<p>Good question!  I'll lay out the prevalent idea, originally (I think) put forward by <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/RG016i004p00621/full">Sykes, 1978</a> and supported by a large body of subsequent work by many authors. There are other models, however.</p>

<p>In the most general sense: Intra-plate faulting is due to old, pre-existing weaknesses that are reactivated due to the plate interiors being very close to critically stressed.</p>

<p>In other words, they're weak points in the interior of the plate.</p>

<p>However, we don't fully understand why some old fault zones get reactivated while others in the same orientation don't.  (It probably has a lot to do with pore pressure and fluid movement at depth.) There's a lot we don't completely understand about intra-plate earthquakes.</p>

<p>Also, please don't use the term "fault line". It offends my geologic sensibilities! :)  (Faults are 2D surfaces, not lines, thus the nitpicky objection.)</p>

<h2>Most of the crust is close to being critically stressed (breaking)</h2>

<p>There's a lot of evidence that the continental crust everywhere is close to being critically stressed -- in other words, failing in an earthquake.  (e.g. see the various <a href="http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/28/5/399.short">Townend and Zoback</a> papers.) The crust isn't just critically stressed near the plate boundaries, but also away from them. This may also be true for oceanic crust, but we don't have as much data there.  </p>

<p>Another way of saying this is that the plates are being pushed along as hard as they can without crumpling.  </p>

<p>Basically, this is why things like building a dam or deep fluid injection trigger small earthquakes.  The crust is already close to failure, so adding load or increasing pore pressure often triggers small fractures.  (However, these sort of things can't trigger a major earthquake unless they're on an already active fault.  You need continuous slip along a <em>very</em> large surface for a large earthquake.)</p>

<p>The plates being critically stressed is actually is what we'd expect. We see deformation at plate boundaries whenever they collide. Therefore, we know that the stresses driving the plates are greater than the "breaking" strength of the crust.  Because stresses from a collision at the boundary will be transmitted to the interior, it intuitively makes sense that the interiors should be close to, but just below (otherwise they'd be deforming), the failure threshold. (For the complete argument, see <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195101000919">Zoback and Townend, 2001</a>)</p>

<h2>Continental crust is full of old zones of weakness</h2>

<p>The continents are very old. Much older than the oceanic crust. The continents are like rafts that keep bumping into each other. Therefore, they have lots of "scars" (i.e. old fault zones).</p>

<p>There's a saying in structural geology: "once a weakness, always a weakness". Fault zones are typically much weaker than the crust around them.  Once a fault breaks through, it tends to be a permanent weakness that will be reactivated even if it's not in a perfectly favorable orientation.  </p>

<p>Critically stressed crust + weak zones --> intra-plate earthquakes.</p>

<h2>But why don't we see activity on all old fault zones?</h2>

<p>Short answer, we don't really know.  It probably has a lot to do with pore pressure and fluid movement.  </p>

<p>Some old fault zones have intra-plate earthquakes, while others don't, even if they're in the same orientation.  Pore pressure plays a <em>huge</em> role in faulting (it make rocks much easier to break).  There's a lot of speculation that active intra-plate fault zones may have more fluids at depth, though explaining why is difficult.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-03T07:38:37.367Z
Last section: Isn't this also about the Mohr-Coulomb reactivation criterium? Only well oriented faults can be reactivated. And the weakest fault to be activated takes up the deformation. In a thousand years a similar oriented fault will take over. Actually it should be possible to find that out. But I haven't read up on the New Madrid fault.
tobias47n9e
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-05T14:50:10.130Z
@Spießbürger - I didn't explain it clearly in that section, but I'm referring to the fact that it's common to see only one out of several similarly-oriented faults be reactivated.  Even if there is a trading-off between different fault zones over longer time scales, that's not "standard" brittle behavior.  That implies a change from strain weakening to strain hardening over moderate timescales.  You need a mechanism to explain it. Fluid flow is one mechanism, but there are others.
Joe Kington
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-05T16:35:40.513Z
In my opinion "standard brittle behavior" is a thing in the lab. In nature you will always have an up and down of work hardening and softening.
tobias47n9e
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-03T01:38:05.297Z
2014-05-03T01:44:53.513Z
2014-05-03T01:44:53.513Z
Joe Kington
<p>There's been <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1366603/Earthquake-map-America-make-think-again.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">news</a> (some <a href="http://guardianlv.com/2014/01/worst-earthquake-horror-happened-in-new-madrid-fault/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">recently</a>) about the New Madrid fault and <a href="http://www.thenation.com/blog/178449/whats-causing-huge-spike-earthquakes-oklahoma" rel="nofollow noreferrer">other active intra-plate faults</a>.  For those living in the midwest of the United States, it's been a bit of a shock to learn they have to worry about earthquakes as well as <a href="https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/q/573/330">tornadoes</a>.</p>

<p>Inter-plate faults, such as the San Andreas fault, get a lot of attention.  Plate friction from movement makes sense.  But, what is the current theory on these intra-plate fault zones?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-01T12:52:25.733Z
A note, which I will try to follow up properly: tectonic plates are clearly identifiable in the oceans, but it all gets a bit more complicated than that (especially on local scales) in the continents; cf the enormous literature on understanding (or not) the Med/Caucasia via microplates.
kaberett
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-01T18:14:51.587Z
Let us not forget that the original theory of plate tectonics called for rigid plates and deformation only at the boundaries. Today we know that a lot of deformation is happening within plates and this makes matters complex on land but also the ocean.
tobias47n9e
<geology><geophysics><plate-tectonics><structural-geology>
What causes intra-plate faults, such as the New Madrid fault?
Richard
# What causes intra-plate faults, such as the New Madrid fault?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-05-01)

There's been [news](http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1366603/Earthquake-map-America-make-think-again.html) (some [recently](http://guardianlv.com/2014/01/worst-earthquake-horror-happened-in-new-madrid-fault/)) about the New Madrid fault and [other active intra-plate faults](http://www.thenation.com/blog/178449/whats-causing-huge-spike-earthquakes-oklahoma). For those living in the midwest of the United States, it's been a bit of a shock to learn they have to worry about earthquakes as well as [tornadoes](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/q/573/330).

Inter-plate faults, such as the San Andreas fault, get a lot of attention. Plate friction from movement makes sense. But, what is the current theory on these intra-plate fault zones?

**Tags:** geology, geophysics, plate-tectonics, structural-geology

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: A note, which I will try to follow up properly: tectonic plates are clearly identifiable in the oceans, but it all gets a bit more complicated than that (especially on local scales) in the continents; cf the enormous literature on understanding (or not) the Med/Caucasia via microplates.  
> **username_2**: Let us not forget that the original theory of plate tectonics called for rigid plates and deformation only at the boundaries. Today we know that a lot of deformation is happening within plates and this makes matters complex on land but also the ocean.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2014-05-03. Score: 11 | Accepted answer

Good question! I'll lay out the prevalent idea, originally (I think) put forward by [Sykes, 1978](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/RG016i004p00621/full) and supported by a large body of subsequent work by many authors. There are other models, however.

In the most general sense: Intra-plate faulting is due to old, pre-existing weaknesses that are reactivated due to the plate interiors being very close to critically stressed.

In other words, they're weak points in the interior of the plate.

However, we don't fully understand why some old fault zones get reactivated while others in the same orientation don't. (It probably has a lot to do with pore pressure and fluid movement at depth.) There's a lot we don't completely understand about intra-plate earthquakes.

Also, please don't use the term "fault line". It offends my geologic sensibilities! :) (Faults are 2D surfaces, not lines, thus the nitpicky objection.)

## Most of the crust is close to being critically stressed (breaking)

There's a lot of evidence that the continental crust everywhere is close to being critically stressed -- in other words, failing in an earthquake. (e.g. see the various [Townend and Zoback](http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/28/5/399.short) papers.) The crust isn't just critically stressed near the plate boundaries, but also away from them. This may also be true for oceanic crust, but we don't have as much data there.

Another way of saying this is that the plates are being pushed along as hard as they can without crumpling.

Basically, this is why things like building a dam or deep fluid injection trigger small earthquakes. The crust is already close to failure, so adding load or increasing pore pressure often triggers small fractures. (However, these sort of things can't trigger a major earthquake unless they're on an already active fault. You need continuous slip along a *very* large surface for a large earthquake.)

The plates being critically stressed is actually is what we'd expect. We see deformation at plate boundaries whenever they collide. Therefore, we know that the stresses driving the plates are greater than the "breaking" strength of the crust. Because stresses from a collision at the boundary will be transmitted to the interior, it intuitively makes sense that the interiors should be close to, but just below (otherwise they'd be deforming), the failure threshold. (For the complete argument, see [Zoback and Townend, 2001](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195101000919))

## Continental crust is full of old zones of weakness

The continents are very old. Much older than the oceanic crust. The continents are like rafts that keep bumping into each other. Therefore, they have lots of "scars" (i.e. old fault zones).

There's a saying in structural geology: "once a weakness, always a weakness". Fault zones are typically much weaker than the crust around them. Once a fault breaks through, it tends to be a permanent weakness that will be reactivated even if it's not in a perfectly favorable orientation.

Critically stressed crust + weak zones --> intra-plate earthquakes.

## But why don't we see activity on all old fault zones?

Short answer, we don't really know. It probably has a lot to do with pore pressure and fluid movement.

Some old fault zones have intra-plate earthquakes, while others don't, even if they're in the same orientation. Pore pressure plays a *huge* role in faulting (it make rocks much easier to break). There's a lot of speculation that active intra-plate fault zones may have more fluids at depth, though explaining why is difficult.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Last section: Isn't this also about the Mohr-Coulomb reactivation criterium? Only well oriented faults can be reactivated. And the weakest fault to be activated takes up the deformation. In a thousand years a similar oriented fault will take over. Actually it should be possible to find that out. But I haven't read up on the New Madrid fault.  
> **username_3**: @Spießbürger - I didn't explain it clearly in that section, but I'm referring to the fact that it's common to see only one out of several similarly-oriented faults be reactivated.  Even if there is a trading-off between different fault zones over longer time scales, that's not "standard" brittle behavior.  That implies a change from strain weakening to strain hardening over moderate timescales.  You need a mechanism to explain it. Fluid flow is one mechanism, but there are others.  
> **username_2**: In my opinion "standard brittle behavior" is a thing in the lab. In nature you will always have an up and down of work hardening and softening.  

---

