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Look at the 2 pictures of drops on a flat, waterproof surface. The drop on the left is soapy water and the drop on the right is plain water. What causes the plain water to look like it does?
The plain water looks like it does because plain water is supposed to turn into a dome when it is on a flat surface.
Surface tension causes the plain water to look like a bead.
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SciEntsBank
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What is the “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)”? What is it used for?
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is Internet Protocol based on the special server that uses for manually or automatically IP addresses assignment and other network configuration parameters, such as subnet masks and default gateways, to each device on a network so they can communicate with other IP networks. This server need not be on the same LAN as the requesting host. Since the DHCP server may not be reachable by broadcasting, a DHCP relay agent is needed on each LAN.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used in Internet Protocol (IP) networks, whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on the network. Further, DHCP has largely replaced RARP (and BOOTP) Uses of DHCP are: Simplifies installation and configuration of end systems. Allows for manual and automatic IP address assignment. May provide additional configuration information (DNS server, netmask, default router, etc.)
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SAF
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Why does the level of the water in the straw go up when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is heated?
Because the hotter it is the higher it goes up.
Water expands when water is heated.
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SciEntsBank
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0.000092
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What requirement has to be met so that you can use the piggybacking extension to the sliding window protocol?
It is a duplex operation so communication has to be possible in both directions. Also the initial sequence number is 0 and the next sequence number and the next acknowledge sequence number to be expected is given.
Piggybacking only makes sense if there is a full-duplex or semi-duplex connection between sender and receiver i.e. two-way communication or Frames must contain additional field for acknowledgement.
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Explain in one sentence what each graph tells you. Graph A) number of tree rings versus time.
This graph tells me the number of the tree's rings and how long.
As time increases, the number of tree rings also increases.
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SciEntsBank
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Which of these processes are involved in causing rain? A. evaporation B. condensation C. both evaporation and condensation. Explain your answer.
I chose C evaporation and condensation because one cannot happen without the other.
Water evaporates to form vapor. The vapor condenses to form raindrops.
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SciEntsBank
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STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE: at a time when its modes are verbal expressions (e.g. (sex, title of study) - DISCONNECTED QUALITY: they have verbal names for which there is no order. (sex, religion; region of residence) - ORIENTABLE QUALITY: they have verbal names for which there is an order (e.g. Degree of study; year of enrolment at university; degree of satisfaction). ACTIVE SUBSTANCE: Modes may be expressed by numbers. the quantitative characters are measurable and it is possible to define a unit of measurement (e.g. age, income) - DISCREATED QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS: the modes are whole numbers (0.1.2...) (e.g. number of employees of a holding, number of members of a household) ACTIVE CHARACTERS CONTINUOUS: the modes are all real numbers included in a given range. (e.g. height; waiting time; income)
When we talk about characters we refer to all the elementary aspects that are the subject of survey on the statistical units of the collective. each statistical unit carries multiple characters. Characters can be distinguished in qualitative (expressed by verbal names such as sex, religion, level of satisfaction or degree of study) and quantitative (expressed by numerical values for which it is possible to establish a unit of measurement and which are measurable such as the number of employees in a holding, age, weight or height). qualitative characters are also distinguished in unconnected qualitative characters (which are represented by verbal names for which there is no natural order such as sex or religion) and orderable (which are represented by verbal names for which there is a natural order such as the title of study and the level of satisfaction); while quantitative characters are distinguished in discrete (they are represented by whole numerical values such as the number of employees in a company) or continuous (which are represented by real numbers such as height, weight and age. It is also possible for any type of character to carry out different operations. For quantitative characters it is possible to carry out all operations (equality, inequality, ordering and algebraic operations) while for unconnected qualitative characters it is possible to carry out only operations of equality and inequality and for quality characters it is possible to carry out operations of equality, inequality and ordering. 
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Stita
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Trace over the complete circuit with your pencil to show where it is. Even though there is a complete circuit, the bulb will not light. Why not?
There is not enough energy.
The circuit does not include both contact points on the bulb holder, so the electricity can not go through the bulb.
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SciEntsBank
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Jorge added solid material to a container of clear colorless liquid. The mixture began to bubble. Explain why Jorge knew a chemical reaction occurred.
Because bubbling is a sign of a chemical reaction.
Bubbling means a gas has formed. Gas is a new material. A new material indicates a reaction.
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SciEntsBank
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Jana and Emily used indophenol to test 3 beverages for vitamin C. The number of drops they added to make a 10 milliliters sample of the blue indophenol indicator become colorless are given here: 8 drops of Overly Orange 13 drops of Luscious Lemon 33 drops of Fruitsnap (and it still didn't change color). Why didn't the indophenol change color with Fruitsnap?
Because Fruitsnap does not have any vitamin C.
Fruitsnap contains little or no vitamin C so Fruitsnap does not change the color of the indophenol.
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SciEntsBank
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The accuser's fallacy consists in estimating the probability of the evidence given the hypothesis of the defense and interpreting it as the probability of innocence given the evidence. In criminal proceedings it is often found in reference to scientific evidence, in particular in relation to the NA.  When NA is found at the crime scene, the accuser's fallacy consists in exchanging the probability that the NA belongs to a particular subject, with the probability that that subject is guilty, therefore in wanting to believe that the genetic material found at the crime scene, necessarily belongs to the killer.  It concerns the misunderstanding of probabilistic information: the error arises when you exchange the probability of having the characteristics of guilt with the probability of being guilty, precisely because in possession of the characteristics of guilt.  e.g. in 1894 Dreyfus, an officer of Jewish origin, was accused of revealing secrets related to the German defense. A forensic expert calculated the probability of obtaining that particular combination of letters found in the document belonging to Dreyfus, assuming the latter's innocence and that that combination of letters was random. Random Match Probability was estimated at 1/625. Since the MP was very low, very low was also the hypothesis that Dreyfus was innocent. This is a classic example of the accuser's fallacy because the P(E" is calculated and interpreted as P("E").  It is also called "conditional transfer" because the conditioner is exchanged with the conditional.
The fallacy of the accuser is a very common example of error (cognitive bias in the forensic field) that occurs particularly during the trials and consists in calculating, assuming that the accused is innocent, the probability of proof given by the hypothesis of the defense (the probability that there may be a match of NA if the accused is innocent) and reinterpreted as the probability of innocence given the evidence (the probability that he is innocent if there is a match of NA). There is therefore an exchange of roles: in the first case the conditioning event is innocence while the conditioned event is evidence, in the second case they are reversed. An example of the accuser's fallacy is the case of Troy Brown (in the USA) who had been imprisoned for sexual assault on a 9-year-old girl. The evidence in support of his guilt was all circumstantial except for the evidence given by the coincidence of NA (the only evidence of his guilt: Brown's NA was identical to the one found at the crime scene). Despite this, the jury issued a guilty verdict mainly on the basis of the prosecution's attorney's testimony that only 1 out of 3 million (MP: random match probability) of people had a NA profile corresponding to that found, so the probability that Brown was innocent was equal to 1 out of 3 million. In the appeal process, the defense attorney argued that the conclusions drawn on the basis of the statistics quoted by the prosecution's attorney were incorrect and were an example of the accuser's fallacy. The Supreme Court in justifying the decision explained this fallacy by stating that the error of the pm is given by the hypothesis that the MP is the same probability that the defendant was not the source of the NA sample. The mistake is that the probability of such correspondence, given the evidence, is also the probability that the NA sample at the crime scene comes from someone other than Brown. If it is true that the accused was innocent, then there would be a probability in 3 million of a correspondence of NA and MP does not refer to the final hypothesis that the accused was innocent or guilty, but only at the origin of the trace of NA. The accuser's fallacy consists in calculating P(E"Hd) = P(evidence" innocence) and reinterpreted as P(innocence" evidence) where Hd: defence hypothesis and E: evidence, evidence.
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Stita
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What role does the path play in determining whether or not a switch affects a bulb?
A bulb in a closed path is not affected if the switch is closed.
If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb
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Beetle
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Andrew wanted to find the optimum conditions for his chickens to lay eggs. He divided his 20 chickens into 2 groups, X and Y, and recorded their daily care (amount of chicken feed and calcium) and egg production for 2 weeks. Did Andrew do a good job of controlling the variables in his experiment? Explain why or why not.
Yes, he gathered all the information and kept track. The calcium added is even with the chicken food and they have the same range.
No. Andrew changed 2 variables at the same time (amount of chicken feed and the amount of calcium) so Andrew can not know which variables made a difference.
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SciEntsBank
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Amber predicted that a black covered box would heat up faster than a white covered box. She took 2 identical shoe boxes and wrapped one with white paper and the other with black paper. She punched a hole in each box, stuck a thermometer into each hole, and put both boxes in the sun. Every 5 minutes, Amber recorded the temperature in each box. Will the data support Amber's prediction? Explain your answer.
Yes. Because the box is black and the heat goes faster than white.
Yes. Black absorbs more heat (energy) than white. White reflects more heat (energy) than black. Therefore the black covered box will heat up faster than the white covered box.
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SciEntsBank
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null
The term population refers to the generating population of the sample data and is divided into samples by the finite population or the generating population is given by the statistical collective consisting of all the elements and sampling by the theoretical population in which the generating population is given by the descriptive probabilistic model of the v.c x associated with the experiment.
The term population refers to the generating population of sample data produced by an experiment. In finite population sampling the generating population is given by the "totality" of the elements constituting the statistical collective in which the parameters of the population are constants. The population consists of a finite number of clearly identifiable and labelled individuals (i.i.d.) and pre-existing to the observation that it provides the sample data; the characteristic of interest of the population, which is to be estimated on the basis of partial information that is obtained from the sample, takes the parameter name and this represents the unknown aspect of the probability law (but there are cases in which although the number is finished there is no archive for which they are not identifiable or labelable es clandestine, tax evaders). In theoretical population sampling instead the generating population is given by the descriptive probabilistic model of the v.c. X associated with the experiment and is indicated with fX (x; theta) where theta represents the parameter. The data are generated by an experiment and would not exist without this; the result of this experiment is random and governed by probability law and its objective is to produce data with which to evaluate the unknown aspects of the probability law that govern the phenomena of interest.
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Angie wrote in her science notebook, "Evaporation only happens when water is heated to high temperatures." Explain why you agree or disagree.
Because it can happen to anyone.
Disagree. Evaporation can occur at any temperature.
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SciEntsBank
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A solution is a type of mixture. What makes it different from other mixtures?
When the mixture is mixed.
A solution is a mixture formed when a solid dissolves in a liquid.
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SciEntsBank
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Explain your reasoning.
there is still a closed path forbulb A and C
Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths with the battery
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Beetle
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Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 1 and the positive terminal.
because terminal one and the positive terminal are connected
Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap
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Beetle
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The inside of a pea seed is shown below. Describe the function of each of the parts: embryo.
The embryo is the part that grows into the roots, stems, and leaves.
The embryo contains the tiny leaves and root of the plant.
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SciEntsBank
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Explain your reasoning.
There is still a closed path that contains the battery, Bulb B, and Bulb C.
bulbs B and C are still in closed paths with the battery
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Beetle
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Sam and Jasmine were sitting on a park bench eating their lunches. A mosquito landed on Sam's arm and Sam began slapping at it. When he did that, he knocked Jasmine's soda into her lap, causing her to jump up. What was Sam's response?
Knocking the soda on Jasmine's lap to jump!
Sam's response was to slap the mosquito.
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SciEntsBank
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Nathaniel and Sammy are trying to make up a code for sending messages to each other by dropping items in a drop chamber and listening to them. Sammy wants to design a code using blocks made of plastic, metal, and wood. Nathaniel thinks it would be a better idea to use wooden blocks of different sizes and shapes. Which student's method would make it easier to tell the difference between the sounds? Why?
Nathaniel - Because a big triangle block would sound the same as a little square block.
Sammy's. Different materials would make very different sounds. Different size wood would make very similar sounds.
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SciEntsBank
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What is your "rule" for deciding if the part of a plant you are observing is a fruit?
You have to make sure it has seeds.
If a part of the plant contains seeds, that part is the fruit.
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SciEntsBank
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What is "frame bursting"? Also, give 1 advantage and disadvantage compared to the carrier extension.
Frame bursting allows the sender to transmit a concatenated sequence of several frames in a single transmission. It is more efficient in comparisson to the carrier extension because the carrier extension only sends one frame extended with a Frame Check Sum in a single transmission. However Frame bursting needs to wait for multiple frames to make one transmission of the concatenated sequence while the carrier extension can send instantly one frame.
Frame bursting reduces the overhead for transmitting small frames by concatenating a sequence of multiple frames in one single transmission, without ever releasing control of the channel. Advantage :it is more efficient than carrier extension as single frames not filled up with garbage. Disadvantage :need frames waiting for transmission or buffering and delay of frames
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SAF
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Why does the level of the water in the straw go up when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is heated?
Because all the molecules do not like hot water so they go somewhere else the only way to go is up.
Water expands when water is heated.
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SciEntsBank
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0.000092
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Why can duplicate packets be a problem in a network? Please state your answer in a single sentence.
The receiver will not be able to differentiate (without additional information) between the correct and the duplicated data.
if the receiver is not capable of differentiating between valid and duplicated packets it may act on the same information twice.
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Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. If Jim made Mixture 2 with 2 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters of water, what would he observe? What evidence do you have to support this?
Clear with nothing on the bottom because one is clear with nothing on the bottom and 3 is the same.
Jim would see a clear solution. 3 spoons of solid dissolves, so 2 spoons will dissolve.
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SciEntsBank
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Lee has an object he wants to test to see if it is an insulator or a conductor. He is going to use the circuit you see in the picture. How will he know if the object is a conductor?
It will run or turn on if it is a conductor.
If the motor runs, the object is a conductor.
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SciEntsBank
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Why can duplicate packets be a problem in a network? Please state your answer in a single sentence.
They steal available bandwith and once the first of the duplicate packets arrives at it's destination all others are obsolete.
if the receiver is not capable of differentiating between valid and duplicated packets it may act on the same information twice.
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SAF
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What is the role of a header-file?
The main role of header file is it is used to share information among various files.
To store a class interface, including data members and member function prototypes.
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Mohler
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WHICH PROPERTY of spanning trees makes them appealing for broad- and multicasting? EXPLAIN how you can modify Link State Routing to construct a spanning tree for multicasting.
Spanning Trees have no cycles. * We add the additional attribute Group to every Link State Packet indicating which group the sending IS belongs to.
Property: There is a single unique path between every pair of nodes in the tree. Alternatively, you can say that spanning trees are subnets of a network that do not contain loops but contain all nodes. This means that no unnecessary duplicates are distributed in the network when forwarding packets using that tree structure. Spanning Tree with Link State Routing: Each intermediate system knows which multicast groups it belongs to, but initially doesn’t know which other IS belong to the groups. Therefore, you can add multicast group information to the link state packet and each node can construct multicast trees once the full network topology and group information are distributed in the whole network, as each node then has the complete state information stored locally (e.g. with Prim or Kruskal)
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SAF
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Explain your reasoning.
they are on a closed path
If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery.
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Beetle
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To model the packet arrivals as a poisson process, we assumed that the arrivals for each time interval Δt are independent. Does this assumption hold for real INTERNET traffic? Explain your answer in 2-5 sentences.
This assumption does not hold for real internet traffic. Time intervals are very small, while internet traffic (for example start watching a Youtube Video where the buffer is filled.) may have a long duration. Therefore the probability of packet arrival, in the timeslot directly after a timeslot with packet arrival is higher, than in the timeslot where its predecessor had no packet arrival.
No. Real internet traffic often comes in bursts. Therefore, arrivals are not independent because the probability of an arrival happening at a node is influenced by previous arrivals at the node. For example, on-demand video streams selectively load the next video segments when needed. This means the actual network utilization depends on the current playback state on the client-side. The packet arrivals are not independent, as it is likely that there is a low utilization directly after the next segments have been loaded.
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Ted poured the same amount of water into 2 small containers, X and Y. He placed them together where they would not be disturbed. After several days, all of the water had evaporated from one of the containers. The other container still had some water. Which container, X or Y, was empty? Explain why the water in that container evaporated more quickly than the water in the other container.
Because maybe he put container Y was put in after container X.
Container X has more surface area or more water exposed to the air so the water evaporated faster.
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SciEntsBank
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As you move the multimeter leads from one bulb terminal to the next, what does it mean when the voltage reading jumps from 0 to 1.5?
You are closing the circuit.
the bulb is damaged
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Beetle
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If Phil, a geologist, wants to test for calcite while in the field, what should he bring with him? (an acid such as vinegar). Describe what Phil should do to test for calcite and what he would observe.
Phil should pour the cold acid on the rock and if it fizzes it has calcite in it.
Put acid on a rock. If the acid fizzes, Phil would know that the rock has calcite.
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SciEntsBank
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To model the packet arrivals as a poisson process, we assumed that the arrivals for each time interval Δt are independent. Does this assumption hold for real INTERNET traffic? Explain your answer in 2-5 sentences.
No this assumption does not hold for real internet traffic. Real Internet Traffic has built in congestion and flow control mechanisms, therefore if the packets get dropped due to queue buffer overflow from high arrival rate, there would be missing ACK messages detected at the sender side. Therefore the rate of transmission from sender will drop or slow down to compensate for slow receiver. In this sense the arrivals at each time interval are not really independent.
No. Real internet traffic often comes in bursts. Therefore, arrivals are not independent because the probability of an arrival happening at a node is influenced by previous arrivals at the node. For example, on-demand video streams selectively load the next video segments when needed. This means the actual network utilization depends on the current playback state on the client-side. The packet arrivals are not independent, as it is likely that there is a low utilization directly after the next segments have been loaded.
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Ms. Larson's class found the best condition to hatch brine-shrimp eggs: 2 spoons of salt in 200 milliliters of water. The class decided to hatch more eggs. Ms. Larson mixed a new solution using 2 spoons of salt in 200 milliliters of water. Later, she discovered she had used a slightly different size spoon to measure the salt. Even with this different solution, some eggs still hatched. Why did some eggs still hatch?
Because some shrimp have a bigger range of tolerance.
The different salt solution is within the range of tolerance for brine shrimp eggs to hatch.
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SciEntsBank
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When Amy added water to a mixture of baking soda and citric acid, the mixture began fizzing. Amy concluded there was a chemical reaction because it fizzed. Why is fizzing evidence of a chemical reaction?
Because something has to happen for the precipitate to be made.
The fizzing indicates a gas, a new material, is produced. When a new material is produced, a chemical reaction has occurred.
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SciEntsBank
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Amber predicted that a black covered box would heat up faster than a white covered box. She took 2 identical shoe boxes and wrapped one with white paper and the other with black paper. She punched a hole in each box, stuck a thermometer into each hole, and put both boxes in the sun. Every 5 minutes, Amber recorded the temperature in each box. Will the data support Amber's prediction? Explain your answer.
Yes. Because black heats up faster and white reflects.
Yes. Black absorbs more heat (energy) than white. White reflects more heat (energy) than black. Therefore the black covered box will heat up faster than the white covered box.
3
SciEntsBank
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0.000056
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Joanne mixed material R and material D together, added water, and stirred. After a few minutes, the liquid was clear and there was a solid on the bottom of the cup. Joanne used a paper filter to separate the solid from the liquid. Why does the solid stay in the filter when the liquid goes through?
Because the little piece of the liquid and the undissolved is bigger.
The particles of the solid are too big to go through the holes in the paper filter.
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SciEntsBank
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Nathaniel and Sammy are trying to make up a code for sending messages to each other by dropping items in a drop chamber and listening to them. Sammy wants to design a code using blocks made of plastic, metal, and wood. Nathaniel thinks it would be a better idea to use wooden blocks of different sizes and shapes. Which student's method would make it easier to tell the difference between the sounds? Why?
Sammy - I chose Sammy because you can tell the difference of plastic metal blocks of wood.
Sammy's. Different materials would make very different sounds. Different size wood would make very similar sounds.
2
SciEntsBank
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null
pick random decision boundary while one of data points is in wrong class turn decision boundary by using vector of wrong data point (negative rule or positive)
Label the data with positive and negative (+/-) labels, initialize the weights randomly, apply (simplified) update rule: Dw = eta*x(n) if <w,x> <= 0, repeat on all epochs till the weights don’t change much. The algorithm will converge as the data is linearly separable.
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DigiKlausur
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Jen was talking on the phone with her Uncle Bill who lives in Canada. When she asked him how the weather was, he said it was nice and warm, about 28 degrees. What unit is Uncle Bill using to report the temperature?
The temperature.
Bill must have been using degrees Celsius if 28 is a warm temperature.
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SciEntsBank
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Explain your reasoning.
bulb b and c are contained in the same closed path with the same battery
B and C are in the same path with the battery
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Beetle
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WHICH PROPERTY of spanning trees makes them appealing for broad- and multicasting? EXPLAIN how you can modify Link State Routing to construct a spanning tree for multicasting.
All nodes are connected at least one other, all nodes can be reached. Constructing a spanning tree: First measuring the distance to the neighbors, organize your package(send the distance), all nodes do the calculation which distances are the shortest.
Property: There is a single unique path between every pair of nodes in the tree. Alternatively, you can say that spanning trees are subnets of a network that do not contain loops but contain all nodes. This means that no unnecessary duplicates are distributed in the network when forwarding packets using that tree structure. Spanning Tree with Link State Routing: Each intermediate system knows which multicast groups it belongs to, but initially doesn’t know which other IS belong to the groups. Therefore, you can add multicast group information to the link state packet and each node can construct multicast trees once the full network topology and group information are distributed in the whole network, as each node then has the complete state information stored locally (e.g. with Prim or Kruskal)
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SAF
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State at least 4 of the differences shown in the lecture between the UDP and TCP headers.
- Since UDP is a simple protocol that actually sends IP packets with limited header additions to the receiver where the packet is forwarded to the application directly, i.e. w/o reordering, etc. The UDP header consists only of essential needs for data transmission, i.e. a sender and receiver port, packet length, and an optional checksum. - In difference to that TCP it is more complicated, since the goal is to receive exactly the same data as transmitted by the sender, i.e. fully complete and in the right order of the packets. To achieve a reliable connection some additional parameters vs. UDP have to be added in the header: o Sequence Number: to get the right order of the packets o Acknowledgment Number: Needed together with Sequence Number for connection setup to get the starting sequence number (3-Way handshake) o Various Flags, e.g. SYN-Flag for 3-Way handshake o Advertised Win. or WIN: needed for Flow Control
Possible Differences : The UPD header (8 bytes) is much shorter than the TCP header (20-60 bytes) The UDP header has a fixed length while the TCP header has a variable length Fields contained in the TCP header and not the UDP header : -Sequence number -Acknowledgment number -Reserved -Flags/Control bits -Advertised window -Urgent Pointer -Options + Padding if the options are UDP includes the packet length (data + header) while TCP has the header length/data offset (just header) field instead The sender port field is optional in UDP, while the source port in TCP is necessary to establish the connection
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SAF
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What is voltage?
the different in the positive terminal and negative terminal.
Voltage is the difference in electrical states between two terminals
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Beetle
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null
null
Label the data with positive and negative (+/-) labels, initialize the weights randomly, apply (simplified) update rule: Dw = eta*x(n) if <w,x> <= 0, repeat on all epochs till the weights don’t change much. The algorithm will converge as the data is linearly separable.
0
DigiKlausur
0
0.003546
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Software-defined Networking (SDN) introduces separate control and data planes to manage network flows. Please explain the responsibilities of each plane in 1-2 sentences. Further, name two tasks the SDN controller takes care of.
The control plane decides where to send the data by discovering the network and saving the found connections. The data plane takes care of the actual forwarding of the data according to the given direction by the control plane. Tasks of the SDN Controller: • configuration of forwarding tables • discovery of topology
Control Plane: The control plane is logically centralized, but can be physically distributed (multiple coordinating control servers for higher availability and scalability). One of the following responsibilities should be given: ● decides the route for the packet/data ○ Control servers manage the network graph, define routes, and update the flow tables of connected switches. ● handles unprocessed packets coming in from the data plane Data plane: Responsible for packet forwarding. Individual switches just execute actions according to their flow tables decided upon by the control plane. The following are the tasks taken care of by the controller: ● Configuration of forwarding tables ● Injecting packets ● Events from switch (packet-in) ● Collection/Monitoring of traffic statistics ● Discovery of topology ● Inventorying what devices are within the network and the capabilities of each device ● Interfaces with control logic (control “application”) via the northbound interface(s) ● Implements a southbound interface to interact with the data plane. ● Implements the control plane.
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ESNs are recurrent neural networks with at least one cyclic connection and are based on the concept of reservoirs. In contrast FF NNs do not have any cyclic connections. Additionally, in ESN the output weights are trained but the reservoir weights are not whereas in FF NNs all weights are trained. The ESN has memory while FF NNs do not have memory.
Echo State Network is a type of Recurrent Neural Network and has at least one cyclic (feedback) connection. Only the weights of the output layers are updated while learning. ESN consists of feedback connections while a FF NN does not. ESN can approximate dynamic systems while FF NN cannot.
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Shanna stuck one end of a clear straw into a ball of clay. She filled the straw part way with water and marked the water level. She then placed it in the freezer. Which statement describes the level of the water (ice) in the straw after it froze? (Circle the one best answer.) A. The water level went down when the water froze. B. The water level stayed the same when the water froze. C. The water level went up when the water froze. Explain your answer.
When water freezes it expands therefore making the water level expand.
The level went up when the water froze because water expands when water freezes.
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Consider the following network topology from the lecture:With routing, we want to find the best path for our packets. For this, we first need to define a metric to evaluate the quality of a path. One possible choice could be the current load (i.e. the current utilization in terms of sent packets/bytes) on this path. Assume that A wants to send data to G, could this routing strategy cause any problems at the receiver end? Please explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.
If all possible paths have the same load in the beginning (like A->B, A->E, A->D), then it can not be determined which path it should take for sending the packet, since all paths have the same quality, so the process may fail already. Furthermore, one can argue with the fact, if both paths C->F and E->I have a current utilization of 0 packets/bytes, the packet would not even be sent to the other half of the network, which would lead to an infinite loop in the first half of the network. The destination, in our case G, therefore can't receive the packet at all.
Yes, using the current load to find the best path can lead to fluctuations/oscillations when there is more than one path between any pair of end systems in the network (here: CF and EI). This can cause packet reorderings at the receiving side.
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Explain why circuit 2 is not a short circuit.
the battery is not contained in a closed path.
The battery in 2 is not in a closed path
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How does the water flow in a creek during a flood compared to normal water flow?
The water overlaps the area around the creek during a flood.
During a flood there is more water in the creek and the water flows faster.
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Why not?
it is in a closed path with the battery
there is still a closed path containing Switch Z, Switch X, Bulbs A and C and the battery
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Why does a rubber band make a sound when you pluck it (pull and let go quickly)?
It will say: dinininin!
The rubber band vibrates.
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The graph shows temperature data from 2 containers. One container had 100 milliliters of water and the other had 100 milliliters of dry soil. Each container was placed in the sun for 20 minutes and then in the shade for 20 minutes. Which container, A or B, had the dry soil? Explain how the graph helped you decide which container had the dry soil.
A. Because soil heats up faster.
A. Dry soil heats more quickly and cools off more quickly than water. The graph shows A heats and cools more quickly than B, so A must be the dry soil.
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Why does measuring voltage help you locate a burned out bulb? Try to answer in terms of electrical states, connections and/ or a gap.
You will find out wehere the difference in electrical staates
Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a damaged bulb.
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Amber predicted that a black covered box would heat up faster than a white covered box. She took 2 identical shoe boxes and wrapped one with white paper and the other with black paper. She punched a hole in each box, stuck a thermometer into each hole, and put both boxes in the sun. Every 5 minutes, Amber recorded the temperature in each box. Will the data support Amber's prediction? Explain your answer.
Yes. Since the box is black, black attracts or absorbs heat faster, the other box is white which reflects more sunlight than absorbing it.
Yes. Black absorbs more heat (energy) than white. White reflects more heat (energy) than black. Therefore the black covered box will heat up faster than the white covered box.
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Look at the picture on the right. Label the poles on each magnet. (The bottom 2 magnets are stuck together, the others are not.) What is the rule that explains why you labeled the poles the way you did?
The magnets are not touching because they cannot attract to each other if they are north to north or south to south.
Like poles repel and opposite poles attract.
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Look at the rubbings of 2 different fabrics. What do the rubbings tell us about the different textures of these 2 fabrics?
Rubbing A was smooth, and rubbing B was rough and bumpy.
Fabric A is smoother and has a finer texture. Fabric B is rougher and has a coarser texture.
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Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. Which solution(s) is saturated? What is the evidence of saturation?
Solution 4 and solution 5. The cup has material on the bottom.
Mixtures 4 and 5 are saturated. There is material on the bottom of 4 and 5.
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What is your "rule" for deciding if the part of a plant you are observing is a fruit?
If it has a seed or not.
If a part of the plant contains seeds, that part is the fruit.
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Sam and Jasmine were sitting on a park bench eating their lunches. A mosquito landed on Sam's arm and Sam began slapping at it. When he did that, he knocked Jasmine's soda into her lap, causing her to jump up. What was the stimulus for Sam?
That he began slapping at the mosquito.
Sam's stimulus was feeling (or seeing) the mosquito on Sam's arm.
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Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 1 and terminal 6.
Terminal 6 is connected to the positive battery terminal
Terminals 1 and 6 are separated by the gap
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WHAT is the purpose of Reverse Path Forwarding and Reverse Path Broadcast? HOW do they work?
The purpose of Reverse Path Forwarding and Reverse Path Broadcast is to avoid duplicate sending of messages which results in a congested network and to save the effort that emerges when already received messages have to be stored in memory. In Reverse Path Forwarding a node remembers on which path it has previously sent something to another node (assumption that this is the best path based on routing tables) and only accepts and forwards packets from that other node that are returning from that same path. An accepted packet is forwarded on every outgoing link except the one it came from. If packets are coming from other paths they are discarded based on the assumption that they are copies. Reverse Path Broadcasting makes use of the Reverse Path Forwarding principle except that the packets are not forwarded on every outgoing line but only on the ones which are part of a best path between two nodes. Every node is inspecting the flow of a network and can thus find out, whether they are on the best path between two nodes or not. If they are not on that best path they will not forward the packets to those nodes. By doing this the traffic in a network is restricted to less and less packets (fewer copies).
Purpose: Both implement a more efficient kind (in terms of duplicate packets) of broadcasting than flooding / to minimize the number of duplicate packets in the network when broadcasting. Reverse Path Forwarding: Each node has a routing table stemming from unicast routing algorithms. When receiving a packet of sender S from neighbor N at node X, check the routing table and only forward the packet to all adjacent nodes (except for N) when you would send packets to S over N → the assumption is that the packet used the BEST route until now. Reverse Path Broadcast: Nodes monitor unicast traffic to learn which paths in the network they are a part of, that is node X knows that is on the best path between two nodes A and B if it receives unicast packets coming from A and going to B or visa versa. In other words, each node knows which spanning trees it is part of in the network. Reverse Path Broadcasting works identical to Reverse Path Forwarding with the exception that it only forwards packets on edges that are part of a spanning tree (again excluding the incoming line to N).
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Please explain the problem with "Distributed Queue Dual Buses" that was discussed in the lecture in 1-3 sentences.
Fairness is an important issue in "Distributed Queue Dual Buses". The problem is, how can it be ensured that everybody has the same likelihood to get access to data.
Depending on your position in the bus station have a disadvantage/advantage when reserving transmission rights.
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Consider the following network topology from the lecture:With routing, we want to find the best path for our packets. For this, we first need to define a metric to evaluate the quality of a path. One possible choice could be the current load (i.e. the current utilization in terms of sent packets/bytes) on this path. Assume that A wants to send data to G, could this routing strategy cause any problems at the receiver end? Please explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.
Yes, because the path load is then reduced for the chosen path and if the receiver needs a certain path on which throughput is critical (e.g. G to F), it can not use it properly, because the load is higher at the time of receiving. For example F to G is on the path from A to G, then the load on F to G is reduced at the time of receiving. If at the time of receiving the receiver G wants to send critical data fast to F, it cannot use the path G to F properly and needs maybe to elude to path G to H to F.
Yes, using the current load to find the best path can lead to fluctuations/oscillations when there is more than one path between any pair of end systems in the network (here: CF and EI). This can cause packet reorderings at the receiving side.
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Why was bulb A on when switch Y was open and switch Z was closed?
the battery is containing a negative charge only
Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery.
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Look at the 2 pictures of drops on a flat, waterproof surface. The drop on the left is soapy water and the drop on the right is plain water. What causes the soapy water to look like it does?
The soapy water breaks the surface tension.
The surface tension is broken by the soap so the soapy water drop is flat.
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Grace set up a science experiment. Here's what she wrote in her notebook. First I put eggshells into a cup and covered them with vinegar. After a while, small bubbles appeared on the surface of the eggshells. The next day there were more bubbles. In a couple of days, the eggshells were gone and the liquid was clear. I think I made a solution and a reaction. Explain why Grace thinks she made a solution.
I think she made a solution because the eggshells and bubbles disappeared.
A solution was created when the eggshells disappeared (dissolved) and the mixture ended up as a clear liquid.
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Sam and Jasmine were sitting on a park bench eating their lunches. A mosquito landed on Sam's arm and Sam began slapping at it. When he did that, he knocked Jasmine's soda into her lap, causing her to jump up. What was Sam's response?
Trying to slap it off.
Sam's response was to slap the mosquito.
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SciEntsBank
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Why do you think the other terminals are being held in a different electrical state than that of the negative terminal?
there is a gap in the circuit that causes a gap between terminals 1,2,and 3 and 4,5,and 6
Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are not connected to the negative battery terminal
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Beetle
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Look at the picture of a cow bone. What is the function of this type of bone?
The function of this bone is to protect the heart and the lungs.
The rib bones form a cage to protect the internal organs.
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Don wants to make a map of his neighborhood that fits into his notebook. He has a photograph of the neighborhood but it is too large. Complete the description of how Don can draw an accurate map that fits into his notebook: 1. Put an overlay grid over the model. 2. ____ 3. Draw a smaller grid with the same number of squares in your notebook. 4. ____ 5. Create a key to go with the map.
2. Trace every detail to the overlay grid. 4. Make the drawing of the overlay grid on the smaller grid with the same coordinates.
2: Trace the features from the photograph onto the overlay grid. 4: Transfer the features to the matching squares on the smaller grid in your notebook.
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One function of the bess beetle's elytra (the hard, black wing set) is protection. What is another function of the elytra?
To protect itself.
The elytra are used to make sounds.
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Jen was talking on the phone with her Uncle Bill who lives in Canada. When she asked him how the weather was, he said it was nice and warm, about 28 degrees. What unit is Uncle Bill using to report the temperature?
28 Celsius.
Bill must have been using degrees Celsius if 28 is a warm temperature.
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Explain your reasoning.
Bulb B, and C are still ina contained path.
If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery
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Beetle
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Why?
Because the two terminals will always have different electrical states.
A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals
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Beetle
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Please explain the problem with "Distributed Queue Dual Buses" that was discussed in the lecture in 1-3 sentences.
A node at the end of a bus has the least priority to send something. In a DQDB a node is part of two busses and so has two different priorities to send. To archieve a fair transmission for all nodes one has to find an algorihm which allows any node to schedule a write with the same priority.
Depending on your position in the bus station have a disadvantage/advantage when reserving transmission rights.
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John wanted to find the optimum conditions for growing peas. He planted pea seeds in 2 separate pots. He used the same amount and type of soil in each pot. He recorded daily care (amount of water and plant food) and results (plant length and number of leaves) after 2 weeks, as shown in the following chart. Did John do a good job of controlling the variables in his experiment? Explain why or why not.
Yes, Because he did not have Pot B the same as Pot A.
No. John changed 2 variables at the same time (amount of water and amount of plant food) so John can not know which variables made a difference.
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SciEntsBank
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Ted poured the same amount of water into 2 small containers, X and Y. He placed them together where they would not be disturbed. After several days, all of the water had evaporated from one of the containers. The other container still had some water. Which container, X or Y, was empty? Explain why the water in that container evaporated more quickly than the water in the other container.
Because X has more surface area and so it will evaporate faster.
Container X has more surface area or more water exposed to the air so the water evaporated faster.
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Under what circumstances will a switch affect a bulb?
If it is on the path with it and the battery
When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path
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Beetle
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When a seed germinates, why does the root grow first?
To gather water for food.
The root grows first so the root can take up water for the plant.
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null
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The reduced Boltzmann machine is a bi-parted graph which works by flipping the states of binary neurons based on a probability determined by the activation produced at the neuron. Neurons are arranged in a visible and a hidden layer in a recurrent fashion. There are two states involved called the clamped state in which the visible neuron is connected to the input and a free running state in which both layers run free.
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DigiKlausur
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Pam sprayed water on her mother's car. The water drops looked just like those she had seen on other surfaces that do not absorb water. What property of water causes the drop to be shaped that way?
Surface tension.
Surface tension causes the drop to form a dome or bead shape.
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Jack made a lifeboat out of a large paper cup. He decided to measure how far the boat sank when different numbers of marbles were added. His data are shown in the table. Identify the standard for Jack's experiment.
56.1 equals average.
The boat with 0 marbles is the standard in this experiment.
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Consider a single server queueing system with a buffer of size 10. Let us assume that 9 packets arrive per second and 10 packets are served per second on an average. Assume you monitor the system for exactly one minute after the system reaches equilibrium. How many seconds would you expect the system to be in a state in which there are less than 10 packets waiting in the queue? You need to justify your answer by showing steps involved; calculations, however, need not be included. headers.
We have an arrival rate lambda = 9 packets per second, and a service rate mu = 10 packets per second. Therefore, our system utilization is ro = lambda/mu = 9/10. Since we start monitoring the system when it reaches equilibrium, we can use the balance equations to calculate the probabilities for each state. We take the equation for the probability p_n, that the system is in state n = 10, meaning there are 10 packets in the waiting queue, and with N = 10, meaning the buffer size of the waiting queue is 10. The equation for p_10 is therefore p_10 = ((1-ro)*ro^10) / (1-ro^11) = 0.0508 Now the probability of having less than 10 packets is (1 - p_10), since the normalization condition yields that the sum of all probabilities for the states equals 1, and we can have at most 10 packets in the waiting queue because of the buffer size 10. Therefore, we expect that the fraction of the time, in which we are in state p_10, is (p_10 * t), with t being the examined total time. On the other hand, we expect that the fraction of the time, in which we are not in state p_10, meaning we have less than 10 packets in the waiting queue, is ((1 - p_10) * t). Since we monitor the system for 60 seconds, we have t = 60s. With the last term we get the result ((1 - p_10) * 60s) = 56.9512s Therefore, we expect the system to have less than 10 packets in the waiting queue for approximately 56.9512 seconds of the total 60 seconds.
Since we have a buffer size (N) of 10, we will always have less than 10 packets waiting in the queue unless there are exactly 10 packets in the queue. Therefore, we first calculate the probability of the system being full/having 10 packets in the queue. This is also called “blocking probability” or P_B. P_B = ((1 - utilization) * utilization^N) / 1 - utilization^(N+1) = ((1-0.9) * 0.9^10) / (1 - 0.9^11) = 0.0508 Alternatively to the blocking probability, it is also valid to directly calculate P(X less than 10) = (1 -P_B) by summing up the probabilities for 0, 1, …, 9 packets to be in the queue. To calculate the expected time where the system is not blocked in the 60-second observation time-frame, we simply multiply the time frame with P(X less than 10) or the complement of P_B (0.25p) = 60 * (1-P_B) = 56.9512 seconds
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Explain your reasoning.
There will be a gap in the path
bulb B creates a gap
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Katie got a guitar for her birthday. She experimented with the strings and found she could change their sounds. One way Katie could change the sound of a string was to tighten it. Describe how the sound was different when the string was tightened.
When the string is tightened the string comes more out of the guitar part so the string in the guitar part is smaller so the pitch it higher.
When the string was tighter, the pitch was higher.
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How do you know when a solid and a liquid form a solution?
Because it turns clear. It bubbles.
The solid dissolves (seems to disappear) and the liquid remains clear.
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null
Artificial Neural Networks are large parallel processing units that have the natural ability to learn experiential knowledge. They are composed of interconnected neurons as basic units; which in turn cosists of weights, squashing functions and adder functions. ANN resembles brain in the manner that like in human brain, it is composed of a network of neurons which help in learning by adjusting the synaptic weights of the connections between neurons. This enables it to learn experiential knowledge.
A neural network is a massively parallel distributed processor which is made up of simple processing units. It has a natural propensity for storing experiential knowledge. Neural networks resemble the brain in two aspects; knowledge is acquired by the network from its environment through a learning process, interneuron connection strength known as synaptic weights are used to store the acquired knowledge.
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Explain why circuit 5 is a short circuit.
the bulb is not conatined in a closed path
the battery is contained in a path in which there is no bulb
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Write-down all addresses in Class A networks that are reserved.
0.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 100.64.0.0/10 127.0.0.0/8 (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_IP_addresses)
126 Class A nets can be addressed in classful IP addressing (1.xx.yy.zz - 126.xx.yy.zz) 127.xx.yy.zz is reserved for loopback testing 0.xx.yy.zz can be accepted if stated accordingly (definitions defer whether this is in Class A)
0.5
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Explain your reasoning.
because a and c are still in a closed circuit
Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths with the battery
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Assume you have a local network with 3 users that are all interconnected and have perfect clocks. Typically the network is often congested as all users generate more traffic than the link’s capacities. Which of the encoding techniques introduced in the lecture should be used in this network to encode bitstreams? Give two reasons for your answer in 2-4 sentences.
The Sliding Window technique should be used in this scenario for these reasons: 1) The network is often congested. The SW has better capability for dealing with that by better utilizing channels / generating more throughput. 2) Its a small network of 3 users meaning that increasing complexity (buffer demand) does not scale that much, neutralizing one of the main drawbacks of SW
Binary Encoding, as it is the most efficient in terms of bandwidth since you get a full bit per baud instead of only 0.5. Additionally, you do not have to deal with clock drift and various ticking rates as all clocks are perfect. Therefore, self-clocking / clock recovery is not as necessary. Simple and cheap is also acceptable as one of the reasons.
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Emily put 20 milliliters of a mystery solution in an evaporation dish. When all the water was gone, she drew the picture of the dish you see here. Using the crystal-shape key below, what chemical do you think was dissolved in the solution? A. Epsom salt B. Sodium thiosulfate (C. Alum) D. None of the above. Explain why you chose that answer.
I looked at the crystal shape key and it looks most like alum.
Emily's crystals are the same shape as the alum crystals shown on the key.
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Look at the picture below [which shows a balance tipped down on the side containing a ball; the right cup has 20 grams and 10 grams mass pieces]. The mass of the ball is one of the following. It must be A. 20 grams. B. 30 grams. (C. 40 grams.) Explain why you chose the answer that you did.
I chose the answer because I needed to add it together.
There is 30 grams (20 grams plus 10 grams) in the right cup. The balance is tipped down on the ball side which means the ball weighs more than 30 grams. 40 grams is the only weight heavier than 30 grams.
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