<p>Good question! As you know, Bowen's reaction series describes the order of crystallization of silicate minerals in a cooling magma. </p>

<p>The complex anion of silicates is a tetrahedron of four oxygen atoms surrounding one silicon atom, connected with strong covalent bonds. Each tetrahedron may be isolated from one another or they may be bonded together covalently by sharing oxygen atoms between adjacent tetrahedra. In this way they may form single chains (pyroxene), double chains (amphibole), sheets (biotite), and three-dimensional networks of interlocking tetrahedra (quartz).</p>

<p>Each of these covalently bonded structural groups (except 3D networks) is bonded to its neighboring structural group (e.g. single chain to single chain) by ionic bonds with intervening cations (K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, etc.).</p>

<p>Relatively speaking, <strong>covalent bonds have lower melting points than ionic bonds.</strong> <a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds_vs_Ionic_Bonds">Source</a></p>

<p>In Bowen's reaction series, the minerals that form at the cooler end of the discontinuous series are richer in silicon and oxygen and poorer in metal cations. Therefore, the minerals at the cooler end are also more dominated by covalent bonds over ionic bonds. <strong>This prevalence is the reason why felsic minerals melt at lower temperatures than mafic ones</strong>.</p>

<p>Your logic is correct when looking at mineral stability in the face of chemical weathering. At the Earth's surface, those covalent bonds are much more stable and minerals like quartz tend to be much more resistant to weathering than olivine or pyroxene. This is described in the <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/weathering.htm#Goldich">Goldich stability series</a>, which I like to think of as Bowen's reaction series stood on its head.</p>

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2014-04-16T19:11:09.793Z
2014-04-16T19:59:22.483Z
2014-04-16T19:59:22.483Z
Brian Knight
<p>One more trick - felsic magmas are basically fractionated derivates of other rocks. During the rock cycle, the most volatile components tend towards the felsic rocks. Water and fluxes generally reduce the melting point. And felsic rocks usually have alkalis compared to Fe/Mg in mafic rocks. Alkalis are more reactive and volatile. </p>

<p>If you partially melt mafic rocks, the most reactive and volatile components are in the first melt. If it gets removed from the source, you get more fractionated and felsic melt. Repeat many times and you get extremely fractionated melt with minimum mafic components and high content of volatiles and highly reactive elements like alkalis or fluorine.</p>

<p>Fluxes like water, boron, phosphorus, fluorine etc. can strongly reduce melting point. E.g. dry haplogranite barely melts at 700 Celsius while some pegmatite melts with extreme water and volatiles content can obviously exist bellow 500 Celsius. Dry anorogenic granites or ryolites have much higher melting point then some wet S-type granites.   </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-06-18T06:02:26.643Z
Fluxes, partial melting, and eutectics are all very useful for understanding  melt behaviors of mineral assemblages, but provide little of the nitty gritty detail of bond type and strength detailed Brian Knight's answer.
Knob Scratcher
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-03-16T21:16:24.090Z
2016-03-16T21:16:24.090Z
Zbynek Burival
<p>I'd like to add to Brian's answer, and also point out some inaccuracies.</p>
<p>First of all, <strong>it is not true that felsic minerals have lower melting temperatures than mafic minerals</strong>. Here are some melting temperatures of common minerals, sorted from high to low:</p>
<ul>
<li>Forsterite (mafic): 1890 °C</li>
<li>Quartz (felsic): 1713 °C</li>
<li>Anorthite (felsic): 1553 °C</li>
<li>Diopside (mafic): 1391 °C</li>
<li>Fayalite (mafic): 1205 °C</li>
<li>Sanidine (felsic): 1150 °C</li>
<li>Albite (felsic): 1118 °C</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that this order differs from the order in Bowen's series. There is no problem with that, because Bowen's series describes the order of crystallisation in common magmas (as Brian correctly identified) and not the crystallisation or melting temperature of the minerals. Although these two are closely related, they are not identical.</p>
<p>So what dictates the order of the minerals in Bowen's series? This is where it gets complicated. The melting temperatures given above only apply to pure minerals in atmospheric pressures. Cooling magmas are never in the exact composition of a pure mineral, and are rarely in atmospheric pressure. Mixing of components (<em>i.e.</em> minerals) in a single magma will depress the crystallisation temperatures of all components, and thus the melting temperatures. Think ice on a road: you can melt it either by heating it, or by adding salt. By adding a second component (<span class="math-container">$\mathrm{NaCl}$</span>) to the pure component (<span class="math-container">$\mathrm{H_2O}$</span>) you are making it possible for the ice to melt at temperatures lower than 0 °C.</p>
<p>How does it relate to crystallisation and melting temperatures? Take a look at these two diagrams:</p>
<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/D12NP.jpg" alt="An-Di-Fo" /><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/AVp9S.jpg" alt="An-Fo-Qz" />
(<a href="http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/equilibria/ternary_diagrams.html" rel="noreferrer">source</a>)</p>
<p>These diagrams describe the order of crystallisation of minerals in a magma whose composition can be defined in terms of the three end members (Anorthite, Diopside, Forsterite, and Anorthite, Forsterite, Quartz). A <em>line of descent</em> is a line that tracks the evolution of the crystallising minerals from a magma. Take for example a magma with equal amounts of Di and Fo and slightly less An than the rest. This magma would first crystallise only forsterite, then it will crystallise forsterite and diopside together and eventually it will crystallise all three minerals together, until there is no more liquid. This is despite the higher melting temperature of anorthite over diopside. Melting this rock would result at first in <strong>melting of all three minerals together</strong> at 1270 °C, even though their melting temperatures in isolation vary by around 500 °C.</p>
<p>The second diagram shows a more complex situation, where a rock with a Fo rich composition might first crystallise Fo which will then be consumed to form enstatite. A similar magma with slighly less Fo component might not even crystallise forsterite at all, but rather crystallise quartz, even though the overall composition is still Fo-rich.</p>
<p>This subject of magma crystallisation and melting is fascinating and a short introduction is available (with many visual aids) is available here: <a href="http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/equilibria/index.htm" rel="noreferrer">Teaching Phase Equilibria.</a></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-11-06T16:38:45.973Z
Fantastic. This answer reminded me of several things I'd learned, and established connections between concepts I'd not connected. The fact that the quartz melting point is in between that of the two end-members of olivine is an eye-opener. I think the real question in my head at the time was "why is the rhyolite solidus so low"? It's 750C dry. I'm actually still having trouble understanding that.
foobarbecue
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-11-06T16:44:23.947Z
I'm not sure how to intuitively explain the low melting points without complex thermodynamics. I'm not even sure I properly understand the thermodynamic principles.
Gimelist
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-11-06T16:47:56.287Z
I think it's time for me to download a melt modelling program or two and play around for a while. Maybe read the source code.
foobarbecue
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-11-06T16:49:22.527Z
As far as I know, you don't even need to download it. There is a version of MELTS that works online. :)
Gimelist
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2014-11-06T11:46:30.817Z
2017-06-17T03:14:20.347Z
2020-06-18T08:25:19.090Z
Gimelist
<p>It is clear from Bowen's reaction series that more felsic minerals have lower melting points than mafic minerals. As far as I know, the same is true of quenched glasses.</p>

<p>Felsics have a higher degree of SiO<sub>2</sub> polymerization in the solid phase, which I would have thought was energetically favorable, and therefore I would have expected a felsic glass to require more energy to melt than a corresponding basaltic glass and therefore have a higher melting temperature. However, the opposite is true. Why is this the case?</p>

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2014-04-16T18:08:38.163Z
this is a great question.
Neo
<mineralogy><petrology><igneous>
Why do felsic materials have lower melting points than mafic?
foobarbecue
# Why do felsic materials have lower melting points than mafic?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-04-16)

It is clear from Bowen's reaction series that more felsic minerals have lower melting points than mafic minerals. As far as I know, the same is true of quenched glasses.

Felsics have a higher degree of SiO2 polymerization in the solid phase, which I would have thought was energetically favorable, and therefore I would have expected a felsic glass to require more energy to melt than a corresponding basaltic glass and therefore have a higher melting temperature. However, the opposite is true. Why is this the case?

**Tags:** mineralogy, petrology, igneous

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: this is a great question.  

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## 3 answers

### Answer by username_5 on 2014-11-06. Score: 18 | Accepted answer

I'd like to add to username_2's answer, and also point out some inaccuracies.

First of all, **it is not true that felsic minerals have lower melting temperatures than mafic minerals**. Here are some melting temperatures of common minerals, sorted from high to low:

* Forsterite (mafic): 1890 °C
* Quartz (felsic): 1713 °C
* Anorthite (felsic): 1553 °C
* Diopside (mafic): 1391 °C
* Fayalite (mafic): 1205 °C
* Sanidine (felsic): 1150 °C
* Albite (felsic): 1118 °C

Note that this order differs from the order in Bowen's series. There is no problem with that, because Bowen's series describes the order of crystallisation in common magmas (as username_2 correctly identified) and not the crystallisation or melting temperature of the minerals. Although these two are closely related, they are not identical.

So what dictates the order of the minerals in Bowen's series? This is where it gets complicated. The melting temperatures given above only apply to pure minerals in atmospheric pressures. Cooling magmas are never in the exact composition of a pure mineral, and are rarely in atmospheric pressure. Mixing of components (*i.e.* minerals) in a single magma will depress the crystallisation temperatures of all components, and thus the melting temperatures. Think ice on a road: you can melt it either by heating it, or by adding salt. By adding a second component ($\mathrm{NaCl}$) to the pure component ($\mathrm{H\_2O}$) you are making it possible for the ice to melt at temperatures lower than 0 °C.

How does it relate to crystallisation and melting temperatures? Take a look at these two diagrams:

![An-Di-Fo](https://i.sstatic.net/D12NP.jpg)![An-Fo-Qz](https://i.sstatic.net/AVp9S.jpg)
([source](http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/equilibria/ternary_diagrams.html))

These diagrams describe the order of crystallisation of minerals in a magma whose composition can be defined in terms of the three end members (Anorthite, Diopside, Forsterite, and Anorthite, Forsterite, Quartz). A *line of descent* is a line that tracks the evolution of the crystallising minerals from a magma. Take for example a magma with equal amounts of Di and Fo and slightly less An than the rest. This magma would first crystallise only forsterite, then it will crystallise forsterite and diopside together and eventually it will crystallise all three minerals together, until there is no more liquid. This is despite the higher melting temperature of anorthite over diopside. Melting this rock would result at first in **melting of all three minerals together** at 1270 °C, even though their melting temperatures in isolation vary by around 500 °C.

The second diagram shows a more complex situation, where a rock with a Fo rich composition might first crystallise Fo which will then be consumed to form enstatite. A similar magma with slighly less Fo component might not even crystallise forsterite at all, but rather crystallise quartz, even though the overall composition is still Fo-rich.

This subject of magma crystallisation and melting is fascinating and a short introduction is available (with many visual aids) is available here: [Teaching Phase Equilibria.](http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/equilibria/index.htm)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Fantastic. This answer reminded me of several things I'd learned, and established connections between concepts I'd not connected. The fact that the quartz melting point is in between that of the two end-members of olivine is an eye-opener. I think the real question in my head at the time was "why is the rhyolite solidus so low"? It's 750C dry. I'm actually still having trouble understanding that.  
> **username_5**: I'm not sure how to intuitively explain the low melting points without complex thermodynamics. I'm not even sure I properly understand the thermodynamic principles.  
> **username_0**: I think it's time for me to download a melt modelling program or two and play around for a while. Maybe read the source code.  
> **username_5**: As far as I know, you don't even need to download it. There is a version of MELTS that works online. :)  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2014-04-16. Score: 18

Good question! As you know, Bowen's reaction series describes the order of crystallization of silicate minerals in a cooling magma.

The complex anion of silicates is a tetrahedron of four oxygen atoms surrounding one silicon atom, connected with strong covalent bonds. Each tetrahedron may be isolated from one another or they may be bonded together covalently by sharing oxygen atoms between adjacent tetrahedra. In this way they may form single chains (pyroxene), double chains (amphibole), sheets (biotite), and three-dimensional networks of interlocking tetrahedra (quartz).

Each of these covalently bonded structural groups (except 3D networks) is bonded to its neighboring structural group (e.g. single chain to single chain) by ionic bonds with intervening cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, etc.).

Relatively speaking, **covalent bonds have lower melting points than ionic bonds.** [Source](http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds_vs_Ionic_Bonds)

In Bowen's reaction series, the minerals that form at the cooler end of the discontinuous series are richer in silicon and oxygen and poorer in metal cations. Therefore, the minerals at the cooler end are also more dominated by covalent bonds over ionic bonds. **This prevalence is the reason why felsic minerals melt at lower temperatures than mafic ones**.

Your logic is correct when looking at mineral stability in the face of chemical weathering. At the Earth's surface, those covalent bonds are much more stable and minerals like quartz tend to be much more resistant to weathering than olivine or pyroxene. This is described in the [Goldich stability series](http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/weathering.htm#Goldich), which I like to think of as Bowen's reaction series stood on its head.


---

### Answer by username_3 on 2016-03-16. Score: 4

One more trick - felsic magmas are basically fractionated derivates of other rocks. During the rock cycle, the most volatile components tend towards the felsic rocks. Water and fluxes generally reduce the melting point. And felsic rocks usually have alkalis compared to Fe/Mg in mafic rocks. Alkalis are more reactive and volatile.

If you partially melt mafic rocks, the most reactive and volatile components are in the first melt. If it gets removed from the source, you get more fractionated and felsic melt. Repeat many times and you get extremely fractionated melt with minimum mafic components and high content of volatiles and highly reactive elements like alkalis or fluorine.

Fluxes like water, boron, phosphorus, fluorine etc. can strongly reduce melting point. E.g. dry haplogranite barely melts at 700 Celsius while some pegmatite melts with extreme water and volatiles content can obviously exist bellow 500 Celsius. Dry anorogenic granites or ryolites have much higher melting point then some wet S-type granites.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: Fluxes, partial melting, and eutectics are all very useful for understanding  melt behaviors of mineral assemblages, but provide little of the nitty gritty detail of bond type and strength detailed username_2 username_2's answer.  

---

