<p>Designs where the curved primary mirror is fixed, and steering is achieved via a moving flat mirror (siderostat) in front of it (or a set of flats) have been done before. One example is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfund_telescope" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pfund telescope</a>. The main design constraint that led to the invention of the Pfund telescope was the need to have a focal point which is fixed in space and easily accessible.</p>

<p>Here's a variation of that design; the need for the fixed focal plane is driven by accessibility concerns here (the user cannot follow a moving focal plane):</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/aVn1b.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></p>

<p>Also see the related concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliostat" rel="nofollow noreferrer">heliostat</a> - same idea, just applied to sunlight. A moving flat reflects sunlight in a fixed direction. Some solar power plants use heliostats.</p>

<p>So, in principle, fixed curved primary + moving flat is doable, and has been implemented a number of times. However, there are substantial issues with this design.</p>

<p>First off, the size and the quality of the flat mirror are not less than the size and quality of the parabolic primary. Let's say you build a liquid mirror telescope because it's easy. Then you have to make a flat mirror of the same diameter, with the same precision, and all the ease of construction is now lost. Flat mirrors are not easier to make than parabolic. In fact, as a mirror maker, I prefer to work on curved catopters - in some ways they are more predictable during manufacturing than large, high precision flats.</p>

<p>There are further issues down the road for the liquid mirror telescope. You would actually need 2 flats, both very large, both very precise. Both would have to be suspended in the air, above the liquid primary, and supported by complex mirror cells just like curved primaries in any telescope. Overall, it will be <em>more</em> difficult to make such a telescope, not less.</p>

<p>So why is the Pfund design used? Not for ease of manufacturing; as I said above, it's actually more difficult to make it than a regular scope. But in some situations you just need that fixed focal plane for some reason. In that case, you don't have much of a choice. Of course, it's not a design that scales well.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>I am assuming a large plain mirror is much cheaper than a parabolic
  mirror of the same size.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>That was the incorrect assumption. Once that's taken care of, everything else should be clear.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-15T20:53:48.630Z
2016-05-26T22:43:28.260Z
2016-05-26T22:43:28.260Z
Florin Andrei
<p>I have read about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_mirror_telescope" rel="nofollow">Liquid Mirror Telescopes</a> in a number of places, and according to these sources, a major disadvantage of these telescopes is that they can only "see" straight up.</p>

<p>In a nutshell, the usually very expensive primary mirror is replaced with a rotating mercury container. The mercury surface will become parabolic with the rotation and earth's gravity, and a camera is placed in the focal point of the parabola (straight above the container). Since the parabolic shape depends on gravity, the primary cannot be tilted and the telescope can only point straight up.</p>

<p>My question is: couldn't one use a mirror scheme to steer the sight of this telescope? For example a pair of big plain mirrors a bit above the focal point, working similarly to a periscope. Then one could change the angles of these two plain mirrors and point to different directions in the sky.</p>

<p>I am assuming a large plain mirror is much cheaper than a parabolic mirror of the same size.</p>

<p>Has this been done? If not, why?</p>

<telescope><optics>
Is it possible to steer the sight of a Liquid Mirror Telescope using a plain mirror scheme? If yes, why hasn't it been done?
Sahroph
# Is it possible to steer the sight of a Liquid Mirror Telescope using a plain mirror scheme? If yes, why hasn't it been done?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-12-15)

I have read about [Liquid Mirror Telescopes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_mirror_telescope) in a number of places, and according to these sources, a major disadvantage of these telescopes is that they can only "see" straight up.

In a nutshell, the usually very expensive primary mirror is replaced with a rotating mercury container. The mercury surface will become parabolic with the rotation and earth's gravity, and a camera is placed in the focal point of the parabola (straight above the container). Since the parabolic shape depends on gravity, the primary cannot be tilted and the telescope can only point straight up.

My question is: couldn't one use a mirror scheme to steer the sight of this telescope? For example a pair of big plain mirrors a bit above the focal point, working similarly to a periscope. Then one could change the angles of these two plain mirrors and point to different directions in the sky.

I am assuming a large plain mirror is much cheaper than a parabolic mirror of the same size.

Has this been done? If not, why?

**Tags:** telescope, optics


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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2014-12-15. Score: 8 | Accepted answer

Designs where the curved primary mirror is fixed, and steering is achieved via a moving flat mirror (siderostat) in front of it (or a set of flats) have been done before. One example is the [Pfund telescope](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfund_telescope). The main design constraint that led to the invention of the Pfund telescope was the need to have a focal point which is fixed in space and easily accessible.

Here's a variation of that design; the need for the fixed focal plane is driven by accessibility concerns here (the user cannot follow a moving focal plane):

![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/aVn1b.jpg)

Also see the related concept of [heliostat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliostat) - same idea, just applied to sunlight. A moving flat reflects sunlight in a fixed direction. Some solar power plants use heliostats.

So, in principle, fixed curved primary + moving flat is doable, and has been implemented a number of times. However, there are substantial issues with this design.

First off, the size and the quality of the flat mirror are not less than the size and quality of the parabolic primary. Let's say you build a liquid mirror telescope because it's easy. Then you have to make a flat mirror of the same diameter, with the same precision, and all the ease of construction is now lost. Flat mirrors are not easier to make than parabolic. In fact, as a mirror maker, I prefer to work on curved catopters - in some ways they are more predictable during manufacturing than large, high precision flats.

There are further issues down the road for the liquid mirror telescope. You would actually need 2 flats, both very large, both very precise. Both would have to be suspended in the air, above the liquid primary, and supported by complex mirror cells just like curved primaries in any telescope. Overall, it will be *more* difficult to make such a telescope, not less.

So why is the Pfund design used? Not for ease of manufacturing; as I said above, it's actually more difficult to make it than a regular scope. But in some situations you just need that fixed focal plane for some reason. In that case, you don't have much of a choice. Of course, it's not a design that scales well.

> I am assuming a large plain mirror is much cheaper than a parabolic
> mirror of the same size.

That was the incorrect assumption. Once that's taken care of, everything else should be clear.


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