<p>In the measures subsection of the methods section in the paper you refer to (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gifford et al, 2004</a>), you can see that Gifford et al. (2002) is cited when referring to the AIS questionnaire. However, I cannot seem to find this paper titled <em>"Combining Bupropion SR with acceptance-based behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial."</em></p>

<p>Maybe this is what you were referring to when you stated "I cannot find <em>it</em>"?</p>

<p>I did a more general search for "Gifford Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale" and found <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105309342304" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gifford &amp; Lillis (2009)</a> in which they cite the original paper you found (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gifford et al., 2004</a>)—hardly useful.</p>

<p>Interestingly, a validation study of the scale was published by different authors (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fpas0000059" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Farris et al., 2015</a>), in which they provide the following citations:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>The Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS; <strong>Gifford, 2001; Gifford,
  2002; Gifford et al., 2002</strong>) is a smoking-specific measure of
  experiential avoidance that was specifically developed for
  process-based smoking cessation research.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>They also provide the following description:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gifford et al., 2004</a>) The AIS
  is a 13-item self-report assessment in which respondents to consider
  how they respond to difficult thoughts that encourage smoking (e.g.,
  “I need a cigarette”, “I wish I could have a cigarette now!”),
  different feelings that encourage smoking (e.g., stress, fatigue,
  boredom, enjoyment, satisfaction, etc.), and bodily sensations that
  encourage smoking (e.g., “physical cravings or withdrawal symptoms”).
  Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all to 5 = Very
  much), with higher scores reflecting more inflexibility/avoidance in
  the presence of difficult smoking-related thoughts, feelings, and
  sensations.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Gifford (2001) is an unpublished manuscript. Gifford (2002) is a doctoral dissertation ("Acceptance based treatment for nicotine dependent smokers: Altering the regulatory functions of smoking related affect, physiological symptoms, and cognition.") which I am also unable to find online. Lastly, Gifford et al. (2002) is the first paper we could not find.</p>

<p>The validation study does provide all 13 items in Table 1 (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fpas0000059" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Farris et al., 2015</a>). Combined with the knowledge that it is a 5-point Likert scale (1= Not at all to 5 = Very much) you do have most of the information needed:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Ppn56.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Ppn56.png" alt="AIS scale items"></a></p>

<p>However, personally I would recommend you to contact Gifford and explain your struggles in obtaining access to her research, and kindly request her to place a copy of the unpublished materials on ResearchGate, arxiv, or any similar platform.</p>

<p><sub>
Gifford EV. The Avoidance and Inflexibility scale. 2001 <strong>Unpublished manuscript</strong>.<br>
Gifford EV. Doctoral dissertation. University of Nevada; Reno, NV: 2002. Acceptance based treatment for nicotine dependent smokers: Altering the regulatory functions of smoking related affect, physiological symptoms, and cognition.<br>
Gifford, E. V., Antonuccio, D. O., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., &amp; Piasecki, M. M. (2002). Combining Bupropion SR with acceptance-based behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. In annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Reno, NV.<br>
Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Antonuccio, D. O., Piasecki, M. M., Rasmussen-Hall, M. L., &amp; Palm, K. M. (2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Acceptance-based treatment for smoking cessation.</a> Behavior therapy, 35(4), 689-705.<br>
Gifford, E. V., &amp; Lillis, J. (2009). <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105309342304" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Avoidance and inflexibility as a common clinical pathway in obesity and smoking treatment.</a> Journal of health psychology, 14(7), 992-996.<br>
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., DiBello, A. M., &amp; Schmidt, N. B. (2015). <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fpas0000059" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Validation of the Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS) among treatment-seeking smokers.</a> Psychological assessment, 27(2), 467.
</sub></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-28T17:05:24.743Z
Thank you so much Steven for your detailed and high-quality answer and for correcting my question! I cannot imagine a better welcome to the community!
Michele Dorigatti
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-27T09:05:20.000Z
2019-09-27T09:12:44.037Z
2019-09-27T09:12:44.037Z
Steven Jeuris
<p>I am working with a smoking cessation app and I want to study the acceptance of smoking behaviour. I found a good paper by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gifford et al. (2004)</a> in which the authors use their own questionnaire called the <strong>Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS)</strong>.</p>

<p>However, I cannot find it in PsycInfo and Google Scholar. A more general research on google does not yield any result.</p>

<p><sub>
Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Antonuccio, D. O., Piasecki, M. M., Rasmussen-Hall, M. L., &amp; Palm, K. M. (2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Acceptance-based treatment for smoking cessation.</a> Behavior therapy, 35(4), 689-705.
</sub></p>

<measurement>
How do I get the "Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale"?
Michele Dorigatti
# How do I get the "Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale"?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-09-25)

I am working with a smoking cessation app and I want to study the acceptance of smoking behaviour. I found a good paper by [Gifford et al. (2004)](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7) in which the authors use their own questionnaire called the **Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS)**.

However, I cannot find it in PsycInfo and Google Scholar. A more general research on google does not yield any result.

Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Antonuccio, D. O., Piasecki, M. M., Rasmussen-Hall, M. L., & Palm, K. M. (2004). [Acceptance-based treatment for smoking cessation.](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7) Behavior therapy, 35(4), 689-705.

**Tags:** measurement


---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2019-09-27. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

In the measures subsection of the methods section in the paper you refer to ([Gifford et al, 2004](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7)), you can see that Gifford et al. (2002) is cited when referring to the AIS questionnaire. However, I cannot seem to find this paper titled *"Combining Bupropion SR with acceptance-based behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial."*

Maybe this is what you were referring to when you stated "I cannot find *it*"?

I did a more general search for "Gifford Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale" and found [Gifford & Lillis (2009)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105309342304) in which they cite the original paper you found ([Gifford et al., 2004](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7))—hardly useful.

Interestingly, a validation study of the scale was published by different authors ([Farris et al., 2015](https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fpas0000059)), in which they provide the following citations:

> The Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS; **Gifford, 2001; Gifford,
> 2002; Gifford et al., 2002**) is a smoking-specific measure of
> experiential avoidance that was specifically developed for
> process-based smoking cessation research.

They also provide the following description:

> Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS; [Gifford et al., 2004](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7)) The AIS
> is a 13-item self-report assessment in which respondents to consider
> how they respond to difficult thoughts that encourage smoking (e.g.,
> “I need a cigarette”, “I wish I could have a cigarette now!”),
> different feelings that encourage smoking (e.g., stress, fatigue,
> boredom, enjoyment, satisfaction, etc.), and bodily sensations that
> encourage smoking (e.g., “physical cravings or withdrawal symptoms”).
> Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all to 5 = Very
> much), with higher scores reflecting more inflexibility/avoidance in
> the presence of difficult smoking-related thoughts, feelings, and
> sensations.

Gifford (2001) is an unpublished manuscript. Gifford (2002) is a doctoral dissertation ("Acceptance based treatment for nicotine dependent smokers: Altering the regulatory functions of smoking related affect, physiological symptoms, and cognition.") which I am also unable to find online. Lastly, Gifford et al. (2002) is the first paper we could not find.

The validation study does provide all 13 items in Table 1 ([Farris et al., 2015](https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fpas0000059)). Combined with the knowledge that it is a 5-point Likert scale (1= Not at all to 5 = Very much) you do have most of the information needed:

[![AIS scale items](https://i.sstatic.net/Ppn56.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/Ppn56.png)

However, personally I would recommend you to contact Gifford and explain your struggles in obtaining access to her research, and kindly request her to place a copy of the unpublished materials on ResearchGate, arxiv, or any similar platform.

Gifford EV. The Avoidance and Inflexibility scale. 2001 **Unpublished manuscript**.  
Gifford EV. Doctoral dissertation. University of Nevada; Reno, NV: 2002. Acceptance based treatment for nicotine dependent smokers: Altering the regulatory functions of smoking related affect, physiological symptoms, and cognition.  
Gifford, E. V., Antonuccio, D. O., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., & Piasecki, M. M. (2002). Combining Bupropion SR with acceptance-based behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. In annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Reno, NV.  
Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Antonuccio, D. O., Piasecki, M. M., Rasmussen-Hall, M. L., & Palm, K. M. (2004). [Acceptance-based treatment for smoking cessation.](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7) Behavior therapy, 35(4), 689-705.  
Gifford, E. V., & Lillis, J. (2009). [Avoidance and inflexibility as a common clinical pathway in obesity and smoking treatment.](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105309342304) Journal of health psychology, 14(7), 992-996.  
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., DiBello, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). [Validation of the Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS) among treatment-seeking smokers.](https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fpas0000059) Psychological assessment, 27(2), 467.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you so much Steven for your detailed and high-quality answer and for correcting my question! I cannot imagine a better welcome to the community!  

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