<p>It is not true to say that the CNO cycle produces these elements. It is more like a catalytic chain that aids the conversion of hydrogen to helium. Thus pre-existing CNO nuclei are required and all the reactions do is change the balance of these elements because the reaction steps in the chain have differing timescales.</p>

<p>Sulphur is mainly produced by alpha capture (fusion) onto. carbon and oxygen via neon, magnesium and silicon. This requires the high temperatures found near the cores of massive stars (more than 8 solar masses) and occurs fairly late in their lives, not long before the type II supernova that casts a lot of the processed material into space.</p>

<p>Phosphorus is not part of this "alpha chain" (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_process">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_process</a>) because its mass number is not divisible by 4 and it has an odd atomic number. However, it <em>is</em> also expected to be produced in massive stars via neutron capture onto isotopes of silicon (see <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3824">https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3824</a> ). This occurs in the neon and oxygen burning shells, late in the lives of massive stars.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-09-30T21:21:41.330Z
2016-09-30T21:21:41.330Z
ProfRob
<p>Yes, they are created through stellar nucleosynthesis.</p>

<p>Sulfur is created from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" rel="nofollow">silicon</a> via an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_process" rel="nofollow">alpha process</a>, with the reaction
$$_{14}^{28}\text{Si }+\text{ } _2^4\text{He}\to _{16}^{32}\text{S }+\gamma$$
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" rel="nofollow">Oxygen burning</a> can also create $_{16}^{31}\text{S}$, as well as other elements like $_{15}^{31}\text{P}$. Additionally, both oxygen and phosphorus can be formed through supernova nucleosynthesis (see <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3807" rel="nofollow">Koo et al. (2013)</a>).</p>

<p>The CNO cycle won't produce sulfur or phosphorus. The chain simply isn't set up to create either of them directly.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-09-30T20:24:42.780Z
But why aren't those elements not mentioned in the CNO cycle or the proton-proton cycle? What is the prinicple difference between an alpha process and the other two?
Marijn 
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-09-30T23:15:09.997Z
@Marijn The p-p chain only produces helium from hydrogen; it can't do anything else. The same goes for the CNO cycle; it won't produce phosphorus or sulfur.
HDE 226868
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-09-30T20:13:38.417Z
2016-10-01T23:06:53.513Z
2016-10-01T23:06:53.513Z
HDE 226868
<p>There are as far as I know two  fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium: The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) and the  proton–proton chain reaction. 
The elements created in the CNO cycle are C,N,O and Fluor. 
But in this video min:13:00 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxrPaNDvaQE" rel="noreferrer">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxrPaNDvaQE</a> the prof. talks about Phosphorus and sulfur. Is that true and are those element also created in the CNO cycle or is he talking about something else?</p>

<star><astrochemistry>
Are sulfur and phosphorus also created in the nucleosynthesis of big stars?
Marijn 
# Are sulfur and phosphorus also created in the nucleosynthesis of big stars?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-09-30)

There are as far as I know two fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium: The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) and the proton–proton chain reaction.
The elements created in the CNO cycle are C,N,O and Fluor.
But in this video min:13:00 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxrPaNDvaQE> the prof. talks about Phosphorus and sulfur. Is that true and are those element also created in the CNO cycle or is he talking about something else?

**Tags:** star, astrochemistry


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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-09-30. Score: 8

It is not true to say that the CNO cycle produces these elements. It is more like a catalytic chain that aids the conversion of hydrogen to helium. Thus pre-existing CNO nuclei are required and all the reactions do is change the balance of these elements because the reaction steps in the chain have differing timescales.

Sulphur is mainly produced by alpha capture (fusion) onto. carbon and oxygen via neon, magnesium and silicon. This requires the high temperatures found near the cores of massive stars (more than 8 solar masses) and occurs fairly late in their lives, not long before the type II supernova that casts a lot of the processed material into space.

Phosphorus is not part of this "alpha chain" (<https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_process>) because its mass number is not divisible by 4 and it has an odd atomic number. However, it *is* also expected to be produced in massive stars via neutron capture onto isotopes of silicon (see <https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3824> ). This occurs in the neon and oxygen burning shells, late in the lives of massive stars.


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### Answer by username_2 on 2016-09-30. Score: 5

Yes, they are created through stellar nucleosynthesis.

Sulfur is created from [silicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon-burning_process) via an [alpha process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_process), with the reaction
$$\_{14}^{28}\text{Si }+\text{ } \_2^4\text{He}\to \_{16}^{32}\text{S }+\gamma$$
[Oxygen burning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process) can also create $\_{16}^{31}\text{S}$, as well as other elements like $\_{15}^{31}\text{P}$. Additionally, both oxygen and phosphorus can be formed through supernova nucleosynthesis (see [Koo et al. (2013)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3807)).

The CNO cycle won't produce sulfur or phosphorus. The chain simply isn't set up to create either of them directly.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: But why aren't those elements not mentioned in the CNO cycle or the proton-proton cycle? What is the prinicple difference between an alpha process and the other two?  
> **username_2**: @username_0The p-p chain only produces helium from hydrogen; it can't do anything else. The same goes for the CNO cycle; it won't produce phosphorus or sulfur.  

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