<p>The analogy is rather weak and not really useful.</p>

<p>So-called collisionless stellar systems (those for which relaxation by stellar encounters has no appreciable effect over their lifetime), such as galaxies, can be described by the collisionless Boltzman equation, but never settle into thermodynamic equilibrium (only into some dynamical or virial equilibrium). Thus, the only other systems with somewhat similar behaviour are collisionless plasmas.</p>

<p>Sound, turbulence, viscosity etc are all effected by close-range collisions (not mere encounters) between the molecules. These also maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and a Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution. Stellar systems have none of these processes and their velocities are in general anisotropically distributed and don't follow a Maxwell distribution.</p>

<p>Gases are in some sense simpler to understand, because their dynamics is driven by local processes and because statistical methods are very useful. Stellar systems are driven by gravity, i.e. long-range non-local processes, and intuition from the physics of gases is often very misleading (for example, a self-gravitating system has negative heat capacity -- this also applies to gas spheres, such as stars).</p>

<p>Note also that the number of particles in a gas is <em>much much larger</em> ($\sim10^{26}$) than the number of stars in a galaxy ($\sim10^{11}$), though the number of dark-matter particles may be much higher.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-12-28T21:15:23.943Z
2013-12-28T21:15:23.943Z
Walter
<p>There is an <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.280.1089M" rel="nofollow">interesting paper by Jes Madsen</a>, which has some success modelling globular clusters as isothermal spheres.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-11-25T10:49:23.250Z
Yes, true, in fact isothermal gas approximation has been rather extensively used for modeling clusters. And it is a reasonable way to simplify six-dimensional distribution function to 3d, or even eventually 1d, assuming spherical symmetry. I wonder, however, about a question a bit more fundamental. That is, how valid is the analogy between N-body gravitating systems and gas. Can N-body systems exhibit shocks and turbulence or not? Or, what are the limits of such an analogy? As for isothermal models, there is no doubt that they exist and are used in practical research.
Alexey Bobrick
CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-11-25T05:20:06.707Z
2013-11-25T05:20:06.707Z
EHN
<p>Analogies between (typically) ideal gas and stellar systems are not only intuitively valid to some extent, but have been established and used in the studies of stellar clusters and galactic systems, most often as a simplification to collisionless Boltzmann equations.</p>

<p>The idea behind the analogy is that if a stellar system can be represented as a set of point masses, and if the number of point masses is large, then we can consider them from the point of view of kinetic theory of gases. One thing to remember here, though, is that stellar gas system is neither relaxed, nor can be relaxed.</p>

<p>I am curious here: <strong>How far can the described analogy be pushed?</strong></p>

<p>For example, there is a range of gas-specific phenomena (or we could be talking about plasma, if you may prefer), which would be fascinating to imagine for stellar systems, such as shocks, turbulence or viscosity. Can such, or some other, characteristic phenomena exist in stellar systems and are there actual systems exhibiting such a behavior? (of the named ones, viscosity analogue exists and is rather common)</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-12-25T16:19:28.083Z
I don't see why not, although they'd presumably only be apparent in very large (say, galaxy-sized) systems, and in reality they might be masked by the presence of _actual_ gas in such systems. Still, even very simple interacting particle systems, like [discrete lattice gases](http://cp4space.wordpress.com/2013/09/29/lattice-gases-and-conformal-maps/), can exhibit turbulence on large scales, so why not gravitational n-body systems too?
Ilmari Karonen
CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-12-25T16:31:17.567Z
@IlmariKaronen: I would think so too. In fact some stellar clusters could already be considered as having large enough $N$. My doubts arise though from several directions: 1) Gravitational systems cannot completely thermalise, 2) The interaction potential is not the same as it would be for macroscopically neutral plasma, 3) The phase space does not have a boundary, so the objects like to evaporate. All this makes it a bit less obvious, for the analogy is there, but it is not complete.
Alexey Bobrick
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-15T21:13:29.567Z
As an example of useful connection, the so called Toomre number which defines the density threshold at which  a thin disc becomes gravitationally unstable with respect to radial waves only differ by a factor 3.31/3.14 between a stellar disc and a gaseous one.
chris
<stellar-dynamics><plasma-physics><n-body-simulations>
On analogies between gas and stellar systems
Alexey Bobrick
# On analogies between gas and stellar systems

(Asked by: username_0 on 2013-11-23)

Analogies between (typically) ideal gas and stellar systems are not only intuitively valid to some extent, but have been established and used in the studies of stellar clusters and galactic systems, most often as a simplification to collisionless Boltzmann equations.

The idea behind the analogy is that if a stellar system can be represented as a set of point masses, and if the number of point masses is large, then we can consider them from the point of view of kinetic theory of gases. One thing to remember here, though, is that stellar gas system is neither relaxed, nor can be relaxed.

I am curious here: **How far can the described analogy be pushed?**

For example, there is a range of gas-specific phenomena (or we could be talking about plasma, if you may prefer), which would be fascinating to imagine for stellar systems, such as shocks, turbulence or viscosity. Can such, or some other, characteristic phenomena exist in stellar systems and are there actual systems exhibiting such a behavior? (of the named ones, viscosity analogue exists and is rather common)

**Tags:** stellar-dynamics, plasma-physics, n-body-simulations

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I don't see why not, although they'd presumably only be apparent in very large (say, galaxy-sized) systems, and in reality they might be masked by the presence of _actual_ gas in such systems. Still, even very simple interacting particle systems, like [discrete lattice gases](http://cp4space.wordpress.com/2013/09/29/lattice-gases-and-conformal-maps/), can exhibit turbulence on large scales, so why not gravitational n-body systems too?  
> **username_0**: @IlmariKaronen: I would think so too. In fact some stellar clusters could already be considered as having large enough $N$. My doubts arise though from several directions: 1) Gravitational systems cannot completely thermalise, 2) The interaction potential is not the same as it would be for macroscopically neutral plasma, 3) The phase space does not have a boundary, so the objects like to evaporate. All this makes it a bit less obvious, for the analogy is there, but it is not complete.  
> **username_2**: As an example of useful connection, the so called Toomre number which defines the density threshold at which  a thin disc becomes gravitationally unstable with respect to radial waves only differ by a factor 3.31/3.14 between a stellar disc and a gaseous one.  

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2013-12-28. Score: 3

The analogy is rather weak and not really useful.

So-called collisionless stellar systems (those for which relaxation by stellar encounters has no appreciable effect over their lifetime), such as galaxies, can be described by the collisionless Boltzman equation, but never settle into thermodynamic equilibrium (only into some dynamical or virial equilibrium). Thus, the only other systems with somewhat similar behaviour are collisionless plasmas.

Sound, turbulence, viscosity etc are all effected by close-range collisions (not mere encounters) between the molecules. These also maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and a Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution. Stellar systems have none of these processes and their velocities are in general anisotropically distributed and don't follow a Maxwell distribution.

Gases are in some sense simpler to understand, because their dynamics is driven by local processes and because statistical methods are very useful. Stellar systems are driven by gravity, i.e. long-range non-local processes, and intuition from the physics of gases is often very misleading (for example, a self-gravitating system has negative heat capacity -- this also applies to gas spheres, such as stars).

Note also that the number of particles in a gas is *much much larger* ($\sim10^{26}$) than the number of stars in a galaxy ($\sim10^{11}$), though the number of dark-matter particles may be much higher.


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### Answer by username_4 on 2013-11-25. Score: 1

There is an [interesting paper by Jes Madsen](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.280.1089M), which has some success modelling globular clusters as isothermal spheres.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Yes, true, in fact isothermal gas approximation has been rather extensively used for modeling clusters. And it is a reasonable way to simplify six-dimensional distribution function to 3d, or even eventually 1d, assuming spherical symmetry. I wonder, however, about a question a bit more fundamental. That is, how valid is the analogy between N-body gravitating systems and gas. Can N-body systems exhibit shocks and turbulence or not? Or, what are the limits of such an analogy? As for isothermal models, there is no doubt that they exist and are used in practical research.  

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