<p>Lee and Ashton (2014) write:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>A few studies have directly examined the relations of the Dark Triad
  with the Honesty–Humility factor (as operationalized in the HEXACO
  Personality Inventory [–Revised]; HEXACO-PI[-R]). These investigations
  have found the low pole of the Honesty– Humility factor to be
  essentially identical to the common elementof the Dark Triad variables
  (Lee &amp; Ashton, 2005; Lee et al., 2013).</p>
</blockquote>

<p>One study I found by Aghababaei et al (2014) reports the following correlations for 223 employees using 12 item dark triad and 60-item hexaco.
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/l3fKy.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/l3fKy.png" alt="hexaco dark triad correlations"></a></p>

<p>Of course, this is not the ideal study for facet-level measurement of honesty-humility. Ideally, you'd want more items both for facet-level measurement and measurement of each of the dark triad in order to get a broad and reliable measure. But it should give some idea.</p>

<h3>References</h3>

<ul>
<li>Lee, K., &amp; Ashton, M. C. (2014). The dark triad, the big five, and the HEXACO model. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 2-5.</li>
<li>Aghababaei, N., Mohammadtabar, S., &amp; Saffarinia, M. (2014). Dirty Dozen vs. the H factor: Comparison of the Dark Triad and Honesty–Humility in prosociality, religiosity, and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 6-10.</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-11-01T04:58:23.647Z
2016-11-01T04:58:23.647Z
Jeromy Anglim
<p>There's now a meta-analysis by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691616666070" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Muris et al. (2017)</a> which is a little more fine grained because also takes into account <a href="https://psychology.stackexchange.com/a/18498/9769">intercorrelation between these three</a>; i.e. Muris et al. report effect sizes both uncorrected and corrected (for shared variance).</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/cIbzJ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/cIbzJ.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>There are somewhat obvious (at least for the uncorrected effects) conclusions that the authors draw:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>As anticipated, the relations between honesty-humility
  and the dark triad traits were all negative and of a moderate
  to large effect size. Thus, in general, narcissism,
  Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are associated with
  low levels of positive attributes such as truthfulness, honesty,
  fairness, sincerity, and faithfulness, which is not surprising
  as each dark trait can be described in terms of the
  precise opposites of these characteristics (Ashton et al.,
  2000). As can be seen in Table 3, the negative link with
  honesty-humility was significantly stronger for Machiavellianism
  and psychopathy than for narcissism (rs being
  -.61 and -.54 versus -.41, respectively). This was especially
  true for the facets of sincerity and fairness, which
  were more strongly negatively linked to Machiavellianism
  and psychopathy, but not for the facet of modesty, which
  was more substantially negatively associated with narcissism.
  Thus, Machiavellianism and psychopathy are primarily
  related to dishonesty and falsehood, whereas
  narcissism is predominantly linked to arrogance and
  haughtiness (e.g., Aghababaei, Mohammadtabar, &amp;
  Saffarinia, 2014; Jonason &amp; McCain, 2012).</p>
  
  <p>When controlling for the shared variance among the
  dark triad traits, we found a similar picture (see lower
  panel of Table 3). That is, narcissism was positively associated
  with extraversion and openness, Machiavellianism
  was negatively related to agreeableness, and psychopathy
  was negatively linked to agreeableness and conscientiousness.
  All dark traits remained statistically negatively
  associated with honesty-humility (with narcissism being
  more clearly connected to lack of greed avoidance and
  modesty, and Machiavellianism and psychopathy being
  more convincingly associated with lack of sincerity and
  fairness). Yet, controlling for shared variance resulted in
  attenuated effect sizes (i.e., uncorrected rs between -.41
  and -.61 vs. corrected rs between -.26 and -.40). Two
  new relations attained statistical significance once we
  controlled for the shared variance among dark triad traits:
  Machiavellianism was negatively associated with extraversion
  (r = -.16), while narcissism was positively related
  to conscientiousness (r = .16). We can only speculate
  about the meaning of these relations. Thus, the lower
  levels of extraversion in Machiavellianism fit with the
  often covert manipulations that are thought to be typical
  for this trait. The relatively higher levels of conscientiousness
  that accompany narcissism may serve the effective
  pursuit of admiration from others.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>In the table above they combined 3 different tests for the dark triad (to get a larger sample), which perhaps explains why they didn't extract facets. They have another table like the above but split by test as well (SD3, DD, and the older ODTS itself assembled from 3 tests) for the purposes of discussing differences among these tests, but they don't get into facets. They do note lower correlations with H when using SD3 and DD and conclude that</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>these [newer, briefer] measures [SD3, DD] are not capable of assessing all aspects of the dark triad traits as well as the extended original questionnaires</p>
</blockquote>

<p>They also point out that MACH-IV (ODTS) had a small positive correlation with neuroticism, but this becomes negative with SD3, which they could not really explain other than by "employment of different instruments".</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-04-14T03:49:52.417Z
2019-04-14T04:22:29.790Z
2019-04-14T04:22:29.790Z
got trolled too much this week
<p>I was just reading some of the items in the HEXACO measure of personality. It seems to me that the "honesty-humility" factor is actually more naturally expressed in the opposite way. I.e., about three quarters of the items are reverse scored.</p>

<p>For example, items measuring fairness (i.e., reverse coded) tend to focus on a willingness to engage in corrupt or even criminal behavior to advance your self-interest. Items measuring greed avoidance seem to be focused on concern with social status grounded in superficial things. Modesty items seems more like a measure of narcissism (i.e., believing you are better than others in some essential and vague way). Sincerity seems to have items concerned with a willingness to engage in social manipulation through flattery and guilt.</p>

<p>This got me interested in the correlation between honest-humility and the dark triad: machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.</p>

<p><strong>What are the best estimates of the correlation between HEXACO honesty-humility (and facets) with the Dark Triad?</strong></p>

<measurement><personality><correlation>
What are the correlations between the facets of honesty-humility in HEXACO personality and the Dark Triad?
Jeromy Anglim
# What are the correlations between the facets of honesty-humility in HEXACO personality and the Dark Triad?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-07-28)

I was just reading some of the items in the HEXACO measure of personality. It seems to me that the "honesty-humility" factor is actually more naturally expressed in the opposite way. I.e., about three quarters of the items are reverse scored.

For example, items measuring fairness (i.e., reverse coded) tend to focus on a willingness to engage in corrupt or even criminal behavior to advance your self-interest. Items measuring greed avoidance seem to be focused on concern with social status grounded in superficial things. Modesty items seems more like a measure of narcissism (i.e., believing you are better than others in some essential and vague way). Sincerity seems to have items concerned with a willingness to engage in social manipulation through flattery and guilt.

This got me interested in the correlation between honest-humility and the dark triad: machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.

**What are the best estimates of the correlation between HEXACO honesty-humility (and facets) with the Dark Triad?**

**Tags:** measurement, personality, correlation


---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_0 on 2016-11-01. Score: 2

Lee and Ashton (2014) write:

> A few studies have directly examined the relations of the Dark Triad
> with the Honesty–Humility factor (as operationalized in the HEXACO
> Personality Inventory [–Revised]; HEXACO-PI[-R]). These investigations
> have found the low pole of the Honesty– Humility factor to be
> essentially identical to the common elementof the Dark Triad variables
> (Lee & Ashton, 2005; Lee et al., 2013).

One study I found by Aghababaei et al (2014) reports the following correlations for 223 employees using 12 item dark triad and 60-item hexaco.
[![hexaco dark triad correlations](https://i.sstatic.net/l3fKy.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/l3fKy.png)

Of course, this is not the ideal study for facet-level measurement of honesty-humility. Ideally, you'd want more items both for facet-level measurement and measurement of each of the dark triad in order to get a broad and reliable measure. But it should give some idea.

### References

* Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2014). The dark triad, the big five, and the HEXACO model. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 2-5.
* Aghababaei, N., Mohammadtabar, S., & Saffarinia, M. (2014). Dirty Dozen vs. the H factor: Comparison of the Dark Triad and Honesty–Humility in prosociality, religiosity, and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 6-10.


---

### Answer by username_1 on 2019-04-14. Score: 1

There's now a meta-analysis by [Muris et al. (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691616666070) which is a little more fine grained because also takes into account [intercorrelation between these three](https://psychology.stackexchange.com/a/18498/9769); i.e. Muris et al. report effect sizes both uncorrected and corrected (for shared variance).

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/cIbzJ.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/cIbzJ.png)

There are somewhat obvious (at least for the uncorrected effects) conclusions that the authors draw:

> As anticipated, the relations between honesty-humility
> and the dark triad traits were all negative and of a moderate
> to large effect size. Thus, in general, narcissism,
> Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are associated with
> low levels of positive attributes such as truthfulness, honesty,
> fairness, sincerity, and faithfulness, which is not surprising
> as each dark trait can be described in terms of the
> precise opposites of these characteristics (Ashton et al.,
> 2000). As can be seen in Table 3, the negative link with
> honesty-humility was significantly stronger for Machiavellianism
> and psychopathy than for narcissism (rs being
> -.61 and -.54 versus -.41, respectively). This was especially
> true for the facets of sincerity and fairness, which
> were more strongly negatively linked to Machiavellianism
> and psychopathy, but not for the facet of modesty, which
> was more substantially negatively associated with narcissism.
> Thus, Machiavellianism and psychopathy are primarily
> related to dishonesty and falsehood, whereas
> narcissism is predominantly linked to arrogance and
> haughtiness (e.g., Aghababaei, Mohammadtabar, &
> Saffarinia, 2014; Jonason & McCain, 2012).
>
> When controlling for the shared variance among the
> dark triad traits, we found a similar picture (see lower
> panel of Table 3). That is, narcissism was positively associated
> with extraversion and openness, Machiavellianism
> was negatively related to agreeableness, and psychopathy
> was negatively linked to agreeableness and conscientiousness.
> All dark traits remained statistically negatively
> associated with honesty-humility (with narcissism being
> more clearly connected to lack of greed avoidance and
> modesty, and Machiavellianism and psychopathy being
> more convincingly associated with lack of sincerity and
> fairness). Yet, controlling for shared variance resulted in
> attenuated effect sizes (i.e., uncorrected rs between -.41
> and -.61 vs. corrected rs between -.26 and -.40). Two
> new relations attained statistical significance once we
> controlled for the shared variance among dark triad traits:
> Machiavellianism was negatively associated with extraversion
> (r = -.16), while narcissism was positively related
> to conscientiousness (r = .16). We can only speculate
> about the meaning of these relations. Thus, the lower
> levels of extraversion in Machiavellianism fit with the
> often covert manipulations that are thought to be typical
> for this trait. The relatively higher levels of conscientiousness
> that accompany narcissism may serve the effective
> pursuit of admiration from others.

In the table above they combined 3 different tests for the dark triad (to get a larger sample), which perhaps explains why they didn't extract facets. They have another table like the above but split by test as well (SD3, DD, and the older ODTS itself assembled from 3 tests) for the purposes of discussing differences among these tests, but they don't get into facets. They do note lower correlations with H when using SD3 and DD and conclude that

> these [newer, briefer] measures [SD3, DD] are not capable of assessing all aspects of the dark triad traits as well as the extended original questionnaires

They also point out that MACH-IV (ODTS) had a small positive correlation with neuroticism, but this becomes negative with SD3, which they could not really explain other than by "employment of different instruments".


---

