<p>I believe there are systems where a black hole and a star orbit each other.  So possibly such systems shoot deadly radiation beams outward from the plane that the two objects orbit in.</p>
<p>In the <em>Lensman</em> series by E.E. Smith, a gigantic space war results in the constant invention of newer and more powerful weapons.  TV Tropes has a trope <a href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LensmanArmsRace" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Lensman Arms Race</a> named after the series.</p>
<p>One weapon developed in the Lensman arms race is the Sunbeam, which artificially focuses all the radiation which a star emits in all directions into a single narrow beam of destruction.  Thus it does artifically what a black hole passing close to a star might do naturally.</p>
<p>If I remember correctly, sunbeams were only useful within a solar system and were not used to project beams to destroy planets in other solar systems.</p>
<p>And it seems intuative to me that a black hole could not focus radiation tightly enough for the beam to be deadly at interstellar distances.</p>
<p>But possibly someone will be able to calculate at what distance range a beam of deadly radiation from a star/black hole combination might be dangerous.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-12T16:05:36.677Z
2020-11-13T15:44:52.953Z
2020-11-13T15:44:52.953Z
M. A. Golding
<p><strong>tl;dr:</strong> seen at a distance, the lensed object will appear as an annulus or &quot;ring&quot; around the lensing object, and while that will be brighter than if there were only empty space, sadly it won't be <em>death-ray bright!</em></p>
<hr />
<p>Let's first think about what makes a familliar lens a lens. Near the center the thickness doesn't vary much, but as you move farther from the center the thickness changes faster and faster.</p>
<p>If we measured the slope or angle of the surface, we'd see that the angle increased roughly linearly with distance from the center.</p>
<p>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_lens" rel="nofollow noreferrer">thin lens approximation</a> the angle that the lens bends the light <span class="math-container">$\Delta \theta$</span> is proportional to the distance from the center of the lens <span class="math-container">$r$</span> where the light hits it. The bending power increases linearly with distance.</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$\Delta \theta \approx \frac{r}{f}$$</span></p>
<p>where <span class="math-container">$f$</span> is the focal length of the lens.</p>
<p>How do concentrated points of mass bend light?  Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens#Explanation_in_terms_of_spacetime_curvature" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gravitational lens</a> give us</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$\Delta \theta \approx \frac{4 G M}{r c^2}$$</span></p>
<p>and that's a problem because now <span class="math-container">$r$</span> is on the bottom!</p>
<p>Single concentrated objects like black holes do not act like the familliar lenses we use to focus. They do have some ability to concentrate somewhat compared to empty space, but nowhere near as much as real lenses do. From a source that's a certain distance away, there will be only one angle that gets bent parallel into a &quot;beam&quot;, angles slightly larger or smaller passing slightly farther or closer from it will be bent much less or much more, either diverging or converging from the axis afterward.</p>
<p>Thus seen at a distance, the lensed object will appear as an annulus or &quot;ring&quot; around the lensing object, and while that will be brighter than if there were only empty space, sadly it won't be <em>death-ray bright!</em></p>
<p>In the case of your star/BH pair, exactly how bright it will be along that axis depends on the details, but one can get a good estimate by ray tracing, either with a few lines of Python or pencil and paper for estimate purposes.</p>
<p>If the star were close then it is an extended object, a wide disk, and those can't be focused to points even by lenses (we can't concentrate blue sky with a magnifying glass) so there wouldn't be much of a death effect. If it were far, you could concentrate it better (because it's more point-like) but it would be a lot dimmer to begin with because it would be farther away.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/pxEZx.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/pxEZx.jpg" alt="A Horseshoe Einstein Ring from Hubble" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Horseshoe_Einstein_Ring_from_Hubble.JPG" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A Horseshoe Einstein Ring from Hubble</a>  The bright thing in the middle is the lensing mass, the ring is the lensed object behind it. It's not a &quot;beam&quot; but just a distorted view, but it is brighter than if the lens weren't there.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-13T00:23:12.150Z
intriguing, thanks for your in depth answer! Interesting to know, that lensed objects are in fact brighter. Using this I can speculate that this setup in a solar scale - where the star is considered an area emitter, not a point light - could result in more power per surface, if only the "halo" surface of lensed image were bigger than the surface of undistorted image. And as a clarification to the main question - do different wavelengths get lensed differently (think black hole acting as prism by splitting radiation into components - X-Ray, UV, visible etc.)?
Tooster
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-13T00:32:03.100Z
@Tooster it's a really fun and intriguing scenario and I think you're on to something interesting for sure! The best way to think about gravitational lenses is to forget the gravity and just think of the black hole (or any object with mass for that matter) as "bending space". Photons will travel in a "straight line" and aren't "pulled" towards the object, it's the "straight lines" in space itself that are bent. Then we can see that the wavelength doesn't matter, there's no chromatic aberration from a gravitational lens. I think there's a Q&A here about that somewhere, I'll add a link shortly.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-13T00:37:56.820Z
@Tooster answers to the following questions mention that there is no chromatic aberration: [When is optical refraction important in astronomy?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/1203/7982) and [Gravitational lensing of quasars](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/21145/7982)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-12T22:29:48.273Z
2020-11-12T23:33:08.213Z
2020-11-12T23:33:08.213Z
uhoh
<p>Black holes bend all kinds of radiation thanks to their giant gravity. Now imagine that a black hole passes close to some star (we know of cases when black hole devours a star). Star emits massive amounts of radiation in all directions, so naturally the radiation just outside the event horizon will be bent by the black hole. Many rays will be focused into a single point.</p>
<p>Wouldn't that create a &quot;certain death zone&quot; on the opposite side? Could this be a real threat for celectial bodies from far-away black holes (for example for earth)? If this effect in fact happens, would different radiation types be focused farther away - for example UV, visible, X-Ray etc. in it's own zones (<em><strong>EDIT</strong>: meaning basically - do black holes work similar to prisms by lensing different types of wavelengths differently</em>)?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/0vra8.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/0vra8.png" alt="black hole deadly lensing" /></a></p>
<p>In the draft above the yellow circle is a star, black dot is black hole, gray circle is event horizon and red circle is the &quot;death area where rays are focused by the black hole</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-12T21:22:04.817Z
Remember that a stellar black hole is very tiny, so the portion of a nearby stars light that it could focus would also be tiny; too small to have any "destructive" effect.
antlersoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-12T16:40:28.890Z
The black hole bends the light near it more than the light further from it. This is the exact opposite of the lensing behaviour you want to focus the light down to a point. In addition, the star is not a point-source, which further smudges everything. There will be some, slight, concentration of light. Not much
PcMan
<black-hole><gravitational-lensing>
Would a black hole passing next to a star create a deadly focal point due to gravitational lensing?
Tooster
# Would a black hole passing next to a star create a deadly focal point due to gravitational lensing?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-11-12)

Black holes bend all kinds of radiation thanks to their giant gravity. Now imagine that a black hole passes close to some star (we know of cases when black hole devours a star). Star emits massive amounts of radiation in all directions, so naturally the radiation just outside the event horizon will be bent by the black hole. Many rays will be focused into a single point.

Wouldn't that create a "certain death zone" on the opposite side? Could this be a real threat for celectial bodies from far-away black holes (for example for earth)? If this effect in fact happens, would different radiation types be focused farther away - for example UV, visible, X-Ray etc. in it's own zones (***EDIT**: meaning basically - do black holes work similar to prisms by lensing different types of wavelengths differently*)?

[![black hole deadly lensing](https://i.sstatic.net/0vra8.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/0vra8.png)

In the draft above the yellow circle is a star, black dot is black hole, gray circle is event horizon and red circle is the "death area where rays are focused by the black hole

**Tags:** black-hole, gravitational-lensing

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Remember that a stellar black hole is very tiny, so the portion of a nearby stars light that it could focus would also be tiny; too small to have any "destructive" effect.  
> **username_2**: The black hole bends the light near it more than the light further from it. This is the exact opposite of the lensing behaviour you want to focus the light down to a point. In addition, the star is not a point-source, which further smudges everything. There will be some, slight, concentration of light. Not much  

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2020-11-12. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

**tl;dr:** seen at a distance, the lensed object will appear as an annulus or "ring" around the lensing object, and while that will be brighter than if there were only empty space, sadly it won't be *death-ray bright!*

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Let's first think about what makes a familliar lens a lens. Near the center the thickness doesn't vary much, but as you move farther from the center the thickness changes faster and faster.

If we measured the slope or angle of the surface, we'd see that the angle increased roughly linearly with distance from the center.

In the [thin lens approximation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_lens) the angle that the lens bends the light $\Delta \theta$ is proportional to the distance from the center of the lens $r$ where the light hits it. The bending power increases linearly with distance.

$$\Delta \theta \approx \frac{r}{f}$$

where $f$ is the focal length of the lens.

How do concentrated points of mass bend light? Wikipedia's [Gravitational lens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens#Explanation_in_terms_of_spacetime_curvature) give us

$$\Delta \theta \approx \frac{4 G M}{r c^2}$$

and that's a problem because now $r$ is on the bottom!

Single concentrated objects like black holes do not act like the familliar lenses we use to focus. They do have some ability to concentrate somewhat compared to empty space, but nowhere near as much as real lenses do. From a source that's a certain distance away, there will be only one angle that gets bent parallel into a "beam", angles slightly larger or smaller passing slightly farther or closer from it will be bent much less or much more, either diverging or converging from the axis afterward.

Thus seen at a distance, the lensed object will appear as an annulus or "ring" around the lensing object, and while that will be brighter than if there were only empty space, sadly it won't be *death-ray bright!*

In the case of your star/BH pair, exactly how bright it will be along that axis depends on the details, but one can get a good estimate by ray tracing, either with a few lines of Python or pencil and paper for estimate purposes.

If the star were close then it is an extended object, a wide disk, and those can't be focused to points even by lenses (we can't concentrate blue sky with a magnifying glass) so there wouldn't be much of a death effect. If it were far, you could concentrate it better (because it's more point-like) but it would be a lot dimmer to begin with because it would be farther away.

[![A Horseshoe Einstein Ring from Hubble](https://i.sstatic.net/pxEZx.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/pxEZx.jpg)

[A Horseshoe Einstein Ring from Hubble](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Horseshoe_Einstein_Ring_from_Hubble.JPG) The bright thing in the middle is the lensing mass, the ring is the lensed object behind it. It's not a "beam" but just a distorted view, but it is brighter than if the lens weren't there.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: intriguing, thanks for your in depth answer! Interesting to know, that lensed objects are in fact brighter. Using this I can speculate that this setup in a solar scale - where the star is considered an area emitter, not a point light - could result in more power per surface, if only the "halo" surface of lensed image were bigger than the surface of undistorted image. And as a clarification to the main question - do different wavelengths get lensed differently (think black hole acting as prism by splitting radiation into components - X-Ray, UV, visible etc.)?  
> **username_4**: @username_0 it's a really fun and intriguing scenario and I think you're on to something interesting for sure! The best way to think about gravitational lenses is to forget the gravity and just think of the black hole (or any object with mass for that matter) as "bending space". Photons will travel in a "straight line" and aren't "pulled" towards the object, it's the "straight lines" in space itself that are bent. Then we can see that the wavelength doesn't matter, there's no chromatic aberration from a gravitational lens. I think there's a Q&A here about that somewhere, I'll add a link shortly.  
> **username_4**: @username_0 answers to the following questions mention that there is no chromatic aberration: [When is optical refraction important in astronomy?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/1203/7982) and [Gravitational lensing of quasars](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/21145/7982)  

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### Answer by username_3 on 2020-11-12. Score: 1

I believe there are systems where a black hole and a star orbit each other. So possibly such systems shoot deadly radiation beams outward from the plane that the two objects orbit in.

In the *Lensman* series by E.E. Smith, a gigantic space war results in the constant invention of newer and more powerful weapons. TV Tropes has a trope [Lensman Arms Race](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LensmanArmsRace) named after the series.

One weapon developed in the Lensman arms race is the Sunbeam, which artificially focuses all the radiation which a star emits in all directions into a single narrow beam of destruction. Thus it does artifically what a black hole passing close to a star might do naturally.

If I remember correctly, sunbeams were only useful within a solar system and were not used to project beams to destroy planets in other solar systems.

And it seems intuative to me that a black hole could not focus radiation tightly enough for the beam to be deadly at interstellar distances.

But possibly someone will be able to calculate at what distance range a beam of deadly radiation from a star/black hole combination might be dangerous.


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