<p><strong>Short answer</strong><br>
V1 can be recruited for visual imagery, but it is not strictly needed for imagery to occur, and it is not sufficient in itself to allow for visual imagery.</p>

<p><strong>Background</strong><br>
Visual imagery is a complex and broad topic of research. It's in fact a big pain in visual prosthetic research. In this area of research it's often nice to show those fancy pics of deafferented visual areas in the brain to light up after having been deprived of visual activation for years. Then you find those seemingly strikingly activated visual regions by your awesome visual prosthetic, to be shot to pieces later by critical referees that believe it may just as well be that your subjects have been imagining stuff. </p>

<p>Anyway, visual imagery depends on much of the same structures in the visual system as seeing by itself. The retina, being considered part of the central nervous system, and the end organ of the visual system is not involved as it only delivers input by sensing light. Hence the optic nerve is not involved either. After that we have the brain stem and strikingly, already the LGN in the brain stem has been shown to be activated by imagery. And not surprisingly then, V1, being the output location of the LGN, is activated too <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9858377" rel="noreferrer">(Chen <em>et al</em>., 1998)</a>.</p>

<p>However, activation of these regions does not mean they are necessary for imagery to occur. Because imagery follows the visual neural path pretty much in reverse, it is the higher association areas in the brain that are most crucial for this process to occur. Indeed, visual imagery has been shown to occur in people with large trauma-related defects in V1 nearly obliterating the occipital cortex <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-011-6299-z" rel="noreferrer">(Bridge <em>et al</em>. (2012)</a>. </p>

<p>Meta analyses of various studies has delivered a potential reconciliation of these opposing findings. V1 recruitment may depend on the specific <strong>type of imagery</strong>, and specifically that detailed imagery is more dependent on V1 <a href="http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781461458784-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1445711-p174675732" rel="noreferrer">(Ganis, 2012)</a>.     </p>

<p><sub><strong>References</strong><br>
<strong>-</strong> <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-011-6299-z" rel="noreferrer">Bridge <em>et al</em>., <em>J Neurol</em> (2012) <strong>259</strong>: 1062–70</a><br>
<strong>-</strong> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9858377" rel="noreferrer">Chen <em>et al</em>., <em>Neuroreport</em> (1998); <strong>16</strong>(16): 3669-74</a><br>
<strong>-</strong> <a href="http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781461458784-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1445711-p174675732" rel="noreferrer">Ganis, Visual Mental Imagery, Springer Link (2012)</a><br>
<strong>-</strong> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179723/" rel="noreferrer">Urbanski <em>et al</em>. <em>Frontiers Integr Neurosci</em> (2014); <strong>8</strong>:74</a></sub></p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/6GLP3.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/6GLP3.png" alt="visual system"></a><br>
<sup>Fig. 1. Visual system. source: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179723/" rel="noreferrer">Urbanski <em>et al</em>. (2014)</a></sup> </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-12-19T10:00:40.967Z
2017-12-19T10:08:34.253Z
2017-12-19T10:08:34.253Z
AliceD
<p>It's well known that mental imagery shares the neural substrates of its respective modality, despite dissociable multivariate patterns.  For example, visual imagery can be decoded across the ventral visual stream, but can be separated from vision-proper based on spatiotemporal dynamics. </p>

<p>However, there seems to be some controversy about the whether the "earliest" sensory regions (<em>e.g.</em>, V1) are involved in mental imagery. To my knowledge, many studies seem to show either nonsignificant, weak, or marginal involvement of V1 in visual imagery, but some theoretical articles seem to suggest the opposite.  </p>

<p>Can anyone shed some light on the current thinking/evidence? </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-12-17T01:45:50.470Z
I expect that @AliceD will be the subject-matter expert on this here so I'll leave a full answer to him, but there is a fairly recent and extensive review of the literature on this very question here: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_2.  The short answer appears to be "sometimes".
Arnon Weinberg
<neuroscience><perception><vision><sensation><imagery>
Is V1 involved in visual imagery?
mrt
# Is V1 involved in visual imagery?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-12-16)

It's well known that mental imagery shares the neural substrates of its respective modality, despite dissociable multivariate patterns. For example, visual imagery can be decoded across the ventral visual stream, but can be separated from vision-proper based on spatiotemporal dynamics.

However, there seems to be some controversy about the whether the "earliest" sensory regions (*e.g.*, V1) are involved in mental imagery. To my knowledge, many studies seem to show either nonsignificant, weak, or marginal involvement of V1 in visual imagery, but some theoretical articles seem to suggest the opposite.

Can anyone shed some light on the current thinking/evidence?

**Tags:** neuroscience, perception, vision, sensation, imagery

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I expect that @username_2 will be the subject-matter expert on this here so I'll leave a full answer to him, but there is a fairly recent and extensive review of the literature on this very question here: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_2.  The short answer appears to be "sometimes".  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2017-12-19. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

**Short answer**  
V1 can be recruited for visual imagery, but it is not strictly needed for imagery to occur, and it is not sufficient in itself to allow for visual imagery.

**Background**  
Visual imagery is a complex and broad topic of research. It's in fact a big pain in visual prosthetic research. In this area of research it's often nice to show those fancy pics of deafferented visual areas in the brain to light up after having been deprived of visual activation for years. Then you find those seemingly strikingly activated visual regions by your awesome visual prosthetic, to be shot to pieces later by critical referees that believe it may just as well be that your subjects have been imagining stuff.

Anyway, visual imagery depends on much of the same structures in the visual system as seeing by itself. The retina, being considered part of the central nervous system, and the end organ of the visual system is not involved as it only delivers input by sensing light. Hence the optic nerve is not involved either. After that we have the brain stem and strikingly, already the LGN in the brain stem has been shown to be activated by imagery. And not surprisingly then, V1, being the output location of the LGN, is activated too [(Chen *et al*., 1998)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9858377).

However, activation of these regions does not mean they are necessary for imagery to occur. Because imagery follows the visual neural path pretty much in reverse, it is the higher association areas in the brain that are most crucial for this process to occur. Indeed, visual imagery has been shown to occur in people with large trauma-related defects in V1 nearly obliterating the occipital cortex [(Bridge *et al*. (2012)](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-011-6299-z).

Meta analyses of various studies has delivered a potential reconciliation of these opposing findings. V1 recruitment may depend on the specific **type of imagery**, and specifically that detailed imagery is more dependent on V1 [(Ganis, 2012)](http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781461458784-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1445711-p174675732).

**References**  
**-** [Bridge *et al*., *J Neurol* (2012) **259**: 1062–70](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-011-6299-z)  
**-** [Chen *et al*., *Neuroreport* (1998); **16**(16): 3669-74](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9858377)  
**-** [Ganis, Visual Mental Imagery, Springer Link (2012)](http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781461458784-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1445711-p174675732)  
**-** [Urbanski *et al*. *Frontiers Integr Neurosci* (2014); **8**:74](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179723/)

[![visual system](https://i.sstatic.net/6GLP3.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/6GLP3.png)  
Fig. 1. Visual system. source: [Urbanski *et al*. (2014)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179723/)


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