<p>Scale is difficult in astronomy.</p>
<p>The only scale one can be sure about after careful calibration is the field of view, the angle one observes, thus the &quot;arc seconds per pixel&quot; or &quot;degree per image width&quot;.</p>
<p>Every other size information derived from this already is part of the interpretation and needs additional information like the distance to the object which you cannot determine from that single image alone. And the distance information often is subject to change when further observations have been made and add to the available information on the object, forcing a re-evaluation along with the pre-existing data. Thus often the data are presented in the original form (e.g. <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.14888.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this analysis</a> by Godoy et al on exoplanet system observed with direct imaging) to allow quick re-adjustment of distance when the parallax of the object is evaluated differently than the original authors have.</p>
<p>The displayed image in the question is a good example that it would be very difficult to show any other scale than an angle scale even if one wanted to: the Moon is so much nearer than M31 that any length scale has to be wrong - depending on what part you look (and besides that, this particular image is of course a composite composed on the computer and not one image which aquired both Moon and the galaxy at the same time. But the same argument goes when imaging a distant galaxy with other objects in the Milkyway in the foreground). Actually it serves as a good measure for angular scale (about 30') - which might be the whole point for this composition, similar to how you place a well-known coin for size reference in macroscopic images.</p>
<p>Add to that uncertainty in linear scale, that images shown in magazines and on web pages are typically made to impress and show as much as convey scientific information, this information is often omitted. In the original <a href="https://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/standard40/fits_standard40aa-le.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">FITS</a> file from the observation (an image file format used predominantly in astronomy), the meta information on the FOV, pixel size etc. is often found, thus is the image already has that information.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/about/history/white-papers/_documents/JWST-scientific-capabilities.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This paper</a> by J. Gardner quotes 0.032 arcseconds per pixel and 2.2 × 4.4 arcminutes for the field of view for JWST NIRCAM.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-23T19:26:54.100Z
2022-03-27T06:46:03.647Z
2022-03-27T06:46:03.647Z
planetmaker
<p>I've always been amazed at the many beautiful images of objects in the night sky.  The Andromeda galaxy is a superb example.  But it was only a few years ago that I discovered that Andromeda in those images is about six times bigger than the Moon. It is very very much fainter, of course, but it's actually a huge object in the night sky - covering more than three degrees.</p>
<p>The image below is NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day for 2020 September 25 <a href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap200925.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Moon over Andromeda, Composite Image</a> by Adam Block and Tim Puckett.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/L6fXg.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/L6fXg.jpg" alt="NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day for 2020 September 25 &quot;Moon over Andromeda Composite Image&quot; by Adam Block and Tim Puckett" /></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Explanation:</strong> The Great Spiral Galaxy in Andromeda (also known as M31), a mere 2.5 million light-years distant, is the closest large spiral to our own Milky Way. Andromeda is visible to the unaided eye as a small, faint, fuzzy patch, but because its surface brightness is so low, casual skygazers can't appreciate the galaxy's impressive extent in planet Earth's sky. This entertaining composite image compares the angular size of the nearby galaxy to a brighter, more familiar celestial sight. In it, a deep exposure of Andromeda, tracing beautiful blue star clusters in spiral arms far beyond the bright yellow core, is combined with a typical view of a nearly full Moon. Shown at the same angular scale, the Moon covers about 1/2 degree on the sky, while the galaxy is clearly several times that size. The deep Andromeda exposure also includes two bright satellite galaxies, M32 and M110 (below and right).</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I've been looking at that very recent <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">JWST focussed image</a> of a test star with the beautiful diffraction pattern and the faint sprinking of background galaxies. Again, there's no scale. I'm guessing from the diffraction pattern arising from that vertical boom that the largest of those background galaxies is about 5 microradians (that boom looks about 10 cm thick and at 1 <span class="math-container">$\mu$</span>m wavelength will produce a pattern with <span class="math-container">$10^{-5}/2$</span> radians between peaks - about the same size as that largest galaxy).</p>
<p>What is the scale on the image, officially?  Where is it listed?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-23T04:38:36.600Z
Mostly because these are PR images, and most will have been modified by cropping, rotating at the very least, and the scale is lost.  But the actual data that gets stored would ALWAYS have the scale information stored along with it.  But it wouldn't be incorporated into the actual image, some applications might display it separately or as an overlay.
Greg Miller
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-23T07:33:23.620Z
Speculation:  In public facing images the "scale" on a micrograph can be in units of length  but on a astrophotograph the scale would have to be in units of angle, and muggles don't think it terms of angular size.
James K
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-23T12:13:39.650Z
@JamesK  agree ,  and for that matter the "public" can't convert parsecs to American football fields :-)
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-23T18:59:43.013Z
@GregMiller you should turn that comment into an anwer.  Do you have an example for JWST?  Is the scale typically quoted in arcseconds per pixel?
Roger Wood
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-23T19:03:38.903Z
@JamesK I would vote for 'Moons', 'milliMoons' and 'microMoons'.  I think that composite photo of the Moon and Andromeda side-by-side is just fantastic.  Maybe I'll try to edit it into the original question.
Roger Wood
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-24T01:34:14.997Z
@uhoh - appreciate the edit
Roger Wood
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-03-24T17:21:51.140Z
@planetmaker - appreciate fixing the picture!
Roger Wood
<telescope><photography><size>
How to determine the scale on astronomical images?
Roger Wood
# How to determine the scale on astronomical images?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-03-23)

I've always been amazed at the many beautiful images of objects in the night sky. The Andromeda galaxy is a superb example. But it was only a few years ago that I discovered that Andromeda in those images is about six times bigger than the Moon. It is very very much fainter, of course, but it's actually a huge object in the night sky - covering more than three degrees.

The image below is NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day for 2020 September 25 [Moon over Andromeda, Composite Image](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap200925.html) by Adam Block and Tim Puckett.

[![NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day for 2020 September 25 ](https://i.sstatic.net/L6fXg.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/L6fXg.jpg)

> **Explanation:** The Great Spiral Galaxy in Andromeda (also known as M31), a mere 2.5 million light-years distant, is the closest large spiral to our own Milky Way. Andromeda is visible to the unaided eye as a small, faint, fuzzy patch, but because its surface brightness is so low, casual skygazers can't appreciate the galaxy's impressive extent in planet Earth's sky. This entertaining composite image compares the angular size of the nearby galaxy to a brighter, more familiar celestial sight. In it, a deep exposure of Andromeda, tracing beautiful blue star clusters in spiral arms far beyond the bright yellow core, is combined with a typical view of a nearly full Moon. Shown at the same angular scale, the Moon covers about 1/2 degree on the sky, while the galaxy is clearly several times that size. The deep Andromeda exposure also includes two bright satellite galaxies, M32 and M110 (below and right).

I've been looking at that very recent [JWST focussed image](https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.png) of a test star with the beautiful diffraction pattern and the faint sprinking of background galaxies. Again, there's no scale. I'm guessing from the diffraction pattern arising from that vertical boom that the largest of those background galaxies is about 5 microradians (that boom looks about 10 cm thick and at 1 $\mu$m wavelength will produce a pattern with $10^{-5}/2$ radians between peaks - about the same size as that largest galaxy).

What is the scale on the image, officially? Where is it listed?

**Tags:** telescope, photography, size

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Mostly because these are PR images, and most will have been modified by cropping, rotating at the very least, and the scale is lost.  But the actual data that gets stored would ALWAYS have the scale information stored along with it.  But it wouldn't be incorporated into the actual image, some applications might display it separately or as an overlay.  
> **username_2**: Speculation:  In public facing images the "scale" on a micrograph can be in units of length  but on a astrophotograph the scale would have to be in units of angle, and muggles don't think it terms of angular size.  
> **username_3**: @JamesK  agree ,  and for that matter the "public" can't convert parsecs to American football fields :-)  
> **username_0**: @GregMiller you should turn that comment into an anwer.  Do you have an example for JWST?  Is the scale typically quoted in arcseconds per pixel?  
> **username_0**: @JamesK I would vote for 'Moons', 'milliMoons' and 'microMoons'.  I think that composite photo of the Moon and Andromeda side-by-side is just fantastic.  Maybe I'll try to edit it into the original question.  
> **username_0**: @uhoh - appreciate the edit  
> **username_0**: @username_4 - appreciate fixing the picture!  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-03-23. Score: 4 | Accepted answer

Scale is difficult in astronomy.

The only scale one can be sure about after careful calibration is the field of view, the angle one observes, thus the "arc seconds per pixel" or "degree per image width".

Every other size information derived from this already is part of the interpretation and needs additional information like the distance to the object which you cannot determine from that single image alone. And the distance information often is subject to change when further observations have been made and add to the available information on the object, forcing a re-evaluation along with the pre-existing data. Thus often the data are presented in the original form (e.g. [this analysis](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.14888.pdf) by Godoy et al on exoplanet system observed with direct imaging) to allow quick re-adjustment of distance when the parallax of the object is evaluated differently than the original authors have.

The displayed image in the question is a good example that it would be very difficult to show any other scale than an angle scale even if one wanted to: the Moon is so much nearer than M31 that any length scale has to be wrong - depending on what part you look (and besides that, this particular image is of course a composite composed on the computer and not one image which aquired both Moon and the galaxy at the same time. But the same argument goes when imaging a distant galaxy with other objects in the Milkyway in the foreground). Actually it serves as a good measure for angular scale (about 30') - which might be the whole point for this composition, similar to how you place a well-known coin for size reference in macroscopic images.

Add to that uncertainty in linear scale, that images shown in magazines and on web pages are typically made to impress and show as much as convey scientific information, this information is often omitted. In the original [FITS](https://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/standard40/fits_standard40aa-le.pdf) file from the observation (an image file format used predominantly in astronomy), the meta information on the FOV, pixel size etc. is often found, thus is the image already has that information.

[This paper](https://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/jwst/about/history/white-papers/_documents/JWST-scientific-capabilities.pdf) by J. Gardner quotes 0.032 arcseconds per pixel and 2.2 × 4.4 arcminutes for the field of view for JWST NIRCAM.


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