<p>Second question first:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>If the emitted power is the same does it matter if the emitting body is a large sphere of gas or a solid sphere?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Not really. For thermal radiation discussed below, as long as the emissivity is high at the wavelength in question, it will radiate similarly to a blackbody. We see light from the Sun's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere" rel="noreferrer">photosphere</a> which is roughly where it becomes opaque, so <em>we can approximate it</em> as a dark gray, almost black color but &quot;white hot&quot; object.</p>
<p>I know it seems counterintuitive, but think of <a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/254099/83380">white hot glass</a>; it can only emit light because it's actually less transparent when it's glowing hot!</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/aPHo9.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/aPHo9.jpg" alt="red hot glass" /></a></p>
<hr />
<blockquote>
<p>Suppose the suns radius is increased by two. And suppose its emitted power doesn't change. Will we notice this on Earth?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>We can <em>approximate</em> the Sun's light as that of a thermal emitter, some dark sphere heated to glowing almost white-hot.</p>
<p>In that case the connection between power <span class="math-container">$P$</span>, size <span class="math-container">$r$</span> and temperature <span class="math-container">$T$</span> comes from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law" rel="noreferrer">Stefan–Boltzmann law</a> law</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$P \approx \sigma A T^4 = \sigma 4 \pi r^2 T^4$$</span></p>
<p>where <span class="math-container">$\sigma$</span> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" rel="noreferrer">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a> 5.67E-08 and <span class="math-container">$A$</span> is the area of the sphere.</p>
<p>We don't need to calculate everything to see that <span class="math-container">$r^2 T^4$</span> must remain constant for constant power, which tells us that <span class="math-container">$T$</span> varies as <span class="math-container">$1/\sqrt{r}$</span>.</p>
<p>Sunlight reaching the Earth (but before being filtered by the atmosphere) has a the spectrum similar to that of some dark sphere heated to a temperature of roughly <strong>5900 Kelvin</strong>. Photographers might call that a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature" rel="noreferrer">color temperature</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/lenDh.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/lenDhm.png" alt="spectrum of the Sun" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_spectrum_en.svg" rel="noreferrer">Source</a> click for larger</p>
<p>Our new Sun with twice the radius but same power will have a new temperature of about 5900/<span class="math-container">$\sqrt{2} \ \approx$</span> <strong>4170 Kelvin</strong>. It will be <em>distinctly orange-ish</em>.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/9Qxv3.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/9Qxv3m.png" alt="Color temperature of Sun, normal and twice the size but same power" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PlanckianLocus.png" rel="noreferrer">Source</a> annotated, click for larger</p>
<blockquote>
<p>If the sun would be two times as big and with the same power output would temperature on Earth change?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Yes! Less of its would be in the visible, transparent part of our atmosphere and more would be in the infrared where the atmosphere is more absorbing.</p>
<p>When the Sun's warmth from above is absorbed in the atmosphere, it is easier for it to radiate that back into space, but climate models are very complicated and it's hard to say what new equilibrium point we would reach since any change in water vapor (the biggest greenhouse gas) can affect the climate substantially.</p>
<p>Also <a href="https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/58572/27918">our current plants on Earth need blue light</a> and the amount of blue will drop precipitously, which is what orangish is; white light with some blue removed.</p>
<p>Outdoors, our vision system would <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_point" rel="noreferrer">shift it's white point</a> so that after a few minutes we'd get used to the new sunlight and feel that it is roughly white. But individual objects would now appear to have very different colors since we're missing blue light!</p>
<p>Without blue, our white clothes and white paper in sunlight wouldn't look as clean since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluing_(fabric)" rel="noreferrer">blueing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_brightener" rel="noreferrer">brighteners</a> in them would not be stimulated by as much blue light, and our fluorescent signs and jackets would look dull, <em>which is a lot less important than the Earth's plants no longer growing properly!</em></p>
<p>To see this graphically, let's use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law" rel="noreferrer">Planck's law</a> (from <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/44426/7982">here</a>):</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$B(\lambda, T) = \frac{2 h c^2}{\lambda^5} \frac{1}{\exp\left(\frac{h c}{\lambda k_B T}\right) - 1}$$</span></p>
<p>where <span class="math-container">$h$</span>, <span class="math-container">$c$</span> and <span class="math-container">$k_B$</span> are the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant" rel="noreferrer">Planck constant</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light" rel="noreferrer">speed of light</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" rel="noreferrer">Boltzmann constant</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/AAB6F.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/AAB6F.png" alt="spectrum of Sun and double size sun of same power" /></a></p>
<pre><code>import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def B_lambda(lam, T):
    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law
    hplank = 6.626E-34   # J s
    clight = 2.9979E+08  # m/s
    kB = 1.381E-23       # J/K
    term_1 = 2.*hplank*clight**2/lam**5
    term_2 = hplank*clight/(lam*kB*T)
    return term_1 / (np.exp(term_2) - 1.)

lam_vis_nm = np.arange(350, 751)
lam_vis = 1E-09 * lam_vis_nm

A_vis = B_lambda(lam_vis, 5900)
B_vis = 4 * B_lambda(lam_vis, 4200)

lam_nm = np.arange(100, 5001, 10)
lam_um = lam_nm / 1E+03
lam = lam_nm / 1E+09

A = B_lambda(lam, 5900)
B = 4 * B_lambda(lam, 4200)

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1)

ax1.plot(lam_vis_nm, A_vis)
ax1.plot(lam_vis_nm, B_vis)
ax1.set_xlim(lam_vis_nm.min(), lam_vis_nm.max())
ax1.set_xlabel('wavelength (nm)')
ax1.tick_params(labelleft=False)    
ax1.set_ylabel('spectral intensity (arb)')

ax2.plot(lam_um, A)
ax2.plot(lam_um, B)
ax2.set_xlim(lam_um.min(), lam_um.max())
maxi = max(A.max(), B.max())
ax2.set_ylim(maxi * 1E-04, 2*maxi)
ax2.set_yscale('log')
ax2.set_xlabel('wavelength (um)')
ax2.set_ylabel('spectral intensity (arb)')
plt.show()
</code></pre>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-26T08:16:51.220Z
Now that's an answer!
Deschele Schilder
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-26T03:25:50.020Z
2021-06-26T03:32:10.110Z
2021-06-26T03:32:10.110Z
uhoh
<p>Suppose the suns radius is increased by two. And suppose its emitted power doesn't change. Will we notice this on Earth? It will seem twice as big but apart from that what will we notice(if anything). Will it have a different color? Will temperature on Earth rise or drop? The energy arriving on Earth per second will still be the same. Maybe it's arriving in a different form though. I know it's a hypothetical question but one day the radius of the sun will increase. Maybe the power emitted will not stay the same but imagine it did.</p>
<p>If the emitted power is the same does it matter if the emitting body is a large spere of gas or a solid sphere?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-26T03:36:45.963Z
It's a simple and interesting question! I've tried to cover the basics in an answer.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-26T04:28:57.023Z
No more solar eclipses. :-(
Solomon Slow
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-26T08:20:16.243Z
@SolomonSlow We would have a circular sun for a short while! But it wouldnt be dark during the day anymore ( if you feel good). That would be a pitty indeed. ;()
Deschele Schilder
<the-sun><earth><temperature>
If the sun would be two times as big and with the same power output would temperature on Earth change?
Deschele Schilder
# If the sun would be two times as big and with the same power output would temperature on Earth change?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-06-26)

Suppose the suns radius is increased by two. And suppose its emitted power doesn't change. Will we notice this on Earth? It will seem twice as big but apart from that what will we notice(if anything). Will it have a different color? Will temperature on Earth rise or drop? The energy arriving on Earth per second will still be the same. Maybe it's arriving in a different form though. I know it's a hypothetical question but one day the radius of the sun will increase. Maybe the power emitted will not stay the same but imagine it did.

If the emitted power is the same does it matter if the emitting body is a large spere of gas or a solid sphere?

**Tags:** the-sun, earth, temperature

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: It's a simple and interesting question! I've tried to cover the basics in an answer.  
> **username_2**: No more solar eclipses. :-(  
> **username_0**: @SolomonSlow We would have a circular sun for a short while! But it wouldnt be dark during the day anymore ( if you feel good). That would be a pitty indeed. ;()  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-06-26. Score: 7 | Accepted answer

Second question first:

If the emitted power is the same does it matter if the emitting body is a large sphere of gas or a solid sphere?

Not really. For thermal radiation discussed below, as long as the emissivity is high at the wavelength in question, it will radiate similarly to a blackbody. We see light from the Sun's photosphere which is roughly where it becomes opaque, so we can approximate it as a dark gray, almost black color but "white hot" object.
I know it seems counterintuitive, but think of white hot glass; it can only emit light because it's actually less transparent when it's glowing hot!



Suppose the suns radius is increased by two. And suppose its emitted power doesn't change. Will we notice this on Earth?

We can approximate the Sun's light as that of a thermal emitter, some dark sphere heated to glowing almost white-hot.
In that case the connection between power $P$, size $r$ and temperature $T$ comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law law
$$P \approx \sigma A T^4 = \sigma 4 \pi r^2 T^4$$
where $\sigma$ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant 5.67E-08 and $A$ is the area of the sphere.
We don't need to calculate everything to see that $r^2 T^4$ must remain constant for constant power, which tells us that $T$ varies as $1/\sqrt{r}$.
Sunlight reaching the Earth (but before being filtered by the atmosphere) has a the spectrum similar to that of some dark sphere heated to a temperature of roughly 5900 Kelvin. Photographers might call that a color temperature.
 Source click for larger
Our new Sun with twice the radius but same power will have a new temperature of about 5900/$\sqrt{2} \ \approx$ 4170 Kelvin. It will be distinctly orange-ish.
 Source annotated, click for larger

If the sun would be two times as big and with the same power output would temperature on Earth change?

Yes! Less of its would be in the visible, transparent part of our atmosphere and more would be in the infrared where the atmosphere is more absorbing.
When the Sun's warmth from above is absorbed in the atmosphere, it is easier for it to radiate that back into space, but climate models are very complicated and it's hard to say what new equilibrium point we would reach since any change in water vapor (the biggest greenhouse gas) can affect the climate substantially.
Also our current plants on Earth need blue light and the amount of blue will drop precipitously, which is what orangish is; white light with some blue removed.
Outdoors, our vision system would shift it's white point so that after a few minutes we'd get used to the new sunlight and feel that it is roughly white. But individual objects would now appear to have very different colors since we're missing blue light!
Without blue, our white clothes and white paper in sunlight wouldn't look as clean since the blueing and brighteners in them would not be stimulated by as much blue light, and our fluorescent signs and jackets would look dull, which is a lot less important than the Earth's plants no longer growing properly!
To see this graphically, let's use Planck's law (from here):
$$B(\lambda, T) = \frac{2 h c^2}{\lambda^5} \frac{1}{\exp\left(\frac{h c}{\lambda k_B T}\right) - 1}$$
where $h$, $c$ and $k_B$ are the Planck constant, the speed of light and the Boltzmann constant.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def B_lambda(lam, T):
    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law
    hplank = 6.626E-34   # J s
    clight = 2.9979E+08  # m/s
    kB = 1.381E-23       # J/K
    term_1 = 2.*hplank*clight**2/lam**5
    term_2 = hplank*clight/(lam*kB*T)
    return term_1 / (np.exp(term_2) - 1.)

lam_vis_nm = np.arange(350, 751)
lam_vis = 1E-09 * lam_vis_nm

A_vis = B_lambda(lam_vis, 5900)
B_vis = 4 * B_lambda(lam_vis, 4200)

lam_nm = np.arange(100, 5001, 10)
lam_um = lam_nm / 1E+03
lam = lam_nm / 1E+09

A = B_lambda(lam, 5900)
B = 4 * B_lambda(lam, 4200)

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1)

ax1.plot(lam_vis_nm, A_vis)
ax1.plot(lam_vis_nm, B_vis)
ax1.set_xlim(lam_vis_nm.min(), lam_vis_nm.max())
ax1.set_xlabel('wavelength (nm)')
ax1.tick_params(labelleft=False)    
ax1.set_ylabel('spectral intensity (arb)')

ax2.plot(lam_um, A)
ax2.plot(lam_um, B)
ax2.set_xlim(lam_um.min(), lam_um.max())
maxi = max(A.max(), B.max())
ax2.set_ylim(maxi * 1E-04, 2*maxi)
ax2.set_yscale('log')
ax2.set_xlabel('wavelength (um)')
ax2.set_ylabel('spectral intensity (arb)')
plt.show()

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Now that's an answer!  

---

