<h2>Short answer</h2>

<p>There is no consistent evidence for the fact that women are better than men at multitasking. We do know that multitasking is detrimental for performance, whether it is forced or scheduled. Women do appear to be better at planning when to multitask and, in fact, do it less often than men. <strong>Counter-intuitively, women may give the impression to be better at multitasking because they do it less often.</strong></p>

<h2>Long answer</h2>

<p>The notion that women are better multitaskers is deeply grained in our society. There is even an evolutionary explanation as of why that may be the case. As paraphrased by <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaolan_Fu/publication/224094593_A_Deeper_Look_at_Gender_Difference_in_Multitasking_Gender-Specific_Mechanism_of_Cognitive_Control/links/56f4899b08ae7c1fda2d779f.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ren, Zhou and Fu (2009)</a>:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>[...] females who stayed at home could not afford focusing solely on food preparation because the offspring cannot be left on their own. In other words, the structure of primitive human society exerted a strong selection pressure against females who were incapable of juggling several chores.</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>Women are better</strong><br>
In controlled experiments, people even found some evidence (<a href="http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2050-7283-1-18" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Stoet et al, 2013</a>;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaolan_Fu/publication/224094593_A_Deeper_Look_at_Gender_Difference_in_Multitasking_Gender-Specific_Mechanism_of_Cognitive_Control/links/56f4899b08ae7c1fda2d779f.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ren et al, 2009</a>) that supports that women are better multitaskers. In the study of Stoet et al, stimuli were shown that had two dimensions (shape and filling) each of which had two features (which determined which button to press). Only when the stimulus was presented, it became apparent on which dimension the participant had to focus. The results showed that 120 women performed significantly better on the task, compared to 120 men. As you can see from the Figure, the effect is not that large though. With enough participants, every minor effect will become significant at one point. 
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/PJCkY.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/PJCkY.jpg" alt="RTs and %Errors on a two-choice decision making task."></a></p>

<p>In the study of Ren, the participants were to perform a go-nogo task, followed by a flanker task (target identification). In a simple condition (always go, followed by a flanker task), men and women were, in a way, monotasking the flanker task. In the hierarchical condition participants had to make a decision on both go-nogo, which determined whether the flanker task had to be performed. There are two important notions that we must consider here. First of all, women improved on the hierarchical conditions! This is very surprising given the general consensus is that multitasking is detrimental for performance. Secondary task performance, for instance, is even being used as a measure for mental workload (<a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/221/4615/1080" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wickens, 1983</a>; <a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/41175138/Adaptive_Automation_of_a_Dynamic_Control20160114-13238-12hmry0.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&amp;Expires=1490349285&amp;Signature=Y5ISTCfzs8%2FqkD2XVO2isHWaB9A%3D&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAdaptive_Automation_of_a_Dynamic_Control.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaber, 1999</a>).</p>

<p>This surprising observation may be explained by the notion of the authors themselves (which is the second notion): the task at hand is not necessarily multitasking in the sense of rapid switching between (often unrelated) tasks. Instead, I think, the task in this study must be seen as sequential monotasking, in which the first task determines how the second one must be performed.  </p>

<p><strong>Women are not better</strong><br>
Another study investigated multitasking abilities between men and women using sudoku's and cross-word puzzles (<a href="http://econ.mtakti.hu/file/download/korosi/2011/peter.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Buser and Peter, 2011</a>). The tasks were either performed (1) sequentially, (2) forced multitasking or (3) freely scheduled. Results showed that during forced multitasking and freely scheduled multitasking, performance dropped significantly compared to sequential task execution. No gender differences were found here. </p>

<h2>Then why do we think women are better multitaskers?</h2>

<p>Stoet et al, performed two experiments. In the second experiment, three more ecological valid task were to be performed concurrently, for which the participants had eight minutes in total. The order in which they had to be performed was up to the participants. Here, less obvious differences were found. In two of the task there was no significant difference in performance. One task, the key-finding task, did show that women were significantly better. However, we must again ask, is this because of their multitasking ability?</p>

<p>Because the participants could decide when and how to perform the task (sequential monotasking or multitasking-wise), they were in charge of the planning. It has been shown that people are generally bad at this and performance always is affected (Katidioti, 2014; see also <a href="https://cogsci.stackexchange.com/questions/13082/provable-roi-for-call-center-rest-periods/14037#14037">Provable ROI for call center rest periods?</a>; Buser and Peter). What Buser and Peter found, however, is that <strong>women are less inclined to multitask compared to men when given the choice.</strong> If this is indeed the case, this may explain the fact that women performed better at the key searching task.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-07-20T15:19:11.953Z
I will add a more critical note to the paper of Buser and Peter later on, so that my bias does not color the answer too much ;)
Robin Kramer-ten Have
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-03-24T08:47:38.437Z
"overwhelming evidence that shows the detrimental effect of multitasking (Hope I don't need a reference for this statement)"  Sorry @Robin_Kramer but could you provide at least one reference for this statement?  I would be interested in reading about this.
Chris Rogers
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-03-24T08:53:02.000Z
The Buser and Peter paper is an example that shows it. Also the Katidioti paper shows detrimental effects of multitasking. I nuanced the statement a bit, and will add another soon.
Robin Kramer-ten Have
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-07-20T11:40:45.207Z
2017-03-24T10:35:09.943Z
2017-04-13T12:56:16.417Z
Robin Kramer-ten Have
<p>I've observed multiple occasions where females are better at multitasking than males. It's not rare to see a lady driving a car, doing her make up and talking on the phone at the same time. Once I worked at a call center, and women were able to talk on the phone with a client and successfully perform a second task without much disruption. From my experience men have struggled with the same or similar combination of tasks. </p>

<p>Is there any research that backs up my anecdotal evidence? </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-07-16T07:38:17.280Z
Multitasking is simply quick switching between tasks and men and women are equally good at that: https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.jelmerborst.nl/pubs/Borst2010.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwi9-PXbuffNAhXEuBoKHb7KBVMQFggbMAA&usg=AFQjCNE2BMhFUPdZKyUMhlU0RmwOzQxD9w&sig2=G8mdX5P4S4Yx7tyF973qaA , http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2050-7283-1-18 , http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10683-012-9318-8/fulltext.html and this answer: http://cogsci.stackexchange.com/questions/13082/provable-roi-for-call-center-rest-periods/14037#14037
Robin Kramer-ten Have
<gender><multi-tasking>
Are women better at multitasking?
Kristiyan Lukanov
# Are women better at multitasking?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-07-15)

I've observed multiple occasions where females are better at multitasking than males. It's not rare to see a lady driving a car, doing her make up and talking on the phone at the same time. Once I worked at a call center, and women were able to talk on the phone with a client and successfully perform a second task without much disruption. From my experience men have struggled with the same or similar combination of tasks.

Is there any research that backs up my anecdotal evidence?

**Tags:** gender, multi-tasking

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Multitasking is simply quick switching between tasks and men and women are equally good at that: https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.jelmerborst.nl/pubs/Borst2010.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwi9-PXbuffNAhXEuBoKHb7KBVMQFggbMAA&usg=AFQjCNE2BMhFUPdZKyUMhlU0RmwOzQxD9w&sig2=G8mdX5P4S4Yx7tyF973qaA , http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2050-7283-1-18 , http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10683-012-9318-8/fulltext.html and this answer: http://cogsci.stackexchange.com/questions/13082/provable-roi-for-call-center-rest-periods/14037#14037  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-07-20. Score: 4 | Accepted answer

## Short answer

There is no consistent evidence for the fact that women are better than men at multitasking. We do know that multitasking is detrimental for performance, whether it is forced or scheduled. Women do appear to be better at planning when to multitask and, in fact, do it less often than men. **Counter-intuitively, women may give the impression to be better at multitasking because they do it less often.**

## Long answer

The notion that women are better multitaskers is deeply grained in our society. There is even an evolutionary explanation as of why that may be the case. As paraphrased by [Ren, Zhou and Fu (2009)](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaolan_Fu/publication/224094593_A_Deeper_Look_at_Gender_Difference_in_Multitasking_Gender-Specific_Mechanism_of_Cognitive_Control/links/56f4899b08ae7c1fda2d779f.pdf):

> [...] females who stayed at home could not afford focusing solely on food preparation because the offspring cannot be left on their own. In other words, the structure of primitive human society exerted a strong selection pressure against females who were incapable of juggling several chores.

**Women are better**  
In controlled experiments, people even found some evidence ([Stoet et al, 2013](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2050-7283-1-18);[Ren et al, 2009](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaolan_Fu/publication/224094593_A_Deeper_Look_at_Gender_Difference_in_Multitasking_Gender-Specific_Mechanism_of_Cognitive_Control/links/56f4899b08ae7c1fda2d779f.pdf)) that supports that women are better multitaskers. In the study of Stoet et al, stimuli were shown that had two dimensions (shape and filling) each of which had two features (which determined which button to press). Only when the stimulus was presented, it became apparent on which dimension the participant had to focus. The results showed that 120 women performed significantly better on the task, compared to 120 men. As you can see from the Figure, the effect is not that large though. With enough participants, every minor effect will become significant at one point.
[![RTs and %Errors on a two-choice decision making task.](https://i.sstatic.net/PJCkY.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/PJCkY.jpg)

In the study of Ren, the participants were to perform a go-nogo task, followed by a flanker task (target identification). In a simple condition (always go, followed by a flanker task), men and women were, in a way, monotasking the flanker task. In the hierarchical condition participants had to make a decision on both go-nogo, which determined whether the flanker task had to be performed. There are two important notions that we must consider here. First of all, women improved on the hierarchical conditions! This is very surprising given the general consensus is that multitasking is detrimental for performance. Secondary task performance, for instance, is even being used as a measure for mental workload ([Wickens, 1983](http://science.sciencemag.org/content/221/4615/1080); [Kaber, 1999](http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/41175138/Adaptive_Automation_of_a_Dynamic_Control20160114-13238-12hmry0.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1490349285&Signature=Y5ISTCfzs8%2FqkD2XVO2isHWaB9A%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAdaptive_Automation_of_a_Dynamic_Control.pdf)).

This surprising observation may be explained by the notion of the authors themselves (which is the second notion): the task at hand is not necessarily multitasking in the sense of rapid switching between (often unrelated) tasks. Instead, I think, the task in this study must be seen as sequential monotasking, in which the first task determines how the second one must be performed.

**Women are not better**  
Another study investigated multitasking abilities between men and women using sudoku's and cross-word puzzles ([Buser and Peter, 2011](http://econ.mtakti.hu/file/download/korosi/2011/peter.pdf)). The tasks were either performed (1) sequentially, (2) forced multitasking or (3) freely scheduled. Results showed that during forced multitasking and freely scheduled multitasking, performance dropped significantly compared to sequential task execution. No gender differences were found here.

## Then why do we think women are better multitaskers?

Stoet et al, performed two experiments. In the second experiment, three more ecological valid task were to be performed concurrently, for which the participants had eight minutes in total. The order in which they had to be performed was up to the participants. Here, less obvious differences were found. In two of the task there was no significant difference in performance. One task, the key-finding task, did show that women were significantly better. However, we must again ask, is this because of their multitasking ability?

Because the participants could decide when and how to perform the task (sequential monotasking or multitasking-wise), they were in charge of the planning. It has been shown that people are generally bad at this and performance always is affected (Katidioti, 2014; see also [Provable ROI for call center rest periods?](https://cogsci.stackexchange.com/questions/13082/provable-roi-for-call-center-rest-periods/14037#14037); Buser and Peter). What Buser and Peter found, however, is that **women are less inclined to multitask compared to men when given the choice.** If this is indeed the case, this may explain the fact that women performed better at the key searching task.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I will add a more critical note to the paper of Buser and Peter later on, so that my bias does not color the answer too much ;)  
> **username_2**: "overwhelming evidence that shows the detrimental effect of multitasking (Hope I don't need a reference for this statement)"  Sorry @Robin_Kramer but could you provide at least one reference for this statement?  I would be interested in reading about this.  
> **username_1**: The Buser and Peter paper is an example that shows it. Also the Katidioti paper shows detrimental effects of multitasking. I nuanced the statement a bit, and will add another soon.  

---

