<p>In general, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" rel="nofollow noreferrer">CCDs</a> used to capture images do not register the energy (therefore, colour) of the incident photons on them - they just count the number of photons observed by each pixel (or a value proportional to the number of photons, as they are not 100% efficient). So, they essentially just show overall brightness variations across the image.</p>
<p>If you want to capture colour information you therefore have to use filters. I.e., if you want to get information on the number of red photons (e.g., the intensity of red light incident on each pixel of your image), you use a filter to block out all other light. You can do this with multiple different filters to build up a full colour image.</p>
<p>In most commercial digital colour cameras the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device#Color_cameras" rel="nofollow noreferrer">CCDs</a> have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter" rel="nofollow noreferrer">filter mask</a> over four pixel patches: two filtering for green light, one for blue light, and one for red light. The outputs from these pixel is used to build the full colour image.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-07T12:14:20.550Z
2021-08-17T15:51:55.707Z
2021-08-17T15:51:55.707Z
Matt Pitkin
<p>As <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/28299/why-do-we-use-filters-in-telescopes-for-astronomical-imaging#comment50135_28299">WDC pointed out in his comment</a>, without filters, you simply get a recording of the received irradiance as a function of the sensor's spectral response function. In other words, a normal CCD that detects the light in a camera isn't capable of picking up every wavelength of light perfectly and the response function tells you how good that CCD is at picking up every wavelength of light.</p>

<p>Sometimes though, you don't want to take a picture and record every possible photon the CCD is capable of recording. Sometimes you want to record specific wavelengths. You do this by applying a filter, before the CCD, that let's in only specific wavelengths.</p>

<p>This has all sorts of uses. A simple example would be taking three pictures, one with a red filter to primarily let in red light, another with a green filter to primarily let in green light, and a third with a blue filter to primarily let in blue light. When you look at the individual images on your screen, the computer doesn't know what colors (i.e., wavelengths) of light  the CCD saw, it just knows how many photons were observed so it can only show you a greyscale. However, you can then, in post-processing, tint your image with the red filter red, tint your green image green, etc. and then combine you red, green, and blue images into a single, colored picture to get a close-to-true, color image of your object. In fact, <a href="https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cameras-photography/digital/digital-camera4.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">that's actually how digital cameras actually work to take colored pictures</a>!</p>

<p>Besides using filters to get colored pictures, Astronomers use filters for a wide variety of science goals. It is very possible to create a special filter that only lets in a single wavelength (or as near to a single wavelength as one can get). Often single wavelengths of light are tied to specific physical processes. By that I mean, only specific physical processes can create that exact wavelength. So by looking at something with a filter for a specific wavelength, you're looking at the components of that object that created that wavelength of light.</p>

<p>A common single-wavelength filter people like to use is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-alpha" rel="nofollow noreferrer">H-alpha</a> filter and a common target for observation is the Sun. Shown below, and <a href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap111115.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">taken from APOD</a>, is a picture of the Sun using the H-alpha filter.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/cXqlq.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/cXqlq.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Or simlarly, the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/how-sdo-sees-the-sun" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft is constantly observing the sun in all sorts of filters</a>. Note how different the sun looks at the different wavelengths!</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/YNZGt.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/YNZGt.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a>
<sup> Note: these are false color images for effect! </sup></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-07T20:11:56.127Z
You should note that those are (mostly) false-color images for dramatic effect
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-07T23:19:22.957Z
And a safety note - normal h alpha imaging filters are for deep sky imaging of things like emission nebulae, and are NOT SAFE for solar observing - h-alpha solar scopes use energy reducing filters to cut light intensity down to safe levels, and tunable etalon filters that have a far narrower passband than the DSO imaging filters.  Using a DSO filter for visual solar observing without a front of scope solar filter to reflect 99% + of the light is a good way to fry your eyeballs, and even with a front of scope filter, the passband is too wide to show the details that a proper solar scope will.
JerryTheC
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-07T18:45:27.510Z
2018-11-07T22:36:08.620Z
2018-11-07T22:36:08.620Z
zephyr
<p>I have read that if we image without a filter we get no information about the color or SED of objects.  Can anyone elaborate the reasons for using filters for imaging/photometry?  What happens if we image without a filter?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-09T05:48:00.737Z
@CarlWitthoft It's EXACTLY what I read.
Reference: An introduction to astronomical photometry using CCDs (chapter 3) by W. Romanishin.
pziphi
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-09T18:20:45.510Z
@pziphi  Well, for one thing,  any detector is essentially a "filter" because its quantum efficiency (electrons per photon) goes to zero over most wavelengths.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-07T15:29:42.073Z
If imaging without filters you will get a grayscale image, that is the received irradiance (as a function of sensor spectral response) of the astronomical imaging.
WDC
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-07T20:11:07.013Z
Careful -- check out EXACTLY what you've read.
Carl Witthoft
<telescope><observational-astronomy><photography><photometry>
Why do we use filters in telescopes for astronomical imaging?
pziphi
# Why do we use filters in telescopes for astronomical imaging?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-11-07)

I have read that if we image without a filter we get no information about the color or SED of objects. Can anyone elaborate the reasons for using filters for imaging/photometry? What happens if we image without a filter?

**Tags:** telescope, observational-astronomy, photography, photometry

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: If imaging without filters you will get a grayscale image, that is the received irradiance (as a function of sensor spectral response) of the astronomical imaging.  
> **username_1**: Careful -- check out EXACTLY what you've read.  
> **username_0**: @CarlWitthoft It's EXACTLY what I read. Reference: An introduction to astronomical photometry using CCDs (chapter 3) by W. Romanishin.  
> **username_1**: @username_0  Well, for one thing,  any detector is essentially a "filter" because its quantum efficiency (electrons per photon) goes to zero over most wavelengths.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2018-11-07. Score: 6

In general, the [CCDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device) used to capture images do not register the energy (therefore, colour) of the incident photons on them - they just count the number of photons observed by each pixel (or a value proportional to the number of photons, as they are not 100% efficient). So, they essentially just show overall brightness variations across the image.

If you want to capture colour information you therefore have to use filters. I.e., if you want to get information on the number of red photons (e.g., the intensity of red light incident on each pixel of your image), you use a filter to block out all other light. You can do this with multiple different filters to build up a full colour image.

In most commercial digital colour cameras the [CCDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device#Color_cameras) have a [filter mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter) over four pixel patches: two filtering for green light, one for blue light, and one for red light. The outputs from these pixel is used to build the full colour image.


---

### Answer by username_4 on 2018-11-07. Score: 4

As [username_2 pointed out in his comment](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/28299/why-do-we-use-filters-in-telescopes-for-astronomical-imaging#comment50135_28299), without filters, you simply get a recording of the received irradiance as a function of the sensor's spectral response function. In other words, a normal CCD that detects the light in a camera isn't capable of picking up every wavelength of light perfectly and the response function tells you how good that CCD is at picking up every wavelength of light.

Sometimes though, you don't want to take a picture and record every possible photon the CCD is capable of recording. Sometimes you want to record specific wavelengths. You do this by applying a filter, before the CCD, that let's in only specific wavelengths.

This has all sorts of uses. A simple example would be taking three pictures, one with a red filter to primarily let in red light, another with a green filter to primarily let in green light, and a third with a blue filter to primarily let in blue light. When you look at the individual images on your screen, the computer doesn't know what colors (i.e., wavelengths) of light the CCD saw, it just knows how many photons were observed so it can only show you a greyscale. However, you can then, in post-processing, tint your image with the red filter red, tint your green image green, etc. and then combine you red, green, and blue images into a single, colored picture to get a close-to-true, color image of your object. In fact, [that's actually how digital cameras actually work to take colored pictures](https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cameras-photography/digital/digital-camera4.htm)!

Besides using filters to get colored pictures, Astronomers use filters for a wide variety of science goals. It is very possible to create a special filter that only lets in a single wavelength (or as near to a single wavelength as one can get). Often single wavelengths of light are tied to specific physical processes. By that I mean, only specific physical processes can create that exact wavelength. So by looking at something with a filter for a specific wavelength, you're looking at the components of that object that created that wavelength of light.

A common single-wavelength filter people like to use is the [H-alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-alpha) filter and a common target for observation is the Sun. Shown below, and [taken from APOD](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap111115.html), is a picture of the Sun using the H-alpha filter.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/cXqlq.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/cXqlq.jpg)

Or simlarly, the [Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft is constantly observing the sun in all sorts of filters](https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/how-sdo-sees-the-sun). Note how different the sun looks at the different wavelengths!

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/YNZGt.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/YNZGt.jpg)
 Note: these are false color images for effect!

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: You should note that those are (mostly) false-color images for dramatic effect  
> **username_5**: And a safety note - normal h alpha imaging filters are for deep sky imaging of things like emission nebulae, and are NOT SAFE for solar observing - h-alpha solar scopes use energy reducing filters to cut light intensity down to safe levels, and tunable etalon filters that have a far narrower passband than the DSO imaging filters.  Using a DSO filter for visual solar observing without a front of scope solar filter to reflect 99% + of the light is a good way to fry your eyeballs, and even with a front of scope filter, the passband is too wide to show the details that a proper solar scope will.  

---

