<p>A thermal inversion is defined as when the temperature of the air increases with height. By default, there always exists an inversion at the tropopause due to the exothermal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" rel="noreferrer">Chapman cycle</a>. But let's ignore that, given the context of the question.</p>
<p>Let's take a look at the thermodynamic equation and see how the stability changes. The diagnostic equation for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_temperature" rel="noreferrer">dry adiabatic potential temperature</a> (<span class="math-container">$\theta$</span>) is <span class="math-container">$$\frac{D \theta}{Dt}=\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}=Q$$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$u$</span>,<span class="math-container">$v$</span>,and <span class="math-container">$w$</span> are the zonal, meridional, and vertical components of the wind vector, and <span class="math-container">$Q$</span> is the diabatic heating rate. Taking the vertical dervative of the above equation is <span class="math-container">$$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+u\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+v\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+w\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial Q}{\partial z}$$</span>.</p>
<p>From this equation, we can see that differential diabatic heating, advection of stable air, and vertical wind shear in an environment prone to thermal gradients that can enhance inversions.</p>
<p>Intrinsically, the wind speed tends to decrease during an inversion, but not all slow winds note an inversion. Inversions tend to occur overnight into the morning, as the air cools at a slower rate than the land.</p>
<p>There are tons of other factors that influence air pollution, but it really depends on the pollutant. For example, ozone pollution won't be affected much by an inversion, with the exception of accumulating morning <span class="math-container">$\ce{NO_x}$</span> for a morning peak. Other factors include the amount of water for PM2.5 formation. There is also wet and dry deposition to consider. The question you are asking is very general.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-08-15T12:00:21.600Z
Thanks for the answer! The pollutant I am predicting is PM10. The few points you make about windspeed and daytime occurrence are helpful. I also heard that an inversion leads to higher humidity at low altitudes than and high ones. Can you comment on this? And regarding the wind speed during inversion - is there a tendency of low wind speed at all altitudes or is there some gradient? E.g. during inversion wind is weak at all altitudes, but nonetheless wind speed increases slightly with altitude or something like this? Tnx
NeStack
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-08-14T23:32:24.617Z
2021-08-14T23:32:24.617Z
BarocliniCplusplus
<p>I am physics grad student working on a problem of making a statistical (neural network) prediction of the air pollution in a city. I am provided with hourly values for ca. a dozen meteo features of the city for the last ~20 years - temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, PM10, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations a.o. What I've read is that the air pollution (especially in winter) often is present when a thermal inversion occurs, meaning when the temperature of the air above the city increases with altitude, instead of decreasing. Luckily enough, there are weather measuring stations in the city AND also one just outside the city at an altitude of 1350 m (the city itself has an altitude of ~600 m). This allows me to introduce another feature that might be useful - the difference in temperature at high and low altitude as a proxy for thermal inversion (<span class="math-container">$T_{proxy-inv} = T_{high} - T_{low}$</span>).</p>
<p>My question: what other meteorological features are affected when inversion occurs, so that I can use them as an additional proxy? Does the pressure change notably? Or maybe the wind speed is very low during an inversion? Does something else happen during thermal inversion?
Or can you point me towards another meteorological effect, besides inversion, that can influence air pollution? Tnx!</p>

<meteorology><weather-forecasting><air-pollution><inversion>
What meteorological features accompany/cause a thermal inversion?
NeStack
# What meteorological features accompany/cause a thermal inversion?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-08-13)

I am physics grad student working on a problem of making a statistical (neural network) prediction of the air pollution in a city. I am provided with hourly values for ca. a dozen meteo features of the city for the last ~20 years - temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, PM10, O3, SO2 concentrations a.o. What I've read is that the air pollution (especially in winter) often is present when a thermal inversion occurs, meaning when the temperature of the air above the city increases with altitude, instead of decreasing. Luckily enough, there are weather measuring stations in the city AND also one just outside the city at an altitude of 1350 m (the city itself has an altitude of ~600 m). This allows me to introduce another feature that might be useful - the difference in temperature at high and low altitude as a proxy for thermal inversion ($T\_{proxy-inv} = T\_{high} - T\_{low}$).

My question: what other meteorological features are affected when inversion occurs, so that I can use them as an additional proxy? Does the pressure change notably? Or maybe the wind speed is very low during an inversion? Does something else happen during thermal inversion?
Or can you point me towards another meteorological effect, besides inversion, that can influence air pollution? Tnx!

**Tags:** meteorology, weather-forecasting, air-pollution, inversion


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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-08-14. Score: 5

A thermal inversion is defined as when the temperature of the air increases with height. By default, there always exists an inversion at the tropopause due to the exothermal [Chapman cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle). But let's ignore that, given the context of the question.

Let's take a look at the thermodynamic equation and see how the stability changes. The diagnostic equation for the [dry adiabatic potential temperature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_temperature) ($\theta$) is $$\frac{D \theta}{Dt}=\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}=Q$$, where $u$,$v$,and $w$ are the zonal, meridional, and vertical components of the wind vector, and $Q$ is the diabatic heating rate. Taking the vertical dervative of the above equation is $$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+u\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+v\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+w\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial Q}{\partial z}$$.

From this equation, we can see that differential diabatic heating, advection of stable air, and vertical wind shear in an environment prone to thermal gradients that can enhance inversions.

Intrinsically, the wind speed tends to decrease during an inversion, but not all slow winds note an inversion. Inversions tend to occur overnight into the morning, as the air cools at a slower rate than the land.

There are tons of other factors that influence air pollution, but it really depends on the pollutant. For example, ozone pollution won't be affected much by an inversion, with the exception of accumulating morning $\ce{NO\_x}$ for a morning peak. Other factors include the amount of water for PM2.5 formation. There is also wet and dry deposition to consider. The question you are asking is very general.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks for the answer! The pollutant I am predicting is PM10. The few points you make about windspeed and daytime occurrence are helpful. I also heard that an inversion leads to higher humidity at low altitudes than and high ones. Can you comment on this? And regarding the wind speed during inversion - is there a tendency of low wind speed at all altitudes or is there some gradient? E.g. during inversion wind is weak at all altitudes, but nonetheless wind speed increases slightly with altitude or something like this? Tnx  

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