<p>A &quot;conclusive association&quot; is an oxymoron; for example, &quot;brawling love&quot;, &quot;loving hate&quot; (these first two are from Shakespeare), &quot;act naturally&quot;, or &quot;jumbo shrimp&quot;. An association is a vague term while conclusive is very specific and means proven without a doubt.</p>
<p>The underlying journal article does not claim the authors have provided a &quot;conclusive association between the diffuse gas in the space between galaxies and the large-scale structure of the cosmic web predicted by cosmological theory.&quot; That is what the press release claims. Press releases are not subject to peer review. Press releases can, and oftentimes do, use over flowery speech.</p>
<p>The underlying journal article does claim that &quot;statistics of absorption by the intergalactic medium (IGM) via spectroscopy of distant quasars support the model yet have not conclusively tied the diffuse IGM to the web.&quot; This is true. The implication is that the authors' model has conclusively tied the diffuse IGM to the web. The author do not explicitly make this claim in the journal paper. Suppose the authors had make this claim in early versions of the paper. If that was the case, peer reviewers would inevitably have said to remove this claim on the basis that &quot;conclusive&quot; is an extremely strong word in science.</p>
<p>Even if peer review had allowed that claim, it would still be dubious. Many scientific press releases claim that the research being reported is ground shaking and conclusive. Don't take press releases as fact. Only a tiny few scientific papers show something that is ground shaking and conclusive. Those that do do so (e.g., Einstein's annus mirabilis papers) are very few and very far between.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-26T07:07:43.937Z
2020-07-26T07:07:43.937Z
David Hammen
<p>Phys.org's <a href="https://phys.org/news/2020-03-astronomers-slime-mold-reveal-dark.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Astronomers use slime mold model to reveal dark threads of the cosmic web</a> says</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A computational approach inspired by the growth patterns of a bright yellow slime mold has enabled a team of astronomers and computer scientists at UC Santa Cruz to trace the filaments of the cosmic web that connects galaxies throughout the universe.</p>
<p>Their results, published March 10 in Astrophysical Journal Letters, <strong>provide the first conclusive association</strong> between the diffuse gas in the space between galaxies and the large-scale structure of the cosmic web predicted by cosmological theory.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This links to Joseph N. Burchett et al, <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab700c" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Revealing the Dark Threads of the Cosmic Web</a>, The Astrophysical Journal (2020)</p>
<p>Kudos for the use of the slime mold model, this organism is a gift that keeps on giving to not only biologists but a wide range of other fields <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=slime+mold+growth+modeling" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.google.com/search?q=slime+mold+growth+modeling</a> which includes <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/slime-molds-remember-but-do-they-learn-20180709/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">computing</a>, <a href="http://guava.physics.uiuc.edu/%7Enigel/courses/569/Essays_Fall2011/Files/martini.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">network analysis</a>, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/feb/18/slime-mould-rail-road-transport-routes" rel="nofollow noreferrer">transportation</a> and even cosmology.</p>
<p>Astronomy differs from some other fields of science in that most hypotheses must be tested by observation of naturally occurring phenomena, it's hard to test them through carefully designed experiments. While particle physicists can &quot;<a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/454554/83380">throw large hadrons</a>&quot; at each other under controlled conditions, astronomers can't similarly &quot;<a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/35393/what-is-considered-contact-for-contact-binary-white-dwarfs-and-roughly-how-lo#comment68575_35393">collide white dwarfs</a>&quot; in the laboratory.</p>
<p><strong>Question:</strong> In the results described in the ApJ Letter, was there such a thing as a &quot;conclusive association&quot;? Is that even a thing? Or was there simply a similarity as defined by some metric which the authors believe to be reasonably objective?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-11T07:25:40.367Z
Was the phrase used in the paper?
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-11T08:26:16.500Z
@RobJeffries I suspected that it wouldn't and now that I have access I'm not able to understand the conclusions enough to recognize a "conclusive association" if it bit me on the nose! From what I can understand, *I think* the paper has merit primarily for it's demonstration of the use of an algorithm (not traditionally used in cosmology) that may require less computing time and directly yield a density for each voxel rather than require discrete galaxy counting, but as far as "conclusive association" goes I still don't understand what Phys.org means, if in fact it means anything at all.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-11T10:16:30.657Z
@RobJeffries the "dwarves" in quotes links to (at)antispinwards humorous comment on the BBC's using that form. But it's probably bad for it to be left that way lest others repeat it later.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-11T10:43:15.463Z
The use of the term "conclusive association" sounds like hype by someone.
StephenG - Help Ukraine
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-11T11:04:21.653Z
The referenced journal article is paywalled. [Here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04393) is the arxiv.org pre-release. The phys.org article is a near word-for-word copy of a [press release](https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/03/cosmic-web.html) from the University of California - Santa Cruz. Always beware of hype from press releases.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-26T03:54:06.170Z
@DavidHammen If you wrote that up as a short answer I can probably accept it, especially with the warning about press releases! ;-)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-26T08:10:45.633Z
@uhoh - Done. I didn't want to post that as an answer in March because it's a non-answer. It's the press release rather than the scientific paper that claims to have found a "conclusive association." And even if the paper had made that claim, that would have been dubious. It is not up to the authors of a paper to deem that what they found was "conclusive." "Conclusive" is a very strong word in science.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-26T12:40:53.653Z
@DavidHammen Indeed, thanks!
uhoh
<cosmology><terminology><intergalactic-space>
What exactly is a "conclusive association" in Astronomy?
uhoh
# What exactly is a "conclusive association" in Astronomy?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-03-11)

Phys.org's [Astronomers use slime mold model to reveal dark threads of the cosmic web](https://phys.org/news/2020-03-astronomers-slime-mold-reveal-dark.html) says

> A computational approach inspired by the growth patterns of a bright yellow slime mold has enabled a team of astronomers and computer scientists at UC Santa Cruz to trace the filaments of the cosmic web that connects galaxies throughout the universe.
>
> Their results, published March 10 in Astrophysical Journal Letters, **provide the first conclusive association** between the diffuse gas in the space between galaxies and the large-scale structure of the cosmic web predicted by cosmological theory.

This links to Joseph N. Burchett et al, [Revealing the Dark Threads of the Cosmic Web](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab700c), The Astrophysical Journal (2020)

Kudos for the use of the slime mold model, this organism is a gift that keeps on giving to not only biologists but a wide range of other fields <https://www.google.com/search?q=slime+mold+growth+modeling> which includes [computing](https://www.quantamagazine.org/slime-molds-remember-but-do-they-learn-20180709/), [network analysis](http://guava.physics.uiuc.edu/%7Enigel/courses/569/Essays_Fall2011/Files/martini.pdf), [transportation](https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/feb/18/slime-mould-rail-road-transport-routes) and even cosmology.

Astronomy differs from some other fields of science in that most hypotheses must be tested by observation of naturally occurring phenomena, it's hard to test them through carefully designed experiments. While particle physicists can "[throw large hadrons](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/454554/83380)" at each other under controlled conditions, astronomers can't similarly "[collide white dwarfs](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/35393/what-is-considered-contact-for-contact-binary-white-dwarfs-and-roughly-how-lo#comment68575_35393)" in the laboratory.

**Question:** In the results described in the ApJ Letter, was there such a thing as a "conclusive association"? Is that even a thing? Or was there simply a similarity as defined by some metric which the authors believe to be reasonably objective?

**Tags:** cosmology, terminology, intergalactic-space

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Was the phrase used in the paper?  
> **username_0**: @RobJeffries I suspected that it wouldn't and now that I have access I'm not able to understand the conclusions enough to recognize a "conclusive association" if it bit me on the nose! From what I can understand, *I think* the paper has merit primarily for it's demonstration of the use of an algorithm (not traditionally used in cosmology) that may require less computing time and directly yield a density for each voxel rather than require discrete galaxy counting, but as far as "conclusive association" goes I still don't understand what Phys.org means, if in fact it means anything at all.  
> **username_0**: @RobJeffries the "dwarves" in quotes links to (at)antispinwards humorous comment on the BBC's using that form. But it's probably bad for it to be left that way lest others repeat it later.  
> **username_2**: The use of the term "conclusive association" sounds like hype by someone.  
> **username_3**: The referenced journal article is paywalled. [Here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04393) is the arxiv.org pre-release. The phys.org article is a near word-for-word copy of a [press release](https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/03/cosmic-web.html) from the University of California - Santa Cruz. Always beware of hype from press releases.  
> **username_0**: @username_3 If you wrote that up as a short answer I can probably accept it, especially with the warning about press releases! ;-)  
> **username_3**: @username_0 - Done. I didn't want to post that as an answer in March because it's a non-answer. It's the press release rather than the scientific paper that claims to have found a "conclusive association." And even if the paper had made that claim, that would have been dubious. It is not up to the authors of a paper to deem that what they found was "conclusive." "Conclusive" is a very strong word in science.  
> **username_0**: @username_3 Indeed, thanks!  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-07-26. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

A "conclusive association" is an oxymoron; for example, "brawling love", "loving hate" (these first two are from Shakespeare), "act naturally", or "jumbo shrimp". An association is a vague term while conclusive is very specific and means proven without a doubt.

The underlying journal article does not claim the authors have provided a "conclusive association between the diffuse gas in the space between galaxies and the large-scale structure of the cosmic web predicted by cosmological theory." That is what the press release claims. Press releases are not subject to peer review. Press releases can, and oftentimes do, use over flowery speech.

The underlying journal article does claim that "statistics of absorption by the intergalactic medium (IGM) via spectroscopy of distant quasars support the model yet have not conclusively tied the diffuse IGM to the web." This is true. The implication is that the authors' model has conclusively tied the diffuse IGM to the web. The author do not explicitly make this claim in the journal paper. Suppose the authors had make this claim in early versions of the paper. If that was the case, peer reviewers would inevitably have said to remove this claim on the basis that "conclusive" is an extremely strong word in science.

Even if peer review had allowed that claim, it would still be dubious. Many scientific press releases claim that the research being reported is ground shaking and conclusive. Don't take press releases as fact. Only a tiny few scientific papers show something that is ground shaking and conclusive. Those that do do so (e.g., Einstein's annus mirabilis papers) are very few and very far between.


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