<p>For the answer to why there is wind, see: <a href="https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/541/where-does-wind-come-from/542#542">Where does wind come from?</a> </p>

<p>That establishes the forces at work driving the wind, namely:</p>

<ul>
<li>non-linear advection of momentum</li>
<li>the pressure gradient force (PGF)</li>
<li>the Coriolis force </li>
<li>friction</li>
</ul>

<p>Friction is less over water than over land, and so the wind will tend to flow more parallel to the isobars than they will over land at the earths surface.  The force balance between the PGF, Coriolis and friction is easy to conceptualize:</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/duHxh.gif" alt="Force Balance"><br>
<sub>Image taken from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, credits at <a href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/abt/aknw/dvlp.rxml" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/abt/aknw/dvlp.rxml</a></sub></p>

<p>In this we can see that see that wind will flow with low pressure to its left, and cross the isobars slightly toward the low pressure.  The angle of the wind crossing the isobars is related to friction.  The direction of the wind is related to the orientation of the isobars and friction.  The speed of the wind is related to the spacing between isobars (close = fast, far = slow). </p>

<p>However, this only explains a steady-state wind in equilibrium, which is great for theoretical explanations but is too idealized for the real atmosphere.  In your observations on the lake, the flow is not steady-state and that pesky non-linear term is at work.</p>

<hr>

<p>The lowest level of the atmosphere is called the boundary layer, and this extends from the surface to roughly 1 - 2 km.  During the daytime this boundary layer is "well mixed", which just means it has a uniform potential temperature and moisture profile and it is turbulent.  To really over-simply turbulence, consider swirling motions of different sizes.  At the largest sizes these swirls are the size of the depth of the boundary layer.  At the smallest sizes the swirls are on the scale of millimeters, and there are swirls at all of the intermediate sizes. </p>

<p>Let us just consider the biggest of the swirls.  The top of these swirls are at the top of the boundary layer where the wind is typically faster (it can be slightly faster, or much faster).  This swirl will mix some of this momentum down to the surface, at the bottom of the swirl.  These swirls are moving around as well, not sitting in one place.  Where the swirls are, there will be a different wind velocity than where they arent, and it will depend on the orientation of the wind, the swirl and the momentum being mixed downward to the surface.  If you were standing at one place, this would give you the effect you observe, winds that change direction and/or speed.</p>

<p>Now consider all of the different sizes of eddies doing this, and things become a mess (turbulence!).  On some days the this effect is small and you might just notice subtle changes in the wind, and on other days you might have strong gusts and "bumpy" air.  </p>

<p>Finally, lets get back to the lake. The lake has a temperature flux and a momentum flux with the air above it, which produce changes in the wind.  All of this wind is moving mass around and the net result of this is that the wind is causing the pressure field to evolve, and these changes feedback into the wind.</p>

<hr>

<p>The above effects can be rolled into the non-linear and friction terms in the momentum equation, which are the reasons that your observations of the wind periodically change directions.  </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-30T10:46:12.880Z
Many thanks casey that's brilliant. I see an image that seems to suit your description here: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/EddyCovariance_diagram_1.jpg

Just a few other (probably simplistic) questions if you don't mind:
1. If you looked at the turbulence side on as in the image, wouldn't the anti/clockwise swirls generate wind directions of opposite directions at ground level?
2. Do clouds form at the edge of this boundary layer?
3. Is that the Navier-Stokes equation you're referring to?
Ōkami
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-30T12:17:19.377Z
@Ōkami 1) It could, but it may also just result in a calmer wind (e.g. a lull between gusts). 2) Yes, a layer of shallow fair weather cumulus clouds often forms at the top of the boundary layer.  3) Yes, Navier-Stokes in a form for geophysical fluids.
casey
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-22T15:14:20.550Z
2014-05-22T15:14:20.550Z
2017-04-13T12:50:30.540Z
casey
<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Zh7or.jpg" alt="Wind going across the page - and changing direction"></p>

<p><em>Image Subtitle: Wind going across the page - and changing direction</em></p>

<p>To clarify, imagine you were sat in a boat in the middle of a lake recording the wind direction every minute. You notice that the wind changes direction roughly every five minutes from 340° to 360° and back and forth...</p>

<p>On other days the time between and the amount (°) of wind shift can be bigger or smaller.</p>

<p>I presume it is something to do with the wind going over land:</p>

<ul>
<li>It is known that the wind is directionally deflected over land (frictional effects)</li>
<li>Wind higher up in the atmosphere is less hindered and so less deflected</li>
</ul>

<p>My guess is that the wind experienced on the lake is an alternation between these though the exact mechanics of it is beyond me. I would greatly appreciate a true explanation.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-22T09:50:53.213Z
Speaking from sailing practice, direction and wind speed changes go together. This is just a comment, not an answer in any way.
Deer Hunter
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-22T10:50:42.747Z
That's true, certainly if my guess was anything like reality then that would be explained by the wind being faster at higher altitudes. Perhaps something to do with the winds' velocity and directional profile above and below the boundary layer?
Ōkami
<meteorology><geophysics><wind>
Why does the wind periodically change direction?
Ōkami
# Why does the wind periodically change direction?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-05-22)

![Wind going across the page - and changing direction](https://i.sstatic.net/Zh7or.jpg)

*Image Subtitle: Wind going across the page - and changing direction*

To clarify, imagine you were sat in a boat in the middle of a lake recording the wind direction every minute. You notice that the wind changes direction roughly every five minutes from 340° to 360° and back and forth...

On other days the time between and the amount (°) of wind shift can be bigger or smaller.

I presume it is something to do with the wind going over land:

* It is known that the wind is directionally deflected over land (frictional effects)
* Wind higher up in the atmosphere is less hindered and so less deflected

My guess is that the wind experienced on the lake is an alternation between these though the exact mechanics of it is beyond me. I would greatly appreciate a true explanation.

**Tags:** meteorology, geophysics, wind

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Speaking from sailing practice, direction and wind speed changes go together. This is just a comment, not an answer in any way.  
> **username_0**: That's true, certainly if my guess was anything like reality then that would be explained by the wind being faster at higher altitudes. Perhaps something to do with the winds' velocity and directional profile above and below the boundary layer?  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2014-05-22. Score: 7 | Accepted answer

For the answer to why there is wind, see: [Where does wind come from?](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/541/where-does-wind-come-from/542#542)

That establishes the forces at work driving the wind, namely:

* non-linear advection of momentum
* the pressure gradient force (PGF)
* the Coriolis force
* friction

Friction is less over water than over land, and so the wind will tend to flow more parallel to the isobars than they will over land at the earths surface. The force balance between the PGF, Coriolis and friction is easy to conceptualize:

![Force Balance](https://i.sstatic.net/duHxh.gif)  
Image taken from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, credits at <http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/abt/aknw/dvlp.rxml>

In this we can see that see that wind will flow with low pressure to its left, and cross the isobars slightly toward the low pressure. The angle of the wind crossing the isobars is related to friction. The direction of the wind is related to the orientation of the isobars and friction. The speed of the wind is related to the spacing between isobars (close = fast, far = slow).

However, this only explains a steady-state wind in equilibrium, which is great for theoretical explanations but is too idealized for the real atmosphere. In your observations on the lake, the flow is not steady-state and that pesky non-linear term is at work.

---

The lowest level of the atmosphere is called the boundary layer, and this extends from the surface to roughly 1 - 2 km. During the daytime this boundary layer is "well mixed", which just means it has a uniform potential temperature and moisture profile and it is turbulent. To really over-simply turbulence, consider swirling motions of different sizes. At the largest sizes these swirls are the size of the depth of the boundary layer. At the smallest sizes the swirls are on the scale of millimeters, and there are swirls at all of the intermediate sizes.

Let us just consider the biggest of the swirls. The top of these swirls are at the top of the boundary layer where the wind is typically faster (it can be slightly faster, or much faster). This swirl will mix some of this momentum down to the surface, at the bottom of the swirl. These swirls are moving around as well, not sitting in one place. Where the swirls are, there will be a different wind velocity than where they arent, and it will depend on the orientation of the wind, the swirl and the momentum being mixed downward to the surface. If you were standing at one place, this would give you the effect you observe, winds that change direction and/or speed.

Now consider all of the different sizes of eddies doing this, and things become a mess (turbulence!). On some days the this effect is small and you might just notice subtle changes in the wind, and on other days you might have strong gusts and "bumpy" air.

Finally, lets get back to the lake. The lake has a temperature flux and a momentum flux with the air above it, which produce changes in the wind. All of this wind is moving mass around and the net result of this is that the wind is causing the pressure field to evolve, and these changes feedback into the wind.

---

The above effects can be rolled into the non-linear and friction terms in the momentum equation, which are the reasons that your observations of the wind periodically change directions.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Many thanks username_2 that's brilliant. I see an image that seems to suit your description here: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/EddyCovariance_diagram_1.jpg  Just a few other (probably simplistic) questions if you don't mind: 1. If you looked at the turbulence side on as in the image, wouldn't the anti/clockwise swirls generate wind directions of opposite directions at ground level? 2. Do clouds form at the edge of this boundary layer? 3. Is that the Navier-Stokes equation you're referring to?  
> **username_2**: @username_0 1) It could, but it may also just result in a calmer wind (e.g. a lull between gusts). 2) Yes, a layer of shallow fair weather cumulus clouds often forms at the top of the boundary layer.  3) Yes, Navier-Stokes in a form for geophysical fluids.  

---

