mahadesh ye3raf meen ekhtra3 el alm el rosas wala emta etkhtra3. fe wahed swesry wasaf el alm el rosas fe ketab fe 1565. al eno kan 3ebara 3an heta khashab gowaha rasas. el alm el rosas makansh mashhor, wel nas fadlet tekteb bel alam el 3ady. fe 1795, fe had bada2 yesna3 alam rosas men el graphite we ba2a mashhor gamed. el naharda, el nas betesna3 el alam el rosas benafs el tare2a. beyshaklo el graphite 3ala shakl 3ood, we ba3den beyhoto gowa heta khashab. alm rosas wahed momken yersem khat tolo 55 kilometer. lama el nas kanet bekteb bel alam el 3ady fel awel, kano lazem ye8amso el alm fel hebr kol kam harf. ba3den fe had ekhtra3 el fountain pen we el no3 da kan beye2dar yeshel hebr gowah. el fountain pen ye2dar yekteb kam safha abl ma tehtag temla el hebr tany.
Etnen ekhwat, Ladislao we Georg Biro, homa elly ekhtra3o el ballpoint pen elly besta3melo el naharda. sabo baladohom Hungary we bada2o yesna3o ballpoint pens fe England fe 1943 wakt el harb el 3alamya el tanya. ba3den, sherka fransawy esmaha Bic eshtaret sherket Biro. fe nas betsammy el ballpoint pens bics. el Australians beysamoha biros. mahma samenahem eh, besta3melhom kol yom.
meen elly beysammy el ballpoint pens biros?
el Americans. el Englishmen el Australians. el Frenchmen.