<p>That's a very interesting study, but only provide very rough information on the posible volcanoes that might exist under the ice.
In the case of the volcanoes shown in the radargram I'll highlight some points that might be the source of your confusion:</p>

<ul>
<li>The tephra layer that overlay the volcanoes in the radargram was not erupted  by those volcanoes. It was most likely erupted by a volcano from above the ice (subaerial), or a subglacial one far away. It was later buried deep in the ice by the snow falling on top. Otherwise the layers would be much messier in the area and of varying thickness.</li>
<li>If those cone are volcanoes, its shape suggest that they were formed before they became covered in ice. Subglacial eruptions form flat-topped volcanoes with steep sides calles <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuya" rel="noreferrer">Tuyas</a>, and what is observed are broad shield-type cones, that suggest submarine or subaerial formation.</li>
<li>They don't know if those volcanoes are active, but if one were to start an eruption, wouldn't be of the explosive type, because are likely to have fluid basaltic lavas, like the ones observed in Hawai'i. The explosiveness will come from the steam produced. It is hard to tell if it will blow the ice on top or not. It depends on ice thickness, eruption power, etc. But it is definitely a possibility for a strong enough eruption.  </li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-02-01T00:16:23.753Z
This is great, thanks! OK with your helpful insight, I'll go back and re-read the papers.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-02-01T00:12:44.237Z
2018-02-01T00:20:02.357Z
2018-02-01T00:20:02.357Z
Camilo Rada
<p>The Guardian article <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/12/scientists-discover-91-volcanos-antarctica" rel="noreferrer">Scientists discover 91 volcanoes below Antarctic ice sheet</a> highlights a recently published <a href="http://www.ed.ac.uk/geosciences" rel="noreferrer">University of Edinburgh School of Geosciences</a> discovery and cataloging of over ninety new volcanos under the Antarctic ice sheet. <em>A new volcanic province: an inventory of subglacial volcanoes in West Antarctica</em> by Maximillian van Wyk de Vries, Robert G. Bingham and Andrew S. Hein, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461, 29 May 2017, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1144/SP461.7" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1144/SP461.7</a> <strong>note:</strong> the article is Open Access!</p>
<p><strong>edit:</strong> ...by clicking through the Lyell collection to here: <a href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2017/05/26/SP461.7" rel="noreferrer">http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2017/05/26/SP461.7</a> and then again to view the PDF <a href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2017/05/26/SP461.7.full-text.pdf" rel="noreferrer">http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2017/05/26/SP461.7.full-text.pdf</a></p>
<p>Below is a screenshot of figure 3, including a cropped subsection. If you open the figure in a new window you can view it at full size. In the subsection there are two rectangles with the word CONE above them. Below these words there are two traces. If I understand correctly, the lower trace is (for lack of better vocabulary) the surface of the Earth, and those cones have been identified as volcanos. However I believe the upper trace is the top of a layer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra" rel="noreferrer">tephra</a>:.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Tephra</strong> is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism.<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/g2AvM.png" rel="noreferrer">1</a></p>
<p>Volcanologists also refer to airborne fragments as <strong>pyroclasts</strong>. Once clasts have fallen to the ground they remain as tephra unless hot enough to fuse together into pyroclastic rock or tuff.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I'm trying to understand what might have happened here. the two cones are of the order of 10 km apart, and they extend above and below sea level. Was there an eruption below the ice which acted as a buffer and contained the ejecta? With some melting, some water below the ice could help it to flow over time and redistribute more evenly between the cones. Or would these volcanos just blow the ice away completely for an extended period of time and Southern Ocean currents could assist in the redistribution?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/g2AvM.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/g2AvM.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Pmq4B.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Pmq4B.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Fig. 3. (<em>repeated here in case the original is not easily legible on your device</em>) The upper panel shows an echogram from NASA’s Icebridge mission (NSIDC 2014) that shows generally good agreement between a cone on the echogram and on the Bedmap2 data. The lower panel shows an echogram
from Corr &amp; Vaughan (2008) with basal topography picking out two cones; the dark layer above the bed is tephra believed to have erupted around 2000 years ago.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-09-11T04:44:24.877Z
I guess you have noticed the recent articles about [volcanic ice caves](https://www.google.ca/search?q=antarctic+volcano+ice+caves).
Keith McClary
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-11-16T01:37:00.630Z
[Subglacial volcano - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcano).Direct link to [A new volcanic province: an inventory of subglacial volcanoes in West Antarctica](https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/48_2017_Vries.pdf).
Keith McClary
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-11-16T02:09:38.973Z
@KeithMcClary Thanks, that's an alternate source for the same paper I've liked to in the question. Since it requires a few clicks, I've added an edit to the final destination. If you think the answer to my question is in that paper and can help me understand it, please consider posting an answer :-) I'm not a geologist and so don't have the background to understand what's really happening there.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-11-16T02:58:13.947Z
There may be other articles [here](https://www.google.ca/search?q=Subglacial+Eruption&client=ubuntu&hs=gpC&source=lnms&tbm=isch).
Keith McClary
<volcanology><antarctic>
What is likely to have happened with these newly discovered antarctic volcanos below the ice?
uhoh
# What is likely to have happened with these newly discovered antarctic volcanos below the ice?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-08-13)

The Guardian article [Scientists discover 91 volcanoes below Antarctic ice sheet](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/12/scientists-discover-91-volcanos-antarctica) highlights a recently published [University of Edinburgh School of Geosciences](http://www.ed.ac.uk/geosciences) discovery and cataloging of over ninety new volcanos under the Antarctic ice sheet. *A new volcanic province: an inventory of subglacial volcanoes in West Antarctica* by Maximillian van Wyk de Vries, Robert G. Bingham and Andrew S. Hein, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461, 29 May 2017, <https://doi.org/10.1144/SP461.7> **note:** the article is Open Access!

**edit:** ...by clicking through the Lyell collection to here: <http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2017/05/26/SP461.7> and then again to view the PDF <http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2017/05/26/SP461.7.full-text.pdf>

Below is a screenshot of figure 3, including a cropped subsection. If you open the figure in a new window you can view it at full size. In the subsection there are two rectangles with the word CONE above them. Below these words there are two traces. If I understand correctly, the lower trace is (for lack of better vocabulary) the surface of the Earth, and those cones have been identified as volcanos. However I believe the upper trace is the top of a layer of [tephra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra):.

> **Tephra** is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism.[1](https://i.sstatic.net/g2AvM.png)
>
> Volcanologists also refer to airborne fragments as **pyroclasts**. Once clasts have fallen to the ground they remain as tephra unless hot enough to fuse together into pyroclastic rock or tuff.

I'm trying to understand what might have happened here. the two cones are of the order of 10 km apart, and they extend above and below sea level. Was there an eruption below the ice which acted as a buffer and contained the ejecta? With some melting, some water below the ice could help it to flow over time and redistribute more evenly between the cones. Or would these volcanos just blow the ice away completely for an extended period of time and Southern Ocean currents could assist in the redistribution?

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/g2AvM.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/g2AvM.png)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Pmq4B.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/Pmq4B.jpg)

Fig. 3. (*repeated here in case the original is not easily legible on your device*) The upper panel shows an echogram from NASA’s Icebridge mission (NSIDC 2014) that shows generally good agreement between a cone on the echogram and on the Bedmap2 data. The lower panel shows an echogram
from Corr & Vaughan (2008) with basal topography picking out two cones; the dark layer above the bed is tephra believed to have erupted around 2000 years ago.

**Tags:** volcanology, antarctic

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I guess you have noticed the recent articles about [volcanic ice caves](https://www.google.ca/search?q=antarctic+volcano+ice+caves).  
> **username_1**: [Subglacial volcano - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcano).Direct link to [A new volcanic province: an inventory of subglacial volcanoes in West Antarctica](https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/48_2017_Vries.pdf).  
> **username_0**: @username_1 Thanks, that's an alternate source for the same paper I've liked to in the question. Since it requires a few clicks, I've added an edit to the final destination. If you think the answer to my question is in that paper and can help me understand it, please consider posting an answer :-) I'm not a geologist and so don't have the background to understand what's really happening there.  
> **username_1**: There may be other articles [here](https://www.google.ca/search?q=Subglacial+Eruption&client=ubuntu&hs=gpC&source=lnms&tbm=isch).  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2018-02-01. Score: 9 | Accepted answer

That's a very interesting study, but only provide very rough information on the posible volcanoes that might exist under the ice.
In the case of the volcanoes shown in the radargram I'll highlight some points that might be the source of your confusion:

* The tephra layer that overlay the volcanoes in the radargram was not erupted by those volcanoes. It was most likely erupted by a volcano from above the ice (subaerial), or a subglacial one far away. It was later buried deep in the ice by the snow falling on top. Otherwise the layers would be much messier in the area and of varying thickness.
* If those cone are volcanoes, its shape suggest that they were formed before they became covered in ice. Subglacial eruptions form flat-topped volcanoes with steep sides calles [Tuyas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuya), and what is observed are broad shield-type cones, that suggest submarine or subaerial formation.
* They don't know if those volcanoes are active, but if one were to start an eruption, wouldn't be of the explosive type, because are likely to have fluid basaltic lavas, like the ones observed in Hawai'i. The explosiveness will come from the steam produced. It is hard to tell if it will blow the ice on top or not. It depends on ice thickness, eruption power, etc. But it is definitely a possibility for a strong enough eruption.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: This is great, thanks! OK with your helpful insight, I'll go back and re-read the papers.  

---

