<p>The azimuth of the sunrise (or sunset, or any object) is a function of the Sun's declination and observer's latitude. It can be calculated from the following forumla:
<span class="math-container">$$\cos(\theta_R)=-\frac{\sin(declination)}{\cos(latitude)}$$</span>
where <span class="math-container">$\theta_R$</span> is measured from due south to the location where the object rises or sets. </p>

<p>For example, at 55 degrees north latitude,</p>

<ul>
<li>declination = 0 at equinox (by definition), so <span class="math-container">$\theta_R$</span> = 90 degrees from due south (90 degrees azimuth or due East when rising, 270 degrees or due west when setting).</li>
<li>declination = 23.4 (approximately) at the summer solstice, so <span class="math-container">$\theta_R$</span> = 133.8 degrees from due south (or an azimuth of 46.2 when rising, azimuth 313.8 when setting). [The declination at the solstice is plus or minus the obliquity of the ecliptic which is 23° 26′ 21″ = 23.4392° in the year 2000 and changes slowly.]</li>
<li>Half way between those two points on the horizon is (90+133.8)/2 = 111.9 degrees from due south. Solving the equation for the declination gives a value of declination = 12.4 degrees.</li>
<li>Now find the date when the Sun's declination is +12.4 degrees (April 23 and August 24 according to <a href="http://www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~luo/EAS488/Table_Declination_of_the_Sun.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Table of the Sun's Declination</a>).</li>
</ul>

<p>Of course, the Sun will not be at the exact required declination at the time that it is rising (or setting), so you will want to select the date when the sunrise or sunset is closest. It will be accurate enough for most visual observations.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-03-03T15:58:09.283Z
Thank you for this. While I now understand better what the calculation needs to be, I am no closer to understanding how to apply that to the code snippet. There are just to many unknown numbers in the calculations.
Mark Jones
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-03-04T01:30:59.203Z
@MarkJones. I should have mentioned that the Sun's declination is always 0 at the equinox and always +23.45 or -23.45 at the solstice. After using the above formula to calculate the azimuth and declination of the sun "half way between" the equinox and solstice, the only calculation is to find the date on which the Sun's declination matches the desired declination. I assume the library has a calculation of the Sun's declination. It does not change much from year to year, so a simple table and lookup would be sufficient for most purposes.
JohnHoltz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-02-26T18:03:52.693Z
2019-03-04T01:36:34.533Z
2019-03-04T01:36:34.533Z
JohnHoltz
<p>I am pretty new to astronomy, and I have fallen down rabbit hole creating a new Metonic calendar in Javascript. </p>

<p>As part of this I would like to calculate when the sun is half way between a solstice and an equinox as viewed on a horison. Forgive me if my terminology is off but I believe this is known as the azimuth.</p>

<p>My issue is that I do not know what the correct values are. I am already  calculating the solstice and equinoxes using the suncalc javascript library</p>

<p><a href="https://github.com/mourner/suncalc" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/mourner/suncalc</a></p>

<p>in this code are the following 4 lines that determine the solstices and equinoxes. 0 is the spring equinox and 3 is the winter solstice.</p>

<pre><code>switch( k ) {
     case 0: JDE0 = 2451623.80984 + 365242.37404*Y + 0.05169*POW2(Y) - 0.00411*POW3(Y) - 0.00057*POW4(Y); break;
     case 1: JDE0 = 2451716.56767 + 365241.62603*Y + 0.00325*POW2(Y) + 0.00888*POW3(Y) - 0.00030*POW4(Y); break;
     case 2: JDE0 = 2451810.21715 + 365242.01767*Y - 0.11575*POW2(Y) + 0.00337*POW3(Y) + 0.00078*POW4(Y); break;
     case 3: JDE0 = 2451900.05952 + 365242.74049*Y - 0.06223*POW2(Y) - 0.00823*POW3(Y) + 0.00032*POW4(Y); break;
   }
</code></pre>

<p>can anyone help me understand what the values might be to determine the halfway points between these solstice and equinox values?</p>

<p>thank you for your help. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-02-26T15:46:56.317Z
Beware - the sun's travel is an asymmetric figure-8, so "half-way" is not necessarily the calendar's half-way date.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-02-26T15:48:51.740Z
Your link includes a very detailed explanation of each property associated with the answer produced by that function.  Since they are all Javascript `Date`-class objects, you can work out the values yourself easily enough.
Carl Witthoft
<the-sun><azimuth><equinox><sunrise><solstice>
Solar azimuth for celtic fire festivals
Mark Jones
# Solar azimuth for celtic fire festivals

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-02-26)

I am pretty new to astronomy, and I have fallen down rabbit hole creating a new Metonic calendar in Javascript.

As part of this I would like to calculate when the sun is half way between a solstice and an equinox as viewed on a horison. Forgive me if my terminology is off but I believe this is known as the azimuth.

My issue is that I do not know what the correct values are. I am already calculating the solstice and equinoxes using the suncalc javascript library

<https://github.com/mourner/suncalc>

in this code are the following 4 lines that determine the solstices and equinoxes. 0 is the spring equinox and 3 is the winter solstice.

```
switch( k ) {
     case 0: JDE0 = 2451623.80984 + 365242.37404*Y + 0.05169*POW2(Y) - 0.00411*POW3(Y) - 0.00057*POW4(Y); break;
     case 1: JDE0 = 2451716.56767 + 365241.62603*Y + 0.00325*POW2(Y) + 0.00888*POW3(Y) - 0.00030*POW4(Y); break;
     case 2: JDE0 = 2451810.21715 + 365242.01767*Y - 0.11575*POW2(Y) + 0.00337*POW3(Y) + 0.00078*POW4(Y); break;
     case 3: JDE0 = 2451900.05952 + 365242.74049*Y - 0.06223*POW2(Y) - 0.00823*POW3(Y) + 0.00032*POW4(Y); break;
   }

```

can anyone help me understand what the values might be to determine the halfway points between these solstice and equinox values?

thank you for your help.

**Tags:** the-sun, azimuth, equinox, sunrise, solstice

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Beware - the sun's travel is an asymmetric figure-8, so "half-way" is not necessarily the calendar's half-way date.  
> **username_1**: Your link includes a very detailed explanation of each property associated with the answer produced by that function.  Since they are all Javascript `Date`-class objects, you can work out the values yourself easily enough.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2019-02-26. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

The azimuth of the sunrise (or sunset, or any object) is a function of the Sun's declination and observer's latitude. It can be calculated from the following forumla:
$$\cos(\theta\_R)=-\frac{\sin(declination)}{\cos(latitude)}$$
where $\theta\_R$ is measured from due south to the location where the object rises or sets.

For example, at 55 degrees north latitude,

* declination = 0 at equinox (by definition), so $\theta\_R$ = 90 degrees from due south (90 degrees azimuth or due East when rising, 270 degrees or due west when setting).
* declination = 23.4 (approximately) at the summer solstice, so $\theta\_R$ = 133.8 degrees from due south (or an azimuth of 46.2 when rising, azimuth 313.8 when setting). [The declination at the solstice is plus or minus the obliquity of the ecliptic which is 23° 26′ 21″ = 23.4392° in the year 2000 and changes slowly.]
* Half way between those two points on the horizon is (90+133.8)/2 = 111.9 degrees from due south. Solving the equation for the declination gives a value of declination = 12.4 degrees.
* Now find the date when the Sun's declination is +12.4 degrees (April 23 and August 24 according to [Table of the Sun's Declination](http://www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~luo/EAS488/Table_Declination_of_the_Sun.pdf)).

Of course, the Sun will not be at the exact required declination at the time that it is rising (or setting), so you will want to select the date when the sunrise or sunset is closest. It will be accurate enough for most visual observations.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you for this. While I now understand better what the calculation needs to be, I am no closer to understanding how to apply that to the code snippet. There are just to many unknown numbers in the calculations.  
> **username_2**: @username_0. I should have mentioned that the Sun's declination is always 0 at the equinox and always +23.45 or -23.45 at the solstice. After using the above formula to calculate the azimuth and declination of the sun "half way between" the equinox and solstice, the only calculation is to find the date on which the Sun's declination matches the desired declination. I assume the library has a calculation of the Sun's declination. It does not change much from year to year, so a simple table and lookup would be sufficient for most purposes.  

---

