<p>Reprogramming toy-drone flight controllers which are based on readily recognizable microcontrollers is definitely &quot;<em>a thing</em>&quot;, heavily benefiting from a few open source projects, one of the most popular being &quot;Silverware&quot; which has now become a whole <em>family</em> of <a href="https://github.com/silver13" rel="nofollow noreferrer">repositories on github</a> and years-long history of threads in places like <em>rcgroups</em>.</p>
<p>While in theory this could be done for the E-flight/Blade flight controllers (there exist open source firmwares for ATmega processors less powerful than the related XMega E-flight uses), in practice they tend not to be targets, because they are fairly expensive and relatively usable in stock configuration.  Rather, efforts concentrate on the very low-end ultra-micros, where a flight controller or whole aircraft tends to cost $8-25, as that minimizes risk, and maximizes the reward in getting serious capabilities out of a &quot;cheap toy&quot;.  So you see a lot more of this going on with the inductrix-like &quot;tinywhoop&quot; platforms, than with the actual Induxtrix.  The low price also typically means someone pioneering a new port of an open source control software can keep one board with stock firmware for reference while iterating experimental code on another.</p>
<p>Sometimes the target is simply the toy's flight controller board and not its airframe at all, eg, people having taken FC's intended to drive brushed pager motors, and after replacing the firmware wired them to the control signals of brushless ESC's on slightly larger aircraft, though typically still in the micro class.</p>
<p>Some of the key facts and techniques that make this possible include:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Weight and budget concerns prompt almost universal use of 2-layer circuit boards which are easy to visually trace under moderate magnification.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The past and not entirely extinct tendency to use readily recognized and reprogrammable microcontrollers, <em>especially</em> the STM32 series and its work-alikes from GigaDevices.   These have a 2-wire &quot;SWD&quot; programming interface which can typically be found on pads on a board, and even where not, with care it's possible to solder fine wires even to the side metalizations of a QFN package.   It also doesn't hurt that some of the STM32's turn out to actually have twice as much flash memory as they are supposed to.  Or that in most cases one of the SWD pins can be re-purposed as a serial UART, allowing experimental code to create debug output (channelling debug messages through SWD is also an option). Some of these MCUs also have flash security bugs which permit the original firmware to be backed up and restored; but decompilation is not really of any interest or benefit.  That said, MCU's unkown in the west are starting to show up in toys, and especially where they integrate the radio this does limit reverse engineering and firmware replacement.</p>
</li>
<li><p>$10 logic analyzers based on the CY7C68013A chip are excellent tools for examining SPI or I2C communication between a processor and a yet-unidentified radio or sensor chip.  I2C busses in particular are readily recognized by the pair of surface mount pull-up resistors, which make a great place to solder debug leads.</p>
</li>
<li><p>2.4 GHz radio chips are limited in number and mostly known by the community.  There are a few unique designs (eg, the Cypress stuff DSM uses) and the A7105 and then a lot of various clones and semi-compatibles of the nRF24L01+, of which the &quot;backwards bit order&quot; XN297 is probably the most famous.  These can typically be visually recognized, and there's already widespread knowledge of how to operate them from a replacement firmware.  While entirely possible by studying logic analyzer captures, often it's not necessary (or even desirable) to re-implement the toy's original air protocol, but rather preferable to implement one supported by the modifier's available hobby-grade transmitter - not infrequently, being able to use a hobby TX is a main point of putting a custom firmware on it.</p>
</li>
<li><p>MEMS Gryo/Accelerometer chips are also limited in number.  While toys tend to feature chips with markings which which &quot;don't exist&quot; in the public catalog of the well-known makers, in practice examination of I2C bus traces tends to indicate that they are minor variations of parts with public data sheets.  Worst case, a re-implementor just sends the same setup sequences, and then performs the same repeating data query.  Tilting and twisting the drone with the logic analyzer hooked up and watching the live data display readily distinguishes which bitfields of the response encode which motion parameter.  PID tuning tends to be manually iterative, so there's no real need to put any actual &quot;numbers&quot; on the anything, just to distinguish the three acceleration and rotation axis and their format and sign.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Motor drivers are dead simple - FETs are readily recognized (and sometimes replaced with higher-spec versions).  A few drones with inverted flight capability have more complex H-bridge drive, but again this is not hard to figure out.  One cheap tiny platform had an odd set of connections running from the switched motor lead through a resistive divder to MCU ADC pins; it turned out that these were back-EMF monitors to detect spinning vs. blocked propellers during the PWM off time.</p>
</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-09T16:17:33.893Z
2020-08-09T20:16:16.937Z
2020-08-09T20:16:16.937Z
Chris Stratton
<p>If your goal is to get a cheap toy with a programmable FC without spending too much time on DIY, then an easier way may be to replace the FC in a toy drone while salvaging the rest.</p>
<p>Some toy-grade drones have motors with proper ESCs, GPS modules with a standard UART interface, IMUs with SPI or I2C, etc. Some have separate radio modules. Sometimes you get a camera module with either WiFi or an SD card which is really separate from the rest of the drone and can be used in your custom project. Not to mention the frame: you can find replacement frames for popular toy drones for \$5-10, which is much cheaper than DIY frames. Of course, toy drone frames rarely survive a crash, but then a replacement is just another \$5-10. Batteries for such drones are more expensive than DIY LiPo cells, but have the advantage of perfectly fitting the corresponding frame. Spare rotor blades are usually also available, and often inexpensive.</p>
<p>For example, I got a Chinese &quot;L900 Pro&quot; drone for about $80, which I used as a base for my DIY experiments:</p>
<ul>
<li>The FC and the radio are integrated together, didn't seem reusable.</li>
<li>Motors have ESCs which support standard PWM.</li>
<li>The camera module is WiFi based, and connected to the FC with 5V power and a UART interface. Leaving the UART interface unused results in the camera module still working with the original Android app, though you obviously don't get telemetry information and in-app flight commands don't work.</li>
<li>GPS is UART-based with NMEA protocol, reusable</li>
<li>IMU and barometer are on a separate PCB with I2C interface. Most FCs will have these anyway.</li>
<li>The frame is foldable so it's very compact. Making a similar frame myself would have been a challenge.</li>
</ul>
<p>All I had to buy was an FC, and a radio transmitter + receiver, and I was able to fly the drone with an FPV video stream on the phone via WiFi. Of course, it remained a cheap toy, but it became a programmable one.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-11T21:15:24.127Z
2022-09-11T21:20:58.450Z
2022-09-11T21:20:58.450Z
Dmitry Grigoryev
<h1>TL;DR:</h1>
<p><em>Probably</em>, but you'd likely be spending a <em>lot</em> of time locating a programming interface on the flight controller board and custom-compiling or custom-writing firmware to work on the special board configuration.</p>
<p>Some more expensive toy-grade drones <em>may</em> have accompanying smartphone apps that allow you to change some flight parameters, but very few of those exist for a variety of reasons.</p>
<p>In general, I wouldn't recommend trying to modify the firmware of cheap toy-grade drones...  It's almost certainly a better use of your time and money to begin tinkering with DIY drone parts that are meant to be tweaked.</p>
<hr />
<p>In the case of the OP's example toy drone, the <a href="https://www.horizonhobby.com/product/inductrix-fpv-rtf/BLH8500.html" rel="noreferrer">Blade Inductrix FPV RTF</a>, there is some limited good news. From looking at this image of the FC board, it can be discerned that the FC uses an off-the-shelf Atmel processor of some kind:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/r4ktu.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/r4ktu.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>I've tried rotating and zooming the image to find what exact model the chip is, but the image is too coarse to read the finer print. The fact that it uses an Atmel processor means that you could <em>probably</em> use a UART/ISP programmer device to upload new code once you locate and solder thin wires to the appropriate legs of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_flat_package" rel="noreferrer">LQFP package</a>. However, you'd likely run into other challenges when trying to modify or change the existing firmware:</p>
<ul>
<li>Attempting to de-compile the firmware on the FC to change PID constants or alike would be <em>exceedingly difficult</em></li>
<li>The Atmel chip is likely 8-bit, which would require adaptation of open-source FC firmware like Betaflight to work (<em>Betaflight is designed to work with STM32/ARM 32-bit processors</em>)</li>
<li>The Atmel chip is almost certainly running at a slower clock speed and has less IPC capability than the chips used for DIY FPV drones and would require firmware with severely slimmed-down feature sets</li>
<li>The pinout of the FC board is entirely unknown; you'd have to manually trace out the circuit to find which pins on the processor lead to what parts of the drone, or locate a schematic</li>
<li>Critical peripherals like the IMU (<em>accelerometers + gyroscopes</em>), ESCs/H-bridges, RC RX, and FPV TX are likely non-standard components communicating with custom proprietary (<em>or at least unknown</em>) protocols that would require reverse-engineering</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-08-09T16:25:56.827Z
Unfortunately, there's a lot of speculation here, much of which turns out not to be very reflective of the actual truth of common situations.
Chris Stratton
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-19T07:25:22.440Z
2020-07-19T07:25:22.440Z
ifconfig
<p>Can the flight controller of cheap &quot;toy&quot; grade quads, such as the Blade Inductrix, be programmed at all? I'd assume that even if it's possible, it wouldn't be practical. I don't have any experience with FC programming (yet).</p>

<flight-controller><toy-grade-drone>
Can "toy" drone FC firmware be tweaked?
Galaxy
# Can "toy" drone FC firmware be tweaked?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-07-19)

Can the flight controller of cheap "toy" grade quads, such as the Blade Inductrix, be programmed at all? I'd assume that even if it's possible, it wouldn't be practical. I don't have any experience with FC programming (yet).

**Tags:** flight-controller, toy-grade-drone


---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-07-19. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

# TL;DR:

*Probably*, but you'd likely be spending a *lot* of time locating a programming interface on the flight controller board and custom-compiling or custom-writing firmware to work on the special board configuration.

Some more expensive toy-grade drones *may* have accompanying smartphone apps that allow you to change some flight parameters, but very few of those exist for a variety of reasons.

In general, I wouldn't recommend trying to modify the firmware of cheap toy-grade drones... It's almost certainly a better use of your time and money to begin tinkering with DIY drone parts that are meant to be tweaked.

---

In the case of the OP's example toy drone, the [Blade Inductrix FPV RTF](https://www.horizonhobby.com/product/inductrix-fpv-rtf/BLH8500.html), there is some limited good news. From looking at this image of the FC board, it can be discerned that the FC uses an off-the-shelf Atmel processor of some kind:

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/r4ktu.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/r4ktu.png)

I've tried rotating and zooming the image to find what exact model the chip is, but the image is too coarse to read the finer print. The fact that it uses an Atmel processor means that you could *probably* use a UART/ISP programmer device to upload new code once you locate and solder thin wires to the appropriate legs of the [LQFP package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_flat_package). However, you'd likely run into other challenges when trying to modify or change the existing firmware:

* Attempting to de-compile the firmware on the FC to change PID constants or alike would be *exceedingly difficult*
* The Atmel chip is likely 8-bit, which would require adaptation of open-source FC firmware like Betaflight to work (*Betaflight is designed to work with STM32/ARM 32-bit processors*)
* The Atmel chip is almost certainly running at a slower clock speed and has less IPC capability than the chips used for DIY FPV drones and would require firmware with severely slimmed-down feature sets
* The pinout of the FC board is entirely unknown; you'd have to manually trace out the circuit to find which pins on the processor lead to what parts of the drone, or locate a schematic
* Critical peripherals like the IMU (*accelerometers + gyroscopes*), ESCs/H-bridges, RC RX, and FPV TX are likely non-standard components communicating with custom proprietary (*or at least unknown*) protocols that would require reverse-engineering
* etc.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Unfortunately, there's a lot of speculation here, much of which turns out not to be very reflective of the actual truth of common situations.  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-08-09. Score: 5

Reprogramming toy-drone flight controllers which are based on readily recognizable microcontrollers is definitely "*a thing*", heavily benefiting from a few open source projects, one of the most popular being "Silverware" which has now become a whole *family* of [repositories on github](https://github.com/silver13) and years-long history of threads in places like *rcgroups*.

While in theory this could be done for the E-flight/Blade flight controllers (there exist open source firmwares for ATmega processors less powerful than the related XMega E-flight uses), in practice they tend not to be targets, because they are fairly expensive and relatively usable in stock configuration. Rather, efforts concentrate on the very low-end ultra-micros, where a flight controller or whole aircraft tends to cost $8-25, as that minimizes risk, and maximizes the reward in getting serious capabilities out of a "cheap toy". So you see a lot more of this going on with the inductrix-like "tinywhoop" platforms, than with the actual Induxtrix. The low price also typically means someone pioneering a new port of an open source control software can keep one board with stock firmware for reference while iterating experimental code on another.

Sometimes the target is simply the toy's flight controller board and not its airframe at all, eg, people having taken FC's intended to drive brushed pager motors, and after replacing the firmware wired them to the control signals of brushless ESC's on slightly larger aircraft, though typically still in the micro class.

Some of the key facts and techniques that make this possible include:

* Weight and budget concerns prompt almost universal use of 2-layer circuit boards which are easy to visually trace under moderate magnification.
* The past and not entirely extinct tendency to use readily recognized and reprogrammable microcontrollers, *especially* the STM32 series and its work-alikes from GigaDevices. These have a 2-wire "SWD" programming interface which can typically be found on pads on a board, and even where not, with care it's possible to solder fine wires even to the side metalizations of a QFN package. It also doesn't hurt that some of the STM32's turn out to actually have twice as much flash memory as they are supposed to. Or that in most cases one of the SWD pins can be re-purposed as a serial UART, allowing experimental code to create debug output (channelling debug messages through SWD is also an option). Some of these MCUs also have flash security bugs which permit the original firmware to be backed up and restored; but decompilation is not really of any interest or benefit. That said, MCU's unkown in the west are starting to show up in toys, and especially where they integrate the radio this does limit reverse engineering and firmware replacement.
* $10 logic analyzers based on the CY7C68013A chip are excellent tools for examining SPI or I2C communication between a processor and a yet-unidentified radio or sensor chip. I2C busses in particular are readily recognized by the pair of surface mount pull-up resistors, which make a great place to solder debug leads.
* 2.4 GHz radio chips are limited in number and mostly known by the community. There are a few unique designs (eg, the Cypress stuff DSM uses) and the A7105 and then a lot of various clones and semi-compatibles of the nRF24L01+, of which the "backwards bit order" XN297 is probably the most famous. These can typically be visually recognized, and there's already widespread knowledge of how to operate them from a replacement firmware. While entirely possible by studying logic analyzer captures, often it's not necessary (or even desirable) to re-implement the toy's original air protocol, but rather preferable to implement one supported by the modifier's available hobby-grade transmitter - not infrequently, being able to use a hobby TX is a main point of putting a custom firmware on it.
* MEMS Gryo/Accelerometer chips are also limited in number. While toys tend to feature chips with markings which which "don't exist" in the public catalog of the well-known makers, in practice examination of I2C bus traces tends to indicate that they are minor variations of parts with public data sheets. Worst case, a re-implementor just sends the same setup sequences, and then performs the same repeating data query. Tilting and twisting the drone with the logic analyzer hooked up and watching the live data display readily distinguishes which bitfields of the response encode which motion parameter. PID tuning tends to be manually iterative, so there's no real need to put any actual "numbers" on the anything, just to distinguish the three acceleration and rotation axis and their format and sign.
* Motor drivers are dead simple - FETs are readily recognized (and sometimes replaced with higher-spec versions). A few drones with inverted flight capability have more complex H-bridge drive, but again this is not hard to figure out. One cheap tiny platform had an odd set of connections running from the switched motor lead through a resistive divder to MCU ADC pins; it turned out that these were back-EMF monitors to detect spinning vs. blocked propellers during the PWM off time.


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-09-11. Score: 1

If your goal is to get a cheap toy with a programmable FC without spending too much time on DIY, then an easier way may be to replace the FC in a toy drone while salvaging the rest.

Some toy-grade drones have motors with proper ESCs, GPS modules with a standard UART interface, IMUs with SPI or I2C, etc. Some have separate radio modules. Sometimes you get a camera module with either WiFi or an SD card which is really separate from the rest of the drone and can be used in your custom project. Not to mention the frame: you can find replacement frames for popular toy drones for \$5-10, which is much cheaper than DIY frames. Of course, toy drone frames rarely survive a crash, but then a replacement is just another \$5-10. Batteries for such drones are more expensive than DIY LiPo cells, but have the advantage of perfectly fitting the corresponding frame. Spare rotor blades are usually also available, and often inexpensive.

For example, I got a Chinese "L900 Pro" drone for about $80, which I used as a base for my DIY experiments:

* The FC and the radio are integrated together, didn't seem reusable.
* Motors have ESCs which support standard PWM.
* The camera module is WiFi based, and connected to the FC with 5V power and a UART interface. Leaving the UART interface unused results in the camera module still working with the original Android app, though you obviously don't get telemetry information and in-app flight commands don't work.
* GPS is UART-based with NMEA protocol, reusable
* IMU and barometer are on a separate PCB with I2C interface. Most FCs will have these anyway.
* The frame is foldable so it's very compact. Making a similar frame myself would have been a challenge.

All I had to buy was an FC, and a radio transmitter + receiver, and I was able to fly the drone with an FPV video stream on the phone via WiFi. Of course, it remained a cheap toy, but it became a programmable one.


---

