<blockquote>
  <p>刻 means ''to carve'' but my dictionary also says it means ''to set a time limit''.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>well, you need a better dictionary </p>

<p>in 國語辭典, the first explanation of the entry “刻”, as noun is:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>古代計時的名稱，一晝夜共分一百刻。今以十五分鐘為一刻。《周禮．夏官司馬．挈壺氏》：「縣壺」漢．鄭玄．注：「漏之箭晝夜共百刻，冬夏之間有長短焉，大史立成法，有四十八箭。」</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&amp;searchid=W00000004456" rel="noreferrer">http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&amp;searchid=W00000004456</a></p>

<p>some chinese astronomy background:</p>

<p>in the past, time is divided into year, month, day, and hour (“辰” / “時“)</p>

<p>in 商 dynasty a day was divided into 8 periods, and evolved to 10 periods.</p>

<p>then, in 周 dynasty, a day was divided into 12 periods; afterward, in 漢 dynasty, people used 十二辰 (子，丑 . . 亥) to name these periods.</p>

<p>to know time unit shorter than a day, people relied on sundial (日晷) &amp; water clock (漏壺)</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Sw40J.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Sw40J.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/zWdIq.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/zWdIq.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>the vertical ruler in the bottom bucket is called “箭”, that, marks are <strong>craved</strong> onto, to indicate 100 equal divisions. together, in one operation (24 hours), the ruler (箭) would flow upward continuously, one just read the mark on the ruler, one can know the approximately which hundredth of a day.</p>

<p>the history is, most dynasties in the past used 100 periods (刻) for 24 hours, which means 1 刻 is 14 minutes 24 seconds.</p>

<p>it’s till 1640s, the first emperor (順治) of 清 dynasty adopted jesuit ferdinand verbiest’s (南懷仁) recommendations; both the definitions &amp; methods of chinese astronomy were changed / improved. one of these “improvements” is, <strong>one day (24 hours) is divided into 96 刻</strong>.</p>

<p>therefore,</p>

<p>1 day = 12 辰 / 大時 = 24 hours (小時)</p>

<p>1 辰 / 大時 is divided into “初” &amp; “正”</p>

<p>24 hours = 96 刻 —-> <strong>1 刻 = 15 minutes</strong></p>

<p>such definition is valid since 1640s, and certain dynasties in the past.</p>

<p>info added.</p>

<p>for anyone who is interested in this topic, the internet archive has the complete collection of joseph needham’s book “science and civilisation in china”, a download of 12 files.</p>

<p><a href="https://archive.org/details/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/page/n4/mode/2up" rel="noreferrer">https://archive.org/details/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/page/n4/mode/2up</a></p>

<p>the water clock (aka clepsydra) is in volume 3, page 379-399 of the pdf</p>

<p><a href="https://archive.org/download/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/Needham_Joseph_Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_3_Mathematics_and_the_Sciences_of_the_Heavens_and_the_Earth.pdf" rel="noreferrer">https://archive.org/download/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/Needham_Joseph_Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_3_Mathematics_and_the_Sciences_of_the_Heavens_and_the_Earth.pdf</a></p>

<p>not a leisure read, you’re reminded </p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Y3psX.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Y3psX.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-11T06:10:56.093Z
Yep, so it is indeed a "mark", and the day would be said to have 100 _marks,_ which then later was regularized to fit the western (Roman-Egyptian ultimately) 24 hour system evenly, hence 96. Kinda bad/sad because otherwise it'd make a nice percentage system ("percent of day completed") instead of the 24/60 irregular factors in a day.
The_Sympathizer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-10T14:20:32.793Z
2020-05-11T10:05:58.457Z
2020-05-11T10:05:58.457Z
水巷孑蠻
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock#China" rel="noreferrer">Water clocks</a>.</p>
<p>「刻」 originally referred to the carved markings which recorded water levels throughout the day, as a substitute for time, on the cylinders of elaborate systems of water flow like the following:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/IW0Tul.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/IW0Tul.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>「刻」 being equal to a quarter of an hour comes from a time division system on the water clock which divides a day into 96 「刻」.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>《漢語大詞典》</p>
<blockquote>
<h3>宋・趙與時《賓退錄》卷一</h3>
<p>至梁武帝天監六年，始以晝夜百刻布之十二辰，每時八刻，仍有餘分。故今世歷家，百刻舉成數爾，實九十六刻也。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-11T02:52:59.163Z
Quote:- "...「刻」 originally referred to the carved markings which recorded water levels throughout the day...."   "So, the English word "notch" would sound about right?"
Wayne Cheah
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-11T02:55:35.550Z
@WayneCheah "notch" looks too deep IMO, I'm thinking of something like knife marks.
dROOOze
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-10T12:16:30.597Z
2020-05-10T12:27:25.337Z
2020-06-17T09:50:11.587Z
dROOOze
<p>刻 means ''to carve'' but my dictionary also says it means ''to set a time limit''.</p>

<p>What is the connection between 刻 and a quarter of an hour ?</p>

<characters><etymology><time>
Why is 刻 used to mean ''a quarter of an hour''?
# Why is 刻 used to mean ''a quarter of an hour''?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-05-10)

刻 means ''to carve'' but my dictionary also says it means ''to set a time limit''.

What is the connection between 刻 and a quarter of an hour ?

**Tags:** characters, etymology, time


---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-05-10. Score: 20

> 刻 means ''to carve'' but my dictionary also says it means ''to set a time limit''.

well, you need a better dictionary

in 國語辭典, the first explanation of the entry “刻”, as noun is:

> 古代計時的名稱，一晝夜共分一百刻。今以十五分鐘為一刻。《周禮．夏官司馬．挈壺氏》：「縣壺」漢．鄭玄．注：「漏之箭晝夜共百刻，冬夏之間有長短焉，大史立成法，有四十八箭。」

<http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&searchid=W00000004456>

some chinese astronomy background:

in the past, time is divided into year, month, day, and hour (“辰” / “時“)

in 商 dynasty a day was divided into 8 periods, and evolved to 10 periods.

then, in 周 dynasty, a day was divided into 12 periods; afterward, in 漢 dynasty, people used 十二辰 (子，丑 . . 亥) to name these periods.

to know time unit shorter than a day, people relied on sundial (日晷) & water clock (漏壺)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Sw40J.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/Sw40J.jpg)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/zWdIq.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/zWdIq.jpg)

the vertical ruler in the bottom bucket is called “箭”, that, marks are **craved** onto, to indicate 100 equal divisions. together, in one operation (24 hours), the ruler (箭) would flow upward continuously, one just read the mark on the ruler, one can know the approximately which hundredth of a day.

the history is, most dynasties in the past used 100 periods (刻) for 24 hours, which means 1 刻 is 14 minutes 24 seconds.

it’s till 1640s, the first emperor (順治) of 清 dynasty adopted jesuit ferdinand verbiest’s (南懷仁) recommendations; both the definitions & methods of chinese astronomy were changed / improved. one of these “improvements” is, **one day (24 hours) is divided into 96 刻**.

therefore,

1 day = 12 辰 / 大時 = 24 hours (小時)

1 辰 / 大時 is divided into “初” & “正”

24 hours = 96 刻 —-> **1 刻 = 15 minutes**

such definition is valid since 1640s, and certain dynasties in the past.

info added.

for anyone who is interested in this topic, the internet archive has the complete collection of joseph needham’s book “science and civilisation in china”, a download of 12 files.

<https://archive.org/details/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/page/n4/mode/2up>

the water clock (aka clepsydra) is in volume 3, page 379-399 of the pdf

<https://archive.org/download/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/Needham_Joseph_Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_3_Mathematics_and_the_Sciences_of_the_Heavens_and_the_Earth.pdf>

not a leisure read, you’re reminded

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Y3psX.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/Y3psX.jpg)

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Yep, so it is indeed a "mark", and the day would be said to have 100 _marks,_ which then later was regularized to fit the western (Roman-Egyptian ultimately) 24 hour system evenly, hence 96. Kinda bad/sad because otherwise it'd make a nice percentage system ("percent of day completed") instead of the 24/60 irregular factors in a day.  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-05-10. Score: 8

[Water clocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock#China).

「刻」 originally referred to the carved markings which recorded water levels throughout the day, as a substitute for time, on the cylinders of elaborate systems of water flow like the following:

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/IW0Tul.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/IW0Tul.png)

「刻」 being equal to a quarter of an hour comes from a time division system on the water clock which divides a day into 96 「刻」.

---

**References:**

* 《漢語大詞典》

  > ### 宋・趙與時《賓退錄》卷一
  >
  > 至梁武帝天監六年，始以晝夜百刻布之十二辰，每時八刻，仍有餘分。故今世歷家，百刻舉成數爾，實九十六刻也。

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: Quote:- "...「刻」 originally referred to the carved markings which recorded water levels throughout the day...."   "So, the English word "notch" would sound about right?"  
> **username_3**: @username_4 "notch" looks too deep IMO, I'm thinking of something like knife marks.  

---

