<p>There are not 16 Jungian types. There are 16 MBTI combinations and 16 Kersian (sub-)temperament types. All are related and easily confused.</p>

<p>Jung, in Psychological Types (Collected Works, Book 6), defines two Attitude Types and four functions, splitting the latter into two groups of two.</p>

<p>Attitude Type is Extraversion and Introversion and takes up 9 of the 10 chapters in the work. In the 10th chapter, he explains the four functions: Sensation, Intuition, Thinking, and Feeling. The first two are irrational functions, the second two, rational functions. This makes a total of three groups of two. Though, Jung treats all four functions as one group, it is helpful to remember they can be bifurcated thusly.</p>

<p>Of both the two Attitude Types and the four functions, one is <em>preferred</em> from each. That is, everyone has all the types and functions, but everyone <em>prefers</em> one from each group.</p>

<p>Chapter 10 then explains how the functions play out within the two Attitude Types, leading to 8 explanations, which are Extraversion and Introversion with each of the four functions. He <em>also</em> explains the role of the secondary function. The secondary function will be the opposite of the primary function. That is, if the primary is irrational, the secondary will be rational, and vice-versa.</p>

<p>--</p>

<p>Before Jung published Psychological Types, but based on his works, Meyers-Briggs created the MBTI (Meyers-Briggs Type inventory), a personality inventory based on Jung's functions. The first letter is the preferred Attitude Type, the second letter is the preferred irrational function, the third letter is the preferred rational function, and the fourth letter indicates which function is preferred to be extraverted. Note, the fourth letter does not indicate the primary function. It indicates whether the preferred extraverted function is irrational or rational, which is the inverse of the introvert's primary function.</p>

<p>The combination of one of two Attitude Types, one of two irrational functions, one of two rational functions, and one of two preferred extraverted functions, makes 16 combinations.</p>

<p>In Gifts Differing, Meyers-Briggs defined four function groups (ST, SF, NT, NF) which are like groups to the 16 types.</p>

<p>--</p>

<p>Keirsey, working on Temperament theory (reactions to the external environment), found a connection between his work and the MBTI. Note, he did not find a connection between Temperament and Jung's theory. Indeed, he could not, because Jung did not have the fourth letter defined by the MBTI, which is integral to the connection Keirsey found. He also grouped the letters differently than the MBTI.</p>

<p>Keirsey's groups are SP, SJ, NF, NT, which can be matched to the four historical temperaments: Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, Rational. The history of Temperament theory gives many different names for these groups, so Keirsey, in his main work, Please Understand Me II, says he based it on The Republic. In Keirsey's last work, Personology, however, he focuses much less on those names and uses his own.</p>

<p>With a connection between the MBTI and Temperament theory established, Keirsey <em>extended</em> Temperament theory to include four sub-types for each of the four temperaments. This makes a total of 16 sub-types.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T19:17:55.677Z
Thank you Brian for an informative answer. Can you recommend one or two hours worth of video that I can go through to familiarize myself with the topic instead? I prefer video lectures format to reading a book.
Leonid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T19:47:05.010Z
I do not know of any videos, sorry. I *can* recommend books though. :) It really depends what you are aiming for. To understand the material *very* well, you probably need to read the source books. To get a basic idea, it matters if you want Keirsey, the MBTI, or Jung's theory, and then what aspect of them.
please delete me
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T20:01:48.150Z
I would like to start by *understanding* the basics. Note - understanding, not memorizing. So, I care about the "why" just as much as about what "is". There is a lot of shallow information on the internet, for example people comparing typical INTP vs ENTP. The "what is" comparison is useful but I want to know where it is all coming from. If I were a smart, rich and immortal researcher myself, then how would I go about discovering "what is" myself. I am puzzled about having to chose between Keirsey, MBTI and Jung. While V=IR is known as an Ohm's law, it does not matter who discovered it and how
Leonid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T20:39:22.373Z
To be more specific about what I want, I find the following descriptions very informative: http://www.keirsey.com/4temps/overview_temperaments.asp, so I suppose I am interested in Keirsey mostly, but will learn about others as I need to. My understanding is that Kiersey disagreed and corrected some of the theories of his predecessors, which is a bit unfortunate because I will have to keep a lot of details in my head as I go through their works. Nonetheless, my own type description is very accurate, so I am very interested. I know people who are 50/50 on E/I and also where do sociopaths fit in?
Leonid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T21:38:38.567Z
Keirsey disagreed with the Meyers-Briggs and Jung because he applied Temperament theory to their typologies. In truth, they were each correct according to their own discipline. If anyone was 50/50, the theory is they would be immature. It is preference that matures us (Jacobi). Sociopaths are more likely too have issues with their unconscious rather than the attitude type and functions, so there might be no connection. If you want to understand, choose which. Temperament, Functions, or Attitude. Also, if you want to know who people are or how they react with other and the environment.
please delete me
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T23:06:34.907Z
I would like to go breadth first, so I am looking for introductory but informative material on each one of the four topics you mentioned. Thank you.
Leonid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T23:56:53.843Z
I do not know of such material. :( Perhaps you can skim each of their books.
please delete me
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T14:53:03.153Z
2014-07-11T14:53:03.153Z
please delete me
<p>It's because order doesn't matter with the types:</p>

<p>ENTJ == ENJT</p>

<p>When you remove the permutations of order, there are only 16 possibilities.</p>

<p>Another way to think about it is that there are 4 traits, and each trait can take one of two values, so there should be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 possibilities, which is 16.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-02T17:39:59.430Z
When you start with E/I, N/S, T/F, P/J, this is true. However, the 4-letter name is merely a label. The whole theory starts to become meaningful when you look at the primary (dominant), secondary, 3rd and 4th functions where *order clearly matters*. When you go in the other direction, you end up with 48 possibilities. Why are some combinations of primary, secondary, 3rd and 4th functions not possible? For example, why is there no such thing as FeNiTeSi - Extraverted Feeling as the dominant function, followed by introverted Intuition, followed by extroverted thinking then introverted Sensing?
Leonid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T14:59:17.673Z
@Leonid, the primary function is inferred from the fourth letter. Although functions do have an order, the four letters do not. Each "letter place" is specific to what it is, not to primacy. Further, order is dependent on the lifecycle, which is either IRRI or RIIR (where I means irrational function and R means rational function). For an explanation of the lifecycle, see *The Psychology of C. G. Jung*, by Jolande Jacoby.
please delete me
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-02T17:27:50.430Z
2014-07-02T17:27:50.430Z
Josh
<p>The seeming elegance and symmetry of the table of functions prompted me to use a technical side of my brain to ask a "what if" question about the other possible Jungian functions.</p>

<p>I used combinatorics(math) to calculate all possibilities of arranging letters F,S,T,N as well as adding an alternating i/e "flavor". There are two options for the flavors (once we know the i/e "flavor" of the first function, the rest are determined because they alternate).</p>

<p>For illustration, I enumerated one quarter of all possibilities (only those starting with an F but you can keep going yourself if you like). The original 16 types are listed below that. As you can see, there are many gaps - only 4 of 12 used here and 16 of 48 used overall. So, exactly 1/3 utilization. The mathematical elegance is a tease, makes me think that this theory is based on something real, but is it? Could it be an elegant accident or an elaborate hoax instead? Why are some combinations not possible?</p>

<pre><code>E/I 1   2   3   4   functions   MBTI?
e   F   N   S   T   FeNiSeTi    ENFJ
i   F   N   S   T   FiNeSiTe    INFP
e   F   N   T   S   FeNiTeSi    ?
i   F   N   T   S   FiNeTiSe    ?
e   F   S   N   T   FeSiNeTi    ESFJ
i   F   S   N   T   FiSeNiTe    ISFP
e   F   S   T   N   FeSiTeNi    ?
i   F   S   T   N   FiSeTiNe    ?
e   F   T   N   S   FeTiNeSi    ?
i   F   T   N   S   FiTeNiSe    ?
e   F   T   S   N   FeTiSeNi    ?
i   F   T   S   N   FiTeSiNe    ?
.................................

MBTI    1   2   3   4
INTP    Ti  Ne  Si  Fe
ISTP    Ti  Se  Ni  Fe
ENTP    Ne  Ti  Fe  Si
ENFP    Ne  Fi  Te  Si
ISFP    Fi  Se  Ni  Te
INFP    Fi  Ne  Si  Te
INTJ    Ni  Te  Fi  Se
INFJ    Ni  Fe  Ti  Se
ESTJ    Te  Si  Ne  Fi
ENTJ    Te  Ni  Se  Fi
ESFJ    Fe  Si  Ne  Ti
ENFJ    Fe  Ni  Se  Ti
ISTJ    Si  Te  Fi  Ne
ISFJ    Si  Fe  Ti  Ne
ESTP    Se  Ti  Fe  Ni
ESFP    Se  Fi  Te  Ni
</code></pre>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-03T19:25:17.843Z
Is Jung really considered cognitive science, or indeed science?  I can concede that some useful, scientific principles and practices were derived from Jungian psychoanalysis down the line, but this seems mildly off-topic to me.
Louis Thibault
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-04T04:23:20.020Z
@blz, I have found a bunch of other questions related to Myyers Briggs. I can't think of another stack exchange site to post this at, but please forward my question to the right site if appropriate.
Leonid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-07T00:20:07.807Z
"Jungian Archetypes"? Plus some sort of numerology?
jona
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-07T17:39:42.070Z
@jona, sorry I did not understand what you meant. It is true that I have not studied this topic in depth and hence my terminology could be way off, in which case please do edit my question. I also completely missed the meaning of the "Plus some sort of numerology?" Please help me understand your entire comment.
Leonid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T17:42:33.823Z
@blz asking questions about Jung and psychoanalysis is on topic as long as the question is one that might be of interest to a cognitive science audience (often understanding the history or why certain things have gone out of fashion is of interest). The real problem with this question is that it is poorly asked, and doesn't seem to have much [initial research](http://meta.cogsci.stackexchange.com/q/66/29). I would advise the user to consult [this thread](http://meta.cogsci.stackexchange.com/q/233/29).
Artem Kaznatcheev
<personality><jung>
Why only 16 Jungian types? Combinatorially it should be 2 * 4! = 48
Leonid
# Why only 16 Jungian types? Combinatorially it should be 2 * 4! = 48

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-07-02)

The seeming elegance and symmetry of the table of functions prompted me to use a technical side of my brain to ask a "what if" question about the other possible Jungian functions.
I used combinatorics(math) to calculate all possibilities of arranging letters F,S,T,N as well as adding an alternating i/e "flavor". There are two options for the flavors (once we know the i/e "flavor" of the first function, the rest are determined because they alternate).
For illustration, I enumerated one quarter of all possibilities (only those starting with an F but you can keep going yourself if you like). The original 16 types are listed below that. As you can see, there are many gaps - only 4 of 12 used here and 16 of 48 used overall. So, exactly 1/3 utilization. The mathematical elegance is a tease, makes me think that this theory is based on something real, but is it? Could it be an elegant accident or an elaborate hoax instead? Why are some combinations not possible?
E/I 1   2   3   4   functions   MBTI?
e   F   N   S   T   FeNiSeTi    ENFJ
i   F   N   S   T   FiNeSiTe    INFP
e   F   N   T   S   FeNiTeSi    ?
i   F   N   T   S   FiNeTiSe    ?
e   F   S   N   T   FeSiNeTi    ESFJ
i   F   S   N   T   FiSeNiTe    ISFP
e   F   S   T   N   FeSiTeNi    ?
i   F   S   T   N   FiSeTiNe    ?
e   F   T   N   S   FeTiNeSi    ?
i   F   T   N   S   FiTeNiSe    ?
e   F   T   S   N   FeTiSeNi    ?
i   F   T   S   N   FiTeSiNe    ?
.................................

MBTI    1   2   3   4
INTP    Ti  Ne  Si  Fe
ISTP    Ti  Se  Ni  Fe
ENTP    Ne  Ti  Fe  Si
ENFP    Ne  Fi  Te  Si
ISFP    Fi  Se  Ni  Te
INFP    Fi  Ne  Si  Te
INTJ    Ni  Te  Fi  Se
INFJ    Ni  Fe  Ti  Se
ESTJ    Te  Si  Ne  Fi
ENTJ    Te  Ni  Se  Fi
ESFJ    Fe  Si  Ne  Ti
ENFJ    Fe  Ni  Se  Ti
ISTJ    Si  Te  Fi  Ne
ISFJ    Si  Fe  Ti  Ne
ESTP    Se  Ti  Fe  Ni
ESFP    Se  Fi  Te  Ni

**Tags:** personality, jung

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Is Jung really considered cognitive science, or indeed science?  I can concede that some useful, scientific principles and practices were derived from Jungian psychoanalysis down the line, but this seems mildly off-topic to me.  
> **username_0**: @blz, I have found a bunch of other questions related to Myyers Briggs. I can't think of another stack exchange site to post this at, but please forward my question to the right site if appropriate.  
> **username_2**: "Jungian Archetypes"? Plus some sort of numerology?  
> **username_0**: @username_2, sorry I did not understand what you meant. It is true that I have not studied this topic in depth and hence my terminology could be way off, in which case please do edit my question. I also completely missed the meaning of the "Plus some sort of numerology?" Please help me understand your entire comment.  
> **username_3**: @blz asking questions about Jung and psychoanalysis is on topic as long as the question is one that might be of interest to a cognitive science audience (often understanding the history or why certain things have gone out of fashion is of interest). The real problem with this question is that it is poorly asked, and doesn't seem to have much [initial research](http://meta.cogsci.stackexchange.com/q/66/29). I would advise the user to consult [this thread](http://meta.cogsci.stackexchange.com/q/233/29).  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2014-07-11. Score: 4

There are not 16 Jungian types. There are 16 MBTI combinations and 16 Kersian (sub-)temperament types. All are related and easily confused.

Jung, in Psychological Types (Collected Works, Book 6), defines two Attitude Types and four functions, splitting the latter into two groups of two.

Attitude Type is Extraversion and Introversion and takes up 9 of the 10 chapters in the work. In the 10th chapter, he explains the four functions: Sensation, Intuition, Thinking, and Feeling. The first two are irrational functions, the second two, rational functions. This makes a total of three groups of two. Though, Jung treats all four functions as one group, it is helpful to remember they can be bifurcated thusly.

Of both the two Attitude Types and the four functions, one is *preferred* from each. That is, everyone has all the types and functions, but everyone *prefers* one from each group.

Chapter 10 then explains how the functions play out within the two Attitude Types, leading to 8 explanations, which are Extraversion and Introversion with each of the four functions. He *also* explains the role of the secondary function. The secondary function will be the opposite of the primary function. That is, if the primary is irrational, the secondary will be rational, and vice-versa.

--

Before Jung published Psychological Types, but based on his works, Meyers-Briggs created the MBTI (Meyers-Briggs Type inventory), a personality inventory based on Jung's functions. The first letter is the preferred Attitude Type, the second letter is the preferred irrational function, the third letter is the preferred rational function, and the fourth letter indicates which function is preferred to be extraverted. Note, the fourth letter does not indicate the primary function. It indicates whether the preferred extraverted function is irrational or rational, which is the inverse of the introvert's primary function.

The combination of one of two Attitude Types, one of two irrational functions, one of two rational functions, and one of two preferred extraverted functions, makes 16 combinations.

In Gifts Differing, Meyers-Briggs defined four function groups (ST, SF, NT, NF) which are like groups to the 16 types.

--

Keirsey, working on Temperament theory (reactions to the external environment), found a connection between his work and the MBTI. Note, he did not find a connection between Temperament and Jung's theory. Indeed, he could not, because Jung did not have the fourth letter defined by the MBTI, which is integral to the connection Keirsey found. He also grouped the letters differently than the MBTI.

Keirsey's groups are SP, SJ, NF, NT, which can be matched to the four historical temperaments: Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, Rational. The history of Temperament theory gives many different names for these groups, so Keirsey, in his main work, Please Understand Me II, says he based it on The Republic. In Keirsey's last work, Personology, however, he focuses much less on those names and uses his own.

With a connection between the MBTI and Temperament theory established, Keirsey *extended* Temperament theory to include four sub-types for each of the four temperaments. This makes a total of 16 sub-types.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you Brian for an informative answer. Can you recommend one or two hours worth of video that I can go through to familiarize myself with the topic instead? I prefer video lectures format to reading a book.  
> **username_4**: I do not know of any videos, sorry. I *can* recommend books though. :) It really depends what you are aiming for. To understand the material *very* well, you probably need to read the source books. To get a basic idea, it matters if you want Keirsey, the MBTI, or Jung's theory, and then what aspect of them.  
> **username_0**: I would like to start by *understanding* the basics. Note - understanding, not memorizing. So, I care about the "why" just as much as about what "is". There is a lot of shallow information on the internet, for example people comparing typical INTP vs ENTP. The "what is" comparison is useful but I want to know where it is all coming from. If I were a smart, rich and immortal researcher myself, then how would I go about discovering "what is" myself. I am puzzled about having to chose between Keirsey, MBTI and Jung. While V=IR is known as an Ohm's law, it does not matter who discovered it and how  
> **username_0**: To be more specific about what I want, I find the following descriptions very informative: http://www.keirsey.com/4temps/overview_temperaments.asp, so I suppose I am interested in Keirsey mostly, but will learn about others as I need to. My understanding is that Kiersey disagreed and corrected some of the theories of his predecessors, which is a bit unfortunate because I will have to keep a lot of details in my head as I go through their works. Nonetheless, my own type description is very accurate, so I am very interested. I know people who are 50/50 on E/I and also where do sociopaths fit in?  
> **username_4**: Keirsey disagreed with the Meyers-Briggs and Jung because he applied Temperament theory to their typologies. In truth, they were each correct according to their own discipline. If anyone was 50/50, the theory is they would be immature. It is preference that matures us (Jacobi). Sociopaths are more likely too have issues with their unconscious rather than the attitude type and functions, so there might be no connection. If you want to understand, choose which. Temperament, Functions, or Attitude. Also, if you want to know who people are or how they react with other and the environment.  
> **username_0**: I would like to go breadth first, so I am looking for introductory but informative material on each one of the four topics you mentioned. Thank you.  
> **username_4**: I do not know of such material. :( Perhaps you can skim each of their books.  

---

### Answer by username_5 on 2014-07-02. Score: 3

It's because order doesn't matter with the types:

ENTJ == ENJT

When you remove the permutations of order, there are only 16 possibilities.

Another way to think about it is that there are 4 traits, and each trait can take one of two values, so there should be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 possibilities, which is 16.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: When you start with E/I, N/S, T/F, P/J, this is true. However, the 4-letter name is merely a label. The whole theory starts to become meaningful when you look at the primary (dominant), secondary, 3rd and 4th functions where *order clearly matters*. When you go in the other direction, you end up with 48 possibilities. Why are some combinations of primary, secondary, 3rd and 4th functions not possible? For example, why is there no such thing as FeNiTeSi - Extraverted Feeling as the dominant function, followed by introverted Intuition, followed by extroverted thinking then introverted Sensing?  
> **username_4**: @username_0, the primary function is inferred from the fourth letter. Although functions do have an order, the four letters do not. Each "letter place" is specific to what it is, not to primacy. Further, order is dependent on the lifecycle, which is either IRRI or RIIR (where I means irrational function and R means rational function). For an explanation of the lifecycle, see *The Psychology of C. G. Jung*, by Jolande Jacoby.  

---

