ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 19 206
zBEZZMWo5uM-019\|So we'll have 3 moles of gas in the reagents and 3 moles of gas after the reaction goes to completion in the products.
zBEZZMWo5uM-020\|So 3 moles of gas on one side, 3 moles of gas on the other side under the same conditions of volume and temperature give us the same pressure.
zBEZZMWo5uM-021\|So the total pressure is the same after that reaction occurs.
zBEZZMWo5uM-022\|The correct answer here, B.
xVv8aSBCCi4-000\|In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from high potential to low potential.
xVv8aSBCCi4-002\|And at the copper electrode, copper ions are reduced to copper metal.
xVv8aSBCCi4-003\|We can make that reaction go in the opposite direction.
xVv8aSBCCi4-004\|If we take a battery or another half cell or set of half cells that have a higher natural potential than the copper zinc.
xVv8aSBCCi4-008\|So I'm just going to put everything together in one beaker.
xVv8aSBCCi4-009\|A copper electrode, a zinc electrode, connected by an external voltage.
xVv8aSBCCi4-013\|So I still have my same designation of the electrodes in electrolysis that I did when I had the galvanic reaction.
xVv8aSBCCi4-014\|What I need to get the galvanic reaction to be overcome is a voltage greater than the standard galvanic potential.
xVv8aSBCCi4-018\|It's based on the configuration of the cells, and the shape of the electrodes.
xVv8aSBCCi4-020\|The current flow, when that occurs, is measured in amps.
xVv8aSBCCi4-021\|An amps, one ampere, symbol A, is one Coulomb of charge per second.
xVv8aSBCCi4-022\|So I can measure the current flow in amps in an electrolytic cell that forces a galvanic cell to go in reverse.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-001\|I can plot chemical reactions on a reaction profile.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-002\|And when I do, this reaction coordinate tells me the progress of the chemical reaction.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-003\|But this is not a time coordinate.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-004\|This reaction coordinate is the progress of the reaction, which could go in a few seconds or 1,000 years.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-007\|Here, a product building up over time.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-008\|So this part of the plot, as the concentrations are changing, and I'm approaching equilibrium, is the domain of kinetics.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-014\|Here's a reaction proceeding more rapidly.
6Bnu5c_-Bpo-015\|The concentration's building up more rapidly, as a function of time, and achieving equilibrium at an earlier time.
9GuHD1DtCPA-000\|Let's do a calculation where we estimate the enthalpy of a chemical reaction using bond enthalpies.
9GuHD1DtCPA-001\|So the reaction of the formation of benzene from three moles of acetylene.
9GuHD1DtCPA-002\|Now, when we do these we're going to use bond enthalpies, so we'll think of all the bonds that are broken and all the bonds that are formed.
9GuHD1DtCPA-003\|So the bonds that are broken in the chemical reaction would be all the bonds in the acetylene.
9GuHD1DtCPA-004\|And all the bonds formed would be all the bonds in the benzene.
9GuHD1DtCPA-008\|I have to break 6 moles of carbon hydrogen bonds, because there's 2 carbon hydrogen bonds and each acetylene.
9GuHD1DtCPA-012\|And this is one of the strengths of using bond enthalpies to estimate chemical reactions.
9GuHD1DtCPA-013\|Very frequently in chemical reactions it's only one or two bonds that are really changing.
9GuHD1DtCPA-014\|So if you know a few bond energies, you can calculate the enthalpy for a lot of reactions just because a simple chemical reaction occurs.
9GuHD1DtCPA-015\|In this case, I have alternating double and single bonds.
9GuHD1DtCPA-016\|And depending on which table you look at, you might find a delocalized carbon carbon bond.
9GuHD1DtCPA-017\|But that's not very common.
9GuHD1DtCPA-018\|I actually just remember the double and single bonds.
9GuHD1DtCPA-022\|I have to break all these bonds.
9GuHD1DtCPA-023\|That's an endothermic step.
9GuHD1DtCPA-024\|I put energy in.
9GuHD1DtCPA-025\|The amount of energy I have to put in?
9GuHD1DtCPA-026\|2,511 kilojoules.
9GuHD1DtCPA-031\|So just by knowing a few bond enthalpies, I can calculate enthalpies for a wide variety of chemical reactions.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-000\|Let's look at the standard state-free energy difference for a chemical reaction, the atomization of H2.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-001\|I can write the chemical reaction H2 molecules breaking down into H2 atoms.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-005\|What is the enthalpy difference for this chemical reaction?
V5mlJRNZ0m4-006\|Well, I don't really have to go to a table or look anything up because all that is happening here is I'm breaking the hydrogen-hydrogen bond and making hydrogen atoms.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-007\|And if you break a bond, that requires energy.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-010\|What about delta S?
V5mlJRNZ0m4-011\|I can also get delta S without looking at a table or doing a calculation because all I need is the sign of delta S, not the magnitude, just like delta H.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-012\|So delta AS is positive for this.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-013\|I'm going from one molecule to two atoms.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-014\|I'm increasing the number of particles.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-015\|When I increase the number of particles, I increase the number of microstates.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-019\|And delta S is positive, so T is always positive.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-020\|So this negative sign means the slope will be negative.
V5mlJRNZ0m4-022\|So this is just a sketch of what the plot of delta G standard versus T looks like for the atomization of hydrogen gas.
ULdcQkZeRlA-000\|The reaction of breaking a bond is an interesting one to look at.
ULdcQkZeRlA-002\|In order to break it, you have to overcome that, put energy in.
ULdcQkZeRlA-003\|It's an endothermic, or up-hill, energetic reaction.
ULdcQkZeRlA-007\|So bonded molecules, atoms bonded together in molecules, are downhill from free atoms.
ULdcQkZeRlA-008\|And that fits together with our picture of the universe.
ULdcQkZeRlA-009\|When we look around us, we find atoms more commonly in molecules bonded together.
ULdcQkZeRlA-010\|So that's the down hill, or lower, energy state of molecules is the bonded together state.
ULdcQkZeRlA-012\|So this one we can take to the bank.
ULdcQkZeRlA-013\|It's always true.
ULdcQkZeRlA-014\|If you break a bond, you always have to put energy in.
ULdcQkZeRlA-015\|It requires energy, and forming bonds always releases energy.
dQtNrUa5Az0-000\|Hi.
dQtNrUa5Az0-001\|Today, we're going to talk about atomic structure.
dQtNrUa5Az0-002\|Now an atom, as you may know, is the tiniest particle that retains the properties of an element.
dQtNrUa5Az0-003\|I have an element here, pure carbon.
dQtNrUa5Az0-004\|Now, how can we get down to atoms.
dQtNrUa5Az0-005\|Well, you could do a thought experiment or a Gedanken-experiment, as Einstein used to say.
dQtNrUa5Az0-006\|That's an experiment that you can't actually do, but you can perform it in your mind to help you think about a concept.
dQtNrUa5Az0-007\|So here's a Gedanken-experiment.
dQtNrUa5Az0-008\|Take this piece of carbon, cut it in half.
dQtNrUa5Az0-009\|And then take that half and cut it in half again.
dQtNrUa5Az0-010\|And take that half and cut it in half again.
dQtNrUa5Az0-011\|If you keep cutting it in half, eventually you'll get down to a tiny piece of carbon that retains the properties of carbon.
dQtNrUa5Az0-012\|If I cut it in half again, I don't have carbon anymore.
dQtNrUa5Az0-013\|Now, that tiniest piece that retains the properties of carbon, that would be an atom of carbon.
dQtNrUa5Az0-014\|What's an atom composed of?
dQtNrUa5Az0-016\|It's positively charged, because it contains protons.
dQtNrUa5Az0-017\|Protons contain a positive one electrical charge.
dQtNrUa5Az0-018\|Now a proton is very important for the nucleus, because the proton is the single defining factor that determines the identity of the element.
dQtNrUa5Az0-019\|If you have one proton in your nucleus, you are a hydrogen atom.
dQtNrUa5Az0-020\|If you have six protons, you're a carbon atom.
dQtNrUa5Az0-021\|I don't care what else is in the Nucleus, six protons you are carbon.
dQtNrUa5Az0-022\|So what else is in the nucleus then?
dQtNrUa5Az0-023\|Well, nuclei often contain neutrons.
dQtNrUa5Az0-024\|Now neutrons are not charged as their name implies.
dQtNrUa5Az0-025\|They're neutral particles.
dQtNrUa5Az0-026\|They simply add to the mass of the atom, but they don't change the identity of the element, and that's very interesting.
dQtNrUa5Az0-027\|You can have carbon that has different masses.
dQtNrUa5Az0-028\|It's just the protons that determine the element carbon, but with different numbers of neutrons, you'll have different masses, all of them carbon.
dQtNrUa5Az0-030\|And in the neutral atom, there's an electron for every proton in the nucleus.
dQtNrUa5Az0-031\|That is the charges balance out, so you have neutral atoms with an equal number of protons and electrons.
dQtNrUa5Az0-034\|We can give it the atomic mass, and we can give it the atomic number.
dQtNrUa5Az0-035\|The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.

zBEZZMWo5uM-019|So we'll have 3 moles of gas in the reagents and 3 moles of gas after the reaction goes to completion in the products.

zBEZZMWo5uM-020|So 3 moles of gas on one side, 3 moles of gas on the other side under the same conditions of volume and temperature give us the same pressure.

zBEZZMWo5uM-021|So the total pressure is the same after that reaction occurs.

zBEZZMWo5uM-022|The correct answer here, B.

xVv8aSBCCi4-000|In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from high potential to low potential.

xVv8aSBCCi4-002|And at the copper electrode, copper ions are reduced to copper metal.

xVv8aSBCCi4-003|We can make that reaction go in the opposite direction.

xVv8aSBCCi4-004|If we take a battery or another half cell or set of half cells that have a higher natural potential than the copper zinc.

xVv8aSBCCi4-008|So I'm just going to put everything together in one beaker.

xVv8aSBCCi4-009|A copper electrode, a zinc electrode, connected by an external voltage.

xVv8aSBCCi4-013|So I still have my same designation of the electrodes in electrolysis that I did when I had the galvanic reaction.

xVv8aSBCCi4-014|What I need to get the galvanic reaction to be overcome is a voltage greater than the standard galvanic potential.

xVv8aSBCCi4-018|It's based on the configuration of the cells, and the shape of the electrodes.

xVv8aSBCCi4-020|The current flow, when that occurs, is measured in amps.

xVv8aSBCCi4-021|An amps, one ampere, symbol A, is one Coulomb of charge per second.

xVv8aSBCCi4-022|So I can measure the current flow in amps in an electrolytic cell that forces a galvanic cell to go in reverse.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-001|I can plot chemical reactions on a reaction profile.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-002|And when I do, this reaction coordinate tells me the progress of the chemical reaction.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-003|But this is not a time coordinate.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-004|This reaction coordinate is the progress of the reaction, which could go in a few seconds or 1,000 years.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-007|Here, a product building up over time.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-008|So this part of the plot, as the concentrations are changing, and I'm approaching equilibrium, is the domain of kinetics.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-014|Here's a reaction proceeding more rapidly.

6Bnu5c_-Bpo-015|The concentration's building up more rapidly, as a function of time, and achieving equilibrium at an earlier time.

9GuHD1DtCPA-000|Let's do a calculation where we estimate the enthalpy of a chemical reaction using bond enthalpies.

9GuHD1DtCPA-001|So the reaction of the formation of benzene from three moles of acetylene.

9GuHD1DtCPA-002|Now, when we do these we're going to use bond enthalpies, so we'll think of all the bonds that are broken and all the bonds that are formed.

9GuHD1DtCPA-003|So the bonds that are broken in the chemical reaction would be all the bonds in the acetylene.

9GuHD1DtCPA-004|And all the bonds formed would be all the bonds in the benzene.

9GuHD1DtCPA-008|I have to break 6 moles of carbon hydrogen bonds, because there's 2 carbon hydrogen bonds and each acetylene.

9GuHD1DtCPA-012|And this is one of the strengths of using bond enthalpies to estimate chemical reactions.

9GuHD1DtCPA-013|Very frequently in chemical reactions it's only one or two bonds that are really changing.

9GuHD1DtCPA-014|So if you know a few bond energies, you can calculate the enthalpy for a lot of reactions just because a simple chemical reaction occurs.

9GuHD1DtCPA-015|In this case, I have alternating double and single bonds.

9GuHD1DtCPA-016|And depending on which table you look at, you might find a delocalized carbon carbon bond.

9GuHD1DtCPA-017|But that's not very common.

9GuHD1DtCPA-018|I actually just remember the double and single bonds.

9GuHD1DtCPA-022|I have to break all these bonds.

9GuHD1DtCPA-023|That's an endothermic step.

9GuHD1DtCPA-024|I put energy in.

9GuHD1DtCPA-025|The amount of energy I have to put in?

9GuHD1DtCPA-026|2,511 kilojoules.

9GuHD1DtCPA-031|So just by knowing a few bond enthalpies, I can calculate enthalpies for a wide variety of chemical reactions.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-000|Let's look at the standard state-free energy difference for a chemical reaction, the atomization of H2.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-001|I can write the chemical reaction H2 molecules breaking down into H2 atoms.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-005|What is the enthalpy difference for this chemical reaction?

V5mlJRNZ0m4-006|Well, I don't really have to go to a table or look anything up because all that is happening here is I'm breaking the hydrogen-hydrogen bond and making hydrogen atoms.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-007|And if you break a bond, that requires energy.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-010|What about delta S?

V5mlJRNZ0m4-011|I can also get delta S without looking at a table or doing a calculation because all I need is the sign of delta S, not the magnitude, just like delta H.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-012|So delta AS is positive for this.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-013|I'm going from one molecule to two atoms.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-014|I'm increasing the number of particles.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-015|When I increase the number of particles, I increase the number of microstates.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-019|And delta S is positive, so T is always positive.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-020|So this negative sign means the slope will be negative.

V5mlJRNZ0m4-022|So this is just a sketch of what the plot of delta G standard versus T looks like for the atomization of hydrogen gas.

ULdcQkZeRlA-000|The reaction of breaking a bond is an interesting one to look at.

ULdcQkZeRlA-002|In order to break it, you have to overcome that, put energy in.

ULdcQkZeRlA-003|It's an endothermic, or up-hill, energetic reaction.

ULdcQkZeRlA-007|So bonded molecules, atoms bonded together in molecules, are downhill from free atoms.

ULdcQkZeRlA-008|And that fits together with our picture of the universe.

ULdcQkZeRlA-009|When we look around us, we find atoms more commonly in molecules bonded together.

ULdcQkZeRlA-010|So that's the down hill, or lower, energy state of molecules is the bonded together state.

ULdcQkZeRlA-012|So this one we can take to the bank.

ULdcQkZeRlA-013|It's always true.

ULdcQkZeRlA-014|If you break a bond, you always have to put energy in.

ULdcQkZeRlA-015|It requires energy, and forming bonds always releases energy.

dQtNrUa5Az0-000|Hi.

dQtNrUa5Az0-001|Today, we're going to talk about atomic structure.

dQtNrUa5Az0-002|Now an atom, as you may know, is the tiniest particle that retains the properties of an element.

dQtNrUa5Az0-003|I have an element here, pure carbon.

dQtNrUa5Az0-004|Now, how can we get down to atoms.

dQtNrUa5Az0-005|Well, you could do a thought experiment or a Gedanken-experiment, as Einstein used to say.

dQtNrUa5Az0-006|That's an experiment that you can't actually do, but you can perform it in your mind to help you think about a concept.

dQtNrUa5Az0-007|So here's a Gedanken-experiment.

dQtNrUa5Az0-008|Take this piece of carbon, cut it in half.

dQtNrUa5Az0-009|And then take that half and cut it in half again.

dQtNrUa5Az0-010|And take that half and cut it in half again.

dQtNrUa5Az0-011|If you keep cutting it in half, eventually you'll get down to a tiny piece of carbon that retains the properties of carbon.

dQtNrUa5Az0-012|If I cut it in half again, I don't have carbon anymore.

dQtNrUa5Az0-013|Now, that tiniest piece that retains the properties of carbon, that would be an atom of carbon.

dQtNrUa5Az0-014|What's an atom composed of?

dQtNrUa5Az0-016|It's positively charged, because it contains protons.

dQtNrUa5Az0-017|Protons contain a positive one electrical charge.

dQtNrUa5Az0-018|Now a proton is very important for the nucleus, because the proton is the single defining factor that determines the identity of the element.

dQtNrUa5Az0-019|If you have one proton in your nucleus, you are a hydrogen atom.

dQtNrUa5Az0-020|If you have six protons, you're a carbon atom.

dQtNrUa5Az0-021|I don't care what else is in the Nucleus, six protons you are carbon.

dQtNrUa5Az0-022|So what else is in the nucleus then?

dQtNrUa5Az0-023|Well, nuclei often contain neutrons.

dQtNrUa5Az0-024|Now neutrons are not charged as their name implies.

dQtNrUa5Az0-025|They're neutral particles.

dQtNrUa5Az0-026|They simply add to the mass of the atom, but they don't change the identity of the element, and that's very interesting.

dQtNrUa5Az0-027|You can have carbon that has different masses.

dQtNrUa5Az0-028|It's just the protons that determine the element carbon, but with different numbers of neutrons, you'll have different masses, all of them carbon.

dQtNrUa5Az0-030|And in the neutral atom, there's an electron for every proton in the nucleus.

dQtNrUa5Az0-031|That is the charges balance out, so you have neutral atoms with an equal number of protons and electrons.

dQtNrUa5Az0-034|We can give it the atomic mass, and we can give it the atomic number.

dQtNrUa5Az0-035|The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.