<p>People have been thinking about and a articles have been coming out on this topic.</p>
<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07446" rel="noreferrer">This article</a> states that as many as hundreds of satellites may be visible at once during twilight at certain latitudes.</p>
<p>The IAU has released <a href="https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau2001/" rel="noreferrer">this statement</a>, which is based in part on <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.01992" rel="noreferrer">this article</a>. The exact way Starlink will affect observational astronomy is not yet known, since many things about starlink are not yet known (reflective coating of satellites, exact number,...). The main points of interference for observations in the visible wavelengths (similar studies in radio are still to be done) outlined by the statement are</p>
<ul>
<li>the number of satellites above the horizon at any given time would be between ~1500 and a few thousand</li>
<li>just when the night sky becomes dark, there will be roughly 160 satellites illuminated satellites above 30°, where most observations occur</li>
<li>the trails of the constellation satellites will be bright enough to saturate modern detectors on large telescopes</li>
<li>for the LSST, up to 30% of the 30-second images during twilight hours will be affected</li>
<li>even if the position of the satellites is communicated in advance, making it possible for observatories to schedule their observations based on Starlink, the large number of satellites could add significant and complicated overheads to the scheduling and operation of astronomical observations</li>
</ul>
<p>The impact of starlink on observational astronomy is also outlined in section 4 of <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.10952" rel="noreferrer">this recent article</a>. In addition to the points already mentioned, it indicates that</p>
<ul>
<li>since space telescopes are so costly, difficult to repair and submitted to size and weight constraints, only mature technologies are place on their board. Ground-based observatories are necessary to test new technologies. Because of this, Starlink could impede the development of new kinds of observational instruments</li>
<li>during the summer, the starlink satellites could be visible during the entire night, with a satellite in every square degree, making it impossible to operate a wide-field telescope</li>
<li>wide-field, but also long-exposure-time observations will be impeded</li>
<li>the search for Near-Earth Objects (asteroids that can get close to Earth) relies on spotting differences between two images of the same portion of the sky. Satellites passing through the sky make this more complicated</li>
<li>even if a darker coating makes the satellites invisible to the naked eye, they will still appear in astronomical images (especially in images at wavelengths other than visible), and obscure background objects</li>
<li>these satellites will shine in the radio band, in particular in the 12-18 GHz range, which contains the hydrogen and the hydroxyle (OH) lines. These two lines are very important in radio astronomy, and the communications from the satellites will saturate the detectors</li>
</ul>
<p>See also this <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02480-5" rel="noreferrer">Nature article</a> on the topic.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-20T12:20:37.450Z
2020-08-27T09:24:51.147Z
2020-08-27T09:24:51.147Z
usernumber
<p>tldr; some modelling has been done with a lot more to do, but generally the impact of these constellations is fairly negative, but potentially manageable.</p>

<p>Ok, there's a lot to unpack here. First things first, while people have been aware of Starlink and have thought of it, modelling the impacts to observatories hasn't happened as of yet in quite a few places.</p>

<p>The main observatory which has had modelling done, LSST, released this statement;</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>LSST is particularly sensitive to bright trails of these satellites, due to LSST’s unprecedented product of field-of-view and light collecting area.  Most LSST images will contain such a trail if plans for multiple LEOsat constellations materialize. The first group of Starlink satellites are sufficiently bright during dawn and dusk (when LSST would be surveying) that the trail would exceed sensor saturation, generating uncorrectable artifacts in the data
  <a href="https://www.lsst.org/content/lsst-statement-regarding-increased-deployment-satellite-constellations" rel="noreferrer">LSST Statement</a></p>
</blockquote>

<p>AURA (the owners of LSST) provided some additional information;</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>The LSST Project Science Team has been simulating the potential impacts to LSST observations. Their latest update of preliminary results from November 2019 indicates that (assuming the full deployment of planned satellites) nearly every exposure within two hours of sunset or sunrise would have a satellite streak. During summer months there could be a 40% impact on twilight observing time (less in winter) and saturation of sensors by the satellites can continue well past astronomical twilight. Because of scattered light in the optics by the bright satellites, the scientific usefulness of an entire exposure can sometimes be negated. Detection of near-Earth asteroids, normally surveyed for during twilight, would be particularly impacted. Dark energy surveys are also sensitive to the satellites because of streaks caused in the images. Avoiding saturation of streaks is vital. The LSST team notes that “For the full Starlink constellation, at any one time during the night over 200 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites will be visible. This will increase by the mid-2020s with additional planned constellations of LEO satellites.”
  <a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/news/aura-statement-on-the-starlink-constellation-of-satellites/" rel="noreferrer">AURA Statement</a></p>
</blockquote>

<p>I've found some other astronomy authorities that have released statements relating to the problem at hand, but they don't have that much information as to potential impacts of these constellations.</p>

<p>As of June 2019, the IAU stated that </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>We do not yet understand the impact of thousands of these visible satellites scattered across the night sky
  <a href="https://www.iau.org/news/announcements/detail/ann19035/" rel="noreferrer">IAU Statement</a></p>
</blockquote>

<p>In regards to this lack of information the AAS created this survey is to gather as much information as possible about the impacts to various observatories so that they can be better informed:
<a href="https://aas.org/form/aas-survey-on-satellite-constell" rel="noreferrer">AAS Survey</a>
From what I can tell, the results of the survey aren't out yet and of course when released it will provide a lot of insight into the potential impacts and how to manage them.</p>

<p>These are the properties which the AAS expect of a constellation of 1,584 Starlink satellites. </p>

<ul>
<li>Consider satellites to be visible only when altitude ≥ 30 degrees and in direct 
Sunlight or Earth's penumbra</li>
<li>magnitude 5</li>
<li>satellites cross sky in 4 minutes</li>
<li>6-9 satellites visible at any time during 1-hour starting (ending) at 12-degree -evening (morning) twilight</li>
<li>spatial density on sky ~ 7E-4 deg-2</li>
<li>angular speed across sky ~ 0.5 - 1 degree / sec</li>
</ul>

<p>In regards to radio astronomy, the NRAO were happy enough with SpaceX Starlink, though there might be concerns with other constellations such as Oneweb.
<a href="https://public.nrao.edu/news/nrao-statement-commsats/" rel="noreferrer">NRAO Statement</a>
<a href="https://spacenews.com/radio-astronomers-worried-about-oneweb-interference/" rel="noreferrer">Oneweb concerns</a></p>

<p>In reference to the previous point, all of this comes with the caveat that Starlink is potentially only one of perhaps 4 or 5 LEO constellations. Even if SpaceX acts responsibly you still have to convince all of the others to do so as well, which might be difficult. </p>

<p>SpaceX and AAS are working together on ways of reducing the impact of Starlink to astronomy. <a href="https://aas.org/posts/advocacy/2019/12/aas-works-mitigate-impact-satellite-constellations-ground-based-observing" rel="noreferrer">AAS on mitigating Satellites Constellations impact</a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-22T18:17:01.627Z
What if the satellites were coated with a jet black non reflective material?
Bohemian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-23T02:01:25.660Z
@Bohemian https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/41977/is-starlink-1130-darksat-really-dimmer/41992#41992

I really have to update this answer in light of recent events.
Barry Jenakuns
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-12T11:39:45.070Z
2020-01-13T01:36:50.223Z
2020-01-13T01:36:50.223Z
Barry Jenakuns
<p>I have recently found that people around the world have been posting observations of a line of moving objects in the sky which is very likely to be a part of Starlink satellite constellation, such that there is even a meta question here about them: <a href="https://astronomy.meta.stackexchange.com/q/545/7982">Do we need a notice about billionaire space ventures?</a>.</p>

<p>In 2019, 19 Starlink satellites interrupted the <a href="https://twitter.com/89Marvaz/status/1196356715270291456" rel="noreferrer">observation</a> of an observatory in Chile by showing up in the DECam exposure. By far, 122 satellites have been deployed, but spacex plans to launch more than 12000 satellite to complete its satellite constellation.</p>

<p>There have also been a few specific questions about constellations of satellites and astronomical instruments here and <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/search?q=starlink">they reference Starlink</a>.</p>

<p>However, the following question has not yet been asked point-blank: <strong>How Will Starlink Affect Observational Astronomy?</strong> Is there any citable research or science-based speculation as to the extent that Starlink will influence observational astronomy? Is it possible to address it here now?</p>

<p>According to <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/34219/7982">Did nobody in the Astronomy community think 12,000 new satellites in LEO might be a problem?</a> SpaceX chief operating officer Gwynne Shotwell has said</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>“No one thought of this... We didn’t think of it. The astronomy community didn’t think of it.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Now that some time has passed <em>and people have definitely thought of it</em>, is the likely impact on observational astronomy better understood?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-13T22:02:49.740Z
See also [ESO announcement 19062 dated 19 Dec 2019](https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann19062/?lang).
Douglas Bullis
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-06T18:46:16.297Z
Does this answer your question? [Did nobody in the Astronomy community think 12,000 new satellites in LEO might be a problem?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/34219/did-nobody-in-the-astronomy-community-think-12-000-new-satellites-in-leo-might-b)
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-06T18:46:51.417Z
Hi new fellow!  Please use the search feature to find answers before posting what turns out to be duplicate questions.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-06T20:09:15.627Z
@CarlWitthoft this is *absolutely not* a duplicate of that because there is nothing there that answers this question. Please use the [relevant help page](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/help/duplicates) to find out what an SE duplicate is and what it isn't. This isn't.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-08T00:14:23.597Z
@Carl Witthoft Hello, that question lacks an acceptable answer. Thanks.
Leo Liu
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-08T23:50:04.080Z
[IAU Statement on Satellite Constellations, 03 June 2019](https://www.iau.org/news/announcements/detail/ann19035/)
uhoh
<observational-astronomy><amateur-observing><satellite>
How will Starlink affect observational astronomy?
Leo Liu
# How will Starlink affect observational astronomy?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-01-06)

I have recently found that people around the world have been posting observations of a line of moving objects in the sky which is very likely to be a part of Starlink satellite constellation, such that there is even a meta question here about them: [Do we need a notice about billionaire space ventures?](https://astronomy.meta.stackexchange.com/q/545/7982).

In 2019, 19 Starlink satellites interrupted the [observation](https://twitter.com/89Marvaz/status/1196356715270291456) of an observatory in Chile by showing up in the DECam exposure. By far, 122 satellites have been deployed, but spacex plans to launch more than 12000 satellite to complete its satellite constellation.

There have also been a few specific questions about constellations of satellites and astronomical instruments here and [they reference Starlink](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/search?q=starlink).

However, the following question has not yet been asked point-blank: **How Will Starlink Affect Observational Astronomy?** Is there any citable research or science-based speculation as to the extent that Starlink will influence observational astronomy? Is it possible to address it here now?

According to [Did nobody in the Astronomy community think 12,000 new satellites in LEO might be a problem?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/34219/7982) SpaceX chief operating officer Gwynne Shotwell has said

> “No one thought of this... We didn’t think of it. The astronomy community didn’t think of it.”

Now that some time has passed *and people have definitely thought of it*, is the likely impact on observational astronomy better understood?

**Tags:** observational-astronomy, amateur-observing, satellite

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Does this answer your question? [Did nobody in the Astronomy community think 12,000 new satellites in LEO might be a problem?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/34219/did-nobody-in-the-astronomy-community-think-12-000-new-satellites-in-leo-might-b)  
> **username_2**: Hi new fellow!  Please use the search feature to find answers before posting what turns out to be duplicate questions.  
> **username_3**: @username_2 this is *absolutely not* a duplicate of that because there is nothing there that answers this question. Please use the [relevant help page](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/help/duplicates) to find out what an SE duplicate is and what it isn't. This isn't.  
> **username_0**: @username_2 Hello, that question lacks an acceptable answer. Thanks.  
> **username_3**: [IAU Statement on Satellite Constellations, 03 June 2019](https://www.iau.org/news/announcements/detail/ann19035/)  
> **username_1**: See also [ESO announcement 19062 dated 19 Dec 2019](https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann19062/?lang).  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_5 on 2020-01-12. Score: 17 | Accepted answer

tldr; some modelling has been done with a lot more to do, but generally the impact of these constellations is fairly negative, but potentially manageable.

Ok, there's a lot to unpack here. First things first, while people have been aware of Starlink and have thought of it, modelling the impacts to observatories hasn't happened as of yet in quite a few places.

The main observatory which has had modelling done, LSST, released this statement;

> LSST is particularly sensitive to bright trails of these satellites, due to LSST’s unprecedented product of field-of-view and light collecting area. Most LSST images will contain such a trail if plans for multiple LEOsat constellations materialize. The first group of Starlink satellites are sufficiently bright during dawn and dusk (when LSST would be surveying) that the trail would exceed sensor saturation, generating uncorrectable artifacts in the data
> [LSST Statement](https://www.lsst.org/content/lsst-statement-regarding-increased-deployment-satellite-constellations)

AURA (the owners of LSST) provided some additional information;

> The LSST Project Science Team has been simulating the potential impacts to LSST observations. Their latest update of preliminary results from November 2019 indicates that (assuming the full deployment of planned satellites) nearly every exposure within two hours of sunset or sunrise would have a satellite streak. During summer months there could be a 40% impact on twilight observing time (less in winter) and saturation of sensors by the satellites can continue well past astronomical twilight. Because of scattered light in the optics by the bright satellites, the scientific usefulness of an entire exposure can sometimes be negated. Detection of near-Earth asteroids, normally surveyed for during twilight, would be particularly impacted. Dark energy surveys are also sensitive to the satellites because of streaks caused in the images. Avoiding saturation of streaks is vital. The LSST team notes that “For the full Starlink constellation, at any one time during the night over 200 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites will be visible. This will increase by the mid-2020s with additional planned constellations of LEO satellites.”
> [AURA Statement](https://www.aura-astronomy.org/news/aura-statement-on-the-starlink-constellation-of-satellites/)

I've found some other astronomy authorities that have released statements relating to the problem at hand, but they don't have that much information as to potential impacts of these constellations.

As of June 2019, the IAU stated that

> We do not yet understand the impact of thousands of these visible satellites scattered across the night sky
> [IAU Statement](https://www.iau.org/news/announcements/detail/ann19035/)

In regards to this lack of information the AAS created this survey is to gather as much information as possible about the impacts to various observatories so that they can be better informed:
[AAS Survey](https://aas.org/form/aas-survey-on-satellite-constell)
From what I can tell, the results of the survey aren't out yet and of course when released it will provide a lot of insight into the potential impacts and how to manage them.

These are the properties which the AAS expect of a constellation of 1,584 Starlink satellites.

* Consider satellites to be visible only when altitude ≥ 30 degrees and in direct
  Sunlight or Earth's penumbra
* magnitude 5
* satellites cross sky in 4 minutes
* 6-9 satellites visible at any time during 1-hour starting (ending) at 12-degree -evening (morning) twilight
* spatial density on sky ~ 7E-4 deg-2
* angular speed across sky ~ 0.5 - 1 degree / sec

In regards to radio astronomy, the NRAO were happy enough with SpaceX Starlink, though there might be concerns with other constellations such as Oneweb.
[NRAO Statement](https://public.nrao.edu/news/nrao-statement-commsats/)
[Oneweb concerns](https://spacenews.com/radio-astronomers-worried-about-oneweb-interference/)

In reference to the previous point, all of this comes with the caveat that Starlink is potentially only one of perhaps 4 or 5 LEO constellations. Even if SpaceX acts responsibly you still have to convince all of the others to do so as well, which might be difficult.

SpaceX and AAS are working together on ways of reducing the impact of Starlink to astronomy. [AAS on mitigating Satellites Constellations impact](https://aas.org/posts/advocacy/2019/12/aas-works-mitigate-impact-satellite-constellations-ground-based-observing)

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: What if the satellites were coated with a jet black non reflective material?  
> **username_5**: @username_6 https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/41977/is-starlink-1130-darksat-really-dimmer/41992#41992  I really have to update this answer in light of recent events.  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2020-02-20. Score: 9

People have been thinking about and a articles have been coming out on this topic.

[This article](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07446) states that as many as hundreds of satellites may be visible at once during twilight at certain latitudes.

The IAU has released [this statement](https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau2001/), which is based in part on [this article](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.01992). The exact way Starlink will affect observational astronomy is not yet known, since many things about starlink are not yet known (reflective coating of satellites, exact number,...). The main points of interference for observations in the visible wavelengths (similar studies in radio are still to be done) outlined by the statement are

* the number of satellites above the horizon at any given time would be between ~1500 and a few thousand
* just when the night sky becomes dark, there will be roughly 160 satellites illuminated satellites above 30°, where most observations occur
* the trails of the constellation satellites will be bright enough to saturate modern detectors on large telescopes
* for the LSST, up to 30% of the 30-second images during twilight hours will be affected
* even if the position of the satellites is communicated in advance, making it possible for observatories to schedule their observations based on Starlink, the large number of satellites could add significant and complicated overheads to the scheduling and operation of astronomical observations

The impact of starlink on observational astronomy is also outlined in section 4 of [this recent article](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.10952). In addition to the points already mentioned, it indicates that

* since space telescopes are so costly, difficult to repair and submitted to size and weight constraints, only mature technologies are place on their board. Ground-based observatories are necessary to test new technologies. Because of this, Starlink could impede the development of new kinds of observational instruments
* during the summer, the starlink satellites could be visible during the entire night, with a satellite in every square degree, making it impossible to operate a wide-field telescope
* wide-field, but also long-exposure-time observations will be impeded
* the search for Near-Earth Objects (asteroids that can get close to Earth) relies on spotting differences between two images of the same portion of the sky. Satellites passing through the sky make this more complicated
* even if a darker coating makes the satellites invisible to the naked eye, they will still appear in astronomical images (especially in images at wavelengths other than visible), and obscure background objects
* these satellites will shine in the radio band, in particular in the 12-18 GHz range, which contains the hydrogen and the hydroxyle (OH) lines. These two lines are very important in radio astronomy, and the communications from the satellites will saturate the detectors

See also this [Nature article](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02480-5) on the topic.


---

