<p>By request:</p>
<p>Beyond the fact that the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a direct prediction of the big bang model, there is the question of how you would produce it in any other way. It is <em>remarkably</em> close to being isotropic and <em>remarkably</em> close to being a blackbody spectrum - i.e. it is almost a perfect blackbody radiation field.</p>
<p>A blackbody radiation field is emitted by material in complete thermodynamic equilibrium (CTE). An example would be the <em>interior</em> of a star. A requirement for (CTE) is that the matter and radiation field are characterised by the same temperature and that the material is &quot;optically thick&quot; - meaning that it is opaque to that radiation at basically all wavelengths.</p>
<p>Given that the universe is mainly made up of hydrogen, helium and (presently) traces of heavier elements, we can ask how is it possible to produce a perfect blackbody radiation field? Cold hydrogen and helium are <em>transparent</em> to microwaves. To make them opaque they need to be ionised, so that the free electrons can be a source of opacity at all wavelengths via Thomson scattering. But this requires much higher temperatures - about 3000 K.</p>
<p>How do we uniformly raise the temperature of a gas (adiabatically - i.e. without adding heat)? By squeezing it. A smaller, denser universe would be hot enough to have ionised hydrogen and would be opaque to the radiation within it. As it expanded and cooled, the electrons combined with protons to form atoms and the universe becomes transparent, but filled with a perfect blackbody radiation spectrum. The light, originally at a temperature of 3000 K and mainly in the visible and infrared, has had its wavelengths stretched by a factor of 1100 by expansion of the universe, meaning we now see it mainly as microwaves.</p>
<p>Additional evidence for this model is that the radiation field is not absolutely isotropic. These small ripples encode information such as the expansion rate of the universe at the time of (re)combination and the density of matter. When inferred from measurements, these parameters agree very closely with other determinations that are independent of the CMB, such as  the Hubble redshift distance relationship and estimates of the primordial abundance of Deuterium and Helium.</p>
<p>There is now direct evidence that the CMB was hotter in the past and by exactly the amount predicted by an adiabatic expansion. The source of this evidence is measurements of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev%E2%80%93Zeldovich_effect" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect</a> towards galaxy clusters (e.g. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...705.1122L/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Luzzi et al. 2009</a>); or more precisely by probing the excitation conditions in gas clouds at high redshift using even more distant quasars as probes (e.g. <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/18/aa09727-08/aa09727-08.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Srianand et al. 2008</a>. These measurements tell us how hot the radiation field <em>was</em> for those galaxies. A recent paper by <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12467" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Li et al. (2021)</a> uses the S-Z effect to show that the CMB temperature varies as <span class="math-container">$T_0 (1+z)^{1-\alpha}$</span>, with <span class="math-container">$\alpha = 0.017^{+0.029}_{-0.032}$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$\alpha = 0$</span> for an adiabatic expansion; i.e., consistent with the prediction to 3%.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-20T11:53:21.397Z
2022-06-19T06:56:13.437Z
2022-06-19T06:56:13.437Z
ProfRob
<p>In his book <a href="https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gravitation and cosmology</a>, <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/weinberg/biographical/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Steven Weinberg</a> says that CMB makes it  &quot;difficult to doubt that the universe has evolved from a hotter, denser early stage&quot;.</p>
<p>In my understanding, the CMB is just a peculiar isotropic radiation representing a black body at ~ 2.7K.</p>
<p>How and why does CMB point to the early Universe being hotter and denser?</p>
<p>[The interested reader may refer to answers on <a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/530411/why-is-cmb-an-evidence-of-hotter-and-denser-early-universe">Physics SE</a>.]</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-05T09:58:57.807Z
Because it does only if we roll back current observation. Let alone I think you are right. It could be a spherical envelope having that T.
Alchimista
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-25T18:34:34.863Z
Same question answered on Physics SE https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/530411/why-is-cmb-an-evidence-of-hotter-and-denser-early-universe
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-20T10:25:02.597Z
@RobJeffries Sir, could you please also copy the answer here, since links can die in the future? Also, I would be able to accept it and it would benefit the community here.
Ritesh Singh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-20T11:32:54.113Z
@RobJeffries Sir, this question was asked more than 1 week before the Physics SE one. And from the upvotes, it is clear that the community here was interested to know the answer. I am really not sure how does it harm the community here or there if they are able to satisfy their curiosity. I do understand that in many cases, cross-posting may not be good, but I believe that this is not one of them.
Ritesh Singh
<expansion><big-bang-theory><cosmic-microwave-background><early-universe>
Why is the Cosmic Microwave Background evidence of a hotter, denser early Universe?
Ritesh Singh
# Why is the Cosmic Microwave Background evidence of a hotter, denser early Universe?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-02-04)

In his book [Gravitation and cosmology](https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/), [Steven Weinberg](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/weinberg/biographical/) says that CMB makes it "difficult to doubt that the universe has evolved from a hotter, denser early stage".

In my understanding, the CMB is just a peculiar isotropic radiation representing a black body at ~ 2.7K.

How and why does CMB point to the early Universe being hotter and denser?

[The interested reader may refer to answers on [Physics SE](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/530411/why-is-cmb-an-evidence-of-hotter-and-denser-early-universe).]

**Tags:** expansion, big-bang-theory, cosmic-microwave-background, early-universe

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Because it does only if we roll back current observation. Let alone I think you are right. It could be a spherical envelope having that T.  
> **username_2**: Same question answered on Physics SE https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/530411/why-is-cmb-an-evidence-of-hotter-and-denser-early-universe  
> **username_0**: @RobJeffries Sir, could you please also copy the answer here, since links can die in the future? Also, I would be able to accept it and it would benefit the community here.  
> **username_0**: @RobJeffries Sir, this question was asked more than 1 week before the Physics SE one. And from the upvotes, it is clear that the community here was interested to know the answer. I am really not sure how does it harm the community here or there if they are able to satisfy their curiosity. I do understand that in many cases, cross-posting may not be good, but I believe that this is not one of them.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-05-20. Score: 10 | Accepted answer

By request:

Beyond the fact that the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a direct prediction of the big bang model, there is the question of how you would produce it in any other way. It is *remarkably* close to being isotropic and *remarkably* close to being a blackbody spectrum - i.e. it is almost a perfect blackbody radiation field.

A blackbody radiation field is emitted by material in complete thermodynamic equilibrium (CTE). An example would be the *interior* of a star. A requirement for (CTE) is that the matter and radiation field are characterised by the same temperature and that the material is "optically thick" - meaning that it is opaque to that radiation at basically all wavelengths.

Given that the universe is mainly made up of hydrogen, helium and (presently) traces of heavier elements, we can ask how is it possible to produce a perfect blackbody radiation field? Cold hydrogen and helium are *transparent* to microwaves. To make them opaque they need to be ionised, so that the free electrons can be a source of opacity at all wavelengths via Thomson scattering. But this requires much higher temperatures - about 3000 K.

How do we uniformly raise the temperature of a gas (adiabatically - i.e. without adding heat)? By squeezing it. A smaller, denser universe would be hot enough to have ionised hydrogen and would be opaque to the radiation within it. As it expanded and cooled, the electrons combined with protons to form atoms and the universe becomes transparent, but filled with a perfect blackbody radiation spectrum. The light, originally at a temperature of 3000 K and mainly in the visible and infrared, has had its wavelengths stretched by a factor of 1100 by expansion of the universe, meaning we now see it mainly as microwaves.

Additional evidence for this model is that the radiation field is not absolutely isotropic. These small ripples encode information such as the expansion rate of the universe at the time of (re)combination and the density of matter. When inferred from measurements, these parameters agree very closely with other determinations that are independent of the CMB, such as the Hubble redshift distance relationship and estimates of the primordial abundance of Deuterium and Helium.

There is now direct evidence that the CMB was hotter in the past and by exactly the amount predicted by an adiabatic expansion. The source of this evidence is measurements of the [Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev%E2%80%93Zeldovich_effect) towards galaxy clusters (e.g. [Luzzi et al. 2009](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...705.1122L/abstract)); or more precisely by probing the excitation conditions in gas clouds at high redshift using even more distant quasars as probes (e.g. [Srianand et al. 2008](https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/18/aa09727-08/aa09727-08.html). These measurements tell us how hot the radiation field *was* for those galaxies. A recent paper by [Li et al. (2021)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12467) uses the S-Z effect to show that the CMB temperature varies as $T\_0 (1+z)^{1-\alpha}$, with $\alpha = 0.017^{+0.029}\_{-0.032}$, where $\alpha = 0$ for an adiabatic expansion; i.e., consistent with the prediction to 3%.


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