<p>First, you are correct that galaxies are mostly empty space, at least in terms of stars.  The Milky Way may have as many as 400 billion stars while Andromeda has roughly two and a half times that number.  For the Milky Way that comes out to roughly one star every four light years, on average.</p>
<p>Viewed from a distance, however, those stars are extremely bright against a dark background.  Four hundred million of anything in a 6x10 glossy are going to look like a clump.</p>
<p>But galaxies are more than stars; there is also a tremendous amount of gas and dust, with a scattering of larger bits of rock. Some of the light from those stars interacts with that gas and dust, sometimes reflecting and other times absorbing and re-emitting.  This scatters the light in much the same way a lampshade scatters light from a bulb.  It appears as though the lampshade is a solid mass of something, but it is, in fact, an illusion, if you will, caused by the scattering or diffusing of a much smaller, central light.  You may have seen very large balloons lit from a relatively small light; the entirety of the balloon appears to glow.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/r1ZAf.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/r1ZAf.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>This balloon is lit by one small LED.  Remember, though, that it is gas and dust rather than any sort of membrane which is diffusing light in galaxies, and that the dust and gas can be lit by any number of stars.  So, the combination of extreme distance, huge numbers of stars and the diffusion from dust and gas, in contrast to the darkness of space surrounding the galaxies, is essentially the effect we are observing and gives galaxies their &quot;solid&quot; appearance.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-03T08:32:17.033Z
This is in general a very minor effect, and doesn’t explain why things like elliptical galaxies, which have very little gas and dust, also look “solid”.
Peter Erwin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-04T19:26:41.827Z
This is an excellent answer.
user39131
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-04T19:30:31.767Z
I assumed that the starlight lightens up the interstellar dust, so that light brightens up the empty space between the stars, giving the galaxy a solid look. Looks like I'm somewhat correct.
user39131
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-06T04:48:22.633Z
"The heart of the Milky Way is crammed full of gas, dust, and stars. The bulge is the reason that you can only see a small percentage of the total stars in the galaxy. Dust and gas within it are so thick that you can't even peer into the bulge of the Milky Way, much less see out the other side."https://www.space.com/19915-milky-way-galaxy.html
JohnHunt
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-06T14:46:23.627Z
@JohnHunt That quote explains why we see dark patches (= fewer stars) when you look in the direction of the bulge, not why the rest of the bulge -- or other galaxies -- appears "solidly" bright.
Peter Erwin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-08T02:30:37.310Z
@PeterIrwin  I concede the point, specifically and generally.  I did not entirely convey what I meant to initially, in an attempt to keep things simple.  I meant to discuss the illusory nature of galactic solidity and tried to use an analogy which is somewhat misleading on its own.  And I neglected to differentiate between my analogy and the actual physical effects, hoping that the separation would be inferred.  I enjoy and respect your posts here on PSE and appreciate you calling these issues to out.
JohnHunt
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-03T06:23:24.527Z
2021-05-03T15:20:24.073Z
2021-05-03T15:20:24.073Z
JohnHunt
<p>You are mostly empty space.  Every atom in your body is very tiny compared to the relatively vast spaces between it and its nearest neighbors.  And the same goes for every &quot;solid&quot; object you ever saw.</p>
<p>But when you look at yourself in a mirror, the number of atoms you see is so incredibly vast that you don't see the spaces between them but instead think that yhour body is a solid object.</p>
<p>And probably the wavelengths of visible light are too long to fit between atoms and so get bounced back from the surface of your body.</p>
<p>That is not the case with the galaxy, since the spaces between stars in the galaxy are wide enough for all wavelengths of light to pass through instead of being reflected.</p>
<p>But if you look at our galaxy from a distance of about one million light years, the average separation between stars of about 6 light years will be a very small angle.  I believe that at one million light years distance, one arc second will be about 4.848 light years wide.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The maximum angular resolution of the human eye is 28 arc seconds or 0.47 arc minutes,[19] this gives an angular resolution of 0.008 degrees, and at a distance of 1 km corresponds to 136 mm. This is equal to 0.94 arc minutes per line pair (one white and one black line), or 0.016 degrees. For a pixel pair (one white and one black pixel) this gives a pixel density of 128 pixels per degree (PPD).</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity#Physiology%5B1%5D" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity#Physiology[1]</a></p>
<p>So at a distance of one million light years the smallest detail a human could see would be 28 arc seconds, or 135.7 light years wide.  So such a smallest possible thing you could see would be a square about 136 by 136 light years wide, and possibly containing about 350 stars in a single layer and all the vast interstellar spaces between them.</p>
<p>Furthermore, galaxies are not a single layer deep.  Depending on the size of a galaxy, the distribution of stars within it, and the angle from which it is viewed, a viewer might see  tens, hundreds, or thousands of layers of stars one behind the other.  The stars are not arranged in any sort of regular lattice pattern, but orbit around the center of the galaxy in separate orbits and their relative positions slowly change, thus making their relative positions random.</p>
<p>Thus the empty spaces between stars in the outermost layer of a galaxy will show the light of stars farther behnd them.</p>
<p>So when you look at galaxy from a distance of one million light years, the smallest part of the galaxy you can see will have the light of hundreds or probably thousands of stars blended together with the black space between them to make a pale grayish light.</p>
<p>The farthest objects which humans can see with the unaided eye are the Andomeda Galaxy M31 about 2,540,000 light years from Earth, and the Triangulum Galaxy M33 about 3,200,000 light years from Earth.  Since they are several times a million light years away, the smallest part of them which can be seen with the unaided eye will combine the light of even more thousands of stars together.</p>
<p>Astronomers have photographed galaxies tens of millions, hundreds of millions, billions, and tens of billions of light years distant.  With astronomical telescopes they can detect some individual stars in galaxies tens of millions of light years away.</p>
<p>But any photograph which shows an entire galaxy will show the light of millions or billions of stars blurred together into a blob of light.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-04T18:28:51.743Z
2021-05-05T20:37:47.987Z
2021-05-05T20:37:47.987Z
M. A. Golding
<p>The actual transparency of something depends on whether a light ray will pass through the object or hit something, becoming absorbed or scattered. The total cross-sectional area of the stars of a galaxy is microscopic. This is why one can see the background galaxy through the foreground galaxy in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_3314" rel="nofollow noreferrer">NGC3314</a>:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/dinCJ.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/dinCJ.jpg" alt="Hubble view of NGC3314" /></a></p>
<p>However, dust can be actually opaque in this sense. If you have a volume <span class="math-container">$V$</span> of matter and split it into <span class="math-container">$N$</span> convex pieces, they will have average area  <span class="math-container">$\propto (V/N)^{2/3}$</span> and <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0595" rel="nofollow noreferrer">average cross section 1/4 of that</a>. But there are <span class="math-container">$N$</span> pieces, so the total cross-section area will behave as <span class="math-container">$N^{-2/3}\times N \propto N^{1/3}$</span>: as the number of pieces grows the area shading light grows despite each piece individually being less likely to cover any given ray. This is why interstellar dust can form dark clouds and lanes that actually hide things behind them  despite having a small total mass (it is opaque in visible light; they are transparent in other wavelengths). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eye_Galaxy" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Some dusty galaxies can be fairly opaque</a>, but the dust is usually concentrated to some regions leaving the rest transparent.</p>
<p>The apparent transparency also depends on whether light emitted from the object overshadows the faint light passing through it. A nearby galaxy will be much brighter than a remote galaxy behind it, making it hard to make out against the foreground glare.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-03T09:26:15.593Z
2021-05-03T09:26:15.593Z
Anders Sandberg
<p>Don't trust your eyes when they tell you something is solid.</p>
<p>Please remember that the stars are suns.</p>
<p>So, if our galaxy were really solid, you'd directly look into a star's surface in every spot of the Milky Way, and that would mean a band in the sky where every spot shines as brightly as the sun. Then the Milky Way would be 100 times brighter than our sun's daylight.</p>
<p>We all know that this isn't true.</p>
<p>It's our eyes (and optical instruments as well) that can't really appreciate how tiny the sun-like bright spots of a galaxy are, and how vast the black space between them. The fact that the Milky Way appears as faint as it does tells us that the ratio of shining spots (stars) to dark areas (empty space) must be very, very low.</p>
<p>As a comparison, when looking at your computer screen, you get the impression of a solid white surface, but in reality it's lots of tiny red, green, and blue spots, and only our limited eye view integrates that to a solid-looking surface.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-03T11:53:11.450Z
2021-05-03T11:53:11.450Z
Ralf Kleberhoff
<p>This question has probably been asked quite a few times, but I'm having trouble finding anything due to the fact that this question is very specific in nature. So I'm asking again.</p>
<p>We know that outer space is mostly empty and stars are very far apart from each other. So much so that when two galaxies collide, the stars within them will just fly past each other instead of crashing. But when I look at pictures of the Milky Way, (some of them are real pictures of the center of the Milky Way taken from earth, while others are renderings) it looks so bright and so solid, like theres so much stuff in there. It becomes hard to believe how it can be that it's mostly empty.</p>
<p>Can anyone please explain what's going in there?</p>
<p>Thanks.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-03T02:48:53.740Z
When you look at the Milky Way in a nice dark sky, it is a faint glow with a dark band down the middle.  There's nothing solid about it.  Distant galaxies look much the same way, only smaller.  That's the way a galaxy *really* looks; if a picture looks more solid than that, it's overexposed.
antlersoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-03T10:41:14.377Z
You may enjoy my description [here](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/41005/16685) of how sparse the Milky Way is.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-03T17:56:56.073Z
Because the angular resolution of the human eye is only an arcminute. If you put hundreds of billions of stars into a few thousand square degrees of the celestial sphere, the human eye isn't capable of differentiating them.  Zooming in would allow differentiation between the gaps.
Connor Garcia
<star><galaxy><amateur-observing><milky-way><galaxy-center>
If our galaxy is mostly empty space then why does it look so solid?
user39131
# If our galaxy is mostly empty space then why does it look so solid?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-05-03)

This question has probably been asked quite a few times, but I'm having trouble finding anything due to the fact that this question is very specific in nature. So I'm asking again.

We know that outer space is mostly empty and stars are very far apart from each other. So much so that when two galaxies collide, the stars within them will just fly past each other instead of crashing. But when I look at pictures of the Milky Way, (some of them are real pictures of the center of the Milky Way taken from earth, while others are renderings) it looks so bright and so solid, like theres so much stuff in there. It becomes hard to believe how it can be that it's mostly empty.

Can anyone please explain what's going in there?

Thanks.

**Tags:** star, galaxy, amateur-observing, milky-way, galaxy-center

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: When you look at the Milky Way in a nice dark sky, it is a faint glow with a dark band down the middle.  There's nothing solid about it.  Distant galaxies look much the same way, only smaller.  That's the way a galaxy *really* looks; if a picture looks more solid than that, it's overexposed.  
> **username_2**: You may enjoy my description [here](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/41005/16685) of how sparse the Milky Way is.  
> **username_3**: Because the angular resolution of the human eye is only an arcminute. If you put hundreds of billions of stars into a few thousand square degrees of the celestial sphere, the human eye isn't capable of differentiating them.  Zooming in would allow differentiation between the gaps.  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2021-05-03. Score: -1 | Accepted answer

First, you are correct that galaxies are mostly empty space, at least in terms of stars. The Milky Way may have as many as 400 billion stars while Andromeda has roughly two and a half times that number. For the Milky Way that comes out to roughly one star every four light years, on average.

Viewed from a distance, however, those stars are extremely bright against a dark background. Four hundred million of anything in a 6x10 glossy are going to look like a clump.

But galaxies are more than stars; there is also a tremendous amount of gas and dust, with a scattering of larger bits of rock. Some of the light from those stars interacts with that gas and dust, sometimes reflecting and other times absorbing and re-emitting. This scatters the light in much the same way a lampshade scatters light from a bulb. It appears as though the lampshade is a solid mass of something, but it is, in fact, an illusion, if you will, caused by the scattering or diffusing of a much smaller, central light. You may have seen very large balloons lit from a relatively small light; the entirety of the balloon appears to glow.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/r1ZAf.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/r1ZAf.png)

This balloon is lit by one small LED. Remember, though, that it is gas and dust rather than any sort of membrane which is diffusing light in galaxies, and that the dust and gas can be lit by any number of stars. So, the combination of extreme distance, huge numbers of stars and the diffusion from dust and gas, in contrast to the darkness of space surrounding the galaxies, is essentially the effect we are observing and gives galaxies their "solid" appearance.

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: This is in general a very minor effect, and doesn’t explain why things like elliptical galaxies, which have very little gas and dust, also look “solid”.  
> **username_0**: This is an excellent answer.  
> **username_0**: I assumed that the starlight lightens up the interstellar dust, so that light brightens up the empty space between the stars, giving the galaxy a solid look. Looks like I'm somewhat correct.  
> **username_4**: "The heart of the Milky Way is crammed full of gas, dust, and stars. The bulge is the reason that you can only see a small percentage of the total stars in the galaxy. Dust and gas within it are so thick that you can't even peer into the bulge of the Milky Way, much less see out the other side."https://www.space.com/19915-milky-way-galaxy.html  
> **username_5**: @username_4 That quote explains why we see dark patches (= fewer stars) when you look in the direction of the bulge, not why the rest of the bulge -- or other galaxies -- appears "solidly" bright.  
> **username_4**: @PeterIrwin  I concede the point, specifically and generally.  I did not entirely convey what I meant to initially, in an attempt to keep things simple.  I meant to discuss the illusory nature of galactic solidity and tried to use an analogy which is somewhat misleading on its own.  And I neglected to differentiate between my analogy and the actual physical effects, hoping that the separation would be inferred.  I enjoy and respect your posts here on PSE and appreciate you calling these issues to out.  

---

### Answer by username_6 on 2021-05-04. Score: 4

You are mostly empty space. Every atom in your body is very tiny compared to the relatively vast spaces between it and its nearest neighbors. And the same goes for every "solid" object you ever saw.

But when you look at yourself in a mirror, the number of atoms you see is so incredibly vast that you don't see the spaces between them but instead think that yhour body is a solid object.

And probably the wavelengths of visible light are too long to fit between atoms and so get bounced back from the surface of your body.

That is not the case with the galaxy, since the spaces between stars in the galaxy are wide enough for all wavelengths of light to pass through instead of being reflected.

But if you look at our galaxy from a distance of about one million light years, the average separation between stars of about 6 light years will be a very small angle. I believe that at one million light years distance, one arc second will be about 4.848 light years wide.

> The maximum angular resolution of the human eye is 28 arc seconds or 0.47 arc minutes,[19] this gives an angular resolution of 0.008 degrees, and at a distance of 1 km corresponds to 136 mm. This is equal to 0.94 arc minutes per line pair (one white and one black line), or 0.016 degrees. For a pixel pair (one white and one black pixel) this gives a pixel density of 128 pixels per degree (PPD).

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual\_acuity#Physiology[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity#Physiology%5B1%5D)

So at a distance of one million light years the smallest detail a human could see would be 28 arc seconds, or 135.7 light years wide. So such a smallest possible thing you could see would be a square about 136 by 136 light years wide, and possibly containing about 350 stars in a single layer and all the vast interstellar spaces between them.

Furthermore, galaxies are not a single layer deep. Depending on the size of a galaxy, the distribution of stars within it, and the angle from which it is viewed, a viewer might see tens, hundreds, or thousands of layers of stars one behind the other. The stars are not arranged in any sort of regular lattice pattern, but orbit around the center of the galaxy in separate orbits and their relative positions slowly change, thus making their relative positions random.

Thus the empty spaces between stars in the outermost layer of a galaxy will show the light of stars farther behnd them.

So when you look at galaxy from a distance of one million light years, the smallest part of the galaxy you can see will have the light of hundreds or probably thousands of stars blended together with the black space between them to make a pale grayish light.

The farthest objects which humans can see with the unaided eye are the Andomeda Galaxy M31 about 2,540,000 light years from Earth, and the Triangulum Galaxy M33 about 3,200,000 light years from Earth. Since they are several times a million light years away, the smallest part of them which can be seen with the unaided eye will combine the light of even more thousands of stars together.

Astronomers have photographed galaxies tens of millions, hundreds of millions, billions, and tens of billions of light years distant. With astronomical telescopes they can detect some individual stars in galaxies tens of millions of light years away.

But any photograph which shows an entire galaxy will show the light of millions or billions of stars blurred together into a blob of light.


---

### Answer by username_7 on 2021-05-03. Score: 1

The actual transparency of something depends on whether a light ray will pass through the object or hit something, becoming absorbed or scattered. The total cross-sectional area of the stars of a galaxy is microscopic. This is why one can see the background galaxy through the foreground galaxy in [NGC3314](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_3314):

[![Hubble view of NGC3314](https://i.sstatic.net/dinCJ.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/dinCJ.jpg)

However, dust can be actually opaque in this sense. If you have a volume $V$ of matter and split it into $N$ convex pieces, they will have average area $\propto (V/N)^{2/3}$ and [average cross section 1/4 of that](https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0595). But there are $N$ pieces, so the total cross-section area will behave as $N^{-2/3}\times N \propto N^{1/3}$: as the number of pieces grows the area shading light grows despite each piece individually being less likely to cover any given ray. This is why interstellar dust can form dark clouds and lanes that actually hide things behind them despite having a small total mass (it is opaque in visible light; they are transparent in other wavelengths). [Some dusty galaxies can be fairly opaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eye_Galaxy), but the dust is usually concentrated to some regions leaving the rest transparent.

The apparent transparency also depends on whether light emitted from the object overshadows the faint light passing through it. A nearby galaxy will be much brighter than a remote galaxy behind it, making it hard to make out against the foreground glare.


---

### Answer by username_8 on 2021-05-03. Score: -1

Don't trust your eyes when they tell you something is solid.

Please remember that the stars are suns.

So, if our galaxy were really solid, you'd directly look into a star's surface in every spot of the Milky Way, and that would mean a band in the sky where every spot shines as brightly as the sun. Then the Milky Way would be 100 times brighter than our sun's daylight.

We all know that this isn't true.

It's our eyes (and optical instruments as well) that can't really appreciate how tiny the sun-like bright spots of a galaxy are, and how vast the black space between them. The fact that the Milky Way appears as faint as it does tells us that the ratio of shining spots (stars) to dark areas (empty space) must be very, very low.

As a comparison, when looking at your computer screen, you get the impression of a solid white surface, but in reality it's lots of tiny red, green, and blue spots, and only our limited eye view integrates that to a solid-looking surface.


---

