<p>In a recent study, <a href="http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/1533/1715">Talone et al. (2014)</a> compare 4 different geoids and evaluate their effects for oceanographic studies. The four geoids they used are:</p>

<blockquote>
  <ul>
  <li><p>EGM96: The Earth Geopotential Model 1996 embodies ground-based as well as satellite measurements (Lemoine et al. 1998). Remotely sensed data were mainly radar altimeter observations, averaged and transformed in gravity anomalies as expressed in Sandwell and Smith (1997). This geoid may be downloaded from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center web page (<a href="http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/926/egm96/egm96.html">http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/926/egm96/egm96.html</a>). In this study a 360-degree and -order version of the EGM96, included in the GOCE User Toolbox (GUT), was used. GUT is distributed by the ESA at <a href="http://earth.esa.int/gut/">http://earth.esa.int/gut/</a>. In the spatial domain, the geoid is defined on a 0.5° uniform grid. Since the calculation of the EGM96 geoid included altimetry measurements, we may expect that it might have been influenced by some signal from the MSS fields.</p></li>
  <li><p>GRACE05: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) (Tapley et al. 2004) is a joint mission by the American (NASA) and the German (DLR) space agencies, launched in March 2002 with the objective of making detailed measurements of the Earth’s gravity field. GRACE’s data are available on the web pages of these two institutions (<a href="http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace">http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace</a> and <a href="http://isdc.gfz-potsdam.de/grace">http://isdc.gfz-potsdam.de/grace</a>). As for EGM96, the GRACE05 geoid used in this study is included in the GUT (see Foerste et al. [2008]). It is characterized by a spatial resolution of 0.5° and a spherical harmonic degree and order 360. GRACE05, in the version used for this study, includes altimetry measurements.</p></li>
  <li><p>EGM2008: The Earth Gravitational Model 2008 is described in Pavlis et al. (2008) and distributed by the International Centre for Global Gravity Field Models (<a href="http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/ICGEM/shms/egm2008.gfc">http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/ICGEM/shms/egm2008.gfc</a>). It is available up to spherical harmonic degree and order 2159, and contains additional coefficients extending to degree 2190 and order 2159. For consistency with the EGM96 and GRACE05, the geoid heights have been calculated using up to the spherical harmonic degree and order 360, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°. Like EGM96, EGM2008 is the outcome of fusing different data from several sources, including altimetry data.</p></li>
  <li><p>GOCE’s level 2 time-wise product: The time-wise product is obtained using only direct measurements of the gravity field, without any altimetry contribution. Details about the GOCE mission can be found on the ESA web page (<a href="http://earth.esa.int/GOCE">http://earth.esa.int/GOCE</a>) and in the ESA (1999) report; data may be accessed on the ESA web page. Three different products are available, namely the direct solution, the space-wise solution and the time-wise solution; the last of these was used in this study as it does not rely on auxiliary information (EGG-C 2012). We used the third release, the last one available at the time of the study, based on 16 months of data collected over 18 months (from November 2009 to April 2011). The spatial resolution of the GOCE level 2 products is 0.5°, with degree and order 250.</p></li>
  </ul>
</blockquote>

<p>Talone, M., Meloni, M., Pelegri, J. L., Rosell-Fieschi, M., &amp; Flobergaghen, R. (2014). Evolution of geoids in recent years and its impact on oceanography. Scientia Marina, 78(2), 155-164.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-03-20T13:52:55.133Z
2015-03-20T13:52:55.133Z
arkaia
<p>When studying sea level changes, it is normal to analyze water level with respect to a common vertical datum. The most used datum is Mean Sea Level (MSL), which NOAA defines as <a href="http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html">"The arithmetic mean of hourly heights observed over the National Tidal Datum Epoch"</a>. The issue is that MSL constantly changes, and therefore it needs to be referenced to a different datum. One option is to use an ellipsoid of the entire Earth (for instance WGS 84, like the GPS uses) but the differences with respect to MSL can be big (>100m). The other option is to use a geoid datum. In the US, we normally use the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (<a href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/datums/vertical/VerticalDatums.shtml">NAVD88</a>), but that only covers the US, Canada and Mexico. What are the options for global geoids?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-04T06:13:21.037Z
The question in the title is broad, and is best answered with "it depends what you want to do with it". The question in the last sentence is narrower, but again it might be helpful to outline the intended purpose. I suggest editing to clarify (a) exactly which question is being asked, and (b) the purpose for which this datum or geoid is being chosen.
Semidiurnal Simon
<ocean><oceanography><sea-level><gnss>
What is the appropriate vertical datum to use globally?
arkaia
# What is the appropriate vertical datum to use globally?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-07-03)

When studying sea level changes, it is normal to analyze water level with respect to a common vertical datum. The most used datum is Mean Sea Level (MSL), which NOAA defines as ["The arithmetic mean of hourly heights observed over the National Tidal Datum Epoch"](http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html). The issue is that MSL constantly changes, and therefore it needs to be referenced to a different datum. One option is to use an ellipsoid of the entire Earth (for instance WGS 84, like the GPS uses) but the differences with respect to MSL can be big (>100m). The other option is to use a geoid datum. In the US, we normally use the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ([NAVD88](http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/datums/vertical/VerticalDatums.shtml)), but that only covers the US, Canada and Mexico. What are the options for global geoids?

**Tags:** ocean, oceanography, sea-level, gnss

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: The question in the title is broad, and is best answered with "it depends what you want to do with it". The question in the last sentence is narrower, but again it might be helpful to outline the intended purpose. I suggest editing to clarify (a) exactly which question is being asked, and (b) the purpose for which this datum or geoid is being chosen.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_0 on 2015-03-20. Score: 10

In a recent study, [Talone et al. (2014)](http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/1533/1715) compare 4 different geoids and evaluate their effects for oceanographic studies. The four geoids they used are:

> * EGM96: The Earth Geopotential Model 1996 embodies ground-based as well as satellite measurements (Lemoine et al. 1998). Remotely sensed data were mainly radar altimeter observations, averaged and transformed in gravity anomalies as expressed in Sandwell and Smith (1997). This geoid may be downloaded from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center web page (<http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/926/egm96/egm96.html>). In this study a 360-degree and -order version of the EGM96, included in the GOCE User Toolbox (GUT), was used. GUT is distributed by the ESA at <http://earth.esa.int/gut/>. In the spatial domain, the geoid is defined on a 0.5° uniform grid. Since the calculation of the EGM96 geoid included altimetry measurements, we may expect that it might have been influenced by some signal from the MSS fields.
> * GRACE05: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) (Tapley et al. 2004) is a joint mission by the American (NASA) and the German (DLR) space agencies, launched in March 2002 with the objective of making detailed measurements of the Earth’s gravity field. GRACE’s data are available on the web pages of these two institutions (<http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace> and <http://isdc.gfz-potsdam.de/grace>). As for EGM96, the GRACE05 geoid used in this study is included in the GUT (see Foerste et al. [2008]). It is characterized by a spatial resolution of 0.5° and a spherical harmonic degree and order 360. GRACE05, in the version used for this study, includes altimetry measurements.
> * EGM2008: The Earth Gravitational Model 2008 is described in Pavlis et al. (2008) and distributed by the International Centre for Global Gravity Field Models (<http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/ICGEM/shms/egm2008.gfc>). It is available up to spherical harmonic degree and order 2159, and contains additional coefficients extending to degree 2190 and order 2159. For consistency with the EGM96 and GRACE05, the geoid heights have been calculated using up to the spherical harmonic degree and order 360, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°. Like EGM96, EGM2008 is the outcome of fusing different data from several sources, including altimetry data.
> * GOCE’s level 2 time-wise product: The time-wise product is obtained using only direct measurements of the gravity field, without any altimetry contribution. Details about the GOCE mission can be found on the ESA web page (<http://earth.esa.int/GOCE>) and in the ESA (1999) report; data may be accessed on the ESA web page. Three different products are available, namely the direct solution, the space-wise solution and the time-wise solution; the last of these was used in this study as it does not rely on auxiliary information (EGG-C 2012). We used the third release, the last one available at the time of the study, based on 16 months of data collected over 18 months (from November 2009 to April 2011). The spatial resolution of the GOCE level 2 products is 0.5°, with degree and order 250.

Talone, M., Meloni, M., Pelegri, J. L., Rosell-Fieschi, M., & Flobergaghen, R. (2014). Evolution of geoids in recent years and its impact on oceanography. Scientia Marina, 78(2), 155-164.


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