<p>The velocity profile that is shown is parabolic. It is characteristic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow" rel="nofollow noreferrer">laminar flow</a> in tubes or channels. A development of the equation is shown <a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-090-introduction-to-fluid-motions-sediment-transport-and-current-generated-sedimentary-structures-fall-2006/course-textbook/ch4.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">in this link</a>. An exposition about flow in open channels is <a href="https://www.lth.se/fileadmin/tvrl/files/vvr090/lecture7_open_channel.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">at this link</a>.</p>

<p>The maximum velocity over the entire profile is at the surface (see Equation 4.7 and statement 17 in the first reference). The maximum velocity at an other range of positions as measured vertically from the bottom of the stream is always found at the top of the range (i.e. at the point closest to the surface of the stream).</p>

<p>Let's propose a velocity profile from the bottom to top of the channel as this.</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$ v(z) = Cz^2 $$</span></p>

<p>This satisfies the boundary condition that <span class="math-container">$v(0) = 0$</span> at the bottom of the channel. The parameter <span class="math-container">$C$</span> is found by taking one additional measurement anywhere in the stream. With this function, we find the average velocity over a range of positions <span class="math-container">$zo$</span> to <span class="math-container">$zt$</span> is an integral over the parabolic profile ...</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$ &lt;v&gt; = \frac{\int_{zo}^{zt} v(z) dz}{zt - zo} = \frac{C}{(zt - zo)} \int_{zo}^{zt} z^2 dz = \frac{C\left(zt^3 - zo^3\right)}{3\left(zt - zo\right)} $$</span></p>

<p>An alternative way then to find <span class="math-container">$C$</span> when given an average velocity over a range of distances is to use this expression.</p>

<p>A distinction is required to understand the average velocity expressed above. An alternative view of average velocity is from measuring at a set of points over a range <span class="math-container">$zo$</span> to <span class="math-container">$zt$</span> and then averaging the measured values. This <em>measured average</em> has the expression</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$ &lt;v&gt;_m = \frac{1}{N} \sum {v_j} $$</span></p>

<p>With <span class="math-container">$H$</span> as the height of the channel, in the limit that <span class="math-container">$zt - zo &lt;&lt; H$</span>, we can assume <span class="math-container">$&lt;v&gt; \approx &lt;v&gt;_m$</span>. Otherwise, the better approach is to use a one-point method with <span class="math-container">$v$</span> at <span class="math-container">$z$</span> and the source equation for the profile.</p>

<p>Finally, consider when you have multiple measurements at different positions where the positions are not differentiated but the velocities are differentiated. One approach here is to average the velocities and use any one value to the profile for <span class="math-container">$C$</span>. The better method however will use non-linear regression method to fit data. By example, consider this hypothetical "measured" data set generated using <span class="math-container">$v = 4 z^2$</span> as its base.</p>

<p>z=1, v = 3, 4, 5, 6</p>

<p>z=2, v = 14, 15, 16, 17</p>

<p>z=3, v = 32, 33, 35, 45</p>

<p>A plot of the data and a non-linearized regression fit to <span class="math-container">$v = Cz^2$</span> is shown below. The result is <span class="math-container">$C = 4.0 \pm 0.2$</span>.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/mv1D9.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/mv1D9.png" alt="velocity profile fit"></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-30T10:44:26.273Z
thanks for your time. Do you mean that I should calculate the parabolic profile from the average velocity and elevation z-values? And the max value can be determined from this parabolic function? I understand that I should assume laminair flow in this case.
3TW3
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-30T13:34:00.220Z
I updated my explanation. It describes how to obtain a fitting parameters $C$ using average velocities measured over ranges in the profile. The maximum velocity of a laminar flow profile is always at the topmost position from the non-slip boundary condition (in this case at the bottom of the channel).
Jeffrey J Weimer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-28T23:19:52.890Z
2018-10-01T15:24:55.703Z
2018-10-01T15:24:55.703Z
Jeffrey J Weimer
<p>I'm studying flow velocities in a small river. I have a lot of data of average flow velocities in cross sections throughout the entire catchment. And I know the river develop a stream velocity profile per cross section (see below).</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/ZflhS.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/ZflhS.png" alt="enter image description here"></a><br>
Now I'm also interested in the maximum flow velocity in a certain cross section. So I'm looking for a way to calculate the maximum velocity from the average velocity. Is there some kind of formula or method to do this?</p>

<p>Any help is appreciated.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-28T15:35:18.930Z
Do you know the geometry of the cross sections you want to estimate maximum flow velocity at?
Camilo Rada
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-28T15:40:54.547Z
Yes I have some profile information on the locations I'm interested in. At least depth and width of the cross section.
3TW3
<hydrology><rivers>
Rivers - How to calculate maximum velocity from average velocity in a cross section
3TW3
# Rivers - How to calculate maximum velocity from average velocity in a cross section

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-09-28)

I'm studying flow velocities in a small river. I have a lot of data of average flow velocities in cross sections throughout the entire catchment. And I know the river develop a stream velocity profile per cross section (see below).

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/ZflhS.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/ZflhS.png)  
Now I'm also interested in the maximum flow velocity in a certain cross section. So I'm looking for a way to calculate the maximum velocity from the average velocity. Is there some kind of formula or method to do this?

Any help is appreciated.

**Tags:** hydrology, rivers

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Do you know the geometry of the cross sections you want to estimate maximum flow velocity at?  
> **username_0**: Yes I have some profile information on the locations I'm interested in. At least depth and width of the cross section.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2018-09-28. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

The velocity profile that is shown is parabolic. It is characteristic of [laminar flow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow) in tubes or channels. A development of the equation is shown [in this link](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-090-introduction-to-fluid-motions-sediment-transport-and-current-generated-sedimentary-structures-fall-2006/course-textbook/ch4.pdf). An exposition about flow in open channels is [at this link](https://www.lth.se/fileadmin/tvrl/files/vvr090/lecture7_open_channel.pdf).

The maximum velocity over the entire profile is at the surface (see Equation 4.7 and statement 17 in the first reference). The maximum velocity at an other range of positions as measured vertically from the bottom of the stream is always found at the top of the range (i.e. at the point closest to the surface of the stream).

Let's propose a velocity profile from the bottom to top of the channel as this.

$$ v(z) = Cz^2 $$

This satisfies the boundary condition that $v(0) = 0$ at the bottom of the channel. The parameter $C$ is found by taking one additional measurement anywhere in the stream. With this function, we find the average velocity over a range of positions $zo$ to $zt$ is an integral over the parabolic profile ...

$$ <v> = \frac{\int\_{zo}^{zt} v(z) dz}{zt - zo} = \frac{C}{(zt - zo)} \int\_{zo}^{zt} z^2 dz = \frac{C\left(zt^3 - zo^3\right)}{3\left(zt - zo\right)} $$

An alternative way then to find $C$ when given an average velocity over a range of distances is to use this expression.

A distinction is required to understand the average velocity expressed above. An alternative view of average velocity is from measuring at a set of points over a range $zo$ to $zt$ and then averaging the measured values. This *measured average* has the expression

$$ <v>\_m = \frac{1}{N} \sum {v\_j} $$

With $H$ as the height of the channel, in the limit that $zt - zo << H$, we can assume $<v> \approx <v>\_m$. Otherwise, the better approach is to use a one-point method with $v$ at $z$ and the source equation for the profile.

Finally, consider when you have multiple measurements at different positions where the positions are not differentiated but the velocities are differentiated. One approach here is to average the velocities and use any one value to the profile for $C$. The better method however will use non-linear regression method to fit data. By example, consider this hypothetical "measured" data set generated using $v = 4 z^2$ as its base.

z=1, v = 3, 4, 5, 6

z=2, v = 14, 15, 16, 17

z=3, v = 32, 33, 35, 45

A plot of the data and a non-linearized regression fit to $v = Cz^2$ is shown below. The result is $C = 4.0 \pm 0.2$.

[![velocity profile fit](https://i.sstatic.net/mv1D9.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/mv1D9.png)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: thanks for your time. Do you mean that I should calculate the parabolic profile from the average velocity and elevation z-values? And the max value can be determined from this parabolic function? I understand that I should assume laminair flow in this case.  
> **username_2**: I updated my explanation. It describes how to obtain a fitting parameters $C$ using average velocities measured over ranges in the profile. The maximum velocity of a laminar flow profile is always at the topmost position from the non-slip boundary condition (in this case at the bottom of the channel).  

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