<p>Besides the theoretical limitations that @Neo talks about, there is also a great data gap in our knowledge. To predict an earthquake, we would need to know:</p>

<ul>
<li>The 3D geometry of all major, and possibly minor, fault zones</li>
<li>The distribution of stress in the lithosphere, at least close to the fault zones but possibly more</li>
<li>The physical characteristics of the rocks in faults (friction, brittleness, etc)</li>
</ul>

<p>Our knowledge of the above is limited, at best. So to accurately predict earthquakes we'd need not only better equations, but also <strong>a lot</strong> more data. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-14T03:53:04.423Z
2014-05-14T03:53:04.423Z
Leo Uieda
<p>See it is relatively easy to predict where a large earthquake might occur, assuming you have been monitoring deformation for a long enough period, more or less equal to the average inter-seismic interval (decades-centuries). </p>

<p>In principle earthquakes are simple, i.e., the fault accumulates strain and then eventually slips/ruptures. The million dollar question is what triggers it, and till date there has not been a single reliable precursor.</p>

<p>It is like predicting failure of a wooden (e.g., balsa) stick by bending the two sides with your hands, i.e., you know it will break more or less somewhere near the center, where the strain is highest (assuming homogeneity in properties and geometry) but getting the timing right is significantly harder and very difficult to reproduce. It is even harder in case of earthquakes, given the heterogeneity, non-linearity in the system.</p>

<p>So with time it will get easier to predict location of large earthquakes, as we monitor strain accumulation using modern tools like GPS, InSAR etc., but getting the timing right to even within a few years will be much harder. For example, we know that Southern San Andreas is due to for an earthquake (just based on the amount of slip deficit) as the last major earthquake was in 1857. But will this earthquake occur, today, in five years or within next 50 years, is unknown. Having said that additional faults in SoCal (e.g., San Jacinto and Elsinore) make the situation even more complex. Same goes for the North Anatolian fault near Istanbul, i.e., we know that an earthquake will occur there soon, as the entire plate boundary except the part near Istanbul had ruptured at least once in the last hundred years. See <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/~armijo/paraseminario/Stein-97.pdf">here</a> for more details.</p>

<p>But getting the timing right for short term forecasts right now (and IMHO even in the next few decades) is impossible. Your only hope is alarms based on P-wave arrivals but then the earthquake has already started and heading towards you. Note: P waves arrive faster than surface waves, which cause most of the destruction so you might have a few seconds (depending on how far you are from the hypocenter) to take cover, automatically shutdown crucial stuff like gas flow in underground pipelines, subways, power plants etc.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-07T21:28:18.997Z
2014-12-07T21:57:42.557Z
2014-12-07T21:57:42.557Z
stali
<p>Earthquake prediction really is a contentious issue, especially after the <a href="http://www.dramsch.net/archives/75-The-lAquila-trial-Getting-the-big-picture.html" rel="noreferrer">l'Aqula trials</a>. However, let me try to elaborate how predictions might be possible in the future and what is inhibiting this development.</p>

<p>We do have some understanding of earthquakes and rupture mechanisms. However, for prediction in a scale of hours (sufficient for evacuation), we have to take the following into account. The stress fields in the crust are basically applying the pressure necessary for earthquakes. However, these are difficult to measure and different stresses may apply to the same region (local, regional, global stress fields). Just look at the world stress map below, how chaotic the different influences are.</p>

<h3>Stress</h3>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/rU0oi.gif" alt="World stress map"></p>

<p>These stresses are also pretty difficult to measure. These methods include (Source World Stress Map):</p>

<ul>
<li>Earthquake focal mechanisms</li>
<li>Well bore breakouts and drilling-induced fractures</li>
<li>In-situ stress measurements (overcoring, hydraulic fracturing, borehole slotter)</li>
<li>Young geologic data (from fault-slip analysis and volcanic vent alignments)</li>
</ul>

<p>These may sometimes give contradictory <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_stress_tensor" rel="noreferrer">stress tensors</a>. One of these reasons is that in-situ measurements are often more localized than focal mechanisms (as an example). But when we look at the map, we do have a lot of data (27.000 data points). Here another big problem comes into play:</p>

<h3>Material</h3>

<p>While geophysicists like to assume that the ground is homogeneous, it really isn't. A rupture may occur when the material at a fault fails under pressure. Yet the material is highly diverse and includes cracks and fractures that make it virtually impossible to make an accurate assessment. The material may act elastic, ductile or brittle and that may be location-dependent. From this you cannot say if a small rupture triggers a larger earthquake due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_stress_transfer" rel="noreferrer">stress transfer</a> or if it stays a small earthquake.</p>

<h3>What would be to improve</h3>

<p>This would make a simulation highly chaotic and the prediction would have a high probability to be false positive or false negative, therefore, decreasing the reliability significantly.</p>

<p>In the end we would have to improve our understanding of:</p>

<ul>
<li>Stress fields</li>
<li>Stress-Strain relations</li>
<li>Rupture mechanisms</li>
<li>Material science and location</li>
</ul>

<h3>Early Warning in California</h3>

<p>Nevertheless, an earthquake early warning (<strong>EEW</strong>) system is being implemented in California (and tested). It's called <a href="http://www.shakealert.org/cisn/" rel="noreferrer">CISN ShakeAlert</a>. They can use the trick that so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-wave" rel="noreferrer">P-waves</a> of earthquakes are faster (and less destructive) than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave#Surface_waves" rel="noreferrer">surface waves</a>. This can give valuable time to safety-relevant systems like nuclear plants or high speed trains. But this is in a very early stage, when an earthquake already happened and is bound to arrive somewhere.</p>

<p>(I would have loved to put down more links, but my rep is too low, so see Wikipedia for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" rel="noreferrer">Rupture Mechanics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93strain_curve" rel="noreferrer">Stress-Strain relations</a>, the <a href="http://dc-app3-14.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/stress_data/stress_data_frame.html" rel="noreferrer">World Stress Map</a> website and the CISN ShakeAlert website.)</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-21T14:00:33.293Z
A very nice answer.
Deer Hunter
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-11-05T19:33:25.233Z
Nice answer.   On Early Warning, Japan had a system in place to detect P-waves in 2011.   The time is quite short, 80 seconds for 373 miles, and obviously less closer to the epicenter.    https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423274/80-seconds-of-warning-for-tokyo/  It does work to put the brakes on trains and shut off gas lines.   I'm not sure how many uses beyond that there are for 80 seconds or less of warning, not enough time to go to a shelter, but maybe to move under something or flat next to a wall, depending on how effectively the warning is transmitted.
userLTK
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-21T12:19:44.920Z
2014-05-22T13:04:54.363Z
2014-05-22T13:04:54.363Z
Jesper
<p>Although perfect forecasting of where and when the next earthquake will occur (which is how the public interprets the term 'prediction') is not physically impossible, this requires more information than we have at present. It is possible that in the future we could have enough understanding of earthquake mechanisms, and real-time knowledge of precursors, to actually forecast the next earthquake at least as precisely as we can currently forecast the next major flood or storm.</p>

<p>The interests of society are better served by the evaluation and mitigation of seismic hazards rather than by predicting earthquakes.  A precise prediction of an earthquake might actually be less useful than an accurate evaluation of seismic hazards - if the objective is to minimize the loss of life and property.</p>

<p>Questions such as this one can be improved by deciding whether you are asking about seismic risk or the physical mechanisms of earthquakes. If the latter, you need to be more specific about what hypothesis you are asking about.</p>

<p>In fact, the basic physical mechanism responsible for earthquakes is understood to be <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YLjIvJXhpg">elastic rebound</a> . It's really the details of that mechanism that are still the subject of study.   </p>

<p>If you are asking whether it will be possible, in the future, to forecast earthquakes sufficiently well to justify the evacuation of a major city, I would say yes. However, that is also going to depend upon municipal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation">emergency evacuation capacity</a>. </p>

<p>The prediction of an earthquake has consequences in and of itself, and seismologists have been: <a href="http://seismo.berkeley.edu/blog/seismoblog.php/2012/10/23/sent-to-jail-for-not">Sent to Jail for Being Too Flippant</a>. </p>

<p>If I had to guess where the future breakthroughs in seismology leading to better earthquake forecasting will come from - I would guess real-time <a href="http://www-radar.jpl.nasa.gov/sect323/InSar4crust/">remote sensing of crustal deformation</a> from space platforms. This will produce large amounts of data about fault-zones, in real-time and computer-accessible format, that can be interpreted in terms of our present understanding of earthquake physics. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T17:55:55.693Z
Was thinking in terms of run-of-the-mill 'consensus' forecasts. Will be editing the q.
Deer Hunter
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-13T06:30:50.397Z
"at least as precisely as we can currently forecast the next major flood or storm" - We already have a craptonne of data leading up to a large storm - low pressure cells moving around, high frequency weather observations from many ground stations, as well as high frequency, high resolution satellite-based imagery. We don't have anything even vaguely approaching that for earthquakes, surely? Isn't all we really have an approximate understanding of the lay of the strata, and tremors? It seems unlikely to me that that can be improved upon significantly in the future...
naught101
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T17:24:59.477Z
2014-05-13T17:02:45.453Z
2014-05-13T17:02:45.453Z
Mark Rovetta
<p>While we have yet to produce a scientific method that reliably predicts earthquakes well in advance of their occurrence, anecdotal evidence suggests that animals can sense earthquakes before they happen.  <a href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/earthquakeprediction.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Kirschvink (2000)</a> suggests that the 'sixth sense' in animals is an evolutionary mechanism coined the "seismic-escape response". While it is possible that some animals may be picking up on minor fluctuations in electromagnetic fields or foreshocks, there is little research to substantiate this.  However, there are studies in progress, such as the <a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2014/02/seismology" rel="noreferrer">International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space</a> that may help substantiate some claims.  <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201205/can-dogs-predict-earthquakes" rel="noreferrer">Stanley Coren</a> has conducted some thought-provoking research with dogs that might point to predictive abilities.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-23T04:13:49.203Z
also when Tsunami hit Sri-Lanka, lots of elephants migrated a day before Tsunami to nearby area which was safe.
HungryDB
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-22T09:19:23.587Z
2014-05-22T14:30:06.103Z
2014-05-22T14:30:06.103Z
HungryDB
<p>As of Spring 2014, the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the USGS generated a press release (www.okgeosurvey1.gov/media/press/Full_USGS-OGS_Statment_05022014.pdf) warning of increased seismic activity in Oklahoma.  The survey geologists observed an increase in both the occurrence and magnitude of earthquakes in the state, likely related to the increased occurrence of injecting waste water into the ground although some workers have attributed this increase to <a href="http://wichita.ogs.ou.edu/documents/OGS_IS16.pdf" rel="noreferrer">changes in lake levels</a>.  </p>

<p>In this case, geologists issued a warning of the potential for increased seismic activity based on the current observed trends of earthquake magnitude and occurrence.  This warning assumes that whatever factor is causing this seismicity will continue (and potentially increase).  </p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/t3LDF.gif" alt="Increase of magnitude 3.0 and greater earthquake occurrence over time">
<img src="https://i.sstatic.net/jwKmN.jpg" alt="Seismicity in Oklahoma has been increasing over time"></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-22T12:50:02.920Z
2014-05-22T12:50:02.920Z
Inkenbrandt
<p>You ask what we should change to better predict earthquakes, and I'd think almost everything. As geophysicists we might know the <strong>what</strong> of earthquake detonation, but are relatively blind  at the <strong>how</strong>. There is a strong group of scientists who feel that single event prediction is <strong>NOT</strong> a realistic goal, and may perhaps be impossible. </p>

<p>Some good guesses as to why this is still a problem:</p>

<ul>
<li>Geophysicists still do not perfectly understand <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic-rebound_theory">elastic rebound theory</a>, as our earthquake simulations require assumptions that are not in line with the classical model.</li>
<li>The equations governing earthquakes are most definitely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system">non-linear</a>, and the mathematical techniques that might describe earthquake motion and eruption might not even exist yet. An example of a situation like this is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_theory">Knot Theory</a> and DNA, where it was very difficult to mathematically represent DNA structures until Knot Theory came about (it is probably still difficult, but at least there is maths for it). </li>
<li>The theory of plate tectonics, the overall cause of earthquakes, is not fully complete, and a mapping and characterization of its mantle flow is not understood.</li>
<li>Modeling the effects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_anisotropy">seismic anisotropy</a>, most notably lattice preferred orientation, is not understood. Most notably, its role in mantle wedge dynamics. </li>
</ul>

<p>But these are just guesses, and really, thats all we have. Shots in the dark.  </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T19:12:06.313Z
We have much still to learn about earthquake mechanisms, but I don't think these are very relevant to earthquakes.
Mark Rovetta
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T19:16:49.113Z
If we don't know/observe earthquake triggers in the theoretical, then how can we make a practical prediction model. Weather forecasting suffered, for a while, from the same problems.
Neo
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T20:52:40.160Z
@MarkRovetta, how can understanding earthquake mechanisms **not** be relevant to understanding earthquakes?
Leo Uieda
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T21:03:58.640Z
Understanding the mechanism is a part of understanding earthquakes, and may also help us mitigate earthquake risk. I'm just skeptical how Knot Theory or seismic anisotropy really apply here. I'd be interested in hearing more about the possible connection.
Mark Rovetta
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T21:17:35.407Z
I used Knot Theory as an example of how new math can describe a structure that was already known (DNA): the point was the maths required to explain earthquakes properly might not yet exist. As far as seismic anisotropy, it is caused by the deformation of crystalline structures. This deformation of crystals, while causing preferred directions of seismic speed also change the material properties of the minerals. Teasing out the effects of these deformations is not well known, and if were better constrained, may allow us to model earthquake triggers more effectively.
Neo
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T21:53:38.080Z
@MarkRovetta here is a nature paper from 1980 on the idea that seismic anisotropy can help predict earthquakes: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v286/n5776/pdf/286874a0.pdf
Neo
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-13T09:51:23.623Z
What do you mean by 'earthquake detonation'? This phrase needs clarifying.
seismo_steve
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T19:04:08.270Z
2014-05-12T19:04:08.270Z
Neo
<p>After the Tohoku and East Coast quakes, I skimmed over several books discussing the validity of earthquake prediction as a discipline, yet found no significant breakthroughs. What should change in our methods and models to enable timely forecasts to reduce casualties?</p>

<p>To be clearer, I am not interested in general assessment of seismic hazards (i.e. magnitude distribution for the next 25-50 years), but rather in short-term forecasts precise enough to order evacuation. I am aware that evacuation is a contentious issue...</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T09:38:02.273Z
I suspect that if anybody knew the answer to this, they'd be doing it ;-)
Semidiurnal Simon
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T09:45:52.030Z
@SimonW - so it's the case of "unknown unknowns", then. Was hoping for something in the vein of "known unknowns" :(
Deer Hunter
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-12T09:47:29.940Z
Well, don't take my word for it - earthquakes are not my field.
Semidiurnal Simon
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-13T06:27:13.920Z
I would think it would be pretty similar to radioactive decay: you can make probabilistic predictions, but you can't make a prediction about when a particular event will occur.
naught101
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-10-22T11:34:32.257Z
For earthquakes caused by meteorite impacts, it is possible by detailed measurements of the orbits of all objects that come close to, or cross the orbit of the earth, (e.g. if the dinosaurs could see the object that exterminated them for many millions of years before it hit earth, so if they didnt eat us, evolution might have caused humanity to exist earlier and maybe "prevented" it, or at least predicted the time and place of the quake. But for other earthquakes - no idea.
usethedeathstar
<geophysics><earthquakes><seismology><predictability>
Is earthquake prediction possible?
Deer Hunter
# Is earthquake prediction possible?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-05-11)

After the Tohoku and East Coast quakes, I skimmed over several books discussing the validity of earthquake prediction as a discipline, yet found no significant breakthroughs. What should change in our methods and models to enable timely forecasts to reduce casualties?

To be clearer, I am not interested in general assessment of seismic hazards (i.e. magnitude distribution for the next 25-50 years), but rather in short-term forecasts precise enough to order evacuation. I am aware that evacuation is a contentious issue...

**Tags:** geophysics, earthquakes, seismology, predictability

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I suspect that if anybody knew the answer to this, they'd be doing it ;-)  
> **username_0**: @SimonW - so it's the case of "unknown unknowns", then. Was hoping for something in the vein of "known unknowns" :(  
> **username_1**: Well, don't take my word for it - earthquakes are not my field.  
> **username_2**: I would think it would be pretty similar to radioactive decay: you can make probabilistic predictions, but you can't make a prediction about when a particular event will occur.  
> **username_3**: For earthquakes caused by meteorite impacts, it is possible by detailed measurements of the orbits of all objects that come close to, or cross the orbit of the earth, (e.g. if the dinosaurs could see the object that exterminated them for many millions of years before it hit earth, so if they didnt eat us, evolution might have caused humanity to exist earlier and maybe "prevented" it, or at least predicted the time and place of the quake. But for other earthquakes - no idea.  

---

## 7 answers

### Answer by username_11 on 2014-05-12. Score: 18 | Accepted answer

You ask what we should change to better predict earthquakes, and I'd think almost everything. As geophysicists we might know the **what** of earthquake detonation, but are relatively blind at the **how**. There is a strong group of scientists who feel that single event prediction is **NOT** a realistic goal, and may perhaps be impossible.

Some good guesses as to why this is still a problem:

* Geophysicists still do not perfectly understand [elastic rebound theory](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic-rebound_theory), as our earthquake simulations require assumptions that are not in line with the classical model.
* The equations governing earthquakes are most definitely [non-linear](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system), and the mathematical techniques that might describe earthquake motion and eruption might not even exist yet. An example of a situation like this is [Knot Theory](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_theory) and DNA, where it was very difficult to mathematically represent DNA structures until Knot Theory came about (it is probably still difficult, but at least there is maths for it).
* The theory of plate tectonics, the overall cause of earthquakes, is not fully complete, and a mapping and characterization of its mantle flow is not understood.
* Modeling the effects of [seismic anisotropy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_anisotropy), most notably lattice preferred orientation, is not understood. Most notably, its role in mantle wedge dynamics.

But these are just guesses, and really, thats all we have. Shots in the dark.

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: We have much still to learn about earthquake mechanisms, but I don't think these are very relevant to earthquakes.  
> **username_11**: If we don't know/observe earthquake triggers in the theoretical, then how can we make a practical prediction model. Weather forecasting suffered, for a while, from the same problems.  
> **username_4**: @username_8, how can understanding earthquake mechanisms **not** be relevant to understanding earthquakes?  
> **username_8**: Understanding the mechanism is a part of understanding earthquakes, and may also help us mitigate earthquake risk. I'm just skeptical how Knot Theory or seismic anisotropy really apply here. I'd be interested in hearing more about the possible connection.  
> **username_11**: I used Knot Theory as an example of how new math can describe a structure that was already known (DNA): the point was the maths required to explain earthquakes properly might not yet exist. As far as seismic anisotropy, it is caused by the deformation of crystalline structures. This deformation of crystals, while causing preferred directions of seismic speed also change the material properties of the minerals. Teasing out the effects of these deformations is not well known, and if were better constrained, may allow us to model earthquake triggers more effectively.  
> **username_11**: @username_8 here is a nature paper from 1980 on the idea that seismic anisotropy can help predict earthquakes: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v286/n5776/pdf/286874a0.pdf  
> **username_12**: What do you mean by 'earthquake detonation'? This phrase needs clarifying.  

---

### Answer by username_6 on 2014-05-21. Score: 21

Earthquake prediction really is a contentious issue, especially after the [l'Aqula trials](http://www.dramsch.net/archives/75-The-lAquila-trial-Getting-the-big-picture.html). However, let me try to elaborate how predictions might be possible in the future and what is inhibiting this development.

We do have some understanding of earthquakes and rupture mechanisms. However, for prediction in a scale of hours (sufficient for evacuation), we have to take the following into account. The stress fields in the crust are basically applying the pressure necessary for earthquakes. However, these are difficult to measure and different stresses may apply to the same region (local, regional, global stress fields). Just look at the world stress map below, how chaotic the different influences are.

### Stress

![World stress map](https://i.sstatic.net/rU0oi.gif)

These stresses are also pretty difficult to measure. These methods include (Source World Stress Map):

* Earthquake focal mechanisms
* Well bore breakouts and drilling-induced fractures
* In-situ stress measurements (overcoring, hydraulic fracturing, borehole slotter)
* Young geologic data (from fault-slip analysis and volcanic vent alignments)

These may sometimes give contradictory [stress tensors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_stress_tensor). One of these reasons is that in-situ measurements are often more localized than focal mechanisms (as an example). But when we look at the map, we do have a lot of data (27.000 data points). Here another big problem comes into play:

### Material

While geophysicists like to assume that the ground is homogeneous, it really isn't. A rupture may occur when the material at a fault fails under pressure. Yet the material is highly diverse and includes cracks and fractures that make it virtually impossible to make an accurate assessment. The material may act elastic, ductile or brittle and that may be location-dependent. From this you cannot say if a small rupture triggers a larger earthquake due to [stress transfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_stress_transfer) or if it stays a small earthquake.

### What would be to improve

This would make a simulation highly chaotic and the prediction would have a high probability to be false positive or false negative, therefore, decreasing the reliability significantly.

In the end we would have to improve our understanding of:

* Stress fields
* Stress-Strain relations
* Rupture mechanisms
* Material science and location

### Early Warning in California

Nevertheless, an earthquake early warning (**EEW**) system is being implemented in California (and tested). It's called [CISN ShakeAlert](http://www.shakealert.org/cisn/). They can use the trick that so-called [P-waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-wave) of earthquakes are faster (and less destructive) than [surface waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave#Surface_waves). This can give valuable time to safety-relevant systems like nuclear plants or high speed trains. But this is in a very early stage, when an earthquake already happened and is bound to arrive somewhere.

(I would have loved to put down more links, but my rep is too low, so see Wikipedia for [Rupture Mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_mechanics), [Stress-Strain relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93strain_curve), the [World Stress Map](http://dc-app3-14.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/stress_data/stress_data_frame.html) website and the CISN ShakeAlert website.)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: A very nice answer.  
> **username_7**: Nice answer.   On Early Warning, Japan had a system in place to detect P-waves in 2011.   The time is quite short, 80 seconds for 373 miles, and obviously less closer to the epicenter.    https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423274/80-seconds-of-warning-for-tokyo/  It does work to put the brakes on trains and shut off gas lines.   I'm not sure how many uses beyond that there are for 80 seconds or less of warning, not enough time to go to a shelter, but maybe to move under something or flat next to a wall, depending on how effectively the warning is transmitted.  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2014-05-14. Score: 14

Besides the theoretical limitations that @username_11 talks about, there is also a great data gap in our knowledge. To predict an earthquake, we would need to know:

* The 3D geometry of all major, and possibly minor, fault zones
* The distribution of stress in the lithosphere, at least close to the fault zones but possibly more
* The physical characteristics of the rocks in faults (friction, brittleness, etc)

Our knowledge of the above is limited, at best. So to accurately predict earthquakes we'd need not only better equations, but also **a lot** more data.


---

### Answer by username_5 on 2014-12-07. Score: 9

See it is relatively easy to predict where a large earthquake might occur, assuming you have been monitoring deformation for a long enough period, more or less equal to the average inter-seismic interval (decades-centuries).

In principle earthquakes are simple, i.e., the fault accumulates strain and then eventually slips/ruptures. The million dollar question is what triggers it, and till date there has not been a single reliable precursor.

It is like predicting failure of a wooden (e.g., balsa) stick by bending the two sides with your hands, i.e., you know it will break more or less somewhere near the center, where the strain is highest (assuming homogeneity in properties and geometry) but getting the timing right is significantly harder and very difficult to reproduce. It is even harder in case of earthquakes, given the heterogeneity, non-linearity in the system.

So with time it will get easier to predict location of large earthquakes, as we monitor strain accumulation using modern tools like GPS, InSAR etc., but getting the timing right to even within a few years will be much harder. For example, we know that Southern San Andreas is due to for an earthquake (just based on the amount of slip deficit) as the last major earthquake was in 1857. But will this earthquake occur, today, in five years or within next 50 years, is unknown. Having said that additional faults in SoCal (e.g., San Jacinto and Elsinore) make the situation even more complex. Same goes for the North Anatolian fault near Istanbul, i.e., we know that an earthquake will occur there soon, as the entire plate boundary except the part near Istanbul had ruptured at least once in the last hundred years. See [here](http://www.ipgp.fr/~armijo/paraseminario/Stein-97.pdf) for more details.

But getting the timing right for short term forecasts right now (and IMHO even in the next few decades) is impossible. Your only hope is alarms based on P-wave arrivals but then the earthquake has already started and heading towards you. Note: P waves arrive faster than surface waves, which cause most of the destruction so you might have a few seconds (depending on how far you are from the hypocenter) to take cover, automatically shutdown crucial stuff like gas flow in underground pipelines, subways, power plants etc.


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### Answer by username_10 on 2014-05-22. Score: 8

As of Spring 2014, the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the USGS generated a press release (www.okgeosurvey1.gov/media/press/Full\_USGS-OGS\_Statment\_05022014.pdf) warning of increased seismic activity in Oklahoma. The survey geologists observed an increase in both the occurrence and magnitude of earthquakes in the state, likely related to the increased occurrence of injecting waste water into the ground although some workers have attributed this increase to [changes in lake levels](http://wichita.ogs.ou.edu/documents/OGS_IS16.pdf).

In this case, geologists issued a warning of the potential for increased seismic activity based on the current observed trends of earthquake magnitude and occurrence. This warning assumes that whatever factor is causing this seismicity will continue (and potentially increase).

![Increase of magnitude 3.0 and greater earthquake occurrence over time](https://i.sstatic.net/t3LDF.gif)
![Seismicity in Oklahoma has been increasing over time](https://i.sstatic.net/jwKmN.jpg)


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### Answer by username_8 on 2014-05-12. Score: 7

Although perfect forecasting of where and when the next earthquake will occur (which is how the public interprets the term 'prediction') is not physically impossible, this requires more information than we have at present. It is possible that in the future we could have enough understanding of earthquake mechanisms, and real-time knowledge of precursors, to actually forecast the next earthquake at least as precisely as we can currently forecast the next major flood or storm.

The interests of society are better served by the evaluation and mitigation of seismic hazards rather than by predicting earthquakes. A precise prediction of an earthquake might actually be less useful than an accurate evaluation of seismic hazards - if the objective is to minimize the loss of life and property.

Questions such as this one can be improved by deciding whether you are asking about seismic risk or the physical mechanisms of earthquakes. If the latter, you need to be more specific about what hypothesis you are asking about.

In fact, the basic physical mechanism responsible for earthquakes is understood to be [elastic rebound](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YLjIvJXhpg) . It's really the details of that mechanism that are still the subject of study.

If you are asking whether it will be possible, in the future, to forecast earthquakes sufficiently well to justify the evacuation of a major city, I would say yes. However, that is also going to depend upon municipal [emergency evacuation capacity](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation).

The prediction of an earthquake has consequences in and of itself, and seismologists have been: [Sent to Jail for Being Too Flippant](http://seismo.berkeley.edu/blog/seismoblog.php/2012/10/23/sent-to-jail-for-not).

If I had to guess where the future breakthroughs in seismology leading to better earthquake forecasting will come from - I would guess real-time [remote sensing of crustal deformation](http://www-radar.jpl.nasa.gov/sect323/InSar4crust/) from space platforms. This will produce large amounts of data about fault-zones, in real-time and computer-accessible format, that can be interpreted in terms of our present understanding of earthquake physics.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Was thinking in terms of run-of-the-mill 'consensus' forecasts. Will be editing the q.  
> **username_2**: "at least as precisely as we can currently forecast the next major flood or storm" - We already have a craptonne of data leading up to a large storm - low pressure cells moving around, high frequency weather observations from many ground stations, as well as high frequency, high resolution satellite-based imagery. We don't have anything even vaguely approaching that for earthquakes, surely? Isn't all we really have an approximate understanding of the lay of the strata, and tremors? It seems unlikely to me that that can be improved upon significantly in the future...  

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### Answer by username_9 on 2014-05-22. Score: 6

While we have yet to produce a scientific method that reliably predicts earthquakes well in advance of their occurrence, anecdotal evidence suggests that animals can sense earthquakes before they happen. [Kirschvink (2000)](http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/earthquakeprediction.pdf) suggests that the 'sixth sense' in animals is an evolutionary mechanism coined the "seismic-escape response". While it is possible that some animals may be picking up on minor fluctuations in electromagnetic fields or foreshocks, there is little research to substantiate this. However, there are studies in progress, such as the [International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space](http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2014/02/seismology) that may help substantiate some claims. [Stanley Coren](http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201205/can-dogs-predict-earthquakes) has conducted some thought-provoking research with dogs that might point to predictive abilities.

> **Comments:**
> **username_9**: also when Tsunami hit Sri-Lanka, lots of elephants migrated a day before Tsunami to nearby area which was safe.  

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