<p>All the other answers here are complete, and more in-depth than anything I would write. However, if you prefer to look at things visually, here is a terrible not-to-scale 2 minute paint drawing.</p>
<p>No matter where earth is in it's orbit, you'll never be able to see more than a sliver of the dark side of Saturn as we're too (relatively) close to the sun.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/cLmUk.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/cLmUk.png" alt="Relative orbits of earth and saturn (not to scale)" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T17:37:14.887Z
the perfect answer ...
Fattie
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T19:02:44.583Z
It's actually not that bad to scale, your graphic has Saturn at 8.5 AU while it's really 9.5 AU. https://i.imgur.com/HvgSga7.png
corsiKa
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T22:44:47.590Z
Scrat wants his acorn back.... ooohhhhhh, that's SATurn?
CGCampbell
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-12T09:43:37.057Z
Clear and simple answer. I wanted to draw something like this but you were faster. :)
Zsolt Sky
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-12T16:50:14.943Z
@corsiKa are the body's diameters represented in the same scale as their distances?
phoog
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-12T18:02:51.860Z
@phoog They are not. If they were they'd be subpixels!!
corsiKa
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-12T18:05:24.040Z
@corsiKa It was a rhetorical question in support of the proposition that the drawing is indeed "not to scale." :-)
phoog
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T12:48:42.007Z
2020-08-10T14:10:09.090Z
2020-08-10T14:10:09.090Z
Azrantha
<p>The answer is simple geometry: we are 1 AU from the Sun, Saturn is 10x further from the Sun. Looked at Earth from Saturn, Earth is always in front, behind or immediately next to the sun; an observer at Saturn would see phases of Earth, similarly as Mercury appears to us.</p>
<p>Argued the other way around, we are so close to the Sun that <em>we</em> always only see the day side of Saturn as we can never be at a similar distance so that we never see the terminator or the night side (as Cassini could image it).</p>
<p>As a side note: tidally locked is unrelated to which side is illuminated (see our Moon) - unless a body is tidally locked to the Sun. We do see different sides of Saturn as it rotates - it just is not as apparent as with Jupiter as the cloud formations on Saturn are not as distinctive as on Jupiter.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-09T10:57:56.727Z
2020-08-10T07:20:29.710Z
2020-08-10T07:20:29.710Z
planetmaker
<p>I made a little animation to demonstrate what others have already said. Here the outer planet is at 3 AU (Saturn is around 9 AU, much further). The light side of each planet always faces the sun. Since the earth is so close to the sun relative to Saturn, we can pretty much only see its light side. On the other hand, if you were looking at Earth from Saturn, you would see phases: when Earth is between Saturn and the sun, you see the dark side. On the right-hand side you can see the what each planet would approximately look like from the other.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/HU9lF.gif" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/HU9lF.gif" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-13T08:41:31.187Z
This is an excellent visualization. What software did you use?
Earth is mostly blue. :)
Zsolt Sky
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-13T14:52:17.243Z
@ZsoltSky I used Mathematica to make this, I didn't have enough time to really play around with it unfortunately, I was considering trying to make rings for Saturn haha.
Kai
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-12T21:38:35.103Z
2020-08-12T21:38:35.103Z
Kai
<p>Phases are just different perceived illuminations of an object at different illumination and observing angles. If the observer is, with respect to the object, located in a similar direction as the light source shining on the object then you should expect to see the vast majority of the object illuminated, if the observer is located in the opposite direction you would see the object back-lit, and if you are at right angles observing the object with respect to the direction of the light source you would see the object half-illuminated.</p>
<p>Since Mercury and Venus are always inside Earth's orbit and move with different rates around the Sun as Earth does, the Earth (the observer) is able to locate itself at any angle with respect to the light source that shines on the observed planet. This means that you can see any phase of Mercury or Venus (except from a perfect 100% illuminated phase due to the body of the Sun blocking the view). Here you have an example for Venus:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/MAdob.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/MAdob.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Now think about what happens from the point of view of an Earth's observer for the exterior planets. The Earth will never have a chance to see the planet's back-lit side since there's no position in its orbit that would allow for this. As seen from the other planet, the Earth is always close to the Sun, so it can be seen almost exclusively during the day, which means that from the Earth you almost exclusively see illuminated regions of the planet.</p>
<p>Mars is the closest exterior planet, so the Earth manages to gain enough <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" rel="noreferrer">elongation</a> to see a bit of the night side, but it is a tiny fraction of the disk as viewed from here. Here you have a picture of the phases of Mars as seen from the Earth:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/TRPg4.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/TRPg4.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>This is even worse for far away planets. Saturn is so far away that from its vantage point, that the Earth is basically always close to the Sun (to the light source).  From the Earth, Saturn seems always fully illuminated, by an extremely small margin that allows to see a slim crescent of darkness in perfect conditions. Only with spacecraft like Cassini and Voyager have we been able to see what Saturn looks like from behind. The first time humanity did this was in 1980 with photographs like this one (from Voyager):</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/BWs9i.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/BWs9i.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Before that we had never seen the night side covering more than a percent of the disk. Even the shadow of Saturn cast over the rings is nearly impossible to spot from the Earth. Look at this amateur photograph that shows precisely a bit of that shadow over the rings behind Saturn (bottom-right part):</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/JHW73.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/JHW73.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>That shadow is almost non-existent from Earth's point of view, and it's all because Earth's orbit is inside Saturn's and Saturn is far away from the Earth. The Earth is always so close to the line connecting the light source (the Sun) and the illuminated object (Saturn), that you shouldn't expect any more phases than &quot;full&quot; from here. Simple geometry.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T13:39:38.710Z
Great answer!  Out of curiosity, though:  what's causing the illumination on the "dark side" of Saturn in that Voyager photograph?
Michael Seifert
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T15:32:32.463Z
Probably reflection from the rings?
Gremlin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-11T14:48:05.833Z
Is it possible that Saturn would be eclipsed by Jupiter from our perspective?  Jupiter is both closer and larger, so I imagine it's possible (though probably rare) for them to line up in such a way that Saturn is in Jupiter's shadow.
Darrel Hoffman
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-11T14:53:15.930Z
@DarrelHoffman I guess Jupiter being closer and bigger could hide Saturn, if the 3 planets are aligned, but the "shadow"  of Jupiter (solar eclipse on Saturn from Jupiter) will not reach Saturn (too far away!).
Déjà vu
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-11T19:27:12.533Z
@DarrelHoffman You should ask that as a new question. I can answer it with geometry so everything is clear.
Swike
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-09T12:53:51.257Z
2020-08-10T00:49:42.053Z
2020-08-10T00:49:42.053Z
Swike
<p>In the Astronomy Picture of the Day from August 8, 2020 (&quot;<a href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap200808.html" rel="noreferrer">Crescent Saturn</a>&quot;), the caption states</p>
<blockquote>
<p>From Earth, Saturn never shows a crescent phase</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Why is this? We can observe phases on planets such as Venus which have an apparent size a lot smaller than Saturn. Saturn is not tidally locked to the sun (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking#List_of_known_tidally_locked_bodies" rel="noreferrer">only Mercury is</a>).</p>
<p>So why does the sunlit face of Saturn always face Earth?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T20:38:20.930Z
The quote states that Saturn never shows a _crescent_ phase, not that we don't see any phases.
Reinstate Monica -- notmaynard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T21:01:00.057Z
@ReinstateMonica--notmaynard this is true, but how would we be able to only see decreasing phases? The phase also would have to increase in order to decrease again.
jng224
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-10T21:06:37.767Z
You might be misunderstanding "crescent" — it is when less than half of the moon's or planet's disk is illuminated. The decreasing part of the phases is "waning" and the increasing is "waxing". My point was that the quote doesn't state that we can't see any phases (as the title of your question says), only that we can't see a crescent.
Reinstate Monica -- notmaynard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-11T08:34:19.300Z
@ReinstateMonica--notmaynard Yes, I confused it with the german description of phases where "crescent" (zunehmend) is apparently the English "waxing". Thanks for the Explanation!
jng224
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-12T16:00:08.483Z
@ReinstateMonica--notmaynard, interesting, because etymologically, it means "growing". "Applied in Latin to the waxing moon, luna crescens, but subsequently in Latin mistaken to refer to the shape, not the stage." https://www.etymonline.com/word/crescent#etymonline_v_338
Carsten S
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-12T23:50:11.420Z
*O Fortuna
velut luna
statu variabilis,
semper **crescis**
aut **decrescis*** ("O Fortune, like the moon you are variable, always waxing and waning")  See also https://www.etymonline.com/word/crescendo#etymonline_v_29065
phoog
<the-sun><saturn>
Why can't we see Saturn's phases from earth?
jng224
# Why can't we see Saturn's phases from earth?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-08-09)

In the Astronomy Picture of the Day from August 8, 2020 ("[Crescent Saturn](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap200808.html)"), the caption states

> From Earth, Saturn never shows a crescent phase

Why is this? We can observe phases on planets such as Venus which have an apparent size a lot smaller than Saturn. Saturn is not tidally locked to the sun ([only Mercury is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking#List_of_known_tidally_locked_bodies)).

So why does the sunlit face of Saturn always face Earth?

**Tags:** the-sun, saturn

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: The quote states that Saturn never shows a _crescent_ phase, not that we don't see any phases.  
> **username_0**: @ReinstateMonica--notmaynard this is true, but how would we be able to only see decreasing phases? The phase also would have to increase in order to decrease again.  
> **username_1**: You might be misunderstanding "crescent" — it is when less than half of the moon's or planet's disk is illuminated. The decreasing part of the phases is "waning" and the increasing is "waxing". My point was that the quote doesn't state that we can't see any phases (as the title of your question says), only that we can't see a crescent.  
> **username_0**: @ReinstateMonica--notmaynard Yes, I confused it with the german description of phases where "crescent" (zunehmend) is apparently the English "waxing". Thanks for the Explanation!  
> **username_2**: @ReinstateMonica--notmaynard, interesting, because etymologically, it means "growing". "Applied in Latin to the waxing moon, luna crescens, but subsequently in Latin mistaken to refer to the shape, not the stage." https://www.etymonline.com/word/crescent#etymonline_v_338  
> **username_3**: *O Fortuna velut luna statu variabilis, semper **crescis** aut **decrescis*** ("O Fortune, like the moon you are variable, always waxing and waning")  See also https://www.etymonline.com/word/crescendo#etymonline_v_29065  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_11 on 2020-08-09. Score: 74 | Accepted answer

Phases are just different perceived illuminations of an object at different illumination and observing angles. If the observer is, with respect to the object, located in a similar direction as the light source shining on the object then you should expect to see the vast majority of the object illuminated, if the observer is located in the opposite direction you would see the object back-lit, and if you are at right angles observing the object with respect to the direction of the light source you would see the object half-illuminated.

Since Mercury and Venus are always inside Earth's orbit and move with different rates around the Sun as Earth does, the Earth (the observer) is able to locate itself at any angle with respect to the light source that shines on the observed planet. This means that you can see any phase of Mercury or Venus (except from a perfect 100% illuminated phase due to the body of the Sun blocking the view). Here you have an example for Venus:

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/MAdob.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/MAdob.jpg)

Now think about what happens from the point of view of an Earth's observer for the exterior planets. The Earth will never have a chance to see the planet's back-lit side since there's no position in its orbit that would allow for this. As seen from the other planet, the Earth is always close to the Sun, so it can be seen almost exclusively during the day, which means that from the Earth you almost exclusively see illuminated regions of the planet.

Mars is the closest exterior planet, so the Earth manages to gain enough [elongation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)) to see a bit of the night side, but it is a tiny fraction of the disk as viewed from here. Here you have a picture of the phases of Mars as seen from the Earth:

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/TRPg4.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/TRPg4.jpg)

This is even worse for far away planets. Saturn is so far away that from its vantage point, that the Earth is basically always close to the Sun (to the light source). From the Earth, Saturn seems always fully illuminated, by an extremely small margin that allows to see a slim crescent of darkness in perfect conditions. Only with spacecraft like Cassini and Voyager have we been able to see what Saturn looks like from behind. The first time humanity did this was in 1980 with photographs like this one (from Voyager):

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/BWs9i.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/BWs9i.png)

Before that we had never seen the night side covering more than a percent of the disk. Even the shadow of Saturn cast over the rings is nearly impossible to spot from the Earth. Look at this amateur photograph that shows precisely a bit of that shadow over the rings behind Saturn (bottom-right part):

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/JHW73.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/JHW73.jpg)

That shadow is almost non-existent from Earth's point of view, and it's all because Earth's orbit is inside Saturn's and Saturn is far away from the Earth. The Earth is always so close to the line connecting the light source (the Sun) and the illuminated object (Saturn), that you shouldn't expect any more phases than "full" from here. Simple geometry.

> **Comments:**
> **username_12**: Great answer!  Out of curiosity, though:  what's causing the illumination on the "dark side" of Saturn in that Voyager photograph?  
> **username_13**: Probably reflection from the rings?  
> **username_14**: Is it possible that Saturn would be eclipsed by Jupiter from our perspective?  Jupiter is both closer and larger, so I imagine it's possible (though probably rare) for them to line up in such a way that Saturn is in Jupiter's shadow.  
> **username_15**: @DarrelHoffman I guess Jupiter being closer and bigger could hide Saturn, if the 3 planets are aligned, but the "shadow"  of Jupiter (solar eclipse on Saturn from Jupiter) will not reach Saturn (too far away!).  
> **username_11**: @DarrelHoffman You should ask that as a new question. I can answer it with geometry so everything is clear.  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2020-08-10. Score: 57

All the other answers here are complete, and more in-depth than anything I would write. However, if you prefer to look at things visually, here is a terrible not-to-scale 2 minute paint drawing.

No matter where earth is in it's orbit, you'll never be able to see more than a sliver of the dark side of Saturn as we're too (relatively) close to the sun.

[![Relative orbits of earth and saturn (not to scale)](https://i.sstatic.net/cLmUk.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/cLmUk.png)

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: the perfect answer ...  
> **username_6**: It's actually not that bad to scale, your graphic has Saturn at 8.5 AU while it's really 9.5 AU. https://i.imgur.com/HvgSga7.png  
> **username_7**: Scrat wants his acorn back.... ooohhhhhh, that's SATurn?  
> **username_8**: Clear and simple answer. I wanted to draw something like this but you were faster. :)  
> **username_3**: @username_6 are the body's diameters represented in the same scale as their distances?  
> **username_6**: @username_3 They are not. If they were they'd be subpixels!!  
> **username_3**: @username_6 It was a rhetorical question in support of the proposition that the drawing is indeed "not to scale." :-)  

---

### Answer by username_9 on 2020-08-09. Score: 13

The answer is simple geometry: we are 1 AU from the Sun, Saturn is 10x further from the Sun. Looked at Earth from Saturn, Earth is always in front, behind or immediately next to the sun; an observer at Saturn would see phases of Earth, similarly as Mercury appears to us.

Argued the other way around, we are so close to the Sun that *we* always only see the day side of Saturn as we can never be at a similar distance so that we never see the terminator or the night side (as Cassini could image it).

As a side note: tidally locked is unrelated to which side is illuminated (see our Moon) - unless a body is tidally locked to the Sun. We do see different sides of Saturn as it rotates - it just is not as apparent as with Jupiter as the cloud formations on Saturn are not as distinctive as on Jupiter.


---

### Answer by username_10 on 2020-08-12. Score: 6

I made a little animation to demonstrate what others have already said. Here the outer planet is at 3 AU (Saturn is around 9 AU, much further). The light side of each planet always faces the sun. Since the earth is so close to the sun relative to Saturn, we can pretty much only see its light side. On the other hand, if you were looking at Earth from Saturn, you would see phases: when Earth is between Saturn and the sun, you see the dark side. On the right-hand side you can see the what each planet would approximately look like from the other.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/HU9lF.gif)](https://i.sstatic.net/HU9lF.gif)

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: This is an excellent visualization. What software did you use? Earth is mostly blue. :)  
> **username_10**: @ZsoltSky I used Mathematica to make this, I didn't have enough time to really play around with it unfortunately, I was considering trying to make rings for Saturn haha.  

---

