<p>To answer the title question, what you want to know is the bulge-to-total (<span class="math-container">$B/T$</span>) ratio, which is the fraction of a spiral galaxy's light (and thus, approximately, its stars) which in the bulge; this ranges from 1 (it's all bulge, nothing else there -- i.e., it's an elliptical galaxy) -- to 0 (no bulge at all).</p>

<p>Consistent with pela's answer about <em>sizes</em>, the answer depends on what type of spiral galaxy you're talking about; traditionally, part of the definitions of the Hubble sequence was how much extra light appeared to be in the central region of the galaxy, which is roughly the same as <span class="math-container">$B/T$</span>.</p>

<p>These days, the answer is actually rather uncertain, because astronomers are in a debate about just what constitutes a "bulge": there are "classical bulges" (kind of like mini-elliptical galaxies and more or less what you are probably thinking about), "pseudobulges", "boxy/peanut-shaped bulges", and possibly other things, all of which are "extra light/stars" in the central region of the galaxy, but which have different shapes, dynamics, and origins. For example, the Milky Way definitely has a boxy/peanut-shaped bulge (what you see sticking up out of the disk), which is really part of its bar; it appears to have a "nuclear disk" (a.k.a. "disky pseudobulge"), which is a dense, bright disk of stars extending to 150 parsecs or so in radius; but it may not have a "classical bulge" at all.</p>

<p>To give you something to look at that has <span class="math-container">$B/T$</span> values, here's a figure from <a href="http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2010MNRAS.405.1089L" rel="noreferrer">Laurikainen et al. (2010)</a>, which is based on moderately sophisticated analysis of near-infrared images (less confused by dust and recent star-formation than optical images). The small symbols are individual-galaxy measurements, the large filled circles are median values for each Hubble type, and the open circles are from an earlier study. This plot includes S0/lenticular galaxies (Hubble type &lt; 0; these have disks, but no spiral arms) as well as actual spiral galaxies (Hubble types >= 0). Note that the <span class="math-container">$B/T$</span> axis is on a logarithmic scale. Early-type spirals (e.g., Sa galaxies) have <span class="math-container">$B/T \sim 0.3$</span>; Sc and later spirals typically have <span class="math-container">$B/T &lt; 0.1$</span>.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/SPgtP.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/SPgtP.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-05T10:11:04.603Z
Yes… You're right of course, the quantity asked for is bulge-to-_total_ and not bulge-to-_disk_. And I think you're right, the OP was looking was _mass_ ratios — I interpreted "how big" as referring to size.
pela
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-04T23:39:59.907Z
2019-12-04T23:39:59.907Z
Peter Erwin
<p>The term you're looking for is called the <em>bulge-to-disk (size) ratio</em>. Sort of by definition, the answer depends on the morphology of the galaxy, i.e. how "late-type" spiral it is. "Sa" spirals are the ones that resemble ellipticals the most, and hence have large size ratios (of order, but below, unity), whereas bulges in Sc galaxies are (less than) one-tenth the size of the disk.</p>

<p>(EDIT: In fact, the way you phrase your question, you're looking for bulge-to-<em>total</em>, rather than bulge-to-<em>disk</em>, but there's a 1:1 correspondence between. Also, in retrospect I think you're interested in the <em>mass</em> ratio, but I interpreted "how big" as the <em>size</em> ratio. Peter Erwin's answer discusses the masses.)</p>

<p>The ratio is obtained by fitting the luminosity distribution of the bulge and the disk separately. Typically both are fitted as exponentials, with scale lengths <span class="math-container">$R_\mathrm{b}$</span> and <span class="math-container">$R_\mathrm{d}$</span>, respectively, but other forms (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sersic_profile" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sérsic profiles</a>) are also used. In this case, the <em>effective</em> radius <span class="math-container">$R_\mathrm{eff}$</span> is used, i.e. the radius inside which half the light is emitted. Furthermore, the answer will depend the band in which you observe the galaxy (i.e. IR, optical, UV, …)</p>

<p>The following figure (from <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A%26A...415...63M/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Möllenhoff 2004</a>), shows the ratio <span class="math-container">$R_\mathrm{eff,b}/R_\mathrm{d}$</span>  as a function of "Hubble type" going from 1 (Sa), to 3 (Sb), to 5 (Sc). I've annotated examples of galaxies of Hubble type 1, 3, and 5.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/AiktA.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/AiktA.png" alt="B/D"></a></p>

<p>You see that the ratio goes from <span class="math-container">$\sim0.5\text{–}1$</span> for early-type spirals, to <span class="math-container">$\sim0.01\text{–}0.2$</span> for late-type spirals.</p>

<p>The different symbols correspond to different filters going from the I band (infrared) denoted by squares, to the U band (ultraviolet) denoted by circles; they have been offset slightly along the <span class="math-container">$x$</span> axis for visualization purposes — you see that the ratio decreases slightly for shorter wavelengths. In other words, the bulge is less prominent, the bluer the light you consider.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-04T18:07:09.530Z
Hey thanks for that answer. Can you also tell me how the amount of stars and the mass compare between arms and bulge?
xabdax
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-04T20:22:38.363Z
@barrycarter The Milky has a bulge radius of roughly 2 kpc, and a disk radius of ~16 kpc, so Rb/Rd ~ 0.12. This is consistent with its Hubble type being close to an Sbc, or 4 in the diagram, where the ratio lies around ~0.1, depending on the band.
pela
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-04T20:49:05.690Z
@xabdax The stellar mass density in the arms is a factor of 2-3 higher in the arms than in between (e.g. [Rix & Rieke 1993](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...418..123R)). In the bulge, I think the stellar mass density is more like 5 times higher; I can't find any data right now, but the MW _bar_ has a density roughly 5 times higher than outside the bar ([Portail et al. 2017](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.465.1621P)). In the most central regions the density is even higher.
pela
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-04T23:12:34.580Z
Note that R_eff ("effective radius" = radius within which half of the light of the bulge is found) is not that same thing as the exponential scale length! (The Möllenhoff 2004 plots you show used Sérsic profiles for the bulges, not exponentials.)
Peter Erwin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-04T23:12:53.840Z
Also, Andromeda (M31) is Sab, so it's Hubble type number is 2, not 3.
Peter Erwin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-05T05:38:12.680Z
And there's also the issue of the size & mass of the dark matter halo...
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-05T08:48:25.177Z
@PeterErwin Yes, I was a bit too quick there wrt. effective radius. But do you really think M31 is an Sab? It's referred to as an Sb several places, e.g. [Swinburne's COSMOS](http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/A/Andromeda+galaxy), who cite Sandage & Tammann's Revised Shapley Ames catalog. But maybe that's old
pela
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-05T16:52:34.577Z
@pela Huh -- M31 is Sb according to RC3 as well, so maybe that OK, or at least ambiguous... (I could still nitpick about the Pinwheel, which is Scd (T = 6) in RC3...)
Peter Erwin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-05T19:46:10.897Z
@PeterErwin I guess morphology _is_ ambiguous by nature :)
pela
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-04T11:31:08.017Z
2019-12-05T10:20:27.007Z
2019-12-05T10:20:27.007Z
pela
<p>Is there a credible source that can tell me how big the bulge of a spiral galaxy is compared to the rest of the galaxy? Unfortunately, I could not find any.</p>

<galaxy><galaxy-center><galactic-center>
What percentage of a spiral galaxy is the center/bulge?
xabdax
# What percentage of a spiral galaxy is the center/bulge?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-12-03)

Is there a credible source that can tell me how big the bulge of a spiral galaxy is compared to the rest of the galaxy? Unfortunately, I could not find any.

**Tags:** galaxy, galaxy-center, galactic-center


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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2019-12-04. Score: 7 | Accepted answer

The term you're looking for is called the *bulge-to-disk (size) ratio*. Sort of by definition, the answer depends on the morphology of the galaxy, i.e. how "late-type" spiral it is. "Sa" spirals are the ones that resemble ellipticals the most, and hence have large size ratios (of order, but below, unity), whereas bulges in Sc galaxies are (less than) one-tenth the size of the disk.

(EDIT: In fact, the way you phrase your question, you're looking for bulge-to-*total*, rather than bulge-to-*disk*, but there's a 1:1 correspondence between. Also, in retrospect I think you're interested in the *mass* ratio, but I interpreted "how big" as the *size* ratio. username_1's answer discusses the masses.)

The ratio is obtained by fitting the luminosity distribution of the bulge and the disk separately. Typically both are fitted as exponentials, with scale lengths $R\_\mathrm{b}$ and $R\_\mathrm{d}$, respectively, but other forms (e.g. [Sérsic profiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sersic_profile)) are also used. In this case, the *effective* radius $R\_\mathrm{eff}$ is used, i.e. the radius inside which half the light is emitted. Furthermore, the answer will depend the band in which you observe the galaxy (i.e. IR, optical, UV, …)

The following figure (from [Möllenhoff 2004](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A%26A...415...63M/abstract)), shows the ratio $R\_\mathrm{eff,b}/R\_\mathrm{d}$ as a function of "Hubble type" going from 1 (Sa), to 3 (Sb), to 5 (Sc). I've annotated examples of galaxies of Hubble type 1, 3, and 5.

[![B/D](https://i.sstatic.net/AiktA.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/AiktA.png)

You see that the ratio goes from $\sim0.5\text{–}1$ for early-type spirals, to $\sim0.01\text{–}0.2$ for late-type spirals.

The different symbols correspond to different filters going from the I band (infrared) denoted by squares, to the U band (ultraviolet) denoted by circles; they have been offset slightly along the $x$ axis for visualization purposes — you see that the ratio decreases slightly for shorter wavelengths. In other words, the bulge is less prominent, the bluer the light you consider.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Hey thanks for that answer. Can you also tell me how the amount of stars and the mass compare between arms and bulge?  
> **username_2**: @barrycarter The Milky has a bulge radius of roughly 2 kpc, and a disk radius of ~16 kpc, so Rb/Rd ~ 0.12. This is consistent with its Hubble type being close to an Sbc, or 4 in the diagram, where the ratio lies around ~0.1, depending on the band.  
> **username_2**: @username_0 The stellar mass density in the arms is a factor of 2-3 higher in the arms than in between (e.g. [Rix & Rieke 1993](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...418..123R)). In the bulge, I think the stellar mass density is more like 5 times higher; I can't find any data right now, but the MW _bar_ has a density roughly 5 times higher than outside the bar ([Portail et al. 2017](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.465.1621P)). In the most central regions the density is even higher.  
> **username_1**: Note that R_eff ("effective radius" = radius within which half of the light of the bulge is found) is not that same thing as the exponential scale length! (The Möllenhoff 2004 plots you show used Sérsic profiles for the bulges, not exponentials.)  
> **username_1**: Also, Andromeda (M31) is Sab, so it's Hubble type number is 2, not 3.  
> **username_3**: And there's also the issue of the size & mass of the dark matter halo...  
> **username_2**: @PeterErwin Yes, I was a bit too quick there wrt. effective radius. But do you really think M31 is an Sab? It's referred to as an Sb several places, e.g. [Swinburne's COSMOS](http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/A/Andromeda+galaxy), who cite Sandage & Tammann's Revised Shapley Ames catalog. But maybe that's old  
> **username_1**: @username_2 Huh -- M31 is Sb according to RC3 as well, so maybe that OK, or at least ambiguous... (I could still nitpick about the Pinwheel, which is Scd (T = 6) in RC3...)  
> **username_2**: @PeterErwin I guess morphology _is_ ambiguous by nature :)  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2019-12-04. Score: 6

To answer the title question, what you want to know is the bulge-to-total ($B/T$) ratio, which is the fraction of a spiral galaxy's light (and thus, approximately, its stars) which in the bulge; this ranges from 1 (it's all bulge, nothing else there -- i.e., it's an elliptical galaxy) -- to 0 (no bulge at all).

Consistent with username_2's answer about *sizes*, the answer depends on what type of spiral galaxy you're talking about; traditionally, part of the definitions of the Hubble sequence was how much extra light appeared to be in the central region of the galaxy, which is roughly the same as $B/T$.

These days, the answer is actually rather uncertain, because astronomers are in a debate about just what constitutes a "bulge": there are "classical bulges" (kind of like mini-elliptical galaxies and more or less what you are probably thinking about), "pseudobulges", "boxy/peanut-shaped bulges", and possibly other things, all of which are "extra light/stars" in the central region of the galaxy, but which have different shapes, dynamics, and origins. For example, the Milky Way definitely has a boxy/peanut-shaped bulge (what you see sticking up out of the disk), which is really part of its bar; it appears to have a "nuclear disk" (a.k.a. "disky pseudobulge"), which is a dense, bright disk of stars extending to 150 parsecs or so in radius; but it may not have a "classical bulge" at all.

To give you something to look at that has $B/T$ values, here's a figure from [Laurikainen et al. (2010)](http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2010MNRAS.405.1089L), which is based on moderately sophisticated analysis of near-infrared images (less confused by dust and recent star-formation than optical images). The small symbols are individual-galaxy measurements, the large filled circles are median values for each Hubble type, and the open circles are from an earlier study. This plot includes S0/lenticular galaxies (Hubble type < 0; these have disks, but no spiral arms) as well as actual spiral galaxies (Hubble types >= 0). Note that the $B/T$ axis is on a logarithmic scale. Early-type spirals (e.g., Sa galaxies) have $B/T \sim 0.3$; Sc and later spirals typically have $B/T < 0.1$.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/SPgtP.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/SPgtP.png)

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Yes… You're right of course, the quantity asked for is bulge-to-_total_ and not bulge-to-_disk_. And I think you're right, the OP was looking was _mass_ ratios — I interpreted "how big" as referring to size.  

---

