<p>This is a pretty broad question, however I think it's common enough that I think it's worth trying to answer. I'll break it down into the following:</p>

<ol>
<li>What signals do the brain send?</li>
<li>How are these signals different than electronic signals?</li>
</ol>

<h1>1. Brain Signals</h1>

<p>The brain has a lot of different signaling modalities. Some fast acting, some slow acting. Mostly, neurons communicate with the ions/chemicals you've mentioned above, which are actually called <a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors" rel="nofollow noreferrer">neurotransmitters</a>.</p>

<h1>2. Brain Signals vs. Electronic Device Signals</h1>

<h2>Spikes vs. Pulses</h2>

<p>Electronic devices communicate by raising a potential on a wire and wait for the target of the communication to receive that pulse. The pulse can either be on or off. Neurons communicate via spikes, where the information is not "on" or "off", but also the frequency of the spikes and the spacing between the spikes.</p>

<h2>Localised vs. Variable scopes</h2>

<p>Electronic device pulses have clearly defined destinations. Although neurotransmitters can target a specific neuron, they can also modulate a group of neurons. This is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">neuromodulation</a>.</p>

<h2>Static vs. adaptive</h2>

<p>The wires on an electronic device do no change in strength. However, there are a TON of mechanisms for how the brain learns. The brain's "wires" called synapses, change in their effectiveness of transmission over time. The neurons themselves change in receptivity over time.</p>

<h1>The Brain is not a Computer</h1>

<p>To summarize, a computer or other electronic device is a really poor metaphor for the brain. I discuss this in my blog post "<a href="https://seanny123.github.io/post/2015-09-17-Understanding-The-Brain-Where-Metaphors-Limit-You/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Understanding the Brain: Where Metaphors Limit You</a>" if you would like a more in depth discussion on the subject.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-12-16T20:05:08.257Z
Thank you, I'm going to chew on this for a little bit, I might need some clarification, and I may have further questions.
Byron Stevens
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-12-17T02:51:27.100Z
I agree with what you are saying, my intention was not so much to compare traditional computation to how the brain processes information, but to really get some clarity on some basics.  I'd like to ask your thoughts on neural networks and how they compare to the way the brain processes information, and really have a discussion about a few things.  But I've not used StackExchange a lot and I don't think that's how things work here.  It seems weird to keep asking questions without developing a history or foundation of questions.  Do you have a recommendation of how I should go about that?
Byron Stevens
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-12-17T02:57:33.100Z
@JonGarner you're right that StackExchange isn't a place for discussion. However, [the chat room associated to this site](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/2250/the-axon-terminal), which you can access once you have 20 reputation, is a good place for open-ended discussion. If you do want to do some background reading on how neural nets process information vs. the actual brain, I recommend reading "How to Build a Brain" by my supervisor Chris Eliasmith.
Seanny123
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-12-17T02:59:11.637Z
Ok thank you, I saw that in your blog, watched his ted talk, very interesting.  Well thanks, I work on that reputation.
Byron Stevens
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-12-16T19:36:05.250Z
2017-12-16T19:36:05.250Z
Seanny123
<p>As I understand it, a brain communicates through sending signals via ions and chemical reactions resulting in concentrations of ions, a computer sends signals by electrons.  I'm really trying to do 3 things:</p>

<ol>
<li>Confirm that understanding</li>
<li>Understand what is the fundamental difference between the two types of signaling.  </li>
<li>Is there more to what the brain is doing at least at a relatively macro level that I may be missing.</li>
</ol>

<theoretical-neuroscience><artificial-intelligence>
Difference between brain and electronic device signals
Byron Stevens
# Difference between brain and electronic device signals

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-12-16)

As I understand it, a brain communicates through sending signals via ions and chemical reactions resulting in concentrations of ions, a computer sends signals by electrons. I'm really trying to do 3 things:

1. Confirm that understanding
2. Understand what is the fundamental difference between the two types of signaling.
3. Is there more to what the brain is doing at least at a relatively macro level that I may be missing.

**Tags:** theoretical-neuroscience, artificial-intelligence


---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2017-12-16. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

This is a pretty broad question, however I think it's common enough that I think it's worth trying to answer. I'll break it down into the following:

1. What signals do the brain send?
2. How are these signals different than electronic signals?

# 1. Brain Signals

The brain has a lot of different signaling modalities. Some fast acting, some slow acting. Mostly, neurons communicate with the ions/chemicals you've mentioned above, which are actually called [neurotransmitters](https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors).

# 2. Brain Signals vs. Electronic Device Signals

## Spikes vs. Pulses

Electronic devices communicate by raising a potential on a wire and wait for the target of the communication to receive that pulse. The pulse can either be on or off. Neurons communicate via spikes, where the information is not "on" or "off", but also the frequency of the spikes and the spacing between the spikes.

## Localised vs. Variable scopes

Electronic device pulses have clearly defined destinations. Although neurotransmitters can target a specific neuron, they can also modulate a group of neurons. This is called [neuromodulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation).

## Static vs. adaptive

The wires on an electronic device do no change in strength. However, there are a TON of mechanisms for how the brain learns. The brain's "wires" called synapses, change in their effectiveness of transmission over time. The neurons themselves change in receptivity over time.

# The Brain is not a Computer

To summarize, a computer or other electronic device is a really poor metaphor for the brain. I discuss this in my blog post "[Understanding the Brain: Where Metaphors Limit You](https://seanny123.github.io/post/2015-09-17-Understanding-The-Brain-Where-Metaphors-Limit-You/)" if you would like a more in depth discussion on the subject.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you, I'm going to chew on this for a little bit, I might need some clarification, and I may have further questions.  
> **username_0**: I agree with what you are saying, my intention was not so much to compare traditional computation to how the brain processes information, but to really get some clarity on some basics.  I'd like to ask your thoughts on neural networks and how they compare to the way the brain processes information, and really have a discussion about a few things.  But I've not used StackExchange a lot and I don't think that's how things work here.  It seems weird to keep asking questions without developing a history or foundation of questions.  Do you have a recommendation of how I should go about that?  
> **username_1**: @JonGarner you're right that StackExchange isn't a place for discussion. However, [the chat room associated to this site](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/2250/the-axon-terminal), which you can access once you have 20 reputation, is a good place for open-ended discussion. If you do want to do some background reading on how neural nets process information vs. the actual brain, I recommend reading "How to Build a Brain" by my supervisor Chris Eliasmith.  
> **username_0**: Ok thank you, I saw that in your blog, watched his ted talk, very interesting.  Well thanks, I work on that reputation.  

---

