<p>From earlier in the paper:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The intensity of the flash was controlled by Kodak neutral density filters in the path of the projection beam.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral-density_filter" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Neutral density filters</a> are those that are intended to filter equally across the visible light spectrum. They're using them to control the light intensity (a lot more common back in the day when it wasn't as easy to control brightness electrically due to the light sources used, though I believe still commonly used in psychophysics experiments and certainly still used in microscopy where we still use some older types of light source). The &quot;reciprocal of neutral density value required&quot; is an effective luminance value, because &quot;more neutral density (filter)&quot; means &quot;less light&quot;, so 1/(neutral density filter) is increasing as light is increasing. It's a unit of convenience since the experimenter knows the strength of their filters.</p>
<p>As far as the bars above the numbers, these are clearly to indicate negative numbers though I agree the notation is unusual, it may be a relic of an earlier day in typesetting. There is a more standard notation to indicate the first digit of a logarithm as negative with a bar (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overline#Negative" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>; see also <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Citations:vinculum#sense:_horizontal_overline_for_any_purpose" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here where it is referred to as a &quot;vinculum&quot;</a> but again only for some of the digits in a number rather than the whole thing) but that doesn't quite match the usage here.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>are these log relative luminance values?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In the figure posted, these are log <em>absolute</em> luminance values, measured in units of log(foot-Lamberts). Negative logarithms indicate luminance values less than 1 foot-Lambert.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>how can it be that higher values mean less contrast?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>If the background is brighter, and the stimulus to be detected is a flash of light, then the brighter the background the less the flash will stand out: less contrast between the flash and the background.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-05-17T23:12:53.850Z
2021-05-17T23:45:33.820Z
2021-05-17T23:45:33.820Z
Bryan Krause
<p>The <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(75)90196-0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">article</a> paramount for my research seems cryptic. It is for visual perception (psychology) and was written 45 years ago. There are a number of sentences hard to 'decypher'.</p>
<ol>
<li>'reciprocal of neutral density value required arranged on an inverted scale' [p. 1391]; what does it mean at all? is it about neutral density of optical filters for the stroboscope or something?</li>
<li>Figure 1 (and others) contains strange mathematical notation (a bar above floating point numbers); is it the old-fashioned way to typeset negative values? are these log relative luminance values? if yes, why isn't it explicitly stated in text and why lower negative values mean 'darker background'? if not, how can it be that higher values mean less contrast?
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/xVtsF.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/xVtsF.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></li>
</ol>

<perception><vision><recognition>
Meaning of a phrase '... reciprocal of neutral density value required arranged on an inverted scale'
ivan866
# Meaning of a phrase '... reciprocal of neutral density value required arranged on an inverted scale'

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-05-17)

The [article](https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(75)90196-0) paramount for my research seems cryptic. It is for visual perception (psychology) and was written 45 years ago. There are a number of sentences hard to 'decypher'.

1. 'reciprocal of neutral density value required arranged on an inverted scale' [p. 1391]; what does it mean at all? is it about neutral density of optical filters for the stroboscope or something?
2. Figure 1 (and others) contains strange mathematical notation (a bar above floating point numbers); is it the old-fashioned way to typeset negative values? are these log relative luminance values? if yes, why isn't it explicitly stated in text and why lower negative values mean 'darker background'? if not, how can it be that higher values mean less contrast?
   [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/xVtsF.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/xVtsF.png)

**Tags:** perception, vision, recognition


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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-05-17. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

From earlier in the paper:

> The intensity of the flash was controlled by Kodak neutral density filters in the path of the projection beam.

[Neutral density filters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral-density_filter) are those that are intended to filter equally across the visible light spectrum. They're using them to control the light intensity (a lot more common back in the day when it wasn't as easy to control brightness electrically due to the light sources used, though I believe still commonly used in psychophysics experiments and certainly still used in microscopy where we still use some older types of light source). The "reciprocal of neutral density value required" is an effective luminance value, because "more neutral density (filter)" means "less light", so 1/(neutral density filter) is increasing as light is increasing. It's a unit of convenience since the experimenter knows the strength of their filters.

As far as the bars above the numbers, these are clearly to indicate negative numbers though I agree the notation is unusual, it may be a relic of an earlier day in typesetting. There is a more standard notation to indicate the first digit of a logarithm as negative with a bar (see [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overline#Negative); see also [here where it is referred to as a "vinculum"](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Citations:vinculum#sense:_horizontal_overline_for_any_purpose) but again only for some of the digits in a number rather than the whole thing) but that doesn't quite match the usage here.

> are these log relative luminance values?

In the figure posted, these are log *absolute* luminance values, measured in units of log(foot-Lamberts). Negative logarithms indicate luminance values less than 1 foot-Lambert.

> how can it be that higher values mean less contrast?

If the background is brighter, and the stimulus to be detected is a flash of light, then the brighter the background the less the flash will stand out: less contrast between the flash and the background.


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