<p>One practical advantage is increased ground clearance, reducing the likelihood of a prop strike on landing or take-off.</p>

<p>Aerodynamically, a pusher<sup>1</sup> design can be less efficient because the propeller is spinning through the wake of the fuselage - this results in 'lumpy' air, causing vibrations. I don't have exact figures, but I've heard anecdotally that this can be a 10 to 15% drop for fixed-wing designs and the exact fuselage configuration will make a difference!</p>

<p><sup>1</sup>: Pushers are often defined as '[motor/engine] shaft under compression'; which seems to apply to the 'upside down' motor configuration.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T14:40:37.153Z
I'm *pretty sure* your first para is the real reason for motor under prop being the prevalent orientation. I'd really like to see reference for the second paragraph's statements. Still, +1 for your answer (please get some references for the 2nd para!)
Pᴀᴜʟsᴛᴇʀ2
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-04T21:22:47.460Z
I think you pretty much nailed it on the aerodynamics point. Efficiency will depend on the rotors operating in "clean" airflow. Anything in the path of the incoming airflow will create turbulence and reduce the efficiency of the rotors to generate thrust. "Tractor" configuration keeps the rotors in undisturbed air. It matters less that the exit airflow is disturbed, as long as it doesn't create too much "back pressure" against the rotors.
Anthony X
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T07:36:28.750Z
2020-05-15T07:36:28.750Z
Kralc
<p>Expanding on @Kralc's answer:</p>
<p>Here's a <a href="https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.C035319?journalCode=ja" rel="nofollow noreferrer">study</a> (unfortunately behind a paywall) that I'm going to copy key parts of below:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The hexacopter was mounted on a load cell test stand, and data were collected in the University of Michigan’s 5 × 7 ft wind tunnel over different freestream flow speeds, motor thrust percentages, and hexacopter angles of attack. To validate wind-tunnel performance findings, outdoor autonomous flight tests were conducted.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/V33yA.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/V33yA.png" alt="Pusher vs Tractor type quadcopter comparison" /></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Results show the pusher configuration generates approximately 15% more thrust (lift) than do tractor propellers;</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/DPR70.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/DPR70.png" alt="RPM vs efficiency and thrust" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/P1Hau.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/P1Hau.png" alt="Thrust to weight ratio comparison" /></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>however, they exhibit a relatively poor lift-to-drag ratio. These results suggests that a pusher configuration hexacopter will have higher efficiency for local-area surveillance applications requiring hover and slow flight, whereas a tractor configuration is more efficient for payload transport applications that require forward flight at
appreciable velocities.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>To answer your question: Why do most drones have upward facing motors?</p>
<p>The answer may have something to do with the results of this (albeit small-sample size) study; although downard-facing rotors generate more thrust, they also experience more drag, so upward-facing rotors are the better option for drones that have to move fast.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T13:36:03.107Z
I don't think that last paragraph works at all. If pushers are better, why do most drones not use them?
Robin Bennett
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-16T22:55:00.407Z
@RobinBennett The last paragraph sounds clear to me. It doesn't say pushers are better, they have more thrust but more drag. Tractors have less thrust but less drag. So if all you want to do is lift a lot of weight a pusher is better but if you want to race a tractor is better. This is similar to the trade-off you make with the number of prop blades: the more blades the less efficient but more thrust.
slebetman
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-18T18:29:01.710Z
I feel the design and proximity to the propeller of the arm and ESC may be the key to the difference in efficiency in hovering for these two configurations. A purpose-built multirotor designed for hovering such as a photography platform may well benefit from props mounted below the motor. And the facts related to drag become less important for such a multirotor. Slow flight would not diminish the net efficiency of the system. Fast flight would reduce the net efficiency for the mission.
HansenJC001
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-18T20:13:47.010Z
The brief explanation is that when hovering, the propeller acts like a fan: all the lift comes from the motor spinning it.  When moving, the propeller acts like a hybrid fan/wing: for the forward part of the blade's rotation, it produces extra lift, while during the retreating part, it produces less drag, for a net increase in efficiency.  A tractor propeller is moving through less-turbulent air, enhancing the "wing" part of the behavior, while a pusher has fewer obstructions to the exhaust flow, enhancing the "fan" part of the behavior.
Mark
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-18T21:32:42.270Z
For those interested in reading the research paper mentioned by @Krish I was able to access it through Researchgate.net as a guest for no cost. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333578958_Experimental_Investigation_of_Tractor_and_Pusher_Hexacopter_Performance   ~~  I found the entire paper quite informative.
HansenJC001
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T10:35:31.790Z
2021-04-27T20:36:55.300Z
2021-04-27T20:36:55.300Z
Krish
<p>The DJI Matrice RTK has rotors on the bottom. I believe this is to avoid impact when flying upward for inspections.  (Under side of a bridge for example). </p>

<p>I'm not sure about the aerodynamic effects, but I will say the majority of my near misses (or crashes) are due to upward/tilting into movements, and not downward tilting away. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-16T03:37:34.320Z
2020-05-16T03:37:34.320Z
cliff curtis
<p>It is because practically an object can achieve equilibrium easily while it hangs from the rope rather than balancing(making it stand) in the ground.</p>

<p>Some similar thing also happens in the case of drones
A drone need much more perfection in the positioning of the motors and the weight to balance the COG if you want to face the rotors downwards.
Upward facing rotors of a drone give it more stability.</p>

<p>The old fighter planes had their wings in the front so the body behind the propeller will be pulled and balanced, if the wings will be tried to installed in the tail of the plane then the plane might not balance itslef.</p>

<p><em>PRACTICALLY a pull is more controlle than a</em> <strong>PUSH</strong> <em>that's why..</em></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-17T04:21:37.877Z
This answer appears to be a version of "the [pendulum fallacy](https://wiki2.org/en/Pendulum_rocket_fallacy)".
Russell McMahon
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-16T06:31:20.293Z
2020-05-16T06:31:20.293Z
Sanat Sukumar Sahoo
<p>Most freestyle quadcopters I have seen are specifically designed to fly with the motors facing upward and have the arms of the drone underneath the propellers like this:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/1gpg0.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/1gpg0.png" alt="A &quot;normal&quot; quadcopter"></a></p>

<p>As you can see in the picture ^ , the arms of the drone are fairly wide (as is common in lots of quadcopters of this type) and it seems to me that the arms would block a portion of the air coming from the props. I imagine that having the arms like this would reduce efficiency or top speed and maybe cause some amount of prop wash.</p>

<p>There are significantly less quadcopters which have the motors mounted under the arms like this:</p>

<p>(and almost all of them are home-made projects like this one which modified an existing frame to work upside down)
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/osLHJ.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/osLHJ.jpg" alt="A &quot;less normal&quot; quadcopter"></a></p>

<p>What I am wondering is, why are so many manufacturers and hobbyists making so many drones with upward-facing motors as it seems that downward-facing motors would be better in many ways? What are the advantages and disadvantages of upward-facing motors vs downward-facing motors?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T06:41:11.893Z
I think the exact same efficency arguments you cite for the upside-down configuration apply identically to the normal configuration. The air still has to flow around the arms no matter whether it's being pulled or pushed around them.
ifconfig
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T07:12:06.660Z
@ifconfig Not necessarily, because a lot of the air entering the top of the propeller comes from around the sides of the top as well. And the air exiting the propeller is almost all pushing directly downward.
Jacob B
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T07:16:15.040Z
I don't think the intake plume is that tall or wide. All I'm trying to say is that your claim isn't necessarily true and shouldn't be asserted as fact.
ifconfig
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T07:22:49.080Z
@ifconfig oh. I didn't mean to make it sound like I was stating a fact. I just meant to put it as what I thought. I have adjusted it to hopefully make it a bit more clear.
Jacob B
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T21:35:17.133Z
An answer below compares apples to oranges. We need the owner of your second picture to bench test it in both configurations, as little of the aerodynamics would change because the armatures are straight and flat, and it'd be easy to do so, it not being molded plastic with a curvature. Comparing pusher *types* doesn't control enough variables; need *the exact same one*, either pushing or pulling.
Mazura
<multirotor><quadcopters><propellers><comparison><motor-mounting>
Why do most drones have upward facing motors?
Jacob B
# Why do most drones have upward facing motors?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-05-15)

Most freestyle quadcopters I have seen are specifically designed to fly with the motors facing upward and have the arms of the drone underneath the propellers like this:

[![A "normal" quadcopter](https://i.sstatic.net/1gpg0.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/1gpg0.png)

As you can see in the picture ^ , the arms of the drone are fairly wide (as is common in lots of quadcopters of this type) and it seems to me that the arms would block a portion of the air coming from the props. I imagine that having the arms like this would reduce efficiency or top speed and maybe cause some amount of prop wash.

There are significantly less quadcopters which have the motors mounted under the arms like this:

(and almost all of them are home-made projects like this one which modified an existing frame to work upside down)
[![A "less normal" quadcopter](https://i.sstatic.net/osLHJ.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/osLHJ.jpg)

What I am wondering is, why are so many manufacturers and hobbyists making so many drones with upward-facing motors as it seems that downward-facing motors would be better in many ways? What are the advantages and disadvantages of upward-facing motors vs downward-facing motors?

**Tags:** multirotor, quadcopters, propellers, comparison, motor-mounting

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I think the exact same efficency arguments you cite for the upside-down configuration apply identically to the normal configuration. The air still has to flow around the arms no matter whether it's being pulled or pushed around them.  
> **username_0**: @username_1 Not necessarily, because a lot of the air entering the top of the propeller comes from around the sides of the top as well. And the air exiting the propeller is almost all pushing directly downward.  
> **username_1**: I don't think the intake plume is that tall or wide. All I'm trying to say is that your claim isn't necessarily true and shouldn't be asserted as fact.  
> **username_0**: @username_1 oh. I didn't mean to make it sound like I was stating a fact. I just meant to put it as what I thought. I have adjusted it to hopefully make it a bit more clear.  
> **username_2**: An answer below compares apples to oranges. We need the owner of your second picture to bench test it in both configurations, as little of the aerodynamics would change because the armatures are straight and flat, and it'd be easy to do so, it not being molded plastic with a curvature. Comparing pusher *types* doesn't control enough variables; need *the exact same one*, either pushing or pulling.  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-05-15. Score: 21

One practical advantage is increased ground clearance, reducing the likelihood of a prop strike on landing or take-off.

Aerodynamically, a pusher1 design can be less efficient because the propeller is spinning through the wake of the fuselage - this results in 'lumpy' air, causing vibrations. I don't have exact figures, but I've heard anecdotally that this can be a 10 to 15% drop for fixed-wing designs and the exact fuselage configuration will make a difference!

1: Pushers are often defined as '[motor/engine] shaft under compression'; which seems to apply to the 'upside down' motor configuration.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: I'm *pretty sure* your first para is the real reason for motor under prop being the prevalent orientation. I'd really like to see reference for the second paragraph's statements. Still, +1 for your answer (please get some references for the 2nd para!)  
> **username_5**: I think you pretty much nailed it on the aerodynamics point. Efficiency will depend on the rotors operating in "clean" airflow. Anything in the path of the incoming airflow will create turbulence and reduce the efficiency of the rotors to generate thrust. "Tractor" configuration keeps the rotors in undisturbed air. It matters less that the exit airflow is disturbed, as long as it doesn't create too much "back pressure" against the rotors.  

---

### Answer by username_6 on 2020-05-15. Score: 17

Expanding on @username_3's answer:

Here's a [study](https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.C035319?journalCode=ja) (unfortunately behind a paywall) that I'm going to copy key parts of below:

> The hexacopter was mounted on a load cell test stand, and data were collected in the University of Michigan’s 5 × 7 ft wind tunnel over different freestream flow speeds, motor thrust percentages, and hexacopter angles of attack. To validate wind-tunnel performance findings, outdoor autonomous flight tests were conducted.

[![Pusher vs Tractor type quadcopter comparison](https://i.sstatic.net/V33yA.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/V33yA.png)

> Results show the pusher configuration generates approximately 15% more thrust (lift) than do tractor propellers;

[![RPM vs efficiency and thrust](https://i.sstatic.net/DPR70.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/DPR70.png)

[![Thrust to weight ratio comparison](https://i.sstatic.net/P1Hau.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/P1Hau.png)

> however, they exhibit a relatively poor lift-to-drag ratio. These results suggests that a pusher configuration hexacopter will have higher efficiency for local-area surveillance applications requiring hover and slow flight, whereas a tractor configuration is more efficient for payload transport applications that require forward flight at
> appreciable velocities.

To answer your question: Why do most drones have upward facing motors?

The answer may have something to do with the results of this (albeit small-sample size) study; although downard-facing rotors generate more thrust, they also experience more drag, so upward-facing rotors are the better option for drones that have to move fast.

> **Comments:**
> **username_7**: I don't think that last paragraph works at all. If pushers are better, why do most drones not use them?  
> **username_8**: @username_7 The last paragraph sounds clear to me. It doesn't say pushers are better, they have more thrust but more drag. Tractors have less thrust but less drag. So if all you want to do is lift a lot of weight a pusher is better but if you want to race a tractor is better. This is similar to the trade-off you make with the number of prop blades: the more blades the less efficient but more thrust.  
> **username_9**: I feel the design and proximity to the propeller of the arm and ESC may be the key to the difference in efficiency in hovering for these two configurations. A purpose-built multirotor designed for hovering such as a photography platform may well benefit from props mounted below the motor. And the facts related to drag become less important for such a multirotor. Slow flight would not diminish the net efficiency of the system. Fast flight would reduce the net efficiency for the mission.  
> **username_10**: The brief explanation is that when hovering, the propeller acts like a fan: all the lift comes from the motor spinning it.  When moving, the propeller acts like a hybrid fan/wing: for the forward part of the blade's rotation, it produces extra lift, while during the retreating part, it produces less drag, for a net increase in efficiency.  A tractor propeller is moving through less-turbulent air, enhancing the "wing" part of the behavior, while a pusher has fewer obstructions to the exhaust flow, enhancing the "fan" part of the behavior.  
> **username_9**: For those interested in reading the research paper mentioned by @username_6 I was able to access it through Researchgate.net as a guest for no cost. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333578958_Experimental_Investigation_of_Tractor_and_Pusher_Hexacopter_Performance   ~~  I found the entire paper quite informative.  

---

### Answer by username_11 on 2020-05-16. Score: 3

The DJI Matrice RTK has rotors on the bottom. I believe this is to avoid impact when flying upward for inspections. (Under side of a bridge for example).

I'm not sure about the aerodynamic effects, but I will say the majority of my near misses (or crashes) are due to upward/tilting into movements, and not downward tilting away.


---

### Answer by username_12 on 2020-05-16. Score: -2

It is because practically an object can achieve equilibrium easily while it hangs from the rope rather than balancing(making it stand) in the ground.

Some similar thing also happens in the case of drones
A drone need much more perfection in the positioning of the motors and the weight to balance the COG if you want to face the rotors downwards.
Upward facing rotors of a drone give it more stability.

The old fighter planes had their wings in the front so the body behind the propeller will be pulled and balanced, if the wings will be tried to installed in the tail of the plane then the plane might not balance itslef.

*PRACTICALLY a pull is more controlle than a* **PUSH** *that's why..*

> **Comments:**
> **username_13**: This answer appears to be a version of "the [pendulum fallacy](https://wiki2.org/en/Pendulum_rocket_fallacy)".  

---

