<p>Astronomical positions always come with a date on which they are accurate, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">epoch</a>.</p>
<p>If you compare data with a different reference frame (like from different catalogues), you have to compensate for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_velocity" rel="nofollow noreferrer">peculiar motion</a> of the objects as well as changes in Earth's rotation (like nutation, precession etc) and other influences. These changes are not big, even when combined, but they are in the order of arc seconds up to arc minutes per year.</p>
<p>Ignoring the peculiar motion of the individual objects, and only taking into account changes to the earth's orbit and rotation, there are conversion formula or programmes one can apply to data at large to allow comparison of data with different reference epoch.</p>
<p>In particular the Hipparcos catalogue has a very unusual epoch of J1991.25&quot; (8.75 Julian years before January 1.5, 2000 TT, e.g., April 2.5625, 1991 TT). The usual epoch right now is J2000 or maybe J2025 - but a Nautical Almanach might want to use data corrected for that particular year it is valid for.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-12-04T13:03:38.073Z
The Nautical Almanac for 2021 has Achernar's SHA starting the year at 355.38, increasing to 355.39 in April, then decreasing to 355.36 in October, and ending the year at 355.37. Its south declination, similarly, varies from 57.14 to 57.12. Wikipedia has a good article "Astronomical Nutation" and a good illustration in the article "nutation." The variations are significant for celestial navigation: on the order of a mile over the course of a year.
stretch
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-12-04T13:13:45.067Z
Thanks for the information! I hadn't have such almanach in my hands so far - but indeed from navigation I know that an arc minute equals a mile difference - critical for navigation (that's how the nautical mile was defined at one point: one arc minute of the Earth's equatorial circumference).
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-12-05T14:37:28.917Z
The website thenauticalalmanac.com has .pdf almanacs for the current year, many back years, a few future years and much more.
stretch
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-12-03T18:28:34.300Z
2021-12-03T18:28:34.300Z
planetmaker
<pre><code>from skyfield.api import Star, load
from skyfield.data import hipparcos
import math

with load.open(hipparcos.URL) as f:
    df = hipparcos.load_dataframe(f)

achernar_star=Star.from_dataframe(df.loc[7588])
planets = load('de421.bsp')
earth = planets['earth']
ts = load.timescale()
t = ts.now()
astrometric = earth.at(t).observe(achernar_star)
ra, dec, distance = astrometric.radec()
f = float(ra._degrees)
f1= float(dec.degrees)
print('achernar')
print('Sha',360-round(f,2))
print('Dec', round(f1,2))
print('')
</code></pre>
<pre><code>achernar
Sha 335.57
Dec -57.24
</code></pre>
<p>From Nautical Almanac</p>
<pre><code>achernar
Sha 335.36
Dec -57.13
</code></pre>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-12-03T07:17:45.340Z
Did you use another Epoche? My guess : Almanac will use current while hipparcos is meanwhile a bit dated
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-12-03T13:14:03.953Z
Thanks. I didn't quite understand the 'epoch', isn't that determined by the timescale import?
It put me on rereading the doc's and the difference between 'astrometric and 'apparent' radec. Although I don't quite understand the difference, changing to 'apparent' radec seems to have worked. If you agree i'll close out this question.
Thanks n Rgds
Sybe
sybe
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-12-03T23:05:43.060Z
The “epoch” is the moment for which the positions are valid. Most times, positions are referred to the “J2000.0” epoch, which is January 0, 2000 (or December 31, 1999, if you prefer, but in order to keep it “year 2000,” astronomers have created this fictitious date of January 0). Stars will have some proper motion between J2000.0 and now, and there will also be the effects of precession, aberration, and nutation, for which you need to correct. Only then will you be able to compare apples with apples.
Pierre Paquette
<skyfield>
why are my Sha and Declination calculations not the same as the answers from the Nautical Almanac?
sybe
# why are my Sha and Declination calculations not the same as the answers from the Nautical Almanac?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-12-03)

```
from skyfield.api import Star, load
from skyfield.data import hipparcos
import math

with load.open(hipparcos.URL) as f:
    df = hipparcos.load_dataframe(f)

achernar_star=Star.from_dataframe(df.loc[7588])
planets = load('de421.bsp')
earth = planets['earth']
ts = load.timescale()
t = ts.now()
astrometric = earth.at(t).observe(achernar_star)
ra, dec, distance = astrometric.radec()
f = float(ra._degrees)
f1= float(dec.degrees)
print('achernar')
print('Sha',360-round(f,2))
print('Dec', round(f1,2))
print('')

```

```
achernar
Sha 335.57
Dec -57.24

```

From Nautical Almanac

```
achernar
Sha 335.36
Dec -57.13

```

**Tags:** skyfield

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Did you use another Epoche? My guess : Almanac will use current while hipparcos is meanwhile a bit dated  
> **username_0**: Thanks. I didn't quite understand the 'epoch', isn't that determined by the timescale import? It put me on rereading the doc's and the difference between 'astrometric and 'apparent' radec. Although I don't quite understand the difference, changing to 'apparent' radec seems to have worked. If you agree i'll close out this question. Thanks n Rgds username_0  
> **username_2**: The “epoch” is the moment for which the positions are valid. Most times, positions are referred to the “J2000.0” epoch, which is January 0, 2000 (or December 31, 1999, if you prefer, but in order to keep it “year 2000,” astronomers have created this fictitious date of January 0). Stars will have some proper motion between J2000.0 and now, and there will also be the effects of precession, aberration, and nutation, for which you need to correct. Only then will you be able to compare apples with apples.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-12-03. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

Astronomical positions always come with a date on which they are accurate, the [epoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)).

If you compare data with a different reference frame (like from different catalogues), you have to compensate for the [peculiar motion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_velocity) of the objects as well as changes in Earth's rotation (like nutation, precession etc) and other influences. These changes are not big, even when combined, but they are in the order of arc seconds up to arc minutes per year.

Ignoring the peculiar motion of the individual objects, and only taking into account changes to the earth's orbit and rotation, there are conversion formula or programmes one can apply to data at large to allow comparison of data with different reference epoch.

In particular the Hipparcos catalogue has a very unusual epoch of J1991.25" (8.75 Julian years before January 1.5, 2000 TT, e.g., April 2.5625, 1991 TT). The usual epoch right now is J2000 or maybe J2025 - but a Nautical Almanach might want to use data corrected for that particular year it is valid for.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: The Nautical Almanac for 2021 has Achernar's SHA starting the year at 355.38, increasing to 355.39 in April, then decreasing to 355.36 in October, and ending the year at 355.37. Its south declination, similarly, varies from 57.14 to 57.12. Wikipedia has a good article "Astronomical Nutation" and a good illustration in the article "nutation." The variations are significant for celestial navigation: on the order of a mile over the course of a year.  
> **username_1**: Thanks for the information! I hadn't have such almanach in my hands so far - but indeed from navigation I know that an arc minute equals a mile difference - critical for navigation (that's how the nautical mile was defined at one point: one arc minute of the Earth's equatorial circumference).  
> **username_3**: The website thenauticalalmanac.com has .pdf almanacs for the current year, many back years, a few future years and much more.  

---

