<p>From the comments:</p>

<p>I'm going to hazard a guess that these are neurons that are tuned to a particular direction in space and that the x-axis is the angle in multiples of π radians, particularly since these are related to the work of <a href="http://neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/georgopoulos.html">Georgopoulos and colleagues</a>.</p>

<p>Since we know these are positionally tuned neurons, you can see some other examples in 
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_coding#Position_coding">this Wikipedia page</a> for some other examples.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>A typical population code involves neurons with a Gaussian tuning curve whose means vary linearly with the stimulus intensity, meaning that the neuron responds most strongly (in terms of spikes per second) to a stimulus near the mean.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>So, as mentioned above, the independent variable here is the stimulus "intensity" (in this case abstracted by the quantity of direction) and the firing rate is the dependent variable, hence their positions on the axes in the plot.</p>

<p>For some of the more theoretical studies of this type of phenomenon, I would definitely check out the work of <a href="http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~todorov">Emo Todorov</a>, among many others, as well. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-12T17:52:27.737Z
2014-07-12T17:52:27.737Z
Chuck Sherrington
<p>My answer is that you have the beginnings of a grasp of neuronal tuning.</p>

<p>But the point is not that neurons can represent functions. The point is generally that neurons contain information about certain experimental conditions.</p>

<p>Rather, neurons can represent functions, but in most cases they tend to represent something closer to propositions.</p>

<p>The seminal work of Georgopoulos et al. was about population encoding. Sure the neurons were cosine tuned, but certain neurons clearly represent certain movement positions more precisely than others. I prefer to think of the neuron as representing a belief that the animal is reaching in a particular direction. Here your "x" would be the angle of reaching.</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Kmhyq.png" alt="enter image description here"></p>

<p>This same intuition can be applied to V1 orientation tuning as discovered by Hubel and Wiesel. Here your "x" would be the orientation of light.</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/BffLn.gif" alt="http://michaeldmann.net/pix_7/complex2.gif"></p>

<p>It's not to say that firing rate can't be used to represent a function. It's just more accurate, in my experience, to say that the neuron usually represents something more akin to its belief in the proposition that "I am reaching to the left" or "I am seeing a horizontal bar of light in the center of my field of vision."</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-11T10:19:09.023Z
2015-01-12T00:01:09.497Z
2015-01-12T00:01:09.497Z
Doug
<p>The model does not care what <em>x</em> is.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>You first create a population of 100 neurons to represent an input that will vary from -1 to 1.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>That input, which varies from -1 to 1, is <em>x</em>. For sensory neurons, the variable <em>x</em> would likely represent a transformation of some aspect of the sensory stimulus (e.g., the visual angle, sound level, or temperature), but it can be whatever you want it to be.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-13T10:04:26.763Z
2015-01-13T10:04:26.763Z
StrongBad
<p>Within the context of the tutorial referenced, this graph is showing the first principle of the NEF, which is that neurons approximate functions by encoding them with their firing rates. Here the input being represented it the range 1 to -1. What the graph shows is the firing rates of all the neurons given the value being represented. So say you have the value 0.5. The firing rates of all the neurons can be found by looking at their Y values at x=0.5.</p>

<p>For further information on encoding and decoding (how to get the information back out from a population of neurons), check out <a href="http://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/research/nef.html" rel="nofollow">this NEF tutorial</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-11T03:32:22.647Z
2015-01-11T13:35:32.007Z
2015-01-11T13:35:32.007Z
Seanny123
<p>I'm working through the tutorial of section 2.4 of "How to Build a Brain" and I've encountered this graph of a neuron tuning curve.</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/ebbUy.png" alt="neuron_tuning_curves"></p>

<p>I understand the Y axis is the firing rate of the neuron, that each curve is the response of a single neuron (there are 100 neurons represented here) and that this plot shows a variety of "on" and "off" neurons, but what does the X axis represent? Is it the action potential input? Is X the value that the neuron represents by firing at that rate?</p>

<p>Please allow me to give some context around the tutorial. You first create a population of 100 neurons to represent an input that will vary from -1 to 1. You notice that this works well, but that the representation degrades when you exceed this range falls apart and you cannot represent anything the range past -2 to 2.</p>

<p>You then use a new population of neurons to build upon this newly acquired knowledge of how neurons can represent functions, to make them represent a 2-dimensional vector similar to the monkey-arm motor experiment performed by Georgopolous.</p>

<p>I could take the leap of faith here and just take for granted that neurons can represent functions and that the more neurons you have, the better approximation of the function you can get, but I feel like understanding these fundamental concepts are important.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-19T12:42:18.237Z
I'm going to hazard a guess that these are neurons that are tuned to a particular direction in space and that the x-axis is the angle in multiples of $\pi$ radians.
Chuck Sherrington
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-19T12:44:49.153Z
(especially if there are Georgopoulos and colleagues - http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/georgopoulos.html -  papers cited in the background work)
Chuck Sherrington
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-19T12:47:39.403Z
@ChuckSherrington Are you saying that it is impossible to read a neuron tuning graph without being first given the context that neurons are firing under?
Seanny123
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-19T12:54:21.653Z
@ChuckSherrington You are however correct that this tutorial I'm following is leading up to modeling Georgopoulos work with motor neurons and the preferred direction.
Seanny123
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-19T12:54:56.860Z
Yes, otherwise it's impossible to know what the particular cell (or groups of cells) are tuning to.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_coding#Position_coding for some other examples.
Chuck Sherrington
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-19T13:00:21.367Z
For some of the more theoretical studies of this type of phenomenon, I would definitely check out the work of Emo Todorov http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~todorov/ as well.
Chuck Sherrington
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-19T13:01:48.460Z
Thanks @ChuckSherrington, I'll finish the tutorial and attempt to answer my own question after reading the resources you linked to.
Seanny123
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-12T14:38:04.127Z
@ChuckSherrington, in an effort to improve the ratings of this forum on [area 51](http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/2149/cognitive-sciences), I would humbly ask that you submit your comments as an answer so that Seanny123 can accept your answer.  It's correct and helpful, after all =)
Louis Thibault
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-12T17:54:10.987Z
@blz I have turned the comments into an answer.  It may not be exactly what the OP is looking for, since he wants to compose his own answer.  I wouldn't worry to much about the percent of unanswered questions, to be honest.  It's much better to have a steady population of users contributing good content than to have all of the questions answered.  This is science after all, we don't have all the answers!
Chuck Sherrington
<theoretical-neuroscience><computational-modeling><nef>
How to read a neuron tuning curve graph?
Seanny123
# How to read a neuron tuning curve graph?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-04-19)

I'm working through the tutorial of section 2.4 of "How to Build a Brain" and I've encountered this graph of a neuron tuning curve.

![neuron_tuning_curves](https://i.sstatic.net/ebbUy.png)

I understand the Y axis is the firing rate of the neuron, that each curve is the response of a single neuron (there are 100 neurons represented here) and that this plot shows a variety of "on" and "off" neurons, but what does the X axis represent? Is it the action potential input? Is X the value that the neuron represents by firing at that rate?

Please allow me to give some context around the tutorial. You first create a population of 100 neurons to represent an input that will vary from -1 to 1. You notice that this works well, but that the representation degrades when you exceed this range falls apart and you cannot represent anything the range past -2 to 2.

You then use a new population of neurons to build upon this newly acquired knowledge of how neurons can represent functions, to make them represent a 2-dimensional vector similar to the monkey-arm motor experiment performed by Georgopolous.

I could take the leap of faith here and just take for granted that neurons can represent functions and that the more neurons you have, the better approximation of the function you can get, but I feel like understanding these fundamental concepts are important.

**Tags:** theoretical-neuroscience, computational-modeling, nef

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I'm going to hazard a guess that these are neurons that are tuned to a particular direction in space and that the x-axis is the angle in multiples of $\pi$ radians.  
> **username_1**: (especially if there are Georgopoulos and colleagues - http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/georgopoulos.html -  papers cited in the background work)  
> **username_0**: @ChuckSherrington Are you saying that it is impossible to read a neuron tuning graph without being first given the context that neurons are firing under?  
> **username_0**: @ChuckSherrington You are however correct that this tutorial I'm following is leading up to modeling Georgopoulos work with motor neurons and the preferred direction.  
> **username_1**: Yes, otherwise it's impossible to know what the particular cell (or groups of cells) are tuning to.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_coding#Position_coding for some other examples.  
> **username_1**: For some of the more theoretical studies of this type of phenomenon, I would definitely check out the work of Emo Todorov http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~todorov/ as well.  
> **username_0**: Thanks @ChuckSherrington, I'll finish the tutorial and attempt to answer my own question after reading the resources you linked to.  
> **username_2**: @ChuckSherrington, in an effort to improve the ratings of this forum on [area 51](http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/2149/cognitive-sciences), I would humbly ask that you submit your comments as an answer so that username_0 can accept your answer.  It's correct and helpful, after all =)  
> **username_1**: @blz I have turned the comments into an answer.  It may not be exactly what the OP is looking for, since he wants to compose his own answer.  I wouldn't worry to much about the percent of unanswered questions, to be honest.  It's much better to have a steady population of users contributing good content than to have all of the questions answered.  This is science after all, we don't have all the answers!  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2014-07-12. Score: 5

From the comments:

I'm going to hazard a guess that these are neurons that are tuned to a particular direction in space and that the x-axis is the angle in multiples of π radians, particularly since these are related to the work of [Georgopoulos and colleagues](http://neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/georgopoulos.html).

Since we know these are positionally tuned neurons, you can see some other examples in
[this Wikipedia page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_coding#Position_coding) for some other examples.

> A typical population code involves neurons with a Gaussian tuning curve whose means vary linearly with the stimulus intensity, meaning that the neuron responds most strongly (in terms of spikes per second) to a stimulus near the mean.

So, as mentioned above, the independent variable here is the stimulus "intensity" (in this case abstracted by the quantity of direction) and the firing rate is the dependent variable, hence their positions on the axes in the plot.

For some of the more theoretical studies of this type of phenomenon, I would definitely check out the work of [Emo Todorov](http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~todorov), among many others, as well.


---

### Answer by username_3 on 2015-01-11. Score: 3

My answer is that you have the beginnings of a grasp of neuronal tuning.

But the point is not that neurons can represent functions. The point is generally that neurons contain information about certain experimental conditions.

Rather, neurons can represent functions, but in most cases they tend to represent something closer to propositions.

The seminal work of Georgopoulos et al. was about population encoding. Sure the neurons were cosine tuned, but certain neurons clearly represent certain movement positions more precisely than others. I prefer to think of the neuron as representing a belief that the animal is reaching in a particular direction. Here your "x" would be the angle of reaching.

![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Kmhyq.png)

This same intuition can be applied to V1 orientation tuning as discovered by Hubel and Wiesel. Here your "x" would be the orientation of light.

![http://michaeldmann.net/pix_7/complex2.gif](https://i.sstatic.net/BffLn.gif)

It's not to say that firing rate can't be used to represent a function. It's just more accurate, in my experience, to say that the neuron usually represents something more akin to its belief in the proposition that "I am reaching to the left" or "I am seeing a horizontal bar of light in the center of my field of vision."


---

### Answer by username_4 on 2015-01-13. Score: 1

The model does not care what *x* is.

> You first create a population of 100 neurons to represent an input that will vary from -1 to 1.

That input, which varies from -1 to 1, is *x*. For sensory neurons, the variable *x* would likely represent a transformation of some aspect of the sensory stimulus (e.g., the visual angle, sound level, or temperature), but it can be whatever you want it to be.


---

### Answer by username_0 on 2015-01-11. Score: 1

Within the context of the tutorial referenced, this graph is showing the first principle of the NEF, which is that neurons approximate functions by encoding them with their firing rates. Here the input being represented it the range 1 to -1. What the graph shows is the firing rates of all the neurons given the value being represented. So say you have the value 0.5. The firing rates of all the neurons can be found by looking at their Y values at x=0.5.

For further information on encoding and decoding (how to get the information back out from a population of neurons), check out [this NEF tutorial](http://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/research/nef.html).


---

