<p>The majority of people who recovered from coma did not report any experiences that occurred while they were in coma (clinically unresponsive, with absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, and with severely abnormal EEG). However, some people who had cardiac arrest or came very close to clinical death but were successfully revived reported later that they had conscious perceptual experiences during these critical periods, when they were in coma. This kind of experiences is called “near-death experience (NDE)” by Moody [1]. About 10% to 20% of such critical individuals reported near-death experiences (NDEs) [2]. NDEs include many experiences, such as seeing tunnel, light, and stars; out-of-body experiences; pleasant feelings; entering a door/gate, heaven, or hell; seeing deceased relatives, religious figures, or god; a life review; a conscious return into the body; etc. [2-5]</p>

<p>However, NDE is still an unsettled subject. Some believe that cumulated evidence so far shows that NDEs are real, that the mind and consciousness can exist without and outside the brain, and that the current understanding that the brain is the basis of consciousness and the mind is not correct [6-10].</p>

<p>Others believe that NDEs are neurophysiologic phenomena that occur while the brain is functioning in an abnormal state [5,11]. Evidence is that many mental phenomena that occur in NDEs can occur or be induced to occur in other non-coma, neurophysiologic states, such as sleep [4], meditation [12], simple partial seizures [13], certain drug-induced altered states of consciousness [11,14], and electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain[15]. Interestingly, some investigators found that a surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity occurred within the first 30 sec after cardiac arrest and preceded isoelectric electroencephalogram in experimental rats [16]. Whether this also occurs in humans and is the basis of NDE occurrences or not needs further investigations.</p>

<p>The most crucial aspect of NDEs is whether the reported experiences occurred during coma/cardiac arrest or not. It is possible that those experiences occurred when the patients have recovered but were still in a confused or dream-like state and that the patients wrongly attributed the time of those experiences to when they were still in coma/had cardiac arrest; their reports were just sincere fallacy. However, this can be investigated in NDE experiencers who have out-of-body experiences and report seeing the scene and event when they are in coma/have cardiac arrest. If these NDE experiencers report (without the help from other people) the scene and events where and when they are in coma/have cardiac arrest correctly, it means their NDEs indeed occur during coma/cardiac arrest and, indeed, normal consciousness can exist without and outside a normally functioning brain – our understanding of the neural basis of consciousness has to be greatly revised from the root. AWARE [17] was the study that was designed to investigate this. Its results, however, were inconclusive. AWAREII [18] is a similar study that is expected to finish this year (2020). It is interesting to see how its results will come out.</p>

<p>So far, however, our present understanding of the neural basis of consciousness has been vindicated in clinical and experimental settings all around the world every day for a long time. It predicts that no conscious experiences, complex thoughts, or complex emotions can occur when one is in coma (clinically unresponsive, with absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, and with severely abnormal EEG), and no definite incidents of conscious experiences during coma have ever been reported. </p>

<p><strong>References.</strong></p>

<ol>
<li><p>Moody, R. A. (1975). Life After Life. New York, NY: Bantam Press.</p></li>
<li><p>Kopel J. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442886/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Near-death experiences in medicine.</a> Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2019 Jan;32(1):163-164. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2018.1542478.</p></li>
<li><p>Belanti J, Perera M, Jagadheesan K. <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.897.8862&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Phenomenology of near-death experiences: A cross-cultural perspective.</a> Transcult Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;45(1):121-33. doi: 10.1177/1363461507088001.</p></li>
<li><p>Charland-Verville V, Jourdan JP, Thonnard M, Ledoux D, Donneau AF, Quertemont E, et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034153/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Near-death experiences in non-life-threatening events and coma of different etiologies.</a> Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:203. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00203. </p></li>
<li><p>Nelson K. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170042/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Near-death experiences: Neuroscience perspectives on near-death experiences.</a> Mo Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;112(2): 92-96. </p></li>
<li><p>Alexander E. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170087/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Near-death experiences, The mind-body debate &amp; the nature of reality.</a> Mo Med. 2015 Jan-Feb;112(1):17-21. </p></li>
<li><p>Greyson B. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6179792/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Getting comfortable with near death experiences: An overview of near-death experiences.</a> Mo Med. 2013 Nov-Dec;110(6):475-481.</p></li>
<li><p>Hagan JC III. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170059/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Near-death experiences: I hope you are comfortable with them by now!</a> Mo Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;112(2): 88-91. </p></li>
<li><p>Long J. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6172100/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Near-death experiences evidence for their reality.</a> Mo Med. 2014 Sep-Oct;111(5):372-380. </p></li>
<li><p>van Lommel P. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988246" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Near-death experiences: The experience of the self as real and not as an illusion.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Oct;1234:19-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06080.x. </p></li>
<li><p>Martial C, Cassol H, Charland-Verville V, Pallavicini C, Sanz C, Zamberlan F, et al. <a href="https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/231971/1/1-s2.0-S105381001830535X-main.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports.</a> Conscious Cogn. 2019 Mar;69:52-69. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011. </p></li>
<li><p>Gordon WV, Shonin E, Dunn TJ, Sheffield D, Garcia-Campayo J, Griffiths MD. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6244634/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Meditation-induced near-death experiences: A 3-year longitudinal study.</a> Mindfulness (N Y). 2018;9(6): 1794-1806. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-0922-3. </p></li>
<li><p>Hoepner R, Labudda K, May TW, Schoendienst M, Woermann FG, Bien CG, et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23086176" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ictal autoscopic phenomena and near death experiences: A study of five patients with ictal autoscopies.</a> J Neurol. 2013 Mar;260(3):742-749. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6689-x. </p></li>
<li><p>Timmermann C, Roseman L, Williams L, Erritzoe D, Martial C, Cassol H, et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6107838/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">DMT Models the Near-Death Experience.</a> Front Psychol. 2018 Aug 15;9:1424. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01424. </p></li>
<li><p>Blanke O, Thut G. <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/78e8/f14eb545507beefedb7b166e8b85026ccf79.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Chapter 26. Inducing Out-of-body Experience.</a> In: oup–Tall Tales about Mind and Brain (Typeset by SPi, Delhi). 2006 Jul 12.</p></li>
<li><p>Borjigin J, Lee U, Liu T, Pal D, Huff S, Klarr D, et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761619" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 27;110(35):14432-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308285110. /</p></li>
<li><p>Parnia S, Spearpoint K, de Vos G, Fenwick P, Goldberg D, Yang J, et al. <a href="http://www.neardeathexperience.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Journal_Resuscitation_AWARE.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">AWARE - AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study.</a> Resuscitation. 2014 Dec;85(12):1799-1805. doi: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004</a>. </p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-summaries/research-summaries/aware-ii/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">AWARE II.</a> NHS Health Research Authority. </p></li>
</ol>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-13T12:27:45.200Z
Thanks for this comprehensive answer! Maybe you want to have a look at this follow-up question I posted at Biology SE: https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/89732/parts-of-the-brain-pivotal-for-maintaining-consciousness
Hans-Peter Stricker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-12T16:10:26.057Z
2020-01-12T16:10:26.057Z
user287279
<p>From a German <a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgesundheit%2Fdiagnose%2Fkuenstliches-koma-an-der-schwelle-zwischen-schmerz-und-traum-a-1286392.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">non-scientific magazine</a>:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Patients react very differently to the artificial coma. "Many of them
  have nightmares, but not everyone can remember them later," says
  Meermeier.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Put up for discussion here.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-16T01:01:59.400Z
Consciousness and coma are graded phenomena (as discussed [here](https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/89732/parts-of-the-brain-pivotal-for-maintaining-consciousness)). In a light coma (with some responses to stimuli, some brainstem reflexes, and not severely abnormal EEG), it’s very possible that patients can be aware of pain and other sensations and can have dream-like experiences. The interesting point is whether this can occur when the patients are in deep coma (totally unresponsive, absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, severely abnormal or flat-line EEG).
user287279
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-16T01:03:18.180Z
According to our current neurophysiological understanding, it can’t. But, as discussed in user287279’s answer in this post, if such near-death experience (NDE) can be proved to occur while a patient is in deep coma (totally unresponsive, absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, severely abnormal EEG), our current understanding needs a radical upheaval. In fact, if it can be proved that NDE occurs while the patient has a flat-line EEG, it means that the mind and consciousness can exist without and outside the brain!
user287279
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-15T17:16:51.163Z
2020-01-15T17:16:51.163Z
Hans-Peter Stricker
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Coma</a> is correlated to a significant inactivity of the cerebral cortex and the reticular activating system, while other parts of the brain - e.g. the limbic system - might still show considerable activity.</p>

<p>My question is:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Are there cases where people recovered from a coma and could later plausibly report experiences they made during the coma?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>What kind of experiences would they typically report - if any? And how fine-grained can descriptions of such experiences be?</p>

<p>Examples:</p>

<ul>
<li>"I felt that I were alive." </li>
<li>"I felt horrible/relaxed." </li>
<li>"I sometimes felt hungry." </li>
<li>"I felt that my mother was there."</li>
<li>"I somehow felt she touched me." </li>
<li>"I somehow heard her say my name."</li>
</ul>

<p>Most surely, elaborate thoughts and complex emotions can not be recalled and plausibly reported (because they could not take place).</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>What would such reports tell us about the neural basis of
  consciousness?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Are there forms of recoverable coma where the cerebral cortex and/or the reticular activating system is completely mute, i.e. without any measurable coordinated neural activity?</p>

<p>Do other parts of the brain necessarily show no measurable coordinated neural activity when the cerebral cortex and/or the reticular activating system doesn't?</p>

<neuroscience><cognitive-neuroscience><consciousness><philosophy-of-mind><unconscious>
What can coma patients report about their experiences - if anything?
Hans-Peter Stricker
# What can coma patients report about their experiences - if anything?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-01-08)

[Coma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma) is correlated to a significant inactivity of the cerebral cortex and the reticular activating system, while other parts of the brain - e.g. the limbic system - might still show considerable activity.

My question is:

> Are there cases where people recovered from a coma and could later plausibly report experiences they made during the coma?

What kind of experiences would they typically report - if any? And how fine-grained can descriptions of such experiences be?

Examples:

* "I felt that I were alive."
* "I felt horrible/relaxed."
* "I sometimes felt hungry."
* "I felt that my mother was there."
* "I somehow felt she touched me."
* "I somehow heard her say my name."

Most surely, elaborate thoughts and complex emotions can not be recalled and plausibly reported (because they could not take place).

> What would such reports tell us about the neural basis of
> consciousness?

Are there forms of recoverable coma where the cerebral cortex and/or the reticular activating system is completely mute, i.e. without any measurable coordinated neural activity?

Do other parts of the brain necessarily show no measurable coordinated neural activity when the cerebral cortex and/or the reticular activating system doesn't?

**Tags:** neuroscience, cognitive-neuroscience, consciousness, philosophy-of-mind, unconscious


---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-01-12. Score: 3

The majority of people who recovered from coma did not report any experiences that occurred while they were in coma (clinically unresponsive, with absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, and with severely abnormal EEG). However, some people who had cardiac arrest or came very close to clinical death but were successfully revived reported later that they had conscious perceptual experiences during these critical periods, when they were in coma. This kind of experiences is called “near-death experience (NDE)” by Moody [1]. About 10% to 20% of such critical individuals reported near-death experiences (NDEs) [2]. NDEs include many experiences, such as seeing tunnel, light, and stars; out-of-body experiences; pleasant feelings; entering a door/gate, heaven, or hell; seeing deceased relatives, religious figures, or god; a life review; a conscious return into the body; etc. [2-5]

However, NDE is still an unsettled subject. Some believe that cumulated evidence so far shows that NDEs are real, that the mind and consciousness can exist without and outside the brain, and that the current understanding that the brain is the basis of consciousness and the mind is not correct [6-10].

Others believe that NDEs are neurophysiologic phenomena that occur while the brain is functioning in an abnormal state [5,11]. Evidence is that many mental phenomena that occur in NDEs can occur or be induced to occur in other non-coma, neurophysiologic states, such as sleep [4], meditation [12], simple partial seizures [13], certain drug-induced altered states of consciousness [11,14], and electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain[15]. Interestingly, some investigators found that a surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity occurred within the first 30 sec after cardiac arrest and preceded isoelectric electroencephalogram in experimental rats [16]. Whether this also occurs in humans and is the basis of NDE occurrences or not needs further investigations.

The most crucial aspect of NDEs is whether the reported experiences occurred during coma/cardiac arrest or not. It is possible that those experiences occurred when the patients have recovered but were still in a confused or dream-like state and that the patients wrongly attributed the time of those experiences to when they were still in coma/had cardiac arrest; their reports were just sincere fallacy. However, this can be investigated in NDE experiencers who have out-of-body experiences and report seeing the scene and event when they are in coma/have cardiac arrest. If these NDE experiencers report (without the help from other people) the scene and events where and when they are in coma/have cardiac arrest correctly, it means their NDEs indeed occur during coma/cardiac arrest and, indeed, normal consciousness can exist without and outside a normally functioning brain – our understanding of the neural basis of consciousness has to be greatly revised from the root. AWARE [17] was the study that was designed to investigate this. Its results, however, were inconclusive. AWAREII [18] is a similar study that is expected to finish this year (2020). It is interesting to see how its results will come out.

So far, however, our present understanding of the neural basis of consciousness has been vindicated in clinical and experimental settings all around the world every day for a long time. It predicts that no conscious experiences, complex thoughts, or complex emotions can occur when one is in coma (clinically unresponsive, with absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, and with severely abnormal EEG), and no definite incidents of conscious experiences during coma have ever been reported.

**References.**

1. Moody, R. A. (1975). Life After Life. New York, NY: Bantam Press.
2. Kopel J. [Near-death experiences in medicine.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442886/) Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2019 Jan;32(1):163-164. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2018.1542478.
3. Belanti J, Perera M, Jagadheesan K. [Phenomenology of near-death experiences: A cross-cultural perspective.](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.897.8862&rep=rep1&type=pdf) Transcult Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;45(1):121-33. doi: 10.1177/1363461507088001.
4. Charland-Verville V, Jourdan JP, Thonnard M, Ledoux D, Donneau AF, Quertemont E, et al. [Near-death experiences in non-life-threatening events and coma of different etiologies.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034153/) Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:203. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00203.
5. Nelson K. [Near-death experiences: Neuroscience perspectives on near-death experiences.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170042/) Mo Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;112(2): 92-96.
6. Alexander E. [Near-death experiences, The mind-body debate & the nature of reality.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170087/) Mo Med. 2015 Jan-Feb;112(1):17-21.
7. Greyson B. [Getting comfortable with near death experiences: An overview of near-death experiences.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6179792/) Mo Med. 2013 Nov-Dec;110(6):475-481.
8. Hagan JC III. [Near-death experiences: I hope you are comfortable with them by now!](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170059/) Mo Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;112(2): 88-91.
9. Long J. [Near-death experiences evidence for their reality.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6172100/) Mo Med. 2014 Sep-Oct;111(5):372-380.
10. van Lommel P. [Near-death experiences: The experience of the self as real and not as an illusion.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988246) Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Oct;1234:19-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06080.x.
11. Martial C, Cassol H, Charland-Verville V, Pallavicini C, Sanz C, Zamberlan F, et al. [Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports.](https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/231971/1/1-s2.0-S105381001830535X-main.pdf) Conscious Cogn. 2019 Mar;69:52-69. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011.
12. Gordon WV, Shonin E, Dunn TJ, Sheffield D, Garcia-Campayo J, Griffiths MD. [Meditation-induced near-death experiences: A 3-year longitudinal study.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6244634/) Mindfulness (N Y). 2018;9(6): 1794-1806. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-0922-3.
13. Hoepner R, Labudda K, May TW, Schoendienst M, Woermann FG, Bien CG, et al. [Ictal autoscopic phenomena and near death experiences: A study of five patients with ictal autoscopies.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23086176) J Neurol. 2013 Mar;260(3):742-749. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6689-x.
14. Timmermann C, Roseman L, Williams L, Erritzoe D, Martial C, Cassol H, et al. [DMT Models the Near-Death Experience.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6107838/) Front Psychol. 2018 Aug 15;9:1424. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01424.
15. Blanke O, Thut G. [Chapter 26. Inducing Out-of-body Experience.](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/78e8/f14eb545507beefedb7b166e8b85026ccf79.pdf) In: oup–Tall Tales about Mind and Brain (Typeset by SPi, Delhi). 2006 Jul 12.
16. Borjigin J, Lee U, Liu T, Pal D, Huff S, Klarr D, et al. [Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761619) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 27;110(35):14432-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308285110. /
17. Parnia S, Spearpoint K, de Vos G, Fenwick P, Goldberg D, Yang J, et al. [AWARE - AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study.](http://www.neardeathexperience.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Journal_Resuscitation_AWARE.pdf) Resuscitation. 2014 Dec;85(12):1799-1805. doi: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004>.
18. [AWARE II.](https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-summaries/research-summaries/aware-ii/) NHS Health Research Authority.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks for this comprehensive answer! Maybe you want to have a look at this follow-up question I posted at Biology SE: https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/89732/parts-of-the-brain-pivotal-for-maintaining-consciousness  

---

### Answer by username_0 on 2020-01-15. Score: 0

From a German [non-scientific magazine](https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgesundheit%2Fdiagnose%2Fkuenstliches-koma-an-der-schwelle-zwischen-schmerz-und-traum-a-1286392.html):

> Patients react very differently to the artificial coma. "Many of them
> have nightmares, but not everyone can remember them later," says
> Meermeier.

Put up for discussion here.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Consciousness and coma are graded phenomena (as discussed [here](https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/89732/parts-of-the-brain-pivotal-for-maintaining-consciousness)). In a light coma (with some responses to stimuli, some brainstem reflexes, and not severely abnormal EEG), it’s very possible that patients can be aware of pain and other sensations and can have dream-like experiences. The interesting point is whether this can occur when the patients are in deep coma (totally unresponsive, absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, severely abnormal or flat-line EEG).  
> **username_1**: According to our current neurophysiological understanding, it can’t. But, as discussed in username_1’s answer in this post, if such near-death experience (NDE) can be proved to occur while a patient is in deep coma (totally unresponsive, absent or minimal brainstem reflexes, severely abnormal EEG), our current understanding needs a radical upheaval. In fact, if it can be proved that NDE occurs while the patient has a flat-line EEG, it means that the mind and consciousness can exist without and outside the brain!  

---

