<p>This is an interesting question and when you said:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>when we drive to work every morning we don't sometimes remember the details because we do it so often we chunk those details.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>you are talking about two different phenomena.  They are <strong>chunking</strong> and <strong>autopilot</strong>.  As for the theory that:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>pattern recognition is rewarded with a release of endorphins</p>
</blockquote>

<p>I haven't been able to find anything to confirm this, however I may have found a possible source to the theory that pattern recognition can lead to the release of other reward chemicals in the brain, which can only be <strong>very loosely</strong> linked with the other two phenomena.</p>

<h2>Chunking</h2>

<p>Within psychology, <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Chunking</a> is a method used for remembering things</strong> rather than "switching into autopilot" to carry out learned tasks automatically without conscious awareness.  Rather than chunking a recognised pattern, we are employing chunking <strong>by producing</strong> recognised patterns which can be used later on to remember something needed in the future.  We are breaking the item to be remembered into chunks and remembering the chunks with the patterns created.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>The phenomenon of chunking as a memory mechanism can be observed in the way individuals group numbers and information in the day-to-day life. For example, when recalling a number such as 12101946, if numbers are grouped as 12, 10 and 1946, a mnemonic is created for this number as a day, month and year. Similarly, another illustration of the limited capacity of working memory as suggested by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158" rel="nofollow noreferrer">George Miller (1956)</a> can be seen from the following example: While recalling a mobile phone number such as 9849523450, we might break this into 98 495 234 50. Thus, instead of remembering 10 separate digits that is beyond the "seven plus-or-minus two" memory span, we are remembering four groups of numbers.</p>
</blockquote>

<h2>Autopilot</h2>

<p>This has been studied quite extensively and one study on this (<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00356" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Hyman Jr, et al. 2014</a>) talked about how it is possible to drive home and have no conscious awareness during or after the trip. See also, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/201404/the-dangers-going-autopilot" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ira Hyman (2014)</a></p>

<p>In the introduction it was highlighted that:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>There are two broad categories of possible explanations. One possible explanation is that people were aware of the road and obstacles during the drive, but immediately forgot those features. Alternatively, driving without awareness may represent a form of inattentional blindness, in which objects that pass through the focal point of vision do not enter awareness (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90019-5" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Neisser and Becklen, 1975</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198284" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Becklen and Cervone, 1983</a>; Mack and Rock, 1998; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1068/p281059" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Simons and Chabris, 1999</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01455-8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Simons, 2000</a>). People may use visual information to guide the control of actions, but may not devote attention to objects. Without attention, people may fail to bind features into objects (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Treisman and Gelade, 1980</a>; Wolfe, 2007) and thus may fail to become aware of the things they pass when driving or walking. This second possible explanation would be consistent with the theoretical claim that visual information follows two pathways after low level visual processing (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Goodale and Milner, 1992</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.016" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jeannerod and Jacob, 2005</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.014" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Westwood and Goodale, 2011</a>). One pathway is the dorsal pathway which uses visual information to guide action, enabling someone to grab an object or navigate around obstacles. The other pathway is the ventral pathway leading to object recognition and conscious awareness.</p>
</blockquote>

<h2>Pattern recognition and release of endorphins</h2>

<p>There is a book called <em><a href="http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Your-Money-and-Your-Brain/Jason-Zweig/9780743276696" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Your Money and Your Brain</a></em> by Jason Zweig (2008) and <a href="http://awmfinancial.com/uncategorized/dopamine-and-pattern-seeking-and-your-investments/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Michael Angelucci (2011)</a> provided some insights from the book, including:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Dopamine is a chemical that sends energy throughout the brain and turns motivation into actions. Dopamine is so powerful that a rat will starve to death rather than turn away from dopamine. Lay an MRI scan of a cocaine addict about to get a fix next to that of a person who thinks he is about to win money and they are virtually the same. We also know this about dopamine and rewards: dopamine is strongest when a reward is unexpected. That getting what you expected does not produce dopamine, and if the expected reward does not show up then the dopamine dries up. We also know that if the reward is big enough, dopamine seems to have a memory. This last point is huge. Investors who have received a large reward will experience a dopamine release if a pattern similar to the winning pattern is observed. This may result in the investor taking actions that are not sound.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>What is being said here is that with addictions comes patterns of behaviour which has rewards.  Your remember how you was rewarded by certain behaviour patterns and so you strive to gain those rewards again by repeating that behaviour.</p>

<p>You might see patterns within stock markets or within casino games (see <a href="https://psychology.stackexchange.com/a/19306">Gambler's Fallacy within my answer to another question</a>).  You might get lucky one or two times and win using the pattern, increasing dopamine levels (a reward chemical within the brain) and this enforces the fallacy that the pattern exists and you commit it to memory for later use.  But the pattern does not actually exist and therefore when employed later on it fails.</p>

<p>Conversely to the endorphin effect proposed in your question, in this situation, the pain of losing and the stress of trying to find out how this could have happened, will increase endorphin levels and the principal function of endorphins is to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins" rel="nofollow noreferrer">inhibit the transmission of pain signals</a>.</p>

<h2>References</h2>

<p>Angelucci, M. (2011). <em>Dopamine and Pattern Seeking and Your Investments</em> [Online]<br><a href="http://awmfinancial.com/uncategorized/dopamine-and-pattern-seeking-and-your-investments/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://awmfinancial.com/uncategorized/dopamine-and-pattern-seeking-and-your-investments/</a></p>

<p>Becklen, R., and Cervone, D. (1983). Selective looking and the noticing of unexpected events. <em>Memory &amp; Cognition</em> 11(6), 601–608.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198284" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.3758/BF03198284</a> PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6669028" rel="nofollow noreferrer">6669028</a></p>

<p>Goodale, M. A., and Milner, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. <em>Trends in Neurosciences</em> 15(1), pp 20–25.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8</a> PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1374953" rel="nofollow noreferrer">1374953</a></p>

<p>Hyman, I. (2014). The Dangers of Going on Autopilot. <em>Psychology Today</em> [Online]<br><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/201404/the-dangers-going-autopilot" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/201404/the-dangers-going-autopilot</a></p>

<p>Hyman Jr, I. E., Sarb, B. A., &amp; Wise-Swanson, B. M. (2014). Failure to see money on a tree: inattentional blindness for objects that guided behavior. <em>Frontiers in psychology</em>, 5(1), 356.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00356" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00356</a></p>

<p>Jeannerod, M., and Jacob, P. (2005). Visual cognition: a new look at the two-visual systems model. <em>Neuropsychologia</em> 43(2), pp 301–312.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.016" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.016</a> PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15707914" rel="nofollow noreferrer">15707914</a></p>

<p>Mack, A., and Rock, I. (1998). <em>Inattentional Blindness</em>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</p>

<p>Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. <em>Psychological Review</em>, 63(2), pp 81-97.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1037/h0043158</a><br><strong>Reproduced in webpage format with author's permission at: <a href="http://cogprints.org/730/1/miller.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://cogprints.org/730/1/miller.html</a></strong></p>

<p>Neisser, U., and Becklen, R. (1975). Selective looking: attending to visually specified events. <em>Cognitive Psychology</em> 7(4), pp 480–494.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90019-5" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1016/0010-0285(75)90019-5</a></p>

<p>Simons, D. J., and Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. <em>Perception</em> 28(9), pp 1059–1074.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1068/p281059" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1068/p281059</a> PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10694957" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10694957</a></p>

<p>Simons, D. J. (2000). Attentional capture and inattentional blindness. <em>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</em> 4(4), pp 147–155.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01455-8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01455-8</a> PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10740279" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10740279</a></p>

<p>Treisman, A. M., and Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. <em>Cognitive Psychology</em> 12(1), pp 97–136.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5</a> PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7351125" rel="nofollow noreferrer">7351125</a></p>

<p>Westwood, D. A., and Goodale, M. A. (2011). Converging evidence for diverging pathways: neuropsychology and psychophysics tell the same story. <em>Vision Research</em> 51(8), pp 804–811.<br>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.014" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.014</a> PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951156" rel="nofollow noreferrer">20951156</a></p>

<p>Wolfe, J. M. (2007). Guided search 4.0: current progress with a model of visual search. In: <em>Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems, ed. W. Gray</em> (New York: Oxford University Press), pp 99–119.</p>

<p>Zweig, J. (2008). <em>Your Money and Your Brain: How the New Science of Neuroeconomics Can Help Make You Rich.</em> New York, NY: Simon &amp; Schuster</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-04-03T15:19:28.507Z
2018-04-03T15:19:28.507Z
Chris Rogers
<p>I've been reading a book "The Theory of Fun in Game Design" it talks about two concepts of psychology that I wanted to confirm are true. The writer the book isn't a psychologist. </p>

<p>The two concepts are Chunking Patterns and Enjoyment of Applying Patterns. </p>

<p>So, according to the book he says we are pattern matching all the time. That's one of the things our brain does best. Once we recognize a pattern enough we chunk it. So when we drive to work every morning we don't sometimes remember the details because we do it so often we chunk those details. </p>

<p>Art, Movies, Music, Games, etc... that interest us are because they are introducing new patterns that we can either learn or combine with previous patterns. </p>

<p>This has been essential to our survival so <strong><em>our body rewards us for processing these new patterns by releasing endorphin's</em></strong>. </p>

<p>So, basically is this a bunch of hogwash or is there some truth behind the "theory" that pattern recognition is rewarded with a release of endorphins?</p>

<p>Also if this is true, is there somewhere I can read more about this?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-01T16:14:09.047Z
I can confirm that "chunking" is a very real and effective thing, this is the first time I've heard "chunking is fun" however and I can't find any yay/nay saying on the latter topic.
Zelda
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-03T13:02:14.663Z
Well, I hope my post didn't confuse what I was trying to say, but the book says chunking occurs when we're bored. It's the "oh I'm being presented with new patterns that I can't just chunk" that the book says we see as being fun/enjoyable. I'm trying to figure out if this is common knowledge or hogwash.
Joey Green
CC BY-SA 3.0
2012-09-03T14:21:52.923Z
"When bored" doesn't...really make sense at all. Chunking just happens when we're trying to learn things. Sure sometimes we seek things to learn when bored, but saying boredom is a necessary part is pretty absurd. Not sure there's going to be specific research about that though; it's not an idea I've ever heard in the context of real psychology
Zelda
<cognitive-psychology><memory>
Chunking Patterns and Enjoyment of Applying Patterns
Joey Green
# Chunking Patterns and Enjoyment of Applying Patterns

(Asked by: username_0 on 2012-08-31)

I've been reading a book "The Theory of Fun in Game Design" it talks about two concepts of psychology that I wanted to confirm are true. The writer the book isn't a psychologist.

The two concepts are Chunking Patterns and Enjoyment of Applying Patterns.

So, according to the book he says we are pattern matching all the time. That's one of the things our brain does best. Once we recognize a pattern enough we chunk it. So when we drive to work every morning we don't sometimes remember the details because we do it so often we chunk those details.

Art, Movies, Music, Games, etc... that interest us are because they are introducing new patterns that we can either learn or combine with previous patterns.

This has been essential to our survival so ***our body rewards us for processing these new patterns by releasing endorphin's***.

So, basically is this a bunch of hogwash or is there some truth behind the "theory" that pattern recognition is rewarded with a release of endorphins?

Also if this is true, is there somewhere I can read more about this?

**Tags:** cognitive-psychology, memory

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I can confirm that "chunking" is a very real and effective thing, this is the first time I've heard "chunking is fun" however and I can't find any yay/nay saying on the latter topic.  
> **username_0**: Well, I hope my post didn't confuse what I was trying to say, but the book says chunking occurs when we're bored. It's the "oh I'm being presented with new patterns that I can't just chunk" that the book says we see as being fun/enjoyable. I'm trying to figure out if this is common knowledge or hogwash.  
> **username_1**: "When bored" doesn't...really make sense at all. Chunking just happens when we're trying to learn things. Sure sometimes we seek things to learn when bored, but saying boredom is a necessary part is pretty absurd. Not sure there's going to be specific research about that though; it's not an idea I've ever heard in the context of real psychology  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2018-04-03. Score: 1

This is an interesting question and when you said:

> when we drive to work every morning we don't sometimes remember the details because we do it so often we chunk those details.

you are talking about two different phenomena. They are **chunking** and **autopilot**. As for the theory that:

> pattern recognition is rewarded with a release of endorphins

I haven't been able to find anything to confirm this, however I may have found a possible source to the theory that pattern recognition can lead to the release of other reward chemicals in the brain, which can only be **very loosely** linked with the other two phenomena.

## Chunking

Within psychology, **[Chunking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)) is a method used for remembering things** rather than "switching into autopilot" to carry out learned tasks automatically without conscious awareness. Rather than chunking a recognised pattern, we are employing chunking **by producing** recognised patterns which can be used later on to remember something needed in the future. We are breaking the item to be remembered into chunks and remembering the chunks with the patterns created.

> The phenomenon of chunking as a memory mechanism can be observed in the way individuals group numbers and information in the day-to-day life. For example, when recalling a number such as 12101946, if numbers are grouped as 12, 10 and 1946, a mnemonic is created for this number as a day, month and year. Similarly, another illustration of the limited capacity of working memory as suggested by [George Miller (1956)](https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158) can be seen from the following example: While recalling a mobile phone number such as 9849523450, we might break this into 98 495 234 50. Thus, instead of remembering 10 separate digits that is beyond the "seven plus-or-minus two" memory span, we are remembering four groups of numbers.

## Autopilot

This has been studied quite extensively and one study on this ([Hyman Jr, et al. 2014](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00356)) talked about how it is possible to drive home and have no conscious awareness during or after the trip. See also, [Ira Hyman (2014)](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/201404/the-dangers-going-autopilot)

In the introduction it was highlighted that:

> There are two broad categories of possible explanations. One possible explanation is that people were aware of the road and obstacles during the drive, but immediately forgot those features. Alternatively, driving without awareness may represent a form of inattentional blindness, in which objects that pass through the focal point of vision do not enter awareness ([Neisser and Becklen, 1975](https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90019-5); [Becklen and Cervone, 1983](https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198284); Mack and Rock, 1998; [Simons and Chabris, 1999](https://doi.org/10.1068/p281059); [Simons, 2000](https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01455-8)). People may use visual information to guide the control of actions, but may not devote attention to objects. Without attention, people may fail to bind features into objects ([Treisman and Gelade, 1980](https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5); Wolfe, 2007) and thus may fail to become aware of the things they pass when driving or walking. This second possible explanation would be consistent with the theoretical claim that visual information follows two pathways after low level visual processing ([Goodale and Milner, 1992](https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8); [Jeannerod and Jacob, 2005](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.016); [Westwood and Goodale, 2011](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.014)). One pathway is the dorsal pathway which uses visual information to guide action, enabling someone to grab an object or navigate around obstacles. The other pathway is the ventral pathway leading to object recognition and conscious awareness.

## Pattern recognition and release of endorphins

There is a book called *[Your Money and Your Brain](http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Your-Money-and-Your-Brain/Jason-Zweig/9780743276696)* by Jason Zweig (2008) and [Michael Angelucci (2011)](http://awmfinancial.com/uncategorized/dopamine-and-pattern-seeking-and-your-investments/) provided some insights from the book, including:

> Dopamine is a chemical that sends energy throughout the brain and turns motivation into actions. Dopamine is so powerful that a rat will starve to death rather than turn away from dopamine. Lay an MRI scan of a cocaine addict about to get a fix next to that of a person who thinks he is about to win money and they are virtually the same. We also know this about dopamine and rewards: dopamine is strongest when a reward is unexpected. That getting what you expected does not produce dopamine, and if the expected reward does not show up then the dopamine dries up. We also know that if the reward is big enough, dopamine seems to have a memory. This last point is huge. Investors who have received a large reward will experience a dopamine release if a pattern similar to the winning pattern is observed. This may result in the investor taking actions that are not sound.

What is being said here is that with addictions comes patterns of behaviour which has rewards. Your remember how you was rewarded by certain behaviour patterns and so you strive to gain those rewards again by repeating that behaviour.

You might see patterns within stock markets or within casino games (see [Gambler's Fallacy within my answer to another question](https://psychology.stackexchange.com/a/19306)). You might get lucky one or two times and win using the pattern, increasing dopamine levels (a reward chemical within the brain) and this enforces the fallacy that the pattern exists and you commit it to memory for later use. But the pattern does not actually exist and therefore when employed later on it fails.

Conversely to the endorphin effect proposed in your question, in this situation, the pain of losing and the stress of trying to find out how this could have happened, will increase endorphin levels and the principal function of endorphins is to [inhibit the transmission of pain signals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins).

## References

Angelucci, M. (2011). *Dopamine and Pattern Seeking and Your Investments* [Online]  
<http://awmfinancial.com/uncategorized/dopamine-and-pattern-seeking-and-your-investments/>

Becklen, R., and Cervone, D. (1983). Selective looking and the noticing of unexpected events. *Memory & Cognition* 11(6), 601–608.  
DOI: [10.3758/BF03198284](https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198284) PMID: [6669028](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6669028)

Goodale, M. A., and Milner, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. *Trends in Neurosciences* 15(1), pp 20–25.  
DOI: [10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8) PMID: [1374953](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1374953)

Hyman, I. (2014). The Dangers of Going on Autopilot. *Psychology Today* [Online]  
<https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/201404/the-dangers-going-autopilot>

Hyman Jr, I. E., Sarb, B. A., & Wise-Swanson, B. M. (2014). Failure to see money on a tree: inattentional blindness for objects that guided behavior. *Frontiers in psychology*, 5(1), 356.  
DOI: [10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00356](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00356)

Jeannerod, M., and Jacob, P. (2005). Visual cognition: a new look at the two-visual systems model. *Neuropsychologia* 43(2), pp 301–312.  
DOI: [10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.016](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.016) PMID: [15707914](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15707914)

Mack, A., and Rock, I. (1998). *Inattentional Blindness*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. *Psychological Review*, 63(2), pp 81-97.  
DOI: [10.1037/h0043158](https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158)  
**Reproduced in webpage format with author's permission at: <http://cogprints.org/730/1/miller.html>**

Neisser, U., and Becklen, R. (1975). Selective looking: attending to visually specified events. *Cognitive Psychology* 7(4), pp 480–494.  
DOI: [10.1016/0010-0285(75)90019-5](https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90019-5)

Simons, D. J., and Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. *Perception* 28(9), pp 1059–1074.  
DOI: [10.1068/p281059](https://doi.org/10.1068/p281059) PMID: [10694957](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10694957)

Simons, D. J. (2000). Attentional capture and inattentional blindness. *Trends in Cognitive Sciences* 4(4), pp 147–155.  
DOI: [10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01455-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01455-8) PMID: [10740279](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10740279)

Treisman, A. M., and Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. *Cognitive Psychology* 12(1), pp 97–136.  
DOI: [10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5](https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5) PMID: [7351125](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7351125)

Westwood, D. A., and Goodale, M. A. (2011). Converging evidence for diverging pathways: neuropsychology and psychophysics tell the same story. *Vision Research* 51(8), pp 804–811.  
DOI: [10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.014) PMID: [20951156](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951156)

Wolfe, J. M. (2007). Guided search 4.0: current progress with a model of visual search. In: *Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems, ed. W. Gray* (New York: Oxford University Press), pp 99–119.

Zweig, J. (2008). *Your Money and Your Brain: How the New Science of Neuroeconomics Can Help Make You Rich.* New York, NY: Simon & Schuster


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