Often a similar hardware feature is exposed via DirectX and OpenGL using different terminology. 

For example:
Constant Buffer / Uniform Buffer Object
RWBuffer / SSBO

I am looking for an exhaustive chart that describes which DirectX terminology is used to refer to which OpenGL concept, and vice-versa.
Where can I find such a resource?  

I haven't been able to find such a chart on the web, so I made one here. (Everyone, feel free to add, elaborate, or correct any mistakes. Some of these are just best guesses based on a partial understanding of the API and hardware internals.)

API Basics



D3D11                          OpenGL 4.x
-----                          ----------
device                         context
immediate context              (implicit; no specific name)
deferred context               (no cross-vendor equivalent, but see
                                GL_NV_command_list)
swap chain                     (implicit; no specific name)
(no cross-vendor equivalent)   extensions
debug layer; info queue        GL_KHR_debug extension


Shaders

D3D11              OpenGL 4.x
-----              ----------
pixel shader       fragment shader
hull shader        tessellation control shader
domain shader      tessellation evaluation shader
(vertex shader, geometry shader, and compute shader
 are called the same in both)

registers          binding points
semantics          interface layouts
SV_Foo semantics   gl_Foo builtin variables

class linkage      subroutines

(no equivalent)    program objects; program linking

(D3D11's normal
 behavior; no      separate shader objects
 specific name)


Geometry and Drawing

D3D11              OpenGL 4.x
-----              ----------
vertex buffer      vertex attribute array buffer; vertex buffer object
index buffer       element array buffer
input layout       vertex array object (sort of)

Draw               glDrawArrays
DrawIndexed        glDrawElements
(instancing and indirect draw are called similarly in both)
(no equivalent)    multi-draw, e.g. glMultiDrawElements​

stream-out         transform feedback
DrawAuto           glDrawTransformFeedback​

predication        conditional rendering
(no equivalent)    sync objects


Buffers and Textures

D3D11                    OpenGL 4.x
-----                    ----------
constant buffer          uniform buffer object
typed buffer             texture buffer
structured buffer        (no specific name; subset of SSBO features)
UAV buffer; RWBuffer     SSBO (shader storage buffer object)
UAV texture; RWTexture   image load/store

shader resource view     texture view
sampler state            sampler object

interlocked operations   atomic operations
append/consume buffer    SSBO + atomic counter

discard buffer/texture   invalidate buffer/texture
(no equivalent)          persistent mapping
(D3D11's normal
 behavior; no            immutable storage
 specific name)
(implicitly inserted     glMemoryBarrier; glTextureBarrier
 by the API)


Render Targets

D3D11                     OpenGL 4.x
-----                     ----------
(no equivalent)           framebuffer object
render target view        framebuffer color attachment
depth-stencil view        framebuffer depth-stencil attachment
multisample resolve       blit multisampled buffer to non-multisampled one

multiple render targets   multiple color attachments
render target array       layered image

(no equivalent)           renderbuffer


Queries

D3D11                       OpenGL 4.x
-----                       ----------
timestamp query             timer query
timestamp-disjoint query    (no equivalent)
(no equivalent)             time-elapsed query
occlusion query             samples-passed query
occlusion predicate query   any-samples-passed query
pipeline statistics query   (no equivalent in core, but see
                             GL_ARB_pipeline_statistics_query)
SO statistics query         primitives-generated/-written queries 
(no equivalent)             query buffer object


Compute Shaders

D3D11                     OpenGL 4.x
-----                     ----------
thread                    invocation
thread group              work group
thread group size         local size
threadgroup variable      shared variable

group sync                "plain" barrier
group memory barrier      shared memory barrier
device memory barrier     atomic+buffer+image memory barriers
all memory barrier        group memory barrier


Other Resources


Porting from DirectX11 to OpenGL 4.2 – not exhaustive, but a quick discussion of common porting issues
MSDN: GLSL-to-HLSL porting guide – lists correspondences and differences between GLSL and HLSL shading languages

