<p>My impression is that for answering your question, one would actually have to run simulations, ideally so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_circulation_model" rel="nofollow noreferrer">global circulation models (GCM)</a>. If this is for a research project, the <a href="http://mitgcm.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MIT GCM</a> would be a good candidate to set up for the atmosphere of Io.
Of course, there are research groups working on that issue, e.g. the <a href="http://cfpl.ae.utexas.edu/simulating-the-atmosphere-of-jupiters-moon-io" rel="nofollow noreferrer">team of Prof. Goldstein at the University of Texas in Austin</a>, and probably some more.</p>
<p>If you think this is like using a sledgehammer to crack a nut, you could also think about local plume modeling, I found a paper entitled <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X18305958" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A new strategy for the estimation of plume height from clast dispersal in various atmospheric and eruptive conditions</a></em> which seems to come along with Matlab code:</p>
<blockquote>
<h3>Highlights [of the quoted paper]</h3>
<ul>
<li>A new revised numerical strategy for the determination of plume height is presented.</li>
<li>Accounting for wind, particle shape, gravitational spreading and climate zone.</li>
<li>Wind significantly affects the clast support envelope of weak and transitional plumes.</li>
<li>The new method is available through a Matlab package and a series of nomograms.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Edit/ Warning.</strong> <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/users/34513/jean-marie-prival">Jean Marie Prival</a> says</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Being a bit familiar with the Rossi et al. (2019) plume model, I don't think it can apply here: it needs isopleth data as input, i.e., it needs maximum grain-size data from multiple locations in the field... (It is generally used to infer maximum plume height of past eruptions for which we don't have direct plume observations/measurements, but only tephra deposits.) Also, the model is parametrized for the Earth: things like particle density, tropopause height, etc., which are all different on Io</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Last but not least, I would aim for some back-of-the-envelope estimates. For such a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_problem" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Fermi estimate</a> we have to make some assumptions about the plume dynamics, and we also need some numbers. For that purpose, I found an Wired article by Erik Klemetti: <a href="https://www.wired.com/2012/06/just-how-hot-is-ios-surface/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Just How Hot is Io's Volcanic Surface?</a> which might help us to estimate the state of the atmosphere, given by <span class="math-container">$T$</span>, <span class="math-container">$p$</span>, and humidity on Earth and probably <span class="math-container">${\rm SO_2}$</span>-content on Io.</p>
<p>Up to now I sketched 3 approaches to solve the problem in prinicple, without giving an answer. That's why I want to close my post by quoting the above mentioned <a href="https://cfpl.ae.utexas.edu/modeling-volcanic-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-io" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Computational Fluid Physics Laboratory from U Texas</a> which shows the result of their simulations.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/741VK.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/741VK.png" alt="Screenshot from CFPL at U Texas" /></a></p>
<p>For me it looks like the plume material shoots out of the atmosphere (and probably carying along parts of the atmosphere with it), before slowly setteling down on Io's surface. The plume height in the above picture is about <span class="math-container">${145 \rm km}$</span>, <a href="https://astrokramkiste.de/jupitermond-io" rel="nofollow noreferrer">other websites</a> report plumes of <span class="math-container">${300 \rm km}$</span> height. It is a global phenomena which influences the overall atmosphere, probably causing wave-pattern all over the moon's atmosphere.</p>
<h3>Related</h3>
<ul>
<li>I asked <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/40610/characteristics-of-venus-jet-streams">Characteristics of Venus&#39; jet streams?</a> which about the atmosphere on another object, but touches the same issue of running GCMs for other celestrial objects with atmosphere.</li>
<li>I also found <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JE005025" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The collapse of Io's primary atmosphere in Jupiter eclipse</a> pretty interesting. The following paragraph supports my hypothesis that the volcanic plumes shoot out into the exosphere, as well as your statement, <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/users/34459/ioannes">Ioannes</a>, that the atmosphere is <em>highly</em> variable.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>If the predominately <span class="math-container">${\rm SO_2}$</span> atmosphere is in vapor pressure equilibrium with the large reservoir <span class="math-container">${\rm SO_2}$</span> ice that covers much of Io's surface, as Io enters eclipse and is no longer heated by the Sun, the decreasing surface temperatures will cause the primary atmosphere to collapse out onto the surface [Saur and Strobel, 2004]. The atmosphere, with a scale height of 10 km, would transition from a collisionally thick atmosphere, with a mean free path (l) = 1 m, to an exospheric atmosphere (l ~100 km). Conversely, if the atmosphere remains constant during eclipse, it would point to a volcanically supported atmosphere.</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-03-04T10:02:25.423Z
2021-03-04T14:34:51.637Z
2021-03-04T14:34:51.637Z
B--rian
<p>Io's surface air pressure is about <span class="math-container">$0.3 {\rm mPa}$</span> but Io's atmosphere is <em>strongly variable</em>, depending on whether it's on the near side or far side of Io (relative to Jupiter) and it collapses at night. When it's heated up, it rises again, and so it also gets thicker in Io's volcanic plumes.</p>
<p>I'd like to know just <strong>what does happen with the atmosphere above a volcanic crater during an eruption?</strong> How much thicker does it get?</p>
<p>The eruption temperatures reach <span class="math-container">${\rm 1\,300^\circ C} \, (2 \,400 {\rm F} )$</span>.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-03-01T08:46:55.337Z
This paper could be helpful, although there is not much about thickness in it: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.021
Jean-Marie Prival
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-03-02T09:28:02.077Z
Does anybody know, how high the volcanos on Io get? I assume [orographic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orographic_lift) would play a role if the volcanos are mountains.
B--rian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-03-02T11:06:20.920Z
I guess you all know [the wikipage on Volcanism on Io](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io#Eruption_styles) which says: *"These plumes are usually less than 100 kilometres tall with eruption velocities around 0.5 kilometres per second".*  Are you after the plume dynamics? Or do you want to know what the plumes do with the rest of the atmosphere.
B--rian
<planetary-atmosphere><temperature><volcanism><io>
How does Io's atmosphere behave locally near volcanic plumes?
Ioannes
# How does Io's atmosphere behave locally near volcanic plumes?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-07-19)

Io's surface air pressure is about $0.3 {\rm mPa}$ but Io's atmosphere is *strongly variable*, depending on whether it's on the near side or far side of Io (relative to Jupiter) and it collapses at night. When it's heated up, it rises again, and so it also gets thicker in Io's volcanic plumes.

I'd like to know just **what does happen with the atmosphere above a volcanic crater during an eruption?** How much thicker does it get?

The eruption temperatures reach ${\rm 1\,300^\circ C} \, (2 \,400 {\rm F} )$.

**Tags:** planetary-atmosphere, temperature, volcanism, io

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: This paper could be helpful, although there is not much about thickness in it: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.021  
> **username_2**: Does anybody know, how high the volcanos on Io get? I assume [orographic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orographic_lift) would play a role if the volcanos are mountains.  
> **username_2**: I guess you all know [the wikipage on Volcanism on Io](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io#Eruption_styles) which says: *"These plumes are usually less than 100 kilometres tall with eruption velocities around 0.5 kilometres per second".*  Are you after the plume dynamics? Or do you want to know what the plumes do with the rest of the atmosphere.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2021-03-04. Score: 3

My impression is that for answering your question, one would actually have to run simulations, ideally so-called [global circulation models (GCM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_circulation_model). If this is for a research project, the [MIT GCM](http://mitgcm.org/) would be a good candidate to set up for the atmosphere of Io.
Of course, there are research groups working on that issue, e.g. the [team of Prof. Goldstein at the University of Texas in Austin](http://cfpl.ae.utexas.edu/simulating-the-atmosphere-of-jupiters-moon-io), and probably some more.

If you think this is like using a sledgehammer to crack a nut, you could also think about local plume modeling, I found a paper entitled *[A new strategy for the estimation of plume height from clast dispersal in various atmospheric and eruptive conditions](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X18305958)* which seems to come along with Matlab code:

> ### Highlights [of the quoted paper]
>
> * A new revised numerical strategy for the determination of plume height is presented.
> * Accounting for wind, particle shape, gravitational spreading and climate zone.
> * Wind significantly affects the clast support envelope of weak and transitional plumes.
> * The new method is available through a Matlab package and a series of nomograms.

**Edit/ Warning.** [Jean Marie Prival](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/users/34513/jean-marie-prival) says

> Being a bit familiar with the Rossi et al. (2019) plume model, I don't think it can apply here: it needs isopleth data as input, i.e., it needs maximum grain-size data from multiple locations in the field... (It is generally used to infer maximum plume height of past eruptions for which we don't have direct plume observations/measurements, but only tephra deposits.) Also, the model is parametrized for the Earth: things like particle density, tropopause height, etc., which are all different on Io

Last but not least, I would aim for some back-of-the-envelope estimates. For such a [Fermi estimate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_problem) we have to make some assumptions about the plume dynamics, and we also need some numbers. For that purpose, I found an Wired article by Erik Klemetti: [Just How Hot is Io's Volcanic Surface?](https://www.wired.com/2012/06/just-how-hot-is-ios-surface/) which might help us to estimate the state of the atmosphere, given by $T$, $p$, and humidity on Earth and probably ${\rm SO\_2}$-content on Io.

Up to now I sketched 3 approaches to solve the problem in prinicple, without giving an answer. That's why I want to close my post by quoting the above mentioned [Computational Fluid Physics Laboratory from U Texas](https://cfpl.ae.utexas.edu/modeling-volcanic-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-io) which shows the result of their simulations.

[![Screenshot from CFPL at U Texas](https://i.sstatic.net/741VK.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/741VK.png)

For me it looks like the plume material shoots out of the atmosphere (and probably carying along parts of the atmosphere with it), before slowly setteling down on Io's surface. The plume height in the above picture is about ${145 \rm km}$, [other websites](https://astrokramkiste.de/jupitermond-io) report plumes of ${300 \rm km}$ height. It is a global phenomena which influences the overall atmosphere, probably causing wave-pattern all over the moon's atmosphere.

### Related

* I asked [Characteristics of Venus' jet streams?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/40610/characteristics-of-venus-jet-streams) which about the atmosphere on another object, but touches the same issue of running GCMs for other celestrial objects with atmosphere.
* I also found [The collapse of Io's primary atmosphere in Jupiter eclipse](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JE005025) pretty interesting. The following paragraph supports my hypothesis that the volcanic plumes shoot out into the exosphere, as well as your statement, [username_0](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/users/34459/ioannes), that the atmosphere is *highly* variable.

> If the predominately ${\rm SO\_2}$ atmosphere is in vapor pressure equilibrium with the large reservoir ${\rm SO\_2}$ ice that covers much of Io's surface, as Io enters eclipse and is no longer heated by the Sun, the decreasing surface temperatures will cause the primary atmosphere to collapse out onto the surface [Saur and Strobel, 2004]. The atmosphere, with a scale height of 10 km, would transition from a collisionally thick atmosphere, with a mean free path (l) = 1 m, to an exospheric atmosphere (l ~100 km). Conversely, if the atmosphere remains constant during eclipse, it would point to a volcanically supported atmosphere.


---

