Alan Turing | Computing Machinery and Intelligence
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I give a brief overview of Alan M. Turing's seminal AI paper from 1950, titled: 
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 💥💻🤖

You'll learn about: 
✔️ Turing Test, or as Turing called it "The Imitation Game" 
✔️ 9 objections to Turing's theory
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2 Medium blogs that go with this video (you'll find more information there):
✅ https://medium.com/@gordicaleksa/turing-for-dummies-ai-part-1-f0f668bcd83d
✅ https://medium.com/@gordicaleksa/turing-for-dummies-ai-part-2-848cb87e95ab
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⌚️ Timetable:
0:00 Computing Machinery and Intelligence
0:40 Paper opening
1:10 Turing Test ("The Imitation Game")
2:42 Turing's predictions
3:50 The "Thinking" part
4:50 The "Machine" part
6:10 Mind is computational in nature?
7:22 Conway's game of life (simple rules - complex results)
8:20 Objections to Turing's theory (that Turing anticipated)

Note: This video 📺 is for purely educational purposes without any intention of monetizing it. 
I've used imagery produced by various artists and people without whom this video would not be possible

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#turing #ai #mind
 This video is going to cover Alan Turing and his famous paper from 1950 called Computing Machinery and Intelligence. So for those of you who don't know who Turing was, he's widely considered as the father of modern computer science and also the father of artificial intelligence. During the World War II he basically helped end the war by cracking German's Enigma coding machine. I wrote two blogs on this topic which I highly recommend that you go and head and read. I'll link those down there in the description but I'll try and summarize the main ideas that were covered in the paper right now. His paper has one of the best openings ever and goes like this. I propose to consider the question can machines think? This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms machine and think. So basically Turing is well aware that we don't have a slightest clue what thinking is, what understanding is, what consciousness is and whether it's actually needed for the cognition as we know it. He goes on to propose what is now called the Turing test and which he originally dubbed as the imitation game. So the game or the Turing test goes like this. So imagine you have a judge and you have a man and you have a woman. Now the goal of the man is to try and trick the judge into thinking that he's a woman. The goal of the woman is to try and convince the judge to help the judge and convince him or her that she is a she, that she's a woman. And the goal of the judge of course is to just figure out who actually the man is and who the woman is. Now go ahead and replace the man with a computer and if the computer can be as performant as the man in tricking the judge it passes the Turing test. But there's a lot of important details here that I missed in the original statement. So first of all they can only communicate by text and not handwritten text but typed text so that you cannot kind of infer whether the text comes from a woman or man. Back in his time extra sensory perception like telepathy, telekinesis, all of those stuff that we see in like science fiction movies was actually kind of popular and he suggested that there was some statistical evidence for telepathy. So in order to avoid like some of the participants being able to exploit telepathic abilities he said we want to create a telepathy proof room, whatever that means, because that will give humans unfair advantage compared to computers which can only guess at random. And Turing's original prediction went like this. So I believe that in about 50 years time it will be possible to program computers with a storage capacity of about 10 to the power of 9 which is 1 gigabit for those of you who don't know to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70% chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning. So basically the game lasts for five minutes and if the computer manages to trick 30% of the judges it passed the Turing test. So this original statement was not as strong as it can be. For me personally I think that computer will have to communicate with you like the whole day at least and then you can say it's intelligent or it can think or it should pass the test. If you have only five minutes I think today like Google Mina for example is it the newest stuff that came from Google, newest chatbot. I'd say if you took an average judge like some kid from high school I think you can have like a five minute conversation without a problem. Now I said they will think but like that's pretty sketchy and let's see what Turing said about that one. So may not machines carry out something which ought to be described as thinking but which is very different from what a man does. This objection is a very strong one but at least we can say that if nevertheless a machine can be constructed to play the imitation game satisfactorily we need not be troubled by this objection. We probably won't have to crack thinking or understanding on all those like hard and abstract stuff. We can just make it this stuff that we want like that's engineering. Basically airplanes also don't fly like birds right and we don't complain about them right. So the same thing about cars they don't run like cheetahs but they are faster than cheetahs. So that's it. I mean you don't have to fully understand something in order to exploit certain features that would be useful to like humanity and economy. So that was the thinking part. Turing initially said can machines think? So we need to define what a machine means. According to Turing a machine cannot be just about anything. So for example he anticipated that we may be able to genetically create humans so those humans wouldn't be appropriate to participate in this test. What he means by machine is a digital computer. Nowadays when we say digital computer we usually make it synonymous with electronic digital computer which is a concrete implementation of a digital computer. Digital computer can be implemented as a mechanical device. There was this famous mechanical digital computer called the analytical engine developed by Charles Babbage 200 years ago and also computers digital computers could be acoustic they could be photonic so-called photonic computing where you basically use photons and light to do the same computations as these electronic computers do. Basically he proved in his earlier paper that those can solve anything that's computationally solvable they are so called universal Turing machines. Now that's so obvious now in 2020 where we just pull out your smartphone you can you can use it as a calendar you can use it to take a photo you can call somebody you can do a bunch of stuff. Back in the days of Turing they basically have a single machine for a single purpose that's it. There is a really strong hypothesis that Turing is making throughout this paper. Human mind can be modeled as a discrete state machine. If that's true then any digital computer be it mechanical be it acoustic be it electronic one can mimic your mind. So your mind is like software and your brain is like a hardware of a computer. Following from that one your thoughts are just simple computations and this is something that's called as a dualism in philosophy. So you basically think that the mind can be separated from the brain. The opposite theory would be that they cannot be separated that the brain is actually needed for a true cognition for true understanding and consciousness and everything. Roger Penrose famous mathematician and physicist he thinks that there are probably some quantum effects happening in the mind and every new like neuron in your brain basically has this strange structure called microtubules and there are some evidence although like those are certainly not definite that those could be causing consciousness. Now for many of you this idea may may sound absurd like human mind could be modeled as a simple like a set of instructions like a program but I don't know like if you know about Conway's Game of Life for example you know that some really simple rules could create an illusion of a really complex phenomenon. Second example could be fractals like Mandelbrot's set or Mandelbrot's fractal and you can see it on the screen and it's created using a really simple rule and you get this amazingly complex looking fractal. This whole theory was later refuted by John Searle in a famous Chinese room argument so I'm pretty confident that we will need some kind of special coupling special hardware in order to produce understanding thinking and that stuff. Putting aside the fact that John Searle actually refuted Turing in 1980 let's see a couple of objections that Turing himself anticipated being thrown at him back in 1950. So the first one is a theological objection and the idea there is well like God gave souls only to men and women and you need souls in order to think which pretty much implies that machines will never be able to think and what Turing says is that hey like in some other religions they say that only men have souls so who's right? Probably none of those theories is correct and there we have some like empirical evidence where church had or in general religions had some some funny theories. Geocentric system is in one example where church had false beliefs and they didn't want to admit it. The bottom line is dogmas are not arguments so Turing just said I don't want to even try and refute this one. The second objection was the heads in the sand objection and the idea there is it would be really scary if machines could think so they cannot. I mean that's not even an argument but Turing nonetheless just kind of considered that one and it's really related to the first theological argument because it's not an argument it's an opinion. The third objection that Turing considered was the mathematical objection and the idea there was that we are aware that computers do have certain limitations they cannot compute everything so one famous example is the halting problem where the goal is to given a program and given an input you have to create another program which is say whether this program will stop for a given input and Turing proved that this cannot be computed. This is something that's called undecidable problem for Turing machines but there is no proof that human intellect is not subject to the same kinds of limitations. My opinion here is that we won't even be testing people for these kind of tests. We won't be testing mathematicians or logicians and even they couldn't answer questions like halting problem like that doesn't make any sense. Skipping to the fourth objection basically that's called the argument from consciousness and the idea here is hey even if machines do some crazy cool stuff they still don't think they don't understand they don't feel they don't have consciousness and Turing said well how do you know how do you know that even other people have those kind of attributes so you basically cannot know and if you go into extreme that's called a solipsist view where you basically you can only say for yourself that hey I have consciousness I'm aware of myself but you cannot say for others so you just have to be reasonable and accept this test as a as a good way to to measure intelligence and I'm obviously simplifying things a little bit here I just want to give you out like a short glimpse of how the the paper the computing machinery and intelligence was was kind of structured and just give you a feeling for that and then you can go later on and explore a bit more for yourself. The fifth one is argument from various disabilities and this one goes something like this so yeah they can do all of those cool stuff but they cannot do X where X can be fall in love learning from experience doing something really new basically Turing said that all of these are usually a product of a scientific induction went wrong in the sense they just see the current state of affairs they see current computers and they say hey these machines are not capable in general of doing this and they probably will be and as we now know machines can learn from experience that there's a whole field my channel is all about called machine learning where machines are learning indeed from data from experience and also they can do something new so if you if you know about AlphaGo if you know about all of those cool algorithms that DeepMind is developing they did a lot of moves and stuff that other human players the best players in the world could not explain they are doing something new that's for sure. The sixth objection is lady lovelace's objection and it says that computers can never do something new they can only do stuff that we know how to program them to do so basically whatever we know how to do they will be able to do anything else is out of the scope and this is a really important argument because it later created a the most famous objection to Turing's theory which is known as the Chinese informally known as the Chinese room argument written by John Searle and it also created a brand new test which is called lovelace's test and it just kind of informally tries to figure out if machines can surprise us if they manage to surprise us the machine passes the test that's informal version to be quite honest Turing had the kind of weak argument on this one he basically said hey when I sometimes do some syntax error computer does surprise me when I see some like strange result and I mean that's not the kind of surprise that we want to see from a machine not a syntax error every every single developer nowadays experiences those kind of surprises but it's not the same thing we do know of many examples nowadays which indeed truly surprised us as like as the whole civilization so for example move 37 that AlphaGo did in a match against Lisa Dole was truly a new thing nobody expected that one so everybody was kind of surprised I'm not quite sure if David Silver and his crew from DeepMind can actually can actually figure out exactly what the machine how the machine came with that like move seventh argument from the continuity of the nervous system and what Turing basically said here is that a digital computer which is which can mimic any discrete state machine could be a good enough approximation for for our brain eighth the argument from informality of behavior and this one basically says we can never learn or teach the machine of how to perform in every single situation that may appear in the real world and what Turing said is that we haven't searched long enough if we keep on putting new rules and new rules into the machine it will eventually get better and I don't agree with Turing on this one I'd say I'd say we did solve it in a way but using machine learning but even with ML we still are not quite sure how the machine will react to every single possible input in in a given state it's kind of not the desirable property of a system especially when human lives are concerned the final argument is the one from extrasensory perception and I kind of hinted that this one earlier in the video what he basically says here we have a person that has a telepathic ability for example then the judge could give such a test that only the person that has telepathic abilities could answer correctly whereas the machine can do at best at random right so say I have some cards in my hands and the guy that has telepathic abilities I guess is 40 of those correctly whereas the machine does a 20-25 whatever it's funny to listen to Turing writing about statistical evidence for telepathy where it seems like they did have some evidence that some persons perform better than at random today in 2020 we don't have any any kind of such statistical evidence as far as I know at the very end of the paper he mentions a couple of really interesting ideas about learning so what he suggests is that hey instead of trying and programming like a like a fully fledged human mind into the machine let's try and start with a child machine and basically through education process teach it to become the adult machine that's basically idea of machine learning he compares this process to evolutionary process in the sense that the initial state of the machine is can be considered as the hereditary material education process can be considered as mutations and natural selection is judging in this example or some automatic way of doing it like objective or loss function and finally he also pretty much predicted reinforcement learning in the sense he suggested some kind of reward and punishment methods for learning and he said these will probably not be the the main way to to learn them to teach a machine but a supplement with that I'll end this brief overview of drinks paper computing machinery and intelligence I hope you liked it if you did go ahead and subscribe share and like if you like the video and see you next time
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Now go ahead and replace the man with a computer and if the"}, {"start": 108.4, "end": 112.60000000000001, "text": " computer can be as performant as the man in tricking the judge it passes the"}, {"start": 112.60000000000001, "end": 116.72, "text": " Turing test. But there's a lot of important details here that I missed in"}, {"start": 116.72, "end": 120.80000000000001, "text": " the original statement. So first of all they can only communicate by text"}, {"start": 120.80000000000001, "end": 126.44, "text": " and not handwritten text but typed text so that you cannot kind of infer"}, {"start": 126.44, "end": 131.88, "text": " whether the text comes from a woman or man. 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So I believe that in"}, {"start": 167.04, "end": 171.36, "text": " about 50 years time it will be possible to program computers with a storage"}, {"start": 171.36, "end": 176.32, "text": " capacity of about 10 to the power of 9 which is 1 gigabit for those of you who"}, {"start": 176.32, "end": 180.68, "text": " don't know to make them play the imitation game so well that an average"}, {"start": 180.68, "end": 185.32, "text": " interrogator will not have more than 70% chance of making the right"}, {"start": 185.32, "end": 190.48, "text": " identification after five minutes of questioning. So basically the game"}, {"start": 190.48, "end": 194.79999999999998, "text": " lasts for five minutes and if the computer manages to trick 30% of the"}, {"start": 194.79999999999998, "end": 199.88, "text": " judges it passed the Turing test. So this original statement was not as strong as"}, {"start": 199.88, "end": 205.48, "text": " it can be. For me personally I think that computer will have to communicate with"}, {"start": 205.48, "end": 210.2, "text": " you like the whole day at least and then you can say it's intelligent or it can"}, {"start": 210.2, "end": 214.2, "text": " think or it should pass the test. If you have only five minutes I think today"}, {"start": 214.2, "end": 217.95999999999998, "text": " like Google Mina for example is it the newest stuff that came from Google,"}, {"start": 217.96, "end": 224.24, "text": " newest chatbot. I'd say if you took an average judge like some kid"}, {"start": 224.24, "end": 227.8, "text": " from high school I think you can have like a five minute conversation without"}, {"start": 227.8, "end": 232.88, "text": " a problem. Now I said they will think but like that's pretty sketchy and let's see"}, {"start": 232.88, "end": 237.72, "text": " what Turing said about that one. So may not machines carry out something which"}, {"start": 237.72, "end": 242.36, "text": " ought to be described as thinking but which is very different from what a man"}, {"start": 242.36, "end": 246.60000000000002, "text": " does. This objection is a very strong one but at least we can say that if"}, {"start": 246.6, "end": 250.12, "text": " nevertheless a machine can be constructed to play the imitation game"}, {"start": 250.12, "end": 256.0, "text": " satisfactorily we need not be troubled by this objection. We probably won't have"}, {"start": 256.0, "end": 261.44, "text": " to crack thinking or understanding on all those like hard and abstract stuff. We"}, {"start": 261.44, "end": 264.96, "text": " can just make it this stuff that we want like that's engineering. Basically"}, {"start": 264.96, "end": 270.24, "text": " airplanes also don't fly like birds right and we don't complain"}, {"start": 270.24, "end": 275.24, "text": " about them right. So the same thing about cars they don't run like cheetahs but"}, {"start": 275.24, "end": 280.28000000000003, "text": " they are faster than cheetahs. So that's it. I mean you don't have to fully"}, {"start": 280.28000000000003, "end": 285.32, "text": " understand something in order to exploit certain features that would be useful to"}, {"start": 285.32, "end": 290.2, "text": " like humanity and economy. So that was the thinking part. Turing initially said"}, {"start": 290.2, "end": 294.44, "text": " can machines think? So we need to define what a machine means. According to"}, {"start": 294.44, "end": 299.52, "text": " Turing a machine cannot be just about anything. So for example he anticipated"}, {"start": 299.52, "end": 305.44, "text": " that we may be able to genetically create humans so those humans wouldn't be"}, {"start": 305.44, "end": 309.35999999999996, "text": " appropriate to participate in this test. What he means by machine is a digital"}, {"start": 309.35999999999996, "end": 313.24, "text": " computer. Nowadays when we say digital computer we usually make it synonymous"}, {"start": 313.24, "end": 317.35999999999996, "text": " with electronic digital computer which is a concrete implementation of a"}, {"start": 317.35999999999996, "end": 320.88, "text": " digital computer. Digital computer can be implemented as a mechanical device."}, {"start": 320.88, "end": 325.47999999999996, "text": " There was this famous mechanical digital computer called the analytical engine"}, {"start": 325.48, "end": 330.40000000000003, "text": " developed by Charles Babbage 200 years ago and also computers digital computers"}, {"start": 330.40000000000003, "end": 334.24, "text": " could be acoustic they could be photonic so-called photonic computing"}, {"start": 334.24, "end": 338.92, "text": " where you basically use photons and light to do the same computations as"}, {"start": 338.92, "end": 345.52000000000004, "text": " these electronic computers do. Basically he proved in his earlier paper that"}, {"start": 345.52000000000004, "end": 349.52000000000004, "text": " those can solve anything that's computationally solvable they are so"}, {"start": 349.52000000000004, "end": 354.88, "text": " called universal Turing machines. Now that's so obvious now in 2020 where we"}, {"start": 354.88, "end": 359.44, "text": " just pull out your smartphone you can you can use it as a calendar you can use"}, {"start": 359.44, "end": 363.71999999999997, "text": " it to take a photo you can call somebody you can do a bunch of stuff. Back in the"}, {"start": 363.71999999999997, "end": 368.44, "text": " days of Turing they basically have a single machine for a single purpose"}, {"start": 368.44, "end": 371.88, "text": " that's it. There is a really strong hypothesis that Turing is making"}, {"start": 371.88, "end": 376.44, "text": " throughout this paper. Human mind can be modeled as a discrete state machine."}, {"start": 376.44, "end": 381.7, "text": " If that's true then any digital computer be it mechanical be it acoustic be it"}, {"start": 381.7, "end": 387.64, "text": " electronic one can mimic your mind. So your mind is like software and your"}, {"start": 387.64, "end": 392.56, "text": " brain is like a hardware of a computer. Following from that one your thoughts"}, {"start": 392.56, "end": 397.36, "text": " are just simple computations and this is something that's called as a dualism in"}, {"start": 397.36, "end": 401.56, "text": " philosophy. So you basically think that the mind can be separated from the brain."}, {"start": 401.56, "end": 405.4, "text": " The opposite theory would be that they cannot be separated that the brain is"}, {"start": 405.4, "end": 410.44, "text": " actually needed for a true cognition for true understanding and consciousness and"}, {"start": 410.44, "end": 415.2, "text": " everything. Roger Penrose famous mathematician and physicist he thinks"}, {"start": 415.2, "end": 418.88, "text": " that there are probably some quantum effects happening in the mind and every"}, {"start": 418.88, "end": 423.56, "text": " new like neuron in your brain basically has this strange structure called"}, {"start": 423.56, "end": 429.36, "text": " microtubules and there are some evidence although like those are certainly not"}, {"start": 429.36, "end": 434.64, "text": " definite that those could be causing consciousness. Now for many of you this"}, {"start": 434.64, "end": 439.2, "text": " idea may may sound absurd like human mind could be modeled as a simple like a"}, {"start": 439.2, "end": 443.44, "text": " set of instructions like a program but I don't know like if you know about"}, {"start": 443.44, "end": 448.44, "text": " Conway's Game of Life for example you know that some really simple rules"}, {"start": 448.44, "end": 454.8, "text": " could create an illusion of a really complex phenomenon. Second example could"}, {"start": 454.8, "end": 460.24, "text": " be fractals like Mandelbrot's set or Mandelbrot's fractal and you"}, {"start": 460.24, "end": 464.91999999999996, "text": " can see it on the screen and it's created using a really simple rule and"}, {"start": 464.92, "end": 470.32, "text": " you get this amazingly complex looking fractal. This whole theory was later"}, {"start": 470.32, "end": 477.64000000000004, "text": " refuted by John Searle in a famous Chinese room argument so I'm pretty"}, {"start": 477.64000000000004, "end": 482.96000000000004, "text": " confident that we will need some kind of special coupling special hardware in"}, {"start": 482.96000000000004, "end": 488.24, "text": " order to produce understanding thinking and that stuff. Putting aside the fact"}, {"start": 488.24, "end": 493.48, "text": " that John Searle actually refuted Turing in 1980 let's see a couple of"}, {"start": 493.48, "end": 497.36, "text": " objections that Turing himself anticipated being thrown at him back in"}, {"start": 497.36, "end": 503.04, "text": " 1950. So the first one is a theological objection and the idea there is well"}, {"start": 503.04, "end": 507.92, "text": " like God gave souls only to men and women and you need souls in order to"}, {"start": 507.92, "end": 512.4, "text": " think which pretty much implies that machines will never be able to think and"}, {"start": 512.4, "end": 518.8000000000001, "text": " what Turing says is that hey like in some other religions they say that"}, {"start": 518.8, "end": 524.76, "text": " only men have souls so who's right? Probably none of those theories is"}, {"start": 524.76, "end": 530.24, "text": " correct and there we have some like empirical evidence where church had or"}, {"start": 530.24, "end": 535.0799999999999, "text": " in general religions had some some funny theories. Geocentric system is in one"}, {"start": 535.0799999999999, "end": 539.52, "text": " example where church had false beliefs and they didn't want to admit it. The"}, {"start": 539.52, "end": 544.88, "text": " bottom line is dogmas are not arguments so Turing just said I don't want to even"}, {"start": 544.88, "end": 548.84, "text": " try and refute this one. The second objection was the heads in the sand"}, {"start": 548.84, "end": 553.56, "text": " objection and the idea there is it would be really scary if machines could think"}, {"start": 553.56, "end": 559.16, "text": " so they cannot. I mean that's not even an argument but Turing nonetheless"}, {"start": 559.16, "end": 563.52, "text": " just kind of considered that one and it's really related to the first"}, {"start": 563.52, "end": 567.32, "text": " theological argument because it's not an argument it's an opinion. The"}, {"start": 567.32, "end": 571.1, "text": " third objection that Turing considered was the mathematical objection and the"}, {"start": 571.1, "end": 575.0400000000001, "text": " idea there was that we are aware that computers do have certain limitations"}, {"start": 575.0400000000001, "end": 579.26, "text": " they cannot compute everything so one famous example is the halting problem"}, {"start": 579.26, "end": 584.66, "text": " where the goal is to given a program and given an input you have to"}, {"start": 584.66, "end": 588.84, "text": " create another program which is say whether this program will stop for a"}, {"start": 588.84, "end": 593.8000000000001, "text": " given input and Turing proved that this cannot be computed. This is something"}, {"start": 593.8000000000001, "end": 598.6, "text": " that's called undecidable problem for Turing machines but there is no proof"}, {"start": 598.6, "end": 602.96, "text": " that human intellect is not subject to the same kinds of limitations. My opinion"}, {"start": 602.96, "end": 608.12, "text": " here is that we won't even be testing people for these kind of tests. We won't"}, {"start": 608.12, "end": 612.16, "text": " be testing mathematicians or logicians and even they couldn't answer questions"}, {"start": 612.16, "end": 614.76, "text": " like halting problem like that doesn't make any sense."}, {"start": 614.76, "end": 619.24, "text": " Skipping to the fourth objection basically that's called the argument from"}, {"start": 619.24, "end": 623.8000000000001, "text": " consciousness and the idea here is hey even if machines do some crazy cool"}, {"start": 623.8000000000001, "end": 628.28, "text": " stuff they still don't think they don't understand they don't feel they don't"}, {"start": 628.28, "end": 632.04, "text": " have consciousness and Turing said well how do you know how do you know that"}, {"start": 632.04, "end": 637.92, "text": " even other people have those kind of attributes so you basically cannot know"}, {"start": 637.92, "end": 642.8, "text": " and if you go into extreme that's called a solipsist view where you basically you"}, {"start": 642.8, "end": 646.9599999999999, "text": " can only say for yourself that hey I have consciousness I'm aware of myself"}, {"start": 646.9599999999999, "end": 651.4399999999999, "text": " but you cannot say for others so you just have to be reasonable and accept"}, {"start": 651.4399999999999, "end": 657.92, "text": " this test as a as a good way to to measure intelligence and I'm obviously"}, {"start": 657.92, "end": 661.16, "text": " simplifying things a little bit here I just want to give you out like a short"}, {"start": 661.16, "end": 665.0, "text": " glimpse of how the the paper the computing machinery and intelligence"}, {"start": 665.0, "end": 669.5999999999999, "text": " was was kind of structured and just give you a feeling for that and then you can"}, {"start": 669.5999999999999, "end": 674.4399999999999, "text": " go later on and explore a bit more for yourself. The fifth one is argument from"}, {"start": 674.4399999999999, "end": 679.16, "text": " various disabilities and this one goes something like this so yeah they can do"}, {"start": 679.16, "end": 684.12, "text": " all of those cool stuff but they cannot do X where X can be fall in love"}, {"start": 684.12, "end": 689.84, "text": " learning from experience doing something really new basically Turing said that"}, {"start": 689.84, "end": 695.0, "text": " all of these are usually a product of a scientific induction went wrong in the"}, {"start": 695.0, "end": 698.76, "text": " sense they just see the current state of affairs they see current computers and"}, {"start": 698.76, "end": 703.24, "text": " they say hey these machines are not capable in general of doing this and"}, {"start": 703.24, "end": 709.52, "text": " they probably will be and as we now know machines can learn from experience that"}, {"start": 709.52, "end": 713.72, "text": " there's a whole field my channel is all about called machine learning where"}, {"start": 713.72, "end": 718.2, "text": " machines are learning indeed from data from experience and also they can do"}, {"start": 718.2, "end": 722.64, "text": " something new so if you if you know about AlphaGo if you know about all of"}, {"start": 722.64, "end": 728.2, "text": " those cool algorithms that DeepMind is developing they did a lot of moves and"}, {"start": 728.2, "end": 732.76, "text": " stuff that other human players the best players in the world could not explain"}, {"start": 732.76, "end": 736.64, "text": " they are doing something new that's for sure. The sixth objection is lady"}, {"start": 736.64, "end": 741.44, "text": " lovelace's objection and it says that computers can never do something new"}, {"start": 741.44, "end": 746.2800000000001, "text": " they can only do stuff that we know how to program them to do so basically"}, {"start": 746.2800000000001, "end": 750.4000000000001, "text": " whatever we know how to do they will be able to do anything else is out of the"}, {"start": 750.4000000000001, "end": 755.36, "text": " scope and this is a really important argument because it later created a the"}, {"start": 755.36, "end": 758.96, "text": " most famous objection to Turing's theory which is known as the Chinese"}, {"start": 758.96, "end": 764.24, "text": " informally known as the Chinese room argument written by John Searle and it"}, {"start": 764.24, "end": 770.5600000000001, "text": " also created a brand new test which is called lovelace's test and it just kind"}, {"start": 770.56, "end": 774.64, "text": " of informally tries to figure out if machines can surprise us if they manage"}, {"start": 774.64, "end": 778.92, "text": " to surprise us the machine passes the test that's informal version to be quite"}, {"start": 778.92, "end": 782.88, "text": " honest Turing had the kind of weak argument on this one he basically said"}, {"start": 782.88, "end": 788.3199999999999, "text": " hey when I sometimes do some syntax error computer does surprise me when I see"}, {"start": 788.3199999999999, "end": 793.0799999999999, "text": " some like strange result and I mean that's not the kind of surprise that we"}, {"start": 793.0799999999999, "end": 796.68, "text": " want to see from a machine not a syntax error every every single developer"}, {"start": 796.68, "end": 800.16, "text": " nowadays experiences those kind of surprises but it's not the same thing"}, {"start": 800.16, "end": 806.16, "text": " we do know of many examples nowadays which indeed truly surprised us as like"}, {"start": 806.16, "end": 811.3199999999999, "text": " as the whole civilization so for example move 37 that AlphaGo did in a match"}, {"start": 811.3199999999999, "end": 816.4, "text": " against Lisa Dole was truly a new thing nobody expected that one so everybody"}, {"start": 816.4, "end": 821.48, "text": " was kind of surprised I'm not quite sure if David Silver and his crew from DeepMind"}, {"start": 821.48, "end": 825.72, "text": " can actually can actually figure out exactly what the machine how the"}, {"start": 825.72, "end": 831.12, "text": " machine came with that like move seventh argument from the continuity of the"}, {"start": 831.12, "end": 836.36, "text": " nervous system and what Turing basically said here is that a digital computer"}, {"start": 836.36, "end": 840.2, "text": " which is which can mimic any discrete state machine could be a good enough"}, {"start": 840.2, "end": 845.9200000000001, "text": " approximation for for our brain eighth the argument from informality of"}, {"start": 845.9200000000001, "end": 851.76, "text": " behavior and this one basically says we can never learn or teach the machine of"}, {"start": 851.76, "end": 855.64, "text": " how to perform in every single situation that may appear in the real world"}, {"start": 855.64, "end": 860.08, "text": " and what Turing said is that we haven't searched long enough if we keep on"}, {"start": 860.08, "end": 863.64, "text": " putting new rules and new rules into the machine it will eventually get better"}, {"start": 863.64, "end": 868.28, "text": " and I don't agree with Turing on this one I'd say I'd say we did solve it in a"}, {"start": 868.28, "end": 873.52, "text": " way but using machine learning but even with ML we still are not quite sure how"}, {"start": 873.52, "end": 878.24, "text": " the machine will react to every single possible input in in a given state it's"}, {"start": 878.24, "end": 882.52, "text": " kind of not the desirable property of a system especially when human lives are"}, {"start": 882.52, "end": 887.1999999999999, "text": " concerned the final argument is the one from extrasensory perception and I kind"}, {"start": 887.1999999999999, "end": 891.4, "text": " of hinted that this one earlier in the video what he basically says here we have"}, {"start": 891.4, "end": 896.6, "text": " a person that has a telepathic ability for example then the judge could give"}, {"start": 896.6, "end": 901.12, "text": " such a test that only the person that has telepathic abilities could answer"}, {"start": 901.12, "end": 906.0799999999999, "text": " correctly whereas the machine can do at best at random right so say I have some"}, {"start": 906.0799999999999, "end": 911.76, "text": " cards in my hands and the guy that has telepathic abilities I guess is 40"}, {"start": 911.76, "end": 917.52, "text": " of those correctly whereas the machine does a 20-25 whatever it's funny to"}, {"start": 917.52, "end": 921.52, "text": " listen to Turing writing about statistical evidence for telepathy"}, {"start": 921.52, "end": 927.08, "text": " where it seems like they did have some evidence that some persons perform"}, {"start": 927.08, "end": 931.36, "text": " better than at random today in 2020 we don't have any any kind of such"}, {"start": 931.36, "end": 936.0, "text": " statistical evidence as far as I know at the very end of the paper he mentions a"}, {"start": 936.0, "end": 941.24, "text": " couple of really interesting ideas about learning so what he suggests is that hey"}, {"start": 941.24, "end": 945.96, "text": " instead of trying and programming like a like a fully fledged human mind into the"}, {"start": 945.96, "end": 950.96, "text": " machine let's try and start with a child machine and basically through education"}, {"start": 950.96, "end": 955.76, "text": " process teach it to become the adult machine that's basically idea of machine"}, {"start": 955.76, "end": 959.4, "text": " learning he compares this process to evolutionary process in the sense that"}, {"start": 959.4, "end": 964.6800000000001, "text": " the initial state of the machine is can be considered as the hereditary material"}, {"start": 964.6800000000001, "end": 969.6800000000001, "text": " education process can be considered as mutations and natural selection is"}, {"start": 969.68, "end": 974.1999999999999, "text": " judging in this example or some automatic way of doing it like objective"}, {"start": 974.1999999999999, "end": 979.52, "text": " or loss function and finally he also pretty much predicted reinforcement"}, {"start": 979.52, "end": 984.2399999999999, "text": " learning in the sense he suggested some kind of reward and punishment methods"}, {"start": 984.2399999999999, "end": 989.92, "text": " for learning and he said these will probably not be the the main way to to"}, {"start": 989.92, "end": 995.12, "text": " learn them to teach a machine but a supplement with that I'll end this brief"}, {"start": 995.12, "end": 999.4, "text": " overview of drinks paper computing machinery and intelligence I hope you"}, {"start": 999.4, "end": 1004.52, "text": " liked it if you did go ahead and subscribe share and like if you like the"}, {"start": 1004.52, "end": 1030.36, "text": " video and see you next time"}]