<h2>Metallicity and abundance</h2>

<strong>Metallicity</strong>

<p>Without specifying a given metal, the term "metallicity" — abbreviated $Z$ — usually refers to the total metallicity of all elements, i.e. the <em>mass</em> fraction of all metals to the total mass of some ensemble of elements, e.g. a star, a cloud of gas, a galaxy, etc. (as usual, the term "metal" refers to all elements that are not hydrogen or helium). For instance, the mass of all metals in the Sun, divided by the Sun's mass, is 0.02:
$$
Z_\odot \equiv \frac{M_\mathrm{C} + M_\mathrm{N} + M_\mathrm{O} + \ldots}{M_\odot} = 0.02.
$$</p>

<p>Sometimes we talks about the metallicity of a given element, e.g. oxygen. The mass fraction of oxygen in the Sun is 0.005 (i.e. oxygen comprises 1/4 of all metals by mass), so we say $Z_\mathrm{O} = 0.005$.</p>

<p>Unfortunately it is not uncommon to implicitly talk about the metallicity of an object, <em>divided by Solar metallicity</em>, such that a galaxy which has one-tenth of Sun's metallicity is said to have $Z=0.1$, rather than $Z=0.002$.</p>

<strong>Abundance</strong>

<p>The term "abundance" is only used for a single element. It basically expresses the same thing as metallicity, and is often used interchangeably, but is expressed in terms of the number $N$ of element nuclei, and as the ratio not to <em>all</em> nuclei but to <em>hydrogen</em> nuclei. For <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11836/why-you-use-log-to-measure-metallicity-in-galaxies">wacky historical reasons</a>, we also take the logarithm and add a factor of 12. Taking again oxygen as an example, the mass fraction of 0.005 corresponds to a nuclei fraction of roughly $5\times10^{-4}$, so we say that the abundance of oxygen is (e.g. <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CoAst.158..151G" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Grevesse (2009)</a>)
$$
A(\mathrm{O}) \equiv \log \left( \frac{N_\mathrm{O}}{N_\mathrm{H}} \right) + 12 = 8.7.
$$</p>

<h2>Metallicity of a given species vs. total metallicity</h2>

<p>In general, the ratio of a given element to all metals is <em>roughly</em> constant. That is, various elements are produced by stars approximately by the same amount. But various processes may cause elements to exist in various forms. For instance, metals deplete to dust, but some elements tend not to form dust, e.g. Zn. For this reason, Zn is a better proxy of the total metallicity than, e.g. Mg, since half of the Mg may be locked up in dust. </p>

<strong>Metals increases cooling</strong>

<p>Elements also appear in various excitation states, which depend on various processes. The lines you mention, [O II] and [O III], arise from collisionally ionized oxygen, which subsequently recombines (in my first answer I wrote, wrongly, that it was <em>excited</em>), and thus depend on the temperature of the gas. As the metallicity of the gas in a galaxy increases, the ratio of the intensity of these lines to that of hydrogen lines (e.g. H$\beta$) first increases, as expected. However, the increased metallicity also allows the gas to cool more efficiently. The reason is that metals have many levels through which electron can
"cascade" down.
If the electron recombines to the level where it was before, a photon of the same energy will be emitted, which itself may radiatively ionize another atom. But the many levels in metals makes de-excitation to intermediate level more probable, such that the electron cascades down, emitting several low-energy (infrared) photons, which are incapable of ionizing atoms and thus escape. The result is that energy leaves the system, i.e. the system is cooled.</p>

<p>This in turn means that, above a certain metallicity threshold — which is specific to a given species — the abundance of the collisionally excited lines begin to decrease. The following figure is taken from <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RMxAC..12...62S" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Stasińska (2002)</a>, and shows the turnover for the two oxygen lines:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/JOnpQ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/JOnpQ.png" alt="oxygen"></a></p>

<p>This means that measuring the metallicity of a single species in general gives two solutions for the total metallicity. Luckily, as the turnover is different for different elements, measuring the metallicity for several species can constrain the total metallicity.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-12T07:38:01.150Z
2016-04-12T19:02:40.313Z
2017-04-13T12:59:06.910Z
pela
<p>The chemical evolution of galaxies is an important way to learn about their formation and stellar/gaseous constituents. Many galaxies show narrow emission lines at optical wavelengths (3500-9000 Angstroms) from ionized elements (e.g., [O II] at 3727 Angstroms) and recombination Balmer lines (e.g., H$\alpha$ at 6563 Angstroms). The origin of the ionized emission line flux can depend on the amount of the element present in the galaxy, and also on the nature of the ionizing source (i.e., the oft-mentioned "shape of the ionizing spectrum").</p>

<p>I have a few questions that I cannot seem to find clear answers to in textbooks, publications and review papers. My main reference for the following facts/questions is Kewley &amp; Dopita 2002, ApJS, 142. </p>

<ol>
<li><p>What is the difference between metallicity and abundance, and what impact would these two parameters have on the ionized emission line flux from a galaxy (assuming that the ionizing spectrum is kept constant)?</p></li>
<li><p>There are claims that some ionized lines (e.g., the auroral line [O III] at 4363 Angstroms) would become much weaker as the metallicity increases. Why? I would think that higher metallicity means more Oxygen and, assuming we keep the ionization spectrum fixed, more likely for more [O III] to exist. Should this not increase the [O III] 4363AA flux? </p></li>
<li><p>Similarly, some excitation line ratios (e.g., ([O II] 3727 + [O III] 5007)/H$\beta$, commonly known as $R_{23}$) are known to decrease with increasing abundance (measured via log(O/H)+12). Again, why? I would think if the metallicity or oxygen abundance is higher, then there is an increased chance of getting more [O II] and [O III] emission. Also, assuming that metallicity is higher, the amount of hydrogen should decrease, and this would decrease the $H\beta$ flux in the $R_{23}$ ratio above, thus increasing the ratio at high abundance. </p></li>
</ol>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-12T19:04:03.320Z
Sorry, I spotted an error in my answer: I wrote that [O II] and [O III] are collisionally _excited_, but of course they're _ionized_. It's edited now.
pela
<galaxy><star-formation><spectroscopy><active-galaxy><metallicity>
How can ionized emission line flux decrease as a function of increasing metallicity or abundance?
quantumflash
# How can ionized emission line flux decrease as a function of increasing metallicity or abundance?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-04-11)

The chemical evolution of galaxies is an important way to learn about their formation and stellar/gaseous constituents. Many galaxies show narrow emission lines at optical wavelengths (3500-9000 Angstroms) from ionized elements (e.g., [O II] at 3727 Angstroms) and recombination Balmer lines (e.g., H$\alpha$ at 6563 Angstroms). The origin of the ionized emission line flux can depend on the amount of the element present in the galaxy, and also on the nature of the ionizing source (i.e., the oft-mentioned "shape of the ionizing spectrum").

I have a few questions that I cannot seem to find clear answers to in textbooks, publications and review papers. My main reference for the following facts/questions is Kewley & Dopita 2002, ApJS, 142.

1. What is the difference between metallicity and abundance, and what impact would these two parameters have on the ionized emission line flux from a galaxy (assuming that the ionizing spectrum is kept constant)?
2. There are claims that some ionized lines (e.g., the auroral line [O III] at 4363 Angstroms) would become much weaker as the metallicity increases. Why? I would think that higher metallicity means more Oxygen and, assuming we keep the ionization spectrum fixed, more likely for more [O III] to exist. Should this not increase the [O III] 4363AA flux?
3. Similarly, some excitation line ratios (e.g., ([O II] 3727 + [O III] 5007)/H$\beta$, commonly known as $R\_{23}$) are known to decrease with increasing abundance (measured via log(O/H)+12). Again, why? I would think if the metallicity or oxygen abundance is higher, then there is an increased chance of getting more [O II] and [O III] emission. Also, assuming that metallicity is higher, the amount of hydrogen should decrease, and this would decrease the $H\beta$ flux in the $R\_{23}$ ratio above, thus increasing the ratio at high abundance.

**Tags:** galaxy, star-formation, spectroscopy, active-galaxy, metallicity

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Sorry, I spotted an error in my answer: I wrote that [O II] and [O III] are collisionally _excited_, but of course they're _ionized_. It's edited now.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-04-12. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

## Metallicity and abundance

**Metallicity**

Without specifying a given metal, the term "metallicity" — abbreviated $Z$ — usually refers to the total metallicity of all elements, i.e. the *mass* fraction of all metals to the total mass of some ensemble of elements, e.g. a star, a cloud of gas, a galaxy, etc. (as usual, the term "metal" refers to all elements that are not hydrogen or helium). For instance, the mass of all metals in the Sun, divided by the Sun's mass, is 0.02:
$$
Z\_\odot \equiv \frac{M\_\mathrm{C} + M\_\mathrm{N} + M\_\mathrm{O} + \ldots}{M\_\odot} = 0.02.
$$

Sometimes we talks about the metallicity of a given element, e.g. oxygen. The mass fraction of oxygen in the Sun is 0.005 (i.e. oxygen comprises 1/4 of all metals by mass), so we say $Z\_\mathrm{O} = 0.005$.

Unfortunately it is not uncommon to implicitly talk about the metallicity of an object, *divided by Solar metallicity*, such that a galaxy which has one-tenth of Sun's metallicity is said to have $Z=0.1$, rather than $Z=0.002$.

**Abundance**

The term "abundance" is only used for a single element. It basically expresses the same thing as metallicity, and is often used interchangeably, but is expressed in terms of the number $N$ of element nuclei, and as the ratio not to *all* nuclei but to *hydrogen* nuclei. For [wacky historical reasons](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11836/why-you-use-log-to-measure-metallicity-in-galaxies), we also take the logarithm and add a factor of 12. Taking again oxygen as an example, the mass fraction of 0.005 corresponds to a nuclei fraction of roughly $5\times10^{-4}$, so we say that the abundance of oxygen is (e.g. [Grevesse (2009)](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CoAst.158..151G))
$$
A(\mathrm{O}) \equiv \log \left( \frac{N\_\mathrm{O}}{N\_\mathrm{H}} \right) + 12 = 8.7.
$$

## Metallicity of a given species vs. total metallicity

In general, the ratio of a given element to all metals is *roughly* constant. That is, various elements are produced by stars approximately by the same amount. But various processes may cause elements to exist in various forms. For instance, metals deplete to dust, but some elements tend not to form dust, e.g. Zn. For this reason, Zn is a better proxy of the total metallicity than, e.g. Mg, since half of the Mg may be locked up in dust.

**Metals increases cooling**

Elements also appear in various excitation states, which depend on various processes. The lines you mention, [O II] and [O III], arise from collisionally ionized oxygen, which subsequently recombines (in my first answer I wrote, wrongly, that it was *excited*), and thus depend on the temperature of the gas. As the metallicity of the gas in a galaxy increases, the ratio of the intensity of these lines to that of hydrogen lines (e.g. H$\beta$) first increases, as expected. However, the increased metallicity also allows the gas to cool more efficiently. The reason is that metals have many levels through which electron can
"cascade" down.
If the electron recombines to the level where it was before, a photon of the same energy will be emitted, which itself may radiatively ionize another atom. But the many levels in metals makes de-excitation to intermediate level more probable, such that the electron cascades down, emitting several low-energy (infrared) photons, which are incapable of ionizing atoms and thus escape. The result is that energy leaves the system, i.e. the system is cooled.

This in turn means that, above a certain metallicity threshold — which is specific to a given species — the abundance of the collisionally excited lines begin to decrease. The following figure is taken from [Stasińska (2002)](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RMxAC..12...62S), and shows the turnover for the two oxygen lines:

[![oxygen](https://i.sstatic.net/JOnpQ.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/JOnpQ.png)

This means that measuring the metallicity of a single species in general gives two solutions for the total metallicity. Luckily, as the turnover is different for different elements, measuring the metallicity for several species can constrain the total metallicity.


---

