<p>"Is it possible that the oceans eroded land between them so they became separated"? Yes, sort of, but it isn't a simple story. There are several factors: (1) Rivers eroded much of the English channel, mostly during the last ice age when sea level was up to 120 metres below the present level. The Rhine actually flowed (and eroded) much further out into what is now the English channel. (2) Some have argued - though I'm not sure that I agree with them - that at least part of the English Channel was cut by glaciers. However, the main British ice sheet was further north than the channel. (3) There is sound evidence that an ice dam collapsed, resulting in a huge glacial lake outburst, which would certainly have resulted in major erosion. (4) The Alpine orogeny of late Mesozoic / early Cenozoic age, created a compressive zone across much of northern Europe, thereby flexing low-angle folding. One of the major folds was the Wealden anticline, most of which is exposed in southern England, but to a lesser extent also in northern France. Tension fractures in this anticline created an area of weakness and enhanced erosion across what is now the eastern English Channel. </p>

<p>Could microplate tectonics have contributed? Good question. Certainly it is possible for the jostling of major plates to splinter off microplates, or even mesoplates - examples being the Aegean region, and the rotation of Iberia, respectively. I don't have any information on the deep geology of the Western English channel, but I suspect that tectonic thinning of the crust in that area may have contributed to subsidence and subsequent flooding.  </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-08-25T08:47:43.813Z
Could the erosion have succeeded because the cliffs (like of Dover and Cap Gris-Nez in France) are made of soft chalk so it could be more easily eroded by the ice and water?
Marijn 
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-08-25T12:32:03.283Z
Compared to the surrounding rocks, Chalk is actually Hard! This is why the North & South Downs (made of chalk) are the hills in Kent & Sussex, and why Beachy Head (chalk cliff in Sussex) is the tallest sea cliff in England.
winwaed
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-08-25T13:19:26.307Z
The chalk's Pleistocene palaeoclimate is important. Frozen chalk is more susceptible to erosion from runoff, especially if it is saturated, with ice in the pores. In a mild climate rainwater just soaks into the pores of the chalk without much in the way of surface erosion. But winwaed is correct, in that the underlying formation is the Gault clay, so most blocky erosion of the chalk is caused by undercutting of the clay followed by chalk collapse along vertical joints.
Gordon Stanger
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-08-25T00:46:18.890Z
2016-08-25T00:46:18.890Z
Gordon Stanger
<blockquote>
  <p>Is it possible that the oceans eroded land between them so they became separated?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Yes and no, but it was mostly fresh water rather than the oceans.</p>

<p>What is now the Dover Strait was solid high land until ~425,000 years ago (or perhaps ~200,000 years ago, or perhaps both). That time marked the end of the most extreme glaciation of the last 2.5 million years. Before then, Great Britain was a European peninsula rather than islands off of Europe, connected to Europe by the South Downs, North Downs, and lowlands further to the north.</p>

<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglian_stage" rel="nofollow">Anglian glaciation</a> (Marine Isotope Stage 12) was the most severe glaciation of the last 2+ million years. All of Scotland and most of England were covered with ice at that time. The ice to the north and the downs to the south initially prevented the glacial meltwaters from escaping to the ocean when that ice started melting at the end of this stage. The meltwaters formed a huge glacial lake that eventually overtopped the downs. The resulting catastrophic outburst flood carved deep channels in the chalk. This <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" rel="nofollow">outburst flood</a> marked the formation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_River" rel="nofollow">Channel River</a>.</p>

<p>While the above explains the formation of the Dover Strait, it does not explain how the lowlands to the north of the Dover Strait became separated from continental Europe. Those lowlands have long formed a natural land bridge between continental Europe and the United Kingdom. The North Sea proper did not connect with the English Channel until rather recently. Humans, along with our ancestors, have crossed and lived on those lowlands for a long, long time. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happisburgh_footprints" rel="nofollow">hominid footprints from almost a million years ago</a> (in other words, before <em>homo sapiens</em>) have been found on the northern shores of England. Peoples regularly crossed this low-lying land which is now called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggerland" rel="nofollow">Doggerland</a>. Rising sea levels following the most recent glaciation spelled the start of the end of Doggerland.</p>

<p>What most likely did Doggerland in were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storegga_Slide" rel="nofollow">the Storegga Slides</a> that occurred ~8300 years ago. Those underwater landslides created huge tsunamis. Traces of those tsunamis are found 80 km inland on the Firth of Forth. The damage to Doggerland would have been immense.</p>

<p><br>
References:</p>

<p><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088329" rel="nofollow">Nick Ashton, et al., "Hominin footprints from early Pleistocene deposits at Happisburgh, UK." <em>PloS One</em> 9.2 (2014): e88329.</a></p>

<p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990419" rel="nofollow">Claire L. Mellett, et al., "Denudation of the continental shelf between Britain and France at the glacial–interglacial timescale", <em>Geomorphology</em> 203 (2013): 79-96.</a></p>

<p><a href="http://profmarkcollard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Weninger_et_al_2008.pdf" rel="nofollow">Bernhard Weninger, et al., "The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami", <em>Documenta Praehistorica</em> 35.15 (2008): 1-24.</a></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-09-05T12:41:52.690Z
"~425000 years ago (or perhaps ~20000 years ago" - I'm curious about this uncertainty. Are these two possible times (different ice ages?) or is it a range with an order of magnitude mistake,or...? (NB not saying it's wrong. Not my field)
Semidiurnal Simon
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-09-05T20:16:57.997Z
@SimonW -- I was missing a zero. Thanks. That should have been "or perhaps 200000 years ago, or perhaps both". The literature is a bit conflicted regarding whether there were one or two catastrophic flood events, and if there was only one, which of the two periods (425 kya or 200 kya) was the one responsible.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-08-29T08:29:00.543Z
2016-09-05T22:08:07.530Z
2016-09-05T22:08:07.530Z
David Hammen
<p>Looking at continental plates both France and GB lie on the Earasian plate. Now those plates moves and created our continents of today out of Pangea. </p>

<p>But a lot of pictures shows that France and GB were once stuck together. Also their shapes looks like they fit together. <br />
But if they lie on the same plate how is it possible that those contries are now separated? Is it possible that the oceans eroded land between them so they became separate?</p>

<p>Or is it possible that in one plate there were plenty of little continental drifts too; if that is true what is the difference between a continental drift and drift within plates. Or is it even possible that GB lies on its own plate?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/AR0e0.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/AR0e0.png" alt="enter image description here"></a><br />
Picture taken from the hi-res drawing at <a href="http://io9.gizmodo.com/heres-what-pangea-looks-like-mapped-with-modern-politi-509812695" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Here's what Pangea looks like mapped with modern political borders</a></p>

<geophysics>
How did Great-Britain separate from France?
Marijn 
# How did Great-Britain separate from France?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-08-24)

Looking at continental plates both France and GB lie on the Earasian plate. Now those plates moves and created our continents of today out of Pangea.

But a lot of pictures shows that France and GB were once stuck together. Also their shapes looks like they fit together.   
But if they lie on the same plate how is it possible that those contries are now separated? Is it possible that the oceans eroded land between them so they became separate?

Or is it possible that in one plate there were plenty of little continental drifts too; if that is true what is the difference between a continental drift and drift within plates. Or is it even possible that GB lies on its own plate?

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/AR0e0.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/AR0e0.png)  
Picture taken from the hi-res drawing at [Here's what Pangea looks like mapped with modern political borders](http://io9.gizmodo.com/heres-what-pangea-looks-like-mapped-with-modern-politi-509812695)

**Tags:** geophysics


---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-08-25. Score: 8

"Is it possible that the oceans eroded land between them so they became separated"? Yes, sort of, but it isn't a simple story. There are several factors: (1) Rivers eroded much of the English channel, mostly during the last ice age when sea level was up to 120 metres below the present level. The Rhine actually flowed (and eroded) much further out into what is now the English channel. (2) Some have argued - though I'm not sure that I agree with them - that at least part of the English Channel was cut by glaciers. However, the main British ice sheet was further north than the channel. (3) There is sound evidence that an ice dam collapsed, resulting in a huge glacial lake outburst, which would certainly have resulted in major erosion. (4) The Alpine orogeny of late Mesozoic / early Cenozoic age, created a compressive zone across much of northern Europe, thereby flexing low-angle folding. One of the major folds was the Wealden anticline, most of which is exposed in southern England, but to a lesser extent also in northern France. Tension fractures in this anticline created an area of weakness and enhanced erosion across what is now the eastern English Channel.

Could microplate tectonics have contributed? Good question. Certainly it is possible for the jostling of major plates to splinter off microplates, or even mesoplates - examples being the Aegean region, and the rotation of Iberia, respectively. I don't have any information on the deep geology of the Western English channel, but I suspect that tectonic thinning of the crust in that area may have contributed to subsidence and subsequent flooding.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Could the erosion have succeeded because the cliffs (like of Dover and Cap Gris-Nez in France) are made of soft chalk so it could be more easily eroded by the ice and water?  
> **username_2**: Compared to the surrounding rocks, Chalk is actually Hard! This is why the North & South Downs (made of chalk) are the hills in Kent & Sussex, and why Beachy Head (chalk cliff in Sussex) is the tallest sea cliff in England.  
> **username_1**: The chalk's Pleistocene palaeoclimate is important. Frozen chalk is more susceptible to erosion from runoff, especially if it is saturated, with ice in the pores. In a mild climate rainwater just soaks into the pores of the chalk without much in the way of surface erosion. But username_2 is correct, in that the underlying formation is the Gault clay, so most blocky erosion of the chalk is caused by undercutting of the clay followed by chalk collapse along vertical joints.  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2016-08-29. Score: 3

> Is it possible that the oceans eroded land between them so they became separated?

Yes and no, but it was mostly fresh water rather than the oceans.

What is now the Dover Strait was solid high land until ~425,000 years ago (or perhaps ~200,000 years ago, or perhaps both). That time marked the end of the most extreme glaciation of the last 2.5 million years. Before then, Great Britain was a European peninsula rather than islands off of Europe, connected to Europe by the South Downs, North Downs, and lowlands further to the north.

The [Anglian glaciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglian_stage) (Marine Isotope Stage 12) was the most severe glaciation of the last 2+ million years. All of Scotland and most of England were covered with ice at that time. The ice to the north and the downs to the south initially prevented the glacial meltwaters from escaping to the ocean when that ice started melting at the end of this stage. The meltwaters formed a huge glacial lake that eventually overtopped the downs. The resulting catastrophic outburst flood carved deep channels in the chalk. This [outburst flood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood) marked the formation of the [Channel River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_River).

While the above explains the formation of the Dover Strait, it does not explain how the lowlands to the north of the Dover Strait became separated from continental Europe. Those lowlands have long formed a natural land bridge between continental Europe and the United Kingdom. The North Sea proper did not connect with the English Channel until rather recently. Humans, along with our ancestors, have crossed and lived on those lowlands for a long, long time. For example, [hominid footprints from almost a million years ago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happisburgh_footprints) (in other words, before *homo sapiens*) have been found on the northern shores of England. Peoples regularly crossed this low-lying land which is now called [Doggerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggerland). Rising sea levels following the most recent glaciation spelled the start of the end of Doggerland.

What most likely did Doggerland in were [the Storegga Slides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storegga_Slide) that occurred ~8300 years ago. Those underwater landslides created huge tsunamis. Traces of those tsunamis are found 80 km inland on the Firth of Forth. The damage to Doggerland would have been immense.

References:

[Nick Ashton, et al., "Hominin footprints from early Pleistocene deposits at Happisburgh, UK." *PloS One* 9.2 (2014): e88329.](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088329)

[Claire L. Mellett, et al., "Denudation of the continental shelf between Britain and France at the glacial–interglacial timescale", *Geomorphology* 203 (2013): 79-96.](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990419)

[Bernhard Weninger, et al., "The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami", *Documenta Praehistorica* 35.15 (2008): 1-24.](http://profmarkcollard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Weninger_et_al_2008.pdf)

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: "~425000 years ago (or perhaps ~20000 years ago" - I'm curious about this uncertainty. Are these two possible times (different ice ages?) or is it a range with an order of magnitude mistake,or...? (NB not saying it's wrong. Not my field)  
> **username_3**: @SimonW -- I was missing a zero. Thanks. That should have been "or perhaps 200000 years ago, or perhaps both". The literature is a bit conflicted regarding whether there were one or two catastrophic flood events, and if there was only one, which of the two periods (425 kya or 200 kya) was the one responsible.  

---

