<p>As the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">solar time</a>
Wikipedia page illustrates, we can split a solar day into a constant 23h56m to complete a rotation relative to the stars
(a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">sidereal day</a>)
and a variable ~4m to compensate for one day's orbital motion around the Sun.
The Sun's apparent motion around the equator determines how much more than 360$^\circ$ the Earth must rotate from one solar noon to the next.</p>

<p>But the Earth orbits the Sun in the ecliptic plane, which is oblique to the equator.
If that orbit were circular, the Sun's
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system#Spherical_coordinates" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ecliptic longitude</a>
would change at a constant rate (see Note below).
One degree along the equator spans exactly 4m00s of
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system#Spherical_coordinates" rel="nofollow noreferrer">right ascension</a>;
one degree along the ecliptic, measured around the equator, may span ~8% more or less than that.</p>

<p>At an equinox, the ecliptic crosses the equator at a 23.4$^\circ$ angle,
and one degree of ecliptic longitude spans 3m40s of right ascension.
The Sun appears to move slower than average around the equator,
so the apparent solar day is slightly shorter.</p>

<p>At a solstice, the ecliptic is tangent to a $\pm$23.4$^\circ$ declination parallel,
and one degree of ecliptic longitude spans 4m22s of right ascension.
The Sun appears to move faster than average around the equator,
so the apparent solar day is slightly longer.</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/iAZGX.png" alt="equatorial and ecliptic grids at March equinox">
<img src="https://i.sstatic.net/OaLZJ.png" alt="equatorial and ecliptic grids at June solstice">
<em>Stellarium images around the March equinox and the June solstice,
showing 30 degrees of ecliptic longitude and 2 hours of right ascension for comparison.
Equatorial grid is blue, ecliptic grid is orange, ecliptic is yellow.</em></p>

<p>The equation of time is the cumulative sum of differences between mean and apparent solar day length.
Like a mathematical function and its derivative, zero crossings of one should roughly correspond to maxima or minima of the other.
Differences of a few seconds per day, several weeks in a row, add up to a few minutes.</p>

<p>The earliest/latest sunrise and latest/earliest sunset of the year do occur several days on either side of the summer/winter solstice.
However, on any given day, sunrise, noon, and sunset are all behind or ahead of mean solar time by approximately the same amount.</p>

<p>Note: the Earth's orbit is not quite circular.
Following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion#Second_law_of_Kepler" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kepler's second law</a>,
the Sun's ecliptic longitude changes ~3% slower at aphelion and faster at perihelion,
making the apparent solar day slightly shorter or longer respectively.
This <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time#Eccentricity_of_the_Earth&#39;s_orbit" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia entry</a>
discusses it in more detail.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-21T13:06:06.330Z
Thanks , but still not getting it. I did wonder if the progress around the orbit between sunrise and sunset was having an effect, but I think that would be v.small. If we assume that the Earth ins't moving around the orbit to simplify things, then I don't see how the time between solar noons can vary, no matter where the Earth is, if the Earth's rotational speed is constant and it's not moving relative to the sun ? So is the effect partly related to the movement of the Earth relative to the Sun ? Good to hear that the sunrise,noon and sunset are all pretty much together - that helps
Mike Warren
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-21T14:43:32.800Z
The effect is entirely due to the Earth's motion around the Sun. If there were no such motion, then every solar day would be the same length as a sidereal day, and the equation of time would be flat.
Mike G
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-22T00:00:51.410Z
To improve this already great answer, maybe you should also describe how the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit affects the equation of time, and how the times of our perihelion and aphelion are currently fairly close to the solstices.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-22T04:05:32.153Z
The question focused on the obliquity component, but I added a footnote about eccentricity.
Mike G
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-22T12:30:06.000Z
Thanks @MikeG I need to spend a bit of time thinking about this before I could explain it to someone else, or have a useful question about your answer, it's helpful to confirm that the effect relies on the change of position around the orbit.
Mike Warren
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-23T20:02:13.857Z
Latest revision may connect a few more dots.
Mike G
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-25T20:34:01.943Z
@MikeG thanks , I think I get it now. For some reason I hadn't grasped the cumulative nature of the effect ...
Mike Warren
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-03-21T06:16:03.200Z
2018-03-23T19:34:18.097Z
2018-03-23T19:34:18.097Z
Mike G
<p>In attempting to answer the question “why aren’t changes in sunset and sunrise times symmetrical  around the solstices ?” I’ve got stuck on being able to explain the effect of the obliquity of the ecliptic.</p>
<p>I understand the general idea of the equation of time and how the difference in clock time and solar time answer my original question, but I’m struggling to grasp how the tilt of the Earth contributes to the equation of time.</p>
<p>I’m trying to visualise the effect, and assuming it is to do with the point at which the sun is highest in the sky not being in the middle of sunset and sunrise (except at solsitces and equinoxes?). So, is this correct? Is there any good way of trying to visualise it ?</p>
<p>I’m a bit confused by the wikipedia entry
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time#Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time#Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic</a> saying</p>
<ol>
<li>“If this effect operated alone, then days would be up to 24 hours and 20.3 seconds long (measured solar noon to solar noon) near the
solstices, and as much as 20.3 seconds shorter than 24 hours near
the equinoxes”</li>
<li>“the inclination of the ecliptic results in the contribution of a sine wave variation with an amplitude of 9.87 minutes and a period
of a half year to the equation of time. The zero points of this sine
wave are reached at the equinoxes and solstices”.
Is point 1 correct ?</li>
</ol>
<p>Also found these links helpful to some extent, but haven’t fully explained it for me.
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174438/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/time-facts/the-equation-of-time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174438/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/time-facts/the-equation-of-time</a>
<a href="http://totaleclipse.eu/Astronomy/EOT.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://totaleclipse.eu/Astronomy/EOT.html</a></p>

<the-sun><earth><obliquity><time>
Effect of the obliquity of the ecliptic / tilt of the Earth on the equation of time
Mike Warren
# Effect of the obliquity of the ecliptic / tilt of the Earth on the equation of time

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-03-20)

In attempting to answer the question “why aren’t changes in sunset and sunrise times symmetrical around the solstices ?” I’ve got stuck on being able to explain the effect of the obliquity of the ecliptic.

I understand the general idea of the equation of time and how the difference in clock time and solar time answer my original question, but I’m struggling to grasp how the tilt of the Earth contributes to the equation of time.

I’m trying to visualise the effect, and assuming it is to do with the point at which the sun is highest in the sky not being in the middle of sunset and sunrise (except at solsitces and equinoxes?). So, is this correct? Is there any good way of trying to visualise it ?

I’m a bit confused by the wikipedia entry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time#Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic> saying

1. “If this effect operated alone, then days would be up to 24 hours and 20.3 seconds long (measured solar noon to solar noon) near the
   solstices, and as much as 20.3 seconds shorter than 24 hours near
   the equinoxes”
2. “the inclination of the ecliptic results in the contribution of a sine wave variation with an amplitude of 9.87 minutes and a period
   of a half year to the equation of time. The zero points of this sine
   wave are reached at the equinoxes and solstices”.
   Is point 1 correct ?

Also found these links helpful to some extent, but haven’t fully explained it for me.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174438/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/time-facts/the-equation-of-time>
<http://totaleclipse.eu/Astronomy/EOT.html>

**Tags:** the-sun, earth, obliquity, time


---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2018-03-21. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

As the [solar time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time)
Wikipedia page illustrates, we can split a solar day into a constant 23h56m to complete a rotation relative to the stars
(a [sidereal day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time))
and a variable ~4m to compensate for one day's orbital motion around the Sun.
The Sun's apparent motion around the equator determines how much more than 360$^\circ$ the Earth must rotate from one solar noon to the next.

But the Earth orbits the Sun in the ecliptic plane, which is oblique to the equator.
If that orbit were circular, the Sun's
[ecliptic longitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system#Spherical_coordinates)
would change at a constant rate (see Note below).
One degree along the equator spans exactly 4m00s of
[right ascension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system#Spherical_coordinates);
one degree along the ecliptic, measured around the equator, may span ~8% more or less than that.

At an equinox, the ecliptic crosses the equator at a 23.4$^\circ$ angle,
and one degree of ecliptic longitude spans 3m40s of right ascension.
The Sun appears to move slower than average around the equator,
so the apparent solar day is slightly shorter.

At a solstice, the ecliptic is tangent to a $\pm$23.4$^\circ$ declination parallel,
and one degree of ecliptic longitude spans 4m22s of right ascension.
The Sun appears to move faster than average around the equator,
so the apparent solar day is slightly longer.

![equatorial and ecliptic grids at March equinox](https://i.sstatic.net/iAZGX.png)
![equatorial and ecliptic grids at June solstice](https://i.sstatic.net/OaLZJ.png)
*Stellarium images around the March equinox and the June solstice,
showing 30 degrees of ecliptic longitude and 2 hours of right ascension for comparison.
Equatorial grid is blue, ecliptic grid is orange, ecliptic is yellow.*

The equation of time is the cumulative sum of differences between mean and apparent solar day length.
Like a mathematical function and its derivative, zero crossings of one should roughly correspond to maxima or minima of the other.
Differences of a few seconds per day, several weeks in a row, add up to a few minutes.

The earliest/latest sunrise and latest/earliest sunset of the year do occur several days on either side of the summer/winter solstice.
However, on any given day, sunrise, noon, and sunset are all behind or ahead of mean solar time by approximately the same amount.

Note: the Earth's orbit is not quite circular.
Following [Kepler's second law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion#Second_law_of_Kepler),
the Sun's ecliptic longitude changes ~3% slower at aphelion and faster at perihelion,
making the apparent solar day slightly shorter or longer respectively.
This [Wikipedia entry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time#Eccentricity_of_the_Earth's_orbit)
discusses it in more detail.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks , but still not getting it. I did wonder if the progress around the orbit between sunrise and sunset was having an effect, but I think that would be v.small. If we assume that the Earth ins't moving around the orbit to simplify things, then I don't see how the time between solar noons can vary, no matter where the Earth is, if the Earth's rotational speed is constant and it's not moving relative to the sun ? So is the effect partly related to the movement of the Earth relative to the Sun ? Good to hear that the sunrise,noon and sunset are all pretty much together - that helps  
> **username_1**: The effect is entirely due to the Earth's motion around the Sun. If there were no such motion, then every solar day would be the same length as a sidereal day, and the equation of time would be flat.  
> **username_2**: To improve this already great answer, maybe you should also describe how the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit affects the equation of time, and how the times of our perihelion and aphelion are currently fairly close to the solstices.  
> **username_1**: The question focused on the obliquity component, but I added a footnote about eccentricity.  
> **username_0**: Thanks @MikeG I need to spend a bit of time thinking about this before I could explain it to someone else, or have a useful question about your answer, it's helpful to confirm that the effect relies on the change of position around the orbit.  
> **username_1**: Latest revision may connect a few more dots.  
> **username_0**: @MikeG thanks , I think I get it now. For some reason I hadn't grasped the cumulative nature of the effect ...  

---

