<ol>
<li>[conj.] (<em>almost</em>=<strong>while</strong>) a conj. with slight sense of transition/suppose, can be translated into: and;furthermore;moreover;but also;into the bargain;if;in case;however.</li>
</ol>

<p>&lt;连></p>

<p>从古沿用下来的连词,可连接词、短语和分句,表示多种关系 [and;furthermore;moreover;but also;into the bargain;if;in case;however]</p>

<ul>
<li>
(1)
<strong>(listing)</strong>
表示并列关系</li>
</ul>

<p>永州之野产异蛇,黑质而白章。—— 唐· 柳宗元《捕蛇者说》</p>

<p>Wilderness of Eishu(Yongzhou) produces peculiar snakes, whose skin black and texture white.</p>

<ul>
<li>
(2)
<strong>(progressing)</strong>
表示递进关系</li>
</ul>

<p>君子博学而日参省乎己。——《荀子·劝学》</p>

<p>Kunshi (Junzi) (a noble one) broadly studies and furthermore daily introspect into himself. </p>

<ul>
<li>
(3)
<strong>(a slight casual relationship)</strong>
表示承接关系</li>
</ul>

<p>余方心动欲还,而大声发于水上。——宋· 苏轼《石钟山记》</p>

<p>I was just hesitating to go home, when great sound generates from the waters.</p>

<ul>
<li>
(4)
<strong>(slight transition)</strong>
表示转折关系</li>
</ul>

<p>青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝。——《荀子·劝学》</p>

<p>Ao (qin) is taken from Ai (lan), yet bluer/darker than Ai(lan).</p>

<ul>
<li>
(5)
<strong>(surmise)</strong>
表示假设关系</li>
</ul>

<p>诸君而(如果)有意;瞻余马首可也。——清· 徐珂《清稗类钞·战事类》</p>

<p>You fellows if interested, up-look into my horse's head's orientation.</p>

<ul>
<li>
(6)<strong>(modification, similar to suffix <em>-ly</em> in English)</strong>
表示修饰关系,连接状语</li>
</ul>

<p>吾恂恂而起。——唐· 柳宗元《捕蛇者说》 </p>

<p>I uneasily got up.</p>

<ol start="2">
<li>[pron.] you,your; this</li>
</ol>

<p>〈代〉</p>

<ul>
<li>
(1) 你;你的 [you;your]</li>
</ul>

<p>余知而无罪也。——《左传·昭公二十年》</p>

<p>I know you are innocent.</p>

<ul>
<li>
(2) 这样,此 [this]</li>
</ul>

<p>同是被逼迫,君而妾亦然。——《玉台新咏·古诗为焦仲卿妻作》</p>

<p>Same enforced, you being so and I also being.</p>

<ol start="3">
<li>[aux.]</li>
</ol>

<p>〈助〉</p>

<ul>
<li>
(1)
<strong>(modification, "as to the extent")</strong>
表示偏正关系,相当于“之”,“的” [of]</li>
</ul>

<p>虞之与虢,相恃而势。——《淮南子·人间》</p>

<p>Go(yu, ancient country) treating Kaku(guo, ancient country), take reciprocal reliance as the situation.</p>

<ul>
<li>
(2)
<strong>(comparison, though sometimes the same positioning can be case 1.6)</strong>
与“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“来”、“往”连用,相当于“以”</li>
</ul>

<p>形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器。——《易·系辞上》</p>

<p>Up to entity is called Tao, down to entity called mechanism.</p>

<ol start="3">
<li>[mod.]</li>
</ol>

<p>&lt;语气></p>

<ul>
<li>
(1)
<strong>(negative question)</strong>
用于句中,表示反问,相当于“难道”,“岂” [how could;how is it possible]</li>
</ul>

<p>为仁由己,而由人乎哉?——《论语·颜渊》</p>

<p>To practice kindness is out of oneself, how could it be out of others? </p>

<ul>
<li>
(2)
<strong>(exclamation)</strong>
用于句末,相当于“耳”,“哪”</li>
</ul>

<p>已而已而,今之从政者殆而。——《论语·微子》</p>

<p>Finished already, finished already, today's politicians are stupid as such!</p>

<p>Ref:<a href="http://www.zdic.net/z/21/xs/800C.htm" rel="nofollow">ZDIC</a></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-10-21T03:56:09.320Z
2014-10-21T03:56:09.320Z
Joseph S WU
<p>The question itself is already sufficient in description. Whose brilliant brain had the idea to coerce this nonsensical additional commentary text on us?</p>

<grammar>
What different grammatical uses exist for 而 in classical chinese?
# What different grammatical uses exist for 而 in classical chinese?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-10-20)

The question itself is already sufficient in description. Whose brilliant brain had the idea to coerce this nonsensical additional commentary text on us?

**Tags:** grammar


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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2014-10-21. Score: 1

1. [conj.] (*almost*=**while**) a conj. with slight sense of transition/suppose, can be translated into: and;furthermore;moreover;but also;into the bargain;if;in case;however.

<连>

从古沿用下来的连词,可连接词、短语和分句,表示多种关系 [and;furthermore;moreover;but also;into the bargain;if;in case;however]

* (1)
  **(listing)**
  表示并列关系

永州之野产异蛇,黑质而白章。—— 唐· 柳宗元《捕蛇者说》

Wilderness of Eishu(Yongzhou) produces peculiar snakes, whose skin black and texture white.

* (2)
  **(progressing)**
  表示递进关系

君子博学而日参省乎己。——《荀子·劝学》

Kunshi (Junzi) (a noble one) broadly studies and furthermore daily introspect into himself.

* (3)
  **(a slight casual relationship)**
  表示承接关系

余方心动欲还,而大声发于水上。——宋· 苏轼《石钟山记》

I was just hesitating to go home, when great sound generates from the waters.

* (4)
  **(slight transition)**
  表示转折关系

青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝。——《荀子·劝学》

Ao (qin) is taken from Ai (lan), yet bluer/darker than Ai(lan).

* (5)
  **(surmise)**
  表示假设关系

诸君而(如果)有意;瞻余马首可也。——清· 徐珂《清稗类钞·战事类》

You fellows if interested, up-look into my horse's head's orientation.

* (6)**(modification, similar to suffix *-ly* in English)**
  表示修饰关系,连接状语

吾恂恂而起。——唐· 柳宗元《捕蛇者说》

I uneasily got up.

2. [pron.] you,your; this

〈代〉

* (1) 你;你的 [you;your]

余知而无罪也。——《左传·昭公二十年》

I know you are innocent.

* (2) 这样,此 [this]

同是被逼迫,君而妾亦然。——《玉台新咏·古诗为焦仲卿妻作》

Same enforced, you being so and I also being.

3. [aux.]

〈助〉

* (1)
  **(modification, "as to the extent")**
  表示偏正关系,相当于“之”,“的” [of]

虞之与虢,相恃而势。——《淮南子·人间》

Go(yu, ancient country) treating Kaku(guo, ancient country), take reciprocal reliance as the situation.

* (2)
  **(comparison, though sometimes the same positioning can be case 1.6)**
  与“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“来”、“往”连用,相当于“以”

形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器。——《易·系辞上》

Up to entity is called Tao, down to entity called mechanism.

3. [mod.]

<语气>

* (1)
  **(negative question)**
  用于句中,表示反问,相当于“难道”,“岂” [how could;how is it possible]

为仁由己,而由人乎哉?——《论语·颜渊》

To practice kindness is out of oneself, how could it be out of others?

* (2)
  **(exclamation)**
  用于句末,相当于“耳”,“哪”

已而已而,今之从政者殆而。——《论语·微子》

Finished already, finished already, today's politicians are stupid as such!

Ref:[ZDIC](http://www.zdic.net/z/21/xs/800C.htm)


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