<p>@MCG's <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/27304/7982">answer</a> mentions several methods to classify night sky quality or brightness, and goes on to say:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Additionally, you could always purchase a SQM (Sky quality meter) which is a small, portable battery powered device that you take out to your dark sky site, point it at the zenith, and the screen will display the darkness of the sky. Do beware that the SQM measures in 'magnitudes per square arcsecond' which means the higher the number, the darker the sky.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>If I wanted to try to make a diy SQM, I'd need to understand if there was some established standards or practices associated with a sky quality measurement.</p>

<p>I might try to use a low dark current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode" rel="nofollow noreferrer">silicon photodiode</a> in photoconductive or photovoltaic mode, low frequency couple it to a low noise op-amp, then do a cover-on measurement to zero out the leakage then do a over-off measurement to quantify the sky brightness.</p>

<ul>
<li><p>What solid angle should it integrate over? Certainly more than one arcsecond, but would it be one square degree, or a 10 degree wide circle for example?</p></li>
<li><p>Silicon covers the visual spectrum and some near infrared as well. Depending on the protective materials over it, it might measure all the way out to a micron. Is that a problem, or is light pollution pretty much in the visible part of the spectrum (for obvious reasons) and I wouldn't need to hunt for an IR-blocking filter like the ones found on imagers for cameras.</p></li>
<li><p>With a single broadband (rather than spectrally resolved) measurement of photocurrent, I could choose a representative wavelength, or assume a flat 400-700 nm emission spectrum, or even make an educated guess about what the spectrum of noise pollution looks like, then use that along with an estimate of say 0.8 e-h pair per photon (roughly the shape of the sensitivity curve below) I could make some estimate on how much light was reaching the photodetector. But how might I convert that to magnitude? I understand the logarithmic scale, but right now I just start with 1300 W/m^2 is magnitude -27 (roughly the Sun's characteristic) as a reference. Is there anything better?</p></li>
<li><p>Anything else I haven't thought of?</p></li>
</ul>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/QbfKx.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/QbfKx.png" alt="silicon photodiode spectral response"></a></p>

<p><strong>above:</strong> Silicon photodetector typical spectral response, from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Response_silicon_photodiode.svg" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-10T15:13:26.907Z
You could get an estimate by pointing a digital camera at the sky, set to say F-12, and see how long it thinks the exposure should be.
Wayfaring Stranger
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-12T01:20:11.010Z
@WayfaringStranger Do you really mean "f/12"? Have cameras gotten so good now that the exposure system can "see" the light difference between a [rural sky and a truly dark sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortle_scale)? That's amazing!
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-13T14:00:48.467Z
This might be better asked on EE.SE. I don't think you will be able to build this without the use of a microcontroller. The photodiode is a decent idea, but it may cost a bit to get one good enough. The op amp will be expensive too as you would have to get one that is extremely low noise/low offset and you would also have to find a way of calibrating out the rest of the offset, which would be the hardest part as you would have to use a known value to calibrate with. There would be quite a bit in the electronics of this.
MCG
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-13T14:05:08.797Z
Also, most photodiodes will be measuring darkness in the nA range, which makes the measurements even more difficult. Then there is temperature, tolerance of components etc. It would be much easier to just buy one as I can guarantee making a cheap DIY one will give you poor results, and be extremely unreliable unless you spend more money than it would cost to buy one (as it will have to be tested, and a one off build is always more expensive than a production line build)
MCG
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-13T15:43:50.930Z
@MCG I can do the EE part just fine thanks. I've asked here about how sky brightness is quantified and measured, with regards to solid angle acceptance and spectral acceptance. I mentioned as much as I did about the silicon to show that I'll handle that part myself, and to express the modest level of precision I'm looking for and comfortable with. I've been making low-current measurements from Si diodes on and off for the last forty years. But the astronomical definition of sky brightness is new, thus asking here in Astronomy SE.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-14T11:36:48.550Z
Well, in that case a good place to start would be here: http://www.unihedron.com/projects/darksky/faqsqml.php
MCG
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-14T11:38:01.440Z
This also gives some links to a few photodiode array ICs that would be very beneficial to your project. I would have written a full answer but the link has everything I could have said and link-only answers aren't very nice!
MCG
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-14T15:42:32.300Z
@MCG well the goal in SE is to generate useful answers *here*, independent of what's on the internet. So hopefully you or someone will retrieve some goodies from your link and post them as an answer. The remedy for a link-only answer is to summarize the key points of information in the answer, along with the link. Anyway, thanks very much, I'll give it a read!
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-15T07:38:41.303Z
People can feel free to use my link to post an answer! Unfortunately, that was really all I could find on the subject of the internal workings of an SQM. If I find any more in the future, I will turn it into a proper answer, or if someone else finds more info, they can use my link to add to it!
MCG
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-22T09:01:10.487Z
I also found https://www.cloudynights.com/topic/595829-diy-sky-quality-meter/
B--rian
<amateur-observing><night-sky><instruments>
What would go into the design of a simple sky quality meter, used to measure night sky brightness?
uhoh
# What would go into the design of a simple sky quality meter, used to measure night sky brightness?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-08-10)

@username_2's [answer](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/27304/7982) mentions several methods to classify night sky quality or brightness, and goes on to say:

> Additionally, you could always purchase a SQM (Sky quality meter) which is a small, portable battery powered device that you take out to your dark sky site, point it at the zenith, and the screen will display the darkness of the sky. Do beware that the SQM measures in 'magnitudes per square arcsecond' which means the higher the number, the darker the sky.

If I wanted to try to make a diy SQM, I'd need to understand if there was some established standards or practices associated with a sky quality measurement.

I might try to use a low dark current [silicon photodiode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode) in photoconductive or photovoltaic mode, low frequency couple it to a low noise op-amp, then do a cover-on measurement to zero out the leakage then do a over-off measurement to quantify the sky brightness.

* What solid angle should it integrate over? Certainly more than one arcsecond, but would it be one square degree, or a 10 degree wide circle for example?
* Silicon covers the visual spectrum and some near infrared as well. Depending on the protective materials over it, it might measure all the way out to a micron. Is that a problem, or is light pollution pretty much in the visible part of the spectrum (for obvious reasons) and I wouldn't need to hunt for an IR-blocking filter like the ones found on imagers for cameras.
* With a single broadband (rather than spectrally resolved) measurement of photocurrent, I could choose a representative wavelength, or assume a flat 400-700 nm emission spectrum, or even make an educated guess about what the spectrum of noise pollution looks like, then use that along with an estimate of say 0.8 e-h pair per photon (roughly the shape of the sensitivity curve below) I could make some estimate on how much light was reaching the photodetector. But how might I convert that to magnitude? I understand the logarithmic scale, but right now I just start with 1300 W/m^2 is magnitude -27 (roughly the Sun's characteristic) as a reference. Is there anything better?
* Anything else I haven't thought of?

[![silicon photodiode spectral response](https://i.sstatic.net/QbfKx.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/QbfKx.png)

**above:** Silicon photodetector typical spectral response, from [here](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Response_silicon_photodiode.svg).

**Tags:** amateur-observing, night-sky, instruments

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: You could get an estimate by pointing a digital camera at the sky, set to say F-12, and see how long it thinks the exposure should be.  
> **username_0**: @WayfaringStranger Do you really mean "f/12"? Have cameras gotten so good now that the exposure system can "see" the light difference between a [rural sky and a truly dark sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortle_scale)? That's amazing!  
> **username_2**: This might be better asked on EE.SE. I don't think you will be able to build this without the use of a microcontroller. The photodiode is a decent idea, but it may cost a bit to get one good enough. The op amp will be expensive too as you would have to get one that is extremely low noise/low offset and you would also have to find a way of calibrating out the rest of the offset, which would be the hardest part as you would have to use a known value to calibrate with. There would be quite a bit in the electronics of this.  
> **username_2**: Also, most photodiodes will be measuring darkness in the nA range, which makes the measurements even more difficult. Then there is temperature, tolerance of components etc. It would be much easier to just buy one as I can guarantee making a cheap DIY one will give you poor results, and be extremely unreliable unless you spend more money than it would cost to buy one (as it will have to be tested, and a one off build is always more expensive than a production line build)  
> **username_0**: @username_2 I can do the EE part just fine thanks. I've asked here about how sky brightness is quantified and measured, with regards to solid angle acceptance and spectral acceptance. I mentioned as much as I did about the silicon to show that I'll handle that part myself, and to express the modest level of precision I'm looking for and comfortable with. I've been making low-current measurements from Si diodes on and off for the last forty years. But the astronomical definition of sky brightness is new, thus asking here in Astronomy SE.  
> **username_2**: Well, in that case a good place to start would be here: http://www.unihedron.com/projects/darksky/faqsqml.php  
> **username_2**: This also gives some links to a few photodiode array ICs that would be very beneficial to your project. I would have written a full answer but the link has everything I could have said and link-only answers aren't very nice!  
> **username_0**: @username_2 well the goal in SE is to generate useful answers *here*, independent of what's on the internet. So hopefully you or someone will retrieve some goodies from your link and post them as an answer. The remedy for a link-only answer is to summarize the key points of information in the answer, along with the link. Anyway, thanks very much, I'll give it a read!  
> **username_2**: People can feel free to use my link to post an answer! Unfortunately, that was really all I could find on the subject of the internal workings of an SQM. If I find any more in the future, I will turn it into a proper answer, or if someone else finds more info, they can use my link to add to it!  
> **username_3**: I also found https://www.cloudynights.com/topic/595829-diy-sky-quality-meter/  

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## 0 answers

