<p>the controversy is quite old, since 1946</p>
<p><a href="https://read01.com/J8xez6Q.html#.YtEi9y_mifA" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://read01.com/J8xez6Q.html#.YtEi9y_mifA</a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/ApFY6.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/ApFY6.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>What are the oracle-bone characters for 后 and 司</p>
</blockquote>
<p>well, in oracle bone script, only “司” existed. and it can be written facing left, or right. “后” emerged only in late spring and autumn period.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>「后」字金文始見於春秋晚期，字形向右的為「后」，向左的是「司」字，這種分別是在金文中才出現，而甲骨文向左向右無別</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%90%8E" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=后</a></p>
<p>in 小學堂, you may find the character “司” in <a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=207" rel="nofollow noreferrer">oracle bone script</a>:</p>
<p>甲241</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/BUsKu.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/BUsKu.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>鄴3下.34.7</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Oawen.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Oawen.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>that, “甲241“ is the mirror image (flip horizontally) of “鄴3下.34.7”</p>
<p>“甲241“ is like the character “后”, actually, it should be read as “司”, in oracle bone script.</p>
<p>have fun :)</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-15T09:03:06.037Z
2022-07-15T09:03:06.037Z
水巷孑蠻
<p>Wiktionary is coming along on this front and often has the oracle bone and seal script origin for common characters. This is present for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E#Glyph_origin" rel="nofollow noreferrer">后</a>. WT notes that 司 is a lateral inversion but unfortunately doesn't have the glyph origin for 司 itself.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-15T09:03:22.377Z
2022-07-15T09:08:37.493Z
2022-07-15T09:08:37.493Z
Adam Burke
<p>To look for an oracle bone script, you can use <a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/jiaguwen" rel="nofollow noreferrer">小学堂-甲骨文</a>.</p>
<hr />
<p>Although the two glyphs seem like mirror images of each other, it's not a settled issue. Most oracle bone scripts do not distinguish left and right, so mirror images are often the same character, except for those that have a clear directional implication, which I don't see any in this glyph. Many sources believe that the two are the same glyph. I agree.</p>
<p>In the early 20s when I was still in school, it's  unanimously called 司母戊鼎, but I vaguely remember that years ago there was a wave of media propagating that the correct reading should be 后.</p>
<p>On the one hand, National Museum of China has changed the official name to <a href="http://www.chnmuseum.cn/zp/zpml/kgdjp/202008/t20200824_247255.shtml" rel="nofollow noreferrer">后母戊鼎</a>. <a href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Tg41197H2" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This video</a> (in Chinese, no subtitle) also supports 后母戊鼎 and talks in detail about each appearance of 后（司）in oracle bone scripts.</p>
<p>On the other hand, I checked 《字源》 which reads</p>
<blockquote>
<p>甲骨文﹑西周金文“后”字习见，但不是君后之后，而是司字的异体，古文字中形体反正无别，皆用为司﹑嗣等义，无一字用为君后﹑君王之义者。于省吾《寿县蔡墓铜器铭文考释》：“‘后’为‘毓’的后起字。西周金文仍以‘毓’为‘后’，班簋的‘毓文王﹑王姒圣孙’，‘毓’文王即‘后文王’，‘后’谓君后。金文‘后’字只一吴王光鑑一见。由此可知，以‘后’为‘毓’，当起于春秋时期。”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>It supports that 后 doesn't exist in (currently discovered) oracle bone scripts.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-17T00:42:07.550Z
2022-07-17T01:34:34.283Z
2022-07-17T01:34:34.283Z
lilysirius
<p>It is uncertain if the character 「后」 existed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" rel="noreferrer">Shāng</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" rel="noreferrer">oracle bones</a>. The word itself meaning <em>royal heir</em> &gt; <em>king</em> and <em>royal heir</em> &gt; <em>afterwards</em> was written in Shāng oracle bones with the character 「毓」, and in this time period, it is not confirmed whether this was semantically extended to mean <em>queen</em>.</p>
<p><kbd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" rel="noreferrer">商</a><br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" rel="noreferrer">甲</a><br><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/69gX9.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/69gX9.png" alt="毓" /></a><br><a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference" rel="noreferrer">甲</a>818<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&amp;bh=27145&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">合集27145</a></kbd></p>
<p>「毓」 depicts a <em>woman</em> <a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=632" rel="noreferrer">「每」</a> or <a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=252" rel="noreferrer">「母」</a> giving birth to a <em>child</em> <a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=45" rel="noreferrer">「子」</a>. The <a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=22440" rel="noreferrer">child is drawn upside-down as 「」 and the dots are similar to 「氵」</a>, indicating <em>amniotic fluid / water breakage</em> when giving birth. A proposal of how this may be related to 「后」 is given below:</p>
<div class="s-table-container">
<table class="s-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center;">時期<br>字體</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">字形</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">部件對應<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liding" rel="noreferrer">隸定</a></th>
<th style="text-align: center;">參考資料</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" rel="noreferrer">商</a><br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" rel="noreferrer">甲</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/69gX9.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/69gX9.png" alt="毓" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">毓</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference" rel="noreferrer">甲</a>818<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&amp;bh=27145&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">合集27145</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">商<br>甲</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/X8S3u.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/X8S3u.png" alt="⿸女" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">⿸女</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference" rel="noreferrer">甲</a>414<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&amp;bh=32632&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">合集32632</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">商<br>甲</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/iP9LK.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/iP9LK.png" alt="⿸尸" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">⿸尸</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference" rel="noreferrer">前</a>1.30.5<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&amp;bh=24951&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">合集24951</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou" rel="noreferrer">西周</a>？</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" rel="noreferrer">春秋</a><br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" rel="noreferrer">金</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/FGpVf.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/FGpVf.png" alt="后" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">后</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">吳王光鑑<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=10298&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">集成10298</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period" rel="noreferrer">戰國</a>・<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" rel="noreferrer">晉</a><br>金</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/1mPqc.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/1mPqc.png" alt="后" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">-</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">兆域圖銅版<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&amp;bh=10478&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">集成10478</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han" rel="noreferrer">西漢</a><br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_script" rel="noreferrer">隸</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/RxiOe.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/RxiOe.png" alt="后" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">-</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" rel="noreferrer">老子</a>・乙<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" rel="noreferrer">馬王堆帛書</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" rel="noreferrer">東漢</a><br>隸</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/1lWx8.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/1lWx8.png" alt="后" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">-</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">曹全碑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script" rel="noreferrer">楷</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/eqlrR.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/eqlrR.png" alt="后" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">-</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Explicitly described, 「尸」 may have been corrupted into the shape of 「」, and 「」 corrupted into 「⿱一口」. There is no clear trace of this happening, however.</p>
<p>In contrast, 「司」 is generally traced like this:</p>
<div class="s-table-container">
<table class="s-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center;">時期<br>字體</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">字形</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">參考資料</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">商<br>甲</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Iv7DU.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Iv7DU.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference" rel="noreferrer">粹</a>430<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&amp;bh=32050&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">合集32050</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">商<br>甲</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/l9Xbs.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/l9Xbs.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference" rel="noreferrer">甲</a>241<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&amp;bh=20276&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">合集20276</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">商<br>甲</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/68DWy.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/68DWy.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">三集下46.9<br>鄴中片羽</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">西周<br>金</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/CuyEW.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/CuyEW.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">史墻盤<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=10175&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">集成10175</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">戰國・晉<br>金</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Cwy0J.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Cwy0J.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">壺<br><a href="http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=9734&amp;jgwfl=" rel="noreferrer">集成9734</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">西漢<br>隸</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/fE6Hd.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/fE6Hd.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">老子・甲</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">東漢<br>隸</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/DXqDA.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/DXqDA.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">孔龢碑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">楷</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/DCXR4.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/DCXR4.png" alt="司" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Please pay attention to the time span of where these characters occur. The shape of 「后」 we currently use is only uncontroversially found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" rel="noreferrer">Spring and Autumn period</a>, and by then, it would never have been confused with 「司」.</p>
<hr />
<p>The debate here is whether characters which look like</p>
<p><kbd>商<br>甲<br><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/68DWy.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/68DWy.png" alt="司" /></a><br>三集下46.9<br>鄴中片羽</kbd></p>
<p>(or its mirror image) in the Shāng to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou" rel="noreferrer">Western Zhōu</a> periods should be read as 「后」 (<em>queen</em>). As mentioned earlier, it is uncertain whether <strong>hòu</strong> (Baxter-Sagart OC: <strong>/*ɢˁ(r)oʔ/</strong>) meant <em>queen</em> in this period.</p>
<p>For an opinion by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Xigui" rel="noreferrer">Qiú Xīguī</a> on reading these oracle bone characters as 「司」 and not 「后」, see <a href="http://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/1213" rel="noreferrer">《裘錫圭》說＂㚸＂（提綱）</a>. In summary, the thesis 朱鳳瀚《論卜辭與商周金文中的“后” 》 proposes multiple occurrences in oracle bones of characters which look like</p>
<p><kbd><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/fD354.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/fD354.png" alt="⿰⿱立勹司" /></a></kbd><kbd><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/ogyad.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/ogyad.png" alt="⿰司⿱立勹" /></a></kbd><kbd><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/T1KPV.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/T1KPV.png" alt="⿰后⿱立勹" /></a></kbd></p>
<p>should be read as &quot;Queen ⿱立勹&quot;</p>
<p><kbd><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/3Wv6H.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/3Wv6H.png" alt="⿱立勹" /></a></kbd></p>
<p>just like how 「珷」、「玟」 should be read as &quot;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" rel="noreferrer">King Wǔ</a>&quot; and &quot;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" rel="noreferrer">King Wén</a>&quot; in bronze inscriptions, respectively. Qiú Xīguī thinks this proposal is far-fetched and lacks evidence, and instead suggests that all of these characters have 「司」 as a phonetic component, pointing to evidence of interchangeability of 「司」 with 「㠯」 (related: <a href="https://chinese.stackexchange.com/questions/50581/why-is-there-a-%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%97%81-in-the-character-%E5%A7%8B">Why is there a 女字旁 in the character 始?</a>).</p>
<p>As a final note regarding this specific <em>dǐng</em> vessel, the article points out that</p>
<blockquote>
<p>銘文於＂司辛＂字加＂女＂旁，朱鳳瀚等先生指出，其字仍應讀＂司辛＂而不應讀＂司母辛＂，所謂＂司母戊＂大鼎之＂司戊＂亦同。</p>
<p>In bronze inscription texts, 「司辛」 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_name" rel="noreferrer">temple name</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Hao" rel="noreferrer">Fù Hǎo</a>) is combined with a 「女」 (or 「母」) component, and several academics have pointed out that the inscription is still read as 「司辛」 and not 「司母辛」, so the same goes with reading the inscription as 「司戊」 when it appears to be 「司母戊」.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>季旭昇《說文新證》</li>
<li><a href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%A7%81" rel="noreferrer">漢語多功能字庫</a></li>
<li><a href="https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian" rel="noreferrer">小學堂字形演變</a></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-15T12:15:06.913Z
2022-07-15T12:32:56.847Z
2022-07-15T12:32:56.847Z
dROOOze
<p>My grade-7 Chinese history textbook describes the gigantic bronze ding called 司母戊鼎, and adds <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/vIFka.jpg" rel="noreferrer">a footnote</a> saying it's also called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmuwu_ding" rel="noreferrer">后母戊鼎</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/jj3Mr.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/jj3Mr.jpg" alt="a photo of 司母戊鼎 (a large &quot;ding&quot;) and a description" /></a></p>
<p><sub>(alternative image source: <a href="https://i.ibb.co/W5N2XHj/984703784.jpg" rel="noreferrer">1</a> <a href="https://i.ibb.co/17b7DL1/1420697875.jpg" rel="noreferrer">2</a>)</sub></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Wikipedia writes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The inscription was originally read as sīmǔwù (司母戊), but since the 1970s scholars have reached the consensus that <strong>the first character should be read as hou (后), meaning queen, which is the mirror-image of si (司) in oracle bone script</strong>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I'm curious as to what the two characters actually look like.</p>
<p><strong>Question</strong>: What are the oracle-bone characters for 后 and 司 which led to confusion in naming 司母戊鼎 (or 后母戊鼎)?</p>
<p>I honestly don't know how to look up oracle-bone equivalents of modern-day characters.  Googling for a bit led to 后:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/hZcaY.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/hZcaY.png" alt="image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oracle_bone_script_characters#/media/File:%E5%90%8E.png" /></a></p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-15T05:26:39.847Z
For reference, the inscription is located at [《殷周金文集成》1706](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=1706&jgwfl=)
dROOOze
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-15T05:35:23.307Z
I'm not sure about "since the 1970s scholars have reached the consensus". [Chinese Wikipedia](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%90%8E%E6%AF%8D%E6%88%8A%E9%BC%8E) definitely does not say that (中國國家博物館於2011改為「后母戊」，但學界存普遍爭議。)
dROOOze
<character-identification><history>
What are the oracle-bone characters for 后 and 司 which led to confusion in naming 司母戊鼎 (or 后母戊鼎)?
# What are the oracle-bone characters for 后 and 司 which led to confusion in naming 司母戊鼎 (or 后母戊鼎)?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-07-15)

My grade-7 Chinese history textbook describes the gigantic bronze ding called 司母戊鼎, and adds [a footnote](https://i.sstatic.net/vIFka.jpg) saying it's also called [后母戊鼎](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmuwu_ding):

> [![a photo of 司母戊鼎 (a large ](https://i.sstatic.net/jj3Mr.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/jj3Mr.jpg)
>
> (alternative image source: [1](https://i.ibb.co/W5N2XHj/984703784.jpg) [2](https://i.ibb.co/17b7DL1/1420697875.jpg))

Wikipedia writes:

> The inscription was originally read as sīmǔwù (司母戊), but since the 1970s scholars have reached the consensus that **the first character should be read as hou (后), meaning queen, which is the mirror-image of si (司) in oracle bone script**.

I'm curious as to what the two characters actually look like.

**Question**: What are the oracle-bone characters for 后 and 司 which led to confusion in naming 司母戊鼎 (or 后母戊鼎)?

I honestly don't know how to look up oracle-bone equivalents of modern-day characters. Googling for a bit led to 后:

> [![image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oracle_bone_script_characters#/media/File:%E5%90%8E.png](https://i.sstatic.net/hZcaY.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/hZcaY.png)

**Tags:** character-identification, history

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: For reference, the inscription is located at [《殷周金文集成》1706](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=1706&jgwfl=)  
> **username_1**: I'm not sure about "since the 1970s scholars have reached the consensus". [Chinese Wikipedia](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%90%8E%E6%AF%8D%E6%88%8A%E9%BC%8E) definitely does not say that (中國國家博物館於2011改為「后母戊」，但學界存普遍爭議。)  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2022-07-15. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

It is uncertain if the character 「后」 existed in [Shāng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) [oracle bones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script). The word itself meaning *royal heir* > *king* and *royal heir* > *afterwards* was written in Shāng oracle bones with the character 「毓」, and in this time period, it is not confirmed whether this was semantically extended to mean *queen*.

`商  
甲  
![毓](https://i.sstatic.net/69gX9.png)  
甲818  
合集27145`

「毓」 depicts a *woman* [「每」](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=632) or [「母」](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=252) giving birth to a *child* [「子」](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=45). The [child is drawn upside-down as 「」 and the dots are similar to 「氵」](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=22440), indicating *amniotic fluid / water breakage* when giving birth. A proposal of how this may be related to 「后」 is given below:

| 時期 字體 | 字形 | 部件對應[隸定](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liding) | 參考資料 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [商](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) [甲](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script) | [毓](https://i.sstatic.net/69gX9.png) | 毓 | [甲](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)818 [合集27145](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=27145&jgwfl=) |
| 商 甲 | [⿸女](https://i.sstatic.net/X8S3u.png) | ⿸女 | [甲](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)414 [合集32632](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=32632&jgwfl=) |
| 商 甲 | [⿸尸](https://i.sstatic.net/iP9LK.png) | ⿸尸 | [前](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)1.30.5 [合集24951](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=24951&jgwfl=) |
| [西周](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou)？ |  |  |  |
| [春秋](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) [金](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions) | [后](https://i.sstatic.net/FGpVf.png) | 后 | 吳王光鑑 [集成10298](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=10298&jgwfl=) |
| [戰國](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period)・[晉](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)) 金 | [后](https://i.sstatic.net/1mPqc.png) | - | 兆域圖銅版 [集成10478](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=10478&jgwfl=) |
| [西漢](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han) [隸](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_script) | [后](https://i.sstatic.net/RxiOe.png) | - | [老子](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching)・乙 [馬王堆帛書](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts) |
| [東漢](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han) 隸 | [后](https://i.sstatic.net/1lWx8.png) | - | 曹全碑 |
| [楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) | [后](https://i.sstatic.net/eqlrR.png) | - |  |

Explicitly described, 「尸」 may have been corrupted into the shape of 「」, and 「」 corrupted into 「⿱一口」. There is no clear trace of this happening, however.

In contrast, 「司」 is generally traced like this:

| 時期 字體 | 字形 | 參考資料 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 商 甲 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/Iv7DU.png) | [粹](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)430 [合集32050](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=32050&jgwfl=) |
| 商 甲 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/l9Xbs.png) | [甲](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/Reference/JiaguwenReference)241 [合集20276](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=20276&jgwfl=) |
| 商 甲 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/68DWy.png) | 三集下46.9 鄴中片羽 |
| 西周 金 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/CuyEW.png) | 史墻盤 [集成10175](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=10175&jgwfl=) |
| 戰國・晉 金 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/Cwy0J.png) | 壺 [集成9734](http://www.guoxuedashi.net/yzjwjc/?bh=9734&jgwfl=) |
| 西漢 隸 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/fE6Hd.png) | 老子・甲 |
| 東漢 隸 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/DXqDA.png) | 孔龢碑 |
| 楷 | [司](https://i.sstatic.net/DCXR4.png) |  |

Please pay attention to the time span of where these characters occur. The shape of 「后」 we currently use is only uncontroversially found in the [Spring and Autumn period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period), and by then, it would never have been confused with 「司」.

---

The debate here is whether characters which look like

`商  
甲  
![司](https://i.sstatic.net/68DWy.png)  
三集下46.9  
鄴中片羽`

(or its mirror image) in the Shāng to [Western Zhōu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) periods should be read as 「后」 (*queen*). As mentioned earlier, it is uncertain whether **hòu** (Baxter-Sagart OC: **/\*ɢˁ(r)oʔ/**) meant *queen* in this period.

For an opinion by [Qiú Xīguī](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Xigui) on reading these oracle bone characters as 「司」 and not 「后」, see [《裘錫圭》說＂㚸＂（提綱）](http://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/1213). In summary, the thesis 朱鳳瀚《論卜辭與商周金文中的“后” 》 proposes multiple occurrences in oracle bones of characters which look like

`![⿰⿱立勹司](https://i.sstatic.net/fD354.png)``![⿰司⿱立勹](https://i.sstatic.net/ogyad.png)``![⿰后⿱立勹](https://i.sstatic.net/T1KPV.png)`

should be read as "Queen ⿱立勹"

`![⿱立勹](https://i.sstatic.net/3Wv6H.png)`

just like how 「珷」、「玟」 should be read as "[King Wǔ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou)" and "[King Wén](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou)" in bronze inscriptions, respectively. Qiú Xīguī thinks this proposal is far-fetched and lacks evidence, and instead suggests that all of these characters have 「司」 as a phonetic component, pointing to evidence of interchangeability of 「司」 with 「㠯」 (related: [Why is there a 女字旁 in the character 始?](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/questions/50581/why-is-there-a-%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%97%81-in-the-character-%E5%A7%8B)).

As a final note regarding this specific *dǐng* vessel, the article points out that

> 銘文於＂司辛＂字加＂女＂旁，朱鳳瀚等先生指出，其字仍應讀＂司辛＂而不應讀＂司母辛＂，所謂＂司母戊＂大鼎之＂司戊＂亦同。
>
> In bronze inscription texts, 「司辛」 ([temple name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_name) of [Fù Hǎo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Hao)) is combined with a 「女」 (or 「母」) component, and several academics have pointed out that the inscription is still read as 「司辛」 and not 「司母辛」, so the same goes with reading the inscription as 「司戊」 when it appears to be 「司母戊」.

---

**References:**

* 季旭昇《說文新證》
* [漢語多功能字庫](http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%A7%81)
* [小學堂字形演變](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian)


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-07-15. Score: 4

the controversy is quite old, since 1946

<https://read01.com/J8xez6Q.html#.YtEi9y_mifA>

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/ApFY6.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/ApFY6.jpg)

> What are the oracle-bone characters for 后 and 司

well, in oracle bone script, only “司” existed. and it can be written facing left, or right. “后” emerged only in late spring and autumn period.

> 「后」字金文始見於春秋晚期，字形向右的為「后」，向左的是「司」字，這種分別是在金文中才出現，而甲骨文向左向右無別

[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=后](http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%90%8E)

in 小學堂, you may find the character “司” in [oracle bone script](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=207):

甲241

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/BUsKu.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/BUsKu.png)

鄴3下.34.7

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Oawen.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/Oawen.png)

that, “甲241“ is the mirror image (flip horizontally) of “鄴3下.34.7”

“甲241“ is like the character “后”, actually, it should be read as “司”, in oracle bone script.

have fun :)


---

### Answer by username_3 on 2022-07-15. Score: 1

Wiktionary is coming along on this front and often has the oracle bone and seal script origin for common characters. This is present for [后](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E#Glyph_origin). WT notes that 司 is a lateral inversion but unfortunately doesn't have the glyph origin for 司 itself.


---

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-07-17. Score: 1

To look for an oracle bone script, you can use [小学堂-甲骨文](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/jiaguwen).

---

Although the two glyphs seem like mirror images of each other, it's not a settled issue. Most oracle bone scripts do not distinguish left and right, so mirror images are often the same character, except for those that have a clear directional implication, which I don't see any in this glyph. Many sources believe that the two are the same glyph. I agree.

In the early 20s when I was still in school, it's unanimously called 司母戊鼎, but I vaguely remember that years ago there was a wave of media propagating that the correct reading should be 后.

On the one hand, National Museum of China has changed the official name to [后母戊鼎](http://www.chnmuseum.cn/zp/zpml/kgdjp/202008/t20200824_247255.shtml). [This video](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Tg41197H2) (in Chinese, no subtitle) also supports 后母戊鼎 and talks in detail about each appearance of 后（司）in oracle bone scripts.

On the other hand, I checked 《字源》 which reads

> 甲骨文﹑西周金文“后”字习见，但不是君后之后，而是司字的异体，古文字中形体反正无别，皆用为司﹑嗣等义，无一字用为君后﹑君王之义者。于省吾《寿县蔡墓铜器铭文考释》：“‘后’为‘毓’的后起字。西周金文仍以‘毓’为‘后’，班簋的‘毓文王﹑王姒圣孙’，‘毓’文王即‘后文王’，‘后’谓君后。金文‘后’字只一吴王光鑑一见。由此可知，以‘后’为‘毓’，当起于春秋时期。”

It supports that 后 doesn't exist in (currently discovered) oracle bone scripts.


---

