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Knipowitschia byblisia, the Byblis goby, is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Gobiidae which is endemic to Lake Köycegiz in western Anatolia near the Aegean Sea. The lake is protected and the species is abundant within the lake so the IUCN have classified K. byblis as Least Concern. The specific name references the mythological figure Byblis, who was the twin sister of Caunos, the legendary founder of the ancient city Kaunos, the ruins of which are situated on the southwest Anatolian coast; near to Lake Köycegiz.

References

byblisia
Freshwater fish of Turkey
Fish described in 2011

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Deborah Donnell, Ph.D.
Professor, Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology Program
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch
Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutch
Email: deborah@scharp.org
Mail Stop: M2-C200
Dr. Deborah Donnell is a biostatistician with 25 years of experience in the design and analysis of clinical trials for HIV prevention. Her statistical leadership shapes pivotal trials in many areas of HIV prevention research and has included interventions to stop mother-to-child transmission; the treatment of opiate addiction; treatment as prevention in HIV-infected persons; and the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP — a once-a-day antiretroviral pill to prevent infection in those who are at high risk. She is the lead statistician for similar trials in the University of Washington Department of Global Heath, including numerous projects testing the most effective ways to expand use of PrEP in public health settings.
Other Appointments & Affiliations
Adjunct Professor, Department of Global Health
University of Washington, 1987, Ph.D. (Statistics)
University of Auckland, 1982, M.A. (Mathematics)
University of Auckland, 1980, B.A. (Mathematics and Music)
Principal Investigator of the Statistical and Data Management Center of the HIV Prevention Trials Network
Phase 2b trial of VRC01 as antibody meditated prevention of HIV in women in sub-Saharan Africa and men who have se with men in the Americas.
Phase 3 randomized double-dummy double-blind trial of Injectable Cabotegravir compared to FTC/TDF for the Prevention of HIV infection in Men who have sex with men and Transgender women.
ECHO, Multi-Center, Open-Label, Randomized Clinical Trial of the Effect of Progestin-Only Contraception versus the Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD) on the Risk of HIV Acquisition in Young Women
Design and delivery of combination HIV prevention in young South African women
Delivery of integrated PrEP and ART for HIV prevention for couples in Kenya
Impact of Concurrent Initiation of DMPA Contraception and Tenofovir PrEP on Bone Loss in Young Women
HIV self-testing and PrEP to increase testing and prevention uptake among male partners and improve postpartum ART use in PMTCT B+ programs in Uganda
Scalable, Effective Delivery of Microbicides and PrEP for Young Women in Kenya and South Africa
PrEP for young South African women: Evaluating uptake by risk screening or a decision support tool and scaled adherence support using a SMART design
HIV Self-Testing to Improve the Efficiency of PrEP Delivery
Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Study: Phase 1
View All Trials
Dr. Donnell in the News
On World AIDS Day, a broad view of continuing work
Hutch News - December 01, 2022
Biostatistician Dr. Deborah Donnell named AAAS Fellow
Hutch News - November 24, 2020
Injectable HIV drug prevents infections
Hutch News - May 18, 2020
HIV prevention gains bring hope — and challenges
Hutch News - October 14, 2016
CDC recommends daily pill for those at high risk for HIV
Multi-assay algorithm for monitoring the HIV pandemic's leading edge
Science Spotlight - December 16, 2012
The Media Relations team at Fred Hutch is available to assist members of the news media who would like to arrange interviews with faculty.
Email media@fredhutch.org or call 206.667.2210

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sean Daily
Jules Dervaes
Episode 143: The Urban Homesteading Path to Freedom with Jules Dervaes
Host Sean Daily talks with Jules Dervaes of Path to Freedom. Path to Freedom is a family-operated urban homestead established in 2001 in Pasadena, California by Jules Dervaes. The family also runs a successful business providing fresh produce to local restaurants.
Path To Freedom
JulesDervaes.com
Sean Daily: Hey everyone, this is Sean Daily with Green Talk Radio. Welcome back to another episode. We are talking about urban homesteading today. And you know, there is a lot of interest these days in the idea of living in a Green Home that's for example, resource efficient and using sustainably source than manufactured materials but why stop there? Imagine having not just a Green Home but a completely self sustaining eco-friendly homestead when that provides you self sufficiency not only in terms of things like generating your own energy and your -- growing your own food but also manufacturing your own bio-diesel fuel and generating all of your income from the things that you produce on the homestead. Well my guest today has done just that but and perhaps the most interesting twist in the story, has done all of it in the middle of the a major U.S. city. Jules Dervaes, the founder of Path of Freedom. It's a family operated viable urban homestead project established in 2001 to promote a simpler and more fulfilling lifestyle and to so what they call a homegrown revolution against the corporate powers that they feel are control of the food supply. Since the mid 1980s Mr. Dervaes has three adult children, Anise, Justine and Jordan, has steadily worked to transforming their ordinary city lot and passing into California into a thriving organic organ, the supplies in the food, all you around. These eco-pioneers also run a successful business providing fresh produce to local restaurants. They have been featured in the New York Times and the Los Angles Times and were recently featured on ABC's Nightline and CNN. They also blog about their homestead life and experiences at www.pathtofreedom.com. Jules welcome to the program.
Jules Dervaes: Oh, Sean thanks for having me on.
Sean Daily: Oh, it is our pleasure to have you on today. I want to hear about the story from the beginning. Where did this all start for you both, you know your family and yourself personally the idea of doing this or maybe even take us back to the beginning sort of the -- the seeds of -- no, pun intended. And that takes it forward.
Jules Dervaes: No, that's good, that's good. That's good. Yes. Whether the seeds are right and they were -- I think they were planted back in my college days when there was a Vietnam was raging, you know across the Pacific there and we were, you know mired in -- in some pollution problems and economic problems. So we -- so I thought about what my teacher would be in the United States and I just was part of the Back to the Land Movement that was going on back then that people were looking for another – another way, a different way and I got so fed up that I immigrated to New Zealand in the '70s. I just wanted to start something in a new place and -- and new lifestyle and I became a homesteader at the country in New Zealand on the South Island a little homestead in the abandoned Gold Town I had settled in.
Sean Daily: Well what's the name of the town in New Zealand that you were nearest?
Jules Dervaes: Well the nearest was Hokitika in the South Island but this one had -- had a -- was a little town, just had a couple of shops left over, to go rush at, come through there and left a couple of building standing and I -- I made a home in one of them.
Sean Daily: Interesting. So now you are in New Zealand and so you are an ex-patriot in New Zealand homesteading. What then recalls you and brings you back to the U.S.?
Jules Dervaes: Well I did -- I went over there married but I -- when I got over there, I had my -- I had my first daughter Anise and it was like, you know, New Zealand is so far away from Los Angles but I was from camp of Florida. So you are talking about crossing time zones like in international date line time zone.
Sean Daily: Yes.
Jules Dervaes: It was so far -- it was so far away that I couldn't -- I couldn't bear to -- to see my -- my parents not having their grandchild, you know have any experience with their grandchild. So I -- I really came back to be with family.
Sean Daily: I see. What year was that?
Jules Dervaes: That was in '74.
Sean Daily: '74, OK. So -- so then bring us forward -- so how the things go? You get back, it must have been a culture shock?
Jules Dervaes: Right. That -- that was our statement. That place was so backwards that -- that you know going, it was not just time zones but there was -- there was eras there. We were living in a different era almost and coming back with a shock and I realized how different things were and you can -- just say we want but it's something good about going to where things were simpler, times were simpler.
Sean Daily: And I think that's a lot of where people were craving these days and that I know personally I am and -- and you know, I --I thought we were really cool having chickens in our backyard.
Jules Dervaes: Yes, that's good, that's good.
Sean Daily: Sore panels but it's -- it's a start but I -- I mean I feel the poulters and I know a lot of the -- the listeners on this show and visitors to the greenlivingideas.com website are interested in this topic. So a fascinate to hear more about this story.
Jules Dervaes: But you mentioned the word poul and that's exactly what I felt too. I mean there is a poul of -- to a more simpler lifestyle where you can -- you can be more in control than in -- than things are going out of -- out of the control here so -- so fast and so furious that you want you -- you want to say stop, you know. So there is a poul that go back to old fashion ways, yes.
Sean Daily: Yes. There -- there definitely is and that's -- that's a huge movement and I think that a lot of people -- this is an aspiring story of what you guys have a compulsion for those listening and definitely check out pathtofreedom.com even if you are listening at a computer right now. I encourage you to do that as you are listening to the interview but what -- it's inspiring you because I think a lot of people feel very non-empowered to make this ---
Jules Dervaes: Right.
Sean Daily: --- happen. It's like, OK, certain things are -- are sort of within reach, you know you can get the solar panels if you can afford them or wind power or -- or you know whatever, so you know simply -- you know doing hydro, dual thermal, what have you. But there is other things were sort of the line gets drawn, this gets really -- really difficult, not to go to whole foods or, you know not to get -- not to buy the things that we just consider necessary and that it's not so easy to do that in an urban homestead environment. Can you tell us about some of the other things that you guy have accomplished there at your home that maybe, you know most people have -- have not been able to do and how you did it?
Jules Dervaes: OK. Well we -- what we ended up doing is been basically frightened about what the future would be when -- when the GMOs have entered the food chain and back in the -- in the '90s and it had gone into a Talk a Bell show that we were purchasing at the local grocery store and I thought that hey, this is not -- this is not fair, you know there is something wrong here that I can't even protect my children that this is just taken to -- what it's supposed to be in the food chain and then -- and nobody was watching over it obviously because it had gone out. And I thought hey, I can't do that do I -- I read about trying step by step to grow my own food. I just thought that that was the only way I could protect myself. So we took a fifth of an acre here and I made it into a, you know, veritable paradise like I actually want to call that. gardening vegetables, fruits, everything you can think of to -- to put diet -- put a diet on our table.
Sean Daily: So Jules it was -- so it was the genetically modified aspect when genetically food started entering the -- the food supply that -- that was really the tipping point for you to start doing this?
Jules Dervaes: That's correct. I mean that was -- that was so shocking that -- that it was -- it was like a wake up call, you know someone slapping you across the face and saying, do you know what just happened? And -- and I thought hey, you know I can't let this stand. I just, you know -- you know you give up some control but I couldn't let, I just couldn't be an experiment. So I -- I said that was it, you know, last straw, you know could -- could just gardening for hobby and -- and I took it full times, you know. People can't do that but I was scared enough that I had a -- I had some little land here, I mean we have a fifth of an acre, some people live in town homes but I had some land so I thought well let me see what I could do, I mean why not? Why not try something different and -- and boy, it took off and we were shocked ourselves but we started with, you know growing the first year was 2,300 pounds and then by the third or fourth year in the business of doing that, you know we call it a business because it was not a hobby anymore. We had produced over 6,000 pounds of foods and vegetables and we knew we are onto something good.
Sean Daily: Now you are doing all this on a fifth of an acre?
Jules Dervaes: Um-hm.
Sean Daily: Wow.
Jules Dervaes: In the city, yes. So There is no -- no possible expansion, no.
Sean Daily: Well that -- yes, exactly without buying more land. So ---
Sean Daily: What -- what -- were you -- was the original intention in doing that to just grow enough food for your family or did you always have the intension to also sell the rest, the remaining food if there was anything extra?
Jules Dervaes: Yes. Well we -- we weren't sure we could do the extra yet. When -- when it came in, we -- we knew we had -- we were blessed so I thought hey, you know, Pasadena, California and all the restaurants that here, people go out ate all the time. They are looking for this, so we just made a couple of calls and we went business, you know because people want this and -- and it was so -- it was so unusual because we are, you know send out like a truck farm or some faraway place it was -- it reminded us of like in a village. We could actually walk our products to the restaurants and -- and handed over to them in person. Their chefs can came over and walk the garden and -- and look at it and it's -- it's felt good, it felt real, it felt like, you know I had just gone to a couple of time works or something.
Sean Daily: And in the -- then the restaurant in turn can be featuring that they get all of their produce, you know from an organic family farm which is a -- it would be a huge and -- and my estimation it would be a huge benefit to any restaurant.
Jules Dervaes: Right. I mean and -- and you know cut throat business of restaurants, you know where they come and go, you have to have the edge and they found this. It's been going around and this Eight Local Movement and then the Fresh Organic Movement but we -- we took it a step further. We just -- we are just -- we hand off personally to the chef, you know to our -- we don't have this, no middleman or anything. So with all the scares with food, you know this happens every year with e-coli and salmonella, we have -- I think just added the food -- food security plus how -- how good it tastes, the restaurants are way, you know loving it. They are loving it, what we do.
Sean Daily: Now Jules you mentioned that the first yield was about a ton and then the further yields were more like three tons.
Sean Daily: What are you currently producing?
Jules Dervaes: Yes, well we thought we would go for 10,000 pounds this year but we got s wake up call and that global warming had something to say about it. We are such a wacky --well, spring summer and fall, all the weathers upside down. Either too hot or too cold, too dry, we haven't been -- we haven't begin too wet yet but we are too dry here and so we are roughly going to probably come in around 6,000 anyway even though we tried for something more. It looks like nature has the last word on that.
Sean Daily: Now can you give us an example of some of the things that you are growing?
Jules Dervaes: OK. In the summer time we are doing a lot of heirloom vegetables but it' this, you know the typical summer crops but we heirloom tomatoes. We have peppers egg plants, cucumbers beans and plus a lot of little salad mixes but that's -- that's summer supply. And then in the winter time, we just basically go to a mesclun salad mix because we can't that summer heat so we have to just go greens, just basically salad greens.
Sean Daily: Now is that enough -- just that mix of produce is enough to sustain you for all your food needs for the property, are you then also having to go out and get or trade with other people to get other things?
Jules Dervaes: Yes. We are again to definitely to wider. We -- we would love to trade with people but it's right now is we are trying to establish our self as a viable business. So we are -- we are trying to -- improve on our -- our productivity is because we have so many restaurants and we don't want to turn them down so we are basically trying to be a viable homestead not just, you know a tourist staying or -- or look at what they are doing is cute. We want to -- we want to stand on our two feet but -- but we found out that -- that the outreach that we do and we get them doing outreach for a long time especially with -- with school children and everything but we have an outreach on the web and outreach in person. That -- that took out lot of our time and took out a lot of our income to just support that. So I ended up starting an online store that -- that brings in extra income when the garden doesn't do so well.
Sean Daily: So some of the harvest -- the harvest are sort of hit or miss, I guess as with all ---
Jules Dervaes: Yes.
Sean Daily: --- farmers that's -- yes. So and I was going to say because you know the idea and it certainly I think any percentage of income that you can generate to help offset this is good, it doesn't have to be, you know a 100 percent but ---
Sean Daily: --- 100 percent is something to shoot for. Sao right now, is -- is your primary -- are your primary sources of income the -- selling for restaurants and then the online store income? Is that -- is that pretty much doing it for you and able to give you enough money to support the homestead?
Jules Dervaes: Yes. That's -- we -- we get that and then -- and if we have to, we have a events on our place here. We -- we call in some documentary screenings and we are kind of supplementary income with -- with the people who want to, you know have donations or anything or help us out on online but yes, that would take, I am trying to do it all by myself and not -- not have to have a outside -- outside income, we are not deepening on that. So I -- I really want to show them that we can do this. We -- we also had -- a long time ago, we had a craft store that we had in -- in a place O Town and -- and that OK but it just -- it was too, you know people don't -- they want to go for the -- not the handmade things, they want to go for the manufactured things, the, you know Chinese -- Chinese things. So it's -- it was -- that's still there but it just didn't give us anything so we -- we hold onto it but it's not enough, you know it's just -- it's so -- we are just kind of nickel and dime in some of this stuff. But that's how we do it in -- in pieces, you know, we are not there all -- all. It's that one thing all the way, it's just wherever you can get some income and my daughters can go out and -- and waitress at one of the restaurants that we service and they can -- they can add extra income that way.
Sean Daily: Sir, that make sense but I -- I notice too that, you know dramatically you are keeping it within the community and that's what really makes a lot of sense in getting back to, you know if we are talking about getting back to roost then ---
Sean Daily: --- that's -- part of it is keeping it within the local community for that locality and you know people talk about, you know being a local war but we can also ---
Sean Daily: --- but we can also extend that to, you know where you have your job or if you -- if you don't have the good fortune to able to tell and communicate things like that.
Sean Daily: Yes. Yes. Just well, we are going to take a quick break here Jules. Fascinated by the discussion, I want to hear more about this story and the project and -- well, it's not a project, though it's your life. I want to hear more about your life and the homestead. We will be right back on Green Talk Radio after this brief forward from our sponsor, this is Sean Daily, hang on everybody. This is Sean Daily talking today on Urban Homesteading with Jules Dervaes. He is the founder of Path to Freedom and an urban homesteader. Path to Freedom is a family operator viable urban homestead project established in 2001 to promote a simpler and more fulfilling lifestyle and to sow a homegrown revolution against the corporate powers that control the food supply. Jules we were talking before the break about your history and what led you to being an urban homesteader and some of the specifics about the property, the produce you generate and how you sort of work with the local economy and as a family to make this work. I want to hear a little bit about --- the website that you run. I know you spend a lot of time blogging about your experiences and giving tips to other people?
Jules Dervaes: Well, when we started it. I -- wanted to just have something for my family to paying on to for their survival. I was thinking just locally. I mean so local that I was just thinking my – children -- my children were here my main concern. And I said I don't even know if this was going to work. So, I put you know, I put this to a test to see if it would work and I didn't know it. So, I couldn't really brag about it or talk about it because it was because it was still didn't worked. And then when it started hitting and we started getting some success and building on it. I said hey why don't you share it on the internet but then; we weren't -- I wasn't an internet person but my kids were. They were starting to find the internet in the blogging, blogosphere. And they were you know, looking for something to reach out --- to a broader community. And I said -- I said go and tell them what we were doing. You know, go and say hey we are growing this and that and we have made this successful turn away from the regular system. And they – it got so successful that people started calling us and asking us questions and then one call came in with a garden call from a high-school in the area; and they wanted a tour, and then I thought oh wow. I mean, I -- if this -- is the future generation and it is; and we are looking at children changing children minds, then surely I want to do this. And so we opened it up --- homestead for tours. So, we did go -- kind of wild. And we went you know, my -- my – children loved the interests in terms of connecting and so they are -- they are in charge of that. They like --- they like sharing and giving – you know, being able to help people with their questions because that's what we found out. We were in that -- in that position first and – and we had to ask questions. And when you ask questions to somebody and somebody helps you, you feel that he maybe better paid, that will be --- pay that back and so become people that could answer questions for others.
Sean Daily: Yes, that's really cool and I have to say it's -- it's neat because I think some people might hear about this project from the outside and assume that you guys might be some sort of you know, Luddites or anti-technology or anti-establishment but the truth is you are living in the middle of a major metropolitan area and you know.
Jules Dervaes: Yes, we're wired here, you know, we're wired to the earth. I mean, it started out I mean it gives a shock to people because you know, they have taken they are going to see one thing; but there is like a split here. There is -- the outside is so old and homey and everything and – it looks like you know a ancient village somewhere you have been you know, going back in time. And then you step into this room and we have you know, three computers and the whole work here going full-time everyday. So, it's a whole different style.
Sean Daily: Yes, technology is essentially augmenting the ability to do this. I suppose to it being sort of the enemy. So, I think that is really cool.
Jules Dervaes: Yes, we are using it, yes.
Sean Daily: Yes, yes. That's – that's neat. So, why do you think that this lifestyle this urban homesteading lifestyle for which you guys are serving as a model is more important today then it ever has been before?
Jules Dervaes: Yes, well, if you read the newspapers or get a load of anything that's coming across the airwaves, or even on the internet, and it's scary out there. You could see daily things are not, not what they should be and we haven't seen the likes of this and I think in our lifetime maybe you have to go like to like bank failure of the Great Depression this -- this is -- this is --- this is where the roots are and this is where people, we had people come here and say hey my mom did this long time ago. My grandparents live this way and we have had foreigners come over and they said hey this is -- this is just like we lived back home. We are not --- we are not that strange. The world went off into on its own course and now I guess there is a course correction. And we are looking this ritual thing is real. My model was to step back which is progress; because the other thing look like progress but it's --- it's not it isn't -- if you if you just look at what's happening to the money situation. This is security you know, growing own food. When you go in the backyard and you pick your meal and its like hey where did that come from? Well, I didn't have to bother. I didn't have to go to the bank. I didn't have to go to the grocery store. It was purely empowerment and it was – it was that search for independence that we I think the, you know, United States was founded on was this independence lifestyle; and we think this as patriotic as you can get in terms of being free.
Sean Daily: I'm curious to hear for people like myself and I'm sure many other is out there who are looking to do this to whatever degree. To take these steps, what are some of the things having been through the school of hard knocks that I'm sure you have been through in doing this that you would recommend to people like sort of talk tips or you know, baby steps to take towards this lifestyle, things to watch out for?
Jules Dervaes: That's a good question. One of the hardest things people have getting around to it --- and I'm talking from experience is you know, where to start, you know, and have been confronting the negativity like the organists do, you know, this is too small, you know, doesn't -- it's not going to add up, it's like a matter. Well, then – then – then we are really in trouble; because the first thing I would recommend to people is just to start something. Now, you can't do what I'm doing here; because we have a different take on it; and we have a different location; and all that we are blessed with different -- unique opportunities but some --- where ever you are you can start something.
Sean Daily: Yes, you are in Southern California which is certainly know for being --
Sean Daily: You are able to grow a lot of things there and I'm wondering if this equally applicable to people that are maybe in the north -- northern parts of the country where its colder and you don't have as many you know, the warm seasons as long and things like that. Do you think, that's its viable anywhere or is it only because you are in California?
Jules Dervaes: You know, I believe it's a part of it. Like you have to --- you have to start where you find yourself. And if you are up north this -- this some of this you can do. Not all this all around but what I would do on the free time is I would and I have done here. I would crap businesses or home based businesses. I will find something that I could do or make a product or offer a service that is home based. That --- that you don't have to go away from your home and that's -- that's -- that's the cottage industry, that's old time hill. So, you have a lot of --- a long winter period then you would instead of growing you would probably making something.
Sean Daily: Will tell us --- you can tell us little bit more specifically about the bio-diesel the machine that helps you process the fuel?
Jules Dervaes: Yes, so we get plans off the internet, they were free and it was a collaborative efforts with some friends here and we didn't know what we were getting into; but it just seem like a risk we were taking and that's what the other thing, I would think I would ask -- add to a tip was it looks like --- it looks like a risk but --- but every the life out there is a risk. You know, it's a risk going to the bank you know, so putting your money in the bank so.
Sean Daily: As the last few weeks have shown us, yes.
Jules Dervaes: Right. So, this is a risk and I just thought it was worth it for my children, for my future, for their future and I said well lets try it. So, it would jerry-rig homemade thing out of a water heater; but it just seem so logical, not to waste --- waste, waste oil. You know, they had already fried it. They had already used it they were dumping it. So, we were in contact with the restaurant. We said hey you know, can we have it, they said yes, you know that's a smart idea. So, we, we you know, slowly but surely but my son loves it now because when he goes out there he is the -- he is the man he is the --- he is the filling station man. He is the service station man. He just – he feels like well, we don't need this way and that was just a start. So, it's like – it's like one thing lead to another and that's what if you don't start it --- and we read it with growing food; but we went to slower panels, we went into to buy diesel and that way we are into water recommendation using greywater and things like that, it just --- it just keeps on growing and we have -- we have to it's a working progress and we have to stick with it.
Sean Daily: I was going to ask you about the greywater because this has come up recently in the news that you know, in some places they don't allow you to actually reclaim greywater legally which is unbelievable to me.
Jules Dervaes: Yes, it is unbelievable.
Sean Daily: They consider that they own it. The municipality owns it rather than the home onto which it falls anyway have you run into any --- have you run into any issues with that?
Jules Dervaes: Yes, we are – we are talking little craziness there but you know, a long time ago that's what people did. They had greywater --- I can understand the concerns but you have to be, you have to be you know, self sufficient you have take matters and responsibilities in your own hands and I just think, its goanna have to be something done in the future, about that. The water situation is even worse than the oil situation. Oil you maybe even walk to the store and you can go public transportation but without water I mean, if its peak water we are in trouble, you know, because I'm in trouble.
Jules Dervaes: With peak water. So, we want to depend on the rain. So, we have, you know, it works in the way that we harvest the rain water. We collect a rain water and greywater I mean, if it's underground and that's the safe part, if it's under ground, you put it underground where nobody can get out it expect the roots of the trees and what they're afraid of is it being used wrongly and that's, that's --- case you know, it's like you have – you can't have a car but you can't have a car used wrongly. You know, you have --- you can have anything that's used one way --- another person can use it wrongly. It's just -- its just regulation and they – I don't think they don't know what to do it yet. You know, it's just really strange because some of the people are head of the curve and they are pushing envelope and other people may need the codes and everything else, haven't really figured out what to do with it. So, people take it in their own hands.
Sean Daily: Yes, well, that's why I certainly appreciate people like yourselves, your family being out there on the bleeding edge of this making you know, making the powers that we think about this and hopefully gaining some attention towards these issues because I think they are going, they are important now they are going to continue to be important moving forward.
Jules Dervaes: Yes, and its --- I mean its dangerous to think this way – some people might think that this is -- so you know, rare you are going to cause trouble but the problem is this is -- this is norm back 200 years ago. You know, we are not --- we are not we are just we are trying to be like the old timers and its and its dangerous to the corporations because we are trying to be free of that. We don't we say thank you but no thank you; we don't want to be part of your system. This is what --- we stake our lives on this kind of way of living that our ancestors did and that's freedom.
Sean Daily: Yes, yes and I think a few years ago or even six months ago maybe even three months ago people might have thought you know, oh that's cute. It's optional if you --- if you an ego crunchy, Granola crunching tree hugger than this is something for you; but when we see the major banks in the country failing and people see that you know, that what you consider secure you have always taken for granted is now gone and not perhaps reliable. It changes people thinking and so this like as you said I think it really does provide the ability to have a little bit more independence and buffer from that, regardless of what happens you don't have to be doomsayer, this isn't about negativity and in fact to me its about its very positive.
Sean Daily: Because what you are doing is you know, you are really taking the family union and extending it an ecologically centric way; and you are also embracing the community and so it has a lot of positive aspect irrespective of any financial buffering. So yes really cool on well, I could I could talk to all day about this but I don't want to take too much of your time, I know you probably need back to managing the website in homestead and everything else you are doing. I have to ask you though you guys are you coming out with a book or anything to teach us how to do this?
Jules Dervaes: Well, we have -- we have been asked that for many years why can't we do that; but it's really hard to separate living this way and then and then separate yourself and then writing a book.
Jules Dervaes: So, one person has observation he said your website is your book. I mean we --- it so expensive and it goes back so long back to 2001 that we feel it its online and we can help people its through the internet right now.
Sean Daily: OK, well – then the website is the major source of information. And you --- you know, you might want to think about compiling the information from the website into a book because I know, that there are many organizations who that. And it would be another form for you to get word out because we really you know, appreciate the information is great everybody should definitely visit the website, its pathtofreedom.com or www.pathtofreedom.com. It has got great information in. In whatever form you chose to disseminate that we certainly appreciate it. OK, well my guest today has been Jules Dervaes he is an eco-pioneer and homesteader and the founder of Path to Freedom a family operated viable urban homestead project established in 2001 to promote a simpler and more fulfilling lifestyle and to sow a homegrown revolution. I want to thank you again for being on the program with us today. We would love to have you back again in the future.
Jules Dervaes: Thank you, Sean and I would love to be back too.


About 9 A.M., sitting at the white plastic table on my terrace just having finished breakfast; with my back to the landscape because of the rising sun: that faces me into the gardens of the rocca about 10 meters up — cypresses, pines, one or two olive trees and about four kinds of trees I don't recognise, including a large draping thing over the side of the wall, mixed pink and white stone blocks as pretty much thruout Spello.
Also, nearer and around me, tiled rooftops and I think one other garden not belonging to the rocca if next to it but one level down: a couple of pear trees and some other vines and shrubs clinging to pieces of wall.
It's Sunday morning, and bells have been clanging off and on, sometimes three churches at once. Quite warm already, behind me both heat and occasional traffic noise. A car passes in the via Giulia below every ten minutes or so maybe, but the street makes a canyon effect, so it can be fairly loud for a second. People sounds from neighboring houses, including someone typing fairly proficiently on a manual typewriter. A little wasp came to visit a minute ago, looked at my fette biscottate and pineapple yogurt, closed jars of apricot and mirtilli jam, a peach, the grapes; but left.
I'm still kind of tired and sleepy, although I slept beautifully. I did wake up with an unhappy dream: I was singing in a small group, maybe 5 or 6 people, among whom Diane and Harry, but started to cry and couldn't sing any more, so got up and left slowly.
Anyhow, time to amble downstairs (the apartment is on three levels: diningroom, bedrooms, terrace), clean up and go wandering around town and learn how to manage this cumbersome camera in real-life circumstances; as I get oriented to Spello.
After the telegiornale delle 2030h — about half of it covering poor Princess Diana's end in a tunnel in Paris in the middle of the night, poor thing she was not very bright — preparing to go to sleep.
Back home for lunch: I made linguini with olive oil and a bit of epityrum and parmesan; a glass of rosato d' Assisi (OK). A yogurt, some grapes. And sleep was irresistible — I'd nearly not made lunch, I was already so sleepy. Slept something like 3 hours.
Went out a little farther afield, a little walk around the Pusterola (the terziere I live in, the uppermost of the three): down the via Giulia and a quick visit of the uninteresting ch. di S. Gregorio Magno — although the funerary chapel has some curious old wooden doors with skulls on them — then a little walk up the via della Torre Belvedere, quick visit of the ch. S. Martino, one of the especially open ones: a beautiful almost Cistercian space; a couple of remnants of fresco — the façade is the best part tho' — then back home via the Belvedere and under the little Roman arch, down to S. Maria di Vallegloria, an attractive church attached to a convent so apparently not visitable except at Mass in the morning, then down the via Giulia past S. Biagio and home.
A third expedition a bit later, to get milk for tomorrow morning, but the alimentariº had a special sale of truffle paste at a table by the door, outside, so I have a largish jar at a good price — the small firm is at Campello sul Clitunno.
Finally, back here I realised I wanted a newspaper. Things were kind of closing down, so no stationer's or tabacchi open — then I saw a wineshop on the p.zza della Repubblica advertising "Rosso di Spello" so this was irresistible and I emerged with 3 bottles — white, rosé, red — of Spello; figuring it wouldn't be very good, and indeed the white is definitely not; but it is the local wine, so I need to try it. The shopkeeper and one of his friends — about five men in their early fifties were standing in the shop talking — tried several times to switch to English, although I was having no difficulty at all, but looking typically vague and tentative I think — they seemed to believe I was British — I disabused them but didn't drop a word of English; they were the first people since I landed to try to avoid speaking Italian with me — I asked where I could get a paper, the man gave me his; so, home.
Sat up on the terrace and watched the landscape darken: sunset is on the other side of Spello of course, so just the colors of the hills change, shadows lengthen including the large shadow cast by Spello itself, and the lights come on in Foligno and a few isolated farms. I didn't stay for nightfall, but came downstairs, watched the news — caught by the sheerest accident since I have no watch or clock nor knew when news might be — and up to bed. On the terrace I had a few grapes, a peach, and a small glass of the fizzy, foamy even, somewhat acid bianco di Spello; and that's plenty for dinner: at least while James is not here I can cool it on evening meals unless of course I'm starving after a hike.
So now a glass of grappa — Grappa di Pinot Rocca Certosa, 12.5 ML, pretty good — a bit of reading, and to sleep.
Note on the computer: Netscape crashes no matter what. And when it does, I can't turn it off; so I unplug it and let the battery run down. I've had to do this three times now. Word works — I'll modify my pages — still, I need Netscape.
Tomorrow will be the day to change dollars; and that pile of French francs, about $500 worth; and maybe to go to BCSNet for my Net connection; or to Foligno for my monthly abbonamento for Rome. I probably should go to Rome on Tuesday, for IGM maps, books, etc.: maybe get some skating in.
Turnabout is fair play! These are not the same old ladies, but I took this picture of some of my new neighbors on this same day, just west of the Belvedere.


text:
(Redirected from Chilka lake)
Migratory birds at Chilika lake
19°43′N 85°19′E / 19.717°N 85.317°E / 19.717; 85.317Coordinates: 19°43′N 85°19′E / 19.717°N 85.317°E / 19.717; 85.317
Lake type
Primary inflows
52 streams including the Bhargavi, Daya, Makra, Malaguni and Luna rivers[1]
Primary outflows
old mouth at Arakhakuda, new mouth at Satpada to Bay of Bengal
Basin countries
64.3 km (40.0 mi)
min.: 900 km2 (347 sq mi)
max.: 1,165 km2 (450 sq mi)
4.2 m (13.8 ft)
Water volume
4 km3 (3,200,000 acre⋅ft)
Surface elevation
0 – 2 m (6.6 ft)
223 km2 (86 sq mi):
Badakuda, Breakfast, Honeymoon, Kalijai Hill, Birds Island, Kanthapantha, Krushnaprasadrah (Old Parikuda), Nalabana, Nuapara, Somolo and Sanakuda.
Puri and Satpada
Ramsar Wetland
Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon, spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 km. It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest brackish water lagoon in the world[4][5] after The New Caledonian barrier reef.[6] It has been listed as a tentative UNESCO World Heritage site.[7]
It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent. The lake is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.[8][9]
The lake is an ecosystem with large fishery resources. It sustains more than 150,000 fisher–folk living in 132 villages on the shore and islands.[10][11]
The lagoon hosts over 160 species of birds in the peak migratory season. Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea and other remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Kazakhstan, Central and southeast Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas come here. These birds travel great distances; migratory birds probably follow much longer routes than the straight lines, possibly up to 12,000 km, to reach Chilika Lake.
In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.[12][13]
According to a survey, 45 percent of the birds are terrestrial in nature, 32 percent are waterfowl, and 23 percent are waders. The lagoon is also home to 14 types of raptors. Around 152 rare and endangered Irrawaddy dolphins have also been reported. Plus, the lagoon supports about 37 species of reptiles and amphibians.[14]
The highly productive Chilika Lagoon eco-system with its rich fishery resources sustains the livelihood for many fishermen who live in and near the lagoon. The water spread area of the lagoon ranges between 1165 and 906 km2 during the monsoon and summer respectively. A 32 km long, narrow, outer channel connects the lagoon to the Bay of Bengal, near the village Motto. More recently a new mouth has been opened by CDA which has brought a new lease of life to the lagoon.
Microalgae, marine seaweeds, sea grasses, fish and crab also flourish in the brackish water of the Chilika Lagoon. Especially the recovery of seagrass beds in recent years is a welcoming trend which may eventually result in re-colonization of endangered dugongs.[15]
2 Geology
3 Geography and topography
4 Hydrology
4.1 Water and sediment quality
5 Conservation – threats and management
6 Flora and fauna
6.1 Flora
6.2 Avifauna
6.3 Aqua fauna
7 Major attractions
8 Eco-tourism
Golabai Sasan excavation site
Geological evidence indicates that Chilika Lake was part of the Bay of Bengal during the later stages of the Pleistocene period (1.8 million to 10,000 years BP).
Excavations were conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India at Golabai Sasan (20°1′7″N 85°32′54″E / 20.01861°N 85.54833°E / 20.01861; 85.54833) just north of Chilika lake in Khurdha district.[16] Golabai provides evidence of a sequence of Chilika area culture in three phases: Neolithic (c. 1600 BCE), Chalcolithic (c. 1400 BCE to c. 900 BCE) and Iron Age (c. 900 BCE to c. 800 BCE). Radiocarbon dating traced the earliest level of Golbai to 2300 BCE. The site is located on the left bank of the Malaguni River, a tributary of the Daya River, which flows into Chilika Lake. This location, which gave access to the sea via Chilika Lake, gives strong evidence of the maritime activities of this region. The recovery of many woodworking adzes and other artifacts shows that Golabai was a boat-building centre. Significantly, Golabai is the only excavated site in Odisha where boat building has been revealed. This also indicates that Chilika lake was very close to Golabai and it facilitated the maritime trade of people in the area during the ancient period.[17]
Some ancient texts say the southern sector of Chilika was a major harbour for maritime commerce, when Kharavela (IAST: Khāravela, Devanagari: खारवेल, Odia: ଖାରବେଳ) (c. 209 BCE–after 170 BCE), the King of Kalinga, was known as the "Lord of the Sea".[18]
Ptolemy (150 CE), the Greek geographer, referred to Palur as the port Paloura, located close to the point of departure situated outside of the southern tip of the lake at Kantiagarh, from where ships bound for different parts of Southeast Asia sailed. After 639, the Chinese pilgrims Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang mention a famous port "Che-li-ta-loChing" near the shore of the ocean which was a thoroughfare and resting place for seagoing traders and strangers from distant lands. This port was located at 'Chhatragarh' on the banks of Chilika Lake.[17]
A fourth-century legend, often told to explain the birth of Chilika, states that the pirate king, Raktabahhu, planned to attack Puri with a huge fleet of ships. To avoid detection, he stealthily anchored out of sight, off the mouth to the sea. The deception was revealed by ships' refuse floating to the shore, thus warning the town's people, who escaped with all their possessions. Raktabahu felt betrayed when he found an abandoned town and directed his fury towards the sea that had betrayed him. The sea parted to let the army march in, then surged back, drowned the army and formed the present lake.[2]
Archeological excavations discovered seventh-century ship anchors and stone memoirs dedicated to battle heroes at a village named Kanas, about 25 km (16 mi) north of Chilika on the banks of Nuna river, which flows into the lake. This gives evidence of a historic naval engagement off the coast.
A 10th-century text, the Brahmanda Purana, mentions Chilika Lake as an important centre of trade and commerce, and a shelter for ships sailing to Java, Malaya, Singhala, China and other countries. This suggests that the lake was then deep enough for berthing seagoing ships and had a channel to the sea big enough for loaded trading ships embarking to Southeast Asia.[19][20][21] The villagers around Chilika Lake still observe an annual festival called "Bali Yatra" (Journey to Bali).
In 1803, the British entered the shores of the lake, reached Puri and occupied Odisha with the help of Fateh Muhammed. Fateh Muhammed, in turn, was rewarded by the British with freehold of the areas of Malud and Parikud, of the present day Garh Krishnaprasad revenue block.[18]
Over the years, poets including Kabibar Radhanath Ray and Pandit Godavarish Mishra, freedom fighters and Saints have extolled historicity of the lake as pertinent to its cultural, spiritual, religious and scenic aspects.[18][19]
"Gopabandhu Das, a famous Odiya poet, became impatient to see the beauty of the march of colorful sights and sounds of Chilika lagoon while going by train. He asked the speeding train to stop for a moment so that he could enjoy the beauty. It is because of the beauty that arrests him much".[22]
The lake is of estuarine character in an ephemeral environment. Geological studies indicate that the coastline extended along the western shores of the lake in the Pleistocene era with its northeastern region lying under the sea. That the coastline has moved eastward over the ages is supported by the fact that the nearby Konarak Sun Temple, built originally on the seashore a few hundred years ago, is now about 3 km (2 mi), away from the coast.
The catchment area of Chilika lake has a rock, sand and mud substratum. It contains a wide range of sedimentary particles such as clay, silt, sand, gravel and shell banks but the major part of the catchment area is silt. Around 1.6 million metric tons per year of sediment is deposited in Chilika lake by rivers Daya and several streams.[22]
It is conjectured that a rise in worldwide sea levels over the last 6,000–8,000 years occurred with a pause in the rise of sea level about 7,000 years ago, which could have resulted in the formation of a sandy beach near the coast at the Southern sector. With the rise in the sea level, the sand beach grew gradually, progressed seaward to the northeast and formed the spit of Chilika. A fossil unearthed from the southwestern edge of the spit indicates that the lake was formed about 3,500–4,000 years ago. The abrupt change in the direction of the coast north of the lake, strong winds shifting sand to the shore, longshore drift (littoral drift), the presence or absence of strong river and tidal currents in different areas are the reasons attributed for the growth of the spit.[18]
White bands of coral in the southern sector, at a height of 8 m (26 ft), above the present water level, shows that the area was once marine and that the water was much deeper than present.[18] The chronological development of the outer barrier spit of the lake has been dated by Optically stimulated luminescence studies of minerals. This was done on sixteen samples of the lake bed. The studies indicated doses of between 153 ± 3 mGy and 2.23 ± 0.07 Gy, corresponding to ages from 40 years at the top of the spit to 300 years at the bottom. The youngest ages are consistent with the age of the overlying vegetation. A clearly defined period of > 4.0 km (2.5 mi) of barrier construction 40 years ago is identified. Prior to that the deposition rate was relatively constant for 300 years.'"[23]
Geography and topography[edit]
This map of Chilika Lake showing Nalaban Island, Chilika Bird Sanctuary, Dolphin Sanctuary, Puri town and Malud peninsula.
Chilika Lake-central & west
1958 Topographic map, 1:250,000
Chilika Lake-east end
Mahanadi River at Cuttack as it trifurcates with one arm feeding the Chilika Lake
View of Chilka lake
Jetty at Satapada, Chilika Lake, Odisha
A tourist boat near dolphin point, Satapada, Chilika Lake, Odisha
Near the Chilika Lake sea mouth, Odisha
Chilika Sea mouth
Chilika Lake is a shallow bar-built estuary with large areas of mudflats. The western and southern margins of the lake are fringed by the Eastern Ghats hill range.[21]
Several inland rivers, which bring silt into the lake, control the northern end of the lake. A 60 km (37 mi) long barrier beach called Rejhansa,[24] formed by northerly currents in the Bay of Bengal, resulted in the formation of this shallow lake and forms its eastern side. As an ephemeral lake, its water surface area varies from 1,165 km2 (449.8 sq mi) in the summer monsoon season to 906 km2 (349.8 sq mi) in the winter dry season.
The lake has numerous islands. The larger islands, separated by shallow channels, lie between the barrier and the main body of the lake. A total 42 km2 (16 sq mi) of channels connect the lake with Bay of Bengal.[19] The six major islands are Parikud, Phulbari, Berahpura, Nuapara, Nalbana, and Tampara. These islands, together with the Peninsula of Malud, constitute the Krishnaprasad Revenue Block of Puri District.[5][11]
The north shore of the lake is part of Khordha District and the western shore is part of Ganjam District. Due to siltation, the width of the barrier has fluctuated and the mouth to the sea has periodically been closed. The location of the mouth has also frequently shifted, generally towards the northeast. The mouth, which was 1.5 km (0.9 mi) wide in 1780, was only .75 km (0.5 mi) forty years later. The local fishermen, to maintain their livelihood, had to cut open the mouth regularly to gain access to the sea for fishing.[18]
Water depth of the lake varies from 0.9 to 2.6 ft (0.3 to 0.8 m) in the dry season to 1.8 to 4.2 m (5.9 to 13.8 ft) in the rainy season. The width of the old channel to the sea, now reported to be about 100 m (330 ft), is known as Magarmukha (Mouth of the Crocodile). The lake is divided into four separate zones namely, the southern, central, northern sectors and the outer channel area. A 32 km (19.9 mi) long outer channel connects the lake with the Bay of Bengal at Arakhuda village. The lake is vaguely pear shaped and has a maximum length of 64.3 km (40.0 mi) with a mean width of 20.1 km (12.5 mi).[5][25]
Hydrology[edit]
Three hydrological subsystems control the Hydrology of the lake. The land-based system comprises distributaries of the Mahanadi River on the northern side, 52 river channels from the western side and the Bay of Bengal on the eastern side. Two of the three southern branches of the Mahanadi River that trifurcates at Cuttack, feed the lake. 61% (850 m3/s (30,000 cu ft/s)) of the total freshwater inflow into the lake is contributed by these two branches.
The second drainage system which is non–perennial accounts for 39% (536 cubic metres per second (18,900 cu ft/s)). The important rivers of this drainage system are the Kansari, the Kusumi, the Janjira, and the Tarimi rivers. The annual total surface freshwater input to the lake is estimated to 1.76 cubic kilometres (1,430,000 acre⋅ft) including direct precipitation over the lake contributing 0.87 cubic kilometres (710,000 acre⋅ft) All the inland river systems disgorge an annual flow of about 0.375 million cubic metres (304 acre⋅ft) of freshwater which is estimated to carry 13 million metric tons of silt into the lake. On the northeast, a channel connects the lake to the Bay of Bengal.
A tropical monsoon climate prevails over the drainage basin area of the lake. The lake experiences South–west and North-east monsoons during June to September and November to December respectively with an average annual rainfall of 1,238.8 mm (48.77 in), with 72 rainy days. The maximum temperature of 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) and minimum temperature of 14 °C (57.2 °F) have been recorded. The wind speed varies from 5.3 to 16 metres (17 to 52 ft)/hour[dubious – discuss] with southerly and southwesterly direction due to the influence of the Southwest monsoon and from the north and northeasterly direction during the rest of the months.[8]
Water and sediment quality[edit]
The Chilika Development Authority (CDA) established an organized system of water quality measurements and limnological investigations indicating the following physico–chemical characteristics of the lake waters.[8]
Lake water is alkaline – pH ranging from 7.1 – 9.6 with total alkalinity matching the salinity. The southern part of the lake near Rambha has recorded the highest alkalinity.
Bathymetry survey indicates extreme shallow depths in the northern sector, with less than 1.5 m (5 ft) in a large area. The southern sector of the lake has recorded the maximum depth of 3.9 m (12.8 ft)
High turbidity due to strong mixing of overlying water with sediments is confirmed by observed transparency values ranging between 9 and 155 cm (0.30 and 5.09 ft).
Salinity levels in the lake show wide temporal and spatial variation due to a complex blend of freshwater discharge, evaporation, wind condition and tidal inflow of seawater. The brackish nature of the lake is depicted by the 0 parts per thousand near the Daya River mouth to hyper-saline level of 42 ppt in the outlet channel during the dry period.
The dissolved oxygen values were between 3.3–18.9 mg/l.
Phosphate phosphorus (0–0.4 ppm), nitrate nitrogen (10–60 ppm) and silicates (1–8 ppm) are high in the north and northwest part of the lake where most of the rivers discharge into the lake with large amounts of silt and nutrients.
The lake is broadly divided into four zones on the basis of salinity values, namely the southern, central, northern and outer channel. Tidal influx of seawater during monsoon is arrested by the strong influx of a large amount of fresh water from the northern and central zones. Brackish water conditions in the southern zone, even during monsoon, prevail due to low water exchange. Salinity in the southern zone decreases during the post-monsoon period and in winter as northern winds facilitate mixing of water with rest of the lake. During the summer, intrusion of salt water from the outer channel into the lake increases since water level of the lake is at its lowest level. A general increase in salinity of the central and northern zones occurs due to wind-induced mixing by the predominantly southern winds and salinity in the southern zone does not rise appreciably.[8]
Adverse tidal exchange occurred due to the littoral drift along the coast line causing flow reduction and shifting of the lake mouth every year. Estimated sediment transport due to this is on the order of 100,000 metric tons. This adverse effect needed ameliorative actions.[25]
Sediment cores were collected from different locations of the lake. The result indicated spatial variation of sedimentation rate in three zones of the lake of 7.6 millimetres (0.30 in)/year (Northern Sector), 8.0 millimetres (0.31 in)/year (Central Sector) and 2.8 millimetres (0.11 in)/year (SouthernSector). The non–uniform sedimentation rate along with the porosity and water content of the sediment cores were also analysed which indicated the lake had different deposition zones, with comparatively higher sedimentation rate in Northern and Central Sector and a slow rate in the Southern Sector.[26]
Conservation – threats and management[edit]
In 1971, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention due to its rich biodiversity as shown by the facts that:
Over a million migratory waterfowl and shorebirds winter here.
Over 400 vertebrate species have been recorded.
As an estuarine lagoon, it supports a unique assemblage of marine, brackish and freshwater species.
Several rare and endangered species are found in the region.
The lake supports fisheries that are the lifeline of the community.
The lake is of great value in preserving genetic diversity.
There is an Increase in weeds and aquaculture activities.[12][13]
Over the years, the ecosystem of the lake encountered several problems and threats such as:
Siltation due to littoral drift and sediments from the inland river systems
Shrinkage of water surface area
Choking of the inlet channel as well as shifting of the mouth connecting to the sea
Decrease in salinity and fishery resources
Proliferation of freshwater invasive species and
An overall loss of biodiversity with decline in productivity adversely affecting the livelihood of the community that depended on it
Fights between fishermen and non-fishermen communities about fishing rights in the lake and consequent court cases
The rapid expansion of commercial aquaculture of prawn has contributed significantly to the decline of the lakes fisheries and bird population.[27]
Concerted action was initiated by the Odisha State Government with support from the Government of India to adopt adaptive conservation and management actions.[9][25]
By 1993, the problems in Chilika were so severe that the lake was put under "The Montreux Record" as the lake was considered to have "undergone, to be undergoing, or to be likely to undergo change in its ecological character brought about by human action". The purpose was to stimulate remedial measures for the lake's conservation, supplemented with adequate monitoring. It was expected that such an action would benefit from the advice from Ramsar Advisory Mission and other identified technical assistance programs.
In summary, siltation from upstream led to shrinkage of the water surface area, decrease of salinity and prolific growth of invasive freshwater aquatic weed infestation, all of which had a serious negative impact on the habitat of wildlife and fishery resources.[22]
Chilika Development Authority (CDA)
In 1992, the Government of Odisha, concerned by the degradation of the lake's ecosystem and cognizant of significant numbers of people who were dependent upon the lake's resources, set up the Chilika Development Authority (CDA). The CDA was set up for restoration and overall development of the lake under the Indian Societies Registration Act as a parastatal body under the administrative jurisdiction of the Forest and Environment Department, with the following charter:
To protect the Lake ecosystem with all its genetic diversity
To formulate the management plan for Integrated Resource Management and wise use of the lake's resources by the community depending on it
To execute multidimensional and multidisciplinary developmental activities either itself or through other agencies
To collaborate with various national and international institutions for development of the lake[25]
The governing body of the Authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Odisha State and has people's representatives (Members of Parliament and Legislative Assembly), representatives of the fisherfolk communities and secretaries of the key departments, experts and eminent scientists as its members.
In 1998, an executive committee constituted with financial authority, supplemented with financial support from the Tenth and Eleventh Finance Commissions of the Government of India, gave support to the management initiatives taken up by CDA. This facilitated a coordinated approach to plan and implement effective ameliorative management actions.
An Integrated Management Plan was implemented with financial support of Rs 570 million (US$12.7 million) out of "special problem grants" recommended by the Finance Commissions. Hydrobiological monitoring was supported under the Odisha Water Resources Consolidation Project of the World Bank, to the extent of Rs 10 million (US$220,000). A strong support network was created with 7 state government organizations, 33 NGOs, 3 national government ministries, 6 other organizations, 11 international organizations, 13 research institutions and 55 different categories of community groups.[25]
In 2003, a collaboration of Indian and Japanese experts led to a friendly relationship between Chilika lake and Saroma Lake in Japan called Sister Wetlands.[22]
Ameliorative actions
Considering the threats faced by the lake, the National Wetlands, Mangroves and Coral Reefs Committee of the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, also identified the lake as a priority site for conservation and management.[8] The ameliorative actions were taken by the CDA to restore the ecosystem and to improve the socio-economic conditions of the communities living around the lake and on its islands involved the following.
Opening the lake mouth
The most effective ameliorative action was the hydrological intervention of opening the new lake mouth and channel to the sea through the barrier beach at Satapura. This improved the spatial and temporal salinity gradients of the lake to maintain the unique characteristics of an estuarine eco-system. This intervention was undertaken after detailed scientific studies, including 3-dimensional mathematical modeling and hydraulics studies on a model prototype, were carried out by the Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune and National Institute of Oceanography, Goa. In September 2000, the desiltation of the channel connecting the lake to the sea and opening of a new mouth to restore the natural flows of water and salinity levels was carried out. These actions resulted in a notable increase in the lake's fish yield and a reduction of freshwater weeds. The new mouth reduced the length of the outflow channel by 18 kilometres (11 mi).[13][28] Opening of the new mouth provided a favorable increased salinity regime throughout the lake with less fluctuations and improved water clarity.[22]
Other measures included:
Catchments management in "participatory micro-watershed management in a whole ecosystem approach"
Protection of bird habitat and of bird species
Economic incentives to the local population to stop poaching of birds
Measures to improve the socio–economic conditions, such as training programmes to develop eco-tourism,
Provision of solar streetlight systems to island villages
Development of a ferry service for isolated villages
Construction of landing facilities for fisherfolk, as well as education and environmental awareness activities.
In 2002, Chilika was taken out of the Montreux Record, in light of the improved conditions of the lake.[12][13] Chilika lake is the first Ramsar site in Asia to be removed from the Montreux record.[22]
In November 2002, the Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award was presented to the Chilika Development Authority for "outstanding achievements in the field of restoration and wise use of wetlands and effective participation of local communities in these activities".[12][13]
The Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puruskar, constituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India awarded the prestigious Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Award–2002 to the Chilika Development Authority for the outstanding contribution of conservation and restoration of the Chilika lake eco-system.[29]
The ecological richness of the lake is of great value in preserving the genetic diversity because of the multiplicity of its habitat, flora and fauna. (Some are pictured in the photo gallery).[9] The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) surveyed the lake between 1985 and 1988 and identified 800 species of fauna, including many rare, endangered, threatened and vulnerable species, but excluding terrestrial insects.
The rare and threatened animal species identified are green sea turtle (EN), dugong (VU), Irrawaddy dolphin (EN), blackbuck (NT), Spoon billed sandpiper (CR), Chilika limbless skink (CR) and fishing cat (VU). 24 mammalian species were reported. 37 species of reptiles and amphibians are also reported.[9][10]
Flora[edit]
Recent surveys revealed an overall 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera and 120 families. This represents about one –fourth of the vascular plant species of the Odisha state where some 2900 species altogether are found. Fabaceae is the most dominant plant family followed by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Certain species were found to be characteristic of specific islands. The flora is predominantly of aquatic and sub-aquatic plants. The species reported are leguminosae, poaceae, and cyperaceae; endemic cassipourea ceylanica; five species of seagrass, and more. Important species identified are:.[9][25]
Leguminosae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae
Endemic Cassipourea ceylanica
Five species of seagrass
Wild plants of horticultural importance and interesting plant groups such as insectivorous plants, epiphytes, parasites and lithophytes
Mangrove associates, such as Aegiceras corniculatus, Excoecaria agalloch, Salvadora persica, Pongamia pinnata, Colubrina asiatica, Capparis roxburghii, Macrotyloma ciliatum and many others.
Avifauna[edit]
Chilika Lake is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds, on the Indian sub-continent. It is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the country. Some species listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened animals inhabit the lake for at least part of their life cycle.[30]
White bellied sea eagles, greylag geese, purple moorhen, jacana, flamingos, egrets, grey and purple herons, Indian roller, storks, white ibis, spoonbills, brahminy ducks, shovellers, pintails, and more.
Migratory water fowl arrive here from as far as the Caspian Sea, Baikal Lake and remote parts of Russia, Mongolia, Lakah, Siberia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and from the Himalayas.[19] A census conducted in the winter of 1997-98 recorded about 2 million birds in the lake.[31]
In 2007, nearly 840,000 birds visited the lake, out of which 198,000 were spotted in Nalbana Island. On 5 Jan 2008, a bird census involving 85 wildlife officials counted 900,000 birds of which 450,000 were sighted in Nalabana. Removal of invasive species of freshwater aquatic plants, especially water hyacinth, due to restoration of salinity, is a contributing factor for the recent increasing attraction of birds to the lake.[19][32]
Nalbana Bird Sanctuary
Main article: Nalbana Bird Sanctuary
Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. Nalbana means a weed-covered island In the Odia language. It is a major island in the center of the lake and has an area of 15.53 km2 (6.00 sq mi)[dubious – discuss]. The island gets completely submerged during the monsoon season. As the monsoon recedes in the winter, lake levels decrease and the island is gradually exposed, birds flock to the island in large numbers to feed on its extensive mudflats. Nalbana was notified in 1987 and declared a bird sanctuary in 1973 under the Wildlife Protection Act.[19][33]
Aqua fauna[edit]
As per the Chilika Development Authority's (CDA) updated data (2002), 323 aquatic species, which includes 261 fish species, 28 prawns and 34 crabs are reported out of which sixty five species breed in the lake. 27 species are freshwater fishes and two genera of prawns. The remaining species migrate to the sea to breed. 21 species of herrings and sardines of the family Clupeidae are reported.
Wallago attu – A common type of fish in the lake
Between 1998–2002, 40 fish species were recorded here for the first time and following the reopening of the lake mouth in 2000, six threatened species have reappeared, including:
Milk fish (Seba khainga),
Indo-Pacific tarpon (Panialehio),
Ten pounder (Nahama),
Bream (Kala khuranti),
Hilsa (Tenuealosa) ilisha (ilishi) and
Mullet R. corsula (Kekenda)[9][10]
For centuries fisher folk evolved exclusive rights of fishing through a complex system of partitioning the fisheries of the lake, harvested the lake in a relatively sustainable fashion and developed a large range of fishing techniques, nets and gear.[18]
During the British rule, in 1897–98, fishermen community enjoyed exclusive fisheries rights in the lake. The fisheries of the lake were part of the Zamindari estates of Khallikote, Parikud, Suna Bibi, Mirza Taher Baig and the Chaudhary families of Bhungarpur and the Khas Mahal areas of Khurda, lying within the kingdoms of the Rajas of Parikud and Khallikote. The zamindars (Landlords) leased out the fisheries exclusively to the local fisherfolk.[18]
With the abolition of zamindari (land lordship) system in 1953, traditional fishing areas continued to be leased out to cooperatives of local fishermen. Fishing, particularly, prawn fishing, became increasingly remunerative with outside interest playing an important role. But in 1991, when the government of Odisha proposed a leasing policy that would have resulted in the auction of leases to the highest bidder, the Fishermen's cooperatives challenged the order in court. The High Court of Odisha ordered the Government to enact changes that would protect the interests of traditional fishermen and since then no new leases have been reported. This has resulted in a chaotic regime in which powerful vested interests from outside dominate, and the local people have been subordinated.[18]
Butter catfish and Wallago attu are the most common type of fish found in the lake. 11 species of fish, 5 species of prawn and 2 crab species are commercially important. The commercially important prawn are giant tiger prawn (Metapenaeus monoceros), Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus), Metapenaeus monoceros (Speckled shrimp), Metapenaeus affinis (Pink prawn) and Metapenaeus dobson (Kadal shrimp). Mangrove crab is the most important commercial crab.[27] Fish landings in the lake, which fluctuated in the past, have recorded a remarkable recovery after the opening of the new mouth and dredging of silt –choked old mouth Magarmukh in 2000–2001, resulted in a better intermixing of the tidal influx from the sea and freshwater inflow from rivers. Against an all time lowest landing of fish and prawn of 1,269 t (1,399 short tons) in 1995–96, the all-time high is reported to be 11,878 t (13,093 short tons) during 2001–2002 resulting in an estimated per capita income for the fisher folk of Rs 19,575 (about US$392) during the year.[10] Recently, the Government of Odisha have issued a notification banning the lease of Chilika Lake for Culture Fishery.[18]
The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is the flagship species of Chilika lake. Chilika is home to the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India[34] and one of only two lagoons in the world that are home to this species.[33]
It is classified as Endangered according to International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).
A small population of Bottlenose dolphins, also migrate into the lagoon from the sea.[4] Chilika fishermen say that when Irrawaddy dolphins and bottlenose dolphins meet in the outer channel, the former get frightened and are forced to return toward the lake.[35]
Some Irrawaddy dolphins used to be sighted only along the inlet channel and in a limited portion of the central sector of the lake. After the opening of the new mouth at Satapada in 2000, they are now well distributed in the central and the southern sector of the lake.[33] The number of dolphins sighted has varied from 50 to 170. A 2006 census counted 131 dolphins and the 2007 census revealed 138 dolphins. Out of the 138 dolphins, 115 were adults, 17 adolescents and six calves. 60 adults were spotted in the outer channel followed by 32 in the central sector and 23 in the southern sector.[36]
Dolphin tourism provides an important alternative source of income for many local residents. There are four tourist associations in Satapada employing three hundred and sixty 9-HP long-tail motor boats taking tourists to a 25 km2 (9.7 sq mi) area of the lake for dolphin watching. About 500 fishing families are involved in this business.[34] The Odisha Tourism Department and the Dolphin Motorboat Association, an NGO at Satpada, report about 40,000 tourists visit Chilika every year for dolphin watching. October–January, and May–June are the peak season for tourists at Chilika, with a maximum 600-700 per day during December–January. The Dolphin Motorboat Association has 75 8-passenger motorboats for dolphin watching. Tourists pay Rs. 250 for 60–90 minutes per trip(approx ₹4k for 10 people with 3.5 hours in a private boat in 2018). According to the Association, most tourists see dolphins. Only 5% return disappointed. Besides the Association, the Odisha Tourism Department organises "dolphin-watch" for tourists. Even during monsoon, about 100 tourists/day visit the lake.[35]
Boat based dolphin watching tours impact dolphin behavior and cause several accidental dolphin deaths each year.[37] CDA conducts an annual census of dolphin deaths. They report 15 deaths in 2003-04, 11 in 2004-05, 8 in 2005-06 and 5 in 2006-07. 40% of the 2006-07 deaths were by mechanised boats.[36]
Since 2004, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society has been conducting a science-based community education project to conserve the Irrawaddy dolphins and Chilika Lake. They have determined the primary cause of mortality for this population of dolphins is floating gill nets and hook line fisheries and the secondary cause is boat strikes from increasing unmanaged tourism activities.[34]
The Irrawaddy dolphins have a seemingly mutualistic relationship of co-operative fishing with the traditional fishermen. Fishermen recall when they would call out to the dolphins, to drive fish into their nets.[37] Castnet fishing with the help of Irrawaddy dolphins in upper reaches of the Ayeyawady River has been well documented.[38]
Major attractions[edit]
The 15 km2 Nalaban Island is within the Lagoon and is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands. It was declared a bird sanctuary under the Wildlife Protection Act in 1973. It is the heart of the park where one can seen thousands of birds descending during the migratory season. The island disappears during monsoon season due to inundation, and post-monsoon, the island emerges again.
The vast lake harbours 225 species of fish, a wide variety of phytoplankton, algae and aquatic plants, and also supports over 350 species of non-aquatic plants. The other areas where high concentrations of birds are recorded are Gerasara, Parikud Island, and the western shores of the Northern sector.
Eco-tourism[edit]
The open air and scenic natural flora and fauna of the lake are an attraction for eco-tourism. This is expected to provide a degree of alternate employment to the local community and generate environmental awareness, among local residents as well as visitors, about the conservation and wise use of the lake's natural resources. The locations within the lake identified for such activity are:
Rambha Bay at the southern end of the lake with the group of islands including:
The Becon Island, with an architectural conical pillar (to put a light on the top) built by Mr. Snodgrass, the then collector of Ganjam of the East India Company, on a mass of rock in the Rambha Bay near Ghantasila hill. It has scenic water spread surrounded by the Eastern Ghat.
The Breakfast Island, pear-shaped, known as "Sankuda island", with remnants of a dilapidated bungalow constructed by the King of Kalikote, has rare plants and is full of greenery with appealing flora.
Honeymoon Island, 5 km (3 mi) from Rambha Jetty, known as Barkuda Island, with clear waters has abundant red and green macro algae in the bed is also known for the limbless lizard, an endemic species found here.
Somolo and Dumkudi islands, located in the Central and Southern sectors of the lake, in the backdrop of scenic Khalikote hill range, are inundated remnants of the Eastern Ghats with rich flora and fauna and also known for sighting of Irrawaddy dolphins.
Birds' island, located in the southern sector of the lake has huge exposed hanging rocks, are painted white due to folic acid of the droppings of the birds and is known for rich algal communities and few mangrove species and also migratory birds in winter.
Parikud is a group of composite islands in the Garh Krishnaprasad Block for nature lovers and provides an avian spectacle during winter season
Kalijai Temple located on an island is considered to be the abode of the Goddess Kalijai. This temple is located at a hill which is surrounded by blue water bears. Local people of Chilika refer to goddess as the reigning deity of the lagoon
Satapada village, at the new mouth of the lake, provides a view of the Lake and also views of the dolphins. Hundreds of boats here provide tours of the lake for tourists.
Barunkuda, a small island situated near Magarmukh, the mouth of the lake, has a temple of Lord Varuna.
Nabagraha is an ancient deity located along the outer channel.
Chourbar Shiva Temple is located near Alupatna village, along the outer channel.
Manikpatna, located on the outer channel has historical evidence of a port which was used for trade with Far East and also has the Bhabakundeswar temple of Lord Shiva, an old Mosque whose entrance door is made of the jaws of the whale.
Sand-Bar and Mouth of the Lake is a striking and un-explored stretch of 30 km (20 mi) of empty beach across the sand bar which separates the Lake from the Sea.[39]
Mangalajodi a famous bird sanctuary for sighting migratory birds.
Access[edit]
Chilika raiilway station
The lake is well connected by road to Chennai and Kolkata through National Highway No 5. Satpada town on the eastern bank of the lake is about 50 km (30 mi) by road southwest of the city of Puri and at a distance of 100 km (60 mi) from Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, which is also the nearest airport.
A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railway from Kolkata skirts along the western bank of the lake passing through Balugaon, Chilika and Rambha stations.[8]
Within the lake precincts, Odisha Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (OTDC) and the Revenue Department of the state government offer boat cruises. Private operators also provide country boats on hire to various islands in the lake.[40]
There are OTDC Guest houses at Barkul, Rambha, Satapada & several hotels at Balugaon. Before entering into the Nalbana Bird Sanctuary one has to obtain an entry permit. The entry permit has to be produced at entry/exit points, at check gates as and whenever requested by officials.
Pongamia pinnata, a flowering shoot
Sanderling, Calidris alba
Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus
Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus
Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
Lesser Flamingos, Phoenicopterus minor
Migratory Flamingos at Chilika
Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa
Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis
Legless lizard
Fishing cat
Boat on Chilika
Parikuda Iseland
Balugaon
^ a b Tripati, Sila; A. P. Patnaik (10 February 2008). "Stone anchors along the coast of Chilika Lake: New light on the maritime activities of Orissa, India" (PDF). Current Science. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences. 94 (3): 386–390.
^ a b Mohanty, Prof. Prafulla Kumar; Dr. Sanjaya Narayan Otta (June 2008). "Dolphins of Chilika" (PDF). Orissa Review. Govt. of Orissa: 21–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
^ "Chilika Lake". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ a b Forest and Environment Department. "Chilika". Wildlife Conservation in Orissa. Govt of Orissa. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
^ a b c "Inventory of wetlands" (PDF). Govt. of India. pp. 314–318. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
^ "New Caledonia - at the heart of the world's biggest lagoon</02.11>". www.boat-duesseldorf.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Chilika Lake". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
^ a b c d e f "Chilika At A Glance". Chilika Development Authority. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ a b c d e f WWF India (2008). "Chilika Lake". Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ a b c d Chilika Development Authority (2008). "Fish Yield Status". Archived from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
^ a b Chilika Development Authority (2008). "Welcome to Chilika Lagoon". Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ a b c d The Ramsar Convention (26 November 2008). "The Montreux Record". Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
^ a b c d e Chilika Development Authority (2008). "Ramsar Award". Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ "Dolphin population rises to 152 in Chilika lake in Orissa". The Times Of India. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ IANS. 2010. Will growing seagrass beds bring back rare sea cows to Chilika?. The Thaindian News. Retrieved on April 19, 2017
^ Sinha, B.K. (2000). "13. B.K. Sinha, Golabai". In Kishor K. Basa; Pradeep Mohanty (eds.). A Protohistoric Site on the Coast of Odisha. vol. I (in: Archaeology of Odisha ed.). Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan. pp. 322–355. ISBN 978-81-7702-011-3.
^ a b Patra, Sushanta Ku.; Dr. Benudhar Patra (1992–93). "ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARITIME HISTORY OF ANCIENT ORISSA" (PDF). OHRJ. Bhubaneswar: Govt. of Orissa. XLVII (2): 107–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2009.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Chilika". Chilika Lake Development Authority, Odisha. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ a b c d e f Choudhury, Dr. Janmejay (November 2007). "Nature Queen Chilika and Eco-Tourism" (PDF). Orissa Review. Govt. of Orissa: 17–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
^ "New clues to historic naval war in Chilika". Nature India Journal Published online 3 June 2008, Subhra Priyadarshini. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ a b Tripathy, Dr. Balaram (November 2007). "Maritime Heritage of Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review. Govt. of Orissa: 27–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
^ a b c d e f Iwasaki, Shimpei (14 December 1998). "Sustainable Regional DevelopmentIn the Catchment of Chilika Lagoon, Orissa State, India" (PDF). In Chilika Development Authority and Department of Water Resources (Odisha) (ed.). Proceedings of the International Workshop in Sustainable Development of Chilika Lagoon. Tokyo, Japan.: Global Environment Information Centre. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2007.
^ "Luminescence dating of the barrier spit at Chilika lake, Odisha, India". Oxford Journals, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 119, Number 1-4, pp. 442-445, A. S. Murray and M. Mohanti. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ Singh, Sarina; Joe Bindloss; Paul Clammer; Janine Eberle (2005). India. Lonely Planet. p. 576. ISBN 978-1-74059-694-7.
^ a b c d e f International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) (2005). "Chilika Lagoon-Experience and Lessons Learned Brief, Asish K.Ghosh, CED & Ajit K.Patnaik, CDA, pp. 116-129" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ "Estimation of Sedimentation Rate in Chilika Lake, Odisha Using Environmental 210pb Isotope Systematics, P 267" (PDF). Centre for Water Resources Development and Management. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ a b Wood, Alexander; Pamela Stedman-Edwards; Johanna Mang, eds. (2000). "Ch. 10 India: Chilika Lake". The Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss. Earthscan. pp. 213–230. ISBN 978-1-85383-699-2.
^ Chilika Development Authority. "Restoration". Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
^ Chilika Development Authority. "News". Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ "Chilika Lake". Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ staff (15 October 1998). "Birds Crowd Odisha Sanctuary". Times of India. Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
^ "900,000, Birds Visit Chilika Lake". srijanfoundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
^ a b c Ghosh, Asish K.; Ajit K. Pattnaik. "fig.1 Chilika Lagoon Basin" (PDF). Chilika Lagoon Experience and Lessons learned Brief. UNEP International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Network. p. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ a b c Sutaria, Dipani (2007). "Irrawaddy dolphin — India" (PDF). Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
^ a b Sinha, R.K. (May–August 2004). "The Irrawaddy Dolphins Orcaella of Chilika Lagoon, India" (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Mumbai, India: online edition: Environmental Information System (ENVIS), Annamalai University, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India. 101 (2): 244–251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
^ a b Das, Subrat (28 February 2008). "Dolphins better off in Chilika — Survey reveals dip in death toll of Irrawaddy School". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India: Calcutta. pp. Front page. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ a b D'Lima, Coralie (2008). "Dolphin-human interactions, Chilika" (PDF). Project summary. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
^ Tun, Tint (2008). "Castnet Fishing with the Help of Irrawaddy Dolphins". Irrawaddy Dolphin. Yangon, Myanmar. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ Chilika Development Authority. "Eco Tourism". Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ Chilika Development Authority (2008). "How to reach". Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilika Lake.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chilika_Lake.
Irrawaddy dolphin — India. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society.
Opening of new mouth and IRS 1D LISS III Image of Chilika Lagoon
Figure 1 Chilika Lagoon Basin
Tourist locations in the lagoon
Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent
Inland rivers
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Bhagirathi
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Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Mannar
Palk Strait
Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan
Reservoirs and dams in India
Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan
Hydrography of Odisha
Bhargavi
Baitarani
Brahmani
Budhabalanga
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Second Mahanadi Rail Bridge
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu
Harbours/Ports/Proposed Ports
Astaranga
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Godavari basin
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Hydrography of surrounding areas
Ramsar sites in India
Ramsar Sites
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Bhitarkanika Mangroves
Bhoj Wetland
Chandra Taal
Deepor Beel
East Kolkata Wetlands
Harike Wetland
Hokera Wetland
Kanjli Wetland
Kolleru Lake
Loktak Lake
Mansar Lake
Nalsarovar
Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary
Pong Dam Lake
Renuka Lake
Ropar Wetland
Rudrasagar Lake
Sambhar Lake
Sasthamkotta Lake
Sundarban Wetland
Tsomoriri
Vembanad-Kol Wetland
Wular Lake
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&oldid=936088345"
Lakes of Odisha
Estuaries of India
Bird sanctuaries of Odisha
Wetlands of India
Lagoons of India
CS1: long volume value
Use dmy dates from March 2013
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from December 2009


We have certainly been enjoying ourselves at Air Queensland.blogspot providing coverage of 'Exercise Wallaby 2016', and on this occasion, have dedicated an entire page of photo's featuring the four Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) Boeing AH-64D Apache attack helicopters currently based at Rockhampton Airport / Warriors Camp.
The RSAF Apache helicopters are utilising Warriors Camp for the duration of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) military exercise that is primarily conducted at the Shoalwater Bay Training Area (SWBTA) north of Rockhampton. However, most RSAF aircraft and helicopters taking part in 'Exercise Wallaby 2016' generally spend most of the time based at Rockhampton Airport or Warriors Camp, but ferry to and from SWBTA.
Of interest, Warriors Camp is the Australian Army Defence Support Group Facility (DSG) adjacent to Rockhampton Airport, and has been temporarily named 'Warriors Camp' while used by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).
Operated by 120th Squadron at Sembawang Air Base, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) currently maintains a modest fleet of 20 Apache helicopters (among other types of military choppers) with their primary role being 'Anti-Armour and Ground Support'. Armament include AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, Hydra 70 rockets and a single 30mm M320 chain gun.


I was so happy to finally get my hands on this publisher but after DD saw what it was she kind of over took the package! Great way to start a review!
I have seen Creation Illustrated in many homeschool magazines but just had never heard a lot about the product itself. So when the TOS crew was asked to review it I was thrilled simply because how many times I had came across it and I know how the kids and I love to look at magazines.
Each edition is divided into 3 sections. Nature, in Scripture and in Living. Its published quarterly by a family that has homeschooled for 19 years. Some readers call it a "Christian National Geographic" and I would actually have to say I totally agree with that statement. The pictures in the magazines are amazing. My family has enjoyed them from DS2 (not able to read) just looking at the pictures and loving them to my olders being able to read the awesome articles wrote and understand whats inside.
One of my favorite things about the experience has been the character that has been put into these magazines. I always worry with our other reads on what is being introduced and what I may have to explain. I am relieved that I will not have to worry about that with this publisher. But my favorite about the Creation Illustrated Magazines was the wonderful instruction guide they included in the back of the magazine!!
We have looked at all 4 issues and are in love. My family really enjoyed this review and you can to for wonderful prices!
Creation Illustrated is offering a Free Issue to you as well. Go on over to their site and request it! If I would of known about this offer before the review I would of totally took them up on it!
Check out what my other Crew Mates think here.
Disclaimer: I received this magazine free of charge in exchange for my honest review as a member of the TOS Homeschool Crew.
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Bible Study Questions On The Gospel Of Luke workbook on luke page #4 bible study questions on the gospel of luke introduction: this workbook was designed for bible class study, family study, or personal study.... Discover Who You Are and Live Like It Matters Have you ever questioned God's plan? Wondered why life has unraveled in an unexpected direction?
Discover Who You Are and Live Like It Matters Have you ever questioned God's plan? Wondered why life has unraveled in an unexpected direction?
In this powerful new study, Shaken Bible Study: Discovering Your True Identity in the Midst of Life's Storms (WaterBrook) and companioin Shaken DVD series (WaterBrook), Tebow delivers a Scripture-packed message about what it means to fix your hope and your identity in a God who does not change.
Shaken by Tim Tebow - Tim Tebow Shaken Bible Study DVD: Discovering Your True Identity in the Midst of Life's Storms. The DVD and the companion guide create an ideal package for adult and youth small groups, student athletes, and mentorship programs, as well as individual study.


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Monster Jam® is the perfect sports and entertainment brand mixing racing, showmanship and the ultimate fan experience into one incredible, action packed live show. Matched by no other family entertainment property, Monster Jam electrifies crowds with breathtaking stunts and the awesome power of the world's most popular Monster Jam trucks. Over 4 million fans fill the world's premier stadiums and arenas to see the live spectacle with more than 350 performances each year, and with its rapid international expansion, Monster Jam continues to win over more fans in new countries around the world. Monster Jam fans are extremely loyal, and they enjoy unprecedented access to the stars of the show – the performers and their Monster Jam trucks. Unlike traditional sporting events or other family entertainment shows, every fan attending a Monster Jam event is given the unique opportunity to meet the stars of the show during the pre-show Party in the Pits and post-show autograph sessions. The stars of Monster Jam will stay until the last autograph is signed. For decades, Monster Jam has been one of the biggest and most successful touring family shows in the world, and it is still showing yearly growth in all areas!
February 12 @ 7:30PM Monster Jam
6920 N. Mannheim Road