<p>I followed your info and found 2 research papers: </p>

<ol>
<li><a href="https://sanlab.psych.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2015/05/Eisenberger201119ECE.pdf" rel="nofollow">Why Rejection Hurts?</a>
(In case you want to skim through more papers, visit <a href="http://sanlab.psych.ucla.edu/papers.html" rel="nofollow">Papers</a> from Social And Affective Neuroscience Laboratory. <strong>Naomi Eisenberger</strong> is the director of this Lab.)</li>
<li><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00695.x/full" rel="nofollow">Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression</a>

<ul>
<li>To help you access this paper promptly, I shared a pdf version <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/57108239/belongingness-as-a-core-personality-trait.pdf" rel="nofollow">here</a>.</li>
</ul></li>
</ol>

<p>I read through the paper 1 and skimmed paper 2 in order to extract conclusions that are relevant to your question:</p>

<pre><code>    "If the external circumstance can not change, 
     how can the impact on the brain be reduced?"
</code></pre>

<blockquote>
  <p>From <strong><em>Why Rejection Hurts</em></strong></p>
  
  <ul>
  <li>factors that increase or decrease one kind of pain <strong>should affect the other kind of pain</strong> in a similar manner.</li>
  <li>participants reported <strong>significantly less pain</strong> when holding their partner’s hand than when they held a stranger’s hand</li>
  <li>“If all this is true, does that mean that painkillers could reduce the pain of social rejection?” ... -- <strong>in fact the answer is yes.</strong></li>
  </ul>
  
  <p>From <strong><em>Belongingness as a Core ...</em></strong></p>
  
  <ul>
  <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol" rel="nofollow">Acetaminophen(the active ingredient in Tylenol)</a> Reduces Daily Hurt Feelings</li>
  <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylenol" rel="nofollow">Tylenol</a> Reduces Neural Activity Associated With Social Pain</li>
  <li>Acetaminophen Reduces Nonconscious Coping Responses</li>
  <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness_%28psychology%29" rel="nofollow">Mindfulness</a> interventions reduce the sting of rejection, thereby decreasing self-control impairments and aggressive outbursts.</li>
  </ul>
</blockquote>

<p>About the second question, I only digged a little bit.</p>

<pre><code>    "What is the average sensitivity to social rejection
    and are some not effect by it?"
</code></pre>

<blockquote>
  <ul>
  <li>From a book named <strong><em>"Are You Ethical"</em></strong> by Steve Soto</li>
  </ul>
  
  <p>The following text does not directly answer the question, you could view it as a heuristic: When someone is <a href="http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=qM8lfWwjMiwC&amp;pg=PA15&amp;lpg=PA15&amp;dq=%22low%20level%20of%20rejection%20sensitivity%22%20karen%20horney&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZhYmbXIcJC&amp;sig=O4jAib8KeRKTPCGOxVA2WLM3SX8&amp;hl=zh-CN&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=60OfUfCrOcLjlAWm0oGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22low%20level%20of%20rejection%20sensitivity%22%20karen%20horney&amp;f=false" rel="nofollow">less sensitive</a>, she/he will be less affected by social rejection.</p>
  
  <ul>
  <li>"On the other hand, others take rejection as an indication that others don’t realize that what they have to offer is beneficial, it only amplifies the faith they have in themselves, and they persevere that much harder. It is never taken personally, or as an affront. This is “a low level of rejection sensitivity”. -- Karen Horney</li>
  </ul>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-05-23T08:54:18.857Z
2016-08-30T16:09:55.107Z
2016-08-30T16:09:55.107Z
pimgeek
<p>What are the effects of social rejection on the brain?</p>

<p>If the external circumstance can not change, how can the impact on the brain be reduced?</p>

<p>What is the average sensitivity to social rejection and are some not effect by it?</p>

<p>Any points in the right direction are helpful.</p>

<p>So far I have found only 1 study (Eisenberger et al., 2003) summarized as follows (but unable to make any conclusions):</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>A ball is passed to a group of students except for one student, who
  does not know what the experiment is. When the ball is not passed to
  the "excluded" student, the brain of that excluded lights up in the
  same place as in physical pain.</p>
</blockquote>

<h3>References</h3>

<ul>
<li>Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., &amp; Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-02-28T23:01:31.783Z
Could you add a reference to the study?
Jeromy Anglim
CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-03-01T04:48:43.677Z
@JeffZemla: thank you for adding the reference, much appreciated.
Greg McNulty
CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-03-02T17:49:57.643Z
You could try doing a forward search for [articles that cite Eisenberger et al., 2003](http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13413226836407369168&as_sdt=5,39&sciodt=0,39&hl=en). Looks like there's over 1400!
Dan M.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-03-05T01:33:49.693Z
[NeuroSynth](http://neurosynth.org/terms/pain) (a meta analysis of fMRI results from several studies) tags several parts of the brain in association with the word "pain".  I wonder which parts are activated in social rejection and what part they play in physical pain.
Keegan Keplinger
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-09-01T20:02:56.563Z
In addition to the accepted answer, I'd assume that CBT could reduce the pain as well.
Wuschelbeutel Kartoffelhuhn
<neuroscience><social-psychology>
What are the effects of social rejection on the brain?
Greg McNulty
# What are the effects of social rejection on the brain?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2013-02-28)

What are the effects of social rejection on the brain?

If the external circumstance can not change, how can the impact on the brain be reduced?

What is the average sensitivity to social rejection and are some not effect by it?

Any points in the right direction are helpful.

So far I have found only 1 study (Eisenberger et al., 2003) summarized as follows (but unable to make any conclusions):

> A ball is passed to a group of students except for one student, who
> does not know what the experiment is. When the ball is not passed to
> the "excluded" student, the brain of that excluded lights up in the
> same place as in physical pain.

### References

* Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.

**Tags:** neuroscience, social-psychology

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Could you add a reference to the study?  
> **username_0**: @JeffZemla: thank you for adding the reference, much appreciated.  
> **username_2**: You could try doing a forward search for [articles that cite Eisenberger et al., 2003](http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13413226836407369168&as_sdt=5,39&sciodt=0,39&hl=en). Looks like there's over 1400!  
> **username_3**: [NeuroSynth](http://neurosynth.org/terms/pain) (a meta analysis of fMRI results from several studies) tags several parts of the brain in association with the word "pain".  I wonder which parts are activated in social rejection and what part they play in physical pain.  
> **username_4**: In addition to the accepted answer, I'd assume that CBT could reduce the pain as well.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_5 on 2013-05-23. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

I followed your info and found 2 research papers: 

Why Rejection Hurts?
(In case you want to skim through more papers, visit Papers from Social And Affective Neuroscience Laboratory. Naomi Eisenberger is the director of this Lab.)
Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression

To help you access this paper promptly, I shared a pdf version here.


I read through the paper 1 and skimmed paper 2 in order to extract conclusions that are relevant to your question:
    "If the external circumstance can not change, 
     how can the impact on the brain be reduced?"


From Why Rejection Hurts

factors that increase or decrease one kind of pain should affect the other kind of pain in a similar manner.
participants reported significantly less pain when holding their partner’s hand than when they held a stranger’s hand
“If all this is true, does that mean that painkillers could reduce the pain of social rejection?” ... -- in fact the answer is yes.

From Belongingness as a Core ...

Acetaminophen(the active ingredient in Tylenol) Reduces Daily Hurt Feelings
Tylenol Reduces Neural Activity Associated With Social Pain
Acetaminophen Reduces Nonconscious Coping Responses
Mindfulness interventions reduce the sting of rejection, thereby decreasing self-control impairments and aggressive outbursts.


About the second question, I only digged a little bit.
    "What is the average sensitivity to social rejection
    and are some not effect by it?"



From a book named "Are You Ethical" by Steve Soto

The following text does not directly answer the question, you could view it as a heuristic: When someone is less sensitive, she/he will be less affected by social rejection.

"On the other hand, others take rejection as an indication that others don’t realize that what they have to offer is beneficial, it only amplifies the faith they have in themselves, and they persevere that much harder. It is never taken personally, or as an affront. This is “a low level of rejection sensitivity”. -- Karen Horney


---

