<p>The original paper describing Patient HM is available online, and makes for fascinating reading: <strong><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497229/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Scoville, W. B., Milner, B. 1957. Loss of
recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. <em>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</em>. 1957 Feb; 20(1): 11–21.</a></strong> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497229/pdf/jnnpsyc00285-0015.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">(Direct PDF)</a></p>

<p>From page 14:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>This patient has even eaten luncheon in front of one of us (B.M.)
  without being able to name, a mere half-hour later, a single item of
  food he had eaten; in fact, he could not remember having eaten
  luncheon at all. Yet to a casual observer this man seems like a
  relatively normal individual, since his understanding and reasoning
  are undiminished.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>On page 15, the authors describe the group of subjects with "Severe Memory Defects", which included Patient HM:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>In this category are those patients who since operation appear to
  forget the incidents of their daily life as fast as they occur. It is
  interesting that all these patients were able to retain a three-figure
  number or a pair of unrelated words for several minutes, if care was
  taken not to distract them in the interval. However, they forgot the
  instant attention was diverted to a new topic.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>There are plenty of other interesting aspects to this paper; I high recommend it.  But I don't see any reference to the "thirty seconds" which <a href="https://psychology.stackexchange.com/users/46/bencole">@BenCole</a> found in Wikipedia.</p>

<p>A followup paper on Patient HM — also well worth reading! — actually specifies that his memory can last indefinitely, yes, as long as he wasn't distracted. See <strong><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627308010957" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Squire, Larry R. "The legacy of patient HM for neuroscience." <em>Neuron</em> 61.1 (2009): 6-9.</a></strong></p>

<blockquote>
  <p>[…] H.M. had a remarkable capacity for sustained attention, including
  the ability to retain information for a period of time after it was
  presented. Thus, he could carry on a conversation, and he exhibited an
  intact digit span (i.e., the ability to repeat back a string of six or
  seven digits). Indeed, information remained available so long as it
  could be actively maintained by rehearsal. For example, H.M. could
  retain a three-digit number for as long as 15 min by continuous
  rehearsal, organizing the digits according to an elaborate mnemonic
  scheme. Yet when his attention was diverted to a new topic, he forgot
  the whole event.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>What I <em>think</em> we can infer is that there wasn't a theoretical limit for his attention, but the practical one was pretty severe. I don't recall specific details of how long the "period of time" was, or even how or whether it was explicitly tested, but since he undoubtedly couldn't remember that it was crucial for him to remain attentive, it would have been more of a test of the researchers' ability to keep him away from distraction, not of his own competence.</p>

<p>A more complete history of Patient HM is available at <strong><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878875015004337" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Dossani, et al. "The legacy of Henry Molaison (1926–2008) and the impact of his bilateral mesial temporal lobe surgery on the study of human memory." <em>World Neurosurgery</em> 84.4 (2015): 1127-1135.</a></strong>, but I'm afraid it isn't open access, so you'll need institutional access to ScienceDirect Journals. I found this detail quite impressive:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Gabrieli et al. tested Molaison on several aspects of semantic memory,
  including understanding of the meaning, perception, and pronunciation
  of words, and showed that semantic memory acquired before the
  operation was normal compared with that encountered postoperatively.
  Molaison's inability to collect new semantic information did not
  affect his ability to carry normal conversations using the words he
  knew preoperatively. Molaison continued to have a sense of humor and
  understood complex sentences with ambiguous syntax. Longitudinal
  studies conducted over a period of 48 years showed consistency in
  scores obtained on four Wechsler subtests (Information,
  Comprehension, Similarities, and Vocabulary).</p>
</blockquote>

<p>But if you don't have access to that, here are links to three other public bios, found via an image search of Patient HM found in the above article:</p>

<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2359960/The-man-memory-left-lasting-impression-countless-neuroscientists-identified-details-life-revealed-woman-studied-decades.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Meet the man with no memory: Patient who became world-famous after
botched surgery wiped his ability to remember anything is finally
identified after his death</em> from DailyMailUK, 2013.</a></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870517407" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Permanent Present Tense: The Unforgettable Life of the Amnesic
Patient, H. M.</em>, a 2012 book by neuroscientist Suzanne Corkin.</a></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-05/who-was-hm-inside-mind-worlds-most-famous-amnesiac" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Who Was H.M.? Inside The Mind Of The Amnesiac Who Revolutionized
Neuroscience</em> from Popular Science, 2003.</a></p></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-12-26T09:18:48.543Z
2018-12-26T09:18:48.543Z
MrRedwood
<p>I'm talking about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison#Amnesia">Henry Molaison (HM), the famous memory research patient.</a> I hear that he could converse normally with a researcher until he "got distracted", at which point he no longer remembered ever meeting the researcher.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Molaison was able to remember information over <strong>short intervals of
  time.</strong> This was tested in a working memory experiment involving the
  recall of previously presented numbers; in fact, his performance was
  no worse than that of control subjects (Smith &amp; Kosslyn, 2007).</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>If distractions were avoided, how long could HM focus and remember the present or task at hand?</strong>  How long could he talk to researcher before forgetting ever meeting him? </p>

<p>I hear that he was tested for hours. During those tests, did he had to be reminded at some time interval about the test procedure?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-28T13:28:21.330Z
Might be related to the span of short-term memory in general?  Not sure...
BenCole
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-29T16:50:27.673Z
Not sure about short term memory, I think of that one as remembering a sequence of digits, not like "remembering who you are talking to and where you are an what time of day it is"
Alex Stone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-29T19:11:38.700Z
The [Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory) for Short-term memory references H.M. specifically, and gives the (uncited) length of 'up to 30 seconds' (though I should say I have no idea whether your first example is short-term, or the second is. I just don't know, sorry).
BenCole
<memory><long-term-memory><working-memory>
How long could Henry Molaison keep his memory of the present?
Alex Stone
# How long could Henry Molaison keep his memory of the present?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-03-27)

I'm talking about [Henry Molaison (HM), the famous memory research patient.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison#Amnesia) I hear that he could converse normally with a researcher until he "got distracted", at which point he no longer remembered ever meeting the researcher.

> Molaison was able to remember information over **short intervals of
> time.** This was tested in a working memory experiment involving the
> recall of previously presented numbers; in fact, his performance was
> no worse than that of control subjects (Smith & Kosslyn, 2007).

**If distractions were avoided, how long could HM focus and remember the present or task at hand?** How long could he talk to researcher before forgetting ever meeting him?

I hear that he was tested for hours. During those tests, did he had to be reminded at some time interval about the test procedure?

**Tags:** memory, long-term-memory, working-memory

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Might be related to the span of short-term memory in general?  Not sure...  
> **username_0**: Not sure about short term memory, I think of that one as remembering a sequence of digits, not like "remembering who you are talking to and where you are an what time of day it is"  
> **username_1**: The [Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory) for Short-term memory references H.M. specifically, and gives the (uncited) length of 'up to 30 seconds' (though I should say I have no idea whether your first example is short-term, or the second is. I just don't know, sorry).  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2018-12-26. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

The original paper describing Patient HM is available online, and makes for fascinating reading: **[Scoville, W. B., Milner, B. 1957. Loss of
recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. 1957 Feb; 20(1): 11–21.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497229/)** [(Direct PDF)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497229/pdf/jnnpsyc00285-0015.pdf)

From page 14:

> This patient has even eaten luncheon in front of one of us (B.M.)
> without being able to name, a mere half-hour later, a single item of
> food he had eaten; in fact, he could not remember having eaten
> luncheon at all. Yet to a casual observer this man seems like a
> relatively normal individual, since his understanding and reasoning
> are undiminished.

On page 15, the authors describe the group of subjects with "Severe Memory Defects", which included Patient HM:

> In this category are those patients who since operation appear to
> forget the incidents of their daily life as fast as they occur. It is
> interesting that all these patients were able to retain a three-figure
> number or a pair of unrelated words for several minutes, if care was
> taken not to distract them in the interval. However, they forgot the
> instant attention was diverted to a new topic.

There are plenty of other interesting aspects to this paper; I high recommend it. But I don't see any reference to the "thirty seconds" which [@username_1](https://psychology.stackexchange.com/users/46/bencole) found in Wikipedia.

A followup paper on Patient HM — also well worth reading! — actually specifies that his memory can last indefinitely, yes, as long as he wasn't distracted. See **[Squire, Larry R. "The legacy of patient HM for neuroscience." *Neuron* 61.1 (2009): 6-9.](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627308010957)**

> […] H.M. had a remarkable capacity for sustained attention, including
> the ability to retain information for a period of time after it was
> presented. Thus, he could carry on a conversation, and he exhibited an
> intact digit span (i.e., the ability to repeat back a string of six or
> seven digits). Indeed, information remained available so long as it
> could be actively maintained by rehearsal. For example, H.M. could
> retain a three-digit number for as long as 15 min by continuous
> rehearsal, organizing the digits according to an elaborate mnemonic
> scheme. Yet when his attention was diverted to a new topic, he forgot
> the whole event.

What I *think* we can infer is that there wasn't a theoretical limit for his attention, but the practical one was pretty severe. I don't recall specific details of how long the "period of time" was, or even how or whether it was explicitly tested, but since he undoubtedly couldn't remember that it was crucial for him to remain attentive, it would have been more of a test of the researchers' ability to keep him away from distraction, not of his own competence.

A more complete history of Patient HM is available at **[Dossani, et al. "The legacy of Henry Molaison (1926–2008) and the impact of his bilateral mesial temporal lobe surgery on the study of human memory." *World Neurosurgery* 84.4 (2015): 1127-1135.](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878875015004337)**, but I'm afraid it isn't open access, so you'll need institutional access to ScienceDirect Journals. I found this detail quite impressive:

> Gabrieli et al. tested Molaison on several aspects of semantic memory,
> including understanding of the meaning, perception, and pronunciation
> of words, and showed that semantic memory acquired before the
> operation was normal compared with that encountered postoperatively.
> Molaison's inability to collect new semantic information did not
> affect his ability to carry normal conversations using the words he
> knew preoperatively. Molaison continued to have a sense of humor and
> understood complex sentences with ambiguous syntax. Longitudinal
> studies conducted over a period of 48 years showed consistency in
> scores obtained on four Wechsler subtests (Information,
> Comprehension, Similarities, and Vocabulary).

But if you don't have access to that, here are links to three other public bios, found via an image search of Patient HM found in the above article:

* [*Meet the man with no memory: Patient who became world-famous after
  botched surgery wiped his ability to remember anything is finally
  identified after his death* from DailyMailUK, 2013.](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2359960/The-man-memory-left-lasting-impression-countless-neuroscientists-identified-details-life-revealed-woman-studied-decades.html)
* [*Permanent Present Tense: The Unforgettable Life of the Amnesic
  Patient, H. M.*, a 2012 book by neuroscientist Suzanne Corkin.](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870517407)
* [*Who Was H.M.? Inside The Mind Of The Amnesiac Who Revolutionized
  Neuroscience* from Popular Science, 2003.](https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-05/who-was-hm-inside-mind-worlds-most-famous-amnesiac)


---

