Can't login to my account, I know the password

You can login to the account through the tty, but when you try to do a graphical login, you get logged out and returned to the login prompt. You can do a successful graphical login with other accounts. This suggests a problem with a config file in your home directory, possibly your session file.

Try logging in to the account through the terminal and do:

 mv ~/.config/xfce4{,.bak}

This will move your XFCE config  to a temporary  location. Now try logging in again.

If that does not fix the issue, there is another option that will fix any login problem caused by a misbehaving home directory. Login again at the terminal and do:

mkdir ~/bak
mv ~/.* ~/* ~/bak

Try logging in again. It should now work (we know this should work, because you can already successfully login as another user - all we are doing here is resetting your home directory to a fresh user state).

Now take your files and config in the ~/bak directory and mv anything that you want in your home directory back there. Try to login. It's a process of trial and error - eventually you will find the script or config file that broke the login. Once you have identified the file causing the problem, you can remove that file, and restore all of your other files from ~/bak.


Which is the the best fingeprint-reader program available?

Fingerprint-GUI
It is a Fingerprint Reader Application with GUI.
Have to get from Launchpad.

For Install :
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fingerprint/fingerprint-gui

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install libbsapi policykit-1-fingerprint-gui fingerprint-gui


The benefits of HUD are several that I have experience in this last days. For instance:

Use Case: GIMP

I did not know where some options were in the menus of sub-menus but I knew what they were called and in some cases I only knew part of the word. HUD saved me time by just typing a part of the word and found what I was looking for. Here is the example of it (I was looking for the Diffraction Patterns option):

Use Case: Firefox / Chrome

When browsing you would like to do some stuff quicker, here are some images that will give you an idea:

In Firefox I am trying to access a Web Developers Addon option about clearing all styles from web pages when I view them. This is a 3 to 5 click menu option depending on how you get to it. With HUD is faster.

In Chrome I am trying to clear the history and other stuff. HUD made it easier.

Use Case: Wireless Network Sharing

To create a Wireless Network Share you just type Net and the first option is the one.

Use Case: Connecting to Known Wireless Hotspot

I wanted to connect to the Wireless Router in the house so I...

Use Case: Third Party Apps

Even works with 3rd party apps like VirtualBox:

And this is only the tip of the iceberg. The amount of time that HUD saves is one factor. The other is to quickly find options in a new program that you are learning. So it is very good for learning something.

To use it you just press the Left ALT button after selecting the App you want HUD to work with and start typing anything that might appear in the menus or sub-menus of an app.


Yes synaptic is available in every version of Ubuntu and indeed you can install it in 13.04. Since it is not installed by default you have to install it from repository. You can install it from either way:

Install it using Ubuntu Software Center:

open Ubuntu Software Center and search for Synaptic
click on Install button.

Install it using terminal:

open terminal(Ctrl+Alt+T):
execute following commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install synaptic

That's it..


Yeah I encountered the same problem when trying to evaluate MAAS using virtual machines (because VirtualBox doesn't support WOL). But yes, you can just turn them on when the controller sends the WOL signal, it won't make any difference as long as it turns on within a reasonable amount of time from when the WOL signal was sent


How do I instal Skype on iMac G5 Ubuntu 12.04.1?

OK, so I found this page that finally puts the question to rest. It's at:

PowerPCFAQ - Ubuntu Wiki#What_software_is_available_for_PowerPC.3F

and it clearly says that there is no Skype for Ubuntu PowerPC.


Is there a gedit plugin that adds search features?

For searching within files I found this plugin: http://oliver.github.com/gedit-file-search/.

The ability to search and replace only selected text has been requested for years
( https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=150010 ) but I haven't found any plugins to do that.

A complete list of gedit plugins: http://live.gnome.org/Gedit/Plugins


First, for what is discussed in forums and in Launchpad just try:

sudo grub-install /dev/sdX

sudo update-grub

sudo reboot

And there is a useful comment in Kubuntu's forum:

www.kubuntuforums.net

I have the same issue with a laptop with ubuntu as the only operating system with a non-UEFI bios.

I hope it helps.


Where are commands `fg`, `bg` and `jobs` installed?

You are not getting any files against those commands because they are shell (bash) built-ins, not separate executable files (e.g. binary files, scripts). Actually, shell built-ins are compiled into the shell executable; if you want you can check the source code to be sure of it. As which or whereis only looks for external executable files, you are not getting any output for the built-ins.

To find if a command is a built-in or alias or function or external file, the best way is to use the type built-in:

$ type fg
fg is a shell builtin

$ type bg
bg is a shell builtin

$ type jobs
jobs is a shell builtin

Also note that your find command is not syntactically correct. The correct (simplest) syntax is find /where/to/search -name 'name_to_search'.

Also note that few commands are implemented as both a shell built-in and a separate standalone executable. For such commands, always remember that the built-in command will take precedence over the external one. So, when you run echo something, the built-in echo is run. If you want to run the binary executable echo you need to call it in a different way. One way is to use the full path to the executable: /bin/echo something.

To display all available versions of a command, run type with the -a option:

$ type -a echo
echo is a shell builtin
echo is /bin/echo

To get documentation for shell built-ins, you can check the manpage of bash or use the help command (which is a built-in command):

help jobs

Also as @terdon pointed out you should use type instead of which.


Shortcut keys doesn't work after installing compiz on Lubuntu

Your own answer here indicates you are not running Openbox anymore!

  change the value of windows_manager/command from openbox to compiz ccp

That is why shortcuts defined in ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml will not work as long as Openbox is not window manager.


Open/Upload file Dialogue - make file preview larger

I have the same problem.. it's quite ridiculous, it makes finding the right image incredibly painful.

In the regular Nautilus window you can tweak the icon size well enough, but in the Open File dialog (File selector) you only get 'nearly invisible'.  Why can't you switch to a grid layout here with larger icons sizes?

(And then if the drive happens to be a network drive you don't get any preview at all.)


How do I find out the kernel version I am running?

Well there are multiple ways to find the kernel version
Open terminal and execute:
uname -r

It would display something like:
3.8.0-30-generic

You can get further information on the current kernel with
uname -a

It would display something like:
Linux saurav-P4I45Gx-PE 3.8.0-30-generic #44~precise1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Aug 23 17:33:45 UTC 2013 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

Another way to know the kernel version is to open Synaptic Package Manager and search for linux image. You have to check for the installed Kernel version.
Another way to find version of installed kernels is to run this command:
dpkg -l | grep linux-image | grep ii

or for just the version strings:
dpkg -l | grep linux-image | grep ii | awk '{print $3}'

The latest kernel (the one with the highest version number) will boot by default, so if you have rebooted since the last kernel update, and you have not made adjustments to boot into a kernel other than the default, then you can be reasonably confident that the highest version number displayed will be the version of the running kernel, but you should use uname for more reliable information.


How do I solve a "No such Calendar" error with Evolution and Google Calendar?

I had this too, open ubuntu software center and search for evolution.
There will be 2 results with the envelope icon. 1 is installed, the other isn't, install that one.

It's a kind of a bad answer, but it works.


Can I add a juju relation when the agent-state of the unit is still pending?

Yes Juju will queue up the connections until the units are ready.


Problem with Canonical partners repository?

I ran into the same problem on Ubuntu 12.10 (64 bit). I solved it by enabling the following PPA and installing the version of acroread that it provided:
https://launchpad.net/~portis25/+archive/multiarch

As of right now, it does not appear to be available in Canonical Partners:
https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/acroread


Assuming you have installed the gwibber-daily ppa from launchpad you would copy and paste the following into a terminal:

sudo ppa-purge ppa:gwibber-daily/ppa

This will revert you back to the default v3 natty install of Gwibber.


Ubuntu 18.04 - open jupyter notebook with double click?

You have to enter the full path to the jupyter-notebook executable in the Exec field of your .desktop file.
You can find the full path of jupyter-notebook by running:
which jupyter-notebook

So your .desktop file would become:
[Desktop Entry]
Comment=
Terminal=false
Name=JupyterNotebook
Exec="/full/path/to/jupyter-notebook" %f
Type=Application

You also have to make your .desktop file executable, if you haven't already, by running:
chmod u+x ~/.local/share/applications/jupyter_notebook.desktop

Finally, right-click a .ipynb file, go to Properties → Open With → select JupyterNotebook from the list → Set as default.


Is there an alternative to Netcut in Ubuntu?

Tuxcut

  Features

Scan your local network for live hosts and list them with MAC addresses .
Protect your linux box from any ARP attacks (like netcut) .
Change the MAC address for your network adapter .
you make arpspoof attack for any host connected in your local network.

  Installation

It is not in USC but the website does have a debian installer.


Why does installing Wine in 12.04 from regular repo require removing non-related packages?

Is it asking to install new versions?  It doesn't require removing those packages.

I can tell you, if it's not upgrading version that those packages for sure do NOT conflict.

~$ dpkg --get-selections | grep wine
libkwineffects1abi3     install
wine-gecko1.4          install
wine-gecko1.4:i386     install
wine1.2                install
wine1.3                install
wine1.4                install
wine1.4-amd64          install
wine1.4-common         install
wine1.4-dbg            install
wine1.4-dev            install
wine1.4-i386:i386      install
winetricks             install

~$ dpkg --get-selections | grep -f'test.txt'
debhelper                  install
gettext                    install
gettext-base               install
intltool-debian            install
libgettextpo0              install
libgettextpo0:i386         install
liblocale-gettext-perl     install
po-debconf                 install

After some observations in the comments, it looks like the problem might be a multi-arch dependency resolution/false conflict thing where it thinks i386 conflicts with x64.


Can't find a way to enter BIOS settings!

Page 73 of the User Guide for the ThinkCentre Edge 72 Desktop  specifies F1 is the key to use to get into the BIOS/Firmware Setup. It says to press that key repeatedly. The BIOS/Firmware setup comes before the bootloader which comes before the rest of the OS, so this is well before the OS starts.

If you can't get the PC to recognize your pressing F1 then try another keyboard.


How can I add a bash command to run while opening a file

The only method that springs to my mind is to change the default application for particular type of file to custom bash script:

First of all create a bashscript.sh that does two things: starts Your Ruby script and opens a file in "default" application, something like this:

#!/bin/bash
/path/to/Your/rubyscript.rb &
/path/to/default/application "$1"

Sign & and variable "$1" are crucial - & cause to not wait for execution of ruby script, "$1" is the name (and path) of Your file, so You have to pass them to "default" application. You may also pass them to Your ruby script. Make sure Your bash script is executable - sudo chmod +x bashscript.sh
Right click on Your file, select Open with ... -> Other application
Click on Use a custom command and type a path to bashscript.sh
Tick Set as default to make changes permanent

Now when You double-click on file with the same type Your ruby script should run and file should open in default application.


How to update unshare package (unrecognized option '--fork')?

You can try this PPA by Ivan Larionov who built a newer package from Debian experimental to try and fix this bug. I haven't tested it, so caveat emptor. See What are PPAs and how do I use them? if you don't know what a PPA is.


Change pdf viewer for downloads in chromium browser

you need to change default .pdf viewer in the system simply mouse right click on a filename.pdf choose properties navigate to open with and see what is default application is set and replace it with desired one.


Ampersand changing into a question mark in Terminal

Maybe something is wrong with the server's keyboard layout. You could try changing it. Other than that I'm not sure what to do.

Russian and moldovian keyboard layouts have a question mark Shift-7 (see Wikipedia page about cyrillic keyboard layout):


Doubt about file access rights between user/groups

It is an odd behavior of linux permissions, but permissions to delete files are granted by the permissions on the directory, not the file.

Try this:

mkdir test
touch test/file

# Make the Directory ro
chmod a-w test

ls -l test/file
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bodhi bodhi 0 2012-02-28 21:13 test/file

rm test/file
rm: cannot remove `test/file': Permission denied

  Write permission. On a regular file, this means you can modify the file, aka write new data to the file. In the case of a directory, the write permission means you can add, remove, and rename files in the directory. This means that if a file has the write permission bit, you are allowed to modify the file's contents, but you're allowed to rename or delete the file only if the permissions of the file's directory allow you to do so.

See http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/filepermissions.html

To allow (RW) access to file, but prevent deletion or renaming, set the sticky bit on the directory.

# change "test" to your directory
chmod +t test
touch test/file
chmod a+w test/file

ls -l | grep test
drwxrwxrwt 4 bodhi bodhi  4096 2012-03-07 17:08 test

ls -l test | grep file
-rw-rw-rw- 1 bodhi bodhi   13 2012-03-07 17:10 file

# su to another user, "test"
test@ufbt:/home/bodhi$ echo 'It works !!!' >> test/file

test@ufbt:/home/bodhi$ cat test/file
It works !!!

test@ufbt:/home/bodhi$ rm test/file
rm: cannot remove `test/file': Operation not permitted

http://www.techcuriosity.com/resources/linux/advanced_file_permissions_in_linux.php

  If the sticky bit is set for a directory, only the owner of that directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename a file within that directory.


Can't boot on a Gigabyte GA-770-D3L motherboard

are you trying to boot ubuntu from the cd, from the usb or from the hard disk?
if its from the cd, could be the boot order from the bios that isn't correct
if its from the usb, it might be the iso from the usb that's not working correctly
the 3rd option cant help


What are the differences between sleep, standby, suspend and hibernate in Ubuntu?

What's the difference between sleep, suspend, and hibernate?

Sleep (sometimes called Standby or “turn off display”) typically means that your computer and/or monitor are put into an idle, low power state. Depending on your operating system, sleep is sometimes used interchangeably with suspend (as is the case in Ubuntu based systems).  What sleep does on your system should be evaluated on a case by case basis.
Suspend saves its current state to your RAM and puts the computer and all peripherals on a low power consumption mode. If the battery runs out or the computer turns off for some reason, the current session and unsaved changes will be lost.
When a computer hibernates (sometimes called suspend to disk), it will save its current state to the hard disk and power down completely. When resuming, the saved state is restored to RAM.


No space left on device when trying to allocate swap?

yes, you are correct about the main drive being full. Additionally, you can verify the space using pvs, vgs and lvs commands respectively.

Regards to your choice of swap partition, you can add an additional disk to the volume group and use the free space to format logical volume as swap.

Below is a screenshot of using two disks. Please note that the swap partition was created later, even it exists on the first disk.

[root@remote-server ~]$ sudo pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree
  /dev/sda2  centos lvm2 a--  <19.50g     0
  /dev/sdb1  vg00   lvm2 a--  <20.00g <2.00g
[root@remote-server ~]$ sudo vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <19.50g     0
  vg00     1   2   0 wz--n- <20.00g <2.00g
[root@remote-server ~]$ sudo lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize   Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root centos -wi-ao---- <15.50g
  swap centos -wi-ao----   4.00g
  home vg00   -wi-ao----  10.00g
  var  vg00   -wi-ao----   8.00g


I think there is not much to explain here as Vhost Architecture by Stefan Hajnoczi covers it so well.

TL;DR:

  "vhost ... creates a kernel thread ... to handle I/O events and
  perform the device emulation."

And the number of devices defines the number of worker threads.
So I have usually one, and if I add two more vhost network interfaces I have three then.


Why does Firefox 59 ignore my syspref.js?

I found out that you now have to use pref("...","...",locked); instead of lockPref("...","...");.

Example syspref.js (working in Firefox 61 on Linux Mint):

pref("browser.startup.homepage", "http://...", locked);
pref("network.proxy.autoconfig_url", "http://...", locked);
pref("network.proxy.type", 2, locked);


How can I prevent line wrapping and instead allow horizontal scrolling in Gedit?

On the window bottom of gedit click on the Line number / Column number section:

Uncheck the Text wrapping option and a horizontal scroll box will then appear. Lines will no longer be wrapped.

If you want the setting to be permanent change your preferences. Use: Edit => Preverences => View => Enable text wrapping:

You can't access preferences if you are using sudo -H gedit though. You need to do this with regular user using gedit only. Then you can have sudo inherit your user preferences with a script such as this: How can I sync my root gedit with my user gedit's preferences?


How to solve: "Connect to host some_hostname port 22: Connection timed out"?

So your machineG (the fresh install) is the one with issues:

Check sshd if it's up sudo service ssh status.
Check Name resolution. The name of your machine, check it if is the same on /etc/hostname, and /etc/hosts.
Check firewall. sudo service ufw status maybe is best if you install firewall of ubuntu Gufw.

hi! did you solve it? @philipballew asked you to see if you have port 22 enable.. do this on the 2 machines netstat -nat | grep 22:
you will see something like this:

~> netstat -nat | grep 22
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0      0 10.202.10.13:53414      173.194.76.125:5222     ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 10.202.10.13:50912      10.100.202.21:22        TIME_WAIT
tcp        0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN

If one of the ports 22 are not listen then re-check all that I previous told you.
Actually I'm a bit lots with the names of the machines. You call them in differents names all the time....


Cannot login in Ubuntu server 20.04 with RaspberryPi 4

Problem solved. Thank you Wayne .... your answer got me part way there.

I used a new SD card. Don’t know if that made a difference or not.
I connected to internet through Ethernet during the installation process. THAT made a huge difference. Instructions in the Ubuntu Server for Raspberry Pi tutorial say to use Ethernet OR to edit net-config for wireless. I initially went for the edit net-config option and the login loop was endless. Enter login name, enter password, over and over again.
Connected to Ethernet as previously described, login worked as it should, and all is fine.
The tutorial instructions probably need to be updated. Or maybe it was just my bad luck.

Hope this is helpful for someone .....


Why doesn't running "sudo shutdown now" shut down?

Traditionally, the command sudo shutdown now will take you to the runlevel 1 (recovery mode); this will happen for both Upstart and SysV init.
To get what you want, i.e., to shut down the computer properly, you need to give the -h switch to shutdown.

One thing to note here is that halt will close all the processes, turn off the CPUs and return the control to a ROM monitor of the mainboard needing the user to press the power button to get the power supply turned off, whereas poweroff after turning off the CPUs will simply turn off the power supply resulting in a proper shutdown.

The -h switch of shutdown will either halt or poweroff the computer, the decision will be taken by the system although in Ubuntu I have seen that it would normally poweroff the machine. To be sure of that, you can use the -P switch with shutdown to poweroff the computer.

To summarize, here are the commands available to poweroff (not halt) a computer:

sudo shutdown -h now
sudo shutdown -P now
sudo poweroff
sudo halt -p
sudo init 0

The poweroff and halt commands basically invoke shutdown (except for the poweroff -f). sudo poweroff and sudo halt -p are exactly like sudo shutdown -P now. The command sudo init 0 will take you to the runlevel 0 (shutdown).

Now what if you want to shut down forcefully, i.e., you don't want to wait for processes to close normally? In that case you can use:

sudo poweroff -f

This will not use shutdown. Rather, it will invoke the reboot(2) system call (used for reboot, poweroff & halt) to power off the computer instantly.


You can do that by running this command at terminal:

ecryptfs-unwrap-passphrase ~/.ecryptfs/wrapped-passphrase

The information you missed when you skiped was:


Circumvent a proxy for a utility that uses libsoup (intel-linux-graphics-installer)

I'd assume it's exactly the contrary and ILGI isn't using the proxy. Quite a few programs don't read the desktop's proxy settings and therefore don't work behind a proxy. I experience this every day in my school.

However, you can force such programs to connect through the proxy. For this, you have to start the program from a terminal, in which you set the proxy environment variables.

In your case, run the following commands in a terminal

export http_proxy=http://proxy.example.com:1234
export https_proxy=http://proxy.example.com:1234
intel-linux-graphics-installer

Replace proxy.example.com:1234 by the proxy address and port in your environment.

Attention: Even when using HTTPS, FTP, or any other protocol, you will most likely have to use the same protocol for the proxy (HTTP in the example above).

Site note for your own safety:

In the case of HTTPS, this means that your connection isn't private any more to a certain extent. Everything you do in the internet is routed through the proxy server, including the SSL handshake. So the proxy server (and with it its operators and people who illegally gain access to it) could at any time eavesdrop on your presumably safe connection.
So please don't do any E-Banking and other important things in a proxy environment where you can't trust the operator.


Can't change profile to HSP for Bluetooth headset

Sad story,
Seems that your bluetooth card has not a fully compatible driver with bluez or whatever as mine :(.
I solved following this guide and building two stupid scripts
Getting ready
Install ofono
sudo apt install ofono

Config pulseaudio to use ofono:

Goto /etc/pulse/default.pa find the line load-module module-bluetooth-discover and change it in load-module module-bluetooth-discover headset=ofono.
Add the user pulse to group bluetooth to grant the permission: sudo usermod -aG bluetooth pulse (probably it's already correct)
VERY IMPORTANT: To grant the permission, add this to /etc/dbus-1/system.d/ofono.conf (add this before </busconfig>):
<policy user="pulse">
  <allow send_destination="org.ofono"/>
</policy>

Provide phonesim to ofono.
In order to make ofono work, you have to provide a modem to it! You can install a modem emulator called phonesim (implemented by ofono) to make it work:

install ofono-phonesim (in some distros it is called phonesim). in Ubuntu 18.04 (for Ubuntu 20.04 follow this link):

 sudo apt install ofono-phonesim

Configure phonesim by adding the following lines to /etc/ofono/phonesim.conf:

[phonesim]
Driver=phonesim
Address=127.0.0.1
Port=12345

Restart ofono:

sudo systemctl restart ofono.service

Clone ofono repository (contains useful scripts)

git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/network/ofono/ofono.git destination/path

Then, every time  you want to enable hfp/hsp:
ofono-phonesim -p 12345 /usr/share/phonesim/default.xml &

then use
path/to/cloned/repo/test/enable-modem /phonesim

then restart pulseaudio with
pulseaudio --kill` and `pulseaudio --start

Now you should see a microphone device.
When you want to go back to a2dp:
path/to/cloned/repo/test/disable-modem /phonesim

then restart pulseaudio with
pulseaudio --kill` and `pulseaudio --start

eventually restart pulseeffects with
pulseeffects --quit` and `pulseeffects &

Lately i'm not using this because it's not always working, and so using a jack is faster.
Hope it helps :)
edit: Added getting ready section
edit 2: Added git clone step


How I can Install csh as a non-root user?

It appears that the Makefile provided with the csh source package uses some (possibly BSD-derived) features that are not supported by GNU make, which make building it on an Ubuntu system challenging. An easier alternative is probably to build the tcsh package

DESCRIPTION
       tcsh  is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX
       C shell, csh(1).

If your system's administrator has enabled the necessary source repositories, it may be possible for you to download and patch the source automatically using

apt-get source tcsh

which shouldn't require sudo as it will download into to the current directory. If that's not possible, then the source for the tcsh package should be available via git from git://git.debian.org/git/collab-maint/tcsh.git

Once you have the patched source, enter the top-level directory and configure it to build in your home directory e.g.

./configure --prefix=$HOME

This will cause the tcsh binary to be installed in $HOME/bin, which is likely already in your PATH. You can specify a sub-directory under $HOME if you prefer, or anywhere else that you have write and execute permissions, but you will need to make sure that directory is also added to your PATH. If that all goes well, then

make install

Finally, you may need to create a symbolic link from tcsh to csh in order for other programs to find it as the default csh implementation e.g. assuming you installed to $HOME/bin

ln -s tcsh ~/bin/csh


My pen drive is not detected in boot menu for dual booting ubuntu 20.04 and windows 10 and RST disabling

Go to BIOS settings and under General section click on Advance Boot Options and check Enable Lagacy Option ROMs.
Go to boot menu again. Your USB drive name will start with UEFI in boot menu. So look for it and hopefully you will find it there.


python-apscheduler: dependent python-concurrent.futures not installed

This is a packaging bug. The PyPi version of apcheduler does depend on futures, so python-concurrent.futures should have been a Depends of python-apscheduler. I suspect the reason this has gone unnoticed is that there are only two other packages that depend on python-apscheduler:

# apt-cache rdepends python-apscheduler
python-apscheduler
Reverse Depends:
  python-watcher
  archipel-agent-action-scheduler

Of which, python-watcher indirectly depends on python-concurrent.futures via other packages. And archipel-agent-action-scheduler died sometime in May 2018, so I doubt there are many users of it.


Trouble connecting to wireless via Clear Hub Express

I have the same exact problem. If you look at ifconfig you will notice you don't have a dns server. I can get it to work by plugging it in hard wired then it will retain the dns servers ip. You can then unplug and the wireless will work. I'm going to check the firmware on the modem but its at work and I'm at home. The problem is with the modem and not your device. I've used two of these modems and same results with both.


Maybe it's the font/UI scaling. There is a bug declared in https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/unity/+bug/1317253

To change the default font there is a similar question Change default system font using terminal only in 14.04


Good news. I finally accepted the upgrade proposed following the sudo apt-get upgrade and now, when I run the update manager and click on "Upgrade" button the dialogue box appears.

Problem is thus solved. Thank-you Neobie for your collaboration and input.


after OTA10 mx4 update can't adb to device, device unauthorised


Issue Gathering Ethernet Error Metrics on Ubuntu with Intel X550 NIC

No errors is probably correct, and there is no reason to suspect that this is due to a interface problem between your OS and NIC.

I run a network with multiple Cisco switches at work, and have traffic counters currently in the triple digits terabyte range - and error counters of all interfaces are nil. Zero. No errors detected.

You can get more statistics about your NIC with ethtool -S interface, e.g. ethtool -S eth0:

$ sudo ethtool -S eth0
NIC statistics:
     tx_packets: 678773569
     rx_packets: 558920576
     tx_errors: 1
     rx_errors: 0
     rx_missed: 20
     align_errors: 0
     tx_single_collisions: 0
     tx_multi_collisions: 0
     unicast: 558918071
     broadcast: 2494
     multicast: 11
     tx_aborted: 0
     tx_underrun: 0

That's from a Linux machine with ~1TiB of traffic in total.

Typically your switch, if you have a managed switch, will also have interface counters. On Cisco show interfaces counters should give you the counters, including errors. Expect it to show 0 errors.


System failed to boot after upgradng EOL Ubuntu 13.10 to 14.04

I feel the only solution left for me is to download the iso image of the new distro & install preparing bootable pen drive.

This is the appropriate solution regarding 13.10. Remember; 13.10 was not a LTS; In many respects, it should be considered a test platform, preparing the way to the next lts. If you have however 12.04; Upgrading this to 14.04 is officially supported, and should upgrade without consequence. If a consequence arises, then a bug report is greatly appreciated.

From my own experience; it is always preferable to do fresh installs, particularly on machines that have seen a lot of use and customization.


can I format c drive while ubuntu installed in other drive

yes. but there are tons of caveats and ways to break things.

First: backup data you care about! regardless of reinstalling windows

Your problem doesnt require windows reinstall. just boot the install cd, and try to "fix boot". it will surely remove linux boot, which you will have to fix later on.

before anything (after the backup :) if your bios has any efi option, disable it. if it has safeboot, disable it. if it show anything like "legacy boot" enable that one.

lastly, stop saying drive. you mean partitions. read more on partitioning, because not understanding it is a sure way to lose your linux if you install windows.


You must link g++ as well
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/g++ /usr/bin/g++-4.8


How can I dual-boot a TrueCrypt-encrypted Windows 7 and Ubuntu 11.10 when both are installed separately on different physical drives?

I can help you in a workarround, it is quite tricky so be sure to understand it.

First: BackUP all
Second: It requieres two physical disks, with just one i did not get to it

Go to tricky part, the Boot secuence order process:

BIOS will boot from one HDD (normally the first one)
So put there GRUB2 bootloader
Such GRUB will let you boot form partitions on first disk or boot from second disk (that is the tricky part)
If want to boot Linux, just boot from another partition on same disk
If want to boot TrueCrypt Bootloader, just tell it to boot from second disk, not from a partition

Having this in mind, how to archive that? Easy, follow this steps:

Put only one blank HDD into the PC
Configure BIOS to boot from it (just for this time)
Install windows and TrueCrypt onto it
Tell TrueCrypt to encrypt all (only one HDD is present)
Reboot, test Windows boots
Power off correctly
Add a second disk
Create on such second HDD some partitions
One for /boot (where will go GRUB2)
The rest as you wish for Ubuntu /, SWAP, etc...
Configure GRUB2 to let boot Ubuntu and to chainload the full second HDD (beware not to tell any partition, just the full HDD)
Reboot
Tricky: Tell BIOS to boot from second HDD (as you say it let you) just forever since now
Test that boot runs GRUB2
Test that GRUB2 chain loads correctly first HDD bootloader (TrueCrypt loader) but do not put password phrase nor let Windows Boot, just reboot when password is asked for.
Reboot if not done... and test GRUB2 Linux option... will not boot since Ubuntu is not yet installed, but will not load TrueCrypt, so you see it works
Install Linux with very special care... do not let it to change any partition table... just install it on second disk using existing partitions... and when asked for bootloader tell it to install Grub or Lilo, etc... onto Linux partition, not on HDD MBR.

With this you will get this scheme:

HDD0 - MBR with TrueCrypt, The rest for Windows
HDD1 - MBR and /boot partition with GRUB2, one more partition for / (your Ubuntu) inside that there will be another Grub, Lilo, or Grub2 loader onto /boot, extra partitions as you wish

The trick is:

Tell TrueTrypt to encrypt as he knows one full HDD with its own bootloader.
Boot GRUB2 from another diferent HDD (BIOS need to be able to boot from second HDD)

So when booting this is what happens:

BIOS read its config on CMOS
BIOS see to boot form second HDD
BIOS read second hdd MBR
GRUB2 is loaded
GRUB2 shows menu: Boot Windows / Boot Ubuntu
If you select Ubuntu, then GRUB2 will load another Grub, lilo, etc inside Ubuntu root partition, such other bootloader will load your Linux Ubuntu
If you selet Windows, then GRUB2 will chainload to first HDD, acting like if BIOS would boot from first HDD

In this way:

TrueCrypt does not know nothing about the second disk for booting, do not depends on it
GRUB2 and Linux will not overwrite/ touch nothing on such first disk
BIOS will boot from Second Hard Disk

Hope it is enough clear.

Things in mind to archive this:

First, do some tests with a VirtualBOX prior to do it on real physical machine, so you get familiar to the process
Second, take note on a paper of steps you are following as you do them, just to be able to not forget anything

Now, i must say it can be done without opening the PC... with both disks allways connected.

Imagine this:

HDD0 with no partition
HDD1 with no partition
Installing Windows only on HDD0 in normal way, but do not partition HDD1
Install TrueCrypt and tell to encrypt full HDD0, it will not do anything with HDD1
Test all goes correctly
Boot from a LiveCD such a SystemRescueCD, create partitions on HDD1
Ensure you create a dedicated partition for /boot just for GRUB2, not related with your Linux, with 512MB you will also be able to put SystemRescueCD.iso on it and configure GRUB2 to loop bootload from the iso file (see SystemRescueCD web for that)
Install GRUB2 onto HDD1 MBR and HDD1 /boot partition
Configure grub.cfg of such GRUB2 to boot form your Linux root on HDD1 and a chainload to HDD0 (not to any partition on HDD0)
Test GRUB2 boots all options correctly, just test chain load goes correct... when booting Windows and TrueCrypt will ask for passphrase just reboot, do not loose time to boot the Windows itself
Install Ubuntu on HDD1 root partition and tell it to install it own grub on HDD1 root partition where your main Linux Ubuntu files goes so it does not touch HDD1 /boot partition at all

That is the tricky!!!

The idea: Use another medium to do the actual boot menu where you can select waht to boot.

Personally on my netbook i have this chain:

/boot with GRUB2 menu with options to boot: WindowsVista, Windows7, Linux Ubuntu 32bits, Linux Ubuntu 64Bits, SystemRescueCD.iso, memtext86+, floppy, ... etc
If i select Linux Ubuntu 32Bits... it will load another diferent GRUB2 with options: Go Back (boot from HDD MBR), Kernel X, Kernel X debug, Kernel Y, Kernel Y debug, etc...
If i select Linux Ubuntu 64Bits... it will load another diferent GRUB2 with options: Go Back (boot from HDD MBR), Kernel X, Kernel X debug, Kernel Y, Kernel Y debug, etc...

This is the idea... have in the boot process more than one GRUB!!

Why more than one? Easy... in case the system updates the Grub it does not touch the one i use as a boot menu, simple and efective.

Now, the TrueCrypt problem... if it encypts the system partition it need to be onto the MBR it do not let you any other way (except RecoveryCD).

So if TrueTrypt encrypts a Windows system partition, better let it the full disk

Hey! Linux also can be installed on same disk as Windows for performance... and data on the other...

First HDD with:

/dev/sda -> TrueCrypt loader (The MBR)
/dev/sda0 -> Windows encrypted by TrueCrypt (some GBs)
/dev/sda1 -> Linux Ubuntu / (some GBs) it will hold another Grub, a subfolder called boot and all system files, etc...

Second HDD with:

/dev/sdb -> GRUB2 loader (The MBR) i will reference it as "BootMenu"
/dev/sdb1 -> /boot for GRUB2 "BootMenu" (512MB if you want on it SystemRescueCD.iso file)
/dev/sdb2 -> NTFS partition for DATA seen on Windows and Linux (if not encrypted) as a

Hope you will get to it.

I had explained as this just thinking you know how to boot from a CD, configure BIOS, create partitions, install GRUB2, etc...

This is not for noobs. Has very advances techniques steps and is not a HowTo...

It is only the idea to boot from another media, such other media (a CD, Floppy, etc) will contain a Boot menu that let select to boot from First HDD or from a partition, etc... in other words GRUB2.

Hope you find it usefull.


Well, one could try zero'ing the raw block device to see if that can work. If you can write to that then you may be able to create a clean partition table, create a new partition and format that.

Suppose the USB stick is on /dev/sdc,  first make sure /dev/sdc1 is unmounted:

umount /dev/sdc1

See if you can then clear the partition table, say by copying a bunch of zeros over the first few K

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=512 count=16

If that works, see if you can write zeros to the whole device without it failing.  To easily see if the kernel can't write to the device, first clear the current kernel messages and throw them away using:

sudo dmesg -c > /dev/null

..then zero the entire device:

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=1M

..this will take a while. dd will complete when the raw block device is completely written to, or an error has occurred.

Then, check to see if the kernel has complained about the device, using:

dmesg

..if you see a load of error messages then you know that the USB stick is probably not in good condition.

However, if this works fine run fdisk or parted to create the partitions from clean, e.g. with fdisk I use:

sudo fdisk /dev/sdc
Command (m for help): n
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-7796735, default 2048): <return>
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-7796735, default 7796735): <return>
Command (m for help): t
Hex code (type L to list codes): 6
Command (m for help): w

..note just press return for the First and Last sector questions, fdisk will chose the correct defaults (which will be different to my example above).  And then format the partition with VFAT:

sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdc1

and then remove and re-insert the drive. It should be cleanly formatted.


How do I set up Netgear wireless connection in Linux Ubuntu 12.04

Sounds weard. Do you have your ethernet drivers functioning? if yes, check this:
On linux forms

...btw: for synaptic, open a terminal (menu.accesories) and type:

  sudo apt-get install synaptic -y

after that it will apear in your apps menu. Or simply type in a terminal

  synaptic &


How do I check what version of 'cifs-utils' I have installed?

You can see the version and where it comes from with this command:

apt-cache policy cifs-utils

With this command you can see all the files that the package installs:

apt-file list cifs-utils

cifs-utils: /etc/request-key.d/cifs.idmap.conf
cifs-utils: /etc/request-key.d/cifs.spnego.conf
cifs-utils: /sbin/mount.cifs
cifs-utils: /usr/bin/cifscreds
cifs-utils: /usr/bin/getcifsacl
cifs-utils: /usr/bin/setcifsacl
cifs-utils: /usr/sbin/cifs.idmap
cifs-utils: /usr/sbin/cifs.upcall
cifs-utils: /usr/share/doc/cifs-utils/NEWS.Debian.gz
cifs-utils: /usr/share/doc/cifs-utils/README
cifs-utils: /usr/share/doc/cifs-utils/changelog.Debian.gz
cifs-utils: /usr/share/doc/cifs-utils/copyright
cifs-utils: /usr/share/man/man1/cifscreds.1.gz
cifs-utils: /usr/share/man/man1/getcifsacl.1.gz
cifs-utils: /usr/share/man/man1/setcifsacl.1.gz
cifs-utils: /usr/share/man/man8/cifs.idmap.8.gz
cifs-utils: /usr/share/man/man8/cifs.upcall.8.gz
cifs-utils: /usr/share/man/man8/mount.cifs.8.gz

As you can see it installs /sbin/mount.cifs.

And finally with this command you can check if all the md5sums are correct:

dlocate -md5check cifs-utils


Those look like tab indicators. The text editor should have an option like "Show tabs" or "Show whitespace" that you could turn off.


Installing Ubuntu 32-bit as Virtual Machine(VirtualBox) in Windows 7 - Question

No it will not effect your windows 7 os. Because the hard drive is virtual, you cannot edit the real hard drive it is stored on. So you should erase the vm "hard drive".


Ooh... that is a tough one.

I'd recommend, if you have any friends with Ubuntu, to visit them and ask them, in your nicest voice, to please make you a startup USB drive.

Or, if the computer you're using to post this question is an Ubuntu machine, then download the .iso of the release you want, and then open "Startup Disk Creator" and use that to 'burn' the Live USB. (I think it might do something slightly differently with the Startup Disk Creator, as opposed to merely extracting the files to a USB stick.)
I'd recommend getting an empty flash drive / USB stick, and setting all available space to be used for "changes." I believe that the "changes" include settings changed, files downloaded, and programs that you installed.

The key is: use the Startup Disk Creator utility, with the "Erase Drive" options instead of merely unzipping the .iso to a USB stick.

Tell me if you have any luck, or if you still have problems.


Why are you trying to use the terminal? If you are using a system with a GUI, you may use the following command:

xdg-open http://www.google.com

However, if you have no GUI, you'll either need to install the GUI version, or use

wget http://www.google.com

and nano to read the HTML you get. Not sure why you want this, though.


Best way to get up-to-date kernel with Kubuntu

The best and the only supported way is to install the officially supported 4.8 kernel by running

sudo apt install linux-generic-hwe-16.04

It will get updates from the Ubuntu repositories.


Ubuntu 16.04 PHP 7.0 doesn´t work with sybase database

The sybase_connect() function was removed in PHP 7.0.0.

Source: http://php.net/manual/en/function.sybase-connect.php

An answer was posted on Stack Overflow: PHP7 - Connect to sybase database


Use this command to see your kernel version:

uname -a

If your kernel version is 4.4 so you can update your kernel to 4.10 with this command:

sudo apt install --install-recommends linux-generic-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-hwe-16.04

this kernel support amdgpu.


Yes, you can. At this time Kingsoft office (known as WPS office in China) has a official beta version for Linux, you can found more information in their official website.

After installing the debian installer, the office suite is initially in Chinese locale. To make it in English, you can

cd /opt/kingsoft/wps-office/office6/cfgs
sudo nano setup.cfg

Then change the line “UILanguage=2052” to

UILanguage=default


Evolution 3.18.5.2 cannot access Gmail on Ubuntu 16.04

Apparently you are faced with an authentication issue on the Gmail side. This may come from a settings issue in Evolution. Therefore let me post my preferences that had always worked:
Receiving mail:

Sending mail:

On first send/receive command for this Gmail account you will be asked for your password.


To Install Oracle Virtualbox:

Step 1:
Open your favorite editor (nano in my case) and create the file (virutalbox.list) to add repository as:

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list

Add the following and save the file

deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian xenial contrib

Step 2:
Download and add the key

wget https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc
sudo apt-key add oracle_vbox_2016.asc

Step 3:
Update software sources (as usual)

sudo apt-get update

Step 4:
Finally, Install Virtualbox (current version is 5.1)

sudo apt-get install virtualbox-5.1

Finally:

To run Virtualbox Open Dash (press SUPER key) and type something like "virtual" then click on Oracle VM VirtualBox icon.


How to check if last command succeeded and make that command auto accept prompts?

This bash script should work, however I did not test it.
It does literally check if last command status is different then 0 (OK) if not then (FAIL).

#!/bin/bash
mdadm --auto=yes ...
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo OK
else
    echo FAIL
fi

Read the manual here: http://www.linuxmanpages.com/man8/mdadm.8.php it says more about parameters and the flag --auto.
Also it should tell you more about return status codes, so you can add the case scenarios to your bash script.


understanding duplicity output - confusing file names

An except from the official man page:

Duplicity incrementally backs up files and folders into tar-format volumes
encrypted with GnuPG and places them to a remote (or local) storage backend.
See chapter URL FORMAT for a list of all supported backends
and how to address them. Because duplicity uses librsync, incremental
backups are space efficient and only record the parts of files that have
changed since the last backup.
Currently duplicity supports deleted files, full Unix permissions,
uid/gid, directories, symbolic links, fifos, etc., but not hard links.

That is the reason you see those tar files and duplicity actually uses the difference between backups sessions to determine what needs to be backed up.

You don't have to back up to another folder as this would re-run the initial backup as though your system was never backed up or is the first time its being backed up.

Note: that the size of the backup ca get very large overtime and take up a lot of space on your external HDD.

Like the man page said the backup files are signed to prevent tampering so unless your not planning to do a fresh backup as it seems in your case don't tamper with the backed up files. It encrypts the files hence the .gpg

The files are stored as .tar files but when a change has been made by the file owner then durring backup a .difftar file will be made that only backs up changes to the original file(s). It creates files with the name duplicity-full and duplicity-inc, here the former was the original backup and the latter the incremental changes that have occurred since the original. It will then use a patching system to restore files. Like the man page says if you remove a duplicity-full then a restoration will not be possible.

To deal with the huge size of the backup over time I simply delete the original folder (duplicity), after I am sure of no interruptions with a fresh backup process. Then I run a fresh backup, please note this is my own style and preference when dealing with the huge backup size as my system is quite large.

References:

Ubuntu: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DuplicityBackupHowto

man: http://www.nongnu.org/duplicity/duplicity.1.html


VirtualBox unresponsive after a forced power down

I also faced this problem after a reboot post-upgrading to 12.04 from 11.xx. I simply remove the virtualbox from Ubuntu Software Center and reinstall it after a reboot. It works just fine without loosing current OS we installed on the virtualbox.


Unity greeter background on Xubuntu 12.04

Install dconf-editor from the Software Center and then "change" your background editing the  entry in dconf. That way it will read correctly your background (probably xfce and gnome store the "background" value in different ways, so this way you are telling lightdm where is the background in the "gnome" way.
I'm trying this right now


Getting output from a cron job on the terminal

The dirty way could be to redirect the output of your program to the pts file of an already existing terminal.

To know the pts file just type tty command

~$ tty
/dev/pts/4

then your crontab would be:

0 07-17 * * * /home/dat/scripts/cron.out > /dev/pts/4

Another way could be to launch the program as an argument of the terminal:

xfce4-terminal --command=/home/dat/scripts/cron.out --display=:0.0 -H

where display is the X display where you want to show the terminal, -H is to tell the terminal to stay open after the command is terminated.
This will create every time a new terminal.

crontab:

0 07-17 * * * /usr/bin/xfce4-terminal --display=:0.0 -H --command=/home/dat/scripts/cron.out

if the display is not present you will have an error logged by syslog.


Switched from ubuntu to xubuntu only the UI has changed not the os

Right click on the panel on top and go to panel preferences. You can add or delete the items you want on there. Xubuntu has this panel item called notification manager that is not there in the default xfce desktop. Some of the notifications such as clock and power manager are repeated here. You can either remove these in the notification manager preferences which can be accessed from panel preferences or you can remove the xfce items.

As for the screensaver, Xscreensaver is what ships with the default xfce desktop. I faced the same problem when I switched from kubuntu to xubuntu. I was unable to find a solution and just did a fresh install of xubuntu. Maybe someone else can suggest a solution to this problem.


The real problem I see with the instructions you posted is that they ask for an older version of g++: installing a different library version is relatively simple, installing and running a different compiler is no small feat.  In addition, the instructions do not tell what version of g++ you should be using...

If I were to do this, I would proceed as follows:

As a search in the Ubuntu package archive reveals, no Ubuntu version has wxWindows 2.4.2; dapper has 2.4.4, hardy and jaunty have 2.4.5.  This could be a compatible version (patchlevel numbers do not change the API) but one can only know by trying...
They should have likely the correct g++ as well (since it was used to compile the Ubuntu package).
Install the deboostrap program, and use it to install a copy of an older Ubuntu in a directory foo:

sudo deboostrap jaunty foo/
Download the sources and place them in some directory under foo/
Use chroot to get into the older environment and compile:

$ sudo -s
# chroot foo/
(foo)# cd /source/directory; make

Note that, while in a chroot, you can only access files under foo/ -- this has become the new root directory (just exit the shell to get back to normal).

You can also use a virtual machine instead of a chroot environment (replace steps 2., 4.); IMHO, chroots allow for more seamless usage although they can be a bit trickier to set up.


How to uninstall dualboot Ubuntu 14 and Windows 8.1 dualboot

There exists a graphical frontend to tweak GRUB's configuration: 'grub-customizer'. I'll give you the link to where you find how to install it on Ubuntu. With this tool you can perform the settings described in the comments above without manually editing vital config files by just a few clicks. Maybe this can even help you to change GRUB in a way that you will like it. Greetings and have fun with it!

How to install grub-customizer


ufw delete allow 'Nginx HTTP': Could not delete non-existent rule, but it does exist

From man ufw, the command ufw app list

list[s] the names of application profiles known to ufw

(these are all the profiles stored in the /etc/ufw/applications.d/ directory). The output does not imply that rules for those profiles have been added to the running firewall - to see that information, use
ufw status verbose


How do I fix an invalid JDownloader jar?

I think Jdownloader installer don't really install the software. The first time you run it it will download the jar to your home folder.

You should try to rename or remove the folder named .Jdownloader in your home folder. To see the folder use Ctrl+H. Then try to open the JDownloader again.

Hope it helps


Chrome is developed by Google and it is unlikely they will integrate kget directly into it.

If you look through the Chrome Web store and search for 'download manager' you will get quite a few extensions available - I cannot vouch for how well any of them work as I use the built in Chrome download manager.


One of the most popular UPS companies is APC.

To monitor and powerdown my server I have been using apcupsd which has lots of options and a comprehensive userguide for setting it up. It has worked well with my APC Smart-UPS 700VA for many years.

You may find that you need to spend a bit more to get a UPS unit that has a serial/usb cable to communicate power status with the server.


Clean your cache and redownload the packages sudo apt-get clean sudo apt-get autoclean, then try with sudo apt-get install -f , I've been getting these errors too.


Yes, install zfs-fuse: sudo apt-get install zfs-fuse
After that actually the zfs-fuse init script will mount it for you.
Manually you can issue: sudo zfs mount -a


Ubuntu 14.04LTS lost LAN after lastest update at May 13 2016

Yup, same here. eth0 and wlan0 were missing when ifconfig was run. ifconfig -a did show both of those.

The fix:

Add following to /etc/network/interfaces:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet DHCP

This should enable the wired Ethernet for you, and hopefully that should connect you to the Internet.

Check for software updates. There are network related fixes offered.
Manually run: sudo NetworkManager. This shold get back your Wi-Fi now.

Hope this helps. Please confirm if this works, so others will know, too. Cheers!


Can /mnt be safely excluded from system backup? What is BootInfo and boot-sav?

I now believe boot-sav is something boot-repair (for fixing uefi boots of Ubuntu) depends on, so I think these mount points must have been created by boot-repair when I ran it, in the course of it probing my partitions. Hence, I think they can safely be deleted, and safely ignored from any backups...

Happy to be corrected by someone who knows more.


Go to your terminal and try the following two commands. Press enter after each one.

sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt-get -f install

You could also try

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

if the first commands do not work.


Is it safe to run a GUI program as another user?

For security purposes, assume that programs that have access to your X display can do whatever they want, including snooping on your clipboard, sending fake keystrokes to another application and other non-niceties. X just wasn't designed with isolation in mind.

For the curious or paranoid, read Secure Linux Desktop and Passive and active attacks via X11. Is Wayland any better?. For the extremely paranoid, check out Qubes, which is based on virtualized Linux instances, each running its own X server.

If you're concerned about running untrusted X applications, you must run them on a separate X display, in addition to running them as a different user (or better, in a different (virtual) machine). You can run a separate X server and display it in a nested X window in various ways: through a virtual machine (VirtualBox, VMware, …), with a remote X server such as VNC which you just happen to connect to locally, or with a special-purpose X-in-X program such as Xnest or Xephyr.

If you're concerned about social engineering attacks, that's a different problem. Social engineering targets the user; the only way to avoid them is to leave the user out.


How to have a different ip on same network access a samba server

Did you assign a second ip-address to the interface of the samba server.
You can only see it on 192.168.20.xxx not on 192.168.1.xxx. even if it is on the same wire.
I suggest you add 192.168.1.201.
An other option is to widen the network mask on your networks to 255.255.0.0.
This will make one large network with to subsets. one is not visible to the outside world.


The command to look what to install is:

apt-cache search nvclock

this gives as output:

nvclock - Overclock an NVIDIA card
nvclock-gtk - Overclock an NVIDIA card (GTK+ interface)
nvclock-qt - Overclock an NVIDIA card (Qt interface)

So the command to install nvclock and nvclock-gtk is:

apt-get install nvclock nvclock-gtk


How does one burn an iso image to a dvd using windows 8? Specifically Ubuntu 12.04LTS

When the Burn Disk Option isn't available in the menu when right clicking on an ISO image:

Right click on the ISO -> Choose Properties.

On the General tab
Change the "Opens with" option to "Windows Explorer".  Click Apply.

Go back. Right click on ISO -> Burn Disk Image. (Now the option is available)

That's it.


What is the risk and impact of turning off KPTI?

Before we go to hard facts, let me voice my opinion that your comparison between viruses and exploits for Spectre and Meltdown are a bit skewed: there are >1 million viruses out there and no exploits for Spectre and Meltdown at the time of this writing: only Proof of Concept (PoC) code, but the NSA, CIA,BSI, ФСБ and other three-letter organisations are very probably running overtime now to come up with exploits.

Secondly, risk cannot be taken into account all by itself without talking about impact as well, so that's why I added that to your question.

Now onto the hard facts:

Today the number of exploits is 0 (as far was we know), so the risk is low.(Cost: high. Benefit: Low)
In the future, the number of exploits will increase, so the risk will increase linearly.(Cost: High. Benefit: Medium.)
If you would decide not to implement the patches, and you would be hit by an exploit in the future, the impact will be high as this is a side-channel vulnerability(Cost: High. Benefit: High)
If you would be running in a virtual environment with Ubuntu as the host system, the impact would be very high as the VMs on the same physical host would be able to inspect each other's memory...(Cost: High. Benefit: Extremely High)


Try this one :

sudo apt-get clean
cd /var/lib/apt
sudo mv lists lists.old
sudo mkdir -p lists/partial
sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update


how can I adjust gnome shell top bar icon alignment on ubuntu 20.04

I think I found a solution.
https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/355/status-area-horizontal-spacing/

This extension helps adjust icons' padding.


Don't know password, how do I set a new one?

Ubuntu has a recovery boot option. Don't know your version, you may need to insert install media and do renovery boot. This gives a root shell. Mount your lost-password-file-system to a new folder. Use the chroot command. Then just use passwd as normal, because your root it'll run smoothly.


Why does "nautilus --version" display "segmentation fault"?

This is a known bug that will hopefully be resolved at some point in the near future. In the meantime, it’s probably best to not check the Nautilus version until after its next update


Ubuntu 16.04 takes a long time for login to desktop

run this command and open the file bootup-01.svg in your home directory to see an analyze of yoour system's boot, it may help.

systemd-analyze plot > bootup-01.svg

And/Or run systemd-analyze blame to see what's taking its time on boot.


gedit – Location on disk of profiles' settings

Color Schemes can be placed in the following locations:

# global
/usr/share/gtksourceview-3.0/styles
# for user
~/.local/share/gtksourceview-3.0/styles

or

# global
/usr/share/gedit/styles
# for user
~/.local/share/gedit/styles

If the directories do not exist, you can simply create them.


Try to update the  video drivers with the package xserver-xorg-video-all.

sudo apt-get install linux-headers-generic xserver-xorg-video-all libgl1-mesa-glx libgl1-mesa-dri xserver-xorg-core


No WebGL support for Google Chrome on Ubuntu 14.04

For WebGL to work in Google Chrome (and Chromium), Here are the steps to enable WebGL in Google Chrome.

Step 1: Open Google Chrome

Step 2: Type chrome://flags in the address bar

Step 3: Press Ctrl + f and type ” Rendering list “, “Override software rendering list”
should come up, Now click on Enable and restart the browser.

Step 4: Completely kill Chrome: Type killall chrome into a console.

Step 5: Start Chrome

  Now check      chrome://gpu/

  http://webglreport.com/

Source


Dreamweaver 8 Not Starting on Ubuntu 10.04

Enabling Mdac27 and 28 within Wine Tricks seems to have fixed the issue. If anyone else has this issue type ./winetricks in a terminal windows.
Select the default wineprefix
Install a Windows Component or DLL
Then select Mdac27 and Mdac28 and follow any on screen commands you have.


How to install .deb file from within preinst script?

It is not needed to use a preinst script to install .deb files. You can simply add dependencies and then package using an archive, and any dependencies and pre-depends will be automatically installed.


It's exactly what it says, this ppa doesn't have packages for trusty yet. You have to wait for the developers to release packages for trusty or try to install the saucy packages manually. See here: http://ppa.launchpad.net/apt-fast/stable/ubuntu/dists/ no trusty.


Unable to install google chrome and libappindicator1

1. I downloaded the .deb file from the official web page.

2. And later I entered the command you've already written:

sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

(I have 64-bit architecture thats why I downloaded the amd64)

3. Then I downloaded the missing file

sudo apt-get install libappindicator1

Then I got an error about, libappindicator7... and APT suggested I run the command:

apt-get -f install

Without arguments.

Next it asks if you want to install both libappindicator1 and libappindicator7. You type y.

4. And finally you execute the first command again...

sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

Then it works!

Note: I didn't tell you to run those commands with libappindicator first.. because maybe you would get another error about "missing files" so the first dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb would tell you what you needed.


Thinkpad E540 setting VFS5011 Fingerprint by using fingerprint-gui: No Devices Found!

Have you tried setting the permissions for /dev/bus/usb/003/004 to 666 mode? try this command:

sudo chmod 666 /dev/bus/usb/003/004

Or try running fingerprint-gui with sudo command to grant root permissions. that probably solves the problem.

Let us know if it works or not. I have the same problem with my sensor, but it seems that the driver is missing for me. Usually thinkpad uses the Upek brand for sensors, but for x1 apparently they have decided to go with Validity Sensors Inc.

Cheers,


The error message you're seeing, while technically accurate, tends to lead people on wild goose chases. The problem is not the partition table type; it's the boot mode. Specifically, your existing Ubuntu installation was in EFI mode and used the GUID Partition Table (GPT), but you booted your Windows installation medium in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode using a feature called the Compatibility Support Module (CSM). When booted in BIOS mode, the Windows installer insists on installing to an MBR disk, not to a GPT disk.

The solution is to ensure that your Windows installation medium supports EFI-mode booting, and boot it in that mode, either by disabling the CSM or by using firmware-specific features to boot in EFI mode. You can probably disable the CSM using your firmware setup utility, but the details of how to do this vary greatly from one EFI to another. Ensuring that the Windows installation medium supports EFI-mode booting requires using the right tool to prepare the boot medium, and I'm not an expert on that subject for Windows boot media. You may want to ask on a Windows forum about that.

I have written a web page about this subject you may want to read; however, my page is written from the perspective of a system with Windows pre-installed and the user wants to install Linux, not the other way around. The principles involved are the same, but some important details (like preparing the OS installation boot medium) differ. (I'm not 100% positive, but I think Rufus will write either Linux or Windows installation images, though.)

Note also that Windows will set its boot loader as the default after it installs. Ubuntu is smarter about detecting Windows and providing a Windows boot option. This is why most instructions suggest installing Windows first and Ubuntu second. If you're re-installing everything from scratch, this is the way to go. If your Ubuntu installation still boots, though, you can install Windows second and then use any of several tools to adjust the boot order after Windows is installed. The third-party EasyUEFI is likely to be the best choice for this task. You'll then need to run sudo update-grub to have GRUB detect Windows and offer it as an option.


Connection failed - Activation of network connection failed

Today other devices started failing to connect so I rebooted the router and that solved the problem.
Apologies I should have tried that before posting my question. Thank you for the help anyway.


Linux dropfolder where users can't delete files

Unfortunately, your problem is not solvable so easily. If a user has write permission in a directory, he can also delete files. Even if he wasn't able to delete them, he could still fill a file with zeros, which would be a deletion of data, but not of the filesystem node.

An idea which I once used:

You create a cronjob, which recusively removes the write permission of every file in a directory tree (like every file in /home/guest).

Note that you can't simply use chmod g-w -R /home/guest. This would take the write bit off the directories too, making it impossible to place new files there. So you'd need to iterate over every file and remove it's group write bit.

The interval of the cronjob execution is up to you - back then I set it to 10 minutes. I don't know your environment, so I can't give you a recommendation.

Unfortunately I don't have this script any more, so you'll have to do some bash scripting to get it to work. But seriously, I doubt that this is an efficient method.


Not able to change permission of files/folder shared in samba

The problem is because you use POSIX-specific command (chmod) to change non-POSIX-compliant filesystem (NTFS). The chown command also does not work on such filesystems. To change permissions on NTFS shares you should use mount options.

From man mount.ntfs:

OPTIONS
       Below is a summary of the options that ntfs-3g accepts.

       uid=value and gid=value
              Set the owner and the group of files and directories. The values
              are  numerical.  The defaults are the uid and gid of the current
              process.
...
       permissions
              Set  standard  permissions  on  created  files  and use standard
              access control.  This option is set by default when a user  map‐
              ping file is present.

So, instead of using

chmod 766 /mnt/Format

use

mount -o uid=UID,permissions,remount /mnt/Format

See man mount.ntfs for further help. There is nice EXAMPLES section which helps understanding how mounting works.


You don't have the permissions to save the file!

Try using the command:
lsattr
.If the file has the attribute i you have to use:
chattr -i yourfile
.That solves the problem and will let you edit it.


How do I share samba via Open VPN? Is that possible?

In short: Make sure that samba accepts connections from the VPN subnet.

In more detail (from the OpenVPN wiki):

Next, edit your Samba configuration file (smb.conf). Make sure the hosts allow directive will permit OpenVPN clients coming from the 10.8.0.0/24 subnet to connect. For example:

hosts allow = 10.66.0.0/24 10.8.0.0/24 127.0.0.1

If you are running the Samba and OpenVPN servers on the same machine, you may want to edit the interfaces directive in the smb.conf file to also listen on the TUN interface subnet of 10.8.0.0/24:

interfaces  = 10.66.0.0/24 10.8.0.0/24

If you are running the Samba and OpenVPN servers on the same machine, connect from an OpenVPN client to a Samba share using the folder name:

\\10.8.0.1\\sharename

(10.66.0.0 is the home subnet in their example, 10.8.0.0 is the VPN subnet)

Afterwards, restart the samba service to take the new configuration into account:

sudo service smbd restart


Official .deb WPS Office very slow in opening file - snap version fixes the problem - Why?

Yes, installing wps from snap will achieve a better speed of startup, but it is still slow (2-3 seconds, right?).
The reason why wps is slow in startup is due to conflict between wps and ibus. I know this is hard to believe, but if you install fcitx and set it to the default input method and restart your computer, you will find wps (installed from .deb, not from snap) starts in 1 second. This is tested on my machine.
If you do not want to install fcitx immediately but wonder whether it is the fault of ibus, you can run ibus exit and see whether the startup of wps speed up, but I did not do this ever and cannot guarantee the effect.


Nautilus thumbnails don't appear in 14.04

just do this

sudo rm -rf ~/.thumbnails/* ~/.cache/thumbnails/*


You seem to be a bit confused.  There is no single one thing that is known as "linux".  There are many linux versions, as blessed by Linus Torvalds, and then there are many slightly different versions of that, employed by different vendors.  Whichever kernel a given host machine is running is the one kernel on that particular system, and is shared by all containers running on that machine, but that is not to say that is the exact same kernel running on another machine.


Boot Screen w/ GNU GRUB Purple and Black Overlay After Installing Nvidia Drivers

This is a regression introduced recently (GRUB version 2.02~beta3-4ubuntu7.2). This is fixed now and the fix has been released. Update your system by running

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

which should update GRUB to version 2.02~beta3-4ubuntu7.3 and your GRUB screen should look like before now.


How to install a second version of Audacity?

Installing a new version from a regular Ubuntu/Debian package will overwrite your current version. Ubuntu's package management does not support installing multiple versions of the same package.

Your option is to build from source and specify a different install dir, check the following instructions:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompilingEasyHowTo

On your case during the source configure phase you will need to use:

./configure --prefix=/opt/audacious1.2.6

This will make sure the files will be installed into /opt/audacious1.2.6 .


Syncevolution (syncevo-dbus-server) autostart in 13.10

Syncevolution binaries are NOT compiled for Evolution-data-server >=3.6. So for Ubuntu >=13.10 you must use Sebastian Heinlein's ppa.

Add the ppa from launchpad.net/~glatzor/+archive/syncevolution.

And then install syncevolution using sudo apt-get install syncevolution syncevolution-dbus.

In newer version, dbus-server can be found under /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/syncevolution/ folder.


Best collaborative task manager for Ubuntu and Android?

Hands down Producteev

It supports the sharing your looking for, and has a windows, web, and mac, version. The web verison (in conjunction with the unity web app stuff) works exceptionally well. (in fact the windows and mac versions seem like webkit wrappers anyway)

I can accept tasks from email, im, or some other inputs (including the apps of course). It has decent tagging. There are iOS and Android apps as well.


Have a look at additional drivers and see if there is a driver that you can install/activate. Always choose the suggested one to start with.

System -> Admin -> Additional drivers.

Mine looks like this:

Yours should have 1 or 2 nVidia drivers in it. After you select it it will prompt for your password, install the driver and tell you to reboot. After you do it should automatically switch from Classic to Ubuntu. If not log out and after selecting your user name look at the bottom for a drop down box where you can choose classic and ubuntu.


How to offer KDE, Unity and Gnome3 desktop login selection?

If you install Kubuntu across all computers (which I would suggest since it seems like you have decided that KDE will be the default desktop environment), users who want to run Unity or Gnome Shell can run either of the following commands:

For Unity:

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

For Gnome Shell (commonly referred to as Gnome3):

sudo apt-get install gnome-shell

Or Gnome Fallback (similar to classic Gnome)

sudo apt-get install gnome-fallback

Alternatively either package can be searched for and installed from Ubuntu-Software-Center.

Users will then be able to choose their desired desktop session when they log in. (this will be automatically set up, and should be fairly obvious, I just forget how KDE's login screen shows it, so I won't say exactly).


pulseaudio not working : "Home directory not accessible: Permission denied"

Ok, I got it in the end.

It was a permission problem with my home folder and pulseaudio.

Run the following command to fix the $HOME directory permissions for the current $USER:

sudo chown -R $USER:$USER $HOME/

I used http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-software-2/problem-with-pulse-audio-834041/ and http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6208727 as sources.

The solution for me was to fix the permissions using the following command: sudo chown -R lionel:lionel /home/lionel and then using pavucontrol to unmute the output.

The gnome indicator is still greyed but music is back, and that's a good thing.


How do you install Ubuntu on an Intel RST RAID-0?

Sometimes it's better to tell a user:
Please don't do this!
My machine came pre-installed with an Intel RST RAID-0 Windows 10 installation and the first thing I did was did was to remove the RAID-0 as no RAID is better then RAID-0!!!
I followed the following steps to accomplish this:

Take a CloneZilla Live UEFI backup of the pre-installed Windows 10 environment on an external disk.

Download RTSCLI64 V 13.2.0_1016

Patch it to ignore driver version checking.

Boot into the Windows 10 Recovery environment command prompt and delete the RAID array with the patched RSTCLI64:
  rstcli64 --manage --delete OEMRAID0

Now you have 2 SSDs with a size exactly half of your original RAID-0.

Restore the CloneZilla Image to my first SSD by editing the sda-pt.parted file to allow it to be restored onto a smaller disk

Start gparted live to allow gparted to fix the unallocated space as I did not calculate the exact dimensions of the disk.

installed Ubuntu on my second SSD.

If you insist on living dangerously there is only one option if you want dual boot:
1. Take a full system backup using CloneZilla Live as you've partitioned space using Windows tools already.
2. Boot into Ubuntu Live by using Try Ubuntu.
3. Open a terminal.
4. Run the command dmraid --erase_metadata --raid_devices /dev/XdY where X and Y denote the SSDs you're using
5. Install Ubuntu using the install icon of your live session.
And most important of all: Don't come back and complain you've crashed and burned: Restore your CloneZilla Backup instead.


call shell script from php when ubuntu 14.04 (rightly) disables the shell for www-data

Sounds like you're in safe mode. That's fine but it does give you the option of allowing certain commands if they're defined in safe_mode_exec_dir. That would be the first thing I looked at. Create a directory, add your script in there, set safe_mode_exec_dir to that directory and see if it runs.

Edit: Hmm, if you're on 14.04 it's probably not safe mode. That was removed in 5.4 and you should be on 5.5

If that doesn't work or isn't feasible, consider a non-interactive method. Have your PHP write to a file called needstorun and then have another script (running as another user) check that file on a regular basis. I'd use a cron line like this (run crontab -e as the user it's going to run as)

*/5 * * * *    [ -f /path/to/needstorun ] && rm /path/to/needstorun && /path/to/script

That's obviously only going to offer you a staggered approach but that might not be a bad idea.


You should try downloading the ISO disk image from https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Lubuntu/GetLubuntu
, under the Standard PC section, and then the PC 64 disk standard image disk option.
Then, get a usb stick, plug it into your computer, then, using the Universal USB Installer, which can be found at http://www.pendrivelinux.com/
, select the distribution in the Universal USB installer program, select the downloaded ISO file, the USB stick(which should be large enough to hold the distribution), and transfer the ISO to the USB.
Once the program says everything is done, eject the USB stick from the computer and plug it into your tablet computer. Power on the tablet computer, access the boot menu, and boot off of the USB stick. The rest should be easy, just follow the instructions.

NOTE: If you are planning on doing a dual boot, be careful about how you partition(divide) your disk space. You may not be able to change it later. If you are not going to be storing games or pictures on your Lubuntu partition, then you should make that partition smaller than the windows partition, since Linux generally takes up less space than Windows.


Dual OS ubuntu with windows 8.1 install not working for Hp ac024tx

Have you check your BIOS config?...Should be on UEFI and CMOS for dual installing, before installing Ubuntu.
Now, your win partitions are not shown? or they lost in the process(Ubuntu takes all the space?)
Once the win partition does not appear, cant acces from Ubuntu to the Win disk, dont know what happened but i try to install Ubuntu again and just work.
If Ubuntu takes all, check if installing Win, or yourself, make extra partitions. Let Ubuntu do that Job, its very easy with default tool.

Hope it helps


Most of the Printers and scanners can perform their basic functions in Ubuntu without additional drivers. You can Install basic printer drivers and scanner drivers and see weather it works.

Scanner drivers:

Sudo apt-get install sane xsane xsane-common sane-utils libsane libsane-common libsane-dbg libsane-dev libsane-extras libsane-extras-common libsane-extras-dbg libsane-extras-dev

Printer Drivers :

sudo apt-get install cups-client cups-common cups-core-drivers cups-daemon cups-filters cups-ppdc cups-server-common debconf ghostscript libavahi-client3 libavahi-common3 libc-bin libc6 libcups2 libcupscgi1 libcupsimage2 libcupsmime1 libcupsppdc1 libgcc1 libstdc++6 libusb-1.0-0 lsb-base poppler-utils procps


What virtualization software are you planning to use?  I run Oracle VirtualBox, and it has a setting in the "Storage" segment of the settings screen that will allow you to select the .iso image as an actual CD-ROM.

In the same area, set your drive boot sequence to boot from the cd device, and start up the virtual machine.


Slight stuttering when moving windows in fresh 12.04 install

Same Problem here.

Changing nvidia driver helped (me too, I tried different ones), but none
has really resolved the problem.
It was terrible when freshly installed: The vertical window-borders acted like rerendering, while the horizontal lines moved more or less smoothly.
Whit the nvidia-driver named below (and installed like the first link says), it solved half of the problem: the vertical flickering of the window-borders is gone, but the overall-feel is still a bit slaggy and sticky - far from being smooth.
It's kind of strange: displaying HD-videos is smooth, while moving windows around is slaggy...
I ended up using the 304.51-driver by updating the 295.49.

http://www.unixmen.com/201205-nvidea-295-49-has-been-released/

...if you feel like german, this site helped me a lot:

http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Grafikkarten/Nvidia/nvidia

lenovo t420 i7 ssd |
ubuntu 12.04 32bit |
nvidia card: NVS 4200m |
nvidia driver: 304.51

edit:
actually, here is what I did:

fresh install of ubuntu 12.04 32 bit
check (lenovos) bios-settings to be: display: "discrete" graphic and nvidia-optimus: "disabled"!
installing all proposed updates
installing nvidia-driver with:

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ubuntu-x-swat/x-updates
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-current

no(!) activation of the nvidia-driver via additional drivers (this killed my system)
looking at my xorg.conf file (there nvidia is already correctly listed as the active driver in use)

that's all, it removed the flickering (while I still wait for the final smoothness...)

Hope it helped.


Found it. KTorrent was downloading some file from an unknown source. I have no idea where it came from since I have never used torrent before. Anyway I removed KTorrent for good.


localhost/phpmyadmin root password recovery in ubuntu

Without having to restart MySQL, in the default Debian installation (and I assume in Ubuntu too) there is an administrative user with every power that you can use to recover your root password (it is normally used by packages configuration scripts). You can have a MySQL shell with the command:

mysql --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf

Then you can use the same query as suggested by Andy to reset the password.


It is possible to add a CD/DVD install disk as a repository

sudo apt-cdrom add

If you have a multidick set the above command can be repeated for each disk.  However, reinstalling the desktop should only require the first.

Edit your /etc/apt/sources.list. Comment out all repos except the CDROM by putting a # as the first character in the line.

Next update apt and run aptitude

sudo apt-get update
sudo aptitude

** if you don't have aptitude, it should be on the install disk `sudo apt-get install aptitude'

In aptitude, arrow keys navigate up and down, and enter key selects highlighted option.
navigate down to tasks and select. then navigate to the desktop you want to install. press + key to select for installation.
Pressing "g" will bring up a window showing what is going to be done. Pressing 'g' a second time commits the changes. Pressing "q" quits the current window and will exit aptitude if in the top window.

After reinstalling your desktop, reboot. if you get the login, desktop and internet, then revert the changes to /etc/apt/sources.list. Uncomment the normal repos and comment out the CD. Do the following three commands to install the updates and bring you system back current.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

The second link in the refences shows how to add an .iso to the repo.  It is written for debian but should be adaptable to Ubuntu.

Reference:
 Add CDROM to sources -- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptCdrom
 Add .iso to sources  -- https://linuxconfig.org/add-iso-image-to-apt-sourceslist


List all files with multiple hardlinks and related path

Here is my solution with find:

find . -links +1 -type f -name '*' -printf '%i %p\n' | sort

. : search in current directory, you can change it to anything else, e.g: /, ~/ravexina, etc.
-links +1 : only files with more than of 1 link ( >= 2 ).
-type f : only files (not directories, sym links, pipe files, etc).
-name '*': all files with anything in their names no matter what.
-printf '%i %p\n': only print inode, file path and a new line\n.
sort : sort lines based on inodes.


It indicates that bash was started as a login shell. From man bash, section INVOCATION (emphasis mine):

A login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is a -,  or
one started with the --login option.
...
When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a  non-inter‐
active  shell with the --login option, it first reads and executes com‐
mands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists.   After  reading
that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile,
in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one  that
exists  and  is  readable.  The --noprofile option may be used when the
shell is started to inhibit this behavior.

When a login shell exits, bash reads and  executes  commands  from   the
file ~/.bash_logout, if it exists.

$0, of course, is argument zero.

In Ubuntu, typically .profile exists and .bash_profile and .bash_login don't. So, a login shell reads .profile.

See also:

What are login and non-login shells?
Difference between Login Shell and Non-Login Shell?


Installing Ubuntu on Dell inspiron 13 7000

If you completely want to remove windows you can go by this on Ubuntu Installation.

However, I recommend to do this first.

Assuming you use UEFI, Boot into BIOS then disable secure boot and fast startup
this will eliminate most problems encountered upon post-installation of Ubuntu as well as hardware detection.

Use Rufus to for Ubuntu ISO set the scheme to GPT for UEFI then start burning it to your pen drive then boot into it.

After that follow this link with detailed instructions as well as screenshots.

Guide To Ubuntu Installation

Now, Since you are a beginner user you can skip following the disk guide on that link and just use

  Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu

Normally you would want this for the default partition of linux

  WARNING
  "This will certainly overwrite your Windows Partition"

Hope This Helps.


Unable to install Photoshop CC on Ubuntu 12

Photoshop CC is now working by installing following libraries in POL:

POL_Call POL_Install_atmlib
POL_Call POL_Install_corefonts
POL_Call POL_Install_FontsSmoothRGB
POL_Call POL_Install_gdiplus
POL_Call POL_Install_msxml3
POL_Call POL_Install_msxml6
POL_Call POL_Install_tahoma2
POL_Call POL_Install_vcrun2008
POL_Call POL_Install_vcrun2010


Apache packages can be located here. Choose your Ubuntu release from the top of the page (if it's not auto-detected for you) and select the appropriate package for your architecture at the bottom of the page. Follow the instructions provided. Or you can obtain the latest release direct from here.


Why does my .desktop-file in home/USER/.local/share/applications needs to be owned by root?

It seems that the launch icon is owned by your current USER but the installation folder is owned by root. Have you check the permission on /opt/i?


What configuration files in Ubuntu control the graphics drivers in a dual GPU system?

Some log files you can view:

dmesg | grep -i nvidia
journalctl -b | grep -i nvidia
cat /var/log/Xorg.0.log | grep -i nvidia
cat /var/log/nvidia-installer.log #......... Does not exist on my system.

You can also review Q&A's like these:

From Ask Ubuntu: Meaning of files in /var/log/lightdm/ and how to properly read lightdm.log file?
From Ask Ubuntu: Graphics issues after/while installing Ubuntu 16.04/16.10 with NVIDIA graphics
From nVidia website: 384.98 Install Error on Ubuntu 16.04

TL;DR - History of my GTX 970M
I have the same nVidia GTX 970M GPU on an Alienware 17R3 laptop with Skylake i7-6700HQ processor.
I found booting with a live USB the Nouveau graphics work OK and the Intel onboard GT2 HD 530 iGPU is not used.
Initially I installed with Ubuntu's System Settings, Additional Drivers, proprietary drivers version 384.
Much to my chagrin I discovered no sound from the HDMI port because Dell in it's infinite wisdom decided to power off the sound card aspect in the nVidia GTX 970M GPU. This led to lots of hacking into systemd to force sound on. It also probably led to my next problem.
Later I decided to try upgrading proprietary driver version 384 to 390. That was a big mistake because it totally broke the system. I went back to using Intel iGPU graphics instead.
Still later I tried using Nouveau drivers with somewhat limited success. So back to trusted old Intel i915 display driver again.
There are other problems getting screen tearing fixed in initial nVidia 384 driver which although time consuming I was rewarded with no more screen tearing. But the performance of the GTX 970M feel short of the Intel iGPU. For example resizing windows was slower and lagged on the screen.
No one has answered your questions:

What I'm trying to understand now is exactly what configuration in ubuntu is used to configure which graphics drivers are actually loaded?

How do I actually query the kernel to understand what drivers it thinks are available, and which drivers it is using?

Are there logs other than dmesg (with show nothing special) that I should be looking at to debug this?

So I thought I should throw in my 2-cents worth based on my experience--stick with the Intel iGPU to maintain your sanity. Currently I'm working on upgrading 16.04 to 18.04 and have done it 4 times on a test partition. I find the boot process much cleaner with Plymouth starting earlier and finishing later. I will get my nVidia working on a test clone and repeat the recloning process to get it working. This is highly preferable to mucking up my 16.04 LTS installation again!


fractional scaling messes up LibreOffice auto-filters


smartmontols unknown attributes for scandisk SSD


How do I delete var/log files in Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial Xerus)?

As mentioned, you can delete a specific log file with sudo rm /var/log/<FILENAME> or all of them with sudo rm /var/log/*.

I also found this:
du -h /var/log/ 2>/dev/null > ~/fileinfo to list the size and path of every log file. To view the result you can use cat ~/fileinfo


Can I manage Ubuntu workstation through Windows like Local or Global Group Policy?

LikeWise is on the repos, is open source.
Besides there are several ways to do such things; but not on the windows method,
from DHCP scripts to centralized SSH, you can search and try "Migas Free" web app.


SSH remote command execute stays without disconnect when finished execute?

Try redirecting stdin, stdout, and stderr to /dev/null.   For an explanation, see https://serverfault.com/questions/36419/using-ssh-to-remotely-start-a-process.


Live CD 12:04 keeps running - No Welcome Screen

Do you see anything at all when booting to the cd? Did you try hitting ESC right when it starts up? Also, maybe you could try the alternate non-graphical installer. Other than that, maybe it's an acpi issue, or something that's plugged into your computer? If it's an acpi issue, you can temporarily get around that by either setting the f6 option to acpi=off, or if the option exists in the BIOS, you can turn it off there.


ubuntu 16.04 on MacBook Air does not boot

It should be possible to boot Ubuntu directly from rEFInd without involving GRUB. If you don't see such an option, then chances are one of two things is true:

Your rEFInd installation lacks the EFI driver needed to read your Linux kernel. Re-installing rEFInd might fix this problem, but if you followed the procedure described in the page to which you linked exactly, rEFInd was installed after Ubuntu, and so the right driver should already be installed. You could double-check this by using the mountesp script that comes with rEFInd and looking for the appropriate driver. See the rEFInd documentation on drivers for more on this topic.
Your Ubuntu installation went badly wrong in a way that's caused the kernel to not be installed, or perhaps to be installed in some inappropriate location. This possibility could also explain why GRUB isn't working correctly. Unfortunately, I can't be more specific, since there are many ways an Ubuntu installation can go badly wrong, and the symptoms you've described don't pinpoint the problem.

If you can't coax rEFInd into showing you an option to boot Ubuntu directly, you might want to run the Boot Info Script. This will generate a file called RESULTS.txt. Post that file to a pastebin site and post the URL to your document here. This will give us more details about your configuration, which will help us better understand the problem.


What do I select for "GRUB install devices" after an update?

In your case, the correct selection is /dev/sda, the first one. It's the first and only hard disk in your system, whereas /dev/sda1 is a partition on that hard disk. You can install grub on a partition, but it's a "BAD idea".

If you had multiple hard drives and partitions, first find out where your root partition is:

lsblk

(See also: How do I find out what hard disks are in the system?)

You can then install grub on that hard drive. Look for devices labeled "disk" (e.g. "sda", meaning /dev/sda) to install grub into the master boot record (every physical disk device has only one MBR, no matter the partitions).


How do I remove Ubuntu GNOME's "mouse position functions"?

There are varying extensions on https://extensions.gnome.org/ you can use, including:

Insensitive Message Tray - which

  "Renders the bottom message tray insensitive so that it doesn't show
  up automatically when the mouse pointer is placed at the bottom edge
  of the screen. However you can still access the message tray using
  Super+M."

This functionality is also now included the Dask to Dock extension.
No Topleft Hot Corner - which:

  "This extension disables the top left hot corners. You can still
  click on Activities or press the dedicated key to reach the overview.
  Since 3.8, should work with other extensions modifying the Activities
  button. On versions prior to 3.8, may not disable other hotcorners in
  multiscreen configurations and won't work on fallback/flashback
  mode."

You may have to use other extensions depending on which version of Gnome shell you are using.


add'l quesion to Installing Ubuntu Into a Virtual Machine.

When you installed the Virtual Machine,
you must have set the CD drive to use the ISO image of the installer.
Even after the Virtual Machine is fully installed,
if that setting for the CD drive is still there,
the VM will try to boot from the CD drive first instead of the virtual hard disk.

Edit the settings of the virtual machine,
review the configuration of the CD drive,
and remove the ISO image from it.


Install windows 7 and ubuntu 12.04 from the same usb

OK, so I found the best possible easiest solution there is.
Simply download and install Yumi Multiboot installer in windows. Download here.
Follow the instructions and keep your iso s handy.
After installation of one OS installer is done, you may proceed to install another. This was probably the easiest solution I could find. And now I have a 4g gig pen drive with windows 7 and ubuntu 12.04 installer.

Cheers!


Can I access my home PC from the office with SSH?

I normally access my home PC through SSH (no GUI).

To do that, you should first config your router in order to grant SSH port forwarding. You can usually access the router configuration pages by looking up the IP of the gateway (Connection Information > Default Route). Most modern routers have presets for configuring several applications, including SSH. If you need to forward the port manually, though, set it so that any incoming connections through port 22 will be routed to the local IP of your home computer.

Then, you need to install the SSH deamon on your home PC:

sudo apt-get install SSH

After this, you'll be able to access from client PCs with a simple:

ssh user@IP

where IP is the IP of your home PC. You may want to make it "static", and for this I can suggest to configure a host on http://www.no-ip.com and then install noip2 on Ubuntu.


Allowing an OS to use unclaimed free disk space on other partitions for temporary purposes?

Ok, here's something - one can reserve hard disk space for use by root user:

https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7950/reserved-space-for-root-on-a-filesystem-why

  Saving space for important root processes (and possible rescue actions) is one reason.

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/html_single/Partition/

  The -m option is probably the one of most use to non-experts. If the file system becomes filled and there is no more space to write, it is basically unusable because the operating system is constantly writing to disk. By default, five percent of the partition is reserved for use by the root user. This allows root to conduct administrative activities on the partition and perhaps move some data off. However, this is most critical when the partition contains / or home directories. For pure data partitions, this is just lost space.

It would be nice to know where does this space end up in the filesystem tree...

Unfortunately, this seems to be a partition-time decision, so apparently there are no commands to modify this from the shell at runtime ?!


As this was overrides for a binary package they need to be installed using dh_lintian before lintian is run. And actually before the package is being made by dh_builddeb. And even more the override files (usr/share/lintian/overrides/<package>) installed must be included in the md5sums. So the sequence in the rulesfile need to be explicitly this:

...
dh_lintian
dh_md5sums
dh_builddeb

I don't know if dh implicitly does it this way but I couldn't use it, therefore the explicit list of dh_*.


Open the file using the command

sudo nano /var/lib/dpkg/status

then remove the broken package postgres-xcand the whole block of information about it and save the file.

then do

apt-get install -f

apt-get update