<p>The index of refraction of a plasma is <a href="http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/em/lectures/node100.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the square root of the permittivity</a>:
<span class="math-container">$$n=\sqrt{\epsilon}=\sqrt{1-\frac{\omega_p^2}{\omega^2}},\quad \omega_p\equiv\left(\frac{n_ee^2}{\epsilon_0 m_e}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$</span>
where <span class="math-container">$n_e$</span> is the electron number density and <span class="math-container">$e$</span> is the elementary charge. Note that <span class="math-container">$n$</span> is frequency-dependent, and so the difference in refractive index is wavelength-dependent. A plot at small <span class="math-container">$\omega$</span> indicates that at <span class="math-container">$\omega\gtrsim 10^5\text{ rad s}^{-1}$</span>, this difference is fairly small, and presumably negligible for optical light, where we have <span class="math-container">$\omega\sim10^{16}\text{ rad s}^{-1}$</span>:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Od5Lq.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Od5Lq.png" alt="Plot of refractive index as a function of wavelength for both plasma densities"></a></p>

<p>The area of the spectrum where there <em>is</em> a significant change appears to be beyond even the interest of most radio observations.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-20T00:53:35.517Z
I wonder if it's really beyond interest, or simply *currently out of reach?* I've just asked [What can be learned from low frequency radio astronomy available outside of Earth's ionosphere?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/34412/7982)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-20T00:28:54.913Z
2019-12-20T00:28:54.913Z
HDE 226868
<p>As <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0918-5" rel="nofollow noreferrer">reported by Nature.com</a>, Voyager 1 and 2 detected a 20-fold increase in plasma density going from the heliosphere out to interstellar space. Does that 20-fold difference in density imply a difference in refractive index, and if so, how much?</p>

<p>Here's the abstract of the (paywalled) paper:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>The heliopause is the boundary between the hot heliospheric (solar wind) plasma and the relatively cold interstellar plasma. Pressure balance considerations show that there should be a large (factor of 20 to 50) density increase across the heliopause. Here we report electron density measurements from the Voyager 1 and 2 plasma wave instruments near and beyond the heliopause. The plasma density in the outer heliosphere is typically about 0.002 cm⁻³. The first electron density measured by the Voyager 2 plasma wave instrument in the interstellar medium, 0.039 cm⁻³ ± 15%, was on 30 January 2019 at a heliocentric radial distance of 119.7 au. The density jump, about a factor of 20, confirms that Voyager 2 crossed the heliopause. The new density is very similar to the first density measured in the interstellar medium by the Voyager 1 plasma wave instrument, 0.055 cm⁻³, on 23 October 2013 at a radial distance of 122.6 au. These small differences in the densities and radial distances are probably due to the relative locations of the spacecraft in the boundary layer that forms in the interstellar plasma just beyond the heliopause.</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-12-19T23:30:17.877Z
Phys.org has a [summary](https://phys.org/news/2019-11-voyager-interstellar-space-scientists-plasma.html) of the paper and it lists several other Voyager 2 papers apparently published in the same 04-Nov issue. However in their list they currently have some problem with the links pointing to the wrong DOIs.
uhoh
<optics><interstellar-medium><plasma-physics>
Voyager 1 and 2 detected a 20-fold increase in plasma density, significantly different refractive index?
Gurnt
# Voyager 1 and 2 detected a 20-fold increase in plasma density, significantly different refractive index?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-12-19)

As [reported by Nature.com](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0918-5), Voyager 1 and 2 detected a 20-fold increase in plasma density going from the heliosphere out to interstellar space. Does that 20-fold difference in density imply a difference in refractive index, and if so, how much?

Here's the abstract of the (paywalled) paper:

> The heliopause is the boundary between the hot heliospheric (solar wind) plasma and the relatively cold interstellar plasma. Pressure balance considerations show that there should be a large (factor of 20 to 50) density increase across the heliopause. Here we report electron density measurements from the Voyager 1 and 2 plasma wave instruments near and beyond the heliopause. The plasma density in the outer heliosphere is typically about 0.002 cm⁻³. The first electron density measured by the Voyager 2 plasma wave instrument in the interstellar medium, 0.039 cm⁻³ ± 15%, was on 30 January 2019 at a heliocentric radial distance of 119.7 au. The density jump, about a factor of 20, confirms that Voyager 2 crossed the heliopause. The new density is very similar to the first density measured in the interstellar medium by the Voyager 1 plasma wave instrument, 0.055 cm⁻³, on 23 October 2013 at a radial distance of 122.6 au. These small differences in the densities and radial distances are probably due to the relative locations of the spacecraft in the boundary layer that forms in the interstellar plasma just beyond the heliopause.

**Tags:** optics, interstellar-medium, plasma-physics

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Phys.org has a [summary](https://phys.org/news/2019-11-voyager-interstellar-space-scientists-plasma.html) of the paper and it lists several other Voyager 2 papers apparently published in the same 04-Nov issue. However in their list they currently have some problem with the links pointing to the wrong DOIs.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2019-12-20. Score: 1

The index of refraction of a plasma is [the square root of the permittivity](http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/em/lectures/node100.html):
$$n=\sqrt{\epsilon}=\sqrt{1-\frac{\omega\_p^2}{\omega^2}},\quad \omega\_p\equiv\left(\frac{n\_ee^2}{\epsilon\_0 m\_e}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
where $n\_e$ is the electron number density and $e$ is the elementary charge. Note that $n$ is frequency-dependent, and so the difference in refractive index is wavelength-dependent. A plot at small $\omega$ indicates that at $\omega\gtrsim 10^5\text{ rad s}^{-1}$, this difference is fairly small, and presumably negligible for optical light, where we have $\omega\sim10^{16}\text{ rad s}^{-1}$:

[![Plot of refractive index as a function of wavelength for both plasma densities](https://i.sstatic.net/Od5Lq.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/Od5Lq.png)

The area of the spectrum where there *is* a significant change appears to be beyond even the interest of most radio observations.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I wonder if it's really beyond interest, or simply *currently out of reach?* I've just asked [What can be learned from low frequency radio astronomy available outside of Earth's ionosphere?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/34412/7982)  

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