<p>The short answer is "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_friction" rel="noreferrer">dynamical friction</a>": massive objects moving through a field of less massive objects create a "wake" which pulls back on them, leading to loss of energy. Because the SMBHs are much more massive than the stars, the molecules and atoms of the gas, and the dark matter particles (whatever they might be), they are especially prone to this. The net effect is for the SMBHs to lose energy and settle into the center of the (combined) system.</p>

<p>Once they form a binary, they can also lose energy via 3-body encounters with stars near the (combined) galaxy center: a star interacts with the SMBH binary and gains energy (usually ejected from the galaxy core), while the binary loses energy by shrinking. Massive elliptical galaxies often have low-density stellar "cores", which are usually assumed to be the relics of one or more rounds of SMBH-binary mergers. If there is lots of gas in the galaxy center, they binary can also shrink via gravitational interactions with the gas.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-13T18:56:31.190Z
Spectacular explanation, thanks for that.
Fattie
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-12T21:37:19.020Z
2016-04-12T21:37:19.020Z
Peter Erwin
<p>The SMBHs reside in the bottom of the galactic potentials, which are dominated by the galaxies' dark matter halos. But although dark matter dominates gravity, collisions between gas and dust particles in the interstellar medium causes enough friction that the baryonic component of the galaxies is decelerated. This will cause the other components of the galaxies to decelerate as well, through gravitational attraction: traveling through the interstellar medium, the mass (baryonic and non-baryonic) attracted by the SMBH will tend to increase in density behind the SMBH, slowing it down, and effect called <em>dynamical friction</em>.</p>
<p>Moreover, despite dark matter (and, in practice, stars and black holes since they're so small) being collisionless, there are several ways of &quot;relaxing&quot;, i.e. to evolve towards an equilibrium. In the context of galaxy merging, the most important mechanism (I think) is &quot;violent relaxation&quot;, where the rapid change of the gravitational potential causes particles to relax, e.g. more massive particles tend to transfer more energy to their lighter neighbors and so become more tightly bound, sinking towards the center of the gravitational potential.</p>
<p>Although SMBHs are…, well, supermassive, the potential will (usually) be dominated by dark matter, gas, and stars, so the new gravitational potential will also cause the SMBHs to seek towards the bottom in the same fashion, and eventually merge.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-03T19:44:56.750Z
This is a very good question, and actually not as trivial as one might think. This is outside my field, but I think most answers on this topic come from numerical simulations, since the cases that can be solved analytically are too idealized. An unvirialized system, such as two merging galaxies, will evolve to a virialized state, which is _not_ just a collapse of everything. N-body simulations show that in the beginning, the system contracts rapidly (on a time scale of the order of the free-fall time) to a compact configuration, … [cont'd]
pela
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-03T19:45:10.003Z
…after which a series of expansion and contraction phases take place, where particles exchange energy. A significant fraction of particles are also slung out to large radii, resulting in a more extended halo, but I think the SMBHs will merge in inital, compact phase. If you want to know more, I can recommend Mo, Bosch, & White's Galaxy Formation and Evolution, Cha. 5 and 12.4 (you can find a free pdf version).
pela
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T00:31:01.043Z
Nice answer. Also, "Violent relaxation" is one of my favorite astrophysical terms.
Thriveth
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T07:16:55.460Z
@Thriveth: It's my favorite Björk album.
pela
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T07:17:40.340Z
No[,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violently_Happy) wait…
pela
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-07-12T21:04:19.940Z
How much do we know about the expected time scale for the SMBHs to merge?
Keith Thompson
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-07-13T06:47:30.110Z
@KeithThompson: I think its larger for smaller-mass BHs. Something like <Gyr for billion $M_\odot$ BHs, but a few Gyr for million $M_\odot$ BHs. Not exactly sure about these numbers, but at least "cosmological timescales".
pela
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-12-29T21:48:35.123Z
If I understand what you said correctly, then it is not just the SMBH's that would move to the center of the merged galaxies - the stars, gas, and dust in the cores of the progenitor galaxies would also tend to migrate to the new center as well. If so, then the galactic merger could result in a feeding frenzy for the SMBH's, culminating in their own merger. Is that plausible?
asgallant
CC BY-SA 4.0
2015-12-29T13:33:34.993Z
2022-02-24T12:12:14.000Z
2022-02-24T12:12:14.000Z
pela
<p>When listening to podcasts or watching youtube videos of astronomers discussing galaxy mergers, I often hear talk about how the super massive black holes at their centers will themselves merge during or shortly after the collision. Why do we believe this to be the case?</p>

<p>A priori, I would expect SMBH's to behave the same as all other galactic objects. They might be extraordinarily massive, but physically they are still minuscule compared to the vast empty space between stars in a galaxy. Collisions between objects (not counting gigantic clouds of gas and dust) would be extraordinarily rare, so why do we make an exception for the SMBH's?</p>

<p>I could see a case for them merging in the (rare?) instance where the host galaxies hit each other in such a way that the mutual center of mass happens to coincide with their individual centers of mass. In that case, the SMBH's could be close enough to orbit about one another, losing energy to gravitational waves and eventually merging. I would think that this scenario is rather rare, however. I find it more plausible that an average galaxy merger would leave the SMBH's independently orbiting the center of the combined galaxy, too far apart to lose any significant kinetic energy to gravitational waves.</p>

<p>The astronomers who talk about galactic mergers know a heck of a lot more than I do about the subject, so I presume there are flaws in my assumptions or my understanding of the physics. What am I missing?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-10-12T16:43:34.133Z
See also the [final parsec problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_black_hole#Final-parsec_problem).
Charles Staats
<galaxy><supermassive-black-hole>
Why do we believe that the super massive black holes at the centers of two merging galaxies would themselves merge?
asgallant
# Why do we believe that the super massive black holes at the centers of two merging galaxies would themselves merge?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2015-12-29)

When listening to podcasts or watching youtube videos of astronomers discussing galaxy mergers, I often hear talk about how the super massive black holes at their centers will themselves merge during or shortly after the collision. Why do we believe this to be the case?

A priori, I would expect SMBH's to behave the same as all other galactic objects. They might be extraordinarily massive, but physically they are still minuscule compared to the vast empty space between stars in a galaxy. Collisions between objects (not counting gigantic clouds of gas and dust) would be extraordinarily rare, so why do we make an exception for the SMBH's?

I could see a case for them merging in the (rare?) instance where the host galaxies hit each other in such a way that the mutual center of mass happens to coincide with their individual centers of mass. In that case, the SMBH's could be close enough to orbit about one another, losing energy to gravitational waves and eventually merging. I would think that this scenario is rather rare, however. I find it more plausible that an average galaxy merger would leave the SMBH's independently orbiting the center of the combined galaxy, too far apart to lose any significant kinetic energy to gravitational waves.

The astronomers who talk about galactic mergers know a heck of a lot more than I do about the subject, so I presume there are flaws in my assumptions or my understanding of the physics. What am I missing?

**Tags:** galaxy, supermassive-black-hole

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: See also the [final parsec problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_black_hole#Final-parsec_problem).  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2015-12-29. Score: 11 | Accepted answer

The SMBHs reside in the bottom of the galactic potentials, which are dominated by the galaxies' dark matter halos. But although dark matter dominates gravity, collisions between gas and dust particles in the interstellar medium causes enough friction that the baryonic component of the galaxies is decelerated. This will cause the other components of the galaxies to decelerate as well, through gravitational attraction: traveling through the interstellar medium, the mass (baryonic and non-baryonic) attracted by the SMBH will tend to increase in density behind the SMBH, slowing it down, and effect called *dynamical friction*.

Moreover, despite dark matter (and, in practice, stars and black holes since they're so small) being collisionless, there are several ways of "relaxing", i.e. to evolve towards an equilibrium. In the context of galaxy merging, the most important mechanism (I think) is "violent relaxation", where the rapid change of the gravitational potential causes particles to relax, e.g. more massive particles tend to transfer more energy to their lighter neighbors and so become more tightly bound, sinking towards the center of the gravitational potential.

Although SMBHs are…, well, supermassive, the potential will (usually) be dominated by dark matter, gas, and stars, so the new gravitational potential will also cause the SMBHs to seek towards the bottom in the same fashion, and eventually merge.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: If I understand what you said correctly, then it is not just the SMBH's that would move to the center of the merged galaxies - the stars, gas, and dust in the cores of the progenitor galaxies would also tend to migrate to the new center as well. If so, then the galactic merger could result in a feeding frenzy for the SMBH's, culminating in their own merger. Is that plausible?  
> **username_4**: This is a very good question, and actually not as trivial as one might think. This is outside my field, but I think most answers on this topic come from numerical simulations, since the cases that can be solved analytically are too idealized. An unvirialized system, such as two merging galaxies, will evolve to a virialized state, which is _not_ just a collapse of everything. N-body simulations show that in the beginning, the system contracts rapidly (on a time scale of the order of the free-fall time) to a compact configuration, … [cont'd]  
> **username_4**: …after which a series of expansion and contraction phases take place, where particles exchange energy. A significant fraction of particles are also slung out to large radii, resulting in a more extended halo, but I think the SMBHs will merge in inital, compact phase. If you want to know more, I can recommend Mo, Bosch, & White's Galaxy Formation and Evolution, Cha. 5 and 12.4 (you can find a free pdf version).  
> **username_5**: Nice answer. Also, "Violent relaxation" is one of my favorite astrophysical terms.  
> **username_4**: @username_5: It's my favorite Björk album.  
> **username_4**: No[,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violently_Happy) wait…  
> **username_6**: How much do we know about the expected time scale for the SMBHs to merge?  
> **username_4**: @username_6: I think its larger for smaller-mass BHs. Something like <Gyr for billion $M_\odot$ BHs, but a few Gyr for million $M_\odot$ BHs. Not exactly sure about these numbers, but at least "cosmological timescales".  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2016-04-12. Score: 8

The short answer is "[dynamical friction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_friction)": massive objects moving through a field of less massive objects create a "wake" which pulls back on them, leading to loss of energy. Because the SMBHs are much more massive than the stars, the molecules and atoms of the gas, and the dark matter particles (whatever they might be), they are especially prone to this. The net effect is for the SMBHs to lose energy and settle into the center of the (combined) system.

Once they form a binary, they can also lose energy via 3-body encounters with stars near the (combined) galaxy center: a star interacts with the SMBH binary and gains energy (usually ejected from the galaxy core), while the binary loses energy by shrinking. Massive elliptical galaxies often have low-density stellar "cores", which are usually assumed to be the relics of one or more rounds of SMBH-binary mergers. If there is lots of gas in the galaxy center, they binary can also shrink via gravitational interactions with the gas.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: Spectacular explanation, thanks for that.  

---

