<p>First, a minor point is that the TIPI is a very poor measure of individual-level personality. Two item measures of personality are rarely justifiable. Standard errors of measurement are unnecessarily large. </p>

<p>In general, you are talking about the topic of norms and standardized scores.
Any introductory book on psychological measurement will discuss topics related to standardised scores and norms.</p>

<p>General thoughts about defining a high and low score:</p>

<h3>1. <strong>Define your population.</strong></h3>

<p>You need to define your target population. E.g., Just males? Just females? What ages? What country? etc.</p>

<h3>2. Obtain estimates of norms for that population.</h3>

<p>You then need to get a sample estimate of that population. In some cases, the test manual may provide this. In other cases, you can look to the published literature to see various normative samples.</p>

<h3>3. Calculate statndardized scores</h3>

<p>You then need to compute a standardized score that relate an a particular respondent's score to the norms. Percentile ranks are one way of doing this. Other approaches are based on z-scores (i.e., where the raw score is scales to mean of zero and an standard deviation of 1). For example, t scores are the same as z-scores, but mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score</a></p>

<p>Note that these standardized scores are always contingent on your norm sample.</p>

<p>There are also a range of more sophisticated approaches that are sometimes applied. For example, if you are doing cognitive testing in children, you can interpolate norms between ages, so for example, the norm for a 6.5 year old is different to a 6.8 year old.</p>

<h3>4. Define cut-offs</h3>

<p>The definition of high and what scores are low, average, and high is somewhat arbitrary. You probably want to think about your application and what the consequences will be of these categorical designations.</p>

<p>That said, I think based on natural language, I think a reasonable starting point (using z-scores where mean is 0 and standard deviation is 1) would be:</p>

<ul>
<li>Low: z-score &lt; -1 </li>
<li>Average: -1 &lt; z-score &lt; 1</li>
<li>High: z-score > 1</li>
</ul>

<p>I'd probably use language to also say that</p>

<ul>
<li>Very low: z-score &lt; -2</li>
<li>Very high: z-score > 2</li>
</ul>

<p>Assuming a normal distribution, about a sixth of the distribution would be the low category, and another sixth would be in the high category.
If the distribution is not normal (e.g., you have floor or ceiling effects), then you may prefer percentiles for the full distributions or raw scores, but in cases of published articles, you probably wont have that.</p>

<h3>Applying to the TIPI Example</h3>

<p>Thus, for sake of illustration, here is how you would apply this to the above
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/zowdU.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/zowdU.png" alt="tipi norms"></a></p>

<p>For extraversion where the mean is 4.44 and SD is 1.45, then you might have cut-offs of low &lt; 2.99 &lt; average &lt; 5.89.</p>

<p>Anyway, as noted above, the publication present several different norms by gender and race. You may even have your own norms that is more relevant to your context.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-09-22T01:25:46.970Z
Very comprehensive answer.  Thanks again Dr. Anglim.
Jonesn11
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-09-22T01:00:44.707Z
2017-09-22T01:00:44.707Z
Jeromy Anglim
<p>I am trying to use a survey tool to recommend a particular decision.  In my case, I am using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; link here: <a href="https://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf</a>) and want to understand what a good binary or ternary cut off would be to recommend a choice.  Should I use the mean score or 33% percentiles respectively or is there a better way to think about it?  Also, more generally when taking a survey test, how do you recognize if you are "low," "average," or "high" on a particular measure?  For instance, when you take a personality test and your results state you are low in neuroticism, where does that ordinal value come from?  </p>

<p>Lastly, it should be useful to note that from the research paper I linked, I don't yet know the mean values/percentiles, so if that is the right answer, using an example referencing the paper would be most beneficial to my problem. </p>

<measurement><personality><survey>
How to understand what a low score or high score is for a particular measure?
Jonesn11
# How to understand what a low score or high score is for a particular measure?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-09-21)

I am trying to use a survey tool to recommend a particular decision. In my case, I am using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; link here: <https://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf>) and want to understand what a good binary or ternary cut off would be to recommend a choice. Should I use the mean score or 33% percentiles respectively or is there a better way to think about it? Also, more generally when taking a survey test, how do you recognize if you are "low," "average," or "high" on a particular measure? For instance, when you take a personality test and your results state you are low in neuroticism, where does that ordinal value come from?

Lastly, it should be useful to note that from the research paper I linked, I don't yet know the mean values/percentiles, so if that is the right answer, using an example referencing the paper would be most beneficial to my problem.

**Tags:** measurement, personality, survey


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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2017-09-22. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

First, a minor point is that the TIPI is a very poor measure of individual-level personality. Two item measures of personality are rarely justifiable. Standard errors of measurement are unnecessarily large.

In general, you are talking about the topic of norms and standardized scores.
Any introductory book on psychological measurement will discuss topics related to standardised scores and norms.

General thoughts about defining a high and low score:

### 1. **Define your population.**

You need to define your target population. E.g., Just males? Just females? What ages? What country? etc.

### 2. Obtain estimates of norms for that population.

You then need to get a sample estimate of that population. In some cases, the test manual may provide this. In other cases, you can look to the published literature to see various normative samples.

### 3. Calculate statndardized scores

You then need to compute a standardized score that relate an a particular respondent's score to the norms. Percentile ranks are one way of doing this. Other approaches are based on z-scores (i.e., where the raw score is scales to mean of zero and an standard deviation of 1). For example, t scores are the same as z-scores, but mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score>

Note that these standardized scores are always contingent on your norm sample.

There are also a range of more sophisticated approaches that are sometimes applied. For example, if you are doing cognitive testing in children, you can interpolate norms between ages, so for example, the norm for a 6.5 year old is different to a 6.8 year old.

### 4. Define cut-offs

The definition of high and what scores are low, average, and high is somewhat arbitrary. You probably want to think about your application and what the consequences will be of these categorical designations.

That said, I think based on natural language, I think a reasonable starting point (using z-scores where mean is 0 and standard deviation is 1) would be:

* Low: z-score < -1
* Average: -1 < z-score < 1
* High: z-score > 1

I'd probably use language to also say that

* Very low: z-score < -2
* Very high: z-score > 2

Assuming a normal distribution, about a sixth of the distribution would be the low category, and another sixth would be in the high category.
If the distribution is not normal (e.g., you have floor or ceiling effects), then you may prefer percentiles for the full distributions or raw scores, but in cases of published articles, you probably wont have that.

### Applying to the TIPI Example

Thus, for sake of illustration, here is how you would apply this to the above
[![tipi norms](https://i.sstatic.net/zowdU.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/zowdU.png)

For extraversion where the mean is 4.44 and SD is 1.45, then you might have cut-offs of low < 2.99 < average < 5.89.

Anyway, as noted above, the publication present several different norms by gender and race. You may even have your own norms that is more relevant to your context.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Very comprehensive answer.  Thanks again Dr. Anglim.  

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