mahadesh ye3raf meen ekhtra3 el alaam rasas wala emta etkhtra3. fi wahed sweesry wasaf el alam rasas fi ketab fi 1565. al eno kan 3ebara 3an heta khashab gowaha rasas. el alaam rasas makanetsh mashhoora, wel nas fadlet tekteb bel alam 3ady. fi 1795, fi had bada2 yesna3 alaam rasas men el graphite we ba2et mashhoora awi. ennaharda, el nas betesna3 el alaam rasas benafs el tare2a. beyshaklo el graphite 3ala shakl 3ood, we ba3den beyhoto gowa hetet khashab. alam rasas wahed momken yersem khat tool 55 kilometer. lama el nas kanet bekteb bel alam el 3ady fel awel, kano lazem ye8ameso taraf el alam fel hebr ba3d kol kam harf. ba3den had ekhtra3 el fountain pen we el noo3 da kan ye2dar yemsek hebr gowah. el fountain pen ye2dar yekteb kam safha abl ma te7tag temlah tany.
Etneen ekhwat, Ladislao we Georg Biro, ekhtra3o el ballpoint pen elly besta3melha ennaharda. sabo baladohom Hungary we bada2o yesna3o ballpoint pens fi England fi 1943 waat el harb el 3alamya el tanya. ba3den, sherka fransaweya esmaha Bic eshtaret sherket Biro. fi nas betsammy el ballpoint pens bics. el australyeen beysamoha biros. mahma samenaha eh, besta3melha kol yom.
emta el alam rasas ba2a mash-hoor hasab el maqal?
Fi 1565. Fi 1655 Fi 1795 Fi 1943.