<p>Interesting questions! I'm not sure if I can answer your questions fully, but I'll share what I know and have found.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Is the term Ellerman bombs really widely used?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In the field of heliophysics, the phrase &quot;Ellerman bomb&quot; is more or less widely used, in the sense that various approaches to understanding the phenomenon use the term. For some examples, there are studies that try to interpret observed solar activity as Ellerman bombs (EBs): <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/125" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> studying magnetic reconnection, and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-018-0551-0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> studying UV bursts, and here they interpret the &quot;rapidly flickering, flame-like features that appear intermittently in the wings of the Balmer Hα line... that outline the magnetic network&quot; as EBs. Just a few examples among a rich literature that is still active and has been for <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1987SoPh..108..227Z" rel="nofollow noreferrer">decades</a>. And <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/09/aa21632-13/aa21632-13.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> where they study the dynamics of EBs in the context of sunspot dynamics and they observe three EBs.</p>
<p>I found that sometimes they are referred to as &quot;moustaches&quot; of sunspots ;) (e.g. see the conclusion section of <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/09/aa21632-13/aa21632-13.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Is there a commonly accepted definition?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Yes. The second paper cited above has a brief historical overview of Ellerman bombs in their section 3.6. In the first paper cited above, the precise definition of the Ellerman bomb is given: &quot;Ellerman  bombs were first observed by Ellerman (1917) and are small-scale    (1′′ or less), short-lived (2–15  minutes), impulsive events detected in the lower  solar atmosphere.&quot;</p>
<p>The current paradigm for understanding the emergence of EBs (and sunspots and other solar surface phenomena in general) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection#Solar_atmosphere" rel="nofollow noreferrer">magnetic reconnection</a> in the solar atmosphere, which was greatly bolstered by the advent of direct imaging techniques, e.g., the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager#Findings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Hi-C</a> observations and <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4685" rel="nofollow noreferrer">subsequent studies</a> (circa 2012).</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Also: How exactly have their locations been identified in the picture above?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is a technical question. First, usually the H<span class="math-container">$\alpha$</span> spectral line of the region of interest of the Sun is checked, and EBs are identified as bright features in the wings of the H<span class="math-container">$\alpha$</span> spectral line. (The spectral region within the halfwidth (FWHM) is called the &quot;kernel&quot; of the line, and the regions outside are the line &quot;wings&quot;.)</p>
<p>More fully, time sequences of H<span class="math-container">$\alpha$</span> and infrared are used to obtain magnetic field information of the region of interest, and other information, e.g., polarimetry, are obtained. Then correlations between the magnetic field structure and polarimetry are searched for, which, if found, can be used to more precisely identify the mini-sunspots known as EBs. At the <a href="https://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?day=30&amp;month=06&amp;year=2021&amp;view=view" rel="nofollow noreferrer">spaceweather.com</a> site the image in the OP is from, they provide another image that helps illustrate this:
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Kv7RG.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Kv7RG.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>In trying to explain the EBs, they are usually explained as points of magnetic reconnection near a sunspot that are less intense and smaller in extent than the sunspot. Typically, i.e. the abstract of <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/09/aa21632-13/aa21632-13.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a>, the EBs are observed to form in magnetic field configurations with close and opposite polarimetry, which is <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7756" rel="nofollow noreferrer">suspected</a> to be a point of magnetic reconnection in the low solar atmosphere.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-01T15:27:12.420Z
2021-07-01T16:45:57.130Z
2021-07-01T16:45:57.130Z
Daddy Kropotkin
<p>Have you ever heard about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerman_bombs" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ellerman bombs</a>? Spaceweather.com talks about them on their news page. You could see some of them around sunspot AR2835:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/uBYF2.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/uBYF2.png" alt="Ellerman bomb locations" /></a></p>
<p>Ellerman bombs are magnetic explosions about one-millionth as powerful as true solar flares. They are named after physicist Ferdinand Ellerman who studied <a href="http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/pdf/1917ApJ....46..298E" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the tiny blasts</a> in the early 20th century. Of course, &quot;tiny&quot; is relative. A single Ellerman bomb releases about <span class="math-container">$10^{26} {\rm ergs}$</span> of energy--equal to about 100,000 World War II atomic bombs.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>My question:</strong> Is the term <strong>Ellerman bombs</strong> really used <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=ellermann+bomb&amp;btnG=" rel="nofollow noreferrer">widely used</a>? Is there a commonly accepted definition? Also: How exactly have their locations been identified in the picture above?</p>

<the-sun><magnetic-field><definition><sunspots>
What are Ellerman bombs and how can we identify them?
B--rian
# What are Ellerman bombs and how can we identify them?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-06-30)

Have you ever heard about [Ellerman bombs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerman_bombs)? Spaceweather.com talks about them on their news page. You could see some of them around sunspot AR2835:

> [![Ellerman bomb locations](https://i.sstatic.net/uBYF2.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/uBYF2.png)
>
> Ellerman bombs are magnetic explosions about one-millionth as powerful as true solar flares. They are named after physicist Ferdinand Ellerman who studied [the tiny blasts](http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/pdf/1917ApJ....46..298E) in the early 20th century. Of course, "tiny" is relative. A single Ellerman bomb releases about $10^{26} {\rm ergs}$ of energy--equal to about 100,000 World War II atomic bombs.

**My question:** Is the term **Ellerman bombs** really used [widely used](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=ellermann+bomb&btnG=)? Is there a commonly accepted definition? Also: How exactly have their locations been identified in the picture above?

**Tags:** the-sun, magnetic-field, definition, sunspots


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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-07-01. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

Interesting questions! I'm not sure if I can answer your questions fully, but I'll share what I know and have found.

> Is the term Ellerman bombs really widely used?

In the field of heliophysics, the phrase "Ellerman bomb" is more or less widely used, in the sense that various approaches to understanding the phenomenon use the term. For some examples, there are studies that try to interpret observed solar activity as Ellerman bombs (EBs): [here](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/125) studying magnetic reconnection, and [here](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-018-0551-0) studying UV bursts, and here they interpret the "rapidly flickering, flame-like features that appear intermittently in the wings of the Balmer Hα line... that outline the magnetic network" as EBs. Just a few examples among a rich literature that is still active and has been for [decades](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1987SoPh..108..227Z). And [here](https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/09/aa21632-13/aa21632-13.html) where they study the dynamics of EBs in the context of sunspot dynamics and they observe three EBs.

I found that sometimes they are referred to as "moustaches" of sunspots ;) (e.g. see the conclusion section of [here](https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/09/aa21632-13/aa21632-13.html).)

> Is there a commonly accepted definition?

Yes. The second paper cited above has a brief historical overview of Ellerman bombs in their section 3.6. In the first paper cited above, the precise definition of the Ellerman bomb is given: "Ellerman bombs were first observed by Ellerman (1917) and are small-scale (1′′ or less), short-lived (2–15 minutes), impulsive events detected in the lower solar atmosphere."

The current paradigm for understanding the emergence of EBs (and sunspots and other solar surface phenomena in general) is [magnetic reconnection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection#Solar_atmosphere) in the solar atmosphere, which was greatly bolstered by the advent of direct imaging techniques, e.g., the [Hi-C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Resolution_Coronal_Imager#Findings) observations and [subsequent studies](https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4685) (circa 2012).

> Also: How exactly have their locations been identified in the picture above?

This is a technical question. First, usually the H$\alpha$ spectral line of the region of interest of the Sun is checked, and EBs are identified as bright features in the wings of the H$\alpha$ spectral line. (The spectral region within the halfwidth (FWHM) is called the "kernel" of the line, and the regions outside are the line "wings".)

More fully, time sequences of H$\alpha$ and infrared are used to obtain magnetic field information of the region of interest, and other information, e.g., polarimetry, are obtained. Then correlations between the magnetic field structure and polarimetry are searched for, which, if found, can be used to more precisely identify the mini-sunspots known as EBs. At the [spaceweather.com](https://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?day=30&month=06&year=2021&view=view) site the image in the OP is from, they provide another image that helps illustrate this:
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Kv7RG.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/Kv7RG.png)

In trying to explain the EBs, they are usually explained as points of magnetic reconnection near a sunspot that are less intense and smaller in extent than the sunspot. Typically, i.e. the abstract of [this](https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/09/aa21632-13/aa21632-13.html), the EBs are observed to form in magnetic field configurations with close and opposite polarimetry, which is [suspected](https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7756) to be a point of magnetic reconnection in the low solar atmosphere.


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