<p>In addition to Mark's great answer ...</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Why  are we building larger land-based telescopes instead of launching larger ones into space?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>If you had money for two homes, one near work and a 'summer cottage' in the woods, how would you divide your budget?</p>
<blockquote>
<p>This question is a follow-up to <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11743/do-bigger-telescopes-equal-better-results">Do bigger telescopes equal better results?</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Yes, and I'm not a fan of those answers, perhaps @MarkOlson is also not impressed.</p>
<p>Those answers <em>miss</em> adaptive optics (dismissing it as expensive and not particularly effective) and the ability to <em>easily</em> upgrade everything except the size of the building and main mirror.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>How much bigger does a ground-based mirror have to be to match what a space-based one can do? I guess I'm asking primarily for visible light, but I'm interested in general too.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>It's not so much &quot;how much bigger&quot;, it's &quot;effectively market your idea, secure as much funding as possible, and build the largest building with the biggest main mirror possible&quot;. Dig deep and build what you can, not be upgraded as big as you can - sensors and supercomputers can fix the rest.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I guess on the ground, you're safe from micrometeorites, so it will probably last longer. At what point does it become cheaper to build a telescope on the moon or something?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ground and space-based telescopes are useful, moon-based less so.</p>
<p>When we have &quot;The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme_Corporation" rel="noreferrer">Acme</a> Telescope Company&quot; open their first store on the moon the price to purchase will fall, until then Earth and space-based will be cheaper. With space-based it can meet you halfway for repairs, with ground based (even on the top of a mountain) a repair facility is often close at hand.</p>
<p>At Paranal the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/mmb-coatn-tank-pano4/" rel="noreferrer">mirror maintenance building</a> is located on the mountain top, near the mirrors.</p>
<p>The Scientific America article: <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-the-james-webb-space-telescope-too-big-to-fail/" rel="noreferrer">Is the James Webb Space Telescope &quot;Too Big to Fail?&quot;</a> explains:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“Assuming we make it to the injection trajectory to Earth-Sun L2, of course the next most risky thing is deploying the telescope. And unlike Hubble we can’t go out and fix it. Not even a robot can go out and fix it. So we’re taking a great risk, but for great reward,” Grunsfeld says.</p>
<p>There are, however, <strong>modest efforts being made to make JWST “serviceable” like Hubble,</strong> according to Scott Willoughby, JWST’s program manager at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California. The aerospace firm is NASA’s prime contractor to develop and integrate JWST, and has been tasked with provisioning for a “launch vehicle interface ring” on the telescope that could be “grasped by something,” whether astronaut or remotely operated robot, Willoughby says. If a spacecraft were sent out to L2 to dock with JWST, it could then attempt repairs—or, if the observatory is well-functioning, simply top off its fuel tank to extend its life. But presently no money is budgeted for such heroics. In the event that JWST suffers what those in spaceflight understatedly call a “bad day,” whether due to rocket mishap or deployment glitch or something unforeseen, Grunsfeld says there’s presently an ensemble of in-space observatories, including Hubble, and an ever-expanding collection of powerful ground-based telescopes that would offset such misfortune.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/QVO0C.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/QVO0C.png" alt="LVIR" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Launch Vehicle Interface Ring (LVIR) Forgings (2) delivered</strong></p>
<p>Quote from the &quot;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/mirror_size.html" rel="noreferrer">James Webb Space Telescope</a>&quot; (JWST) website:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The completed primary mirror will be over 2.5 times larger than the diameter of the Hubble Space Telescope's primary mirror, which is 2.4 meters in diameter, but will weigh roughly half as much.</p>
<p>The James Webb Space Telescope will collect light approximately 9 times faster than the Hubble Space Telescope when one takes into account the details of the relative mirror sizes, shapes, and features in each design,&quot; said Eric Smith, JWST program scientist at NASA Headquarters, Washington. The increased sensitivity will allow scientists to see back to when the first galaxies formed just after the Big Bang. The larger telescope will have advantages for all aspects of astronomy and will revolutionize studies of how stars and planetary systems form and evolve.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>See also: &quot;<a href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison_about.html" rel="noreferrer">Webb vs Hubble Telescope</a>&quot;:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>... more distant objects are more highly redshifted, and their light is pushed from the UV and optical into the near-infrared. Thus observations of these distant objects (like the first galaxies formed in the Universe, for example) requires an infrared telescope.</p>
<p>This is the other reason that Webb is not a replacement for Hubble is that its capabilities are not identical. Webb will primarily look at the Universe in the infrared, while Hubble studies it primarily at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths (though it has some infrared capability). Webb also has a much bigger mirror than Hubble. This larger light collecting area means that Webb can peer farther back into time than Hubble is capable of doing. Hubble is in a very close orbit around the earth, while Webb will be 1.5 million kilometers (km) away at the second Lagrange (L2) point.</p>
<p>...</p>
<p><strong>How far will Webb see?</strong></p>
<p>Because of the time it takes light to travel, the further away an object is, the further back in time we are looking.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/FZT5c.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/FZT5c.jpg" alt="Seeing backwards in time." /></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>This illustration compares various telescopes and how far back they are able to see. Essentially, Hubble [HST] can see the equivalent of &quot;toddler galaxies&quot; and Webb Telescope [JWST] will be able see &quot;baby galaxies&quot;. One reason Webb will be able to see the first galaxies is because it is an infrared telescope. The universe (and thus the galaxies in it) is expanding. When we talk about the most distant objects, Einstein’s General Relatively actually comes into play. It tells us that the expansion of the universe means it is the space between objects that actually stretches, causing objects (galaxies) to move away from each other. Furthermore, any light in that space will also stretch, shifting that light's wavelength to longer wavelengths. This can make distant objects very dim (or invisible) at visible wavelengths of light, because that light reaches us as infrared light. Infrared telescopes, like Webb, are ideal for observing these early galaxies.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Updates in adaptive optical techniques are ongoing, see: &quot;<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02881" rel="noreferrer">Fast Coherent Differential Imaging on Ground-Based Telescopes using the Self-Coherent Camera</a>&quot; (7 Jun 2018), by Benjamin L. Gerard, Christian Marois, and Raphaël Galicher:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&quot;We develop the framework for one such method based on the self-coherent camera (SCC) to be applied to ground-based telescopes, called Fast Atmospheric SCC Technique (FAST). We show that with the use of a specially designed coronagraph and coherent differential imaging algorithm, recording images every few milliseconds allows for a subtraction of atmospheric and static speckles while maintaining a close to unity algorithmic exoplanet throughput. Detailed simulations reach a contrast <strong>close to the photon noise limit after 30 seconds for a 1 % bandpass in H band on both 0th and 5th magnitude stars. For the 5th magnitude case, this is about 110 times better in raw contrast than what is currently achieved from ExAO instruments if we extrapolate for an hour of observing time</strong>, illustrating that sensitivity improvement from this method could play an essential role in the future detection and characterization of lower mass exoplanets.&quot;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In short, sometimes they can completely remove the atmosphere. Improvements are coming.</p>
<p>ESO 4LGSF - <a href="http://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/develop/4LGSF.html" rel="noreferrer">Laser Guide Stars Facility</a> - Four lasers are used to create guide stars for the AO.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-13T13:04:41.420Z
A teeny nit:  space-based repairs basically will never happen for those telescopes to be placed at Lagrange points.   Just too far away for humans to go to.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-13T13:30:37.857Z
@CarlWitthoft - Do you refer to this [point](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-the-james-webb-space-telescope-too-big-to-fail/) I made: "With space-based it can meet you halfway for repairs, ..." - My bigger nit is I didn't say to go there or leave it as space garbage if it Hubbles. Way cheaper to fire a retro, meet up a year or two later, make repairs (hopefully not salvage) and push it off. Perhaps you could write a question: Love it or leave it ...
Rob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T01:15:55.077Z
@CarlWitthoft: ...so you're assuming that humans will never travel beyond the innermost part of the Earth's sphere of influence?
Vikki
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T11:55:48.187Z
Use `>` to format quotes instead of backticks, which are intended for inline code.
CodesInChaos
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T12:30:14.113Z
@Sean I think I can safely say not within the operational lifetime of the JWST.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T14:42:57.303Z
Actually, I think that we'll see space-based repairs and upgrades of the next generation of space telescopes. Getting from, say, the Webb's location to high Earth orbit is pretty cheap. If BFR proves out or Blue Origin succeeds and takes the next step, sending a crew to a 100,000 km orbit becomes comparable in cost to an old-style ULA launch to LEO.  And adding 1000 kg to the Webb would allow it to return to that same 100,000 km orbit for servicing using ion engines.  A BFR-style drop in launch costs is an inflection point for space-based astronomy.
Mark Olson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T16:46:21.800Z
@MarkOlson - True. [SpaceX pricing](http://www.spacex.com/about/capabilities) is either U\$62M or U\$90M to send 4,020 or 16,800 kilograms to Mars depending on which vehicle you choose. If it cost 10x that much to send people or a robot to rendezvous in orbit or L2 that would only be 10% of the cost. If your car cost \$30K would you pay \$3K to fix it or take it to the scrap yard, I can't help but think a fair number of people would pay for the repair - especially when you consider the benefit vs. the loss.
Rob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-15T21:12:35.267Z
@Mark Olson: Why send a crew to where you've parked the telescope?  (Since you also have to send a life support system with them, and pay for travel time...) Build a robotic tug that brings it back to LEO, service it there, and take it back.  You could use the same tug for communications satellites &c.
jamesqf
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-22T01:05:24.433Z
@jamesqf moving from a heliocentric orbit to LEO (low Earth orbit) is not only a question of distance, but also of velocity or "delta-v". It's a huge amount of acceleration to do that. JWST was tightly stowed during the rapid acceleration out of the deepest part of Earth's gravitational well so it could do it quickly. I wonder how many years it would take to *carefully and safely* undo that process with the fully deployed optics and delicate thin heat shields? Also, would it then be possible to keep the "cold" side of JWST cold in LEO exposed to the hot Earth while it avoids the hot Sun?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-22T17:10:18.990Z
@uhoh: I don't know the delta-V requirements off the top of my head, either, but I'm willing to bet that it's less than what's needed to ship a repair crew out and back.  The acceleration issues are most relevant to launch.  It would be quite possible (and I think much more efficient) to use an ion engine for orbital transfer.  And of course designing the telescope (or whatever) to be repairable is just a matter of engineering, which IMHO is a lot cheaper than saying "Oops!  Our 10 billion  dollar telescope doesn't work any more because a 4.99 part failed,"
jamesqf
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T20:36:53.467Z
2018-06-14T17:36:21.550Z
2020-06-17T09:47:40.653Z
Rob
<p>Answering your subquestion about building on the moon:
This is subject to the same launch costs and restrictions as a space-based 'scope, plus you have to deal with landing and with gravitational sag.  So the first thing you need is a functioning moon base that can manufacture all components from local raw materials.   Once that's in place (insert large laugh here), you'll still need adaptive optics (as do multi-element scopes like JWebb) for alignment and gravitational sag offsets, but as those are static, you don't need the high-frequency response required on Earth to handle atmospheric aberrations.  You'll want to build on the "dark side" so that Terran light doesn't foul everything up.  </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T15:21:28.990Z
Good answer.  Also, the Moon is dusty, which also adds to costs, since you need to clean the mirror and hope that the dust doesn't foul up delicate mechanisms.
Mark Olson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T15:31:42.913Z
The most popular suggested location is craters near the South Pole, which are in permanent shadow (from Sun & Earth), but have nearby peaks in near permanent light, for power.  I've seen suggestions that a lunar telescope would only have very limited steerability, and basically be designed to look very deep indeed in a small area near the South pole.
Steve Linton
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-13T15:17:45.890Z
"5 tons of comet particles strike the Moon's surface each 24 hours... ejecting moon dust above the Moon."  Not to mention the possibility of one of those striking the telescope.  So still in the realm of Science Fiction for now. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Dust
GlenPeterson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-13T15:21:38.353Z
@GlenPeterson no problem: build a big vacuum cleaner :-) :-)
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T17:00:18.097Z
[It's impractical, see what happens at Paranal](https://www.space.com/37730-how-to-clean-very-large-telescope-mirror-video.html): "Every night the huge mirrors are exposed to the atmosphere ..." ... "They gradually accumulate dust ...  that reduces their reflectivity, making them less effective ... So **they are regularly removed from the telescope, taken down the mountain to the recoating facility, cleaned and finally recoated** with a thin and highly reflective new aluminium layer. The mirror-cleaning process takes eight days ...". As Glen pointed out, the moon has lots of dust.
Rob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-15T00:21:11.477Z
When I visited the South African Large Telescope they used a blower (reverse vacuum cleaner) to remove some of the dust.
TazAstroSpacial
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-15T15:15:49.280Z
@TazAstroSpacial - These are old figures but [SALT's annual budget is U$1M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope), while [Paranal's annual budget is U$19.62M](https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/faq/faq-vlt-paranal/#24) - Air is low cost on Earth, on the moon you would need to compress the atmosphere to accumulate enough pressure or bring a tank of compressed gas. That still leaves problems with scratches and the only *recoating* it offers is a finer layer of dust.
Rob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T15:18:11.530Z
2018-06-12T15:18:11.530Z
Carl Witthoft
<p>Answer to telescopes on the moon. Being on the surface of the moon creates problems as compared to floating freely in space a long way from any planet/moon. Gravity distorts mirrors/mechanics, requires extra engineering to support weight, half sky is blocked by moon at any time, thermal emission from ground, temperature changes with day-night cycle, dust  ... </p>

<p>The far side of the moon would be the best place to do low frequency radio observations. The moon blocks all the emissions from earth.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-15T00:34:49.293Z
2018-06-15T00:34:49.293Z
TazAstroSpacial
<p>It's cheaper.</p>

<p>(1) With adaptive optics you can get 0.1 arc second resolution on the ground (admittedly only on a mountain top with particularly good air flow, but still!). This eliminates one of the major advantages of space until you get above several meters mirror diameter.</p>

<p>(2) Rocket fairings are the shrouds which protect payloads during the supersonic atmospherics speeds reached during launch. A 5 meter fairing is about the largest that can be flown, which limits the size of the one-piece mirrors which can be launched.  (The Dreaded Webb Telescope's mirror is in pieces which will assemble themselves in space -- a <em>very</em> scary and <em>very</em> expensive piece of design.)</p>

<p>(3) Servicing a telescope on the top of Mauna Kea or in the high Chilean Andes is a difficult and expensive process. Servicing a telescope in orbit makes that look like small change.  (Cost comparable to the cost of <em>building</em> a new giant scope on Earth.) And in-orbit servicing can't even be done with current technology except in low earth orbit.</p>

<p>(4) While high resolution is one frontier in astronomy, going deep is another, and going deep requires <em>big</em> mirrors.  A 30 meter mirror on Earth gathers much more light than a 5 meter mirror in space.  The giant terrestrial telescopes simply do a better job of being light buckets for spectroscopy than anything we can yet put into space.</p>

<p>The bottom line is that with the development of adaptive optics, space-based telescopes of currently buildable and launchable size lost their main advantage over ground-based telescopes.  And since they're 10x to 100x the cost, they are simply not worth building for many purposes.</p>

<p>Space based telescopes still hold a significant edge in parts of the spectrum blocked by the atmosphere such as UV and IR (Webb), and for certain tasks involving long-term high accuracy photometry (Kepler) and astrometry (Gaia).  But for general purpose use, the balance seems firmly on the ground's side for large telescopes.</p>

<p>This will change if space flight becomes cheaper -- the SpaceX BFR, for example, with its 9 meter fairing and dramatically lower launch costs, offers great hope for space telescopes.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T16:16:13.590Z
Perhaps add that adaptive optics doesn't really work at visible wavelengths; only near-IR. A space-based telescope is always going to give better angular resolution at visible wavelengths.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T18:09:12.987Z
WRT being better light buckets, you can keep a space-based telescope pointed at the same spot for a long time without much difficulty, e.g. the Hubble deep fields.
jamesqf
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T18:16:15.157Z
@jamessqf: True, but you're using up many, many hours of time on a very expensive instrument.  It's much more efficient to build a bigger telescope on Earth for fewer dollars.  Taking multiple exposures of the same spot and adding them work on Earth as well as in space -- most of the sky is occulted by the Earth at some point int he Hubble's orbit.
Mark Olson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T19:05:49.637Z
@RobJeffries  AO works darn well in the visible, tho' I'll concede that the blue end gets tough to handle.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T20:03:28.660Z
Past a certain point, doesn't deep also require good IR capabilities? I don't think the JWST design was picked out of a hat.
Donald.McLean
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T20:38:49.770Z
@Donald.McLean It depends on what you want to do. The Webb is designed to look 'way back, but a big telescope operating in the visible can do spectroscopy of faint objects out past z=2, and that covers a *very* large number of interesting objects.  The critical thing is that Webb is racing past $9 *billion* dollars, whole the Thirty Meter Telescope is estimated at $1.4 billion.  The Webb's not called "the telescope that ate astronomy" for nothing!
Mark Olson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T20:53:32.380Z
@CarlWitthoft Which large telescopes currently have AO systems that give diffraction-limited imaging at <700nm? I think the performance degrades very significantly below this. Maybe SAXO on the VLT?
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-13T13:03:14.357Z
@RobJeffries  ESO does or will, I think.  I left a certain company named "Adaptive Optics Associates" about 8 years ago, so I don't know what the final performance specs are on the systems said company was installing on a few multi-telescope installations.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-13T14:20:50.933Z
@CarlWitthoft I was hoping for something a little more concrete to justify your (now 3-times) up-voted statement. Certainly 8-years ago there was no visible AO system on a big telescope. However, I extend the same invite to the up-voters. PALM-3000 on the Palomar 5-m? Does this work shortward of 600nm?
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T21:30:39.450Z
@Mark Olson -- you can't do *rest-frame optical* spectroscopy of objects at $z > 2$ from the ground the way you can in space, because different spectral features are redshifted in and out of narrow atmospheric windows. You can't do rest-frame near-IR spectroscopy at all. And of course you can't do a whole range of things for local objects in the mid-IR from the ground. (Why was the Spitzer Space Telescope, with only a 1m mirror, even launched? It certainly wasn't for superior angular resolution.)
Peter Erwin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-15T09:01:10.420Z
@jamesqf Actually, neither space- nor ground-based telescopes expose for much more than ~30 minutes. Rather, multiple exposures are combined to a single image. The HUDF, for instance, used 800 exposures, each of 1200 seconds. The reason is both that bright objects will cause pixels to saturate if exposed for too long, and that the probability cosmic rays ruining a nice image increases with exposure time. But with several shorter exposures, CRs are eliminated by taking the median of many exposures.
pela
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-15T21:06:59.790Z
@Mark Olson: I really can't see that most of the sky would be occulted from Hubble.  Some of it, yes, but there should be areas to the north & south that are not.  And of course you can always point it somewhere else - there's always some area of sky that's visible, while an Earth-based telescope is useable less than half the time.  Then you have the option of parking it somewhere else than LEO...
jamesqf
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-15T23:46:48.497Z
@jamesqf  The context was the supposed problem that Earth-based telescopes wouldn't permit ultra-long exposures. My point was that for an LEO telescope, the same is true: Most of the sky is occulted by the Earth at some point in the telescope's orbit. (Obviously most of the sky is also *visible* at some point in the orbit.)
Mark Olson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-12T12:55:37.173Z
2018-06-12T15:03:52.830Z
2018-06-12T15:03:52.830Z
Mark Olson
<p>This question is a follow-up to <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11743/do-bigger-telescopes-equal-better-results">Do bigger telescopes equal better results?</a></p>

<p>How much bigger does a ground-based mirror have to be to match what a space-based one can do?  I guess I'm asking primarily for visible light, but I'm interested in general too.</p>

<p>I guess on the ground, you're safe from micrometeorites, so it will probably last longer.  At what point does it become cheaper to build a telescope on the moon or something?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-13T23:15:45.737Z
How do airplane-based telescopes compare? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Airborne_Observatory and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy
Shawn V. Wilson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-14T00:32:53.907Z
But in space, you don't have clouds to block your view (well actually you do, but those are big clumps of dust) or airplanes photo bombing you.
Leo Pan
<telescope><space-telescope>
Why are we building larger land-based telescopes instead of launching larger ones into space?
GlenPeterson
# Why are we building larger land-based telescopes instead of launching larger ones into space?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-06-12)

This question is a follow-up to [Do bigger telescopes equal better results?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11743/do-bigger-telescopes-equal-better-results)

How much bigger does a ground-based mirror have to be to match what a space-based one can do? I guess I'm asking primarily for visible light, but I'm interested in general too.

I guess on the ground, you're safe from micrometeorites, so it will probably last longer. At what point does it become cheaper to build a telescope on the moon or something?

**Tags:** telescope, space-telescope

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: How do airplane-based telescopes compare? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Airborne_Observatory and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy  
> **username_2**: But in space, you don't have clouds to block your view (well actually you do, but those are big clumps of dust) or airplanes photo bombing you.  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_7 on 2018-06-12. Score: 74 | Accepted answer

It's cheaper.

(1) With adaptive optics you can get 0.1 arc second resolution on the ground (admittedly only on a mountain top with particularly good air flow, but still!). This eliminates one of the major advantages of space until you get above several meters mirror diameter.

(2) Rocket fairings are the shrouds which protect payloads during the supersonic atmospherics speeds reached during launch. A 5 meter fairing is about the largest that can be flown, which limits the size of the one-piece mirrors which can be launched. (The Dreaded Webb Telescope's mirror is in pieces which will assemble themselves in space -- a *very* scary and *very* expensive piece of design.)

(3) Servicing a telescope on the top of Mauna Kea or in the high Chilean Andes is a difficult and expensive process. Servicing a telescope in orbit makes that look like small change. (Cost comparable to the cost of *building* a new giant scope on Earth.) And in-orbit servicing can't even be done with current technology except in low earth orbit.

(4) While high resolution is one frontier in astronomy, going deep is another, and going deep requires *big* mirrors. A 30 meter mirror on Earth gathers much more light than a 5 meter mirror in space. The giant terrestrial telescopes simply do a better job of being light buckets for spectroscopy than anything we can yet put into space.

The bottom line is that with the development of adaptive optics, space-based telescopes of currently buildable and launchable size lost their main advantage over ground-based telescopes. And since they're 10x to 100x the cost, they are simply not worth building for many purposes.

Space based telescopes still hold a significant edge in parts of the spectrum blocked by the atmosphere such as UV and IR (Webb), and for certain tasks involving long-term high accuracy photometry (Kepler) and astrometry (Gaia). But for general purpose use, the balance seems firmly on the ground's side for large telescopes.

This will change if space flight becomes cheaper -- the SpaceX BFR, for example, with its 9 meter fairing and dramatically lower launch costs, offers great hope for space telescopes.

> **Comments:**
> **username_12**: Perhaps add that adaptive optics doesn't really work at visible wavelengths; only near-IR. A space-based telescope is always going to give better angular resolution at visible wavelengths.  
> **username_8**: WRT being better light buckets, you can keep a space-based telescope pointed at the same spot for a long time without much difficulty, e.g. the Hubble deep fields.  
> **username_7**: @jamessqf: True, but you're using up many, many hours of time on a very expensive instrument.  It's much more efficient to build a bigger telescope on Earth for fewer dollars.  Taking multiple exposures of the same spot and adding them work on Earth as well as in space -- most of the sky is occulted by the Earth at some point int he Hubble's orbit.  
> **username_4**: @RobJeffries  AO works darn well in the visible, tho' I'll concede that the blue end gets tough to handle.  
> **username_13**: Past a certain point, doesn't deep also require good IR capabilities? I don't think the JWST design was picked out of a hat.  
> **username_7**: @username_13 It depends on what you want to do. The Webb is designed to look 'way back, but a big telescope operating in the visible can do spectroscopy of faint objects out past z=2, and that covers a *very* large number of interesting objects.  The critical thing is that Webb is racing past $9 *billion* dollars, whole the Thirty Meter Telescope is estimated at $1.4 billion.  The Webb's not called "the telescope that ate astronomy" for nothing!  
> **username_12**: @username_4 Which large telescopes currently have AO systems that give diffraction-limited imaging at <700nm? I think the performance degrades very significantly below this. Maybe SAXO on the VLT?  
> **username_4**: @RobJeffries  ESO does or will, I think.  I left a certain company named "Adaptive Optics Associates" about 8 years ago, so I don't know what the final performance specs are on the systems said company was installing on a few multi-telescope installations.  
> **username_12**: @username_4 I was hoping for something a little more concrete to justify your (now 3-times) up-voted statement. Certainly 8-years ago there was no visible AO system on a big telescope. However, I extend the same invite to the up-voters. PALM-3000 on the Palomar 5-m? Does this work shortward of 600nm?  
> **username_14**: @username_7 -- you can't do *rest-frame optical* spectroscopy of objects at $z > 2$ from the ground the way you can in space, because different spectral features are redshifted in and out of narrow atmospheric windows. You can't do rest-frame near-IR spectroscopy at all. And of course you can't do a whole range of things for local objects in the mid-IR from the ground. (Why was the Spitzer Space Telescope, with only a 1m mirror, even launched? It certainly wasn't for superior angular resolution.)  
> **username_15**: @username_8 Actually, neither space- nor ground-based telescopes expose for much more than ~30 minutes. Rather, multiple exposures are combined to a single image. The HUDF, for instance, used 800 exposures, each of 1200 seconds. The reason is both that bright objects will cause pixels to saturate if exposed for too long, and that the probability cosmic rays ruining a nice image increases with exposure time. But with several shorter exposures, CRs are eliminated by taking the median of many exposures.  
> **username_8**: @username_7: I really can't see that most of the sky would be occulted from Hubble.  Some of it, yes, but there should be areas to the north & south that are not.  And of course you can always point it somewhere else - there's always some area of sky that's visible, while an Earth-based telescope is useable less than half the time.  Then you have the option of parking it somewhere else than LEO...  
> **username_7**: @username_8  The context was the supposed problem that Earth-based telescopes wouldn't permit ultra-long exposures. My point was that for an LEO telescope, the same is true: Most of the sky is occulted by the Earth at some point in the telescope's orbit. (Obviously most of the sky is also *visible* at some point in the orbit.)  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2018-06-12. Score: 19

In addition to Mark's great answer ...

> Why are we building larger land-based telescopes instead of launching larger ones into space?

If you had money for two homes, one near work and a 'summer cottage' in the woods, how would you divide your budget?

> This question is a follow-up to [Do bigger telescopes equal better results?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11743/do-bigger-telescopes-equal-better-results)

Yes, and I'm not a fan of those answers, perhaps @username_7 is also not impressed.

Those answers *miss* adaptive optics (dismissing it as expensive and not particularly effective) and the ability to *easily* upgrade everything except the size of the building and main mirror.

> How much bigger does a ground-based mirror have to be to match what a space-based one can do? I guess I'm asking primarily for visible light, but I'm interested in general too.

It's not so much "how much bigger", it's "effectively market your idea, secure as much funding as possible, and build the largest building with the biggest main mirror possible". Dig deep and build what you can, not be upgraded as big as you can - sensors and supercomputers can fix the rest.

> I guess on the ground, you're safe from micrometeorites, so it will probably last longer. At what point does it become cheaper to build a telescope on the moon or something?

Ground and space-based telescopes are useful, moon-based less so.

When we have "The [Acme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme_Corporation) Telescope Company" open their first store on the moon the price to purchase will fall, until then Earth and space-based will be cheaper. With space-based it can meet you halfway for repairs, with ground based (even on the top of a mountain) a repair facility is often close at hand.

At Paranal the [mirror maintenance building](https://www.eso.org/public/images/mmb-coatn-tank-pano4/) is located on the mountain top, near the mirrors.

The Scientific America article: [Is the James Webb Space Telescope "Too Big to Fail?"](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-the-james-webb-space-telescope-too-big-to-fail/) explains:

> “Assuming we make it to the injection trajectory to Earth-Sun L2, of course the next most risky thing is deploying the telescope. And unlike Hubble we can’t go out and fix it. Not even a robot can go out and fix it. So we’re taking a great risk, but for great reward,” Grunsfeld says.
>
> There are, however, **modest efforts being made to make JWST “serviceable” like Hubble,** according to Scott Willoughby, JWST’s program manager at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California. The aerospace firm is NASA’s prime contractor to develop and integrate JWST, and has been tasked with provisioning for a “launch vehicle interface ring” on the telescope that could be “grasped by something,” whether astronaut or remotely operated robot, Willoughby says. If a spacecraft were sent out to L2 to dock with JWST, it could then attempt repairs—or, if the observatory is well-functioning, simply top off its fuel tank to extend its life. But presently no money is budgeted for such heroics. In the event that JWST suffers what those in spaceflight understatedly call a “bad day,” whether due to rocket mishap or deployment glitch or something unforeseen, Grunsfeld says there’s presently an ensemble of in-space observatories, including Hubble, and an ever-expanding collection of powerful ground-based telescopes that would offset such misfortune.

[![LVIR](https://i.sstatic.net/QVO0C.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/QVO0C.png)

**Launch Vehicle Interface Ring (LVIR) Forgings (2) delivered**

Quote from the "[James Webb Space Telescope](https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/mirror_size.html)" (JWST) website:

> The completed primary mirror will be over 2.5 times larger than the diameter of the Hubble Space Telescope's primary mirror, which is 2.4 meters in diameter, but will weigh roughly half as much.
>
> The James Webb Space Telescope will collect light approximately 9 times faster than the Hubble Space Telescope when one takes into account the details of the relative mirror sizes, shapes, and features in each design," said Eric Smith, JWST program scientist at NASA Headquarters, Washington. The increased sensitivity will allow scientists to see back to when the first galaxies formed just after the Big Bang. The larger telescope will have advantages for all aspects of astronomy and will revolutionize studies of how stars and planetary systems form and evolve.

See also: "[Webb vs Hubble Telescope](https://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison_about.html)":

> ... more distant objects are more highly redshifted, and their light is pushed from the UV and optical into the near-infrared. Thus observations of these distant objects (like the first galaxies formed in the Universe, for example) requires an infrared telescope.
>
> This is the other reason that Webb is not a replacement for Hubble is that its capabilities are not identical. Webb will primarily look at the Universe in the infrared, while Hubble studies it primarily at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths (though it has some infrared capability). Webb also has a much bigger mirror than Hubble. This larger light collecting area means that Webb can peer farther back into time than Hubble is capable of doing. Hubble is in a very close orbit around the earth, while Webb will be 1.5 million kilometers (km) away at the second Lagrange (L2) point.
>
> ...
>
> **How far will Webb see?**
>
> Because of the time it takes light to travel, the further away an object is, the further back in time we are looking.

[![Seeing backwards in time.](https://i.sstatic.net/FZT5c.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/FZT5c.jpg)

> This illustration compares various telescopes and how far back they are able to see. Essentially, Hubble [HST] can see the equivalent of "toddler galaxies" and Webb Telescope [JWST] will be able see "baby galaxies". One reason Webb will be able to see the first galaxies is because it is an infrared telescope. The universe (and thus the galaxies in it) is expanding. When we talk about the most distant objects, Einstein’s General Relatively actually comes into play. It tells us that the expansion of the universe means it is the space between objects that actually stretches, causing objects (galaxies) to move away from each other. Furthermore, any light in that space will also stretch, shifting that light's wavelength to longer wavelengths. This can make distant objects very dim (or invisible) at visible wavelengths of light, because that light reaches us as infrared light. Infrared telescopes, like Webb, are ideal for observing these early galaxies.

Updates in adaptive optical techniques are ongoing, see: "[Fast Coherent Differential Imaging on Ground-Based Telescopes using the Self-Coherent Camera](https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02881)" (7 Jun 2018), by Benjamin L. Gerard, Christian Marois, and Raphaël Galicher:

> "We develop the framework for one such method based on the self-coherent camera (SCC) to be applied to ground-based telescopes, called Fast Atmospheric SCC Technique (FAST). We show that with the use of a specially designed coronagraph and coherent differential imaging algorithm, recording images every few milliseconds allows for a subtraction of atmospheric and static speckles while maintaining a close to unity algorithmic exoplanet throughput. Detailed simulations reach a contrast **close to the photon noise limit after 30 seconds for a 1 % bandpass in H band on both 0th and 5th magnitude stars. For the 5th magnitude case, this is about 110 times better in raw contrast than what is currently achieved from ExAO instruments if we extrapolate for an hour of observing time**, illustrating that sensitivity improvement from this method could play an essential role in the future detection and characterization of lower mass exoplanets."

In short, sometimes they can completely remove the atmosphere. Improvements are coming.

ESO 4LGSF - [Laser Guide Stars Facility](http://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/develop/4LGSF.html) - Four lasers are used to create guide stars for the AO.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: A teeny nit:  space-based repairs basically will never happen for those telescopes to be placed at Lagrange points.   Just too far away for humans to go to.  
> **username_3**: @username_4 - Do you refer to this [point](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-the-james-webb-space-telescope-too-big-to-fail/) I made: "With space-based it can meet you halfway for repairs, ..." - My bigger nit is I didn't say to go there or leave it as space garbage if it Hubbles. Way cheaper to fire a retro, meet up a year or two later, make repairs (hopefully not salvage) and push it off. Perhaps you could write a question: Love it or leave it ...  
> **username_5**: @username_4: ...so you're assuming that humans will never travel beyond the innermost part of the Earth's sphere of influence?  
> **username_6**: Use `>` to format quotes instead of backticks, which are intended for inline code.  
> **username_4**: @Sean I think I can safely say not within the operational lifetime of the JWST.  
> **username_7**: Actually, I think that we'll see space-based repairs and upgrades of the next generation of space telescopes. Getting from, say, the Webb's location to high Earth orbit is pretty cheap. If BFR proves out or Blue Origin succeeds and takes the next step, sending a crew to a 100,000 km orbit becomes comparable in cost to an old-style ULA launch to LEO.  And adding 1000 kg to the Webb would allow it to return to that same 100,000 km orbit for servicing using ion engines.  A BFR-style drop in launch costs is an inflection point for space-based astronomy.  
> **username_3**: @username_7 - True. [SpaceX pricing](http://www.spacex.com/about/capabilities) is either U\$62M or U\$90M to send 4,020 or 16,800 kilograms to Mars depending on which vehicle you choose. If it cost 10x that much to send people or a robot to rendezvous in orbit or L2 that would only be 10% of the cost. If your car cost \$30K would you pay \$3K to fix it or take it to the scrap yard, I can't help but think a fair number of people would pay for the repair - especially when you consider the benefit vs. the loss.  
> **username_8**: @username_7: Why send a crew to where you've parked the telescope?  (Since you also have to send a life support system with them, and pay for travel time...) Build a robotic tug that brings it back to LEO, service it there, and take it back.  You could use the same tug for communications satellites &c.  
> **username_9**: @username_8 moving from a heliocentric orbit to LEO (low Earth orbit) is not only a question of distance, but also of velocity or "delta-v". It's a huge amount of acceleration to do that. JWST was tightly stowed during the rapid acceleration out of the deepest part of Earth's gravitational well so it could do it quickly. I wonder how many years it would take to *carefully and safely* undo that process with the fully deployed optics and delicate thin heat shields? Also, would it then be possible to keep the "cold" side of JWST cold in LEO exposed to the hot Earth while it avoids the hot Sun?  
> **username_8**: @username_9: I don't know the delta-V requirements off the top of my head, either, but I'm willing to bet that it's less than what's needed to ship a repair crew out and back.  The acceleration issues are most relevant to launch.  It would be quite possible (and I think much more efficient) to use an ion engine for orbital transfer.  And of course designing the telescope (or whatever) to be repairable is just a matter of engineering, which IMHO is a lot cheaper than saying "Oops!  Our 10 billion  dollar telescope doesn't work any more because a 4.99 part failed,"  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2018-06-12. Score: 11

Answering your subquestion about building on the moon:
This is subject to the same launch costs and restrictions as a space-based 'scope, plus you have to deal with landing and with gravitational sag. So the first thing you need is a functioning moon base that can manufacture all components from local raw materials. Once that's in place (insert large laugh here), you'll still need adaptive optics (as do multi-element scopes like JWebb) for alignment and gravitational sag offsets, but as those are static, you don't need the high-frequency response required on Earth to handle atmospheric aberrations. You'll want to build on the "dark side" so that Terran light doesn't foul everything up.

> **Comments:**
> **username_7**: Good answer.  Also, the Moon is dusty, which also adds to costs, since you need to clean the mirror and hope that the dust doesn't foul up delicate mechanisms.  
> **username_10**: The most popular suggested location is craters near the South Pole, which are in permanent shadow (from Sun & Earth), but have nearby peaks in near permanent light, for power.  I've seen suggestions that a lunar telescope would only have very limited steerability, and basically be designed to look very deep indeed in a small area near the South pole.  
> **username_0**: "5 tons of comet particles strike the Moon's surface each 24 hours... ejecting moon dust above the Moon."  Not to mention the possibility of one of those striking the telescope.  So still in the realm of Science Fiction for now. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Dust  
> **username_4**: @username_0 no problem: build a big vacuum cleaner :-) :-)  
> **username_3**: [It's impractical, see what happens at Paranal](https://www.space.com/37730-how-to-clean-very-large-telescope-mirror-video.html): "Every night the huge mirrors are exposed to the atmosphere ..." ... "They gradually accumulate dust ...  that reduces their reflectivity, making them less effective ... So **they are regularly removed from the telescope, taken down the mountain to the recoating facility, cleaned and finally recoated** with a thin and highly reflective new aluminium layer. The mirror-cleaning process takes eight days ...". As Glen pointed out, the moon has lots of dust.  
> **username_11**: When I visited the South African Large Telescope they used a blower (reverse vacuum cleaner) to remove some of the dust.  
> **username_3**: @username_11 - These are old figures but [SALT's annual budget is U$1M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope), while [Paranal's annual budget is U$19.62M](https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/faq/faq-vlt-paranal/#24) - Air is low cost on Earth, on the moon you would need to compress the atmosphere to accumulate enough pressure or bring a tank of compressed gas. That still leaves problems with scratches and the only *recoating* it offers is a finer layer of dust.  

---

### Answer by username_11 on 2018-06-15. Score: 2

Answer to telescopes on the moon. Being on the surface of the moon creates problems as compared to floating freely in space a long way from any planet/moon. Gravity distorts mirrors/mechanics, requires extra engineering to support weight, half sky is blocked by moon at any time, thermal emission from ground, temperature changes with day-night cycle, dust ...

The far side of the moon would be the best place to do low frequency radio observations. The moon blocks all the emissions from earth.


---

