upper atmosphere, and some of the things found were expected, such as water," Cravens said. "What was a surprise was the mass spectrometer saw methane—no one expected that. Also, it saw some carbon dioxide, which was unexpected. The rings were thought to be entirely water. But *the innermost rings are fairly contaminated, as it turns out, with **organic** material caught up in ice*. (italics and boldface are mine).

What is the nature of this *organic* material?

Does he simply mean a few carbon-based molecules like methane, propane, and butane, or maybe *only* methane, or is it a much more interesting cocktail of chemicals than that?

It also links to [Chemical interactions between Saturn’s atmosphere and its rings](http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6410/eaat2382) published in Science, but the article is paywalled.

**Tags:** planetary-ring, astrochemistry, saturn-rings

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: The primary author on that paper was also an author on [this 2017 paper](https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2017/pdf/1401.pdf).  Figure 1 in that paper shows a spectra, where it looks like they identified organic signatures, such as benzyl rings.  While I didn't look past the paywall, my guess would be that they're probably doing the same.  Since they're using such spectra, they're more able to detect components of the organics rather than the organics as a whole.  This may make it difficult to qualify precisely how complex the organics are, beyond containing certain functional groups.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-10-03. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

It is indeed a much more interesting cocktail of chemicals.

Before plunging into Saturn, Cassini collected some invaluable data about composition of its atmosphere and how the complex ring system works.

Cassini experienced some "heavy ring rains" in Saturn's innermost D ring, which turns out to be dust grains. The probe tried to use the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) to analyse the chemical content of this rain even though it was designed to analyse gases but the rain hit Cassini at such tremendous velocity that INMS instantly vaporized. It was able to collect some data about its composition which include **molecular hydrogen, water, butane and propane and trace amount of methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and carbon dioxide**. A second study was done when Cassini used Cosmic Dust Analyzer(CDA) and inspected 2,700 grains of dust and found that, while **most of the material (around 95 percent) was water ice, there was also trace amount of silicates.**

The material flowed from the ring downpour was huge. Cassini measured 22,000 pounds (10000 kg) of material per second falling from rings. Most of the chemical slurry is being purged from the D-ring and in turn the C-ring is somehow replenishing the D ring (which is playing a role in the composition of the planet's ionosphere and atmosphere).

Cassini also predicted the composition of E-rings by inspecting the ice grains ejecting from Enceladus. New kinds of organic compounds have been detected in the plumes bursting from Saturn's moon Enceladus. Powerful hydrothermal vents eject material from Enceladus' core, which mixes with water from the moon's massive subsurface ocean before it is released into space as water vapor and ice grains. **The newly discovered molecules, condensed onto the ice grains, were determined to be nitrogen and oxygen-bearing compounds. The organic material found were categorized in three types: (i) Amine (ii) Carbonyl (iii) Aromatics**

Additional information of E-ring came from the compositional profile of ice particles from Saturn’s moon Rhea, from a series of spectra recorded on Cassini’s Rhea flyby (R4) in 2013. No striking change in composition is observed but the ice grains had a varying size distribution. **Sodium salts and organic compounds were more frequent in relatively large ice grains, whereas pure water ice particles become more abundant in smaller E ring grains.**

Source:

1. <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-cassini-reveals-new-sculpting-in-saturn-rings>
2. <https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/saturns-rings-rain-organic-compounds-its-atmosphere-180970475/>
3. <https://www.sciencealert.com/saturn-ring-rain-heavy-chemical-composition-organic-compounds-cassini>
4. <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/new-organic-compounds-found-in-enceladus-ice-grains>
5. <https://www.space.com/saturn-moon-enceladus-organic-compounds-in-plumes.html>
6. Khawaja, Nozair. (2017). Organic compounds in Saturn's E-ring and its compositional profile in the vicinity of Rhea. ([link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312493720_Organic_compounds_in_Saturn%27s_E-ring_and_its_compositional_profile_in_the_vicinity_of_Rhea))


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