<p>The scientific concept which most closely matches your description of &quot;brain fog&quot; is sleep inertia.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Any theories on why this may happen?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>First, a brief detour.  Sleep is divided up into 5 stages (stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM). Since 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep" rel="noreferrer">NREM</a> sleep has been reclassified into stages N1, N2, N3, with N3 being a combination of the former stages 3 and 4; however, most scientific papers are still using the old system, so I'll refer to them by the old stage names.  Below, you can see a typical hypnogram, where sleep stage is plotted versus time for one night's sleep.  Cycles through the night tend to progress from 1→2→3→2→REM, but can change unexpectedly if the subject is awakened.</p>
<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/pQt4A.png" alt="enter image description here" /></p>
<p>(image from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep" rel="noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>)</p>
<p>While sleep inertia has been well researched since the late 70s, its definition relies on changes in responses to behavioral measures rather than any specific anatomical structures that might be involved.  In other words, it is difficult to &quot;diagnose&quot; someone with sleep inertia without seeing their performance on a demanding cognitive task.</p>
<p>It is known that waking up results from a signal that travels between the reticular system of the thalamus to the thalamus itself, and from the thalamus onto the cortex.  Many studies have used <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854970" rel="noreferrer">fMRI</a> as a means to catch the brain as it falls asleep, but there don't seem to be too many which capture that moment of awakening.</p>
<p>Sleep staging (how levels of sleep are scored, as seen above) relies on EEG measures, so it is natural that after a subject wakes up from a study, their EEG signals can continue to be measured.  This gives researchers an opportunity to see into the dynamics of the cortex, but anatomical resolution and involvement of subcortical structures (like the thalamus) is not measurable.  It would be nice to have a functional picture of subcortical activity to gauge the progression of waking.</p>
<p>A recent EEG study by Marzano (2011) found that the waking brain had a higher degree of delta activity in occipito-parietal (more posterior) areas, and a lower degree of delta activity in the frontal areas.  They found increases in beta activity in the frontal areas, which tended to be stronger after awakening from stage 2 sleep than from REM sleep.  This study did not attempt to localize any anatomical structures, but in general indicates that more posterior portions of the brain (perhaps associated with vision and posture) tended to mimic the activity found in slow-wave sleep for a time after awakening.</p>
<p>Sleep inertia has been found to depend on</p>
<ul>
<li>prior sleep duration</li>
<li>sleep stage prior to being awake</li>
<li>time of day of awakening</li>
</ul>
<p>and last between 30 minutes and 3-4 hours depending on prior sleep deprivation and other factors.</p>
<p>However, the effects of it seem to vary greatly based on the task that the brain is asked to attend to during that time.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Is anyone familiar with any research regarding less brain fog with less sleep?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>On the extreme timescale of a short nap, this has been shown to be true, but the results can be extrapolated to longer time scales.  Tassi (2000) reported on a study in which the subjects took 20, 50, and 80 minute naps.  The 50 minute nap-takers were found to have more intense sleep inertia, most likely due to the chance to lapse into a higher percentage of slow wave sleep during that time (stages 3 + 4 under the old system, and stage N3 in the new one) and potentially not return to stage 1 or 2 before awakening.  The 80 minute nappers, which one might think would have worse sleep inertia upon waking, were able to get into REM sleep, and so experienced less sleep inertia (this is a slight contradiction to Marzano's result above, but I think Tassi's assertion is more widespread in the literature).  However, Tassi also reported a study where decrements in performance were reported in REM sleep with a higher density of eye movements.</p>
<p>Sleep deprivation tends to increase the amount of deeper sleep once the person has the opportunity to rest.  In that case, regardless of stage upon awakening, the sleep inertia tends to be worse.</p>
<p>Matchock (2010) has reevaluated some of the experimental evidence in light of circadian influences.  He added ultradian phase (the marker of one's progress through the circadian day) and whether awakenings were forced or self-imposed to Tassi's list of factors above. Levels of cognition and performance, both hindered in sleep inertia situations, are found not to be uniform throughout the 24 hour day.  Matchock reported on studies where late afternoon naps were more restorative and hindered cognitive function less (less sleep inertia).  Other findings in his review found a relationship between both drops in core body temperature and body temperature of the extremities (both factors known to vary over the day) tended to increase sleep inertia.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>[1] Marzano, C., Ferrara, M., et al (2011). Electroencephalographic sleep inertia of the awakening brain.  Neuroscience 176:308-317.</p>
<p>[2] Matchock, R.L. (2010). Circadian and sleep episode duration influences on cognitive performance following the process of awakening. International Review of Neurobiology, 93:129-151. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(10)93006-7" rel="noreferrer">doi</a></p>
<p>[3] Tassi, P., Muzet, A. (2000) Sleep Inertia. Sleep Medicine Reviews 4:341–353.</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-06-25T18:45:32.827Z
2012-06-27T03:13:16.810Z
2020-06-17T09:55:31.633Z
Chuck Sherrington
<p>I've heard patients who complain of "brain fog" (and fatigue) claim a reduction in "brain fog" (and more mental clarity) when they get fewer hours of sleep (usually less than 5.5 hours).</p>

<p>Here I'd define brain fog as a lack of mental clarity, slow and muddled thinking, trouble stringing thoughts, drowsiness, a reduced ability to focus, a feeling of drifting off, and a reduced ability to shift attention.  Delirium (without hallucination) could be a close medical term.</p>

<p>My questions are:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Any theories on why this may happen?</p></li>
<li><p>Is anyone familiar with any research regarding less brain fog with less sleep?</p></li>
</ol>

<p>I've read in a paper by MacLean and Datta (2007) that sleep deprivation has been successfully used to treat depression, but not so with anxiety.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Indeed, in clinical studies, sleep deprivation has been an effective
  form of treatment for major depressive disorders in humans (Clark et
  al., 2001; Giedke et al., 2003; Gillin et al., 2001); but deprivation
  has shown little or negative results in patients diagnosed with
  anxiety disorders (Dinges et al., 1997; Labbate et al., 1998). Results
  from recent REM and total sleep deprivation studies in rodents
  demonstrate the anxiogenic effect of disrupted sleep (Silva et al.,
  2004; Suchecki et al., 2002a; Suchecki et al., 2002b).</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Depression and delirium are two distinct things, and I'd be interested in hearing more about how sleep deprivation effects delirium -- since it seems that brain fog is not a widely used term.</p>

<p><sub>
Robert Ross MacLean and Subimal Datta (2007). <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1994477/">The relationship between anxiety and sleep-wake behavior after stressor exposure in the rat.</a> Brain Res. 2007 August 20; 1164: 72–80. Published online 2007 June 27. doi:  10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.034
</sub></p>

<hr>

<p>I'm going to update this as I learn more (until I get a reasonable answer), in attempt to both log and share what I'm learning on the subject.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Using imaging, he found that a small area of the cerebral cortex in
  the front of the brain  — the anterior cingulate cortex — which was
  consistently overactive in depressed patients, quieted to normal
  levels of activity after the patients were deprived of sleep. And when
  the patients were allowed to sleep, the activity in this area returned
  to the elevated levels.</p>
</blockquote>

<p><sub>
SEJNOWSKI, T. (2010, April 7). <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/in-sleepless-nights-a-hope-for-treating-depression/">In Sleepless Nights, a Hope for Treating Depression</a> - NYTimes.com. Opinion - Opinionator - NYTimes.com.
</sub></p>

<hr>

<blockquote>
  <p>A study in rats suggests that individual neurons take a nap when the
  brain is forced to stay awake, and that the basic unit of sleep is the
  electrical activity of single cortical neurons.</p>
</blockquote>

<p><sub>
Colwell, C. S. (2011). Neuroscience: Sleepy neurons? Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v472/n7344/full/472427a.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v472/n7344/full/472427a.html</a>
</sub></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-03-10T19:47:43.647Z
Thank you for the update, and for sharing your knowledge with us! There generally is no need to use an update section in your question when this wouldn't conflict any existing answers. Just write it as you would have the first time around. Also don't feel shy to answer your own question if you found a partial, or even better, complete answer!
Steven Jeuris
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-03-11T07:32:20.787Z
Practitioners of polyphasic sleep report increased lucidity and mental clarity.
Fadeway
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-03-16T15:35:36.890Z
This is very interesting, although a great deal of people commenting on [this article you included](http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/in-sleepless-nights-a-hope-for-treating-depression/) report the complete opposite. I guess bottom line is it's at least worth a try!
Matt Rockwell
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-04-11T02:51:42.297Z
I think there are two essential sub-questions you could ask separately to help you answer this question. (1) a terminology question about the proper term for "Brain Fog" as you describe it, and (2) if there are good theories explaining the effects of sleep deprivation on depression. The answers to those two questions might help you answer this one.
Artem Kaznatcheev
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-04-27T00:30:48.113Z
You might be interested in looking around at the research on [sleep inertia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_inertia). This might be the term you are looking for, and then the relevant theories will be based on which stage of sleep you wake up in.
Artem Kaznatcheev
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-05-13T07:33:03.217Z
Along with the information about the cingulate, one thing to keep in mind about depression and sleep deprivation is that it is believed that the phenomenon that they observe has more to do with the reuptake of neurotransmitters during non-REM (NREM) sleep than anything else.  The brain maintains a level of NREM sleep (which is not as "restful") if there is "excess" transmitter around.
Chuck Sherrington
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-05-13T18:03:50.233Z
Go for it @ChuckSherrington :D, it looks like a good direction. I would still prefer if the OP asked some more specific sub-questions as separate posts, though.
Artem Kaznatcheev
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-14T14:25:32.103Z
@Bradford is there anything Chuck's answer is missing? Or would you consider accepting it? Alternatively, what more are you looking for in an answer or do you have any follow up questions you want to ask separately?
Artem Kaznatcheev
<sleep>
Is there a reduction of "Brain Fog" with fewer hours of sleep?
Bradford
# Is there a reduction of "Brain Fog" with fewer hours of sleep?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2012-03-03)

I've heard patients who complain of "brain fog" (and fatigue) claim a reduction in "brain fog" (and more mental clarity) when they get fewer hours of sleep (usually less than 5.5 hours).

Here I'd define brain fog as a lack of mental clarity, slow and muddled thinking, trouble stringing thoughts, drowsiness, a reduced ability to focus, a feeling of drifting off, and a reduced ability to shift attention. Delirium (without hallucination) could be a close medical term.

My questions are:

1. Any theories on why this may happen?
2. Is anyone familiar with any research regarding less brain fog with less sleep?

I've read in a paper by MacLean and Datta (2007) that sleep deprivation has been successfully used to treat depression, but not so with anxiety.

> Indeed, in clinical studies, sleep deprivation has been an effective
> form of treatment for major depressive disorders in humans (Clark et
> al., 2001; Giedke et al., 2003; Gillin et al., 2001); but deprivation
> has shown little or negative results in patients diagnosed with
> anxiety disorders (Dinges et al., 1997; Labbate et al., 1998). Results
> from recent REM and total sleep deprivation studies in rodents
> demonstrate the anxiogenic effect of disrupted sleep (Silva et al.,
> 2004; Suchecki et al., 2002a; Suchecki et al., 2002b).

Depression and delirium are two distinct things, and I'd be interested in hearing more about how sleep deprivation effects delirium -- since it seems that brain fog is not a widely used term.

Robert Ross MacLean and Subimal Datta (2007). [The relationship between anxiety and sleep-wake behavior after stressor exposure in the rat.](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1994477/) Brain Res. 2007 August 20; 1164: 72–80. Published online 2007 June 27. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.034

---

I'm going to update this as I learn more (until I get a reasonable answer), in attempt to both log and share what I'm learning on the subject.

> Using imaging, he found that a small area of the cerebral cortex in
> the front of the brain — the anterior cingulate cortex — which was
> consistently overactive in depressed patients, quieted to normal
> levels of activity after the patients were deprived of sleep. And when
> the patients were allowed to sleep, the activity in this area returned
> to the elevated levels.

SEJNOWSKI, T. (2010, April 7). [In Sleepless Nights, a Hope for Treating Depression](http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/in-sleepless-nights-a-hope-for-treating-depression/) - NYTimes.com. Opinion - Opinionator - NYTimes.com.

---

> A study in rats suggests that individual neurons take a nap when the
> brain is forced to stay awake, and that the basic unit of sleep is the
> electrical activity of single cortical neurons.

Colwell, C. S. (2011). Neuroscience: Sleepy neurons? Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. Retrieved from <http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v472/n7344/full/472427a.html>

**Tags:** sleep

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Thank you for the update, and for sharing your knowledge with us! There generally is no need to use an update section in your question when this wouldn't conflict any existing answers. Just write it as you would have the first time around. Also don't feel shy to answer your own question if you found a partial, or even better, complete answer!  
> **username_2**: Practitioners of polyphasic sleep report increased lucidity and mental clarity.  
> **username_3**: This is very interesting, although a great deal of people commenting on [this article you included](http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/in-sleepless-nights-a-hope-for-treating-depression/) report the complete opposite. I guess bottom line is it's at least worth a try!  
> **username_4**: I think there are two essential sub-questions you could ask separately to help you answer this question. (1) a terminology question about the proper term for "Brain Fog" as you describe it, and (2) if there are good theories explaining the effects of sleep deprivation on depression. The answers to those two questions might help you answer this one.  
> **username_4**: You might be interested in looking around at the research on [sleep inertia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_inertia). This might be the term you are looking for, and then the relevant theories will be based on which stage of sleep you wake up in.  
> **username_5**: Along with the information about the cingulate, one thing to keep in mind about depression and sleep deprivation is that it is believed that the phenomenon that they observe has more to do with the reuptake of neurotransmitters during non-REM (NREM) sleep than anything else.  The brain maintains a level of NREM sleep (which is not as "restful") if there is "excess" transmitter around.  
> **username_4**: Go for it @ChuckSherrington :D, it looks like a good direction. I would still prefer if the OP asked some more specific sub-questions as separate posts, though.  
> **username_4**: @username_0 is there anything Chuck's answer is missing? Or would you consider accepting it? Alternatively, what more are you looking for in an answer or do you have any follow up questions you want to ask separately?  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_5 on 2012-06-25. Score: 11

The scientific concept which most closely matches your description of "brain fog" is sleep inertia.

> Any theories on why this may happen?

First, a brief detour. Sleep is divided up into 5 stages (stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM). Since 2007, [NREM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep) sleep has been reclassified into stages N1, N2, N3, with N3 being a combination of the former stages 3 and 4; however, most scientific papers are still using the old system, so I'll refer to them by the old stage names. Below, you can see a typical hypnogram, where sleep stage is plotted versus time for one night's sleep. Cycles through the night tend to progress from 1→2→3→2→REM, but can change unexpectedly if the subject is awakened.

![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/pQt4A.png)

(image from [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep))

While sleep inertia has been well researched since the late 70s, its definition relies on changes in responses to behavioral measures rather than any specific anatomical structures that might be involved. In other words, it is difficult to "diagnose" someone with sleep inertia without seeing their performance on a demanding cognitive task.

It is known that waking up results from a signal that travels between the reticular system of the thalamus to the thalamus itself, and from the thalamus onto the cortex. Many studies have used [fMRI](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854970) as a means to catch the brain as it falls asleep, but there don't seem to be too many which capture that moment of awakening.

Sleep staging (how levels of sleep are scored, as seen above) relies on EEG measures, so it is natural that after a subject wakes up from a study, their EEG signals can continue to be measured. This gives researchers an opportunity to see into the dynamics of the cortex, but anatomical resolution and involvement of subcortical structures (like the thalamus) is not measurable. It would be nice to have a functional picture of subcortical activity to gauge the progression of waking.

A recent EEG study by Marzano (2011) found that the waking brain had a higher degree of delta activity in occipito-parietal (more posterior) areas, and a lower degree of delta activity in the frontal areas. They found increases in beta activity in the frontal areas, which tended to be stronger after awakening from stage 2 sleep than from REM sleep. This study did not attempt to localize any anatomical structures, but in general indicates that more posterior portions of the brain (perhaps associated with vision and posture) tended to mimic the activity found in slow-wave sleep for a time after awakening.

Sleep inertia has been found to depend on

* prior sleep duration
* sleep stage prior to being awake
* time of day of awakening

and last between 30 minutes and 3-4 hours depending on prior sleep deprivation and other factors.

However, the effects of it seem to vary greatly based on the task that the brain is asked to attend to during that time.

> Is anyone familiar with any research regarding less brain fog with less sleep?

On the extreme timescale of a short nap, this has been shown to be true, but the results can be extrapolated to longer time scales. Tassi (2000) reported on a study in which the subjects took 20, 50, and 80 minute naps. The 50 minute nap-takers were found to have more intense sleep inertia, most likely due to the chance to lapse into a higher percentage of slow wave sleep during that time (stages 3 + 4 under the old system, and stage N3 in the new one) and potentially not return to stage 1 or 2 before awakening. The 80 minute nappers, which one might think would have worse sleep inertia upon waking, were able to get into REM sleep, and so experienced less sleep inertia (this is a slight contradiction to Marzano's result above, but I think Tassi's assertion is more widespread in the literature). However, Tassi also reported a study where decrements in performance were reported in REM sleep with a higher density of eye movements.

Sleep deprivation tends to increase the amount of deeper sleep once the person has the opportunity to rest. In that case, regardless of stage upon awakening, the sleep inertia tends to be worse.

Matchock (2010) has reevaluated some of the experimental evidence in light of circadian influences. He added ultradian phase (the marker of one's progress through the circadian day) and whether awakenings were forced or self-imposed to Tassi's list of factors above. Levels of cognition and performance, both hindered in sleep inertia situations, are found not to be uniform throughout the 24 hour day. Matchock reported on studies where late afternoon naps were more restorative and hindered cognitive function less (less sleep inertia). Other findings in his review found a relationship between both drops in core body temperature and body temperature of the extremities (both factors known to vary over the day) tended to increase sleep inertia.

> [1] Marzano, C., Ferrara, M., et al (2011). Electroencephalographic sleep inertia of the awakening brain. Neuroscience 176:308-317.
>
> [2] Matchock, R.L. (2010). Circadian and sleep episode duration influences on cognitive performance following the process of awakening. International Review of Neurobiology, 93:129-151. [doi](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(10)93006-7)
>
> [3] Tassi, P., Muzet, A. (2000) Sleep Inertia. Sleep Medicine Reviews 4:341–353.


---

