<p>To add a small neuroscientific point to excellent @JeromyAnglim answer - there has been an interesting study by Rizzolatti group (guy who 'discovered' mirror neurons) published in PLoS ONE. Di Dio, et al. (2007) looked at the brain responses to Classical and Renaissance sculptures, but they manipulated the proportion of sculptures' features by violating the golden ratio, as showed on the figure below (source: Di Dio et al., 2007):</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Wgaxv.jpg" alt="enter image description here"> </p>

<p>During the experiment participant's were asked to either observe sculptures as if they were in a museum, or give an aesthetic/proportion judgements. fMRI scans were taken during the task. Following the results from brain activity, authors concluded that: </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>the sense of beauty is mediated by two non-mutually exclusive
  processes: one based on a joint activation of sets of cortical
  neurons, triggered by parameters intrinsic to the stimuli, and the
  <strong>insula (objective beauty)</strong>; the other based on the activation of the
  <strong>amygdala</strong>, driven by one's own emotional experiences <strong>(subjective
  beauty)</strong>. (...) in conclusion, both objective and subjective factors
  intervene in determining our appreciation of an artwork.  </p>
</blockquote>

<p>Therefore, the presence of the golden ratio in the sculpture determined brain activations different to those where this parameter was violated. It's quite interesting result that indirectly supports the association between positive aesthetic perception and the presence of golden ratio.</p>

<p><strong>References</strong></p>

<ul>
<li>Di Dio, C., Macaluso, E., &amp; Rizzolatti, G. (2007). The golden beauty: brain response to classical and renaissance sculptures. PloS one, 2(11), e1201. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201?imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201.g001" rel="noreferrer">PDF</a></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-10T13:36:56.833Z
Could this research suggest something on the importance of stereotypes in influencing peoples?
Revious
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-11T00:40:35.317Z
Er, that's a pretty abusive example don't you think? David looks like a freak in the non-golden ratio versions. Not because the lack of Golden Ratio, but because of the inhuman proportions
Zelda
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-11T09:27:55.507Z
@BenBrocka: Hehehe yeah, it is quite bad stimuli, but the result is still interesting. It is one of the very very few studies that examined brain activity when the ratio is violated. I guess that authors wanted very evident example, so poor David turns into mutant, especially in the first image.
Geek On Acid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-11T21:55:59.650Z
I think the authors would struggle to argue that violation of the golden ratio is the only variable in the perception of these stimuli that they changed... I guess they thought they'd get less citations with a more accurate title, like "Photoshopped ugly: brain response to classical renaissance sculptures shopped to look like the hall of mirrors in a freakin' circus". I do worry about standards in peer review sometimes...
user56reinstatemonica8
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T19:18:51.997Z
2012-09-10T19:18:51.997Z
Geek On Acid
<p>other answers are helpful but what is missing from them so far is that there seems to be basic golden ratios built into the natural human body proportions eg relative dimensions of body parts, including esp in the face dimensions, which is highly oriented with perception of beauty (but dont have an immediate authoritative/scientific ref for this). not sure but possibly DaVinci was interested in this connection eg in the iconic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" rel="nofollow">Vitruvian Man diagram</a> but whether DaVinci used the golden ratio <em>intentionally</em> is subject to intense scholarly debate. it is possible that his artwork was just so lifelike that it naturally mimicked the golden ratio in natural human proportions.</p>

<p>it is natural to speculate whether these proportions emerged from maybe evolutionary constraints, or some kind of feedback loop between psychology and biology ala evolutionary psychology. but in any case the golden ratio has emerged in <em>many</em> other biological organism morphology/dimensions, so it is not outlandish to observe it naturally evolving in humans also.</p>

<p>so the appearance of the golden ratio in geometric designs as "intrinsically beautiful to humans" might have marginal scientific support, but it seems to be encoded into natural human dimensions. also it is now well established in the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" rel="nofollow">evolutionary psychology</a> that human [sexual] attraction is highly oriented around ideal physical features, esp in the face. this overall topic could easily fill a thesis or book. for now heres at least one ref</p>

<ul>
<li><p><a href="http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Citation/1964/10000/The_Golden_Proportion_and_Beauty.7.aspx" rel="nofollow">The Golden Proportion and Beauty
SEGHERS, M. J. M.D.; LONGACRE, J. J. M.D., AND; DESTEFANO, G. A. M.D.; e, Longacr</a> Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery, Journal of American Society of Plastic Surgeons</p></li>
<li><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio" rel="nofollow">List of works with the golden ratio</a> Wikipedia</p></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-08T17:50:05.163Z
2014-04-08T17:50:05.163Z
vzn
<p>I found a little discussion of the issue in Russell (2000), where he summarises some of the views of the scientific literature:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Recent reviews of the empirical literature bearing on the claim of
  special aesthetic significance for this ratio in the context of the
  perception of simple figures include Green (1995), Hoge (1995), and
  contributors to a dedicated edition of Empirical Studies of the Arts
  (Hoge 1997). Some investigators doubt that the golden section has any
  aesthetic significance, even suggesting that research on it be
  abandoned (Boselie 1992, 1997; Davis and Jahnke 1991). Others prefer
  to leave the question open, especially in view of the methodological
  difficulties associated with testing the significance of the golden
  section (Green 1995).</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Green (1995) argues that "[t]here seems to be, in fact, real psychological effects associated with the golden section, but they are relatively sensitive to careless methodological practices."</p>

<p>Russel (2000) explored the height to width ratio of a large database of famous paintings and did not find any particular support for a preference for the golden-section. Russel suggests that in the real world functional factors tend to constrain ratios.</p>

<p>McManus (1980, <a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/reprints/1980BJP-AestheticsOfSimpleFigures.pdf">PDF</a>) provides an interesting discussion of the methodological issues and the findings of research that has empirically studied aesthetic judgements of simple figures. McManus advocates the use of the paired-comparison method whereby participants make aesthetic judgements on which of series of pairs of objects is more aesthetically attractive. McManus observed that there were substantial individual differences in such preferences. McManus felt that existing empirical research was unable to adequately differentiate preference for the golden-section versus other similar ratios such as 1.5, 1.6 or 1.75.</p>

<h3>References</h3>

<ul>
<li>Boselie F, 1992. "The golden section has no special aesthetic attractivity!" Empirical Studies of the Arts 10 1-18.</li>
<li>Boselie F, 1997 "The golden section and the shape of objects" Empirical Studies of the Arts 15 131-141.</li>
<li>Davis S T, Jahnke J C, 1991 "Unity and the golden section: Rules for aesthetic choice?" American Journal of Psychology 104 257 ^ 277</li>
<li>Green C D, 1995 "All that glitters: a review of psychological research on the aesthetics of the
golden section" Perception 24 937-968</li>
<li>Hoge H, 1995 "Fechner's experimental aesthetics and the golden section hypothesis today" Empirical
Studies of the Arts 13 131-148.</li>
<li>Hoge H, 1997 "Why a special issue on the golden section hypothesis? An introduction" Empirical
Studies of the Arts 15 111-114</li>
<li>Russell, P.A. (2000). Testing the aesthetic significance of the golden-section rectangle. PERCEPTION-LONDON-, 29, 1413-1422.</li>
<li>McManus, IC (1980). The aesthetics of simple figures. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 505-524. <a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/reprints/1980BJP-AestheticsOfSimpleFigures.pdf">PDF</a></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T12:58:45.483Z
Thanks! That's an impressive list of refs. An explanation behind its current usage might be boosting human ego that our perception of beauty involves hi-fi math.
user13107
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T13:10:46.810Z
@user13107 — another reason behind the myth is that _art is hard_, and the idea that there is a _simple but secret right answer_ is very appealing.
mattdm
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T12:35:42.783Z
2012-09-11T00:44:04.050Z
2012-09-11T00:44:04.050Z
Jeromy Anglim
<p>Many people advocate using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio">Golden Ratio</a> in design (e.g. <a href="http://www.banskt.com/blog/golden-ratio-in-logo-designs/">logo design</a>). </p>

<p>Is the Golden Ratio's purported aesthetic appeal supported by scientific evidence?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T12:11:42.750Z
Somewhat related question - http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/359/what-evidence-is-there-for-ancient-or-renaissance-use-of-the-golden-ratio-in-aes
Philip Seyfi
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T12:13:10.297Z
and http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/2642/the-myth-behind-golden-ratio
Philip Seyfi
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T12:45:19.320Z
@PhilipSeyfi I checked skeptics.SE link before posting this here. That question asks if there is any evidence of the ratio's usage in Renaissance era, whereas I'm interested in knowing if there is any psychological basis for its usage, or it's just an assumption that nobody has disproved yet. Regarding history.SE link again it seems that the OP there wants to know "..how important it was historically.." and not if there are experiments to prove its importance.
user13107
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T12:47:27.383Z
@user13197: That's why I said "somewhat related." They are certainly not duplicate questions, merely something that might be worth taking into account while answering yours.
Philip Seyfi
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-10T12:49:09.580Z
@PhilipSeyfi sorry, I was reading between the lines.
user13107
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-11T16:48:44.753Z
...and see also http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/272/how-often-is-the-golden-ratio-actually-used-in-modern-design ...and http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/2536/why-does-the-golden-ratio-work-or-does-it  Popular topic!
user56reinstatemonica8
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-04-10T09:57:44.867Z
It is relevant because we see it often. New "stuff" is created with golden ratio, so we will see it even more, and it will be even more familiar. People accept and "like" familiar things easier than unfamiliar. Perhaps, for very open minded people, effect would not be so strong.
grizwako
<perception><aesthetics>
Is Golden Ratio's association with perceived beauty a myth?
user13107
# Is Golden Ratio's association with perceived beauty a myth?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2012-09-10)

Many people advocate using the [Golden Ratio](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio) in design (e.g. [logo design](http://www.banskt.com/blog/golden-ratio-in-logo-designs/)).

Is the Golden Ratio's purported aesthetic appeal supported by scientific evidence?

**Tags:** perception, aesthetics

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Somewhat related question - http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/359/what-evidence-is-there-for-ancient-or-renaissance-use-of-the-golden-ratio-in-aes  
> **username_1**: and http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/2642/the-myth-behind-golden-ratio  
> **username_0**: @PhilipSeyfi I checked skeptics.SE link before posting this here. That question asks if there is any evidence of the ratio's usage in Renaissance era, whereas I'm interested in knowing if there is any psychological basis for its usage, or it's just an assumption that nobody has disproved yet. Regarding history.SE link again it seems that the OP there wants to know "..how important it was historically.." and not if there are experiments to prove its importance.  
> **username_1**: @user13197: That's why I said "somewhat related." They are certainly not duplicate questions, merely something that might be worth taking into account while answering yours.  
> **username_0**: @PhilipSeyfi sorry, I was reading between the lines.  
> **username_2**: ...and see also http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/272/how-often-is-the-golden-ratio-actually-used-in-modern-design ...and http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/2536/why-does-the-golden-ratio-work-or-does-it  Popular topic!  
> **username_3**: It is relevant because we see it often. New "stuff" is created with golden ratio, so we will see it even more, and it will be even more familiar. People accept and "like" familiar things easier than unfamiliar. Perhaps, for very open minded people, effect would not be so strong.  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_8 on 2012-09-10. Score: 30 | Accepted answer

I found a little discussion of the issue in Russell (2000), where he summarises some of the views of the scientific literature:

> Recent reviews of the empirical literature bearing on the claim of
> special aesthetic significance for this ratio in the context of the
> perception of simple figures include Green (1995), Hoge (1995), and
> contributors to a dedicated edition of Empirical Studies of the Arts
> (Hoge 1997). Some investigators doubt that the golden section has any
> aesthetic significance, even suggesting that research on it be
> abandoned (Boselie 1992, 1997; Davis and Jahnke 1991). Others prefer
> to leave the question open, especially in view of the methodological
> difficulties associated with testing the significance of the golden
> section (Green 1995).

Green (1995) argues that "[t]here seems to be, in fact, real psychological effects associated with the golden section, but they are relatively sensitive to careless methodological practices."

Russel (2000) explored the height to width ratio of a large database of famous paintings and did not find any particular support for a preference for the golden-section. Russel suggests that in the real world functional factors tend to constrain ratios.

McManus (1980, [PDF](http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/reprints/1980BJP-AestheticsOfSimpleFigures.pdf)) provides an interesting discussion of the methodological issues and the findings of research that has empirically studied aesthetic judgements of simple figures. McManus advocates the use of the paired-comparison method whereby participants make aesthetic judgements on which of series of pairs of objects is more aesthetically attractive. McManus observed that there were substantial individual differences in such preferences. McManus felt that existing empirical research was unable to adequately differentiate preference for the golden-section versus other similar ratios such as 1.5, 1.6 or 1.75.

### References

* Boselie F, 1992. "The golden section has no special aesthetic attractivity!" Empirical Studies of the Arts 10 1-18.
* Boselie F, 1997 "The golden section and the shape of objects" Empirical Studies of the Arts 15 131-141.
* Davis S T, Jahnke J C, 1991 "Unity and the golden section: Rules for aesthetic choice?" American Journal of Psychology 104 257 ^ 277
* Green C D, 1995 "All that glitters: a review of psychological research on the aesthetics of the
  golden section" Perception 24 937-968
* Hoge H, 1995 "Fechner's experimental aesthetics and the golden section hypothesis today" Empirical
  Studies of the Arts 13 131-148.
* Hoge H, 1997 "Why a special issue on the golden section hypothesis? An introduction" Empirical
  Studies of the Arts 15 111-114
* Russell, P.A. (2000). Testing the aesthetic significance of the golden-section rectangle. PERCEPTION-LONDON-, 29, 1413-1422.
* McManus, IC (1980). The aesthetics of simple figures. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 505-524. [PDF](http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/reprints/1980BJP-AestheticsOfSimpleFigures.pdf)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks! That's an impressive list of refs. An explanation behind its current usage might be boosting human ego that our perception of beauty involves hi-fi math.  
> **username_9**: @username_0 — another reason behind the myth is that _art is hard_, and the idea that there is a _simple but secret right answer_ is very appealing.  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2012-09-10. Score: 14

To add a small neuroscientific point to excellent @JeromyAnglim answer - there has been an interesting study by Rizzolatti group (guy who 'discovered' mirror neurons) published in PLoS ONE. Di Dio, et al. (2007) looked at the brain responses to Classical and Renaissance sculptures, but they manipulated the proportion of sculptures' features by violating the golden ratio, as showed on the figure below (source: Di Dio et al., 2007):

![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Wgaxv.jpg)

During the experiment participant's were asked to either observe sculptures as if they were in a museum, or give an aesthetic/proportion judgements. fMRI scans were taken during the task. Following the results from brain activity, authors concluded that:

> the sense of beauty is mediated by two non-mutually exclusive
> processes: one based on a joint activation of sets of cortical
> neurons, triggered by parameters intrinsic to the stimuli, and the
> **insula (objective beauty)**; the other based on the activation of the
> **amygdala**, driven by one's own emotional experiences **(subjective
> beauty)**. (...) in conclusion, both objective and subjective factors
> intervene in determining our appreciation of an artwork.

Therefore, the presence of the golden ratio in the sculpture determined brain activations different to those where this parameter was violated. It's quite interesting result that indirectly supports the association between positive aesthetic perception and the presence of golden ratio.

**References**

* Di Dio, C., Macaluso, E., & Rizzolatti, G. (2007). The golden beauty: brain response to classical and renaissance sculptures. PloS one, 2(11), e1201. [PDF](http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201?imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201.g001)

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: Er, that's a pretty abusive example don't you think? David looks like a freak in the non-golden ratio versions. Not because the lack of Golden Ratio, but because of the inhuman proportions  
> **username_4**: @BenBrocka: Hehehe yeah, it is quite bad stimuli, but the result is still interesting. It is one of the very very few studies that examined brain activity when the ratio is violated. I guess that authors wanted very evident example, so poor David turns into mutant, especially in the first image.  
> **username_2**: I think the authors would struggle to argue that violation of the golden ratio is the only variable in the perception of these stimuli that they changed... I guess they thought they'd get less citations with a more accurate title, like "Photoshopped ugly: brain response to classical renaissance sculptures shopped to look like the hall of mirrors in a freakin' circus". I do worry about standards in peer review sometimes...  
> **username_5**: Could this research suggest something on the importance of stereotypes in influencing peoples?  

---

### Answer by username_7 on 2014-04-08. Score: 2

other answers are helpful but what is missing from them so far is that there seems to be basic golden ratios built into the natural human body proportions eg relative dimensions of body parts, including esp in the face dimensions, which is highly oriented with perception of beauty (but dont have an immediate authoritative/scientific ref for this). not sure but possibly DaVinci was interested in this connection eg in the iconic [Vitruvian Man diagram](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man) but whether DaVinci used the golden ratio *intentionally* is subject to intense scholarly debate. it is possible that his artwork was just so lifelike that it naturally mimicked the golden ratio in natural human proportions.

it is natural to speculate whether these proportions emerged from maybe evolutionary constraints, or some kind of feedback loop between psychology and biology ala evolutionary psychology. but in any case the golden ratio has emerged in *many* other biological organism morphology/dimensions, so it is not outlandish to observe it naturally evolving in humans also.

so the appearance of the golden ratio in geometric designs as "intrinsically beautiful to humans" might have marginal scientific support, but it seems to be encoded into natural human dimensions. also it is now well established in the field of [evolutionary psychology](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology) that human [sexual] attraction is highly oriented around ideal physical features, esp in the face. this overall topic could easily fill a thesis or book. for now heres at least one ref

* [The Golden Proportion and Beauty
  SEGHERS, M. J. M.D.; LONGACRE, J. J. M.D., AND; DESTEFANO, G. A. M.D.; e, Longacr](http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Citation/1964/10000/The_Golden_Proportion_and_Beauty.7.aspx) Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Journal of American Society of Plastic Surgeons
* [List of works with the golden ratio](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio) Wikipedia


---

