<p>I can not assure that this terminology is different in other fields than in solar physics, but when a line is called to be &quot;resonant&quot; is because the lower level of the transition is the ground level of the atom (or ion).</p>
<p>EDIT: after some research about this terminology, I think I've found the origin of &quot;resonant&quot; lines. The first mention of this phenomenon, called at that epoch as &quot;resonance radiation&quot; was done by <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1903PPSL...19..764W/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Robert W. Wood at 1903</a>. The phenomenon was described, briefly, as the property of certain atoms and molecules to emit light at the same wavelength as the incident beam exciting them. Wood called these lines as &quot;resonance radiation lines&quot;, and he gave an explanation of this arguing that the atom/molecule is excited to a &quot;resonant&quot; state in which the deexcitation produces light at the same frequency. Most of the experiments were done using sodium vapor and assume (because I didn't read the experimental papers by lack of time) that the vapor was in laboratory conditions (i.e. in the fundamental state).</p>
<p>The first link that I've found in the literature between this phenomena and the Quantum Theory is a publication made in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/100284a0.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Nature at 1917 be T. K. Chinmayam</a>, where the author suggest that the spectral structure of the resonance radiation emitted by the vapour can be represented following the Bohr's theory.</p>
<p>My bibliographic search stops here, but I guess that due to the development on the Quantum Theory, the concept of &quot;resonance radiation lines&quot; evolves to the well-established terminology of &quot;resonant lines&quot; for the lines where the lower level is the ground level.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-04T19:24:29.877Z
As per xer-t's answer, this would, to me, seem to be the same "resonance" as a guitar string which vibrates sympathetically when a resonant-frequency is played nearby.  The note which the string produces will be, largely, the same note as was "applied".  There will be overtones, but they will be of significantly lesser magnitude, which gels with other answers given here.
JohnHunt
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-04T19:48:46.417Z
That's right. If I remember well, a similar example is given in one of the papers.  Note that, in 1900 the theory of light was based on wave theory.
xer-t
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-19T13:46:05.153Z
This is a great start, welcome to Stack Exchange! Any idea *why* "resonant" is used for these particular transitions?
uhoh
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2021-05-19T13:50:58.647Z
Actually, other lines are also labelled as "resonant". For example, the Ca I 4227 or Sr I 4607.
xer-t
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-19T14:15:49.697Z
Hmm... are they at least transitions to ground state?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-19T14:23:39.607Z
Yes, have a look at https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/lines_form.html.
xer-t
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-19T14:44:37.113Z
Ah, that looks familiar; I used that database once [in an answer](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/32989/12102). I will take your word for it this time though :-) So We know now how the term is applied; which transitions are and are not labeled as "resonant", but it still remains to be seen *why*. Is there something "non-resonant" about the nature of transitions that end in an excited state?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-19T15:18:13.693Z
I do not know the first time when this terminology was used. Perhaps it would answer this question, but I think it would be an endless search. The usage of this terminology gives information about the transition. This is, if you say that the spectral line is a resonance line, then you do not need to specify the energy of the lower level. This could be another explanation of why it is used. On the other hand, if you talk about H-alpha transitions of helium or hydrogen, you should specify the lower level energy.
xer-t
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-19T13:41:05.683Z
2021-06-04T19:07:25.360Z
2021-06-04T19:07:25.360Z
xer-t
<p>It appears to be a conventional label that is applied to transitions between the ground state and another energy level (some definitions specify the first excited level) of an atom and is used in all the physical sciences, not just astrophysics.</p>
<p>e.g. He I (58.4 nm) is a transition from <span class="math-container">$^1$</span>P to the <span class="math-container">$^1$</span>S ground state.</p>
<p>In fact <em>all</em> atomic/ionic transitions can be considered resonant phenomena, but the term &quot;resonance line&quot; is applied only to these particular types of transition, perhaps because they are usually the strongest lines in the spectrum from that species, since in most cases, the ground state is the most populated. So there is nothing &quot;particularly resonant&quot; about them</p>
<p>A &quot;resonance line&quot; is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A spectral line caused by an electron jumping between the ground state and the first energy level in an atom or ion. It is the longest-wavelength line produced by a jump to or from the ground state. Because the majority of electrons are in the ground state in many astrophysical environments, and because the energy required to reach the first level is the least needed for any transition, resonance lines are the strongest lines in the spectrum for any given atom or ion.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100415843" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100415843</a></p>
<p>And here it is used in that context in astrophysics: (<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/377639/fulltext/58110.text.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Morton 2013</a>)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The tabulation emphasizes resonance lines, i.e., lines whose lower level is the ground state.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Or in Chemistry: From <a href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05341" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05341</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>The radiative decay of an excitation level may proceed to the neutral ground state and would thus occur at the same energy as the corresponding line in the absorption spectrum. Such a line is called a resonance line and the process is called resonance emission.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Or from the Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Handbook:(<a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/basic-atomic-spectroscopic-data-handbook" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.nist.gov/pml/basic-atomic-spectroscopic-data-handbook</a>)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The strongest persistent lines usually include one or more resonance lines, i.e., transitions to the ground level or term.</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-03T11:26:51.083Z
@uhoh They are resonant with the energy gap involved in the transition. Indeed nothing to overthink about. The same term can be used for every spectral line. A spectral line or band is a resonant feature.
Alchimista
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-03T12:05:26.683Z
@Alchemista *But it isn't* used for every spectral line; according to the source quoted in this answer it is only used for a *very specific* class of lines, thus my question. If you have the answer consider posting as such where it can be voted on?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-03T22:30:55.080Z
Speaking as a third party, I'm confused as to what the point of confusion is. @uhoh, I think Rob's IUPAC links are as explicit as they could be (and, moreover, link to another page as to what "resonance" means in general). The answer goes far beyond "this is convention". Could you be explicit as to what you feel it's lacking?
HDE 226868
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-07T23:19:37.793Z
@ProfRob thanks for your edit! `+1` I don't think Stack Exchange generates notifications to OPs when answers are undeleted; I didn't see this until now and it's only by accident that I've happened to stop by here and notice your revision. *Thanks!* I've cleaned up a large number of old, no-longer-needed comments. When I substantially modify an answer I will often ping the OP manually to let them know so they can do such cleanups.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-07T23:24:51.933Z
@HDE226868 the answer's wonderful now! To "2. What is particularly resonant about them?" the answer is:  "...there is nothing 'particularly resonant' about them..." :-)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-02T18:02:56.500Z
2021-05-19T14:10:59.797Z
2021-05-19T14:10:59.797Z
ProfRob
<p>Examples of the use of the term:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2017/01/aa29462-16/aa29462-16.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Formation of the helium extreme-UV resonance lines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/383176" rel="nofollow noreferrer">On the Formation of the Resonance Lines of Helium in the Sun</a> (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230931152_On_the_Formation_of_the_Resonance_Lines_of_Helium_in_the_Sun" rel="nofollow noreferrer">unpaywalled</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.00352" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Formation of the helium EUV resonance lines</a>.</li>
</ul>

<p>When I hear of a resonant state I think of a free particle incident on a potential where it spends a lot of time then leaves, but the electrons responsible for these lines (HeI 584 Å, HeII 304 Å) start in bound states below their binding energy and are just transitions from one bound state to another. </p>

<p>Since most emission lines from atomic transitions are not called resonance lines:</p>

<ol>
<li>Why are these lines different?</li>
<li>What is particularly <em>resonant</em> about them?</li>
</ol>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-04T01:47:18.177Z
@PM2Ring well let's wait and see, perhaps someone will know why astronomers do it this way. If not, maybe we can close and migrate if nobody here actually knows the answer.
uhoh
<the-sun><spectroscopy><terminology><stellar-atmospheres>
Why are helium resonance lines called "resonance lines"?
uhoh
# Why are helium resonance lines called "resonance lines"?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-05-02)

Examples of the use of the term:

* [Formation of the helium extreme-UV resonance lines](https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2017/01/aa29462-16/aa29462-16.html)
* [On the Formation of the Resonance Lines of Helium in the Sun](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/383176) ([unpaywalled](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230931152_On_the_Formation_of_the_Resonance_Lines_of_Helium_in_the_Sun))
* [Formation of the helium EUV resonance lines](https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.00352).

When I hear of a resonant state I think of a free particle incident on a potential where it spends a lot of time then leaves, but the electrons responsible for these lines (HeI 584 Å, HeII 304 Å) start in bound states below their binding energy and are just transitions from one bound state to another.

Since most emission lines from atomic transitions are not called resonance lines:

1. Why are these lines different?
2. What is particularly *resonant* about them?

**Tags:** the-sun, spectroscopy, terminology, stellar-atmospheres

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: @PM2Ring well let's wait and see, perhaps someone will know why astronomers do it this way. If not, maybe we can close and migrate if nobody here actually knows the answer.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-05-02. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

It appears to be a conventional label that is applied to transitions between the ground state and another energy level (some definitions specify the first excited level) of an atom and is used in all the physical sciences, not just astrophysics.

e.g. He I (58.4 nm) is a transition from $^1$P to the $^1$S ground state.

In fact *all* atomic/ionic transitions can be considered resonant phenomena, but the term "resonance line" is applied only to these particular types of transition, perhaps because they are usually the strongest lines in the spectrum from that species, since in most cases, the ground state is the most populated. So there is nothing "particularly resonant" about them

A "resonance line" is:

> A spectral line caused by an electron jumping between the ground state and the first energy level in an atom or ion. It is the longest-wavelength line produced by a jump to or from the ground state. Because the majority of electrons are in the ground state in many astrophysical environments, and because the energy required to reach the first level is the least needed for any transition, resonance lines are the strongest lines in the spectrum for any given atom or ion.

<https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100415843>

And here it is used in that context in astrophysics: ([Morton 2013](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/377639/fulltext/58110.text.html))

> The tabulation emphasizes resonance lines, i.e., lines whose lower level is the ground state.

Or in Chemistry: From <https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05341>

> The radiative decay of an excitation level may proceed to the neutral ground state and would thus occur at the same energy as the corresponding line in the absorption spectrum. Such a line is called a resonance line and the process is called resonance emission.

Or from the Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Handbook:(<https://www.nist.gov/pml/basic-atomic-spectroscopic-data-handbook>)

> The strongest persistent lines usually include one or more resonance lines, i.e., transitions to the ground level or term.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: @username_0 They are resonant with the energy gap involved in the transition. Indeed nothing to overthink about. The same term can be used for every spectral line. A spectral line or band is a resonant feature.  
> **username_0**: @Alchemista *But it isn't* used for every spectral line; according to the source quoted in this answer it is only used for a *very specific* class of lines, thus my question. If you have the answer consider posting as such where it can be voted on?  
> **username_5**: Speaking as a third party, I'm confused as to what the point of confusion is. @username_0, I think Rob's IUPAC links are as explicit as they could be (and, moreover, link to another page as to what "resonance" means in general). The answer goes far beyond "this is convention". Could you be explicit as to what you feel it's lacking?  
> **username_0**: @username_3 thanks for your edit! `+1` I don't think Stack Exchange generates notifications to OPs when answers are undeleted; I didn't see this until now and it's only by accident that I've happened to stop by here and notice your revision. *Thanks!* I've cleaned up a large number of old, no-longer-needed comments. When I substantially modify an answer I will often ping the OP manually to let them know so they can do such cleanups.  
> **username_0**: @username_5 the answer's wonderful now! To "2. What is particularly resonant about them?" the answer is:  "...there is nothing 'particularly resonant' about them..." :-)  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-05-19. Score: 1

I can not assure that this terminology is different in other fields than in solar physics, but when a line is called to be "resonant" is because the lower level of the transition is the ground level of the atom (or ion).

EDIT: after some research about this terminology, I think I've found the origin of "resonant" lines. The first mention of this phenomenon, called at that epoch as "resonance radiation" was done by [Robert W. Wood at 1903](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1903PPSL...19..764W/abstract). The phenomenon was described, briefly, as the property of certain atoms and molecules to emit light at the same wavelength as the incident beam exciting them. Wood called these lines as "resonance radiation lines", and he gave an explanation of this arguing that the atom/molecule is excited to a "resonant" state in which the deexcitation produces light at the same frequency. Most of the experiments were done using sodium vapor and assume (because I didn't read the experimental papers by lack of time) that the vapor was in laboratory conditions (i.e. in the fundamental state).

The first link that I've found in the literature between this phenomena and the Quantum Theory is a publication made in [Nature at 1917 be T. K. Chinmayam](https://www.nature.com/articles/100284a0.pdf), where the author suggest that the spectral structure of the resonance radiation emitted by the vapour can be represented following the Bohr's theory.

My bibliographic search stops here, but I guess that due to the development on the Quantum Theory, the concept of "resonance radiation lines" evolves to the well-established terminology of "resonant lines" for the lines where the lower level is the ground level.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: This is a great start, welcome to Stack Exchange! Any idea *why* "resonant" is used for these particular transitions?  
> **username_1**: Actually, other lines are also labelled as "resonant". For example, the Ca I 4227 or Sr I 4607.  
> **username_0**: Hmm... are they at least transitions to ground state?  
> **username_1**: Yes, have a look at https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/lines_form.html.  
> **username_0**: Ah, that looks familiar; I used that database once [in an answer](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/32989/12102). I will take your word for it this time though :-) So We know now how the term is applied; which transitions are and are not labeled as "resonant", but it still remains to be seen *why*. Is there something "non-resonant" about the nature of transitions that end in an excited state?  
> **username_1**: I do not know the first time when this terminology was used. Perhaps it would answer this question, but I think it would be an endless search. The usage of this terminology gives information about the transition. This is, if you say that the spectral line is a resonance line, then you do not need to specify the energy of the lower level. This could be another explanation of why it is used. On the other hand, if you talk about H-alpha transitions of helium or hydrogen, you should specify the lower level energy.  
> **username_2**: As per username_1's answer, this would, to me, seem to be the same "resonance" as a guitar string which vibrates sympathetically when a resonant-frequency is played nearby.  The note which the string produces will be, largely, the same note as was "applied".  There will be overtones, but they will be of significantly lesser magnitude, which gels with other answers given here.  
> **username_1**: That's right. If I remember well, a similar example is given in one of the papers.  Note that, in 1900 the theory of light was based on wave theory.  

---

