<p>A <em>geyser</em> is a water volcano, they are familiar and fairly common on Earth.</p>

<p>By analogy, a water volcano on other planets can also be called a geyser, although the mechanism may be rather different. Geysers on Earth are caused by heating of sub-surface water by magma chambers. On Enceladus, there is no magma. </p>

<p>The energy of the volcanos of Enceladus is carried purely by the water, and so they are sometimes called <em>cryovolcanos</em> They function in a similar way to volcanos on Earth, but with water instead of silicates, and at much lower temperatures.</p>

<p>When a geyser on Earth erupts, the water all falls back to the ground or evaporates and is trapped by the atmosphere. Enceladus has much lower gravity and no significant atmosphere, so the water from geysers can escape into space, appearing as <em>plumes</em> of water vapour. </p>

<p>A geyser is a water volcano. On Enceladus (but not Earth), the geysers are a form of cryovolcano. A plume appears when water from a geyser escapes into space</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-14T11:02:27.150Z
2017-05-14T11:02:27.150Z
James K
<blockquote>
<p>Question:</p>
<p>I would know why the words &quot;geysers&quot; and &quot;jets&quot; would be used interchangeably. Is this because it hasn't been confirmed yet what they are, and the authors don't wish to show favoritism by choosing one or the other, or are they synonymous and can always be used interchangeably, or is there some other reason ?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>A jet is a generic term to describe the ejection of material.  You'll see it used all over the place in physics (and astronomy).  Jet's can be any form of matter ( solid, liquid, gas, plasma ).</p>
<p>A geyser is a specific type of geological process and, as I understand it, means (at the least) a liquid is being vented (typically water).  The exact process is, of course, not known for certain for non-terrestrial bodies.  I don't think using the term &quot;geyser&quot; is a statement of certainty, but would be used to indicate the general type of event.</p>
<p>I think you're more likely to use &quot;jets&quot; if it's not properly understood and &quot;geysers&quot; when you're either proposing a mechanism that's geyser-like or it's generally accepted that they're geyser-like already.  But I don't think that's written in stone.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-02-05T02:21:15.080Z
This is really helpful, thanks! I've asked a [follow-up question](http://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/19943/7982) about cryovolcanism.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-06-05T22:18:18.920Z
I would add that a jet is ejection into a narrow or collimated beam.  Hawaiian volcanoes usually just ooze magma and technically it is being ejected from the caldera, but not a jet.  Some Yellowstone geysers do the same. Properly, the Enceladus eruptions could be called geyser-jets.  They are water volcanoes that erupt into jets.
eshaya
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-02-04T23:21:55.433Z
2017-02-04T23:21:55.433Z
2020-06-17T09:47:40.653Z
StephenG - Help Ukraine
<p><strong>Background, Europa:</strong></p>

<p>In an earlier question <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/18496/7982">How can “Geysers” on Europa reach heights of 100km?</a> I brought up the use of the word "geyser" in association with the reported confirming observations of water vapor plumes on Europa. Europa size and surface gravity are nearly as large as those of Earth's moon. With an escape velocity of about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">2,025 m/s</a> it was hard for me to understand how an <em>actual geyser</em> could exist within the ice, a geyser so powerful that it could be shooting liquid water from the surface at 2 kilometers per second. </p>

<p>Part of the problem here is that I still can't be absolutely sure there is a clear definition of what is or isn't an <em>actual geyser</em> on solar system bodies other than Earth. On Earth, while a geyser is usually powered by geothermal conversion of water into steam, it pushes additional liquid water up to and above the surface as liquid. I believe that other sources of pressure may still result in proper Earth geysers.</p>

<p>Most scientific references I found referred to the vapor as plumes or jets, the word geyser was used in more popular and general interested articles.</p>

<p>It seems one likely explanation is a venting of water vapor (gas) from a particularly shaped vent can accelerate the molecules to an average velocity that is several times the speed of sound by converting random thermal motion to directed vertical motion, as described in a <a href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/34041" rel="nofollow noreferrer">U.T. Austin thesis by Jared James Berg</a>. Simulations there showed that this jet phenomenon can result in some water vapor reaching a substantial fraction of escape velocity, and rise to 100 to 200km altitudes. The model also addresses the formation of solids as ice crystals within the plume.</p>

<p><strong>About Enceladus:</strong></p>

<p>I have just come across the paper <a href="http://ciclops.org/media/sp/2014/7927_18911_0.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">How the Geysers, Tidal Stresses, and Thermal Emission Across the South Polar Terrain of Enceladus are Related</a>, (Porco, DiNino and Nimmo (2014), Ast. J. 148 (3), 45), an in depth study of sources of water vapor from Enceladus. I saw that both geysers and jets were mentioned in the abstract, but at the end of the second paragraph in the introduction I ran into the very interesting sentence:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>(Throughout this paper, we use the terms “jets” and “geysers” interchangeably.)</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The escape velocity on Enceladus is only about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" rel="nofollow noreferrer">240 m/s</a>, <em>nearly an order of magnitude lower</em> than that on Europa, which means much less sub-surface pressure would be required to push liquid water high above the surface into near space. So I can understand that the term geyser might be more likely to be appropriate for these plumes than it would be for the plumes on higher surface gravity Europa.</p>

<p><strong>Question:</strong></p>

<p>I would know why the words "geysers" and "jets"/"plumes" would be used interchangeably. Is this because it hasn't been confirmed yet what they are, and the authors don't wish to show favoritism by choosing one or the other, or are they synonymous and can always be used interchangeably, or si there some other reason?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/ZbCYQ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/ZbCYQ.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Lxqt9.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Lxqt9.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><strong>above x2:</strong> Figures 3a and 3b from <a href="http://ciclops.org/media/sp/2014/7927_18911_0.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Porco, DiNino and Nimmo (2014)</a>.</p>

<water><europa><enceladus>
Enceladus; why use the words "geysers", "jets", and "plumes" interchangeably?
uhoh
# Enceladus; why use the words "geysers", "jets", and "plumes" interchangeably?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-02-04)

**Background, Europa:**

In an earlier question [How can “Geysers” on Europa reach heights of 100km?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/18496/7982) I brought up the use of the word "geyser" in association with the reported confirming observations of water vapor plumes on Europa. Europa size and surface gravity are nearly as large as those of Earth's moon. With an escape velocity of about [2,025 m/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)) it was hard for me to understand how an *actual geyser* could exist within the ice, a geyser so powerful that it could be shooting liquid water from the surface at 2 kilometers per second.

Part of the problem here is that I still can't be absolutely sure there is a clear definition of what is or isn't an *actual geyser* on solar system bodies other than Earth. On Earth, while a geyser is usually powered by geothermal conversion of water into steam, it pushes additional liquid water up to and above the surface as liquid. I believe that other sources of pressure may still result in proper Earth geysers.

Most scientific references I found referred to the vapor as plumes or jets, the word geyser was used in more popular and general interested articles.

It seems one likely explanation is a venting of water vapor (gas) from a particularly shaped vent can accelerate the molecules to an average velocity that is several times the speed of sound by converting random thermal motion to directed vertical motion, as described in a [U.T. Austin thesis by Jared username_1 Berg](https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/34041). Simulations there showed that this jet phenomenon can result in some water vapor reaching a substantial fraction of escape velocity, and rise to 100 to 200km altitudes. The model also addresses the formation of solids as ice crystals within the plume.

**About Enceladus:**

I have just come across the paper [How the Geysers, Tidal Stresses, and Thermal Emission Across the South Polar Terrain of Enceladus are Related](http://ciclops.org/media/sp/2014/7927_18911_0.pdf), (Porco, DiNino and Nimmo (2014), Ast. J. 148 (3), 45), an in depth study of sources of water vapor from Enceladus. I saw that both geysers and jets were mentioned in the abstract, but at the end of the second paragraph in the introduction I ran into the very interesting sentence:

> (Throughout this paper, we use the terms “jets” and “geysers” interchangeably.)

The escape velocity on Enceladus is only about [240 m/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus), *nearly an order of magnitude lower* than that on Europa, which means much less sub-surface pressure would be required to push liquid water high above the surface into near space. So I can understand that the term geyser might be more likely to be appropriate for these plumes than it would be for the plumes on higher surface gravity Europa.

**Question:**

I would know why the words "geysers" and "jets"/"plumes" would be used interchangeably. Is this because it hasn't been confirmed yet what they are, and the authors don't wish to show favoritism by choosing one or the other, or are they synonymous and can always be used interchangeably, or si there some other reason?

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/ZbCYQ.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/ZbCYQ.png)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Lxqt9.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/Lxqt9.png)

**above x2:** Figures 3a and 3b from [Porco, DiNino and Nimmo (2014)](http://ciclops.org/media/sp/2014/7927_18911_0.pdf).

**Tags:** water, europa, enceladus


---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2017-05-14. Score: 3

A *geyser* is a water volcano, they are familiar and fairly common on Earth.

By analogy, a water volcano on other planets can also be called a geyser, although the mechanism may be rather different. Geysers on Earth are caused by heating of sub-surface water by magma chambers. On Enceladus, there is no magma.

The energy of the volcanos of Enceladus is carried purely by the water, and so they are sometimes called *cryovolcanos* They function in a similar way to volcanos on Earth, but with water instead of silicates, and at much lower temperatures.

When a geyser on Earth erupts, the water all falls back to the ground or evaporates and is trapped by the atmosphere. Enceladus has much lower gravity and no significant atmosphere, so the water from geysers can escape into space, appearing as *plumes* of water vapour.

A geyser is a water volcano. On Enceladus (but not Earth), the geysers are a form of cryovolcano. A plume appears when water from a geyser escapes into space


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2017-02-04. Score: 3

> Question:
>
> I would know why the words "geysers" and "jets" would be used interchangeably. Is this because it hasn't been confirmed yet what they are, and the authors don't wish to show favoritism by choosing one or the other, or are they synonymous and can always be used interchangeably, or is there some other reason ?

A jet is a generic term to describe the ejection of material. You'll see it used all over the place in physics (and astronomy). Jet's can be any form of matter ( solid, liquid, gas, plasma ).

A geyser is a specific type of geological process and, as I understand it, means (at the least) a liquid is being vented (typically water). The exact process is, of course, not known for certain for non-terrestrial bodies. I don't think using the term "geyser" is a statement of certainty, but would be used to indicate the general type of event.

I think you're more likely to use "jets" if it's not properly understood and "geysers" when you're either proposing a mechanism that's geyser-like or it's generally accepted that they're geyser-like already. But I don't think that's written in stone.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: This is really helpful, thanks! I've asked a [follow-up question](http://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/19943/7982) about cryovolcanism.  
> **username_3**: I would add that a jet is ejection into a narrow or collimated beam.  Hawaiian volcanoes usually just ooze magma and technically it is being ejected from the caldera, but not a jet.  Some Yellowstone geysers do the same. Properly, the Enceladus eruptions could be called geyser-jets.  They are water volcanoes that erupt into jets.  

---

