<p><em>C. elegans</em> is the simplest model organism whose nervous system has been studied extensively. <em>C. elegans</em> certainly makes decisions; I would feel pretty confident in saying that decision making is an ubiquitous feature in the nervous system of freely moving animals.</p>

<p>It is also non-controversial to consider more complex behaviors as having evolved from more simple ones (finding food/evading predation/mating). You can even reduce a lot of complex behaviors directly to those simple ones, and certainly neural mechanisms for grouping and distinguishing between different patterns (an essential component of language but also many other behaviors) are conserved across domains.</p>

<p>However, it is not correct to refer to all decision making as a tree search: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_traversal" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a tree search is a particular family of algorithms</a> and not what you describe. Even tree-like problems need not be solved with a tree search. Specifically, tree search is a computational algorithm that works well in the serial processing environment of computer science. Analogies between brains and computers often break down at the level of algorithms, because brains are massively parallel. That doesn't mean tree search-like algorithms are absent from the brain, but you should not take such a narrow view <em>a priori</em>.</p>

<hr>

<p>Christiansen, M. H., &amp; Kirby, S. (2003). Language evolution: Consensus and controversies. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7(7), 300-307.</p>

<p>Faumont, S., Lindsay, T. H., &amp; Lockery, S. R. (2012). Neuronal microcircuits for decision making in C. elegans. Current opinion in neurobiology, 22(4), 580-591.</p>

<p>Fitch, W. T. (2005). The evolution of language: a comparative review. Biology and philosophy, 20(2-3), 193-203.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-08-12T17:15:02.930Z
I suppose the alternative point of view would be that a human mind is a blank slate and things like decision making are taught or learned. Also I suppose what I mean by decision making is making decisions that impact future events or using memories of past events, rather than making a choice based only current environmental inputs.
zooby
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-08-12T17:58:58.833Z
@zooby There are lots of types of memory, and organisms like *C. elegans* certainly make use of past experiences to influence future decisions.
Bryan Krause
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-08-12T16:32:07.307Z
2019-08-12T16:32:07.307Z
Bryan Krause
<p><strong>Q: Could human decision making have evolved from food finding?</strong></p>

<p><strong>A:</strong> The answer is yes, it probably could. But the more probable answer is that decision making in humans and other animals has evolved to increase the survival chance of humans and those animals and of their species. To increase the survival chance certainly requires good decision making to find food, but it also requires good decision to avoid/evade danger, to find fit mates, to protect/raise their offspring, etc. Thus, decision making has evolved to do all these necessary activities, not only food findings, with the end, common goal of to increase the survival chance (of the animals and their species).</p>

<p><strong>Q: What is the smallest animal that can do decision makings? … I wonder what other animals do this sort of thing? Rather than making a choice at random?</strong></p>

<p><strong>A:</strong> Decision making in the advanced form like that exists in humans requires a nervous system with an integration center. The group of animals or Metazoans that have a nervous system is Eumetazoa, but only animals in the subgroup called Bilateria (which comprises many phyla) have an integration center (see the picture).</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/fpuuJ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/fpuuJ.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>The integration center in the basal (more primitive) animals of each phylum is in the form of a nerve ring, a ganglion, or a group of ganglia; only in more advanced animals of each phylum is it in the form of the brain, which can be rudimentary or well developed (like those in mammals). [1-3]</p>

<p>So, the earliest animals that can make decisions are probably the basal animals in each phylum in Bilateria. C. elegans, which Bryan Krause mentioned in his answer, is one of these animals. It is a small, basal animal in phylum Nematoda (marked * in the picture). It has only a nerve ring connected with ganglia as an integration center. It probably can make only simple decisions and most likely without consciousness, which is different from us, human, because the structure of its integration center is too simple to create a complex function like consciousness. The earliest animals that probably can make discussions with some form of consciousness is arguably lampreys.[3] They are small, basal animals in the phylum Chordata (marked * in the picture), class Petromyzontida. [1,3]</p>

<p>However, it should be noted that decision makings have been existing in more primitive forms in other animals and other living organisms for a very long time before the brain emerged. These animals/organisms are animals that have a nervous system that is only a nerve net without the brain (e.g. jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones), animals that do not have a nervous system (sponges, Trichoplax), single-cell animals, and even plants, fungi, bacteria. All these living organisms have mechanisms (such as a nerve-net or certain cellular mechanisms) to detect information in the environment and in themselves, process the information, and make appropriate (non-random) responses without using the brain.[1-6] So, with these abilities, it can be considered that they, too, can do decision makings (but in the most primitive or most basic forms). If so, it can be considered that bacteria are the smallest organisms that can make decision makings (in the most primitive form).</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Roth G &amp; Dick K [Ref 1]: Nervous systems and brains have a dual function, i.e., the maintenance of inner “vital” functions of the organism and the control of behavior of that organism within a given environment. Unicellular organisms exert the same functions and exhibit remarkably complex behaviors, although they do not possess, by deﬁnition, a nervous system. Bacteria sense nutritive substances (e.g., sugar) or toxins (e.g., heavy metal) in their environments through a large number of chemoreceptors as well as obstacles through mechanoreceptors. This diverse information is integrated and, through a chain of complex chemical reactions, drives their ﬂagella for movement. 
  … The bacterium has a mini-memory, by which it can compare the incoming information with previous information, and this “knowledge” determines the behavior. Thus, even in these most primitive organisms we ﬁnd the three basic components for adaptive control of behavior, i.e., a sensorium, a motorium and in between information storage and processing.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>References:</strong></p>

<ol>
<li>Roth G, Dicke U. <a href="https://www.google.co.th/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi8mLLz0KTWAhXJOY8KHTNcD7MQFggnMAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783642107689-c1.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1404406-p174537886&amp;usg=AFQjCNEP_Y0Wv_J0fF_haYNFzYbTn95w2A" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Evolution of Nervous Systems and Brains.</a>In: Galizia CG, Lledo P-M (eds.). Neurosciences - From Molecule to Behavior: A University Textbook. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2013:19-45. ISBN: 978-3-642-10768-9. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10769-6_2.</li>
<li><p>Jorgensen EM. <a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(14)00752-0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Animal evolution: Looking for the first nervous system.</a> Current biology. 2014 Jul;24(14):R655–R658. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.036" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.036</a> </p></li>
<li><p>Feinberg TE, Mallatt J. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790330/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The evolutionary and genetic origins of consciousness in the Cambrian Period over 500 million years ago.</a> Front Psychol. 2013;4:667. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00667. </p></li>
<li><p>Renard E, Vacelet J, Gazave E, Lapébie P, Borchiellini C, Ereskovsky AV. <a href="https://bio.spbu.ru/staff/pdf/Renard%20et_2009-NervSpon.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Origin of the neuro-sensory system: New and expected insights from sponges.</a> Integr Zool. 2009 Sep;4(3):294-308. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00167.x </p></li>
<li><p>Brenner ED, Stahlberg R, Mancuso S, Vivanco J, Baluska F, Van Volkenburgh E. <a href="https://www.howplantswork.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Plant_Neurobiology.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Plant neurobiology: An integrated view of plant signaling.</a> Trends Plant Sci. 2006 Aug;11(8):413-419. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009. </p></li>
<li><p>Camilli A, Bassler BL. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776824/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Bacterial small-molecule signaling pathways.</a> Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1113-1116. DOI: 10.1126/science.1121357. </p></li>
</ol>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-08-13T12:08:54.940Z
2019-08-13T12:08:54.940Z
user287279
<p>One of the things human's do (and possibly other animals) is consider various options, imagine what they would be like, and then make a choice. This is called a "tree search". For example, "should I take the job offer A or B"?</p>

<p>Now, I wonder if this abstract decision making, may have evolved from food finding. And what is the smallest animal that does this sort of thing?</p>

<p>For example, imagine a small monkey or squirrel climbing a tree. When it gets to a branch it has a choice of taking the left branch or the right branch. It has to guess which branch is likely to lead to the best crop of fruit.</p>

<p>Once it has got fruit from one branch it may have to retrace its steps to get to the next branch. </p>

<p>So I would suggest that this sort of "tree search" would probably have evolved in mammals brain before humans repurposed these brain pathways to do more abstract decision making involving language.</p>

<p>I am trying to think of other animals that this would apply to. For example a rabbit may have a choice between branching tunnels.</p>

<p>A bear might have a choice of paths up a mountain and so on. </p>

<p>Rats are good maze finder so they must have this ability to make choices.</p>

<p>I wonder what other animals do this sort of thing? Rather than making a choice at random? It would have to be an animal at least as advanced enough to have a memory.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-08-14T03:27:44.723Z
Regarding size, not primitiveness (which is the major point in my answer below), the smallest animals that can do decision-making are probably ants, termites, and other small insects.
user287279
<decision-making><animal-cognition><free-will>
Could human decision making have evolved from food finding?
zooby
# Could human decision making have evolved from food finding?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-08-12)

One of the things human's do (and possibly other animals) is consider various options, imagine what they would be like, and then make a choice. This is called a "tree search". For example, "should I take the job offer A or B"?

Now, I wonder if this abstract decision making, may have evolved from food finding. And what is the smallest animal that does this sort of thing?

For example, imagine a small monkey or squirrel climbing a tree. When it gets to a branch it has a choice of taking the left branch or the right branch. It has to guess which branch is likely to lead to the best crop of fruit.

Once it has got fruit from one branch it may have to retrace its steps to get to the next branch.

So I would suggest that this sort of "tree search" would probably have evolved in mammals brain before humans repurposed these brain pathways to do more abstract decision making involving language.

I am trying to think of other animals that this would apply to. For example a rabbit may have a choice between branching tunnels.

A bear might have a choice of paths up a mountain and so on.

Rats are good maze finder so they must have this ability to make choices.

I wonder what other animals do this sort of thing? Rather than making a choice at random? It would have to be an animal at least as advanced enough to have a memory.

**Tags:** decision-making, animal-cognition, free-will

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Regarding size, not primitiveness (which is the major point in my answer below), the smallest animals that can do decision-making are probably ants, termites, and other small insects.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2019-08-12. Score: 1

*C. elegans* is the simplest model organism whose nervous system has been studied extensively. *C. elegans* certainly makes decisions; I would feel pretty confident in saying that decision making is an ubiquitous feature in the nervous system of freely moving animals.

It is also non-controversial to consider more complex behaviors as having evolved from more simple ones (finding food/evading predation/mating). You can even reduce a lot of complex behaviors directly to those simple ones, and certainly neural mechanisms for grouping and distinguishing between different patterns (an essential component of language but also many other behaviors) are conserved across domains.

However, it is not correct to refer to all decision making as a tree search: [a tree search is a particular family of algorithms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_traversal) and not what you describe. Even tree-like problems need not be solved with a tree search. Specifically, tree search is a computational algorithm that works well in the serial processing environment of computer science. Analogies between brains and computers often break down at the level of algorithms, because brains are massively parallel. That doesn't mean tree search-like algorithms are absent from the brain, but you should not take such a narrow view *a priori*.

---

Christiansen, M. H., & Kirby, S. (2003). Language evolution: Consensus and controversies. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7(7), 300-307.

Faumont, S., Lindsay, T. H., & Lockery, S. R. (2012). Neuronal microcircuits for decision making in C. elegans. Current opinion in neurobiology, 22(4), 580-591.

Fitch, W. T. (2005). The evolution of language: a comparative review. Biology and philosophy, 20(2-3), 193-203.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: I suppose the alternative point of view would be that a human mind is a blank slate and things like decision making are taught or learned. Also I suppose what I mean by decision making is making decisions that impact future events or using memories of past events, rather than making a choice based only current environmental inputs.  
> **username_2**: @username_0 There are lots of types of memory, and organisms like *C. elegans* certainly make use of past experiences to influence future decisions.  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2019-08-13. Score: 1

**Q: Could human decision making have evolved from food finding?**

**A:** The answer is yes, it probably could. But the more probable answer is that decision making in humans and other animals has evolved to increase the survival chance of humans and those animals and of their species. To increase the survival chance certainly requires good decision making to find food, but it also requires good decision to avoid/evade danger, to find fit mates, to protect/raise their offspring, etc. Thus, decision making has evolved to do all these necessary activities, not only food findings, with the end, common goal of to increase the survival chance (of the animals and their species).

**Q: What is the smallest animal that can do decision makings? … I wonder what other animals do this sort of thing? Rather than making a choice at random?**

**A:** Decision making in the advanced form like that exists in humans requires a nervous system with an integration center. The group of animals or Metazoans that have a nervous system is Eumetazoa, but only animals in the subgroup called Bilateria (which comprises many phyla) have an integration center (see the picture).

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/fpuuJ.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/fpuuJ.png)

The integration center in the basal (more primitive) animals of each phylum is in the form of a nerve ring, a ganglion, or a group of ganglia; only in more advanced animals of each phylum is it in the form of the brain, which can be rudimentary or well developed (like those in mammals). [1-3]

So, the earliest animals that can make decisions are probably the basal animals in each phylum in Bilateria. C. elegans, which username_2 mentioned in his answer, is one of these animals. It is a small, basal animal in phylum Nematoda (marked \* in the picture). It has only a nerve ring connected with ganglia as an integration center. It probably can make only simple decisions and most likely without consciousness, which is different from us, human, because the structure of its integration center is too simple to create a complex function like consciousness. The earliest animals that probably can make discussions with some form of consciousness is arguably lampreys.[3] They are small, basal animals in the phylum Chordata (marked \* in the picture), class Petromyzontida. [1,3]

However, it should be noted that decision makings have been existing in more primitive forms in other animals and other living organisms for a very long time before the brain emerged. These animals/organisms are animals that have a nervous system that is only a nerve net without the brain (e.g. jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones), animals that do not have a nervous system (sponges, Trichoplax), single-cell animals, and even plants, fungi, bacteria. All these living organisms have mechanisms (such as a nerve-net or certain cellular mechanisms) to detect information in the environment and in themselves, process the information, and make appropriate (non-random) responses without using the brain.[1-6] So, with these abilities, it can be considered that they, too, can do decision makings (but in the most primitive or most basic forms). If so, it can be considered that bacteria are the smallest organisms that can make decision makings (in the most primitive form).

> Roth G & Dick K [Ref 1]: Nervous systems and brains have a dual function, i.e., the maintenance of inner “vital” functions of the organism and the control of behavior of that organism within a given environment. Unicellular organisms exert the same functions and exhibit remarkably complex behaviors, although they do not possess, by deﬁnition, a nervous system. Bacteria sense nutritive substances (e.g., sugar) or toxins (e.g., heavy metal) in their environments through a large number of chemoreceptors as well as obstacles through mechanoreceptors. This diverse information is integrated and, through a chain of complex chemical reactions, drives their ﬂagella for movement.
> … The bacterium has a mini-memory, by which it can compare the incoming information with previous information, and this “knowledge” determines the behavior. Thus, even in these most primitive organisms we ﬁnd the three basic components for adaptive control of behavior, i.e., a sensorium, a motorium and in between information storage and processing.”

**References:**

1. Roth G, Dicke U. [Evolution of Nervous Systems and Brains.](https://www.google.co.th/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi8mLLz0KTWAhXJOY8KHTNcD7MQFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783642107689-c1.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1404406-p174537886&usg=AFQjCNEP_Y0Wv_J0fF_haYNFzYbTn95w2A)In: Galizia CG, Lledo P-M (eds.). Neurosciences - From Molecule to Behavior: A University Textbook. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2013:19-45. ISBN: 978-3-642-10768-9. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10769-6\_2.
2. Jorgensen EM. [Animal evolution: Looking for the first nervous system.](http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(14)00752-0) Current biology. 2014 Jul;24(14):R655–R658. DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.036>
3. Feinberg TE, Mallatt J. [The evolutionary and genetic origins of consciousness in the Cambrian Period over 500 million years ago.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790330/) Front Psychol. 2013;4:667. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00667.
4. Renard E, Vacelet J, Gazave E, Lapébie P, Borchiellini C, Ereskovsky AV. [Origin of the neuro-sensory system: New and expected insights from sponges.](https://bio.spbu.ru/staff/pdf/Renard%20et_2009-NervSpon.pdf) Integr Zool. 2009 Sep;4(3):294-308. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00167.x
5. Brenner ED, Stahlberg R, Mancuso S, Vivanco J, Baluska F, Van Volkenburgh E. [Plant neurobiology: An integrated view of plant signaling.](https://www.howplantswork.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Plant_Neurobiology.pdf) Trends Plant Sci. 2006 Aug;11(8):413-419. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009.
6. Camilli A, Bassler BL. [Bacterial small-molecule signaling pathways.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776824/) Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1113-1116. DOI: 10.1126/science.1121357.


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