<blockquote>
<p><strong>听说</strong>，我在报纸上<strong>看到</strong>一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The sentence is incorrect, as 听(hear) and 看(see) represent two different senses, a conjunction is required to link them into one sentence,</p>
<ul>
<li>我听说(<strong>了</strong>[了1]), &quot;<strong>也</strong>&quot;在报纸上看到(<strong>了</strong>[了1])一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了[了2]. Or</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that &quot;了&quot; is optional in this case, since the verb phrases &quot;听说&quot; and &quot;看到&quot; indicate the actions are/have been completed already. However, &quot;了&quot; is necessary to mean the action has been completed if you say,</p>
<ul>
<li>我在报纸上<strong>看了</strong>[了1]一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了.</li>
</ul>
<p>A good/clear learning resource for 了1 and 了2 - <a href="https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Uses_of_%22le%22" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Uses_of_%22le%22</a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-04T09:57:30.377Z
I don't think it's appropriate to be making major edits to other people's answers.  Please feel free to write a separate answer.
Becky 李蓓
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-04T13:12:30.753Z
@Becky李蓓 I don't mind for ppl make edits to better my post as long as the edits do not contradict/alter what I meant, for the record, I was the one who added the acknowledgment to show my appreciation.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-04T13:33:43.787Z
@Tatiana While I appreciate your excellent edit, I think it deserves to be put on a separate post from mine to get the credits it deserved.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-05T02:07:14.773Z
Expanding someone else's answer is not the expected use of [edits](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/help/editing).  Usually edits are for adding links, fixing typos, adding useful quotes, and so on.  Feel free to revert the answer again if you think it's fine; it's not really a big deal.  Still, I worry it'd be problematic if we started adding things to each others' answers (imagine getting downvoted based on someone else's edit).
Becky 李蓓
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-05T02:10:28.620Z
By the way, the [revision history](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/revisions/54755/4) gives credit to [Terry Windwalker](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/users/36241/terry-windwalker).
Becky 李蓓
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-05T03:42:35.807Z
@Becky李蓓 I think you made too big a deal out of this event. You can simply "reject it" If someone edited your post with something you disagree with, can't you? I'll correct my typo, punctuation, or grammatical mistakes if reminded by the editing, but not to take other's words/ideas and rewrite them as my own, to me, it equates to stealing.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-05T03:49:42.110Z
@Becky李蓓 I don't know why "Tatiana" became "Terry Windwalker". I think you shall address your comments to Terry then.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-06T21:12:19.090Z
@Becky李蓓 It most likely was Tatiana, a member of this forum, who edited my answer.  https://chinese.stackexchange.com/users/34958/tatiana
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-01T23:11:24.707Z
2023-07-04T13:25:31.867Z
2023-07-04T13:25:31.867Z
r13
<p>You can use 了 after 看到 if you wish.</p>
<p>Something wrong with what you wrote, 听说 doesn't make sense if you say, “听说我在报纸上 ···” You must know whether or not you read the paper!</p>
<p>了 is hard to explain. I would compare that with trying to exhaustively explain to foreign learners of English when you must use &quot;the&quot; and when you may omit &quot;the&quot;</p>
<p>You will find many examples of 看到了：看到了吗？ and you may write your sentence with 了 or not：</p>
<p>我在报纸上看到了一篇关于她的新闻，...</p>
<p>and you may omit the last 了：</p>
<p>她现在已经是一个有名的作家。</p>
<p>Hard to find a simple, scientific, always applicable answer for this!</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T00:43:18.943Z
2023-07-02T00:43:18.943Z
Pedroski
<p>See, you must know first that 了 is maybe the most popular Chinese character ever. Basically, <strong>the character 了 is much more</strong> than just an indicator indicating that an action is completed.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>First</strong>, the character 了 can be a part of some specific Chinese sentience structures. In such cases, the character 了 just act like a linguistic tool with <strong>completely no reference for any past action</strong>. The first fixed linguistic structure in which the character 了 is used in is whenever you use the Chinese character 太，here’s the exact sentence structure:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>太 + adj. + 了</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In this previous fixed structure, you first write the character 太, followed by any adjective, then the character 了 in order to reflect how strong this adjective. Here’s an example for this sentence structure:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>太好了 (very good, extremely good)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code>Note that the character 太 means very, or extremely.
</code></pre>
<p>Another fixed case in which the Chinese character 了 is strongly used is when wanting to show exaggeration using the Chinese character 死，here’s the exact sentence structure:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>adj. + 死 + 了</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In this previous fixed structure, you first write whatever  adjective you want, followed by atheism character 死, then the character 了 in order to reflect how strong this adjective really is. Here’s an example for this sentence structure:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>我困死了 (I’m very tired, deadly tired)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code>Note that the character 困 means tired

Note that the character 死 originally means die, or death, but in such cases, 
it just show exaggeration .
</code></pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>Second</strong>, the character 了 is representing that a specific action is over. Note that <strong>the character 了 is not representing past tense, it’s representing the concept of that a specific action is over.</strong> Don’t worry, I’ll clarify this point just now. When talking about the main usage of the character 了，<strong>we must first being reflected on how Chinese people look to the tense of any verb when using the character 了</strong>. we are talking here about a completely new unique perspective in which we’re not used to as English-Speakers.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In English Language, we just determine the tense of the verb according
the the present moment, so if you said I went yesterday, that’s past,
because it’s an action which has taken place before the current
moment. on the other side, if you said I will go tomorrow, that’s
future, because it’s an action which will take place in the future.</p>
<p>For a Chinese person, it’s a completely different story. Were
whenever he talks about a verb, he travels in time to the moment in
which the verb is happening in, whenever it is in the past, future,
or present, then he see, in this moment, will the verb be over or no.
If it will be over, he uses 了, even if this is at the future.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Since this concept is kind of complicated, here are two videos which will no sought help you have a full understanding of all the aspects of the Chinese character 了 <a href="https://youtu.be/5mnag_q--oU" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://youtu.be/5mnag_q--oU</a>
<a href="https://youtu.be/1A1laEwquPo" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://youtu.be/1A1laEwquPo</a></p>
<p>However, note that this character has got a lot of different uses, I don’t ant you to be confused. Watch the videos I lifted you up and enjoy your Chinese learning journey ^_^</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T07:02:59.380Z
Thank you very much! I've seen these videos, but could you explain one thing to me using the dog example from the first video? Why don 't we use 了 there ?Because she still has a dog?
Tatiana
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T12:58:42.020Z
@Tatiana No, because we only use aspectual 了 (the one that indicates the perfective aspect, ‘completed action’) for bounded events, and 有 ‘have’ is a stative verb, which is inherently _unbounded_: it doesn’t make sense to think of ‘having’ as something that can be viewed as a singular event that is bounded by a beginning and end. You _can_ actually use 有 with aspectual 了, but then the meaning changes to inchoative ‘get’. So 十年以前我有了一只狗 means ‘ten years ago, I _got_ a dog’.
Janus Bahs Jacquet
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T00:10:25.867Z
2023-07-02T00:10:25.867Z
Mohammad Osama
<p>The verbal suffix 到 can be used to convey 2 different meanings according to the context.</p>
<p>(A) The meaning of &quot;manage to do something&quot;. For example:</p>
<ol>
<li>我去了学校五次，终于找到校长。</li>
<li>A: 白杨树后面有一只狗，你看到吗？B: 看到，是只黄色的小狗。</li>
<li>A: 你早上去市场有没有买到活鱼？B: 我今天太迟去，买不到。</li>
</ol>
<p>In this kind of context, the process (i.e. &quot;find the principal&quot;, &quot;see the dog&quot;, &quot;buy live fish&quot;) is presupposed to be associated with a goal. The use of 到 indicates that the goal has been attained (or not attained if used in negative form).</p>
<p>In a context of interlocution (or conversation) that involves a spekaer and a co-speaker, it is quite common (but not necessarily) to add the sentence particle 了 if the goal has been indeed attained：</p>
<p>1a. ... 我终于找到校长了。(We/You expected me to find the principal, and I assert to you that I did find him).</p>
<p>2a. ... 看到了，是只黄色的小狗。(We/You expected me to see the dog, and I assert to you that I do see it).</p>
<p>(B) The meaning of &quot;it just so happens that...&quot;. For example:</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>我昨天在市场看到校长。((It just so happended that) I saw the principal at the market yesterday.)</li>
<li>他早上收到一个包裹。((It just so happened that) he recevied a parcel this mornig。）</li>
<li>我们听到一个惊人的消息。((It just so happened that) we heard an exciting news.)</li>
</ol>
<p>In this kind of context, not only the process (i.e. &quot;saw the princiapal&quot;, &quot;received a parcel&quot;, &quot;heard a piece of news”）is not associated with a goal, it cannot even be associated with an intention.</p>
<p>English speakers learning Chinese may want to take note of this: while the aspect marker 了 is used with many process to indicate that an individual occurence is located on the time plane (i.e. 我买了一辆车，他吃了两个三明治，她把窗关了），it is 到 but not 了 that we use when it comes to non-intentional processes like &quot;see&quot;, &quot;hear&quot;, &quot;smell&quot;, &quot;receive&quot;, etc.</p>
<p>To put it another way, if we use 了 with a process like these, the process must be interpreted as intentional:</p>
<ol start="7">
<li>昨天邮局打电话给他，说他有一个包裹。他今天去邮局把包裹<strong>收了</strong>回来。</li>
<li>我告诉一个惊人的消息，你<strong>听了</strong>后不要晕倒。</li>
</ol>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-03T03:05:46.787Z
2023-07-03T03:05:46.787Z
KK_Tse
<p>Textbooks teach that a 了 after a verb is the &quot;completion 了&quot;, which is correct, but they seldom mention that adding the 了 is often optional.  I.e., <strong>even if a verb does not have a completion 了, it might still be completed</strong>.  That's what's going on here.</p>
<p>If you go onto <a href="https://youdao.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">YouDao</a> or some other example-sentence website, you'll see lots of examples of completed verbs without 了.  Here's a few from this site (my translation):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>我们分成几个搜索小组。 [We split into several search parties.]  (no 了 after 分成)<br />
政府方面昨天透露，削减可能势在必行。 [The government side revealed cuts are imperative.]  (no 了 after 透露)<br />
他下令开始工作。 [He ordered [sb.] to start work.]  (no 了 after 下 in 下令)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is very confusing for native-English speakers, because we would not think of tense in the same way: we generally cannot use present or future tense to describe something in the past---it's generally not optional in English.  (Yes, 了 is not tense, but tense is the closest concept in English, so a lot of learners relate the two.)</p>
<p>If you compare native-Chinese writing to Chinese-as-a-second-language writing, the key giveaway is native-Chinese writing contains far fewer 了s.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T06:33:06.933Z
Quote:- "...we generally cannot use present or future tense to describe something in the past" Yes, but the Chinese "solves" it by "contextual specification of the past" in the sentence itself. So, in  我们分成几个搜索小组, the past is specified in "... 分成...", (split), in 政府方面昨天透露, the past is specified in ",,,昨天...", (yesterday), in 他下令开始工作, the past is specified in "...下令...", (ordered). Perhaps this is helpful to learners to understand why 了 is not always necessary or imperative.
Wayne Cheah
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T12:32:00.623Z
@Wayne The contextual specification is often _outside_ the sentence, not within it – that’s what makes it so tricky for learners. For example, 分成 in itself does not actually specify that this is a past occurrence – the sentence could be kept entirely as is and refer to a future or hypothetical situation if the surrounding context is changed: 先这样吧，不行的话，我们分成几个搜索小组搜查整个地区 [Let’s try this way first; if that doesn’t work, _we split into search parties_ and search the entire area] – it even works in English in this case, since _split_ has identical present and past forms.
Janus Bahs Jacquet
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T15:18:37.427Z
Yes, by adding an extraneous "contextual specification" to the sentence, (which BTW is not in the original sentence under consideration), namely, 先这样吧，不行的话, the temporal context is of course completely changed. This actually illustrates my point about "contextual specification" as  先这样吧，不行的话 is actually part of, or within, the whole sentence "先这样吧，不行的话，我们分成几个搜索小组搜查整个地区". So, "先这样吧，不行的话" is within the sentence as a whole, not outside of it? A clearer example of contextual specification within a sentence is 政府方面昨天透露, which could be written alternatively as  政府方面透露了 and stay grammatically sound?
Wayne Cheah
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T04:58:41.473Z
2023-07-02T04:58:41.473Z
Becky 李蓓
<p>I don't know who told you that 了 means &quot;a change in state&quot;. Don't learn Chinese from him. S/He is simply cheating you.</p>
<p>了 means something (usually the thing you're talking in the sentence) have been done; it is completed. It has nothing to do with a change of something. Forget about the change.</p>
<p>You speak because you want to convey something to your listener or reader. So you use 了 or not wholly for that purpose. Remember.</p>
<p>Specifically, when you say &quot;他现在已经是一个有名的作家了。&quot;, you are convey the idea to your listener or reader that &quot;他现在已经是一个有名的作家&quot; is a fact. It is something that has already taken place and that has already done. He is not trying to be a famous writer, he is not in the process of being a famous writer, but he has already been a famous writer, for example, by already publishing a top-sell novel. That's what you want to convey by taking pains to speak this Chinese.</p>
<p>If you don't use &quot;了&quot;, that mean your sentence does not care whether this thing has already done. Taking the previous sentence as an example, if you say &quot;我在报纸上看到了一篇关于她的新闻&quot;, you are confirming to your listener that you have really read it. This reading has happened, and you can't disguise that you didn't. Also, that you have read her news means that the news is true, it is not something still in rumor. Maybe &quot;我在报纸上看到了飞机失事的新闻&quot; can explain this better. That's a confirmation that an airplane really crashed.</p>
<p>But if you say &quot;我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻，&quot; as in your question , you're not stressing that you have done a thing called reading her news, even if you really did it. This sentence is acting only as a preamble. What is important is the next sentence &quot;他现在已经是一个有名的作家了&quot;. So, you don't need to use 了 in &quot;我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻&quot; to stress that you read a piece of news. What matters is the contents of the news, which you would say immediately, and confirm it is done and completed by using 了 in that sentence.</p>
<p>To wrap up, remember that you are speaking to convey something, not just to pass an exam. Only by remembering this can you understand how to speak Chinese well (and all other foreign languages I think).</p>
<p>To add, since 了 means something has happened, the speaker can convey some emotion by stressing the pronunciation of 了. For example &quot;我困死了&quot; in another answer. This sentence is not only a confirmation that I am sleepy, but also an urge that I must go to bed now. Otherwise I would fall asleep on the table immediately, say. So, the key is the conveyance of information in your sentence. That's always why you speak.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-04T07:10:33.383Z
2023-07-04T07:35:45.023Z
2023-07-04T07:35:45.023Z
zzzhhh
<blockquote>
<p>听说，我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>When should I not use 了?</p>
<p>It's especially strange because the 了 at the end means a change in state, right? But I have seen explanations that it also refers to some fact in the past.  Unfortunately, very little is said about this.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T12:37:36.957Z
What is the first part of the sentence supposed to mean? It doesn’t make much logical sense to say, “I’ve heard it said that I saw an article about her in the newspaper” – you’re saying that people are talking about you seeing something in the newspaper that you yourself somehow aren’t aware you’ve seen?
Janus Bahs Jacquet
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-02T15:41:39.610Z
Could it be that 听说 is not referring to 我, but is actually about 他现在已经是一个有名的作家了? Truly upside-down syntax I know, but what other explanation? So, it should read, 我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻，听说他现在已经是一个有名的作家了。
Wayne Cheah
<grammar><particles>
Why not put 了 after 看到 and how to understand that the action is completed in 我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻?
# Why not put 了 after 看到 and how to understand that the action is completed in 我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2023-07-01)

> 听说，我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了。

When should I not use 了?

It's especially strange because the 了 at the end means a change in state, right? But I have seen explanations that it also refers to some fact in the past. Unfortunately, very little is said about this.

**Tags:** grammar, particles

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: What is the first part of the sentence supposed to mean? It doesn’t make much logical sense to say, “I’ve heard it said that I saw an article about her in the newspaper” – you’re saying that people are talking about you seeing something in the newspaper that you yourself somehow aren’t aware you’ve seen?  
> **username_2**: Could it be that 听说 is not referring to 我, but is actually about 他现在已经是一个有名的作家了? Truly upside-down syntax I know, but what other explanation? So, it should read, 我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻，听说他现在已经是一个有名的作家了。  

---

## 6 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2023-07-01. Score: 3

> **听说**，我在报纸上**看到**一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了

The sentence is incorrect, as 听(hear) and 看(see) represent two different senses, a conjunction is required to link them into one sentence,

* 我听说(**了**[了1]), "**也**"在报纸上看到(**了**[了1])一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了[了2]. Or

Note that "了" is optional in this case, since the verb phrases "听说" and "看到" indicate the actions are/have been completed already. However, "了" is necessary to mean the action has been completed if you say,

* 我在报纸上**看了**[了1]一篇关于她的新闻，他现在已经是一个有名的作家了.

A good/clear learning resource for 了1 and 了2 - <https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Uses_of_%22le%22>

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: I don't think it's appropriate to be making major edits to other people's answers.  Please feel free to write a separate answer.  
> **username_3**: @username_4 I don't mind for ppl make edits to better my post as long as the edits do not contradict/alter what I meant, for the record, I was the one who added the acknowledgment to show my appreciation.  
> **username_3**: @username_0 While I appreciate your excellent edit, I think it deserves to be put on a separate post from mine to get the credits it deserved.  
> **username_4**: Expanding someone else's answer is not the expected use of [edits](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/help/editing).  Usually edits are for adding links, fixing typos, adding useful quotes, and so on.  Feel free to revert the answer again if you think it's fine; it's not really a big deal.  Still, I worry it'd be problematic if we started adding things to each others' answers (imagine getting downvoted based on someone else's edit).  
> **username_4**: By the way, the [revision history](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/revisions/54755/4) gives credit to [Terry Windwalker](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/users/36241/terry-windwalker).  
> **username_3**: @username_4 I think you made too big a deal out of this event. You can simply "reject it" If someone edited your post with something you disagree with, can't you? I'll correct my typo, punctuation, or grammatical mistakes if reminded by the editing, but not to take other's words/ideas and rewrite them as my own, to me, it equates to stealing.  
> **username_3**: @username_4 I don't know why "username_0" became "Terry Windwalker". I think you shall address your comments to Terry then.  
> **username_3**: @username_4 It most likely was username_0, a member of this forum, who edited my answer.  https://chinese.stackexchange.com/users/34958/username_0  

---

### Answer by username_5 on 2023-07-02. Score: 1

You can use 了 after 看到 if you wish.

Something wrong with what you wrote, 听说 doesn't make sense if you say, “听说我在报纸上 ···” You must know whether or not you read the paper!

了 is hard to explain. I would compare that with trying to exhaustively explain to foreign learners of English when you must use "the" and when you may omit "the"

You will find many examples of 看到了：看到了吗？ and you may write your sentence with 了 or not：

我在报纸上看到了一篇关于她的新闻，...

and you may omit the last 了：

她现在已经是一个有名的作家。

Hard to find a simple, scientific, always applicable answer for this!


---

### Answer by username_6 on 2023-07-02. Score: 0

See, you must know first that 了 is maybe the most popular Chinese character ever. Basically, **the character 了 is much more** than just an indicator indicating that an action is completed.

---

**First**, the character 了 can be a part of some specific Chinese sentience structures. In such cases, the character 了 just act like a linguistic tool with **completely no reference for any past action**. The first fixed linguistic structure in which the character 了 is used in is whenever you use the Chinese character 太，here’s the exact sentence structure:

> 太 + adj. + 了

In this previous fixed structure, you first write the character 太, followed by any adjective, then the character 了 in order to reflect how strong this adjective. Here’s an example for this sentence structure:

> 太好了 (very good, extremely good)

```
Note that the character 太 means very, or extremely.

```

Another fixed case in which the Chinese character 了 is strongly used is when wanting to show exaggeration using the Chinese character 死，here’s the exact sentence structure:

> adj. + 死 + 了

In this previous fixed structure, you first write whatever adjective you want, followed by atheism character 死, then the character 了 in order to reflect how strong this adjective really is. Here’s an example for this sentence structure:

> 我困死了 (I’m very tired, deadly tired)

```
Note that the character 困 means tired

Note that the character 死 originally means die, or death, but in such cases, 
it just show exaggeration .

```

---

**Second**, the character 了 is representing that a specific action is over. Note that **the character 了 is not representing past tense, it’s representing the concept of that a specific action is over.** Don’t worry, I’ll clarify this point just now. When talking about the main usage of the character 了，**we must first being reflected on how Chinese people look to the tense of any verb when using the character 了**. we are talking here about a completely new unique perspective in which we’re not used to as English-Speakers.

> In English Language, we just determine the tense of the verb according
> the the present moment, so if you said I went yesterday, that’s past,
> because it’s an action which has taken place before the current
> moment. on the other side, if you said I will go tomorrow, that’s
> future, because it’s an action which will take place in the future.
>
> For a Chinese person, it’s a completely different story. Were
> whenever he talks about a verb, he travels in time to the moment in
> which the verb is happening in, whenever it is in the past, future,
> or present, then he see, in this moment, will the verb be over or no.
> If it will be over, he uses 了, even if this is at the future.

Since this concept is kind of complicated, here are two videos which will no sought help you have a full understanding of all the aspects of the Chinese character 了 <https://youtu.be/5mnag_q--oU>
<https://youtu.be/1A1laEwquPo>

However, note that this character has got a lot of different uses, I don’t ant you to be confused. Watch the videos I lifted you up and enjoy your Chinese learning journey ^\_^

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you very much! I've seen these videos, but could you explain one thing to me using the dog example from the first video? Why don 't we use 了 there ?Because she still has a dog?  
> **username_1**: @username_0 No, because we only use aspectual 了 (the one that indicates the perfective aspect, ‘completed action’) for bounded events, and 有 ‘have’ is a stative verb, which is inherently _unbounded_: it doesn’t make sense to think of ‘having’ as something that can be viewed as a singular event that is bounded by a beginning and end. You _can_ actually use 有 with aspectual 了, but then the meaning changes to inchoative ‘get’. So 十年以前我有了一只狗 means ‘ten years ago, I _got_ a dog’.  

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### Answer by username_7 on 2023-07-03. Score: 0

The verbal suffix 到 can be used to convey 2 different meanings according to the context.

(A) The meaning of "manage to do something". For example:

1. 我去了学校五次，终于找到校长。
2. A: 白杨树后面有一只狗，你看到吗？B: 看到，是只黄色的小狗。
3. A: 你早上去市场有没有买到活鱼？B: 我今天太迟去，买不到。

In this kind of context, the process (i.e. "find the principal", "see the dog", "buy live fish") is presupposed to be associated with a goal. The use of 到 indicates that the goal has been attained (or not attained if used in negative form).

In a context of interlocution (or conversation) that involves a spekaer and a co-speaker, it is quite common (but not necessarily) to add the sentence particle 了 if the goal has been indeed attained：

1a. ... 我终于找到校长了。(We/You expected me to find the principal, and I assert to you that I did find him).

2a. ... 看到了，是只黄色的小狗。(We/You expected me to see the dog, and I assert to you that I do see it).

(B) The meaning of "it just so happens that...". For example:

4. 我昨天在市场看到校长。((It just so happended that) I saw the principal at the market yesterday.)
5. 他早上收到一个包裹。((It just so happened that) he recevied a parcel this mornig。）
6. 我们听到一个惊人的消息。((It just so happened that) we heard an exciting news.)

In this kind of context, not only the process (i.e. "saw the princiapal", "received a parcel", "heard a piece of news”）is not associated with a goal, it cannot even be associated with an intention.

English speakers learning Chinese may want to take note of this: while the aspect marker 了 is used with many process to indicate that an individual occurence is located on the time plane (i.e. 我买了一辆车，他吃了两个三明治，她把窗关了），it is 到 but not 了 that we use when it comes to non-intentional processes like "see", "hear", "smell", "receive", etc.

To put it another way, if we use 了 with a process like these, the process must be interpreted as intentional:

7. 昨天邮局打电话给他，说他有一个包裹。他今天去邮局把包裹**收了**回来。
8. 我告诉一个惊人的消息，你**听了**后不要晕倒。


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### Answer by username_4 on 2023-07-02. Score: 0

Textbooks teach that a 了 after a verb is the "completion 了", which is correct, but they seldom mention that adding the 了 is often optional. I.e., **even if a verb does not have a completion 了, it might still be completed**. That's what's going on here.

If you go onto [YouDao](https://youdao.com/) or some other example-sentence website, you'll see lots of examples of completed verbs without 了. Here's a few from this site (my translation):

> 我们分成几个搜索小组。 [We split into several search parties.] (no 了 after 分成)  
> 政府方面昨天透露，削减可能势在必行。 [The government side revealed cuts are imperative.] (no 了 after 透露)  
> 他下令开始工作。 [He ordered [sb.] to start work.] (no 了 after 下 in 下令)

This is very confusing for native-English speakers, because we would not think of tense in the same way: we generally cannot use present or future tense to describe something in the past---it's generally not optional in English. (Yes, 了 is not tense, but tense is the closest concept in English, so a lot of learners relate the two.)

If you compare native-Chinese writing to Chinese-as-a-second-language writing, the key giveaway is native-Chinese writing contains far fewer 了s.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Quote:- "...we generally cannot use present or future tense to describe something in the past" Yes, but the Chinese "solves" it by "contextual specification of the past" in the sentence itself. So, in  我们分成几个搜索小组, the past is specified in "... 分成...", (split), in 政府方面昨天透露, the past is specified in ",,,昨天...", (yesterday), in 他下令开始工作, the past is specified in "...下令...", (ordered). Perhaps this is helpful to learners to understand why 了 is not always necessary or imperative.  
> **username_1**: @username_2 The contextual specification is often _outside_ the sentence, not within it – that’s what makes it so tricky for learners. For example, 分成 in itself does not actually specify that this is a past occurrence – the sentence could be kept entirely as is and refer to a future or hypothetical situation if the surrounding context is changed: 先这样吧，不行的话，我们分成几个搜索小组搜查整个地区 [Let’s try this way first; if that doesn’t work, _we split into search parties_ and search the entire area] – it even works in English in this case, since _split_ has identical present and past forms.  
> **username_2**: Yes, by adding an extraneous "contextual specification" to the sentence, (which BTW is not in the original sentence under consideration), namely, 先这样吧，不行的话, the temporal context is of course completely changed. This actually illustrates my point about "contextual specification" as  先这样吧，不行的话 is actually part of, or within, the whole sentence "先这样吧，不行的话，我们分成几个搜索小组搜查整个地区". So, "先这样吧，不行的话" is within the sentence as a whole, not outside of it? A clearer example of contextual specification within a sentence is 政府方面昨天透露, which could be written alternatively as  政府方面透露了 and stay grammatically sound?  

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### Answer by username_8 on 2023-07-04. Score: -1

I don't know who told you that 了 means "a change in state". Don't learn Chinese from him. S/He is simply cheating you.

了 means something (usually the thing you're talking in the sentence) have been done; it is completed. It has nothing to do with a change of something. Forget about the change.

You speak because you want to convey something to your listener or reader. So you use 了 or not wholly for that purpose. Remember.

Specifically, when you say "他现在已经是一个有名的作家了。", you are convey the idea to your listener or reader that "他现在已经是一个有名的作家" is a fact. It is something that has already taken place and that has already done. He is not trying to be a famous writer, he is not in the process of being a famous writer, but he has already been a famous writer, for example, by already publishing a top-sell novel. That's what you want to convey by taking pains to speak this Chinese.

If you don't use "了", that mean your sentence does not care whether this thing has already done. Taking the previous sentence as an example, if you say "我在报纸上看到了一篇关于她的新闻", you are confirming to your listener that you have really read it. This reading has happened, and you can't disguise that you didn't. Also, that you have read her news means that the news is true, it is not something still in rumor. Maybe "我在报纸上看到了飞机失事的新闻" can explain this better. That's a confirmation that an airplane really crashed.

But if you say "我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻，" as in your question , you're not stressing that you have done a thing called reading her news, even if you really did it. This sentence is acting only as a preamble. What is important is the next sentence "他现在已经是一个有名的作家了". So, you don't need to use 了 in "我在报纸上看到一篇关于她的新闻" to stress that you read a piece of news. What matters is the contents of the news, which you would say immediately, and confirm it is done and completed by using 了 in that sentence.

To wrap up, remember that you are speaking to convey something, not just to pass an exam. Only by remembering this can you understand how to speak Chinese well (and all other foreign languages I think).

To add, since 了 means something has happened, the speaker can convey some emotion by stressing the pronunciation of 了. For example "我困死了" in another answer. This sentence is not only a confirmation that I am sleepy, but also an urge that I must go to bed now. Otherwise I would fall asleep on the table immediately, say. So, the key is the conveyance of information in your sentence. That's always why you speak.


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