<p>While the answer by @zephyr is extensive, unresolved images of a very distant Kuiper belt object distant body over a short arc of it's orbit through a single filter can not be used to calculate a color. Further, contrary to the claim in that answer, <em>there are indeed</em> a series of measurements alternating between visible and infrared filters!</p>

<p>The Sci-News article <a href="http://www.sci-news.com/space/color-kuiper-belt-objects-04290.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Scientists Determine Color of Kuiper Belt Objects JR1 and MU69</a> describes the color measurement and shows the image of 2014 MU69. </p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/58sL3.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/58sL3.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><strong>above:</strong> "Hubble images of 2014 MU69 taken on June 24, 2014. The images were taken at 10-min intervals. The positions of 2014 MU69 in the images are shown by the green circles. Image credit: NASA / ESA / SwRI / JHU / APL / New Horizons KBO Search Team." From <a href="http://www.sci-news.com/space/color-kuiper-belt-objects-04290.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

<p>An October 18, 2016 <a href="http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&amp;id=14092" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Press Conference</a> includes slides by Amanda M. Zangari, Post-doctoral Researcher, Southwest Research Institute, titled "2014 MU69 Is a Red Cold Classical KBO".</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/8ImCd.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/8ImCd.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/obrx4.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/obrx4.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/2hzql.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/2hzql.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><strong>above:</strong> Slides 4, 5, 6 from (Amanda M. Zangari), October 18, 2016 press conference shown <a href="http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&amp;id=14092" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.05376.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Porter et al. 2016</a> section 2.2 mentions Hubble Space Telescope observing Program #14092, (S. Benecchi PI) which includes 2014 MU69. Part of <a href="http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&amp;id=14092" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the proposal abstract</a> says:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Fortuitously the New Horizons (NH) spacecraft will fly through this part of the Kuiper Belt after its encounter with the Pluto system providing the opportunity for observing as many as 10 objects from long range. Unfortunately, the NH observations will be panchromatic. We propose to obtain colors and to search for binary companions to 8 of these objects and the NH encounter Kuiper Belt object (KBO; 2 were observed with HST in previous cycles), so that we can link the single filter, and higher resolution, spacecraft data from the distant targets to the color and binary data available in the literature.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The data there list a series of HST WFC3 measurements of a variety of KBO objects of potential interest as the next target for [New Horizons][], including 20 measurements tracking the motion of 2014 MU69 of on <code>2016-07-03</code> between <code>13:48</code> and <code>19:10</code>. The measurements alternate between 348 seconds using filter F606W, and 373 seconds using filter F814W, and both using the aperture UVIS2.</p>

<p>The <a href="http://www.stsci.edu/~WFC3/UVIS/SystemThroughput/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">tabulated system throughputs</a> for the aperture/filter combinations are plotted below. Clearly two color measurements are made and the "redness" is established based on green-red vs NIR brightness. In the last slide shown above (#6 from the <a href="http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&amp;id=14092" rel="nofollow noreferrer">press release slides</a> a "redness" scale is devised, <em>with 2014 MU69 falling roughly half-way between Pluto and Mars!</em></p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/IzF6O.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/IzF6O.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><strong>above:</strong> plot of HST system throughputs <a href="http://www.stsci.edu/~WFC3/UVIS/SystemThroughput/f606w.UVIS2.tab" rel="nofollow noreferrer">f606w.UVIS2.tab</a> (green, solid) and <a href="http://www.stsci.edu/~WFC3/UVIS/SystemThroughput/f814w.UVIS2.tab" rel="nofollow noreferrer">f814w.UVIS2.tab</a> (red, dashed).</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-22T13:53:04.687Z
2016-10-23T12:28:02.510Z
2016-10-23T12:28:02.510Z
uhoh
<p>This was a hard one to answer, primarily because of the difficulty in tracking down information.</p>
<h3>The Observations of MU69</h3>
<p>The extended mission for New Horizons involved adjusting its orbit to do a close fly-by of a Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). The annoying part about this was that they needed to find one first! Ground based observations were unsuccessful due to the faint magnitudes of any potential KBOs and the crowded star field (being that they were looking towards the galactic core). Finally, HST was used and over the course of 194 orbits, between June to September 2014, the entire region of the potentially reachable sky, by New Horizon's designated <span class="math-container">$130\:\mathrm{m/s}$</span> delta-v, was scanned using WFC3 instrument and the <a href="http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/documents/handbooks/currentIHB/appendixA12.html" rel="noreferrer">F350LP filter</a>. Image processing revealed 5 potential candidates. This is all laid out in <a href="http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2015/EPSC2015-417.pdf" rel="noreferrer">a paper</a> by the lead of the KBO search, <a href="https://www.boulder.swri.edu/%7Espencer/" rel="noreferrer">John Spencer</a>. You can choose to view any and all images taken during these observations (since it is in the public domain) by downloading them from <a href="https://hla.stsci.edu/hlaview.html#Images%7CfilterText%3D%24filterTypes%3D%7Cquery_string=0%200%20r%3D180&amp;posfilename=&amp;poslocalname=&amp;posfilecount=&amp;listdelimiter=whitespace&amp;listformat=degrees&amp;RA=0.000000&amp;Dec=0.000000&amp;Radius=180.000000&amp;inst-control=all&amp;inst=ACS&amp;inst=ACSGrism&amp;inst=WFC3&amp;inst=WFPC2&amp;inst=NICMOS&amp;inst=NICGRISM&amp;inst=COS&amp;inst=WFPC2-PC&amp;inst=STIS&amp;inst=FOS&amp;inst=GHRS&amp;imagetype=best&amp;prop_id=13633&amp;spectral_elt=&amp;proprietary=both&amp;preview=1&amp;output_size=256&amp;cutout_size=12.8%7Cra=&amp;dec=&amp;sr=&amp;level=&amp;image=&amp;inst=ACS%2CACSGrism%2CWFC3%2CWFPC2%2CNICMOS%2CNICGRISM%2CCOS%2CWFPC2-PC%2CSTIS%2CFOS%2CGHRS&amp;ds=" rel="noreferrer">Hubble's Legacy Archive</a>. Of course you'll have to do some digging in the 970 total images to find the actual images which contain MU69.</p>
<p>Once the entire region was scanned and a set of candidates were found, follow-up observations were made in late October 2014 of each individual candidate to precisely determine orbital parameters and observational characteristics so as to narrow down which candidate was reachable and presented the most scientific advantage. In this case, the same observing group from New Horizons took the images and once again used Hubble's WFC3 and the F350LP filter. Once again, these images can all be found on Hubble's Legacy Archive. An example of a single image which from this run, containing MU39 (although you'd be hard-pressed to pick it out) can be <a href="http://archive.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/mastpreview?mission=hst&amp;dataid=ICIIJ5YDQ" rel="noreferrer">seen here</a>. Most of this information can be gleaned from the Hubble Legacy Archive and is also described in <a href="http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/1301.pdf" rel="noreferrer">this paper</a>.</p>
<p>The Minor Planet Catalog (props to AtmosphericPrisonEscape for pointing this out) indicates that further observations of MU69 were taken with the HST in May and July of 2015. I had a bit of trouble tracking these images down, but knowing that John Spencer was the lead in these observations, I went and looked up his 2015 HST proposal which you can <a href="https://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?id=14053&amp;mission=hst" rel="noreferrer">read here</a>. With the proper proposal number, I found the set of <a href="https://hla.stsci.edu/hlaview.html#Images%7CfilterText%3D%24filterTypes%3D%7Cquery_string=0%200%20r%3D180&amp;posfilename=&amp;poslocalname=&amp;posfilecount=&amp;listdelimiter=whitespace&amp;listformat=degrees&amp;RA=280.183117&amp;Dec=-21.029303&amp;Radius=180.00000&amp;inst=WFC3&amp;imagetype=best&amp;prop_id=14053&amp;spectral_elt=&amp;proprietary=both&amp;preview=1&amp;output_size=256&amp;cutout_size=12.8%7Cra=&amp;dec=&amp;sr=&amp;level=&amp;image=&amp;inst=ACS%2CACSGrism%2CWFC3%2CWFPC2%2CNICMOS%2CNICGRISM%2CCOS%2CWFPC2-PC%2CSTIS%2CFOS%2CGHRS&amp;ds=" rel="noreferrer">15 images during May and July which were taken of MU69</a>. Again, the WFC3 instrument was used with the F350LP filter.</p>
<h3>The Color of MU69</h3>
<p>In total, we have 38 images of MU69, all taken by John Spencer and his team using the HST's WFC3 instrument and the F350LP filter (that peaks at 5845.871 angstroms). The important point here, and the reason I detailed the observations so much in the previous section, was to determine the exact type of images taken of this KBO, so as to ascertain what science data could have been used to determine color.</p>
<p>Based on everything I've compiled, it appears to me that the statement of MU69 being &quot;red&quot; is a educated guess. Anyone who knows about telescopes will tell you that imaging an object in a single filter is <em>not</em> sufficient to reliably measure aspects such as color. You need at least two filters to determine that because you need to understand how the brightness of said object varies with wavelength.</p>
<p>However, it could be possible to make a guess at the color of this body from a single filter by making a lot of assumptions. This is purely a guess as to what they did, but you can first measure the apparent magnitude of this object in your filter, then, assuming things like size, albedo, distance, etc., you can create a model of this object's spectrum that you'd expect it to have such that it reproduces your observed image. The <a href="http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2015/EPSC2015-417.pdf" rel="noreferrer">first paper I linked</a> details how they did inject false KBOs into their images to ensure their KBO finding algorithms worked which indicates they had some basic ability to model KBO images in their data. If your model can reproduce the observations, you can use that model as a basis for what your KBO is likely like and from that you can say that it appears &quot;red&quot;. Based on experience with KBOs and in partiuclar pluto, we expect they might be red and that the redness corresponds to tholin, a common, red chemical found on KBOs, so the fact that they believe it to be read is not surprising.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:15:45.853Z
OK! Heavily researched, this is really good stuff. But there's got to be a measurement somewhere with a different filter. I don't exactly follow your discussion in the last paragraph, but I don't think it's really possible. For example, if it discovered in 2014, that may not have been with the F350LP filter. It's so very far from the Sun and moving so slowly that it might be reasonable to combine photometric measurements separated by a few years just for a rough result.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:17:25.590Z
But you can see that the 2014 discovery was with the F350LP filter. I tracked down all observations of this KBO and found them all to be by the same New Horizons group and all with HST using the F350LP filter. As far as I can determine, every observation of this KBO used a single filter. My discussion in the last paragraph is essentially saying they could have modeled the KBO and attempted to reproduce the images they got and then used that model to determine the "redness".
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:18:52.883Z
quick note - that filter has a FWHM of 5000nm, reporting the peak to a thousandth of one Angstrom is probably overkill.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:23:53.070Z
What is there to model? You have a dot with a certain intensity. Without some way to estimate the size, there's nothing at all to model. Let's keep watching until more information is available. After the meeting is over, sooner or later something will get written somewhere.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:31:34.180Z
@uhoh I was reporting the exact peak listed for the filter, so I don't think its overkill if that is the actual peak. As for modeling, there is some way to estimate the size (and in fact the estimated diameter is ~40 km). There is more than enough information to generate a crude model of this KBO. If astronomical pictures were only "dots with a certain intensity" we'd never get very far in astronomical science. You can tease a lot of information out of dots.
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:39:08.257Z
I believe that the diameter of ~40km comes from the brightness!! They use the brightness, choose a generic albedo (and choose a color), and then calculate a guess for the diameter. Using that to estimate a color would just be circular.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_MU69#Characteristics
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:40:41.350Z
@uhoh But the diameter can be found by putting a PSF over your object and measuring the angular size. The distance is found by knowing the exact position and orbital parameters and that, combined with the angular size, gives you physical size. True, you need to assume a standard value for the the albedo (but not the color!) to fit the PSF, but none of that involves choosing a color or otherwise assuming anything about the spectrum shape. In fact your wiki link confirms what I've just said.
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T16:46:53.137Z
No, it is way too small for that. 40 km at 6,500,000,000 km is about 0.001 arcsecs, you'd need an aperature of the order of 100 meters to see anything.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T23:59:42.317Z
The intrinsic color of an object is it's [wavelength-dependent albedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo#Astronomical_albedo). If you don't assign a wavelength dependence to an albedo, you are implicitly defining it's color to be gray. Check out slides 5, 6, and 7 in Amanda M. Zangari's slides in this [press conference](http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/Press-Conferences/October-18-2016.php). Also see [this article](http://www.sci-news.com/space/color-kuiper-belt-objects-04290.html) which says HST color measurements were in November (year?) and lists the DPS abstract number at the bottom
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-21T00:04:35.740Z
See section 2.2 here: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.05376.pdf this may be the "November" mentioned.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-21T07:36:05.693Z
Take a look here at the filters used for 2014 MU69, 2016-07-03 13:48 to 17:34 UT. http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=14092
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-21T11:15:28.357Z
@uhoh: I agree with your estimate, you can't fit a PSF if even the PSF is less than 1 pixel wide. Also see the paper zephyr linked from the EPSC2015 meeting, there it has a table with two different semi-arbitrary albedo values that give two different size estimates.
AtmosphericPrisonEscape
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T15:28:36.173Z
2016-10-20T15:41:43.517Z
2020-06-17T09:47:40.653Z
zephyr
<p>The recent NASA feature article <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-possible-clouds-on-pluto-next-target-is-reddish" rel="noreferrer">New Horizons: Possible Clouds on Pluto, Next Target is Reddish</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>MU69 is actually the smallest KBO to have its color measured – and scientists have used that data to confirm the object is part of the so-called cold classical region of the Kuiper Belt, which is believed to contain some of the oldest, most prehistoric material in the solar system.</p>
<p>“The reddish color tells us the type of Kuiper Belt object 2014 MU69 is,” said Amanda Zangari, a New Horizons post-doctoral researcher from Southwest Research Institute. “The data confirms that on New Year’s Day 2019, New Horizons will be looking at one of the ancient building blocks of the planets.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="http://gizmodo.com/new-horizons-spacecraft-is-approaching-a-mysterious-red-1787938286" rel="noreferrer">Gizmodo</a> elaborates on the significance of the red color:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Speaking today at the the American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS), mission scientists talked about the Pluto flyby, but they also looked ahead to the Kuiper Belt encounter. Recent observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope suggests MU69 is red—if not redder—than Pluto. MU69 is now the smallest KBO to have its color measured, and it’s our first sense of what this mysterious object actually looks like.</p>
<p>The reddish color of MU69, like the iconic red splotches on Pluto and its moon Charon, suggest the presence of tholin, a class of molecules that’s formed through the ultraviolet irradiation of simple organic compounds such as methane and ethane. Tholin doesn’t form naturally on Earth, but it’s abundant on the surface of icy bodies in the outer solar system. Using Hubble, scientists have confirmed that MU69 is part of the “cold classical” region of the Kuiper belt, which contains some of the oldest objects in the Solar System.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>How was the &quot;redness&quot; of 2014 MU69 detected? The second link mentions that it is Hubble data - is it just photometric (images through different filters) or is there also spectroscopy?</p>
<p>I'm curious, just how red is it? What exactly are the numerical data that are being interpreted as &quot;redness&quot;? Is this exclusively the assumed visual appearance, or is there excess infrared as well?</p>
<p>Also, I wasn't sure if 2014 MU69 is considered a comet or an asteroid. So far everything I've read just calls it a Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). So I've used both tags.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/YzQNu.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/YzQNu.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p><strong>above:</strong> graphic from <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/pluto/2016/06/28/a-world-beyond-pluto-finding-a-new-target-for-new-horizons/" rel="noreferrer">NASA blogs</a>. It looks like they are all red! (joke).</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T11:27:21.403Z
Must have been photometry in the optical bands, as it is too faint (M=26) for spectral observations with the HST. I've been looking at the data from http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/data but there it is only listed that MU69 has 38 observations, not which type they are.
AtmosphericPrisonEscape
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T11:50:58.080Z
@AtmosphericPrisonEscape it sounds like the data was presented at the meeting, maybe have to wait for details, but that sounds like it must be true.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T12:00:00.217Z
Possible. The DPS meeting is just going on this week, so publications might follow. I had hoped that the minor planet center might have something, but they do ground-based observations, so I guess they mostly do determination of orbital elements.
AtmosphericPrisonEscape
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-20T12:07:40.140Z
@AtmosphericPrisonEscape so right now Hubble is 6.5 billion km from MU69, and New Horizons is only about 1.0 billion km, but I have a feeling the optics on New Horizons is much more than 6.5 times smaller in diameter than Hubble so I don't think it can do much for another two years or so.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-23T05:05:36.007Z
The answer by @zephyr is wrong. The wrong set of HST measurements (only one filter) is presented, and an unworkable explanation of how color of a body of unknown size could be obtained with a single filter is given. I have pointed to a two-filter set of HST measurements of 2014 MU69, and some other publications in comments there, but no improvement or correction was made. So I've added and accepted an answer with the likely correct set of measurements and a correct method to establish some metric of "redness" that doesn't defy the laws of physics. Stackexchange is the pursuit of good answers.
uhoh
<asteroids><comets><spectra><kuiper-belt>
Which measurements have shown that 2014 MU69 is red? (New Horizons' next target)
uhoh
# Which measurements have shown that 2014 MU69 is red? (New Horizons' next target)

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-10-20)

The recent NASA feature article [New Horizons: Possible Clouds on Pluto, Next Target is Reddish](http://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-possible-clouds-on-pluto-next-target-is-reddish)

> MU69 is actually the smallest KBO to have its color measured – and scientists have used that data to confirm the object is part of the so-called cold classical region of the Kuiper Belt, which is believed to contain some of the oldest, most prehistoric material in the solar system.
>
> “The reddish color tells us the type of Kuiper Belt object 2014 MU69 is,” said Amanda Zangari, a New Horizons post-doctoral researcher from Southwest Research Institute. “The data confirms that on New Year’s Day 2019, New Horizons will be looking at one of the ancient building blocks of the planets.”

[Gizmodo](http://gizmodo.com/new-horizons-spacecraft-is-approaching-a-mysterious-red-1787938286) elaborates on the significance of the red color:

> Speaking today at the the American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS), mission scientists talked about the Pluto flyby, but they also looked ahead to the Kuiper Belt encounter. Recent observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope suggests MU69 is red—if not redder—than Pluto. MU69 is now the smallest KBO to have its color measured, and it’s our first sense of what this mysterious object actually looks like.
>
> The reddish color of MU69, like the iconic red splotches on Pluto and its moon Charon, suggest the presence of tholin, a class of molecules that’s formed through the ultraviolet irradiation of simple organic compounds such as methane and ethane. Tholin doesn’t form naturally on Earth, but it’s abundant on the surface of icy bodies in the outer solar system. Using Hubble, scientists have confirmed that MU69 is part of the “cold classical” region of the Kuiper belt, which contains some of the oldest objects in the Solar System.

How was the "redness" of 2014 MU69 detected? The second link mentions that it is Hubble data - is it just photometric (images through different filters) or is there also spectroscopy?

I'm curious, just how red is it? What exactly are the numerical data that are being interpreted as "redness"? Is this exclusively the assumed visual appearance, or is there excess infrared as well?

Also, I wasn't sure if 2014 MU69 is considered a comet or an asteroid. So far everything I've read just calls it a Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). So I've used both tags.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/YzQNu.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/YzQNu.png)

**above:** graphic from [NASA blogs](https://blogs.nasa.gov/pluto/2016/06/28/a-world-beyond-pluto-finding-a-new-target-for-new-horizons/). It looks like they are all red! (joke).

**Tags:** asteroids, comets, spectra, kuiper-belt

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Must have been photometry in the optical bands, as it is too faint (M=26) for spectral observations with the HST. I've been looking at the data from http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/data but there it is only listed that MU69 has 38 observations, not which type they are.  
> **username_0**: @username_1 it sounds like the data was presented at the meeting, maybe have to wait for details, but that sounds like it must be true.  
> **username_1**: Possible. The DPS meeting is just going on this week, so publications might follow. I had hoped that the minor planet center might have something, but they do ground-based observations, so I guess they mostly do determination of orbital elements.  
> **username_0**: @username_1 so right now Hubble is 6.5 billion km from MU69, and New Horizons is only about 1.0 billion km, but I have a feeling the optics on New Horizons is much more than 6.5 times smaller in diameter than Hubble so I don't think it can do much for another two years or so.  
> **username_0**: The answer by @username_2 is wrong. The wrong set of HST measurements (only one filter) is presented, and an unworkable explanation of how color of a body of unknown size could be obtained with a single filter is given. I have pointed to a two-filter set of HST measurements of 2014 MU69, and some other publications in comments there, but no improvement or correction was made. So I've added and accepted an answer with the likely correct set of measurements and a correct method to establish some metric of "redness" that doesn't defy the laws of physics. Stackexchange is the pursuit of good answers.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_0 on 2016-10-22. Score: 4 | Accepted answer

While the answer by @username_2 is extensive, unresolved images of a very distant Kuiper belt object distant body over a short arc of it's orbit through a single filter can not be used to calculate a color. Further, contrary to the claim in that answer, *there are indeed* a series of measurements alternating between visible and infrared filters!

The Sci-News article [Scientists Determine Color of Kuiper Belt Objects JR1 and MU69](http://www.sci-news.com/space/color-kuiper-belt-objects-04290.html) describes the color measurement and shows the image of 2014 MU69.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/58sL3.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/58sL3.jpg)

**above:** "Hubble images of 2014 MU69 taken on June 24, 2014. The images were taken at 10-min intervals. The positions of 2014 MU69 in the images are shown by the green circles. Image credit: NASA / ESA / SwRI / JHU / APL / New Horizons KBO Search Team." From [here](http://www.sci-news.com/space/color-kuiper-belt-objects-04290.html).

An October 18, 2016 [Press Conference](http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=14092) includes slides by Amanda M. Zangari, Post-doctoral Researcher, Southwest Research Institute, titled "2014 MU69 Is a Red Cold Classical KBO".

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/8ImCd.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/8ImCd.png)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/obrx4.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/obrx4.png)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/2hzql.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/2hzql.png)

**above:** Slides 4, 5, 6 from (Amanda M. Zangari), October 18, 2016 press conference shown [here](http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=14092).

[Porter et al. 2016](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.05376.pdf) section 2.2 mentions Hubble Space Telescope observing Program #14092, (S. Benecchi PI) which includes 2014 MU69. Part of [the proposal abstract](http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=14092) says:

> Fortuitously the New Horizons (NH) spacecraft will fly through this part of the Kuiper Belt after its encounter with the Pluto system providing the opportunity for observing as many as 10 objects from long range. Unfortunately, the NH observations will be panchromatic. We propose to obtain colors and to search for binary companions to 8 of these objects and the NH encounter Kuiper Belt object (KBO; 2 were observed with HST in previous cycles), so that we can link the single filter, and higher resolution, spacecraft data from the distant targets to the color and binary data available in the literature.

The data there list a series of HST WFC3 measurements of a variety of KBO objects of potential interest as the next target for [New Horizons][], including 20 measurements tracking the motion of 2014 MU69 of on `2016-07-03` between `13:48` and `19:10`. The measurements alternate between 348 seconds using filter F606W, and 373 seconds using filter F814W, and both using the aperture UVIS2.

The [tabulated system throughputs](http://www.stsci.edu/~WFC3/UVIS/SystemThroughput/) for the aperture/filter combinations are plotted below. Clearly two color measurements are made and the "redness" is established based on green-red vs NIR brightness. In the last slide shown above (#6 from the [press release slides](http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=14092) a "redness" scale is devised, *with 2014 MU69 falling roughly half-way between Pluto and Mars!*

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/IzF6O.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/IzF6O.png)

**above:** plot of HST system throughputs [f606w.UVIS2.tab](http://www.stsci.edu/~WFC3/UVIS/SystemThroughput/f606w.UVIS2.tab) (green, solid) and [f814w.UVIS2.tab](http://www.stsci.edu/~WFC3/UVIS/SystemThroughput/f814w.UVIS2.tab) (red, dashed).


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### Answer by username_2 on 2016-10-20. Score: 8

This was a hard one to answer, primarily because of the difficulty in tracking down information.

### The Observations of MU69

The extended mission for New Horizons involved adjusting its orbit to do a close fly-by of a Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). The annoying part about this was that they needed to find one first! Ground based observations were unsuccessful due to the faint magnitudes of any potential KBOs and the crowded star field (being that they were looking towards the galactic core). Finally, HST was used and over the course of 194 orbits, between June to September 2014, the entire region of the potentially reachable sky, by New Horizon's designated $130\:\mathrm{m/s}$ delta-v, was scanned using WFC3 instrument and the [F350LP filter](http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/documents/handbooks/currentIHB/appendixA12.html). Image processing revealed 5 potential candidates. This is all laid out in [a paper](http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2015/EPSC2015-417.pdf) by the lead of the KBO search, [John Spencer](https://www.boulder.swri.edu/%7Espencer/). You can choose to view any and all images taken during these observations (since it is in the public domain) by downloading them from [Hubble's Legacy Archive](https://hla.stsci.edu/hlaview.html#Images%7CfilterText%3D%24filterTypes%3D%7Cquery_string=0%200%20r%3D180&posfilename=&poslocalname=&posfilecount=&listdelimiter=whitespace&listformat=degrees&RA=0.000000&Dec=0.000000&Radius=180.000000&inst-control=all&inst=ACS&inst=ACSGrism&inst=WFC3&inst=WFPC2&inst=NICMOS&inst=NICGRISM&inst=COS&inst=WFPC2-PC&inst=STIS&inst=FOS&inst=GHRS&imagetype=best&prop_id=13633&spectral_elt=&proprietary=both&preview=1&output_size=256&cutout_size=12.8%7Cra=&dec=&sr=&level=&image=&inst=ACS%2CACSGrism%2CWFC3%2CWFPC2%2CNICMOS%2CNICGRISM%2CCOS%2CWFPC2-PC%2CSTIS%2CFOS%2CGHRS&ds=). Of course you'll have to do some digging in the 970 total images to find the actual images which contain MU69.

Once the entire region was scanned and a set of candidates were found, follow-up observations were made in late October 2014 of each individual candidate to precisely determine orbital parameters and observational characteristics so as to narrow down which candidate was reachable and presented the most scientific advantage. In this case, the same observing group from New Horizons took the images and once again used Hubble's WFC3 and the F350LP filter. Once again, these images can all be found on Hubble's Legacy Archive. An example of a single image which from this run, containing MU39 (although you'd be hard-pressed to pick it out) can be [seen here](http://archive.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/mastpreview?mission=hst&dataid=ICIIJ5YDQ). Most of this information can be gleaned from the Hubble Legacy Archive and is also described in [this paper](http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/1301.pdf).

The Minor Planet Catalog (props to username_1 for pointing this out) indicates that further observations of MU69 were taken with the HST in May and July of 2015. I had a bit of trouble tracking these images down, but knowing that John Spencer was the lead in these observations, I went and looked up his 2015 HST proposal which you can [read here](https://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?id=14053&mission=hst). With the proper proposal number, I found the set of [15 images during May and July which were taken of MU69](https://hla.stsci.edu/hlaview.html#Images%7CfilterText%3D%24filterTypes%3D%7Cquery_string=0%200%20r%3D180&posfilename=&poslocalname=&posfilecount=&listdelimiter=whitespace&listformat=degrees&RA=280.183117&Dec=-21.029303&Radius=180.00000&inst=WFC3&imagetype=best&prop_id=14053&spectral_elt=&proprietary=both&preview=1&output_size=256&cutout_size=12.8%7Cra=&dec=&sr=&level=&image=&inst=ACS%2CACSGrism%2CWFC3%2CWFPC2%2CNICMOS%2CNICGRISM%2CCOS%2CWFPC2-PC%2CSTIS%2CFOS%2CGHRS&ds=). Again, the WFC3 instrument was used with the F350LP filter.

### The Color of MU69

In total, we have 38 images of MU69, all taken by John Spencer and his team using the HST's WFC3 instrument and the F350LP filter (that peaks at 5845.871 angstroms). The important point here, and the reason I detailed the observations so much in the previous section, was to determine the exact type of images taken of this KBO, so as to ascertain what science data could have been used to determine color.

Based on everything I've compiled, it appears to me that the statement of MU69 being "red" is a educated guess. Anyone who knows about telescopes will tell you that imaging an object in a single filter is *not* sufficient to reliably measure aspects such as color. You need at least two filters to determine that because you need to understand how the brightness of said object varies with wavelength.

However, it could be possible to make a guess at the color of this body from a single filter by making a lot of assumptions. This is purely a guess as to what they did, but you can first measure the apparent magnitude of this object in your filter, then, assuming things like size, albedo, distance, etc., you can create a model of this object's spectrum that you'd expect it to have such that it reproduces your observed image. The [first paper I linked](http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2015/EPSC2015-417.pdf) details how they did inject false KBOs into their images to ensure their KBO finding algorithms worked which indicates they had some basic ability to model KBO images in their data. If your model can reproduce the observations, you can use that model as a basis for what your KBO is likely like and from that you can say that it appears "red". Based on experience with KBOs and in partiuclar pluto, we expect they might be red and that the redness corresponds to tholin, a common, red chemical found on KBOs, so the fact that they believe it to be read is not surprising.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: OK! Heavily researched, this is really good stuff. But there's got to be a measurement somewhere with a different filter. I don't exactly follow your discussion in the last paragraph, but I don't think it's really possible. For example, if it discovered in 2014, that may not have been with the F350LP filter. It's so very far from the Sun and moving so slowly that it might be reasonable to combine photometric measurements separated by a few years just for a rough result.  
> **username_2**: But you can see that the 2014 discovery was with the F350LP filter. I tracked down all observations of this KBO and found them all to be by the same New Horizons group and all with HST using the F350LP filter. As far as I can determine, every observation of this KBO used a single filter. My discussion in the last paragraph is essentially saying they could have modeled the KBO and attempted to reproduce the images they got and then used that model to determine the "redness".  
> **username_0**: quick note - that filter has a FWHM of 5000nm, reporting the peak to a thousandth of one Angstrom is probably overkill.  
> **username_0**: What is there to model? You have a dot with a certain intensity. Without some way to estimate the size, there's nothing at all to model. Let's keep watching until more information is available. After the meeting is over, sooner or later something will get written somewhere.  
> **username_2**: @username_0 I was reporting the exact peak listed for the filter, so I don't think its overkill if that is the actual peak. As for modeling, there is some way to estimate the size (and in fact the estimated diameter is ~40 km). There is more than enough information to generate a crude model of this KBO. If astronomical pictures were only "dots with a certain intensity" we'd never get very far in astronomical science. You can tease a lot of information out of dots.  
> **username_0**: I believe that the diameter of ~40km comes from the brightness!! They use the brightness, choose a generic albedo (and choose a color), and then calculate a guess for the diameter. Using that to estimate a color would just be circular.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_MU69#Characteristics  
> **username_2**: @username_0 But the diameter can be found by putting a PSF over your object and measuring the angular size. The distance is found by knowing the exact position and orbital parameters and that, combined with the angular size, gives you physical size. True, you need to assume a standard value for the the albedo (but not the color!) to fit the PSF, but none of that involves choosing a color or otherwise assuming anything about the spectrum shape. In fact your wiki link confirms what I've just said.  
> **username_0**: No, it is way too small for that. 40 km at 6,500,000,000 km is about 0.001 arcsecs, you'd need an aperature of the order of 100 meters to see anything.  
> **username_0**: The intrinsic color of an object is it's [wavelength-dependent albedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo#Astronomical_albedo). If you don't assign a wavelength dependence to an albedo, you are implicitly defining it's color to be gray. Check out slides 5, 6, and 7 in Amanda M. Zangari's slides in this [press conference](http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/Press-Conferences/October-18-2016.php). Also see [this article](http://www.sci-news.com/space/color-kuiper-belt-objects-04290.html) which says HST color measurements were in November (year?) and lists the DPS abstract number at the bottom  
> **username_0**: See section 2.2 here: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.05376.pdf this may be the "November" mentioned.  
> **username_0**: Take a look here at the filters used for 2014 MU69, 2016-07-03 13:48 to 17:34 UT. http://archive.stsci.edu/proposal_search.php?mission=hst&id=14092  
> **username_1**: @username_0: I agree with your estimate, you can't fit a PSF if even the PSF is less than 1 pixel wide. Also see the paper username_2 linked from the EPSC2015 meeting, there it has a table with two different semi-arbitrary albedo values that give two different size estimates.  

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