<blockquote>
<p>-ed</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://chinese.stackexchange.com/questions/22011/how-do-you-specify-past-tense-for-%E6%98%AF">we do not have tense for verbs in Chinese grammar</a>. To indicate past or past participles tense, you need to add indicating terms like 以前(before); 曾经(was  once)</li>
</ul>
<p>Example:</p>
<p>&quot;她以前是个好老师&quot;(she was a good teacher before)</p>
<p>&quot;她曾经是个好老师&quot; (she was a good teacher once)</p>
<p>&quot;她三年前是个好老师&quot;(she was a good teacher three years ago)</p>
<p>他<strong>去</strong>日本 (he <strong>goes</strong> to Japan)</p>
<p>他<strong>去了</strong>日本 (he <strong>went to</strong> Japan; he <strong>has gone to</strong> Japan)</p>
<p>他<strong>去過</strong>日本 (he <strong>has</strong>/ <strong>had gone to</strong> Japan previously)</p>
<ul>
<li>We use 的 to create possessional adjectives</li>
</ul>
<p>Example:</p>
<p>黑毛 = black hair (n)</p>
<p>黑毛的 = black-haired (adj)</p>
<p>黑毛的貓 = black-haired cat</p>
<p>的 can be omitted in some cases, for example, 黑毛貓 (black-haired cat)</p>
<p>~</p>
<blockquote>
<p>-ing</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>As true nouns or as gerunds</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>My hear<strong>ing</strong> is not good</p>
</blockquote>
<p>When Chinese change a verb to a noun or gerunds, it usually combines with a noun word to make a compound noun</p>
<p>Example :</p>
<p>True noun:</p>
<p>聽(v) = hear (v)</p>
<p>聽覺(n) = hearing(n)</p>
<p>視(v) = see(v)</p>
<p>視力(n) = eye sight/ vision (n)</p>
<p>gerunds:</p>
<p>攻擊(v) = attack(v)</p>
<p>攻擊(n) = attack(n)</p>
<p>攻擊力(n) = attacking power (n)</p>
<p>攻擊性(adj) = offensive/ aggressive (adj) e.g. 攻擊性武器 (offensive weapon)</p>
<p>攻擊性(n) = aggression (n) e.g. 他沒有攻擊性 (he has no aggression)</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-23T04:02:07.937Z
聽覺(n) ，視力(n)： good examples
envs_h_gang_5
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-26T03:59:57.007Z
"的 can be omitted in some cases, for example, 黑毛貓 (black-haired cat)" can you elaborate, when can it be omitted?
Lance Pollard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-23T02:32:22.857Z
2022-10-23T04:05:33.690Z
2022-10-23T04:05:33.690Z
Tang Ho
<p>In Chinese, verbs can be directly used as attributives. If you happen to know any Altaic language, you can take it as when used as attributives, Chinese verbs with no morphology are equivalent to both the non-past (in English -ing) and the past (in English -ed) verbal nouns with all cases (in English, some are lead by prepositions). When verbs have more than one syllable, sometimes the particle 的 is needed, which is derived from Classical Chinese 之.</p>
<ol>
<li>Monosyllabic verbs</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>Active (-ing) e.g. 流水, 流 is the verb to flow, 水 is water, literally flow<strong>ing</strong> water. The head noun is the logical subject of the preceding verb.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Passive (-ed) e.g. 刀削面, 削 is the verb to cut/slice, 刀 is knife, used adverbially to 削, 面 is noodles, literally noodles that are slic<strong>ed</strong> by a knife. The head noun is the logical object of the preceding verb.</p>
</li>
<li><p>(Preposition +) -ing, e.g. 砍刀, 砍 is the verb to chop, 刀 is knife,literally knives <strong>for</strong> chopp<strong>ing</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li>Verbs more than one syllables.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>No particle, usually the head noun cannot be monosyllabic. e.g. 应用程序, 应用 is the verb to use/apply, 程序 is software, literally it means software for using (for users, in contrast to system software). However, this structure must be analyzed in contexts since it has two readings. One is the above as a Noun Phrase, e.g. Word是一款应用程序. The other is as a Verb Phrase, to use the software, e.g. 我们要灵活应用程序去完成任务.</p>
</li>
<li><p>With particle 的 (or historically 之). e.g. 跑步的人. 跑步 is to run, 人 is people/person. This structure is clear but loose. It's clear so that no ambiguity like above is allowed, and loose so that it does not form a compact word, e.g. we cannot insert a 的 in 应用程序.</p>
</li>
<li><p>In the loose structure with 的, the passive particle 被 are better not omitted if both arguments of the verb can be humans, e.g. 被打的人, literally people that are beaten. If the logical subject is human while the logical object is inanimate, then 被 is not used, e.g. 做的饭, 做 is to make, 饭 is rice, literally rice that is made.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>As you can see, the plain-vanilla form is to directly use the verb without the help of particles. Normally no ambiguity is present in the sentence.</p>
<p>When ambiguity cannot be removed contextually, helpers like 被 are used, and when the grammatical structure is not clear, helpers like 的 are used. For example, 的 is used with very long attributives, like 字写得好的人. 的 is also used when the structure without 的 is defaulted to mean something else, such as verb + adj + noun where adj is used as the complement, like 做好饭 (has made rice ready) vs. 做好的饭 (rice that is done).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-23T02:52:18.727Z
2022-10-23T05:48:35.843Z
2022-10-23T05:48:35.843Z
lilysirius
<p>Here are the links I'm referencing:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ed#English" rel="nofollow noreferrer">-ed</a>
<ul>
<li>Used to form <strong>past participles</strong> of (regular) verbs.
<ul>
<li>He has point<strong>ed</strong> at the dog.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Used to form <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/possessional_adjective#English" rel="nofollow noreferrer">possessional adjectives</a> from nouns.
<ul>
<li>‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.
<ul>
<li>red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ing#English" rel="nofollow noreferrer">-ing</a>
<ul>
<li>Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs
<ul>
<li>As <strong>true nouns</strong>
<ul>
<li>My hear<strong>ing</strong> is not good.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gerunds" rel="nofollow noreferrer">gerunds</a>
<ul>
<li>Smok<strong>ing</strong> is bad for your health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>I am working on a fantasy language that is &quot;analytic/isolating&quot; like Chinese (and, to some degree, English), and wondering how these specific 2 endings are treated in Chinese. I know Chinese doesn't have <em>tense</em>, for one, but I am not asking about past-tense <code>-ed</code>, I am asking about <strong>possessional adjectives</strong> mainly. And then for <code>-ing</code> there are the noun forms and &quot;gerund&quot; forms (verbs acting as nouns but still verbs). I wonder if Chinese has those two forms, but maybe instead of having one system (like <code>-ing</code> for both), it might have one particle or something for each form.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-23T01:14:42.820Z
Please add any details about what research you've done so far. On Chinese StackExchange, at least part of your question can be answered by reading through previous Q/A (e.g. https://chinese.stackexchange.com/search?q=english+ing).
dROOOze
<word><morphology>
How does Chinese support the equivalent of the various -ed and -ing structures from English?
# How does Chinese support the equivalent of the various -ed and -ing structures from English?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-10-23)

Here are the links I'm referencing:

* [-ed](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ed#English)
  + Used to form **past participles** of (regular) verbs.
    - He has point**ed** at the dog.
  + Used to form [possessional adjectives](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/possessional_adjective#English) from nouns.
    - ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed
  + As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.
    - red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired
* [-ing](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ing#English)
  + Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs
    - As **true nouns**
      * My hear**ing** is not good.
    - As [gerunds](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gerunds)
      * Smok**ing** is bad for your health.

I am working on a fantasy language that is "analytic/isolating" like Chinese (and, to some degree, English), and wondering how these specific 2 endings are treated in Chinese. I know Chinese doesn't have *tense*, for one, but I am not asking about past-tense `-ed`, I am asking about **possessional adjectives** mainly. And then for `-ing` there are the noun forms and "gerund" forms (verbs acting as nouns but still verbs). I wonder if Chinese has those two forms, but maybe instead of having one system (like `-ing` for both), it might have one particle or something for each form.

**Tags:** word, morphology

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Please add any details about what research you've done so far. On Chinese StackExchange, at least part of your question can be answered by reading through previous Q/A (e.g. https://chinese.stackexchange.com/search?q=english+ing).  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-10-23. Score: 3

> -ed

* [we do not have tense for verbs in Chinese grammar](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/questions/22011/how-do-you-specify-past-tense-for-%E6%98%AF). To indicate past or past participles tense, you need to add indicating terms like 以前(before); 曾经(was once)

Example:

"她以前是个好老师"(she was a good teacher before)

"她曾经是个好老师" (she was a good teacher once)

"她三年前是个好老师"(she was a good teacher three years ago)

他**去**日本 (he **goes** to Japan)

他**去了**日本 (he **went to** Japan; he **has gone to** Japan)

他**去過**日本 (he **has**/ **had gone to** Japan previously)

* We use 的 to create possessional adjectives

Example:

黑毛 = black hair (n)

黑毛的 = black-haired (adj)

黑毛的貓 = black-haired cat

的 can be omitted in some cases, for example, 黑毛貓 (black-haired cat)

~

> -ing

> Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs

> As true nouns or as gerunds

> My hear**ing** is not good

When Chinese change a verb to a noun or gerunds, it usually combines with a noun word to make a compound noun

Example :

True noun:

聽(v) = hear (v)

聽覺(n) = hearing(n)

視(v) = see(v)

視力(n) = eye sight/ vision (n)

gerunds:

攻擊(v) = attack(v)

攻擊(n) = attack(n)

攻擊力(n) = attacking power (n)

攻擊性(adj) = offensive/ aggressive (adj) e.g. 攻擊性武器 (offensive weapon)

攻擊性(n) = aggression (n) e.g. 他沒有攻擊性 (he has no aggression)

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: 聽覺(n) ，視力(n)： good examples  
> **username_0**: "的 can be omitted in some cases, for example, 黑毛貓 (black-haired cat)" can you elaborate, when can it be omitted?  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-10-23. Score: 3

In Chinese, verbs can be directly used as attributives. If you happen to know any Altaic language, you can take it as when used as attributives, Chinese verbs with no morphology are equivalent to both the non-past (in English -ing) and the past (in English -ed) verbal nouns with all cases (in English, some are lead by prepositions). When verbs have more than one syllable, sometimes the particle 的 is needed, which is derived from Classical Chinese 之.

1. Monosyllabic verbs

* Active (-ing) e.g. 流水, 流 is the verb to flow, 水 is water, literally flow**ing** water. The head noun is the logical subject of the preceding verb.
* Passive (-ed) e.g. 刀削面, 削 is the verb to cut/slice, 刀 is knife, used adverbially to 削, 面 is noodles, literally noodles that are slic**ed** by a knife. The head noun is the logical object of the preceding verb.
* (Preposition +) -ing, e.g. 砍刀, 砍 is the verb to chop, 刀 is knife,literally knives **for** chopp**ing**.

2. Verbs more than one syllables.

* No particle, usually the head noun cannot be monosyllabic. e.g. 应用程序, 应用 is the verb to use/apply, 程序 is software, literally it means software for using (for users, in contrast to system software). However, this structure must be analyzed in contexts since it has two readings. One is the above as a Noun Phrase, e.g. Word是一款应用程序. The other is as a Verb Phrase, to use the software, e.g. 我们要灵活应用程序去完成任务.
* With particle 的 (or historically 之). e.g. 跑步的人. 跑步 is to run, 人 is people/person. This structure is clear but loose. It's clear so that no ambiguity like above is allowed, and loose so that it does not form a compact word, e.g. we cannot insert a 的 in 应用程序.
* In the loose structure with 的, the passive particle 被 are better not omitted if both arguments of the verb can be humans, e.g. 被打的人, literally people that are beaten. If the logical subject is human while the logical object is inanimate, then 被 is not used, e.g. 做的饭, 做 is to make, 饭 is rice, literally rice that is made.

As you can see, the plain-vanilla form is to directly use the verb without the help of particles. Normally no ambiguity is present in the sentence.

When ambiguity cannot be removed contextually, helpers like 被 are used, and when the grammatical structure is not clear, helpers like 的 are used. For example, 的 is used with very long attributives, like 字写得好的人. 的 is also used when the structure without 的 is defaulted to mean something else, such as verb + adj + noun where adj is used as the complement, like 做好饭 (has made rice ready) vs. 做好的饭 (rice that is done).


---

