<p>The big hot potato here is the evolutionary hypothesis that men are more sexually jealous whereas women are more emotionally jealous.</p>
<p>Contrast <a href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327957PSPR0702_102-128" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Harris (2003)</a> totally dissing it (but also giving a nice summary of it, which is why I'm quoting it first):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The specific innate modular theory of jealousy hypothesizes that natural selection shaped sexual jealousy as a mechanism to prevent cuckoldry, and emotional jealousy as a mechanism to prevent resource loss. Therefore, men should be primarily jealous over a mate's sexual infidelity and women over a mate's emotional infidelity. Five lines of evidence have been offered as support: self report responses, psychophysiological data, domestic violence (including spousal abuse and homicide), and morbid jealousy cases. This article reviews each line of evidence and finds only one hypothetical measure consistent with the hypothesis. This, however, is contradicted by a variety of other measures (including reported reactions to real infidelity). A meta-analysis of jealousy-inspired homicides, taking into account base rates for murder, found no evidence that jealousy disproportionately motivates men to kill. The findings are discussed from a social-cognitive theoretical perspective.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Harris (of course) has her preferred counter-theory (as the last quoted sentence suggests; more on that in a moment). The contrast I want to make on the evolutionary issue is with <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0409-9" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Frederick and Fales (2016)</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>One hypothesis derived from evolutionary perspectives is that men are more upset than women by sexual infidelity and women are more upset than men by emotional infidelity. The proposed explanation is that men, in contrast to women, face the risk of unwittingly investing in genetically unrelated offspring. Most studies, however, have relied on small college or community samples of heterosexual participants. We examined upset over sexual versus emotional jealousy among 63,894 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual participants. Participants imagined which would upset them more: their partners having sex with someone else (but not falling in love with them) or their partners falling in love with someone else (but not having sex with them). Consistent with this evolutionary perspective, heterosexual men were more likely than heterosexual women to be upset by sexual infidelity (54 vs. 35 %) and less likely than heterosexual women to be upset by emotional infidelity (46 vs. 65 %). This gender difference emerged across age groups, income levels, history of being cheated on, history of being unfaithful, relationship type, and length. The gender difference, however, was limited to heterosexual participants. Bisexual men and women did not differ significantly from each other in upset over sexual infidelity (30 vs. 27 %), regardless of whether they were currently dating a man (35 vs. 29 %) or woman (28 vs. 20 %). Gay men and lesbian women also did not differ (32 vs. 34 %). The findings present strong evidence that a gender difference exists in a broad sample of U.S. adults, but only among heterosexuals.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>And what's the (alternative) social-cognitive theoretical perspective? Based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_jealousy#Evolutionary_psychology_perspective" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia's summary</a> (since Harris' own is waaay too long):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The social-cognitive perspective proposes the transactional model of jealousy, which can be used to explain why there may be differences in the degree to which individuals experience sexual jealousy within genders, as well as between genders. This model examines how three variables – (1) arousability, (2) commitment and, (3) insecurity – moderate jealousy.</p>
<ol>
<li>Individual differences in sexual jealousy are determined by the difference in levels of physiological arousal: individuals who are easily aroused have more intense jealous reactions, than those with lower physiological arousal.</li>
<li>Commitment refers to the degree of dedication a person has in the relationship: the more committed a person is to a relationship, the greater the threat of loss, which leads to greater feelings of jealousy</li>
<li>Insecurity refers to the perceived level of commitment of the partner: if we perceive our partner to be uninvolved or disinterested in the relationship, we feel more insecure.</li>
</ol>
<p>The degree to which these factors are experienced together determine the intensity of sexual jealousy felt by an individual.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Wikipedia's summary seems mostly based on Erber, R., &amp; Erber, M. W. (2016). Intimate relationships: Issues, theories, and research. New York, NY: Routledge.</p>
<p>The latter book actually has a chapter (TLDR) and the cheat-sheet at the end lists more theories:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>• Prototype model defines jealousy as a subtype of anger<br />
• Cognitive appraisal approaches contend that jealousy is a bona fide
emotion<br />
• Bringle’s (1991) transactional theory of jealousy proposes that it arises
from the interplay between the individual and the situation<br />
• Cognitive motivational approaches emphasize attributions and how we
think about jealousy-provoking situations<br />
• The SEM [self-evaluation maintenance] approach focuses on the interaction between rival characteristics
and the jealous person’s self-evaluation<br />
• Attachment model of jealousy predicts the intensity and frequency of
jealous reactions based on attachment type</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-23T21:53:47.083Z
Wow, there's a whole Wikipedia article on this topic. I didn't find it because I'm searching for the wrong terms ("possessive" is completely not the word to use here). Thanks!
Allure
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-23T18:28:11.793Z
2018-08-23T19:03:43.050Z
2020-06-17T09:55:31.633Z
got trolled too much this week
<p>Something about falling in love seems to make people very possessive about their significant other. This happens even though sharing is almost universally acknowledged as an act of kindness and regarded positively.</p>

<p>For example suppose Alice is married to Bob, and Charlie is their friend (genders don't matter; I'm only using these names because they correspond to A, B and C in the alphabet). If Charlie wants to borrow from Bob:</p>

<ul>
<li>a vacuum cleaner, Bob will likely say "sure".</li>
<li>Alice for a one-night stand (and Alice is willing), Bob will likely say "no way", and might even get violent with Charlie and / or threaten divorce if Alice goes ahead.</li>
</ul>

<p>Oddly, if Bob refuses to share the vacuum cleaner, outsiders will generally perceive his behavior negatively, but the reverse applies to Bob not agreeing to share Alice. Most outsiders will approve of Bob's stand, which sounds contradictory.</p>

<p>Why do we encourage sharing but discourage infidelity? The only thing I can think of is sexually transmitted diseases - if Bob allows Alice to have a tryst with Charlie, she could become infected with something that she later passes to Bob. But there're many ways to have protected sex these days, so this doesn't seem like a valid reason.</p>

<p>I've not been able to find anything on Google about this - all the results treat different issues.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-17T05:31:12.867Z
It seems like your question could be distilled as: why do people not want their spouse or partner being romantically involved with others?
Jeromy Anglim
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-17T21:28:33.877Z
@JeromyAnglim yes, with the added twist that it seems contrary to how we generally encourage sharing.
Allure
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-17T21:55:14.627Z
There are many other words that less horribly describe what you seem to be trying to say: non-verbal contract, trust to adhere to common social norms, basic expectations or standards between a couple, etc. Something about control in a relationship is also 1000 times better. This inquiry should be moved to https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com.
adamaero
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-17T23:36:26.110Z
@AdamUraynar this question's about why those things exist, not that they do. And again, if you can write the question better, feel free to edit it (I don't mind).
Allure
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-18T03:30:42.250Z
Evolutionary explanation: Because the feeling of romantic/sexual jealousy has been adaptive over human evolutionary history (Well, jealousy exists in other species as well). A man who did not care if his partner had sex with other men would have fewer children (because she would sometimes become pregnant from the affair and couldn't then bear her partner's child meanwhile), and woman who did not care about his man's liasons would lose investment from a person and would raise fewer children to reproductive age. See the book *The Dangerous Passion* by D. Buss.
Eff
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-18T10:53:46.647Z
@Eff suggest expanding that into an answer, because it's exactly what I was looking for =) Heck, it's telling me that I couldn't Google an answer to my question because I was searching for all the wrong terms.
Allure
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-18T15:26:04.437Z
My point is that it's about social norms--not psychology. This is fundamentally not a scientific question. That is why I can't write it better--because it does not belong.
adamaero
<social-psychology><sexuality><love>
Why are we so possessive of our significant others?
Allure
# Why are we so possessive of our significant others?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-08-17)

Something about falling in love seems to make people very possessive about their significant other. This happens even though sharing is almost universally acknowledged as an act of kindness and regarded positively.

For example suppose Alice is married to Bob, and Charlie is their friend (genders don't matter; I'm only using these names because they correspond to A, B and C in the alphabet). If Charlie wants to borrow from Bob:

* a vacuum cleaner, Bob will likely say "sure".
* Alice for a one-night stand (and Alice is willing), Bob will likely say "no way", and might even get violent with Charlie and / or threaten divorce if Alice goes ahead.

Oddly, if Bob refuses to share the vacuum cleaner, outsiders will generally perceive his behavior negatively, but the reverse applies to Bob not agreeing to share Alice. Most outsiders will approve of Bob's stand, which sounds contradictory.

Why do we encourage sharing but discourage infidelity? The only thing I can think of is sexually transmitted diseases - if Bob allows Alice to have a tryst with Charlie, she could become infected with something that she later passes to Bob. But there're many ways to have protected sex these days, so this doesn't seem like a valid reason.

I've not been able to find anything on Google about this - all the results treat different issues.

**Tags:** social-psychology, sexuality, love

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: It seems like your question could be distilled as: why do people not want their spouse or partner being romantically involved with others?  
> **username_0**: @JeromyAnglim yes, with the added twist that it seems contrary to how we generally encourage sharing.  
> **username_2**: There are many other words that less horribly describe what you seem to be trying to say: non-verbal contract, trust to adhere to common social norms, basic expectations or standards between a couple, etc. Something about control in a relationship is also 1000 times better. This inquiry should be moved to https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com.  
> **username_0**: @AdamUraynar this question's about why those things exist, not that they do. And again, if you can write the question better, feel free to edit it (I don't mind).  
> **username_3**: Evolutionary explanation: Because the feeling of romantic/sexual jealousy has been adaptive over human evolutionary history (Well, jealousy exists in other species as well). A man who did not care if his partner had sex with other men would have fewer children (because she would sometimes become pregnant from the affair and couldn't then bear her partner's child meanwhile), and woman who did not care about his man's liasons would lose investment from a person and would raise fewer children to reproductive age. See the book *The Dangerous Passion* by D. Buss.  
> **username_0**: @username_3 suggest expanding that into an answer, because it's exactly what I was looking for =) Heck, it's telling me that I couldn't Google an answer to my question because I was searching for all the wrong terms.  
> **username_2**: My point is that it's about social norms--not psychology. This is fundamentally not a scientific question. That is why I can't write it better--because it does not belong.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2018-08-23. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

The big hot potato here is the evolutionary hypothesis that men are more sexually jealous whereas women are more emotionally jealous.

Contrast [Harris (2003)](https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327957PSPR0702_102-128) totally dissing it (but also giving a nice summary of it, which is why I'm quoting it first):

> The specific innate modular theory of jealousy hypothesizes that natural selection shaped sexual jealousy as a mechanism to prevent cuckoldry, and emotional jealousy as a mechanism to prevent resource loss. Therefore, men should be primarily jealous over a mate's sexual infidelity and women over a mate's emotional infidelity. Five lines of evidence have been offered as support: self report responses, psychophysiological data, domestic violence (including spousal abuse and homicide), and morbid jealousy cases. This article reviews each line of evidence and finds only one hypothetical measure consistent with the hypothesis. This, however, is contradicted by a variety of other measures (including reported reactions to real infidelity). A meta-analysis of jealousy-inspired homicides, taking into account base rates for murder, found no evidence that jealousy disproportionately motivates men to kill. The findings are discussed from a social-cognitive theoretical perspective.

Harris (of course) has her preferred counter-theory (as the last quoted sentence suggests; more on that in a moment). The contrast I want to make on the evolutionary issue is with [Frederick and Fales (2016)](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0409-9):

> One hypothesis derived from evolutionary perspectives is that men are more upset than women by sexual infidelity and women are more upset than men by emotional infidelity. The proposed explanation is that men, in contrast to women, face the risk of unwittingly investing in genetically unrelated offspring. Most studies, however, have relied on small college or community samples of heterosexual participants. We examined upset over sexual versus emotional jealousy among 63,894 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual participants. Participants imagined which would upset them more: their partners having sex with someone else (but not falling in love with them) or their partners falling in love with someone else (but not having sex with them). Consistent with this evolutionary perspective, heterosexual men were more likely than heterosexual women to be upset by sexual infidelity (54 vs. 35 %) and less likely than heterosexual women to be upset by emotional infidelity (46 vs. 65 %). This gender difference emerged across age groups, income levels, history of being cheated on, history of being unfaithful, relationship type, and length. The gender difference, however, was limited to heterosexual participants. Bisexual men and women did not differ significantly from each other in upset over sexual infidelity (30 vs. 27 %), regardless of whether they were currently dating a man (35 vs. 29 %) or woman (28 vs. 20 %). Gay men and lesbian women also did not differ (32 vs. 34 %). The findings present strong evidence that a gender difference exists in a broad sample of U.S. adults, but only among heterosexuals.

And what's the (alternative) social-cognitive theoretical perspective? Based on [Wikipedia's summary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_jealousy#Evolutionary_psychology_perspective) (since Harris' own is waaay too long):

> The social-cognitive perspective proposes the transactional model of jealousy, which can be used to explain why there may be differences in the degree to which individuals experience sexual jealousy within genders, as well as between genders. This model examines how three variables – (1) arousability, (2) commitment and, (3) insecurity – moderate jealousy.
>
> 1. Individual differences in sexual jealousy are determined by the difference in levels of physiological arousal: individuals who are easily aroused have more intense jealous reactions, than those with lower physiological arousal.
> 2. Commitment refers to the degree of dedication a person has in the relationship: the more committed a person is to a relationship, the greater the threat of loss, which leads to greater feelings of jealousy
> 3. Insecurity refers to the perceived level of commitment of the partner: if we perceive our partner to be uninvolved or disinterested in the relationship, we feel more insecure.
>
> The degree to which these factors are experienced together determine the intensity of sexual jealousy felt by an individual.

Wikipedia's summary seems mostly based on Erber, R., & Erber, M. W. (2016). Intimate relationships: Issues, theories, and research. New York, NY: Routledge.

The latter book actually has a chapter (TLDR) and the cheat-sheet at the end lists more theories:

> • Prototype model defines jealousy as a subtype of anger  
> • Cognitive appraisal approaches contend that jealousy is a bona fide
> emotion  
> • Bringle’s (1991) transactional theory of jealousy proposes that it arises
> from the interplay between the individual and the situation  
> • Cognitive motivational approaches emphasize attributions and how we
> think about jealousy-provoking situations  
> • The SEM [self-evaluation maintenance] approach focuses on the interaction between rival characteristics
> and the jealous person’s self-evaluation  
> • Attachment model of jealousy predicts the intensity and frequency of
> jealous reactions based on attachment type

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Wow, there's a whole Wikipedia article on this topic. I didn't find it because I'm searching for the wrong terms ("possessive" is completely not the word to use here). Thanks!  

---

