<p>First thing is that the sea-level wasn't necessarily that high when the reef was growing, Hondurus is on the edge of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Trough" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Caymen Trough Fault Zone</a> and experiences quite high rates of uplift, (relatively speaking, your fingernails actually grow faster but over long periods it builds up). So the Coral reefs you're seeing high and dry could be quite recent in geological terms and laid down at or close to current sea levels.</p>

<p>Live Coral is a thin skin of either <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralline_algae" rel="nofollow noreferrer">algae</a> or tiny animals called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp" rel="nofollow noreferrer">polyps</a> over what is essentially already <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Limestone</a>. The live coating builds up this Limestone in order to 1. protect itself and 2. gain advantageous position as far as sunlight and nutrient rich currents etc... Once the coral builders die, which can happen within minutes of exposure to the air for some species (for others the water just has to get too warm, or too cold), the "skeleton" is already effectively a fossil and pretty well as hard as it's going to get.</p>

<p>Any reef is largely made of Limestone from dead Corals that have either simply been grown over or have been broken, ground down and then the coral sand concreted together because of biological and/or chemical processes to form bulk Limestone in which most or all of the old coralline structure is invisible. The primary mechanism for removing coral structure is actually fish that crush coral chips into sand or even finer grains while feeding on surface dwelling algae. The hardening of these grains into a homogeneous whole is usually a combination of the action of coralline algae creating lime on the grain surfaces that bridges individual grains together and the chemical precipitation of dissolved minerals, particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" rel="nofollow noreferrer">calcium carbonate</a> from the grains themselves, into the lime sand beds due to daily fluctuations in water temperature and the associated calcium carbonate solubility shift. As the temperature of the water drops at night more lime can and is dissolved into the sea, during the day this process is reversed by the rising water temperature. This process is ongoing with coral sourced lime being added to the limestone reef steadily all the time it's growing.</p>

<p>In terms of the grey colouration you've observed a lot of that will be land derived sediment that was incorporated into the reef while it was still growing and is the natural colour I would expect from an exposed reef deposit so close to shore. Some of it may also be surface in nature though and the rate at which that will accumulate will depend on the wind, the amount of dust in the environment and the surface porosity of the exposed deposit. The higher the winds, the dust count, and/or the surface porosity the faster that surface will be discoloured by dust. There might be a little bit of chemical staining from water percolation but that's normally in the form of Iron and is yellow, red, or orange in colour, similar to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-rich_sedimentary_rocks#/media/File:IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this image</a> from Spain.</p>

<p>Short version not much has actually happened to the reef deposits you're seeing since they were laid down except that as the land has risen they've been taken along for the ride and are now above sea level.</p>

<p>If I missed anything or wasn't clear somewhere along the line give me a shout in the comments and I'll update accordingly.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-28T13:35:12.893Z
Thanks. I think the uplift scenario in a fault zone makes a lot more sense.
SeligkeitIstInGott
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-28T13:35:17.780Z
I'd like to know more about the process of "coral sand [being] concreted together" (maybe a link to a source that explains that in more detail) because that may explain how it became a giant grey mass. We were barefoot so it was a bit painful to walk on the pitted surface with sharp edges at points at the base of the mass. I may have to also fish out (pun intended) some old photos to see if I snapped a picture of the fossilized coral later.
SeligkeitIstInGott
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-28T13:48:01.357Z
"biological processes". Nice euphemism for how the parrot fish orocesses coral.
Spencer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-28T13:58:40.273Z
Now that I have reread your answer though I'm probably just thinking of the limestone which was the rocky base and skeleton and might account for the gray color(?). Still the coral sand bit interests me.
SeligkeitIstInGott
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-28T14:00:14.283Z
@SeligkeitIstInGott I've just dropped an edit that has some hopefully helpful links included, let me know what else I can add.
Ash
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-29T06:32:28.573Z
Thank you. You've been very helpful. Marked as accepted. If I remember and I find a photo I'll post it in the OP and update you. Might not be until the weekend though...
SeligkeitIstInGott
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-30T03:25:14.913Z
@Ash I've added a link in the OP to an album with photos on Flickr. If you feel so inclined feel free to add some specific notes on the coral I saw. BTW, just curious, are you a marine biologist or anything related, by degrees?
SeligkeitIstInGott
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-01T10:48:28.913Z
@SeligkeitIstInGott I'm an Earth Science Major by degree, so I can't ID any of the corals for you, we use reefs and shell beds for estimating longterm uplift along active coastlines and sometimes for pinpointing specific earthquakes and other major seismic events. Often the reefs that end up high and dry do so either because of uplift during ice ages when they aren't growing, by the time sea-level comes back up they've been lifted above it. Sometimes they're the result of single large earthquakes that shift the sea floor several metres in one go.
Ash
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-28T12:42:26.727Z
2018-06-28T13:58:58.487Z
2018-06-28T13:58:58.487Z
Ash
<p>On a trip to Honduras a few years ago I visited one of the islands off its north coast with a friend and went to a section of it mostly with nothing but residences which looked far less visited by tourists and which had no live coral off the coast in that section of island unlike other parts of it. While in that area we saw what looked like a rocky protrusion a little off from a small beach, about 50 or so yards offshore, so my friend and I waded out to it and we were stunned to discover that it was a rather large exposed section of coral that had been completely fossilized. It was pitted in parts, reminding me a bit of the surface of the moon, but we clearly saw amazing varieties of coral and their fossilized contours and patterns in the &quot;rock&quot;.</p>
<p>But more puzzling is that it protruded at its base a good 1-2ft above sea level on average (though erosion made the edges gradually slope down to the water) and up to probably between 5 to 7ft above sea level in some other areas where the coral [or mass it was on] protruded), which made the highest sections clearly higher than the beach we had just waded from. That seemed to indicate that the ocean level may have been quite a bit higher when it was still alive and parts of the island may have been more submerged at some point in the past if I had to guess.</p>
<p>Ignoring for a moment my imprecise measurements and notes about its exposure relative to sea-level, how long would it take any portion of alive and healthy coral to fossilize once exposed directly to the sun outside of/above water at its quickest, turning rock-grey and becoming firm, even if the fossilization process is not completed to its utmost extent? Can it happen in a few thousand years, or does it happen only at a significantly slower rate than that? Has any such process of fossilization actually been observed (as proceeding through its stages) at any point throughout recorded human history, and what would intermediate stages look like in terms of color, firmness, etc.?</p>
<p>I am not an earth scientist so you'll have to go easy on the explanation here.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Edit:</strong> I have now uploaded some <a href="https://flic.kr/s/aHsmobvEPV" rel="nofollow noreferrer">photos to Flickr</a> of the particular coral I saw. The &quot;mini island&quot; (I'll call it) was quite alien-looking and bizarre in places, also overgrown with some plants on the main mass, but you can, for example, see the close up I took of one fossilized bit of brain coral that was firmly set in the rock.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/WJv56.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/WJv56.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>I also <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15643832613" rel="nofollow noreferrer">found a similar photo</a> on Flicker taken by someone else taken from San Salvador (Bahamas) at what is identified as the Cockburn Town Fossil Reef, and the photo has an interesting scientific essay with citations in the image description.</p>

<oceanography><fossils><biogeochemistry><geobiology>
How quickly can coral fossilize?
SeligkeitIstInGott
# How quickly can coral fossilize?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-06-28)

On a trip to Honduras a few years ago I visited one of the islands off its north coast with a friend and went to a section of it mostly with nothing but residences which looked far less visited by tourists and which had no live coral off the coast in that section of island unlike other parts of it. While in that area we saw what looked like a rocky protrusion a little off from a small beach, about 50 or so yards offshore, so my friend and I waded out to it and we were stunned to discover that it was a rather large exposed section of coral that had been completely fossilized. It was pitted in parts, reminding me a bit of the surface of the moon, but we clearly saw amazing varieties of coral and their fossilized contours and patterns in the "rock".

But more puzzling is that it protruded at its base a good 1-2ft above sea level on average (though erosion made the edges gradually slope down to the water) and up to probably between 5 to 7ft above sea level in some other areas where the coral [or mass it was on] protruded), which made the highest sections clearly higher than the beach we had just waded from. That seemed to indicate that the ocean level may have been quite a bit higher when it was still alive and parts of the island may have been more submerged at some point in the past if I had to guess.

Ignoring for a moment my imprecise measurements and notes about its exposure relative to sea-level, how long would it take any portion of alive and healthy coral to fossilize once exposed directly to the sun outside of/above water at its quickest, turning rock-grey and becoming firm, even if the fossilization process is not completed to its utmost extent? Can it happen in a few thousand years, or does it happen only at a significantly slower rate than that? Has any such process of fossilization actually been observed (as proceeding through its stages) at any point throughout recorded human history, and what would intermediate stages look like in terms of color, firmness, etc.?

I am not an earth scientist so you'll have to go easy on the explanation here.

---

**Edit:** I have now uploaded some [photos to Flickr](https://flic.kr/s/aHsmobvEPV) of the particular coral I saw. The "mini island" (I'll call it) was quite alien-looking and bizarre in places, also overgrown with some plants on the main mass, but you can, for example, see the close up I took of one fossilized bit of brain coral that was firmly set in the rock.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/WJv56.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/WJv56.jpg)

I also [found a similar photo](https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15643832613) on Flicker taken by someone else taken from San Salvador (Bahamas) at what is identified as the Cockburn Town Fossil Reef, and the photo has an interesting scientific essay with citations in the image description.

**Tags:** oceanography, fossils, biogeochemistry, geobiology


---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2018-06-28. Score: 4 | Accepted answer

First thing is that the sea-level wasn't necessarily that high when the reef was growing, Hondurus is on the edge of the [Caymen Trough Fault Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Trough) and experiences quite high rates of uplift, (relatively speaking, your fingernails actually grow faster but over long periods it builds up). So the Coral reefs you're seeing high and dry could be quite recent in geological terms and laid down at or close to current sea levels.

Live Coral is a thin skin of either [algae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralline_algae) or tiny animals called [polyps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp) over what is essentially already [Limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone). The live coating builds up this Limestone in order to 1. protect itself and 2. gain advantageous position as far as sunlight and nutrient rich currents etc... Once the coral builders die, which can happen within minutes of exposure to the air for some species (for others the water just has to get too warm, or too cold), the "skeleton" is already effectively a fossil and pretty well as hard as it's going to get.

Any reef is largely made of Limestone from dead Corals that have either simply been grown over or have been broken, ground down and then the coral sand concreted together because of biological and/or chemical processes to form bulk Limestone in which most or all of the old coralline structure is invisible. The primary mechanism for removing coral structure is actually fish that crush coral chips into sand or even finer grains while feeding on surface dwelling algae. The hardening of these grains into a homogeneous whole is usually a combination of the action of coralline algae creating lime on the grain surfaces that bridges individual grains together and the chemical precipitation of dissolved minerals, particularly [calcium carbonate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate) from the grains themselves, into the lime sand beds due to daily fluctuations in water temperature and the associated calcium carbonate solubility shift. As the temperature of the water drops at night more lime can and is dissolved into the sea, during the day this process is reversed by the rising water temperature. This process is ongoing with coral sourced lime being added to the limestone reef steadily all the time it's growing.

In terms of the grey colouration you've observed a lot of that will be land derived sediment that was incorporated into the reef while it was still growing and is the natural colour I would expect from an exposed reef deposit so close to shore. Some of it may also be surface in nature though and the rate at which that will accumulate will depend on the wind, the amount of dust in the environment and the surface porosity of the exposed deposit. The higher the winds, the dust count, and/or the surface porosity the faster that surface will be discoloured by dust. There might be a little bit of chemical staining from water percolation but that's normally in the form of Iron and is yellow, red, or orange in colour, similar to [this image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-rich_sedimentary_rocks#/media/File:IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg) from Spain.

Short version not much has actually happened to the reef deposits you're seeing since they were laid down except that as the land has risen they've been taken along for the ride and are now above sea level.

If I missed anything or wasn't clear somewhere along the line give me a shout in the comments and I'll update accordingly.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks. I think the uplift scenario in a fault zone makes a lot more sense.  
> **username_0**: I'd like to know more about the process of "coral sand [being] concreted together" (maybe a link to a source that explains that in more detail) because that may explain how it became a giant grey mass. We were barefoot so it was a bit painful to walk on the pitted surface with sharp edges at points at the base of the mass. I may have to also fish out (pun intended) some old photos to see if I snapped a picture of the fossilized coral later.  
> **username_2**: "biological processes". Nice euphemism for how the parrot fish orocesses coral.  
> **username_0**: Now that I have reread your answer though I'm probably just thinking of the limestone which was the rocky base and skeleton and might account for the gray color(?). Still the coral sand bit interests me.  
> **username_1**: @username_0 I've just dropped an edit that has some hopefully helpful links included, let me know what else I can add.  
> **username_0**: Thank you. You've been very helpful. Marked as accepted. If I remember and I find a photo I'll post it in the OP and update you. Might not be until the weekend though...  
> **username_0**: @username_1 I've added a link in the OP to an album with photos on Flickr. If you feel so inclined feel free to add some specific notes on the coral I saw. BTW, just curious, are you a marine biologist or anything related, by degrees?  
> **username_1**: @username_0 I'm an Earth Science Major by degree, so I can't ID any of the corals for you, we use reefs and shell beds for estimating longterm uplift along active coastlines and sometimes for pinpointing specific earthquakes and other major seismic events. Often the reefs that end up high and dry do so either because of uplift during ice ages when they aren't growing, by the time sea-level comes back up they've been lifted above it. Sometimes they're the result of single large earthquakes that shift the sea floor several metres in one go.  

---

