To be sure that I understand your issues :

Since you installed Ubuntu 13.04, you have some colours issues
You have an issue to access your boot menu

Do I miss something ?

My guess : first, trying to update your Ubuntu with latest packages :

start a terminal, then type in :

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade --yes

It will retrieve the latest package for your distribution.
In the same terminal, could you type :

lspci

You should have some text that you could copy/paste here.
Maybe, we could look at your Ubuntu logs at the next step.

Could you paste your /var/log/kernel.log and your /var/log/Xorg.0.log using the following commands (just after a reboot) :

cat /var/log/kernel.log
cat /var/log/Xorg.0.log

We should see if you have some message about your videocard.

What is your videocard ?

Best regards


Why did my video performance decresase recently?

I've found the cause for this problem, seems that Desktop sharing once enabled but IDLE was forcing -somehow- to decrease the video performance, not sure why, as I said it was just standing by for an incoming connection.

Found the process with top, and right after killing it, the video came back to normal.


Find Out my Graphics Memory Two Cards Ubuntu 14.04

The command dmesg shows lots of information about system hardware. To see all of that you should edit Terminal preferences to check unlimited scrollback.

However it seems you can find out graphics memory by:

dmesg | grep -i graphics

I tried it on two systems and get outputs including a same line like:

[drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M

You can also find AGP and GTT units using dmesg | grep -i agp and dmesg | grep -i gtt. (The -i option makes it ignore case distinctions.)

I hope this will help.


On Ubuntu, instead of the gpio group, add your user to the dialout group to give yourself access to the GPIO pins.
(This is documented in the /usr/share/doc/rpi.gpio-common/README.Debian file that is installed by the rpi.gpio-common package.)
As 4xy pointed out, installing the rpi.gpio-common package will set up the udev rules.
I had to reboot my Pi after installing rpi.gpio-common and adding my user to the dialout group, and then I was able to access the GPIO pins as a normal user.

Putting it all together:
sudo apt install rpi.gpio-common
sudo adduser "${USER}" dialout
sudo reboot


Upgrade from 18.04 to either 18.xx or 20.xx higher releases through only commands

Run sudo apt full-upgrade first to make sure all your software is fully up-to-date, then run sudo do-release-upgrade and you should be good to go!
Be sure that you backup anything of importance on your system(s), just to be on the safe side, and also note that any third-party repositories you may have will be disabled for the upgrade process, and will need to be re-enabled afterwards to the proper repo version (i.e. changing the bionic in the repo string to focal.)

You can also run do-release-upgrade -c to just check if there is an upgradable release available (which for an 18.04 system, there will be.)


You should choose the Export video option from File, and then you can either select as Profil Web and then the next combo YouTube, or you can select All formats and then MP4(h.264). Let me know, if you need screenshots...


I get how to install Nvidia drivers in Ubuntu from ppa. But how do I update them later when I need to?

Once a PPA is added to your source list.  The packages you install from it will be upgrade as needed.  You should be notified when new update is available if you don't install a specific version.


How to scan a folder with AVG via the command line?

To launch The AVG Anti-Virus on Ubuntu, run this command from the terminal:
sudo avgctl --start
Here are some useful scanning commands:

To scan a specific folder, use this command by replacing "folder_name" with the folder you want to scan with AVG:

sudo avgscan -H /folder_name

To download an update:

sudo avgupdate -d

To update the current virus database, use one of these commands:

sudo avgupdate --priority 1
sudo avgupdate --priority 2
sudo avgupdate --priority 3
sudo avgupdate --priority 4
sudo avgupdate --priority 5

1 - Critical update
2 - Virus update
3 - Recommended update
4 - Program update (default)
5 - Optional update

To download an update:
sudo avgupdate -d
For more help about using AVG, run this command:
sudo avgscan -h

Note: To stop the scan process, press Ctrl + C in the terminal.


Most of the answer is found in the man page: man login.

In your original command, getty does some setup (see the man page) prompts for a login name, and invokes login. In your new command, you're bypassing getty and invoking login directly. The key is the -f option. The manual says of it:

  Do not perform authentication, user is authenticated.  Note: In that case, username is mandatory.

Since login is the program that handles logins, it can easily bypass authentication if necessary.


Fastest way to index an element in a sorted list in python?

Yes, a binary search will generally be faster. No, the standard library index function has no option for that.

Another answer has code for a binary search:

from bisect import bisect_left

def binary_search(a, x, lo=0, hi=None):   # can't use a to specify default for hi
    hi = hi if hi is not None else len(a) # hi defaults to len(a)
    pos = bisect_left(a,x,lo,hi)          # find insertion position
    return (pos if pos != hi and a[pos] == x else -1) # don't walk off the end


Unable to install mongodb on ubuntu 15.10

This problem could be solved by the below mentioned 5 steps

Step 1: Remove lock file.

sudo rm /var/lib/mongodb/mongod.lock

Step 2: Repair mongodb.

sudo mongod --repair

Step 3: start mongodb.

sudo start mongodb

or

sudo service mongodb start

Step 4: Check status of mongodb.

sudo status mongodb

or

sudo service mongodb status

Step 5: Start mongo console.

mongo


How to avoid IP packets leaking when openvpn connection drops

Iptables will do this

sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -o tun0 -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -d your_vpn_gateway_ip -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -j REJECT

Assuming all output is going to the VPN. Note: Depending on your network, you traffic can be monitored via various tools such as wireshark, sort, etc.


How do I set a different default place when I click on 'files' in the sidebar?

You can make your own launcher.

1) On a terminal: gedit ~/.local/share/applications/mylauncher.desktop

Then paste this into the file:

#!/usr/bin
[Desktop Entry]
Version=1.0
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Name=Nautilus Desktop
Exec=nautilus Desktop
Icon=nautilus

2) Mark as executable:  chmod +x ~/.local/share/applications/mylauncher.desktop

3) Logout and log backin.

4) Open the dash (press Super) and search nautilus. When you find it, drag it to the launcher.

Enjoy.


I got in touch with the developer of dmg2img. We're working on a fix.


I updated the Nvidia drivers and now I can't get to the login screen

I was able to solve the issue by using the "Root" option in Recovery Mode. Nothing I tried for opening TTY worked but root did. Once I removed the bad Nvidia driver, reboot was successful and the GUI appeared as usual and I was able to reinstall working drivers (for me, that was nvidia-418).


php how do I use fopen() while being able to edit files in the website directory as non-root user?

To enable both your ordinary user and the php interpreter to read and write the same files - and assuming the www-data group already has read + write permissions on the files - you can add your user to the www-data group.

sudo gpasswd -a david www-data

This won't take effect until you logout and log back in again. Until then, you will be able "spoof" being in the www-data group with:

newgrp www-data

This will cause your shell to fork into a newgrp process, during which you'll have a new shell session with belonging to www-data group.
You can exit this with Ctrl+D


Why is my MicroSD card suddenly write protected?

I finally got around buying a new card reader and the card works with it. So the problem was simply that the card reader broke.


How to download apps and install them on another machine

You can either find the links to individual packages, following the instructions given in this answer to a similar question, which, in summary, are (credits to @enzotib):

apt-get --print-uris install <package names>

  it will give web addresses of packages to download. In this case, no way to get the url of already installed packages.

  To extract the urls you can do

apt-get --print-uris install <package names> |
awk -F\' '/http/ { print $2 }'

  and to directly download the packages:

wget $(apt-get --print-uris install <package names> |
awk -F\' '/http/ { print $2 }')

However, I use keryx following a procedure I describe in another question. I prefer this method because it detects what packages have an update, and lets me install additional packages taking care at the same time of dependencies.

For simply updating your system, you can find other options described elsewhere in this website and others.


How can I increase the mouse scroll speed in GNOME 3?

You could try imwheel, but there seems to be no further development.

Install it with

sudo apt-get install imwheel

Create a configuration with

nano ~/.imwheelrc

and fill in the following

".*"
None,      Up,   Button4, 100
None,      Down, Button5, 100
Control_L, Up,   Control_L|Button4
Control_L, Down, Control_L|Button5
Shift_L,   Up,   Shift_L|Button4
Shift_L,   Down, Shift_L|Button5

You control the speed with these two lines:

None,      Up,   Button4, 100
None,      Down, Button5, 100

You can use values between 0 (slow) and 100 (fast).

Source


selinuxfs and plymouth-upstart-bridge , error logs on ubuntu 14.04 (embedded)

To avoid this problem:

init: plymouth-upstart-bridge main process ended, respawning

Try adding this line to the end of etc/init/plymouth-upstart-bridge.conf:

post-stop exec sleep 2

Sources:

http://www.unrelatedshit.com/2014/07/30/kvm-too-fast-for-plymouth-upstart-bridge/
"respawning too fast, stopped". How to make UPSTART disable for 5 mins?


Quoting from DigitalOcean,

  On Ubuntu and Debian, Apache keeps its main configuration files within the /etc/apache2 folder:

  There are a number of plain text files and some sub-directories in
  this directory. These are some of the more useful locations to be
  familiar with:

  apache2.conf: This is the main configuration file for the server.
  Almost all configuration can be done from within this file, although
  it is recommended to use separate, designated files for simplicity.
  This file will configure defaults and be the central point of access
  for the server to read configuration details.
  ports.conf: This file is
  used to specify the ports that virtual hosts should listen on. Be sure
  to check that this file is correct if you are configuring SSL.
  conf.d/: This directory is used for controlling specific aspects of
  the Apache configuration. For example, it is often used to define SSL
  configuration and default security choices.
  sites-available/: This
  directory contains all of the virtual host files that define different
  web sites. These will establish which content gets served for which
  requests. These are available configurations, not active
  configurations.
  sites-enabled/: This directory establishes which
  virtual host definitions are actually being used. Usually, this
  directory consists of symbolic links to files defined in the
  "sites-available" directory.
  mods-[enabled,available]/: These
  directories are similar in function to the sites directories, but they
  define modules that can be optionally loaded instead. As you can see,
  Apache configuration does not take place in a single monolithic file,
  but instead happens through a modular design where new files can be
  added and modified as needed.

As for where your SeaFile is hosted, it's wherever you extracted and ran it from.


You can put your sockets directory anywhere you like (as long as you have the appropriate rights to write there) but putting it inside the .ssh seems to me the more sensible idea (except in some very rare specific cases like I had once: pathname was too long)

Since .ssh should already be something like drwx------, the rights of .ssh/sockets could be the same or more liberal, this will have no impact.

But I do not think this is your problem. Your error message is not consistent with your configuration file. The config file has a @ in the ControlPath (and it is ok) but in the error message you do not have one.

When testing, make sure first to kill all running ssh instances to the given host, as some may persist per your configuration and then if you change it you may not get the expected behavior.

PS: please use example.com when you need a dummy hostname for documentation purposes


Unfortunately Google is not supporting Linux yet.  Although they've been promising for a long time.  There are alternative available, but not as good.  As much as I hate saying this, but the only way at this point in time is either Windows or Mac.

  Google Earth has received so much press coverage that many users will
  appreciate that it is one of the coolest applications to download. In
  brief, it is a feature-laden 3D virtual globe, map and geography
  browser which lets users zoom in on their world with fantastic detail.
  View satellite imagery, maps, terrain, 3D buildings and even explore
  galaxies in the sky. This application allows the exploration of rich
  geographical content, save toured places and share with others. The
  software maps the earth by the superimposition of images obtained from
  satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe.

  Google Earth is undoubtedly a very impressive application, and it is
  extremely hard not to admire the wealth of features that it offers.
  Its satellite images are unrivaled, it provides useful and accurate
  statistical information, and the software has many practical benefits,
  such as helping to find locations and give driving directions. In
  terms of functionality, this application earns our highest praise. We
  use the software on a regular basis on both desktop and mobile devices
  (the latter under Android). However, whilst Google Earth is available
  to download without charge, Google do not release the software under
  an open source license. There are a number of applications which are
  credible open source alternatives to Google Earth. Whilst none of the
  software applications featured in this article have all of the
  features offered by Google Earth (although some offer some different
  features), and they are not exactly comparable, they are all worthy of
  investigating.

  World Wind Virtual globe initially developed by NASA's Learning
  Technologies project

  Marble Combination atlas/virtual globe

  Virtual Ocean Integrates the GeoMapApp tool suite with the NASA
  World Wind 3-D earth browser

  ossimPlanet Accurate 3D global geo-spatial viewer

  GeoMapApp Earth science exploration, global topography database,
  and visualization

  OpenStreetMap A copyright free alternative to Google Maps

I hope that Google will support Linux for the plugin too. I think the
best way to show that there is a need for Linux support is to vote for
the feature request #117 on the feature tracker.

Source:Linux Links


Restart the machine, boot into recovery (you should end up being root without having to type in any password). Proceed to chown -R. I think it should work. Report back on how it goes.


Can't set "Always on top" for the Skype call window

Make a skype call / answer a call
Minimize skype, little call window will appear
select that little call window
press Alt+space
choose Always on Top


Synaptic won't open in Ubuntu 20.04 -- An error occurred

Sorry for asking a question before I looked around a bit.  I edited the sources.list file and deleted line 54 -- the one that was added when I tried to put the opera repository in as a source.
Problem solved, synaptics now working fine.  I'll find another way to use opera with Ubuntu 20.04.


Error while installing ubuntu 14.04. Partition problem / no root file system defined

Open a terminal and type:

gparted /path-to-your-device1 /path-to-your-device2

Select a disk device.

Choose: Device → Create Partition Table. The application displays a "Create partition table on /path-to-device" dialog.

Optionally, select a different partition table type from the list.
Many operating systems recognize gpt and msdos partition tables, but do not recognize all types of file systems. This lack of file system recognition means that using a disk without a partition table involves more risk. For example, some operating systems might prompt to format an unpartitioned disk if the file system is not recognized.

You might have overwritten, maybe you can attempt data rescue if needed.


Hibernation causes crashing on an Acer Aspire

I am a beginner for ubuntu itself and I don't know whether I am right, but it looks like that there might be a compatibility issue with a hardware or a setting in your bios. I would recommend to check your bios settings and make sure that you have your ACPI settings (I don't know how to do it yet in Ubuntu, but I'll update my post on the moment I discover). A simple device on your usb port or a new driver on one of the peripherals can cause this. If you have hardware that needs proprietary drivers, you might need to update them too. Also, check the ACPI settings and set it to S3.

Maybe this can help: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/fix-for-suspend-and-hibernation-problem-for-laptops.html

Also, it might be a little bit useful for the more experts if you provide your hardware and software information. Also, state your bios type (Phoenix or American trends or xEFI).


Login screen wallpaper is not working in ubuntu

Just right click the picture and select set as wallpaper to set it. If your pictures format is not accepted just use gimp to convert it to different format (preferablly as .png file some jpg files once set as default wallpaper dose not appear in login screen)and set it. see this


please try following the instructions to install the kernel driver at the official support page:

http://linuxwacom.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Input-wacom


Dual boot, copied ubuntu to new disk and then deleted old disk. Now grub is giving the error message: no such device:

Boot the system from an installer live session. Mount the existing system partition and use a text editor (nano from a terminal works fine) to take a look at the file:

/boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg

It's a small file...mine is 117 bytes.  Make sure the search.fs_uuid value is correct for your root partition. Change if necessary (might have to use sudo to get permissions), then save the file, back out of the live session and reboot the machine.


Lag while playing youtube videos at 1080p

Flash player in 2020 on Firefox 77 is an anomaly. Unless you manually enabled Flash, YouTube should be serving videos via HTML5.

A few good places to start your troubleshooting:

Enable/disable hardware acceleration in Firefox options
Update your graphics driver, on install the proprietary Nvidia one
Update/install modern video/audio codecs

What does this YouTube page display for you?


after reading the wiki page , it turns out that cbr is rar file format. so, the solution is very simple :

sudo apt-get install rar       # install rar
rar a <comic_name>.cbr *.jpg   # compress it and add to cbr

very simple. hopefully, this will be helpful to someone.
thx to anyone who has read this article.


Ubuntu Gnome 16.04 - Missing Power off Option in Power settings

It seems that you have just installed Ubuntu, I had the same problem, search for "power options" in search area (invoked by pressing the start key on the physical keyboard). as soon as you click on them, your setting options will be extended including power options.


Brightness and wifi fn keys not working and laptop not suspend Ubuntu 18.04

fn keys are bound to keycombination that work with frameworks which are installed by the manufacturing company alongside windows.It doesnt work with Ubuntu


Can't log in to a session on 12.04 because of Nvidia driver problem

You can bypass the login screen and login to a text-only console and install the Nvidia driver from there.

Use the keyboard combination Ctrl+Alt+F3 to open a text-only virtual console.
In the console you will be prompted to enter your username. Type your username and press Enter.
You will be prompted to enter your login password. Type your login password and press Enter.
Run the command sudo apt-get install nvidia-96 nvidia-settings to install the Nvidia driver. There are three possible choices for graphics drivers. I don't know which one is the best for your hardware, so I selected the oldest Nvidia driver, because your graphics processor is old and small. This will give you worse performance, but it will probably have less other problems than the newer Nvidia drivers. Or you can try first running the Ubuntu live CD and maybe in Additional Drivers it will recommend a different Nvidia driver, either nvidia-173 or nvidia-current.
Run the command sudo reboot to reboot.
If this works you should be able to login normally when the system restarts and you will be able to get to your desktop environment.


Is there a video program like facetime that I can download on my laptop, other than skype?

You may want to try Discord.

It's targeted at gamers mostly but does a great job for videocalls.


CheckGMail, aMSN in notification area won't use the gnome-panel background

New version of CheckGMail (from PPA or in "check updates" command from tray icon menu), as far as I know, have that bug fixed.

BTW, gmail-notify have nicer integration with app-indicators. Try it.


Ubuntu 12.04: Graphics issues with Radeon 9600 - PowerPC

There are no proprietary drivers for PowerPC.

To use the open source radeon 3d hardware acceleration under PowerPC you have to make a choice - use KMS or don't use KMS.  video=ofonly will turn on KMS (due to how the kernel is setup).   To use non-KMS you will have to use radeon.modeset=0 and downgrade the mesa package.  It is explained in the PowerPC FAQ and Known Issues pages.

For compiz (ubuntu 3D) it used to be the case you had to use indirect rendering with a radeon card, I don't know if that is still the case.  See if the command

LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=true compiz --replace ccp &

makes any difference to your interesting colours.


Can't send mail from WordPress after configuring sSMTP

While writing this question I understood what was the problem, I took care of it, and then the email was sent successfully.

Preface

To understand my answer below, one has to ensure understanding of how email data gets transferred from a CMS (WordPress in this case), all the way to the final, destined email account. This chain describe it:

  CMS and its contact form (WordPress with CF7) → php's mail() function → sSMTP → SMTP (web
  service) → email-proxy station (Gmail) → final email destination
  (Gmail);

The problem and its solution

My sSMTP conf above was actually just fine. The problem came from my email proxy to which I've sent the data via sSMTP (Gmail):

You see, after you create an email account which will serve as a proxy (a medium) between the content sent via SMTP to your final destined email address, this proxy is generally useless for sSMTP and similar tools until you enable something in that email proxy itself !

In my email proxy, Gmail, what I had to enable is called "access for less secure apps".

I got an email to Gmail saying "Review blocked sign-in attempt". I opened the email, and understood that Gmail will approve the IP address from which this data came if if I allow it. This email address is my VPS machine's IP.
I allowed getting email sent via sSMTP which Google deemed "less secure app". I then I tried to send an email again from WordPress. This time, it went fine.

Summary

The problem was on Gmail's side --- I had to enable "access for less secure apps" there, then the email was sent and the data reached its final destination.

Notes

That's a bit off topic but when I first started to learn on sSMTP I asked myself "how to ensure sSMTP` will work with more than one application. Here I got the answer at the time.


How can I make the date/time applet display on a single line?

You need to fix the core issues. Natty isn't released yet and only testers and the brave should be trying it out (although I'm sure many Ubuntu core people are already running it) it's going to have bugs. If you want a stable system, you should reinstall Ubuntu and go to Lucid or Maverick.

Now to the actual issue shown. It looks like the date time is on two lines simply because it has enough space to do so. The top bar is larger than it should be and you can see that from the other icons which have also grown to take more space.

If you go into System > Preferences > Appearance then you can see the options for changing the font size and icon sizes which can have this effect on your top bar.


This is an issue of  pcmanfm/libfm. There is a patch:

https://github.com/YustasSwamp/libfm/commit/a9ec8994dfcd267665f70a68230f1b8bad93048b

But copy/paste file should work in your case.


For me, pressing CTRL+P gives me the following output:

What I would suggest is to look for any shortcuts changed in the Keyboard options (System Settings). Maybe there is one that was set to that combination.

Secondly I would check Sublime to see if it has the default bindings:

Just in case you or someone changed some of them.

As mentioned by Goddard, make sure your default USER binding has the following line exactly like this:

{ "keys": ["ctrl+p"], "command": "show_overlay", "args": {"overlay": "goto", "show_files": true} }

that should solve the problem as tested by Goddard.


What went wrong with my upgrade to Maverick 10.10?

This could be related to an application or Driver.  I have seen Compiz and other programs crash X in the past, so to start with I would start to disable auto run applications.

As you can't get a desktop, start a new session in Failsafe GNOME mode, using the dropdown for sessions, once you have selected your name.

Then follow the instructions on this Link to disable your auto start applications.

If you have Compiz enabled, follow this link to see how to disable that too.

Have you tried creating a new user and seeing if the issue affects that account too?


Yeah, you're not the first with this problem. I asked this question before in askubuntu and in stackoverflow. I even filled a report it on launchpad.

I did much research about it but I didn't find any solution for that. Now I am using the offical qtcreator from qt-project.org. The advantage is that examples and tutorials are available and you have the latetst documentation installed which is one of the best resources to learn everything about Qt-Programming. And, of course, you have the latest version of Qt. The only problem with this is that the offical version lacks nice Ubuntu integration, but this is really acceptable.


This is a problem where one of your sources is either outdated or corrupt to fix:

cd /var/lib/apt
sudo mv lists lists.old
sudo mkdir -p lists/partial
sudo apt-get update

And then try the update again


I set my path in ~/.profile (ie in your home directory), no sudo necessary. There is already some code in there by default to add ~/bin which you can use as an example. But you will have to log out and in again, not just open a new terminal.


The post-removal script of bio-linux-cdbfasta requires a program /usr/bin/update-menus, which is missing in your setup. Please re-install its package menu. Unfortunately, you cannot just use

sudo apt-get install --reinstall menu

because apt-get will first try to remove any half-removed packages, which currently fails. Therefore you will need to manually download (or find it in /var/cache/apt/archives/) and install it:

apt-get download menu
sudo dpkg -i menu_*.deb

Afterwards, you should be able to uninstall bio-linux-cdbfasta normally.


Software Center Shows "Minus" Sign for Source Code....potential concern?

Unless you're a programmer who's interested in the source code of the applications, there is absolutely no need for you to have any source code on your system.

(For the critical eyes: yes I know about kernel headers, but that is not what the OP is talking about...  If yes, I'll delete my answer.)


Check lsmod | grep btusb
If it shows btusb then

echo "blacklist btusb" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/btusb.conf

Reboot and this should prevent bluetooth from working

And there is a udev rule that can be used if this doesn't work, just post the results of lsusb


Capslock (and other keys) indicator for Ubuntu 18.04

You may use one of the following GNOME shell extensions to achieve your goal.

Lock Keys
This extension shows Num lock or Caps lock (or both) status on the top bar.

Keys Indicator
This extension shows Ctrl, Shift, Alt, Num lock, and Caps lock status on the top bar.

Lock Keys (another one)
Numlock & Capslock status on the panel. Icons are auto hidden. Simplified with no menus, notifications or settings.


Thinkpad t450s, Intel HD Graphics 5500, ubuntu 14.04 unstable

I had the same setup and was having all sort of problems with my display as well. The best solution I could find was to upgrade to the latest kernel. It is very easy and has solved numerous problems for me. Detailed information can be found here: How to update kernel to the latest mainline version without any Distro-upgrade?


Can Ubuntu query the modem or router for the IP address given by his ISP and log that?

Logging the address of your PC

If your modem is purely a modem and your PC connects to your ISP directly, then the IP address that it obtains will be written to the system logs in /var/log/syslog. If you want this information to be easier to extract, you can log to a separate file.

If your ISP provides a PPP connection, then the scripts in /etc/ppp/ip-up.d are executed each time you connect (or /etc/ppp/ipv6-up.d if you have IPv6 connectivity). Add a script called /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/zzz_log_ip_address:

#!/bin/sh
echo "$PPP_LOCAL $(TZ=UTC date '+%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S')" >>/var/log/ip-addresses

If your ISP provides an Ethernet connection, then the scripts in /etc/network/if-up.d are executed each time you connect. Add a script called /etc/network/if-up.d/zzz_log_ip_address:

#!/bin/sh
if [ "$IFACE" = "lo" ]; then exit; fi # skip loopback interface
address=$(ip addr show eth1 | awk '$1 == "inet" {sub("/.*", "", $2); print $2}')
echo "$address $(TZ=UTC date '+%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S')" >>/var/log/ip-addresses

Obtaining your Internet address

The address of your PC on the local network may not be the address that you reach the Internet with, due to NAT. NAT allows many machines on a network to make outgoing connections from a single IP address. Many ADSL modems are in fact routers and NAT appliances in addition to being a modem. If your modem offers wifi, it's almost certainly a NAT appliance. If your modem allows multiple computers to connect (without one of the computers being set up for connection sharing), it is a NAT appliance.

If your PC is behind a NAT, then the only way it can know what its Internet address is is to ask a remote machine. There are many publicly-available websites that provide this information. You can retrieve this information at any given time, but you will not know when it changes. Most ISPs will change your IP address from time to time because this facilitates load balancing in their equipment. This typically happens once a day or once every few days.

If you want to log your IP address at regular intervals, you can make a cron job. Note that if your address changes multiple times between runs of the job, you have no way to know. In your crontab:

0 * * * * $HOME/bin/log-ip-address

The script ~/bin/log-ip-address:

#!/bin/sh
log_file=~/.ip-addresses.log
address=$(wget -q -O - http://ipecho.net/plain)
previous=$(awk 'END {print $1}' <"$log_file") 2>/dev/null
if [ "$address" != "$previous" ]; then
  echo "$address $(TZ=UTC date '+%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S')" >>"$log_file"
fi

Depending on your router model, it may be logging the IP addresses that it obtains, and there may be a way to make it send this information to your PC. This is very dependent on the router model, I can't give any general advice.


Why does update-mime-database complain about uri/rtspt and other unusual types?

Actually you can fix it simply by doing

sudo rm /usr/share/mime/packages/kde.xml
sudo update-mime-database /usr/share/mime

Here is a quote from Ana Guerrero in 2008 so you'd think it would be fixed by now.

  Those fake mimetypes are installed by kdelibs with the file
  /usr/share/mime/packages/kde.xml since long time ago. They are kept in
  kde4libs.

  In a recent version, update-mime-database became verbose about this unknown
  types, and that is why you get this error when you update stuff and then
  update-mime-database is run.
  It is unlikely to be changed.


transmission on ubuntu 16.04 LTS write permission problem

The cmd you wrote is gonna add your user to the debian-transmission group. That's correct. However, you need to log out and log back to apply this setting, maybe that's where it went wrong.
Maybe there's a simple folder permission. If it's what I think, here's what you need to do:
(EDIT: new directories)

change group ownership of the download folder:
$ sudo chgrp -R debian-transmission /media/hdd2/tv

grant write access for group members:
$ sudo chmod -R 770 /media/hdd2/tv

In settings.json, change the path of the download folder:
"download-dir": "/media/hdd2/tv",

Restart the deamon:
$ sudo service transmission-daemon stop
$ sudo service transmission-daemon start


18.04 - Disk says "read only", and then reboot goes into initramfs

Probably a disk error(s) caused your disk to become ro.

First, lets check out the file system...

boot to a Ubuntu Live DVD/USB
open a terminal window
type sudo fdisk -l
identify the /dev/XXXX device name for your "Linux Filesystem"
type sudo fsck -f /dev/XXXX # replacing XXXX with the number you found earlier
repeat the fsck command if there were errors
type reboot

Then lets check the SMART Data...

open the Disks application
select SMART Data & Tests from the hamburger icon
review the data, looking for parameters with "sector" in the name
take a screenshot and edit it into your question
run the SMART Tests


Restore Xorg core and config files ubuntu 14.04

I think that the easiest way to do this is to simply to, yes, re-install.

You might also get away by purgeing the Xorg packages. To do this, you need to find out all of the installed X11 server packages and run:

sudo apt-get --purge remove <X11 packages>
sudo apt-get --purge autoremove
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

Note that this may remove all configs for X11, GNOME, and potentially many other packages. It is VERY DANGEROUS. I do not take responsibility if you break your computer.

You might also have luck deleting the X11 configs. I think most of them are housed in /etc/X11, but there may be more scattered around.


Suspend resume works, but unable to use computer

Could you see if this same thing happens if you run this for suspend?

sudo echo mem > /sys/power/state


You do not need to add new files, you can just add new environments in the same file. The example generates a section for openstack already, you can just edit it and uncomment the sections that make sense for your cloud.


How to set date command line output defaults to 24h format?

you might be lucky after reading about the LC_ variables , timedatectl and:

How To change timezone
How to change thedefault timezone with LC_TIME
Ubuntu time manual


Is there an alternative to k3dsurf in 12.10?

No, but you can install it using the following packages from Debian Squeeze:
k3dsurf and libqt3-mt.

It works well.


Android SDK PATH Error: doesn´t find home directory

Do what it says and run

ANDROID_SDK_HOME=/home/your_username

in the terminal


Can't get Canon scanner to work with Ubuntu 18.04

so this device is probably the DR-C225
https://www.usa.canon.com/internet/portal/us/home/products/details/scanners/document-scanner/imageformula-dr-c225

Canon supply a driver;

go here https://www.canon-europe.com/support/products/document-scanners/dr-series/imageformula-dr-c225.aspx?type=drivers&language=EN&os=Linux%20(64-bit) and download d15106mux_Linux_v10_DRC225_DRC225W_64bit.zip

if you save it to your Downloads folder; then if you open a terminal and copy the commands below; and paste them into a terminal; (hit the ENTER key after each paste ..)

cd Downloads

unzip d15106mux_Linux_v10_DRC225_DRC225W_64bit.zip

cd DR-C225_LinuxDriver_1.00-4-x86_64/x86_64

sudo dpkg -i cndrvsane-drc225_1.00-4_amd64.deb

.. so you need your sudo password for the last command .. and that .... should ... install the driver; and then xsane or simple scan should "see" the scanner and get it to run

SANE, the open-source place for scanning; lists this device as UNTESTED; so you could help them by contacting them https://alioth-lists.debian.net/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sane-devel so you could join the mailing list; please help them


Am able to log in via ssh but not able to use scp in ubuntu 14.04 reinstall

Well what it is saying is that the RSA Fingerprint has changed which will happen if you reinstall the OS on the remote system or you reassign an IP or DNS record to a new system. As long as you are sure you have the right system, you can remove the entry for that host on line 21 of the /home/dynamix/.ssh/known_hosts file. Since 10.21.50.126 is a private network, you are probably pretty safe. (Though that does not count for free wifi at your local cafe which will probably also use Private IPs and could have a hacker on the network)

As to why scp gives you this error and not ssh, I am not sure. Are you logging in as the same user?


After looking through some more sources, it seems that the issue is related to a bug in the GNOME shell:

https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/34847

Changing fonts in the gnome-tweak-tool can cause some fonts to not render properly in certain applications it seems. I was able to get Chrome to render properly when I set the default font to DeJavu Sans Condensed. Here is a more in depth article discussing fontconfig:

http://neugierig.org/software/chromium/fonts/

which would explain why Firefox would render fine but Chrome would not.


Is aptitude still considered superior to apt-get?

As far as I can see, in 10.04, the main differences between aptitude
and apt-get are:

aptitude adds explicit per-package flags, indicating whether a
package was automatically installed to satisfy a dependency: you
can manipulate those flags (aptitude markauto or aptitude unmarkauto) to change the way aptitude treats the package.

apt-get keeps track of the same information, but will not show it
explicitly. apt-mark can be used for manipulating the flags.
aptitude will offer to remove unused packages each time you
remove an installed package, whereas apt-get will only do that if
explicitly asked to with apt-get autoremove or specify --auto-remove.
aptitude acts as a single command-line front-end to most of the
functionalities in both apt-get and apt-cache. Note: As of 16.04, there is an apt command that includes the most commonly used commands from apt-get and apt-cache and a few extra features.
In contrast to apt-cache's "search", aptitude's "search" output
also shows the installed/removed/purged status of a package (plus
aptitude's own status flags).  Also, the "install" output marks
which packages are being installed to satisfy a dependency, and
which are being removed because unused.
aptitude has a (text-only) interactive UI.

I personally use only aptitude for my command-line package
management (and I never use the text UI); I find its output more
readable than apt-get/apt-cache.

However, if aptitude will be no longer standard on Ubuntu, there's
no other choice than use apt-get in instructions and how-to
documents.

(Personally, I'm rather disappointed to see it go away in 10.10;
especially since the improvements of aptitude over apt-get are
mostly on the usability side.  I guess they deemed that those
conversant with the command-line know how to get aptitude back, and
those who don't use the command-line will not care...)


Disable Fastboot/Hyperboot Windows 10 Creator Update

To disable Fastboot for Windows 10 Creator Update, follow these steps:

Search "Power Plan" in Windows start menu, open "Edit power plan".
Go one level above to "Control Panel\Hardware and Sound\Power Options"
To the left, click "Choose what the power buttons do."
Click "Change settings that a currently unavailable."
Uncheck "Turn on fast startup (recommanded) " on the same page blow, Save Changes.
Done.


HP Laptop AMD APU - Fail to Boot - Live linux cd

At startup you have to give the parameter "amd_iommu=off".To have it permanently incorporate it into your grub config.


How do I install the virtualbox-dkms package?

My Virtual Box told me that the kernel drivers were not installed. I ran

sudo apt-get remove virtualbox-dkms

to remove the drivers and then re-installed them

sudo apt-get install virtualbox-dkms

which rebuilt the drivers and I was able to run virtualbox with no problems


It is part of the available software in the Ubuntu repositories it is not installed by default, Install it from the Software Center.

or use the Terminal: sudo apt-get install myunity.


The bookmarks file can be find at:

$HOME/.config/gigolo/bookmarks

To have them exported you can just copy the file wherever you want it

cp $HOME/.config/gigolo/bookmarks $HOME/bookmarks.bk

To import it just move it to the same path:

cp $HOME/bookmarks.bk $HOME/.config/gigolo/bookmarks

And as you should know the existing bookmarks will be removed.


Automatically use usb0 network if available

Try this. Make script in the folder /etc/network/if-up.d/ called script with execute permissions 755

# Check for specific interface if desired
[ "$IFACE" != "usb0" ] || exit 0
# Adding additional routes on connection
route add default dev usb0 via 192.168.42.129
route add ...
route add ...


Thumb drive doesn't distinguish case in file names on Lubuntu

Your thumb drive probably has a case insensitive file system. You would need to format it using a case sensitive filesystem do be able to do what you want.

Yes, you can format it to have two partitions, use gparted to create a partition table and 2 (or more) partitions on your thumb drive, set the first one as vfat (that´s the one you will be able to use on windows), and the other as ext4 (that´s going to be case-sensitive).


Using Nouveau solves the problem and doesn't have any obvious disadvantages compared to using the nVidia proprietary drivers.


It depends on whether you selected to remove the stash from the file system too. In that case encfs manager seems to delete the encrypted folder. Do you still see the encrypted folder? It might be hidden, i.e. starting with '.'.


Just from that description, I don't see any indication that there's something wrong with your boot configuration. Therefore, you shouldn't have to do what @Suhaib suggests.

The "regular" Ubuntu selection is "Ubuntu, with Linux 3.2.0-40-generic". This is probably what you want.


If $dir or $name are empty, then [ -d $dir ] or [ -n $name ] will evaluate TRUE, because they become [ -d ] and [ -n ] which test for non-zero length of literal strings -d and -n, as discussed in more detail in answers to this related question:

bash compare empty strings bug

Ex.

$ name=
$ [ -n $name ] && echo true || echo false
true

$ [ -n "$name" ] && echo true || echo false
false

So you should use

if [ -d "$dir" ] && [ -n "$name" ]; then

However if you want to know whether the file $dir/$name exists, you should do that with a single test

if [ -f "$dir/$name" ]

as noted in @bac0n's comment


Is it possible to have the Kontact suite on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS?

You can just install kontact. This will bring both of those packages. Because kontact recommends those and default apt settings for Ubuntu is treating recommended applications as dependency

Here is the output of apt-cache depends kontact

→ apt-cache depends kontact
kontact
  Depends: kdepim-runtime
  Depends: libc6
  Depends: libgcc1
  Depends: libkf5completion5
  Depends: libkf5configcore5
  Depends: libkf5configgui5
  Depends: libkf5configwidgets5
  Depends: libkf5coreaddons5
  Depends: libkf5i18n5
  Depends: libkf5iconthemes5
  Depends: libkf5identitymanagement5
  Depends: libkf5kcmutils5
  Depends: libkf5kdepimdbusinterfaces5
  Depends: libkf5kiowidgets5
  Depends: libkf5kontactinterface5
  Depends: libkf5libkdepim5
  Depends: libkf5parts5
  Depends: libkf5service-bin
  Depends: libkf5service5
  Depends: libkf5webkit5
  Depends: libkf5widgetsaddons5
  Depends: libkf5windowsystem5
  Depends: libkf5xmlgui5
  Depends: libqt5core5a
  Depends: libqt5dbus5
 |Depends: libqt5gui5
  Depends: libqt5gui5-gles
  Depends: libqt5webkit5
  Depends: libqt5widgets5
  Depends: libstdc++6
  Recommends: accountwizard
  Recommends: akregator
  Recommends: kaddressbook
  Recommends: kmail
  Recommends: knotes
  Recommends: korganizer
  Suggests: gnokii

So, install it with the command

sudo apt-get install kontact

Hope that helps.


Using `dpkg --set-selections` to copy package config to a new server

I managed to mostly work around the problem by holding all the packages that were already installed on the system.

I used the following recipe:

dpkg --get-selections | grep "\binstall$" | sed s/install/hold/ > toHold.txt
dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt
dpkg --set-selections < toHold.txt
apt-get dselect-upgrade

At this point, only one package, libxml2-dev:i386 was still causing issues, so I manually removed it with:

echo libxml2-dev:i386 hold | dpkg --set-selections
apt-get install -f


How can I recover an administrative user account that I changed to root?

chown is used to change the ownership of files it doesn't change the user account. In the users home directory , /username in this case, there will be lots of files and folders beginning with . which will contain settings.

Your command has changed all files in /username to be owned by root , this was not a good idea, root typically can access anything so this wasn't needed.

Because all the files in that users home dir are owned by root that user wont be able to write and their login will fail.

To revert the situation you can just run chown again to change the files back to being owned by the user , you just need to know the user and group names for that user.

sudo chown -R user:group /username

When you are learning linux and not requiring heavy security its always a good idea to have a spare admin account that is otherwise unused on hand to fix things incase you break your normal account.


How do I fix ugly boot screen when using Nvidia drivers Ubuntu 13.10?

This is the solution that worked for me. (for those who have this common issue)
Run in Terminal

sudo apt-get install v86d

gksu gedit /etc/default/grub

Replace Line: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
New Line: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash nomodeset video=uvesafb:mode_option=1920x1080-24,mtrr=3,scroll=ywrap"

Replace Line: #GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480
New Line: #GRUB_GFXMODE=1920x1080

Save & Close

gksu gedit /etc/initramfs-tools/modules

Add Line: uvesafb mode_option=1920x1080-24 mtrr=3 scroll=ywrap

Save & Close

sudo update-grub2

sudo update-initramfs -u


apt-cache is a command to manipulate and obtain information from the packages at apt's cache.
It creates a repository of information about the packages that are avaiable from your sources list, so this way you can search packages and information about it.
Let's say you want to install a chat program but you don't know the name of a package for it.
You would open a console and type:
sudo apt-cache search chat
This would return a list of packages available and that refer to the word chat.
Typical operations with apt-cache:
apt-cache add

Adds a package file to the source cache.
apt-cache gencaches

Builds both the package and source cache
apt-cache showpkg

Show some general information for a single package
apt-cache stats

Show some basic statistics
apt-cache dump

Show the entire file in a terse form
apt-cache dumpavail

Print an available file to stdout
apt-cache unmet

Show unmet dependencies
apt-cache check

Check the cache a bit
apt-cache search

Search the package list for a regex pattern
apt-cache show

Show a readable record for the package
apt-cache depends

Show raw dependency information for a package
apt-cache pkgnames

List the names of all packages
apt-cache dotty

Generate package graphs for GraphVis
Don't forget to add package name after the commands listed above.
Source1
Source2


why it is needed to update the linux-images in ubuntu

The main reasons to update your packages, the kernel induced are:

Security - Updates often patch security holes and the kernel is one of the most important security updates. See http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/
Bug fixes. Updates also bring bug fixes
New features. The kernel often brings new features and video drives are written for specific kernels.

It is always a good idea to review updates before you apply them.

If you need help with your hardware, identify your video card and if you installed any drivers, how did you do so?


Instance resets to default after stop/start

I asked this question a long time ago when I tried to run Openstack on my laptop hardware. There was many annoyances, after each time turn off and turn on my laptop to test Openstack, the instance I created last time was not run or it broke. I reinstall OP and fixed these problem. Each time run OP, I must reboot the instance and nova service... several times then it works.


Can not open any USB/External Hard drive on ubuntu 18.04

It is not uncommon that a file system on a connected drive becomes damaged/inconsistent. That may be a possible cause of the behavior you see.

Prevent file system damage

To avoid any file system corruption, be very careful when you remove the drive. You should never just plug it out. Rather, first eject it with software. In Ubuntu, right-click the connected USB drive, and select "Safely remove drive". Wait a few seconds. You will get a notification that says drive removal is safe. Unplug the drive only after having seen this notification.

Alternatively, wait with removing the USB drive until the system has shut down fully.

Repairing a damaged file system

You can repair a damaged file system with the utility Disks or using the terminal. The file system first must be unmounted before proceeding with the check and repair.

Open the utility "Disks"
In the left pane, click your USB drive
In the graphic map labeled "Volumes", make sure the relevant partition is highlighted. For USB sticks, you typically will see just a single partition. However, for larger drives with multiple partitions, you will see all of these in the graphical map.
Click the "Stop" button (■). This unmounts the partition.
Click the cog icon (third from the stop button) and select the menu item "Check file system". If this reports errors, you know you need to repair the file system. Then proceed with 6.
Click the cog icon again, but this time select "Repair file system". You get a warning first and a message that it can take some time.

Final note

If you are careful mounting and unmounting the drive, file system issues should be rare. If, despite precautions, you regularly continue to face file system corruption, then a faulty USB drive or other hardware issues (even a loose cable) may be at the origin.


Copy and Pasting Web page Content into an Office Application.

I would copy and paste the data into a .txt document and import the text document into libre office.


Well, you have probably the package with python3.3.1 installed. Unfortunately, the file lib.linux-i686-3.3 has the same major version. Either remove python3.3.1 (which will break oh so many dependencies), or install python in another directory, for example using

./configure --prefix /usr/local


How to get the terminal to work again? Terminal stopped working after changing default python version

sudo apt-get --reinstall install python3-minimal

I too tried many things, but this simple thing solved my issue.


Does LyX dump files somewhere when the OS crashes?

I had some luck with a workaround that I thought I would share.  Instead of letting LyX back up files in the present working directory (the default setting), I created a backup directory in ~/.lyx/ and changed LyX's default settings (under Tools > Preferences > Paths) to save backups there.

My laptop inevitably hard-froze again and the .lyx file I was working on was again destroyed.  However, upon reboot I was able to restore the document from the new backup directory.

It's certainly not a perfect solution, but not a bad temporary fix and perhaps gives a little insight into the larger issue of how the files are being corrupted when the OS freezes.


Hangs up on install "Who are you" -- Dell Inspiron 1150

Ensure your username is all in lower case - this is a problem on all operating systems.


How can I speed up the video streaming using VLC?

if you are streaming over LAN, you could try using the networked X11 protocol directly instead. Try connecting from the remote machine with "ssh -C -X user@remotehost" ("C" for compression, consider removing if your network is fast). Now, in the remote shell session, you can show the webcam by i.e. "mplayer -vo x11 v4l2://". A lower resolution over networked X11 will probably get you less delay.


Opening email attachments with Libreoffice 7

It is, as the message says, a permissions problem. If you want a quick solution, open a terminal and do:
sudo chown -r john:john ~/.cache
sudo chmod -R u+w ~/.cache

To find out exactly what is wrong, instead of these commands, drill down towards the inaccessible files, starting in your home directory:
cd .cache
ls -l
cd evolution
ls -l
cd tmp
ls -l

At each step, the ls -l command should show files and directories that are owned by user john and group john. Permissions should start with -rw for files and drwx for directories.
If the evolution directory is not owed by you, or is not writable by you, change that with
sudo chown -r john:john evolution
sudo chmod -R u+w evolution

(executed from the .cache directory); and similar for tmp (executed from the evolution directory).


Why 'echo $(cat /path/to/fileName)' list my files and directions?

Because after performing command substitution, the shell perform word splitting (or field splitting) on the result if you don't quote them.

POSIX defined word expansion as:

  The order of word expansion shall be as follows:

  Tilde expansion (see Tilde Expansion), parameter expansion (see Parameter Expansion), command substitution (see Command Substitution),
  and arithmetic expansion (see Arithmetic Expansion) shall be
  performed, beginning to end. See item 5 in Token Recognition.
  Field splitting (see Field Splitting) shall be performed on the portions of the fields generated by step 1, unless IFS is null.
  Pathname expansion (see Pathname Expansion) shall be performed, unless set -f is in effect.
  Quote removal (see Quote Removal) shall always be performed last.

In your case, * matched all thing in current working directory. You must quote the result to get the expected output:

echo "$(cat /path/to/fileName)"


Open your desktop file virtualbox.desktop via

sudo nano /usr/share/applications/virtualbox.desktop

and have a look at the line

Icon=…

In my case

Icon=virtualbox

This means, if your current icon theme has an icon with the name virtualbox.*, eg in my case

% find /usr/share/icons/Numix-Circle/ -iname 'virtualbox.*'
/usr/share/icons/Numix-Circle/48x48/apps/virtualbox.svg

than the icon of the theme is displayed. And maybe it does not look the way you want.

But the package virtualbox-5.0 comes with a bunch of icons:

List the icons with:

dpkg -L virtualbox-5.0 | grep /usr/share/icons

and change your desktop file. I recommend this version:

Icon=/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/virtualbox.svg


Sharkoon Drakonia Gaming Mouse doesn't work at all

This solution should work with all Sharkoon mice at the time of writing this revision.

Recompiling Ubuntu Kernel for Sharkoon support

Open a Terminal window (Ctrl + Alt + T)
Run sudo apt-get install fakeroot kernel-wedge build-essential makedumpfile kernel-package libncurses5 libncurses5-dev to get required packages for kernel building.  You can apt-get remove <package name> these packages if you do not want them afterwards.
Run the following to create a folder for the kernel source:

mkdir ~/source
cd ~/source
apt-get source linux-image-$(uname -r)

Type in cd linux and press Tab to fill in the rest of the folder's name before pressing Enter.
Type in gedit include/linux/hid.h and find the string (Ctrl + F) "#define HID_MAX_USAGES" and change the value of it to '64000'.
Run cp -vi /boot/config-`uname -r` .config to get the config file from your current system.
(Opt) To speed up compiling, you can set the concurrency level.  Run export CONCURRENCY_LEVEL=#  Replace "#" with the number of cores on your CPU + 1. (Dual-core will be "3")
Run make-kpkg clean to prepare the directory for compiling.
Run fakeroot make-kpkg --initrd --append-to-version=-sk kernel-image kernel-headers to start compiling the kernel.  This will take a long time.  If you have to interrupt the process, you will have to run rm ~/source and start from Step 3.

The kernel binaries (.deb) will be in the folder ~/source.

Installing the custom kernel

Open a File Manager window and navigate to /lib/modules.
Open a Terminal Window and cd ~/source
Run the following using Tab to autocomplete the names:

sudo dpkg -i linux-image-(REPLACE_ME).deb
sudo dpkg -i linux-headers-(REPLACE_ME).deb

Run sudo update-initramfs -c -k (REPLACE_ME[DIFFERENT]) replacing with the name of the new folder (should end with "-sk" in the File Manager window.
Run sudo update-grub.
Restart your computer.

You should now be running with your new, custom-compiled kernel.

(Opt) Cleaning up

Open a Terminal window
Run sudo apt-get remove fakeroot kernel-wedge build-essential makedumpfile kernel-package libncurses5 libncurses5-dev
Run rm ~/source (Or you could delete the directory from a file manager)


This is what I have done and I successfully accessed AKO, enterprise email, and even the disa site for cackey.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Open a terminal and type the following: sudo apt-get install libpcsclite-dev pcscd pcsc-tools libccid build-essential autoconf
Restart your computer
Open a terminal and type: pcsc_scan [check to make sure you have an output and it does not get stuck on Scanning present readers....]
Go to Ubuntu Software Center and search for coolkey and install
Download the DoD Configuration Extension for Firefox @ http://www.forge.mil/Resources-Firefox.html (Let it install the plugin and restart; don't worry about all of the errors just click through them and restart your browser).
Go to Edit > Preferences > Advanced > Encryption > Security (You should see your CAC id visible)
Go to AKO ect...


When installing Ubuntu onto USB drive, mount point differs from when launching with it

You need to work with UUID's. Some time ago Ubuntu started using UUID's because it is not known in what order USB devices are mounted (1 might be mounting quicker at a given time than at another given time).

All you need to know can be found here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Fstab

To get a list of all the UUIDs, use one of the following two commands:

sudo blkid
ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid

Example mounting with UUID:

UUID=3f8c5321-7181-40b3-a867-9c04a6cd5f2f  /media/data  ext3  relatime,noexec  0  2

So in short ...

get the UUID
edit /etc/fstab on the USB stick
replace /dev/sdb1 with the UUID


Ubuntu Mate -- Reboot or Shutdown on Logoff?

Track whether or not we are coming from a user session

I'm posting an answer to my own question here. If anyone has other solutions, I'd love to see them.

Solution overview
It's not enough to check and see if anyone is logged in when the session-cleanup-script runs because, this script runs after users have been completely logged out. I decided to go about tracking this like so.

Use greeter-setup-script to set a temporary file on login
When running session-cleanup-script, check to see if the file exists.

If it does, preform reboot/shutdown
If it does not, terminate script without reboot/shutdown

Example configuration
Example /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/50-ubuntu-mate.conf file

[Seat:*]
user-session=mate
greeter-setup-script=/path/to/greeter-setup.sh
session-cleanup-script=/path/to/session-cleanup.sh

# ... (other settings)

Example greeter-setup.sh script

#!/bin/bash

# Start watching for login and on login, set a status file
(
    while [ $(who | grep "(:0)" | wc -l) -eq 0 ]
    do
        sleep 1
    done
    touch /tmp/loggedIn
) &

# ... do anything else that needs to be done when the greeter starts

Example session-cleanup.sh script

#!/bin/bash

# Check the status file. If it exists, remove it and continue the script.
# If it does not exist, drop out of the script.
[ -e /tmp/loggedIn ] && rm /tmp/loggedIn || exit

# ... do whatever else needs to be done when sessions end
# in my case this amounts to ...
/sbin/shutdown -h 0


How to trick the Ubuntu version as seen by an application?

The key is /etc/lsb-release.

I just modify /etc/lsb-release and make things work.
I didn't know about that file before but /etc/issue.
However, In my understanding, /etc/issue file is used for shell greeting message and /etc/issue.net file is for remote shell greeting. (FIXME)

I figure it out with strace lsb_release -a and found that it read /etc/lsb-release file.


Stop the mysql-server service with

sudo service mysql stop

After that, just start mysql from xampp.


Using the Ubuntu OpenStack Installer

As the title suggests this little gem is an Openstack installer tailored specifically to get you from zero to hero in just a short amount of time.

There are a few options available today for deploying an Openstack cloud. For instance, juju-deployer with an Openstack specific bundle or that other thing called devstack. A lot of people may not have 10 systems laying around to utilize juju-deployer or you may be wanting to demonstrate to the power of Ubuntu.

The Ubuntu OpenStack Installer was created for these reasons.

Requirements

Decent machine, tested on a machine with 8 cores, 12G ram, and 100G HDD.
Ubuntu Trusty 14.04
Juju 1.18.3+ (includes support for lxc fast cloning for multiple providers)
About 30 minutes of your time.

First

Add the ppa and install the software:

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:cloud-installer/stable
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openstack

Second

Run it.

sudo openstack-install

Install selection

Third

You're presented with 3 options, a Single Install, Multi Install, and Landscape. Select Single Install.

Post

The installer will go through its little routine of installing necessary packages and setting up configuration. Once this is complete you'll be dropped into a status screen which will then begin the magical journey of getting you setup with a fully functioning OpenStack cloud.

Yep, to elaborate a bit I'll explain what's happening:

The entire stack is running off a single machine. Juju is heavily utilized for its ability to deploy services, setup relations, and configure those services. Similar to what juju-deployer does. What juju-deployer doesn't do is automatically sync boot images via simplestreams or automatically configure neutron to have all deployed instances within nova-compute available on the same network as the host machine all while using a single network card. We even throw in juju-gui for good measure!

The experience we are trying to achieve is that any one person can sit down at a machine and have a complete end to end working OpenStack environment. Here's a screenshot of the nifty console ui:

Verify

Verifying your cloud is easy, just go through the process of deploying an instance via Horizon (OpenStack Dashboard, displayed at the bottom of the status screen), associating a floating IP (already created for you just need to select one) and ssh into the newly created instance to deploy your software stack. Depending on bandwidth some images may not be immediately available and may require you to wait a little longer.

What about those other install options?

Well, as I stated before we have a lot of cool technologies out there like MAAS. That is what the Multi Install is for. The cool thing about this is you install it the same way you would a Single Install. Fast-forward past the package installing and to the status screen you'll be presented with a dialog stating to PXE boot a machine to act as the controller. Our installer tries to do everything for you but some things are left up to you. In this case you'd commission a machine in the MAAS environment and get it into a ready state. From there the Installer will pick up that machine and continue on its merry way as it did during the single installation.

One thing to note is you'll want to have a few machines whether it be bare metal or virtual registered in MAAS to make use of all the installer has to offer. I was able to get a full cloud deployed on 3 machines, 1 bare metal (the host machine running maas), 2 virtual machines registered in MAAS. Keep in mind there were no additional network devices added as the installer can configure neutron on a single NIC

If you need swift storage for your glance images hit (F6) in the status screen and select Swift storage. This will deploy the necessary bits for swift-storage to be integrated into your Openstack cloud. Swift storage requires at least 3 nodes (in the single install this would be 3 VMs) so make sure you've got the hardware for this. Otherwise, for developing/toying around with Openstack leaving the defaults works just as good.

Add swift storage

Want to deploy additional instances on your compute nodes? Add additional machines to your MAAS environment or if running on a single machine and you have the hardware add a few more nova-compute nodes (via F6 in the status screen) to allow for more instances to be deployed within Openstack.

This is just an intro into the installer more documentation can be found @ ReadTheDocs. The project is hosted @ GitHub and we definitely encourage you to star it, fork it, file issues, and contribute back to make this a truly enjoyable experience. Unofficial support can be found at irc.freenode.net in channel #ubuntu-solutions.

Resources

Adam Stokes original blog post - this post derived from that post with permission.
How do I deploy an OpenStack cloud with Juju? - This is basically what's happening underneath the cloud installer, go here for the indepth details.


I have never heard or experience this on my Macbook Pro 8,1 15"

What will make it hot though is running it on the non discrete graphic card.
If you are running the Macbook in bios mode. You dont get to pick which of your two cards to use.

If you run it in EFI mode, your controller will use AHCI mode which is better for your performance  and you can use the builtin intel card which runs cooler.


Should I upgrade linux-headers-generic, linux-image-generic?

Just run the following commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

That would take care of everything. As a general rule, you should not upgrade the kernel yourself.


How to restart GNOME Shell from command line?

GNOME Shell 3.30.1 on Ubuntu 18.10
The command to replace gnome-shell would be sending a SIGQUIT signal to it with:
killall -3 gnome-shell

or:
killall -SIGQUIT gnome-shell

As of GNOME Shell 3.30.1 on Ubuntu 18.10, the solution below no longer works, and will kick the user to the login screen, losing all of their work.
Before GNOME Shell 3.30.1
The command to replace gnome-shell would be:
gnome-shell --replace &

The ampersand is added to return the shell prompt after running the command; pressing Ctrl+C or closing the terminal instead would make the desktop unusable, and require a full restart.
From the manual page of gnome-shell:

-r, --replace
       Replace the running window manager

Unsure which version you are using?
The command to check your GNOME Shell version is:
gnome-shell --version


How do I rename a printer in KDE? (KUbuntu, using 12.04 LTS)

install: "system-config-printer" e.g:

sudo apt-get install system-config-printer

run at the command line:

user@hostname$ system-config-printer #no sudo was needed

It gives you a GUI widget. Right click, and rename away.
Using LTS 12.04, no restart was needed.


Use a . dot or source before your script name, so it will be executed in the current shell:

$ . hist.sh

$ cat hist.sh
history -a current_history

$ cat current_history
cat curhist
ls
rm cur*
ls
rm '\'
cat '\'
cd test
ls
rm current_history
vim.tiny hist.sh
. hist.sh

This will place your current shell history into current_history file you've specified.

$ source --help
source: source filename [arguments]
    Execute commands from a file in the current shell.

If you want to save timestamps, you could try the next script:

HISTTIMEFORMAT='%c '
history -a current_history
paste -sd '#\n' current_history | awk -F"#" '{d=$2 ; $2="";print NR"\t"strftime("%d/%m/%y %T",d)"\t"$0}' > formatted_history


Where can I find a list of the features from Korn and C shells incorporated by Bash?

The reference manual should help but you may also need this old document.
You may be looking for the Bash reference manual, which lists and exhaustively describes all features of Bash, including all built-in commands ("builtins"). Both Bash and Ksh are Bourne-style shells, and the Bash reference manual lists builtins from the Bourne shell and builtins provided in addition to those separately.

Or is the legacy from the Korn and C shells mostly archi-structural?

This is somewhat true. Many of the features in Bash that were present in the C Shell or the Korn Shell are features other than the presence of a specifically named built-in command.
Note that Bash and Ksh are both Bourne-style shells, and Csh isn't. Bash and Ksh are far more similar to one another than either is to Csh.
There are some  sources that provide feature comparisons between shells, including Bash, Ksh, and Csh, such as the table in this appendix. Please be aware, that's not official Bash documentation, it may not be complete, and it may not have been written with the newest versions of Bash in mind.
For an official comparison, I recommend Bash Features: Overview Documentation for Bash. You should be aware that this document is from 1994 and it describes Bash 1.14. (In contrast, current versions of Ubuntu use Bash 4.3 or 4.4. Run bash --version or apt list bash to check what you have.) However, because you're asking about Bash history, this is reasonable.
That document has detailed sections on C-Shell Style Features and Korn-Shell Style Features. This should provide the explicit comparisons you are looking for. It also has sections on Bourne Shell Style Features and Bash Specific Features (and several other topics).


Why is my ubuntu virtual machine freezing right before sign up?

Found the solution to my problem from this post

modifying /etc/gdm3/custom.conf uncommenting or enabling WaylandEnable=false


apt --fix-broken install fails on unpack

It seems like there is a problem with libreoffice-core cached package, just remove it and fetch it again, the following commands will do it.

sudo rm /var/cache/apt/archives/libreoffice-core_1%3a6.0.7-0ubuntu0.18.04.5_amd64.deb
sudo apt --fix-broken install


file sharing stopped working after 20.04 dist upgrade

Are we talking about one Ubuntu 20.04 machine trying to connect to another 20.04 machine?
The problem is somewhat convoluted I'm afraid. Because of a bug in gvfsd-smb-browse the initial contact between client and server is with SMB1. But the version of samba in Ubuntu 20.04 disables SMB1 for security reasons. That is the reference to "invalid argument".
You have two choices:
[1] You could just override the default settings and re-enable SMB1 ( what samba calls NT1 ) on both machines:
Edit /etc/samba/smb.conf and right under the workgroup = WORKGROUP line add:
client min protocol = NT1
server min protocol = NT1

Then reboot the machine
[2] Or, you can leave things as they are by default and bypass gvfsd-smb-browse and connect to the server and its share directly in Connect to Server :
smb://hostname.local/share-name

The connection will be with SMB3.
There is actually a third option and that is a CIFS mount which you can add to /etc/fstab so that it mounts on access of its mount point. If you are interested I can show you how to do that.


How to increase icons and fonts in Nautilus sidebar (left pane)?

I think you can't do it with configurations but you can recompile nautilus with your own icon size (and it's not too complicated). I've compiled it 5 minutes ago and this was the first time I compiled a thing from ubuntu, but it worked, so you can do it, too.

Here is a nice How-To, i did it this way with nautilus 3.4.2 (only difference: the line to change is line 369, i searched for "pixbuf = nautilus_icon", the value to change the icon size is icon_size)

For example I changed it to 5, so the icons are very small

original:

with new size:


How does Chinese input work once it's installed? (Ubuntu 14.04)

You have exactly the same problem as I had when I used iBus Pinyin. In my opinion it must be a bug of the program. (This version of iBus does not work any more.) The program (IME) erroneously only accepts 2 keystrokes per character, and when pinyin (commonly) requires more than 2 keystrokes per character, the remaining keystrokes, in your case the "o" will go into forming other characters.

I switched to sunpinyin, which also comes with iBus. That seems to have solved it for me.

fcitx is also recommended, I read.


How do I replace a binary with a shell script in a unity launcher?

Give the execute permissions to the shell script and make the terminal=true


How do I uninstall/reinstall Ubuntu on HDD from separate OS (Windows 10 operating on SSD)?

UEFI Boot from Installation USB
Since during your first install Ubuntu asked for ESP, you should be doing this already, but let us go through the basics.

If Windows 10 is installed in UEFI (as opposed to Legacy BIOS also known as CMS) mode then you must install Ubuntu in UEFI mode.
If Windows 10 is installed in Legacy BIOS mode you must install Ubuntu in the same mode.

The Ubuntu installation mode depends on what you choose when you choose to boot from the USB. See this answer for how to figure out if you have booted the installation USB in UEFI or BIOS mode: Installation problems with GRUB, can only install by reinstalling Windows in legacy mode but need to keep in UEFI mode
I assume Windows 10 in this computer is installed in UEFI mode. You should verify before proceeding.
Check Windows 10 boot:
Verify you can boot Windows 10. If you had previously changed the boot order in bios to boot from HDD, then change it back to how it was before, boot from the Windows SSD. If Windows does not boot, search this site on questions about how to revert back to the Windows bootloader.
Erase HDD for a Fresh Start
Boot from the Ubuntu Live Installation USB. Select Try Ubuntu without Installing option. When Ubuntu boots up open the app called Gparted. On the top right corner select the correct disk, in your case the HDD where you want Ubuntu. Make sure it is the right disk!!!
In the main window of Gparted you will see the partitions you had created for Ubuntu, ESP, /, /home/, swap etc.  If you don't recognize the partitions made for Ubuntu, look for the correct drive.
Once you are sure we will proceed to deleting all the partitions. Normally, I would recommend you delete all the partitions you created and leave the HDD unallocated. However, since you mentioned primary and logical partitions in your question, I assume your HDD has an old fashioned Master Boot Record (MBR) partition table. This kind of partition table can have only 4 primary partitions and to avoid that limitation you need logical partitions. Newer systems with UEFI use Guided Partition Table (GPT) that does not have this limitation.
If your HDD has MBR this is a good time to switch to GPT. In the Gparted menu select Devices > Create New Partition Table and change the type of partition table to gpt:

This will delete all the partitions in the HDD. If you have any partitions with data, documents, music, photos, videos, etc. you value, don't do this!
Now we are done with Gparted. Close the app and proceed to the installation.
1. Easy Installation
Since you are just starting with Ubuntu I recommend going with the defaults where possible. This means no separate /home and swap partitions. This method will also put the bootloader in the ESP of the SSD where the Windows bootloader is. One disadvantage of this is, sometimes Windows upgrade may overwrite Ubuntu's bootloader. If that happens you will have to fix that at that time.
You can click on the Install Ubuntu icon from the live running version of Ubuntu. Proceed with the installation until you come to the window below:

Select Install Ubuntu site by side Windows as shown above. When you click Install Now button you will see something like this:

Note: the disk drive location in this picture is sdb. Make sure this matches the location of your HDD. This means Ubuntu installation has found the unallocated disk space in your HDD and assumed that you want to install Ubuntu in the HDD. If you don't see the correct device name at this point STOP.
Note: As mentioned above this process will use the EFI System Partition (ESP) in the Windows SSD to put the bootloader. Don't try to change it to the Ubuntu HDD. There is a bug in the installer that will revert it back to the Windows SSD.
The rest of the installation should be familiar by now. If all goes well you will have a working dualboot computer.
2. Manual Installation
If you really want to have a separate /home and/or a swap partition(s) or if you don't want to the Ubuntu bootloader to be in the Windows SSD, then this is your only option.
The process is a little more complicated because of the bug I talked about.
Bug Alert!
There is a bug (bug number: 1396379) in the Ubuntu installer that installs the grub bootloader on the first ESP it finds. See https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2182302 for discussions on this.
To workaround this bug you will need to take a few extra steps.
Workaround

When you boot from the LiveUSB in UEFI mode, use the Try Ubuntu
without Installing option.
Open the Gparted application when the Ubuntu desktop starts.
Select the Windows (first) drive within Gparted at the top right
corner(1):

The NVME drive in this picture does not have Windows. However, it has an EFI System Partition (ESP).

Highlight the ESP in the bottom list of partitions as shown above (2). Right click on the highlighted partition and select Manage Flags from the context menu. You will see:

You should see two flags, boot and esp checked. Uncheck those two flags. Click Close button to exit the Manage Flag window. Click the green "Apply" ✅ button if it is clickable.
You will need to restore those check marks once Ubuntu is installed using the same above process so that Windows can boot from the first drive.
Close Gparted.
Reference for the workaround.
This is the end of the workaround.
See this answer for details on how to proceed:
Dual Booting win 10 and Ubuntu 18.04 on two separate physical ssds
Basically either you will have to disconnect the the Windows SSD or disable it using the UEFI (BIOS) menu. Install Ubuntu on the only remaining HDD. Connect or enable SSD.
Once you have done all that. Change the internal boot order to HDD first in the UEFI so that the ESP in the HDD takes precedence. All the details are in the above answer.
Hope this helps


Not able to use the dd command to put an img file on USB stick

Try this

Open a terminal,Press Ctrl+Alt+T

Run it:

exec sudo -i
fdisk -l

Fdisk will tell you how your usb really identifies itself. Suppose it is /dev/sdc, continue running:

dd if=/home/jan/Downloads/COS/chromiumos_image.img of=/dev/sdc bs=4MB

Change /dev/sdc to the one corresponding to your usb


Using both wired and wireless ubuntu 12.10 no bonding

There is no easy, GUI solution.
Too hard solution: Joining 2 network, MultiISP


APT - Error in installing mysql-server in Ubuntu 15.10

I believe this is an issue with the mirror. I get the 403 Forbidden from the same mirror for about 50 packages while trying to install gnome-session-fallback and many other things. Does anybody know who owns this mirror, how to contact them, and how to report an issue? I would love to be able to install software without breaking my sources again.

Some tips here might help: E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead after apt-get update
Especially (if you're using ubuntu-desktop): open Ubuntu Software Center, go to Edit in the menu, Software sources, and change "Servers for Phillippines" to "Main server."

That seemed to help a bit, but I still have other apt issues to workout. Something about held packages, and failing to find "restricted/sources/Sources" in release file. Yay.


index.html can only link to certain pages like google.com

Your web page contains multiple issues that are completely unrelated to running the web server on a Raspberry Pi – you can simply check and fix them in an HTML file on your working computer.

Your  tags should have a matching closing  tag. However, both Firefox and Chrome render two links as intended.
The  tag does not have an alt attribute. If you want some text to be displayed when you hover the mouse cursor over the link, use the title attribute.

So your first link should look like this, for example:

link text

You’re saying your site is “unsecured” but are pointing to it with an https:// link though. Clicking it results in an HTTPS error (related to youret.com as the link target, not your Raspberry Pi as the link source). Simply removing the s (meaning secure) from https helped in my case to reach http://youret.com.

link text


Ubuntu webserver permissions for writing

www-data is the user under which your Apache/Nginx runs.

Setting permissions to 777 grants read/write/execute access to the owner, the group and everyone else.

When only www-data needs access, you could change the owner of the file/folder and set permissions to something like 755.

This information might help: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions


Is using a VirtualBox safer than using WINE?

Just to clarify, WINE is not actually used to install Windows. You don't need a windows installation to use WINE and windows programs under WINE. It can be considered to be an independent compatibility layer for windows programs.

If for any reason WINE won't do what you need it to, and you need to install windows, then Virtualbox is absolutely the best option for you. Windows will be completely separated from Ubuntu, so even if you pick up a virus or other threat while running Windows, it won't have any impact on your Ubuntu install.

Also as an aside, technically speaking it's very very difficult for windows malware to work under WINE but under certain circumstances it might be possible.


Create a launcher to launch multiple applications at once?

Write a script which launches both, and create a launcher for this script ?

#!/bin/bash
gksu /opt/lampp/xampp start
gksu /etc/sublime-text/sublime_text

Place this in a shell script, let's say mydevscript.sh, and give it execution permissions :

chmod +x ./mydevscript.sh

Now, when you run it with ./mydevscript.sh, both commands in it will be executed. Under GNOME, you'll just have to use gnome-desktop-item-edit --create-new . to create a launcher. Choose a name, an icon and a description. The "command" parameter is the absolute path to your script, you can find it using the Browse button.


How to install drivers for NVIDIA GeForce FX 5200 on Precise

Gonna answer my own question: NO YOU CAN'T INSTALL LEGACY NVIDIA DRIVER (173.14.XX) ON
A 32bit INSTALL. They're just not compatible with the new Xorg system. There are rumors of an update in the future, and if I understand correctly there may already be a 64bit one released. But for now, the only solution (not a solution, more like a compromise) is to downgrade Xorg.

EDIT:
They've now released an updated driver for 32bit systems, 173.14.35. You can grab it from the launchpad site (https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/nvidia-graphics-drivers-173-updates/173.14.35-0ubuntu1/+build/3597638). It installed easily, and so far I haven't run into any glitches!

EDIT:
For what it's worth, this fix covers a LOT of legacy nvidia products. Here's a list of devices that use (require) 173.14.xx drivers (from www.nvidia.com/object/linux-display-ia32-173.14.31-driver.html):

  GeForce 200 series:
  GTX 280, GTX 260

  GeForce 9 series:
  9800 GX2, 9800 GTX/GTX+, 9800 GT, 9600 GT, 9600 GSO, 9500 GT

  GeForce 8 series:
  8800 Ultra, 8800 GTX, 8800 GTS 512, 8800 GTS, 8800 GT, 8800 GS, 8600 GTS, 8600 GT, 8600  GS, 8500 GT, 8400 SE, 8400 GS, 8400, 8300 GS, 8300, 8200 / nForce 730a, 8200, 8100 / nForce 720a

  GeForce 7 series:
  7950 GX2, 7950 GT, 7900 GTX, 7900 GT/GTO, 7900 GS, 7800 SLI, 7800 GTX, 7800 GS, 7650 GS, 7600 LE, 7600 GT, 7600 GS, 7550 LE, 7500 LE, 7350 LE, 7300 SE / 7200 GS, 7300 LE,  7300 GT, 7300 GS, 7150 / NVIDIA nForce 630i, 7100 GS, 7100 / NVIDIA nForce 630i, 7100 / NVIDIA nForce 620i, 7050 PV / NVIDIA nForce 630a, 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 630i, 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 610i, 7025 / NVIDIA nForce 630a

  GeForce 6 series:
  6800 XT, 6800 XE, 6800 Ultra, 6800 LE, 6800 GT, 6800 GS/XT, 6800 GS, 6800, 6700 XL, 6610 XL, 6600 VE, 6600 LE, 6600 GT, 6600, 6500, 6250, 6200 TurboCache, 6200SE TurboCache, 6200 LE, 6200 A-LE, 6200, 6150SE nForce 430, 6150LE / Quadro NVS 210S, 6150 LE, 6150, 6100 nForce 420, 6100 nForce 405, 6100 nForce 400, 6100

  GeForce 5 FX series:
  PCX 5900, PCX 5750, PCX 5300, FX 5950 Ultra, FX 5900ZT, FX 5900XT, FX 5900 Ultra, FX 5900, FX 5800 Ultra, FX 5800, FX 5700VE, FX 5700 Ultra, FX 5700LE, FX 5700, FX 5600XT, FX 5600 Ultra, FX 5600, FX 5500, FX 5200 Ultra, FX 5200LE, FX 5200, FX 5100

  Quadro FX series:
  FX 700, FX 570, FX 5600, FX 560, FX 5500, FX 550, FX 540, FX 500/FX 600, FX 4700 X2, FX 4600, FX 4500 X2, FX 4500, FX 4000, FX 3700, FX 370, FX 3500, FX 350, FX 3450, FX 3400/4400, FX 330, FX 3000, FX 2000, FX 1700, FX 1500, FX 1400, FX 1300, FX 1100, FX 1000

  Quadro FX Notebook series:
  FX 570M, FX 370M, FX 360M, FX 3600M, FX 2700M, FX 1700M, FX 1600M

  Quadro NVS series:
  NVS 440, NVS 290, NVS 285

  Quadro Plex series:
  Model IV, Model II

  Quadro G-Sync series:
  G-Sync II, G-Sync I

  Quadro SDI series:
  Quadro SDI

  GPU Computing Processor series:
  Tesla C870

www.nvidia.com/object/linux-display-ia32-173.14.31-driver.html


apt document containing list of installable packages

The Ubuntu Package Index lists available packages in the official repositories, their versions, the repositories they belong to, and other such details. There are links for browsing through available packages. The list of all packages is also available for each currently supported release (for example, the list for 14.04: http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/allpackages - beware, it's very long).


"No such file" error when directing output to a file

Make sure that you change <user name here> to your username. And make sure that you can write in the ~/Documents/Reports folder.


I'd say you Ubuntu touch device doesn't have support for hardware decoding of WebM where as most phones and tablets e.g. the M10 will have hardware which decodes H.264 so it doesn't take up time on the main CPU while playing H.264 videos.

I'm sure you can install something to play WebM especially if you get the phone/tablet into read/write mode, that said I doubt it would perform very well.


Starting GUI program over SSH in wayland (Ubuntu 17.10)

X11 is way old tech at this point. To do this with wayland, check in a GNOME Terminal window:

$ echo $DISPLAY $XAUTHORITY
:0 /run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority

In the ssh session, define those two values:

XAUTHORITY=/run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority DISPLAY=:0 gedit

Verified to work on Ubuntu 19.04.


What is the difference between "Certified" and "Ready" hardware?

It's explained in the right column:

Ubuntu certified
OEMs submit systems to Canonical's testing facility where certification testing and validation is performed by Canonical engineers.
Ubuntu ready
To become Ubuntu Ready, OEMs self-test using Canonical's certification test suite and submit results to Canonical for validation.

Summary: "Ubuntu certified" means that the hardware was tested by Canonical, where hardware with "Ubuntu ready" is tested by the manufacturers themselves and validated by Canonical.


Try this:

Open a terminal,Press Ctrl+Alt+T

Run it:

exec sudo -i
nano  /etc/default/grub

In the open file these lines are usually shown

GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
GRUB_TIMEOUT=10
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""

You should leave them like this:

GRUB_DEFAULT=0
#GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
GRUB_TIMEOUT=15
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""

Ctrl+O Save file  Ctrl+X Close nano

Continue running:

update-grub

You when restarting should see the grub menu


Share internet connection from computer without NAT

There are two ways to share an Internet connection, a proxy server, and NAT.  NAT provides automatic translation of incoming and outgoing data, which makes it easy to deal with the clients to make them work with it

NAT gives you clear Internet access to all computers in local network and works great with almost any protocol. Using NAT, there's no need to modify settings on each computer.

The Proxy Server acts as a client computer at the remote host. Plus it works with only a few protocols that support it.  Proxy has an advantage, since it provides advanced features such as authentication and user based access control.


I had a similar problem in another distro based on ubuntu (elementaty OS). Turns out it was caused by an .Xauthority lock file that was not deleted when I did an unsafe shutdown. You can see the problem if you go to tty and try to startx, the error says it times out while waiting for the lock.

To resolve the problem I logged in to terminal Ctrl + Alt + F1 and navigated to my home folder and deleted the .Xauthority files.

When I returned to GUI Ctrl + Alt + F7, I was able to log in successfully


You should find the associated .desktop files in your ~/.local/share/applications/ directory.

Remove the associated .desktop file if you want to get rid of the application launcher from Activities overview or add a NoDisplay=true line inside the file to simply hide it.


ntfs-3g.usermap fails with "You have defined no user" on 16.04

In the end, I did write a dummy UserMapping file on the disk and re-mounted it, and this seems to have helped by enabling permissions on the drive. Still, that's more like a workaround; I'm still curious what's the proper solution to the original question.

What I did:

$ mkdir /media/akavel/Maxtor/.NTFS-3G
$ echo '::S-1-5-21-3333333333-222222222-111111111-10000' > /media/akavel/Maxtor/.NTFS-3G/UserMapping
$ umount /dev/sdb1
$ # click in File Explorer to mount automatically again


How do I fix the locale problems that seems to turn up when I use VPSs

You can manually create the missing locale definitions: sudo locale-gen en_US.ISO-8859-15.

Another option is to default to a different locale, for example C.UTF-8 or POSIX which should exist. To try, in bash: export LC_ALL=POSIX. If it works in an interactive session, you can add it to /etc/skel/.bashrc from where it can be picked up to new user home directories by adduser.


Errors in apt-update in Ubuntu Mate (Raspberry pi)

W stands for Warning and E for Error.

For Warnings like Target Packages is configured multiple times...:

This answer by David Foerster will help to remove duplicate entries.
For Errors:

The file /etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list had useless lines which do not provide any sort of updates. Commenting out that helped.
The error ....i386 was due to the addition of wrong, i.e. 32 bit architecture. Remove that using

sudo dpkg --remove-architecture i386

Try updating again.


Skype version says it is older than it is

Solution: Problem solved after installing software updates and then reinstalling Skype v4.3


Right bottom corner textbox in desktop; what's it for?

You mean this?

A similar text box appears in the bottom right-hand corner of a Nautilus window if you start typing in it. There it allows you to select files and folders by typing out the first part of their names. Since Nautilus handles files on your desktop, I'd imagine it does the same thing there.


How can I change PulseAudio port priorities?

First, use the following command to see the list of cards and ports:

pactl list sinks

Then, run:

sudo vim /usr/share/pulseaudio/alsa-mixer/paths/analog-output-headphones.conf

to modify the priority (that value is multiplied by 100).


Firefox/Thunderbird won't download files/attachments

It is a confirmed bugs— you can see follow-up https://bugs.launchpad.net/firefox/+bug/1796661.

Someone describe steps to reproduce the problem, the detail is very similar to yours.

  Steps to reproduce:

  I encrypted my homedir (on Ubuntu 18.04) with fscrypt following this
  tutorial : https://tlbdk.github.io/ubuntu/2018/10/22/fscrypt.html
  Then, I try to download any file from internet with Firefox in my
  Download folder, in my homedir (or any encrypted folder).

  Actual results:

  The download instantly breaks. Only a 0kb file appears with the
  correct name.

  Expected results:

  The file should be downloaded correctly.

The http://tlbdk.github.io site owner has explaining what might cause the bugs to occurs.

  The issue is because firefox does a rename from the /tmp folder to the
  encrypted home folder, right now fscrypt returns EPERM instead of
  EXDEV that would be normal when the operation can not complete because
  of crossing a mount point or in this case unencrypted to an encrypted
  folder.

Currently there's no proposed fix, so you can only wait.

A workaround is to bind /tmp to  a folder within your home directory (may cause other issues), or as a tmpfs. According to this, a fix from fscrypt has been merged into Linux 5.1


Hard crashes often show hardware problems. Start with memory test (memtest86+), it may crash on you if there is CPU or mainboard problem pretty fast. If it goes well (let it run for 2-3 hours!) then check harddisk smart data as hdd errors may be related to such crashes. But nearly every hardware problem may cause it, from USB problems to ... anything, really.

Don't expect to get specific answers, though.


Start Skype. Go to Tools / Settings / General and toggle off "Automatically start Skype".


Thunderbird and a shared "home" partition

Thunderbird easy can share one "profile" from within different operatingsystems and userprofiles.

Find the profile.ini file for each userprofile, normally stored in

$HOME/.thunderbird/profiles.ini

There is a section within

[Profile0]
Name=profile-name
IsRelative=1
Path=nb36v6ly.default      (this varies for each profile)
Default=1

The path is, as long as "IsRelative" is set to "=1", relative to the path where the profile.ini file resides.

Change the path to the existing profile, i.e.

/home/ubunut_user/.thunderbird/b3werewy.default

and set "IsRelative" to "=0". As long as this profile-section is the default one

Default=1

you can run thunderbird now and it will load the existing profile with all settings, addons, accounts and so on.

I share one profile between my ubuntu-box and my windows-box.

Attention: As far as I know only one (!) running thunderbird at a time should access the profile! I don't know if thunderbird is prepared for sharing a profile-path from two running instances at the same time.


libappindicator1 can be installed from the default Ubuntu 16.04 repositories, but maybe something else is preventing it from being installed. Open the terminal, change directories using cd to the directory containing vivaldi.deb and type:

sudo apt update && sudo apt-get -f install
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -f libindicator7
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -f libappindicator1
sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt clean
sudo dpkg -i vivaldi.deb

libappindicator1 is also available from the default Ubuntu repositories in all currently supported versions of Ubuntu.


Picture-by-picture guide: https://imgur.com/a/gCmEd
Also, don't you want a Dutch keyboard layout as well? If you can, upload a photo of your physical keyboard in case this is the wrong layout so I can help you properly.