<h2>Preamble</h2>

<p>Before I go into my answer, I should point out that where the theory of psychological projection originated from Sigmund Freud, his theories are considered by many as pseudoscientific. More can be read in <a href="https://psychology.meta.stackexchange.com/a/2248">my answer to this in meta</a><hr></p>

<h2>Definition of Projection</h2>

<p>This is a <a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">psychological defence mechanism</a> whereby beliefs, attitudes or other negative aspects from ourselves or the environment are attributed to others or other aspects of our environment (Reeves, 2013).  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Totem and Taboo</a> by Sigmund Freud (<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41214/41214-h/41214-h.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Freud, 1913</a>) contained his major thinking on the role of projection (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00754177608254963" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Hurry, Novick, &amp; Novick, 1976</a>).</p>

<p>To list all possible forms of projection would be too broad for this site as it would fill a fairly thick book to do so with ample description.  Below I will outline some examples which are on the WikiPedia pag linked in the question and alongside those examples will be references to books which you are free to read to gain more.</p>

<h2>Examples of Projection</h2>

<ul>
<li><strong>Victim blaming</strong><br>The victim of someone else's actions or bad luck may be offered criticism, the theory being that the victim may be at fault for having attracted the other person's hostility (Bingham &amp; Tamarkin, 1985).</li>
<li><strong>Projection of marital guilt</strong><br>Thoughts of infidelity to a partner may be unconsciously projected in self-defence on to the partner in question, so that the guilt attached to the thoughts can be repudiated or turned to blame instead, in a process linked to denial.</li>
<li><strong>Bullying</strong><br>A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability. Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict (<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/man-and-his-symbols/oclc/224253" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jung &amp; von Franz, 1964</a>).</li>
<li><strong>Projection of general guilt</strong><br>Projection of a severe conscience[26] is another form of defense, one which may be linked to the making of false accusations, personal or political (<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/man-and-his-symbols/oclc/224253" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jung &amp; von Franz, 1964</a>).</li>
<li><strong>Projection of hope</strong><br>Also, in a more positive light, a patient may sometimes project his or her feelings of hope onto the therapist (<a href="https://garethstack.com/2017/10/30/book-review-further-learning-from-the-patient-the-analytic-space-and-process-by-patrick-casement/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Casement, 1990</a>).</li>
</ul>

<h2>References</h2>

<p>Bingham, J. &amp; Tamarkin, N. (1985). <em>The Pursuit of Health: Your Mind, Your Body, Your Relationships &amp; Your Environment</em>. New York: Walker Press</p>

<p>Casement, P. (1990). <em>Further Learning from the Patient: The Analytic Space and Process</em>. Hove, UK: Routledge.</p>

<p>Hurry, A., Novick, J. &amp; Novick, K. K. (1976). Freud's concept of projection. <em>Journal of Child Psychotherapy</em>, 4(2), 75-88. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00754177608254963" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10.1080/00754177608254963</a></p>

<p>Freud, S. (1913). <em>Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics</em> Translated by A. A. Brill, 1919 London: George Routledge &amp; Sons Limited</p>

<p>Jung, C. G. &amp; von Franz, M-L. (1964) <em>Man and his symbols</em>. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday</p>

<p>Reeves, A. (2013). <em>An Introduction to Counselling and Psychotherapy: From Theory to Practice</em>. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-13T14:56:38.540Z
2018-07-13T14:56:38.540Z
Chris Rogers
<p>Thanks to Berne, there is an plethora of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_People_Play_(book)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">games people play</a>" between people based on pattern analysis of social interaction.</p>

<p>Now, is there a comparable approach to analysis of psychological projections in social interactions, to name, list and describe them?</p>

<p>Freudian Psychological Projection: "humans defend themselves against their own unconscious impulses or qualities (both positive and negative) by denying their existence in themselves while attributing them to others." (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>)</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-13T12:22:35.610Z
thx @ChrisRogers - I will change to the word "thesaurus" which has been also used by Berne in the referenced book "Games people play".
J. Doe
<analysis><meta-analysis><freud><projection>
Thesaurus for types of psychological projections
J. Doe
# Thesaurus for types of psychological projections

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-07-13)

Thanks to Berne, there is an plethora of "[games people play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_People_Play_(book))" between people based on pattern analysis of social interaction.

Now, is there a comparable approach to analysis of psychological projections in social interactions, to name, list and describe them?

Freudian Psychological Projection: "humans defend themselves against their own unconscious impulses or qualities (both positive and negative) by denying their existence in themselves while attributing them to others." ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection))

**Tags:** analysis, meta-analysis, freud, projection

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: thx @ChrisRogers - I will change to the word "thesaurus" which has been also used by Berne in the referenced book "Games people play".  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2018-07-13. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

## Preamble

Before I go into my answer, I should point out that where the theory of psychological projection originated from Sigmund Freud, his theories are considered by many as pseudoscientific. More can be read in [my answer to this in meta](https://psychology.meta.stackexchange.com/a/2248)

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## Definition of Projection

This is a [psychological defence mechanism](https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html) whereby beliefs, attitudes or other negative aspects from ourselves or the environment are attributed to others or other aspects of our environment (Reeves, 2013). [Totem and Taboo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo) by Sigmund Freud ([Freud, 1913](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41214/41214-h/41214-h.htm)) contained his major thinking on the role of projection ([Hurry, Novick, & Novick, 1976](https://doi.org/10.1080/00754177608254963)).

To list all possible forms of projection would be too broad for this site as it would fill a fairly thick book to do so with ample description. Below I will outline some examples which are on the WikiPedia pag linked in the question and alongside those examples will be references to books which you are free to read to gain more.

## Examples of Projection

* **Victim blaming**  
  The victim of someone else's actions or bad luck may be offered criticism, the theory being that the victim may be at fault for having attracted the other person's hostility (Bingham & Tamarkin, 1985).
* **Projection of marital guilt**  
  Thoughts of infidelity to a partner may be unconsciously projected in self-defence on to the partner in question, so that the guilt attached to the thoughts can be repudiated or turned to blame instead, in a process linked to denial.
* **Bullying**  
  A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability. Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict ([Jung & von Franz, 1964](http://www.worldcat.org/title/man-and-his-symbols/oclc/224253)).
* **Projection of general guilt**  
  Projection of a severe conscience[26] is another form of defense, one which may be linked to the making of false accusations, personal or political ([Jung & von Franz, 1964](http://www.worldcat.org/title/man-and-his-symbols/oclc/224253)).
* **Projection of hope**  
  Also, in a more positive light, a patient may sometimes project his or her feelings of hope onto the therapist ([Casement, 1990](https://garethstack.com/2017/10/30/book-review-further-learning-from-the-patient-the-analytic-space-and-process-by-patrick-casement/)).

## References

Bingham, J. & Tamarkin, N. (1985). *The Pursuit of Health: Your Mind, Your Body, Your Relationships & Your Environment*. New York: Walker Press

Casement, P. (1990). *Further Learning from the Patient: The Analytic Space and Process*. Hove, UK: Routledge.

Hurry, A., Novick, J. & Novick, K. K. (1976). Freud's concept of projection. *Journal of Child Psychotherapy*, 4(2), 75-88. DOI: [10.1080/00754177608254963](https://doi.org/10.1080/00754177608254963)

Freud, S. (1913). *Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics* Translated by A. A. Brill, 1919 London: George Routledge & Sons Limited

Jung, C. G. & von Franz, M-L. (1964) *Man and his symbols*. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday

Reeves, A. (2013). *An Introduction to Counselling and Psychotherapy: From Theory to Practice*. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.


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