<p>As noted above, evolutionary theories suggest that (heterosexual) females should be more choosy than males, because they typically invest far more resources in raising offspring (men have enough time and sperm that their genes are going to be more successful if they adopt a scattergun approach!).</p>

<p>A <strong>disclaimer</strong> here is that, in humans, research on sex preferences is difficult because it is mostly based on self-reported preferences, and because these are likely coloured by cultural and historical norms. However, there is significant empirical evidence that females are more choosy. Searching on google scholar for "sex differences" and "mate preference" or similar will give you lots of options. Here are a few.</p>

<p><a href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/383125/1/Schmitt%20et%20al%202003b.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Here</a> is a study which summarises, across many cultures, some sex differences in self-reported mating preferences. As predicted by Buss and others, the authors find that across all cultures men report that they <em>desire</em> more sexual partners than women. This is not a small effect. They also find that men are more likely to consent to sex after a brief period of time, and that men everywhere are more likely to be seeking short-term partners. </p>

<p><a href="http://www.queensu.ca/psychology/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.psycwww/files/files/Faculty/Vern%20Qunisey/Landoldt-etalE-SB-1995.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Here</a> is a more experimental paper where they changed the attractiveness and implied wealth of potential partners and found that men were more likely to go for short term, multi-partner strategies than women who were more likely to go for long term, committed relationships.</p>

<p>Of course, there are also many studies from other species, some of which show the conditions in which men become more choosy. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209017035" rel="noreferrer">This</a> paper even includes a video of a female beetle trying to reject a male! </p>

<p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Reynolds5/publication/236170178_Mutual_mate_choice_and_sex_differences_in_choosiness._Evolution/links/00b49516ca7683e56f000000.pdf" rel="noreferrer">This</a> paper proposes a mathematical model which might also be helpful. Modern models are much more nuanced about how male and female choice interact.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-13T15:26:00.317Z
2016-06-13T15:26:00.317Z
splint
<p>Initial research: I've found papers by <a href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~elaineh/79.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Clark and Hatfield (1989)</a> and <a href="http://www.bradley.edu/dotAsset/165805.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Buss and Schmidt (1993)</a> that seem to lend support to the idea of heterosexual females being more selective than heterosexual males. </p>

<p>Motivation: I have constructed a game theoretic model of romantic advances. Within this model, it is possible to show that certain Nash equilibria are Pareto improvements upon others depending on which sex is more selective. Thus, I'm looking for empirical evidence as to which (if any) sex is more selective</p>

<p>Does anyone know of any other empirical studies that support or go against the idea that heterosexual women are more selective in who they date, have sex with or have relationships than heterosexual men?</p>

<p><strong>References</strong></p>

<p>Buss, D. M., &amp; Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating. <em>Psychological Review</em>, <em>100</em>(2), 204.</p>

<p>Clark, R. D., &amp; Hatfield, E. (1989). Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers. <em>Journal of Psychology &amp; Human Sexuality</em>, <em>2</em>(1), 39-55.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-12T13:48:48.477Z
What do you mean by "more selective"? It might help you to think about what empirical measures you could actually take to determine this (is it just the number of sexual partners? Or the number of rejected advances? Or something else?)
splint
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-12T16:46:33.923Z
Number of sexual partners alone wouldn't work. Whenever a woman has sex with a man she hasn't had sex with before, a man has sex with a woman he's never had sex with before, so it should equal out. It would have to be based on either rejecting advances, or having different explicitly stated standards, or something else.
user12858
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-12T16:51:30.687Z
Though knowing the distribution of number of sexual partners might work. If there are a small number of males with lots of sexual partners while most have none, but number of sex partners of females is closer to being uniform distributed, that would indicate greater selectivity of the females.
user12858
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-12T20:29:30.640Z
What if you would look at it from an evolutionary perspective? Since women can only get a child once a year or something, they have to be selective of who they mate with, in order to get offspring with the best mix of DNA. Men, on the other hand, can try over 365 times a year and hope for the best result; there are less consequences for the man. This would argued that women are indeed more selective than men. This may be a simple case of survival of the fittest. I would not know how to incorporate this in a computational model though.
Robin Kramer-ten Have
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-13T08:47:28.300Z
@RobinKramer, yes the references quoted in the original question assume that from an evolutionary perspective women **should** be more selective. This is parental investment theory, arguably the central tenet of evolutionary psychology. But OP wants some empirical evidence I believe.
splint
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-13T11:33:14.417Z
@splint Ah yes of course, excuse me. I forgot to read the references.
Robin Kramer-ten Have
<reference-request><sexuality><sex-differences>
Are there empirical studies showing that one sex is more sexually selective than the other?
user12858
# Are there empirical studies showing that one sex is more sexually selective than the other?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-06-09)

Initial research: I've found papers by [Clark and Hatfield (1989)](http://www2.hawaii.edu/~elaineh/79.pdf) and [Buss and Schmidt (1993)](http://www.bradley.edu/dotAsset/165805.pdf) that seem to lend support to the idea of heterosexual females being more selective than heterosexual males.

Motivation: I have constructed a game theoretic model of romantic advances. Within this model, it is possible to show that certain Nash equilibria are Pareto improvements upon others depending on which sex is more selective. Thus, I'm looking for empirical evidence as to which (if any) sex is more selective

Does anyone know of any other empirical studies that support or go against the idea that heterosexual women are more selective in who they date, have sex with or have relationships than heterosexual men?

**References**

Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating. *Psychological Review*, *100*(2), 204.

Clark, R. D., & Hatfield, E. (1989). Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers. *Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality*, *2*(1), 39-55.

**Tags:** reference-request, sexuality, sex-differences

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: What do you mean by "more selective"? It might help you to think about what empirical measures you could actually take to determine this (is it just the number of sexual partners? Or the number of rejected advances? Or something else?)  
> **username_0**: Number of sexual partners alone wouldn't work. Whenever a woman has sex with a man she hasn't had sex with before, a man has sex with a woman he's never had sex with before, so it should equal out. It would have to be based on either rejecting advances, or having different explicitly stated standards, or something else.  
> **username_0**: Though knowing the distribution of number of sexual partners might work. If there are a small number of males with lots of sexual partners while most have none, but number of sex partners of females is closer to being uniform distributed, that would indicate greater selectivity of the females.  
> **username_2**: What if you would look at it from an evolutionary perspective? Since women can only get a child once a year or something, they have to be selective of who they mate with, in order to get offspring with the best mix of DNA. Men, on the other hand, can try over 365 times a year and hope for the best result; there are less consequences for the man. This would argued that women are indeed more selective than men. This may be a simple case of survival of the fittest. I would not know how to incorporate this in a computational model though.  
> **username_1**: @RobinKramer, yes the references quoted in the original question assume that from an evolutionary perspective women **should** be more selective. This is parental investment theory, arguably the central tenet of evolutionary psychology. But OP wants some empirical evidence I believe.  
> **username_2**: @username_1 Ah yes of course, excuse me. I forgot to read the references.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-06-13. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

As noted above, evolutionary theories suggest that (heterosexual) females should be more choosy than males, because they typically invest far more resources in raising offspring (men have enough time and sperm that their genes are going to be more successful if they adopt a scattergun approach!).

A **disclaimer** here is that, in humans, research on sex preferences is difficult because it is mostly based on self-reported preferences, and because these are likely coloured by cultural and historical norms. However, there is significant empirical evidence that females are more choosy. Searching on google scholar for "sex differences" and "mate preference" or similar will give you lots of options. Here are a few.

[Here](https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/383125/1/Schmitt%20et%20al%202003b.pdf) is a study which summarises, across many cultures, some sex differences in self-reported mating preferences. As predicted by Buss and others, the authors find that across all cultures men report that they *desire* more sexual partners than women. This is not a small effect. They also find that men are more likely to consent to sex after a brief period of time, and that men everywhere are more likely to be seeking short-term partners.

[Here](http://www.queensu.ca/psychology/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.psycwww/files/files/Faculty/Vern%20Qunisey/Landoldt-etalE-SB-1995.pdf) is a more experimental paper where they changed the attractiveness and implied wealth of potential partners and found that men were more likely to go for short term, multi-partner strategies than women who were more likely to go for long term, committed relationships.

Of course, there are also many studies from other species, some of which show the conditions in which men become more choosy. [This](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209017035) paper even includes a video of a female beetle trying to reject a male!

[This](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Reynolds5/publication/236170178_Mutual_mate_choice_and_sex_differences_in_choosiness._Evolution/links/00b49516ca7683e56f000000.pdf) paper proposes a mathematical model which might also be helpful. Modern models are much more nuanced about how male and female choice interact.


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