<p><a href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/clrc/cu_ku_workshop/Jin_Jia.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">結果補語的「虛」與「實」</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>漢語動結式（又稱黏合式述補結構）中有一類的補語被稱為「虛化結果補語」，包括「完、好、掉、住、成、著、了、過等」</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>根據過去的研究，虛化結果補語區別實義結果補語的特點是：<strong>皆由實義動詞虛化而來</strong>、本身詞匯意義不明顯、語義指向述語、不是動結式的語義中心、<strong>主要表示動作事件「完結、結束」等</strong>。但是，這些區別特點主要都體現語義層面上，<strong>而句法上，無論是對前項動詞的選擇、還是與賓語的搭配，虛化補語與實義補語並無明顯差異</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>We are familiar with the aspect markers below:</p>
<p>吃(eat) --&gt; 吃了 (eat is a completed action)</p>
<p>吃(eat) --&gt; 吃過 (eat is an experience action)</p>
<p>They are on the list of 虛化結果補語. And the article stated 虛化補語 is mainly used for indicating the verb is 'completed/ finished' and 實義補語 mainly used for indicating the result of the verb. e.g. 斬斷 (chop-apart); 切掉 (cut-away). 斷 is the result complement of the verb 斬; 掉 is the result complement of the verb 切. They indicate the 'actual result' of the verb</p>
<p>From the same article:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>而句法上，無論是對前項動詞的選擇、還是與賓語的搭配，虛化補語與實義補語並無明顯差異</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>實義结果補語 (actual result complements) and 虛化结果補語 (virtual result complements) are practically identical in syntactic.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>My knowledge in linguistics terms is based mostly on Hong Kong Standard Written Chinese (SWC). It is likely different from linguistics terms used by Mandarin speakers in the mainland. But I hope my input would help you find the most accurate translation of the term in question</p>
<p><em>I was taught '斷' and '掉' in '斬斷' and '切掉' are &quot;verb particles&quot;; '了' and '過' in '吃了' and '吃過' are &quot;aspect markers&quot;</em></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-04T23:50:15.007Z
This really sheds some light: 虛化结果補語 *as opposed to* 實義结果補語. Then "virtual" as opposed to "actual" does make sense
blackgreen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-04T22:56:32.810Z
2020-07-05T14:41:48.097Z
2020-07-05T14:41:48.097Z
Tang Ho
<p>In Chinese linguistics, the most common example of 虚化 is the grammaticalization of verbs into verbal suffixes that function as aspect markers. For example: 了, 过, 着.</p>
<p>It is an abstraction whereby a verb &quot;empties out&quot; its original lexical meaning and becomes a function word. When it is used with a process (action/event) in a sentence, the interpretation is derived from its combination with the contextual elements, most importantly the type of verb.</p>
<p>For example, the verb 了 has the lexical meaning of &quot;to finish, to end&quot; as in “了结”，“不了了之”. When it is grammaticalized and used as a verbal suffix, we will have different interpretations according to the contexts:</p>
<ol>
<li>他去了北京。(He has gone to Beijing.)</li>
<li>我昨天买了一本日文书。(I bought a Japanese book yesterday.)</li>
<li>很久没见你，你好像瘦了。(I haven't seen you for long. You look slimmer.)</li>
</ol>
<p>We can consider a grammaticalized verbal suffix as a kind of formula with which we calculate the meaning based on the contextual elements.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-05T08:37:00.627Z
so 虚化结果补语 might be understood as “grammaticalized result complement”?
blackgreen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-06T00:20:55.413Z
A lexical item used as result complement is not fully grammaticalized as it still keeps its lexical meaning to a certain extent. For example, in "这个桃子太高了，我摘不到" , 到 functions as verbal complement with its meaning of "arrive at, reach", whereas in "他昨天看到姚明" or "我最近听到些坏消息", 到 is grammaticalized: It is dissociated from its original meaning and functions as an aspect marker which indicates a value roughly equivalent to "happen to, incidentally" in English.
KK_Tse
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-05T04:02:44.733Z
2020-07-05T04:02:44.733Z
KK_Tse
<p>虚化 often gets translated as 'grammaticalization'. Example:</p>
<p>我们考察发现虚化和同音假借是连词的主要来源。<br />
We conclude that grammaticalization and loan homonym are the main source of conjunction.</p>
<p>Tang Ho's excellent research cleared things up a lot! Well done!</p>
<p>But linguists are slippery eels, twisting and turning, persistently vague! I would translate 虚化 here as 'empty'.</p>
<p>I can only presume these sainted linguists mean this kind of complement is not in fact a concrete result or output, not a real, extant 'thing': 吃了</p>
<p>Some apostrophes would help!</p>
<p>本文采用体现这类补语语法 '演变过程' 的术语 '虚化结果补语'。</p>
<p>This paper uses the term 'empty result complement' for this kind of 'process of change' complement grammar.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-04T23:51:47.507Z
I can get 'empty' in the context of 虚化结果补语, but 虚化 = grammaticalization??
blackgreen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-05T00:04:57.930Z
+1 though. Before asking the question I did find some works that push this translation, even though it's totally not clear to me why
blackgreen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-05T11:10:06.620Z
Linguists, in my limited experience are deliberately vague. They will not use definable facts, or we might say, "That's wrong." So they couch their language in terms so obscure, no one knows what they really mean, which is quite a joke, considering they are supposed to explain how language works！ A favourite term of linguists is 'non-felicitous', meaning, 'wrong, but we have no idea why!' 'grammaticalization' means 'bringing into grammar' and 'grammar' is 'how to write or speak properly' So, grammaticalize something and then it's correct! Wonderful self-justification!
Pedroski
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-04T23:44:33.643Z
2020-07-04T23:44:33.643Z
Pedroski
<p>I think the sense of 虚 is the same as in 虚词.</p>
<p>According to dictionaries, 虚词 is defined as:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>虚词</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>{语} <em><strong>function word; form word; empty word; grammatically-partial word; structural word; syncategorematic word</strong></em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>The research paper in topic is talking about some characters such as 好 are in the way of getting to be 虚词(originally adjective) because in daily conversations we can see many uses of those words work more like those 虚词s (e.g. 了，吗，etc).</p>
<p>They also found that these characters is often used as a resultative complement.  Hence they got the term 虚化结果补语.</p>
<p>虚化 is compared to the other words of categories such as adjective, verb, adverb, etc.  You may name the other side of categories as 实词.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-05T01:08:12.900Z
2020-07-05T01:08:12.900Z
dan
<p>I was reading a research paper in linguistics and came across this definition 虚化结果补语。</p>
<p>I'm not sure what the proper English translation would be.</p>
<p>There are a couple introductory sentences that illustrate the usage of the term. (Rough) translations are mine:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>本文采用体现这类补语语法演变过程的术语<strong>虚化结果补语</strong></p>
<p>This paper uses the term &quot;XXX result complement&quot; to reflect the grammatical evolution of this category of complements.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>主要表示动作事件“完成”的意义,与前项动词V有比较广泛的搭配,具有很强的能产性,称为<strong>虚化结果补语</strong></p>
<p>[...] mainly expresses that an action event is &quot;complete&quot;, has rather broad collocations with the preceding verb V, and has strong productivity: that is called &quot;XXX result complement&quot;.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Google translates this as &quot;blurred result complement&quot;. This doesn't sound correct. In fact, a quick cross-reference check returns no results.</p>
<p>The character <code>虚</code> itself has several different meanings. The ones that may be applicable here are &quot;void&quot; and &quot;virtual&quot;. So together with the suffix 化 <em>&quot;-ize&quot;</em>, I can come up with &quot;virtualized result complement&quot; but that also yields no results.</p>
<p>What's the correct translation of 虚化 in English?</p>
<p><strong>Edit:</strong> the paper also claims that this category of complements is also called 动相补语 (phase complement) by other authors.</p>
<p><strong>Edit 2:</strong> a longer sentence with the word 虚化 used in different positions:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>虚化结果补语</strong>是结果补语的一项重要类别,<strong>能够发生虚化</strong>的结果补语谓词数量不多,内部<strong>虚化过程</strong>各异,但存在一定共性</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Edit 3:</strong> I'm going to conclude that the answer lies somewhere in between Tang Ho and Pedroski / KK_tse's answers (thank you!)</p>
<p>The term appears to indicate verbs that lose their concrete meaning when they assume the role of a result complement. Thus, <em>&quot;virtual result complement&quot;</em>, and <em>&quot;grammaticalized result complement&quot;</em> make sense to me. The former highlights the difference with &quot;actual result complements&quot; (see Tang Ho's answer). The latter highlights the process of abstracting away the inherent meaning of the verb in favor of its grammatical role (see Pedroski / KK_tse's answers).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-04T21:41:32.313Z
I need to see some examples to start guessing what it means
Tang Ho
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-04T21:45:45.283Z
@TangHo I posted two (almost) full sentences from the paper, unfortunately I don't have much else. As the term is technical, it's found in technical contexts only. I got a longer sentence with it, I'll add it to the examples
blackgreen
<meaning-in-context><terminology><linguistics>
What's the meaning of 虚化 in Chinese linguistics?
# What's the meaning of 虚化 in Chinese linguistics?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-07-04)

I was reading a research paper in linguistics and came across this definition 虚化结果补语。

I'm not sure what the proper English translation would be.

There are a couple introductory sentences that illustrate the usage of the term. (Rough) translations are mine:

> 本文采用体现这类补语语法演变过程的术语**虚化结果补语**
>
> This paper uses the term "XXX result complement" to reflect the grammatical evolution of this category of complements.

> 主要表示动作事件“完成”的意义,与前项动词V有比较广泛的搭配,具有很强的能产性,称为**虚化结果补语**
>
> [...] mainly expresses that an action event is "complete", has rather broad collocations with the preceding verb V, and has strong productivity: that is called "XXX result complement".

Google translates this as "blurred result complement". This doesn't sound correct. In fact, a quick cross-reference check returns no results.

The character `虚` itself has several different meanings. The ones that may be applicable here are "void" and "virtual". So together with the suffix 化 *"-ize"*, I can come up with "virtualized result complement" but that also yields no results.

What's the correct translation of 虚化 in English?

**Edit:** the paper also claims that this category of complements is also called 动相补语 (phase complement) by other authors.

**Edit 2:** a longer sentence with the word 虚化 used in different positions:

> **虚化结果补语**是结果补语的一项重要类别,**能够发生虚化**的结果补语谓词数量不多,内部**虚化过程**各异,但存在一定共性

**Edit 3:** I'm going to conclude that the answer lies somewhere in between username_1 Ho and username_3 / KK\_tse's answers (thank you!)

The term appears to indicate verbs that lose their concrete meaning when they assume the role of a result complement. Thus, *"virtual result complement"*, and *"grammaticalized result complement"* make sense to me. The former highlights the difference with "actual result complements" (see username_1 Ho's answer). The latter highlights the process of abstracting away the inherent meaning of the verb in favor of its grammatical role (see username_3 / KK\_tse's answers).

**Tags:** meaning-in-context, terminology, linguistics

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I need to see some examples to start guessing what it means  
> **username_0**: @username_1 I posted two (almost) full sentences from the paper, unfortunately I don't have much else. As the term is technical, it's found in technical contexts only. I got a longer sentence with it, I'll add it to the examples  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-07-04. Score: 6

[結果補語的「虛」與「實」](https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/clrc/cu_ku_workshop/Jin_Jia.pdf)

> 漢語動結式（又稱黏合式述補結構）中有一類的補語被稱為「虛化結果補語」，包括「完、好、掉、住、成、著、了、過等」

> 根據過去的研究，虛化結果補語區別實義結果補語的特點是：**皆由實義動詞虛化而來**、本身詞匯意義不明顯、語義指向述語、不是動結式的語義中心、**主要表示動作事件「完結、結束」等**。但是，這些區別特點主要都體現語義層面上，**而句法上，無論是對前項動詞的選擇、還是與賓語的搭配，虛化補語與實義補語並無明顯差異**

We are familiar with the aspect markers below:

吃(eat) --> 吃了 (eat is a completed action)

吃(eat) --> 吃過 (eat is an experience action)

They are on the list of 虛化結果補語. And the article stated 虛化補語 is mainly used for indicating the verb is 'completed/ finished' and 實義補語 mainly used for indicating the result of the verb. e.g. 斬斷 (chop-apart); 切掉 (cut-away). 斷 is the result complement of the verb 斬; 掉 is the result complement of the verb 切. They indicate the 'actual result' of the verb

From the same article:

> 而句法上，無論是對前項動詞的選擇、還是與賓語的搭配，虛化補語與實義補語並無明顯差異

> 實義结果補語 (actual result complements) and 虛化结果補語 (virtual result complements) are practically identical in syntactic.

My knowledge in linguistics terms is based mostly on Hong Kong Standard Written Chinese (SWC). It is likely different from linguistics terms used by Mandarin speakers in the mainland. But I hope my input would help you find the most accurate translation of the term in question

*I was taught '斷' and '掉' in '斬斷' and '切掉' are "verb particles"; '了' and '過' in '吃了' and '吃過' are "aspect markers"*

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: This really sheds some light: 虛化结果補語 *as opposed to* 實義结果補語. Then "virtual" as opposed to "actual" does make sense  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-07-05. Score: 4

In Chinese linguistics, the most common example of 虚化 is the grammaticalization of verbs into verbal suffixes that function as aspect markers. For example: 了, 过, 着.

It is an abstraction whereby a verb "empties out" its original lexical meaning and becomes a function word. When it is used with a process (action/event) in a sentence, the interpretation is derived from its combination with the contextual elements, most importantly the type of verb.

For example, the verb 了 has the lexical meaning of "to finish, to end" as in “了结”，“不了了之”. When it is grammaticalized and used as a verbal suffix, we will have different interpretations according to the contexts:

1. 他去了北京。(He has gone to Beijing.)
2. 我昨天买了一本日文书。(I bought a Japanese book yesterday.)
3. 很久没见你，你好像瘦了。(I haven't seen you for long. You look slimmer.)

We can consider a grammaticalized verbal suffix as a kind of formula with which we calculate the meaning based on the contextual elements.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: so 虚化结果补语 might be understood as “grammaticalized result complement”?  
> **username_2**: A lexical item used as result complement is not fully grammaticalized as it still keeps its lexical meaning to a certain extent. For example, in "这个桃子太高了，我摘不到" , 到 functions as verbal complement with its meaning of "arrive at, reach", whereas in "他昨天看到姚明" or "我最近听到些坏消息", 到 is grammaticalized: It is dissociated from its original meaning and functions as an aspect marker which indicates a value roughly equivalent to "happen to, incidentally" in English.  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-07-04. Score: 3

虚化 often gets translated as 'grammaticalization'. Example:

我们考察发现虚化和同音假借是连词的主要来源。  
We conclude that grammaticalization and loan homonym are the main source of conjunction.

username_1 Ho's excellent research cleared things up a lot! Well done!

But linguists are slippery eels, twisting and turning, persistently vague! I would translate 虚化 here as 'empty'.

I can only presume these sainted linguists mean this kind of complement is not in fact a concrete result or output, not a real, extant 'thing': 吃了

Some apostrophes would help!

本文采用体现这类补语语法 '演变过程' 的术语 '虚化结果补语'。

This paper uses the term 'empty result complement' for this kind of 'process of change' complement grammar.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: I can get 'empty' in the context of 虚化结果补语, but 虚化 = grammaticalization??  
> **username_0**: +1 though. Before asking the question I did find some works that push this translation, even though it's totally not clear to me why  
> **username_3**: Linguists, in my limited experience are deliberately vague. They will not use definable facts, or we might say, "That's wrong." So they couch their language in terms so obscure, no one knows what they really mean, which is quite a joke, considering they are supposed to explain how language works！ A favourite term of linguists is 'non-felicitous', meaning, 'wrong, but we have no idea why!' 'grammaticalization' means 'bringing into grammar' and 'grammar' is 'how to write or speak properly' So, grammaticalize something and then it's correct! Wonderful self-justification!  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2020-07-05. Score: 2

I think the sense of 虚 is the same as in 虚词.

According to dictionaries, 虚词 is defined as:

> 虚词

> {语} ***function word; form word; empty word; grammatically-partial word; structural word; syncategorematic word***

The research paper in topic is talking about some characters such as 好 are in the way of getting to be 虚词(originally adjective) because in daily conversations we can see many uses of those words work more like those 虚词s (e.g. 了，吗，etc).

They also found that these characters is often used as a resultative complement. Hence they got the term 虚化结果补语.

虚化 is compared to the other words of categories such as adjective, verb, adverb, etc. You may name the other side of categories as 实词.


---

