I am Using SQL SERVER 2008 R2

I just came across APPLY in SQL and loved how it solves query problems for so many cases,

Many of the tables I was using 2 left join to get the result, I was able to get in 1 outer apply.

I have small amount of data in my local DB tables and after deployment the code is supposed to run on data atleast 20 times big.

I am concerned that outer apply might take longer than the 2 left join  conditions for large amount of data,

Can anyone tell how exactly apply works and how will it effect the performance in very large data,
If possible some proportional relations with size of each table like proportional to n1^1 or n1^2 ... where n1 is number of rows in table 1.

Here is the query with 2 left join

select EC.*,DPD.* from Table1 eC left join
  (
   select member_id,parent_gid,child_gid,LOB,group_gid,MAX(table2_sid) mdsid from Table2
   group by member_id,parent_gid,child_gid,LOB,group_gid

  ) DPD2 on DPD2.parent_gid = Ec.parent_gid
        AND DPD2.child_gid = EC.child_gid
        AND DPD2.member_id = EC.member_id
        AND DPD2.LOB = EC.default_lob
        AND DPD2.group_gid = EC.group_gid
  left join
  Table2 dpd on dpd.parent_gid = dpd2.parent_gid 
            and dpd.child_gid = dpd2.child_gid
            and dpd.member_id = dpd2.member_id 
            and dpd.group_gid = dpd2.group_gid 
            and dpd.LOB = dpd2.LOB
            and dpd.table2_sid = dpd2.mdsid


Here is the query with outer apply

select * from Table1 ec   
OUTER APPLY (
      select top 1 grace_begin_date,retroactive_begin_date,Isretroactive
                    from Table2 DPD 
                    where DPD.parent_gid = Ec.parent_gid
                    AND DPD.child_gid = EC.child_gid
                    AND DPD.member_id = EC.member_id
                    AND DPD.LOB = EC.default_lob
                    AND DPD.group_gid = EC.group_gid
                    order by DPD.table2_sid desc
     ) DPD 



  Can anyone tell how exactly apply works and how will it effect the performance in very large data


APPLY is a correlated join (called a LATERAL JOIN in some products and newer versions of the SQL Standard). Like any logical construction, it has no direct impact on performance. In principle, we should be able to write a query using any logically equivalent syntax, and the optimizer would transform our input into exactly the same physical execution plan.

Of course, this would require the optimizer to know every possible transformation, and to have the time to consider each one. This process might well take longer than the current age of the universe, so most commercial products do not take this approach. Therefore, query syntax can, and often does, have an impact on final performance, though it is difficult to make general statements about which is better and why.

The specific form of OUTER APPLY ( SELECT TOP ... ) is most likely to result in a correlated nested loops join in current versions of SQL Server, because the optimizer does not contain logic to transform this pattern to an equivalent JOIN. Correlated nested loops join may not perform well if the outer input is large, and the inner input is unindexed, or the pages needed are not already in memory. In addition, specific elements of the optimizer's cost model mean a correlated nested loops join is less likely than a semantically-identical JOIN to produce a parallel execution plan.


  I was able to make same query with single left join and row_number()


This may or may not be better in the general case. You will need to performance test both alternatives with representative data. The LEFT JOIN and ROW_NUMBER certainly has potential to be more efficient, but it depends on the precise query plan shape chosen. The primary factors that affect the efficiency of this approach is the availability of an index to cover the columns needed, and to supply the order needed by the PARTITION BY and ORDER BY clauses. A second factor is the size of the table. An efficient and well-indexed APPLY can out-perform a ROW_NUMBER with optimal indexing if the query touches a relatively small portion of the table concerned. Testing is needed.
