Is Linux really malware safe ? Or people just don't bother creating them for Linux?

Linux uses  root access to to control what changes are made to the system and keep the system safe.. This means that any given user can't make administrative changes that affect the whole system and allow the virus to propagate and deliver payloads. On some Linux distributions other then Ubuntu, you have to log off and then log back in as the root account to make system-wide changes. This got very annoying to the user, having to log out and log back in all the time, and it was a security flaw because if someone knew the root password they could do anything. So, as a result, many people stayed logged on as root and used it as their account for daily work. Then, when a virus came along, it was not a good day for them.

Ubuntu handles this problem by disabling the option to login as root by default at the login screen, eliminating the security risk. Then, to make any system-wide changes you temporarily switch to the root account using the sudo command, do what you need to get done, and get back. This is a lot more secure way to handle it and much less annoying to the endi user. If you want to enable the root account for some reason, you can do so by running sudo -i and sudo passwd root and setting a password for the root account, if you prefer handling administrative tasks this way.

People are a lot less likely to write viruses for Linux for this reason. If they know that it won't have as much effect, they are more likely to spend their time targeting a different operating system. Linux is also a lot harder to write software for and less popular then windows, and hackers tend to pick the platform where their virus will propagate and have the most effect. All software that goes into the Software Center is screened, so you can download from there knowing it will be safe. Be careful when adding third-party software sources to your system and installing packages from places other then the software center that you don't know much about. Use clam-av as a free antivirus scanner to scan for the few viruses that may be out there. Keep your root account disabled unless you have to enable it for some reason.  Update frequently through the Update Manager to ensure you stay up to date with all security updates installed. By following these steps, you are a lot less likely target for an infection then a Windows or Mac user.


Seems it was a BIOS issue. Changing various BIOS settings seems to have solved the problem. Likely it was me changing the value of "Wake on AC" to disabled which caused the problem in the first case. For future reference the problem seems to have been the value of "Alarm_irq" being changed to "no" instead of the "yes" it should have been, during shutdown or restart.


The error page is showing you the problem:

Note that static and dynamic IP ranges may not overlap
You have a dynamic IP range between 127.170.0.1 and 127.170.0.100
And a static IP range starting at 127.170.0.99

You must define/change the ranges and try to install again.

Documentation for MAAS is at: https://docs.ubuntu.com/maas/2.2/en/


Disabled workspace switcher on second monitor in Ubuntu 18.04

install

https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/921/multi-monitors-add-on/

end enable "Show Thumbnails-Slider on additional monitors"


Do you need a .conf file in /etc/apache2 folder to run your website?

I'd try to stick to the official documentation when possible. The tutorial you mention should work but it's far from the best practise. You shouldn't be stuffing site configuration into the conf.d area.

Here's our documentation for managing virtualhosts. It tells you where the configuration should go (/etc/apache2/sites-available/) and how you should enable it (a2ensite). That should explain how it's all supposed to work.

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ApacheMySQLPHP#Virtual_Hosts

The rest of that document is pretty handy too.

And in direct answer to your direct question (if that isn't answered by the above), yes and no. By default Apache has a /etc/apache2/sites-available/default config file (don't get hung up on the presense or lack of extension - they're all just text files) which will serve any domain (or IP) on port 80 out of /var/www/.

If you want specific domain handling, like multiple virtual hosts, you're going to want to add another site configuration file.


Warning: You're going to change advanced boot parameters for Ubuntu. Make a system backup first!

Press Ctrl+Alt+T and type the following command:

gksudo gedit /etc/default/grub

Find the line starting with GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT and append atkbd.reset to its end. For example:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash atkbd.reset"

Save the file and close the editor.
Execute the following command:

sudo update-grub

to update GRUB's configuration file.

On the next reboot, your problem will be solved.

source


/boot full, how do I delete the files kernel there safely with no complicated scripts?

Test this:

Open a terminal,Press Ctrl+Alt+T

Run it:

sudo -i

OLDCONF=$(dpkg -l|grep "^rc"|awk '{print $2}')

CURKERNEL=$(uname -r|sed 's/-*[a-z]//g'|sed 's/-386//g')

LINUXPKG="linux-(image|headers|ubuntu-modules|restricted-modules)"

METALINUXPKG="linux-(image|headers|restricted-modules)-(generic|i386|server|common|rt|xen)"

OLDKERNELS=$(dpkg -l|awk '{print $2}'|grep -E $LINUXPKG |grep -vE $METALINUXPKG|grep -v $CURKERNEL)

apt-get purge $OLDCONF

apt-get purge $OLDKERNELS

apt-get autoremove

apt-get clean


Can't write to external drive mounted by fstab

HFS+ file systems with journaling by default can only be mounted read only on Ubuntu. You will either have to disable journaling on the drive or force the read-write mount (the latter could be dangerous). Please read this for detailed instructions for both solution.


Prevent launcher from showing when Super key is merely held down or when it's combined with another key

You probably can't get the functionality you want without making some edits to Unity itself. (Requires programming knowledge)

There's no clear way to tell the difference between the two cases. Either Unity can bind to key press/release events on Super (which won't see other keys being pressed while it's held) or it can bind to key combinations, in which case it won't see Super except as a modifier on whatever key that was pressed in combination with it.

It should, theoretically, be possible to achieve the functionality you want by having Unity use XGrabKeyboard when you press Super and and XUngrabKeyboard when you release it, but it's not exactly common to go whole-hog on it.

What I usually see in things like IceWM and Windows is for there to be a global keybinding on the Super key and then local keybindings on the window that it calls up for things like Super+R (Windows Run... dialog) and so on.

My advice would be to rebind your launcher shortcut to something almost as easy to hit as a bare Super. (I use Super+Space for the copy of gmrun I use in Lubuntu which matches nicely with using Ctrl+Space and Alt+Space for other launchers like SiteLauncher in Firefox)


what is network.target and do I need it?

network.target is a systemd thing. Since you use the network, you need it. It's a normal part of everybody's startup.
The target itself is reached (achieved) when you have network connectivity.
All the jobs within that target are run with the goal of bringing up the network.
Some other startup jobs cannot be started until the network is up (like mounting network drives or synchronizing email). They depend upon that target to avoid starting too early and failing.


How to restore original size and unboot my bootable USB pendrive

If you want to know how to reformat your 8GB flash drive from Windows 7, then ask how to do it on Superuser Q&A, not here. The following commands are run from the terminal in Ubuntu. The results of these steps are reproducible. I reformatted 2 USB flash drives with the following steps after writing Ubuntu ISOs to them with dd

Remove all of your USB devices except for the 8GB USB flash drive that you want to reformat, so you won't get confused about the device name of the USB flash drive later on.
List all the partitions.

sudo fdisk -l

Search the results of the command for output that looks like this:

Disk /dev/sdc: 7864 MB, 7864320000 bytes
30 heads, 33 sectors/track, 15515 cylinders, total 15360000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00016288

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdc1   *        2048    15359999     7678976    b  W95 FAT32

If you see something like 7864 MB (8GB) in the output (see the example output above), then that is your 8GB USB flash drive. In this example it is called /dev/sdc. Now open the Disks application from the Dash and check again to make sure that the device name of your 8GB flash drive is the same as what you got from running the command: sudo fdisk -l.
Create a partition table on the disk of type msdos, sometimes known as MBR or Master Boot Record.

sudo parted /dev/sdc mklabel msdos

In this example I used /dev/sdc for the name of the device which is what was found in the results of step 2. I can't stress strongly enough how important it is to verify the device name before running this step!

Warning: If you type the wrong device name you may overwrite your operating system or another one of your partitions containing important personal files!!! So be careful and check the device name a second time. Open the Disks application and check the device name of your 8GB USB flash drive in Disks. It should be the same device name!!! Now check again! You don't want to accidentally type the wrong device name!
Add an empty "primary" partition, which will hold a FAT filesystem later.

sudo parted -a none /dev/sdc mkpart primary fat32 0 8192

Once again in this example I used /dev/sdc for the name of the device which is what was found in the results of step 2. The command specifies the start point (from 0 MB) to the end point (8192 MB). If the 8GB USB flash drive does not have the full 8192 MB space, parted will adjust it automatically. If the terminal returns a message that the start point can't start at 0 MB and you have to use some other small number close to 0 MB, type Y to accept this. Note the command is creating a single, primary partition on the whole disk.

This newly created partition will have the ID /dev/sdc1. That is because the device name in this example is /dev/sdc and the 1 at the end is because it is the first partition on that device.
Create a FAT filesystem on the /dev/sdc1 partition by formatting the partition.

mkfs.vfat -n "8GB-USB" /dev/sdc1

/dev/sdc1 is the partition ID from step 4. "8GB-USB" is the partition label, which can be your own choice of label, just enclose the label inside two double quote characters.

You now have a ready-to-use reformatted USB flash drive with an 8GB FAT partition.


Ubuntu 16.04 on HP Pavilion x360 convertible model: 13-u102ng

Thanks @brndn2k for your comments, they helped to get a stronger awkward feeling, that something is wrong with the hardware.

So, I opened up my HP again.
Found the Bluetooth/Wifi chip.
It wasn't fully connected. - I am happy, I didn't break it!
So, I connected it properly.
And, yep, it is working now.


Make sure you changed the entry in /etc/hosts - e.g. for serverlaptop:

  127.0.0.1 localhost
  127.0.1.1   serverlaptop

  ...

Otherwise, you may need to edit the ~/.ssh/config (perhaps even /etc/ssh/ssh_config) file on the computer you are trying access the SSH server from to use the new hostname as the short name - e.g.

Host serverlaptop
   User wilf
   HostName 192.168.1.48

For instance the above entry in ~/.ssh/config makes ssh serverlaptop act as a alias for ssh wilf@192.168.1.48 - if one does not exist already you can create it (replacing serverlaptop with the hostname, and wilf with your username) so ssh HOSTNAME will work.


Could it be the network manager taking over?

As per this wiki, check that /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf contains:

[main]
plugins=ifupdown,keyfile

[ifupdown]
managed=false

Check that etc/network/interfaces wasn't overwritten, if so, add your changes again, then reboot. See what happens.

If you don't need the NetworkManager, you may remove it.

sudo apt-get remove network-manager

Check this related answer.


Cenon will not open or run but complains about a missing library

"After installing Cenon (RPM packages) on Ubuntu or Debian I get the following Alert-Box in Cenon:
 "You need to install the Cenon Library!"
 Cenon is running and most functions should work already. The only thing that is wrong is the install location, making Cenon search it's files (like device files for import) in a wrong location.
 Solution: The Debian/Ubuntu location for the Cenon library files is:
    /usr/lib/GNUstep/Cenon or /usr/local/lib/GNUstep/Cenon
 However, the RPM location for the Cenon Library files is:
    /usr/GNUstep/.../Library/Cenon
 All you have to do, is move the folder 'Cenon' to the correct Ubuntu location, so that it will be found by Cenon.
 [2010-09-03]"

http://www.cenon.info/frameLoad_gb.html?support_gb.html


How to create Live CD once I downloaded the zip file.

First download the Ubuntu ISO file from the Ubuntu website: http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop

If you're running Ubuntu on the PC your making the CD with then use Brasero Disc Burner(which I think is included).

If you're running Windows 7 then you can use W7's built-in ISO burner. If running XP then you can get Infra Recorder.

Keep in mind that these all require you have a CD-RW or DVD-RW drive in your PC.

Also if you just want to access password protected accounts on Windows XP then you can just use Kon-Boot to bypass the password checks.

If you really want to actually recover the passwords you'll need to use a tool like Ophcrack to actually brute force guess the password(which takes a long time).

If you wish to just change the passwords you can use Offline Windows Password & Registry Editor. (WARNING: Using this method could lock you out of Protected Folders that use the account's password!)


How to setup Samsung M2070FW network scanner

I installed the scanner for Samsung-M2070FW on several devices with Ubuntu 18.04. Of course both devices (printer/scanner and Ubuntu client) had to be in the same network. Here is how I did it:

Download UnifiedLinuxDriver-1.00.37 from https://www.bchemnet.com/suldr/suld.html
Extract archive and go to script folder: cd UnifiedLinuxDriver-1.00.37/uld/
Call install script with sudo ./install Answer questions with "Yes"
Install Libusb: sudo apt install libusb-0.1-4
Link Libsane-Library from the installed archive to the right place: sudo ln -s /opt/smfp-common/scanner/lib/libsane-smfp.so.1.0.1 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/sane/libsane-smfp.so.1
Change Firewall rules and restart services:

sudo ufw allow 22161
sudo service ufw stop
sudo service saned stop
sudo service ufw start
sudo service saned start```

Start scan program with simple-scan

If it doesn't work for some reasons, there are debugging options. For Simple Scan, you can call it with debugging on: simple-scan -d. To see the error messages from Sane, you start it with: sudo export SANE_DEBUG_DLL=255 && scanimage -L > debug.txt That will dump the debug information in a file called debug.txt.


How to signal hook is still in error state after juju debug-hooks

This is a known issue, there is bug in upstream (https://bugs.launchpad.net/juju-core/+bug/1415176), for the moment there is no proposed fix. I encourage you to add yourself as "affected by this bug", so developers are aware of users being bite this issue.

Best,


Realtek ethernet driver error ubuntu 16.04

Get an internet connection(i got through wifi). Use the command:

sudo apt-get install r8168-dkms

Enter your password. This will install the latest version of the driver. Ethernet connection should be established after installing (you may reboot & check again).


Notebook Dual Monitor Setup - wallpaper resolution changes on restart or relog

After a couple of research sessions I am none the wiser as to what causes this problem. But for now I have found a quick and dirty workaround that resets the wallpaper on each startup:

Create a folder under /usr/share/backgrounds:

sudo -s
cd /usr/share/backgrounds
mkdir Hotfix

Make two copies of the wallpaper you plan on using and move them to the newly created folder:

cd /usr/share/backgrounds/Hotfix
cp /path/to/image.jpg 1.jpg
cp /path/to/image.jpg 2.jpg

Create a script in your home directory:

cd ~
gedit .wallpaper.sh

Copy and paste the following commands and save it:

#!/bin/bash

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri file:///usr/share/backgrounds/Hotfix/1.jpg
sleep 3
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri file:///usr/share/backgrounds/Hotfix/2.jpg

Make your script executable:

chmod +x .wallpaper.sh

Add your script to the Startup applications:

That's it. You'll be able to enjoy your full-resolution wallpaper at last.


Problem with Saving metadata of audio files with id3tool

Got the answer, these music players prefer id3v2 to id3v1 tags. id3tool writes only id3v1 tags. So we have to change id3v2 tags using some other tool (id3v2 tool is available). For more info check here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID3


The feature not available with unity launcher.

Update: You can have this feature almost same with unity desktop but not exact. It will look like below

To do so: run following commands,

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:diesch/testing
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install classicmenu-indicator

Alternatives:

Install cairo-dock  and use it. Optionally hide the unity launcher.

Install gnome-shell  and choose gnome classic at login screen. But you will loose unity


Custom domain email will only work with gmail

I figured it out. For some reason, my ISP only allows its own smtp server and gmail's smtp. It's Orange in France.

My fix was to use their smtp server as a relay.


How to disable double greater than symbol view at tab spaces in Kate?

Finally I got the solution. I hope this will be helpfull to someone in the future.

Settings --> Configure-Kate --> Editor Component -->Appearance --> (Under General tab) Whitespace Highlighting --> Highlight  tabulators (uncheck the box).

/*
Right bottom, I found the same option as "Tab size", in that "Indentation Mode", but its not working. May be I might be wrong about this.
*/


I suggest that you give Ubuntu 28 GB (and leave 100 GB for Windows).
You need not have a swap partition, if there is 4 GB RAM (or more). But if you have many tabs open in your web browser or do something that needs a lot of RAM, it is a good idea to have a small swap partition, maybe only 1 or 2 GB. You will notice that the computer gets slow - and you can close some tabs in the web browser. You can also run htop to monitor how the memory is used. It is a bad idea to rely heavily on swap on an SSD due to wear, so you should avoid swapping, only use it as a buffer for unusual situations.

-o-

Shrink the Windows partition with Windows tools (when running Windows). Leave the unallocated space.
Boot from your Ubuntu install drive 'Try Ubuntu'
Start gparted and create an ext4 partition (to become the root partition '/' of Ubuntu) and a small swap partition.
Start the installer, and at the partitioning window, select Something else and install Ubuntu into the partitions that you created for it.
With Windows 10 preinstalled you are running in UEFI mode, and the bootloader will be installed automatically using the already existing EFI partition.


cron job firing but command is truncated after `\`

the cron command was entered using wemin

webmin takes care of special characters in cron commands, you can enter them as on the command line, no need to escape them like you must do when editing crontab directly.

in this case the cron special character % is masked automatically as \%.
you entered \% in webmin whitch is then masked as \\%.

/usr/sbin/rtcwake -m mem -l -t $(date +%s -d 'tomorrow 07:20')

should work in webmin and command line

BTW: \% on command line is the same as %, this why your command is working in both versions on command line


Is this really the only way to simply put a link to a web page on my desktop?

I believe that you can drag the favicon next to the URL to the desktop to create a link. I'm not near my Ubuntu machine but (at least in Gnome) it should work.


Any sense for TLP on Ubuntu 16 for newer laptops?

Yes, of course.

The Linux kernel has accumulated many powersave features over the years, but only a minority is enabled by default. I reckon it's really hard for the kernel devs to fully debug powersave on all possible hardware, so powersave stays disabled for the majority of drivers and it's up to the user to enable it.

Conclusion: a userspace tool like TLP or laptop-mode-tools is needed to enable powersave globally.

Want proof?

Disable TLP via configuration (TLP_ENABLE=0) and poweroff / restart your laptop on BATTERY
Run powertop and make a screenshot of the "tunables" tab
Reenable TLP via configuration (TLP_ENABLE=1) and restart again – on BATTERY
Run powertop and make a screenshot of the "tunables" tab
Compare

You may also compare the output of tlp-stat and of course the actual power consumption.


Is asus X550LD--xx064d supports dual boot

What is the problem?

Windows 8 installs itself in UEFI mode, and it configures your BIOS to automatically run in UEFI mode. If you install Ubuntu alongside Windows 8, you will have to install Ubuntu in UEFI mode and you will have to disable Windows 8 fast boot. This has worked perfectly on all laptops I have installed.

This guide tells you how to turn of fastboot and also secureboot. Ubuntu should be able to handle secureboot, but it won't hurt to also turn it off: http://www.everydaylinuxuser.com/2014/05/install-ubuntu-1404-alongside-windows.html

After you install Ubuntu, you might have to run boot-repair. The guide also tells you how to do that.

Will updating my BIOS help?

Yes, It might help. Newer versions of UEFI are more flexible and support Linux better.


Usb speakers/headset device in play.
On the host, usb speaker/headset device is filtered to the virtual box guest...
Turn the guest on, the guest takes control of the the usb device.
Sound gets disabled on the host because there is no device anymore...
No sound, no video play on the host.
Turn the guest off, the host gets control of the usb device again...
Video plays on the host again, now that there is a sound device available.


Yes, on the condition that this central hard disk is formatted as ext. Using NTFS is not advisable(/possible) since NTFS does not recognize permissions as Linux expect them when dealing with /home/. See Is it bad to have /home/ on an NTFS partition? for some more problems you might face (like Linux makes a difference between capital and small letters).

You can of course also opt to link the directories in /home/$USER/ to a central disk and have /home/ itself reside on the partition where the OS resides.

But this is normal for any Linux, not just Edubuntu or Ubuntu.

Edubuntu in itself is the same as Ubuntu but the default desktop software installed is targeted on Education. The difference are solely on the desktop. The inner working (ie. mounting of discs, settings etc etc) are still the same.


No login screen after uninstalling lightdm

The black screen appears because the Ubuntu boot process defaults to tty7, the terminal where the graphical login (lightdm) would normally be running.

To get to a login prompt, you can switch manually to one of the other ttys using Ctrl+Alt+F1 through Ctrl+Alt+F6.

For a permanent fix, edit /etc/grub.d/10_linux as root:

sudo vim /etc/grub.d/10_linux

Find the line that says

        set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7

and replace it with

        set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=1

To apply the setting, you need to run update-grub as root:

sudo update-grub

This changes the default tty to tty1, where a text login prompt is usually running.


How to remove lubuntu from dual boot xubuntu

I believe there is an option when installing Xubuntu that allows you to replace the current working OS, but not affect the files in the laptop.


Scanning over WiFi with Dell e525w multifunction printer

No driver is necessary for scanning, as the printer has the ability to mount a samba share and put scanner output there.

Ubuntu side:

Create a folder, right-click and go to network share options
set "share folder" checkbox
set "allow others to edit and remove files"
(optionally) set "allow guest access"

You might need to install samba, if your user account has the required privilege the software center will prompt you to install automatically when you create the share.

Find out IP address of your Ubuntu box:

$ ifconfig -a

Now on to the printer side setup, go to the admin panel using your browser using the IP address of the printer.

Your printer will normally display the IP in the front LCD display.

Default user for the admin panel is "admin", with no password required.

Go to "Address Book" -> Server Tab
click "create" button on one of the empty entries
fill out form, specifically:

protocol -> SMB
server address -> IP if your Ubuntu box
share -> the share name you gave to your folder
port -> 139

save and apply (in case it fails to properly save the IP on first attempt, edit the entry and enter IP again, it should work properly then)

Scanning:

Now in order to scan, press the "scan" button on your printer, and select "Scan to network", a list will come up next showing the list of known network shares, it should show the one you just configured in the admin panel.

Select the share, and start the scanning process.

When scanning is finished, the resulting file will pop up in your share folder on your Ubuntu box.


Acer Aspire 7750G graphics conflict with 14.04

I too have one of the 7750G models from Acer. I too had a very similar issue, trying to install Ubuntu 14.04.1 where it would lock up and eventually dump kernel debug info.

My solution:

Boot into BIOS (F2 when starting on my model)
Change Switchable graphics to Integrated(turn off the second GPU)
Save & Exit

Install Ubuntu! :)

You can then install fglrx for AMD drivers(if you have an AMD GPU) next time you boot Ubuntu, and after that you can turn the Switchable graphics back on!

You will also then encounter an issue with changing the brightness. Refer to Can't adjust brightness on my laptop which has an answer that solves the issue.

P.S. I have read that to get Steam to install, you must install it before you install the fglrx driver.


l is an alias for ls -CF, which behaves differently from plain ls.
-C
-C makes ls print output in column form. When stdout is a terminal (rather than being redirected to a file or non-terminal device, or piped to another command), -C is implied. So running ls -C is the same as running ls. But they are not equivalent when ls is redirected or piped. For example:
ek@Kip:~/firefox$ ls
application.ini             libfreebl3.chk    libxpcom.so
blocklist.xml               libfreebl3.so     libxul.so
chrome                      libmozalloc.so    mozilla-xremote-client
chrome.manifest             libmozsqlite3.so  omni.ja
components                  libnspr4.so       platform.ini
crashreporter               libnss3.so        plugin-container

...

ek@Kip:~/firefox$ ls | less

application.ini
blocklist.xml
chrome
chrome.manifest
components
crashreporter

...

In contrast, ls -C (or -l) outputs in column form regardless of what kind of device stdout is. ls -C | less looks like the top output (but paged by less, of course).
-F
The main visible difference between ls and l is due to the -F flag, which causes ls to append symbolic suffixes (called indicators) to the entries it displays. These indicators identify what kind of file or directory they are.
Compare this to the output of the first ls command above:
ek@Kip:~/firefox$ ls -F
application.ini             libfreebl3.chk     libxpcom.so*
blocklist.xml               libfreebl3.so*     libxul.so*
chrome/                     libmozalloc.so*    mozilla-xremote-client*
chrome.manifest             libmozsqlite3.so*  omni.ja
components/                 libnspr4.so*       platform.ini
crashreporter*              libnss3.so*        plugin-container*

...

Here:

/ means the entry is a directory.
* means the entry is a normal file and is executable (i.e., has executable permissions).
The absence of any indicator means the entry is a normal file that is not executable.

There are several other indicators:

@ means the entry is a symbolic link (see also man symlink).
| means the entry is a FIFO device (remember, many resources in Unix-like OSes are represented by filesystem entries).
= means the entry is a socket.
> means the entry is a door.

The --classify flag and --indicator-style=classify are equivalent to -F.
Source: GNU Coreutils manual, Section 10.1.5 General output formatting
In conclusion, l (ls -CF) is similar to but not the same as ls.
It's also good to keep in mind:
The same text can be both a regular command and an alias.
This is commonly used to specify options that are widely considered both highly useful and harmless, such as automatic colorization (where color is applied when stdout is unredirected or is a terminal, so the escape codes specifying colors are virtually guaranteed not to be misinterpreted).
By this principle, ls is itself an alias.
ek@Kip:/$ alias ls
alias ls='ls --color=auto'

So what command really gets executed when you run l? This one:
/bin/ls --color=auto -CF

The shell (bash) resolves commands that don't contain a / to the first match appearing in PATH, which in Ubuntu for ls is /bin/ls.
Aliases can contain aliases. Alias resolution is not recursive (an alias cannot call itself, though it can call a regular command that has the same name). But it does support nesting.

So l resolves to ls -CF which resolves to ls --color=auto -CF.
Aliases can be changed.
These aliases exist because they're set up that way by default, but every user can change their aliases. See man alias, Chapter 25 and Appendix M in the Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide, and How save my "alias" entries forever.
Related: What do the different colors mean in ls?


This looks like the perfect opportunity to get yourself familiarized with version control software. In addition to keeping your code safe, allowing to undo things even after weeks or months, it will also solve your problem with keeping your code on a server and nevertheless being able to work on it from your favorite machine.

I personally am very fond of using git, but there are lots of other version control systems, like svn and mercurial.

While those system differ in lots of details, the very basics are the same. You have a local working copy on the machine you are working on – with git, this local copy is also a full-fledged repository with the complete history, but again, details – and a (remote) repository with all changes ever made. Once you've finished the bit you are working on, you commit those changes from your local working copy to your repository. From that point in time you can delete your working copy, modify it to your liking and always return to the commited version.

At least for svn and git, there are shell extensions for the Windows Explorer that make commiting changes easy even for people completely new to this.


When you ran it in that directory, mv * was equivalent to mv 1 2 3 4 a b c. Unless the -t option is present, mv treats the last non-option argument as the name of the destination, and thus moved 1, 2, 3, 4, a, and b all into c.

The shell expands * into a list of filenames. When this happens, the command you are running doesn't actually see *, but only what it expanded to. The command you run therefore cannot make judgments about how to treat its arguments based on what you actually typed--it only sees what the shell passes to it.

When you run mv *--which, as you have probably inferred, should almost always be avoided--the shell and not the mv command itself expands * into an alphabetized list of all files and directories contained in the current directory, excluding any whose names start with ..

(You can customize how that works through the dotglob, nullglob, and nocaseglob shell options and the GLOBIGNORE variable. See the documentation for details.)

If c weren't a directory, your command would fail, move nothing, and show this error message:

mv: target 'c' is not a directory

But since c was a directory, it simply "worked," even though--if you were running the command for any purpose other than to see what it would do--you probably intended to write the name of a separate directory at the end of the command after the *.

To show more intuitively why mv has no way of knowing that its arguments were expanded from *, suppose you had written:

mv 1 c

That would move 1 to c. But maybe you would have liked to move two items to c:

mv 1 2 c

Or five items:

mv 1 2 3 4 a c

Or six items:

mv 1 2 3 4 a b c

But the shell ensured that mv * passed exactly the same arguments in the same order to the mv command as mv 1 2 3 4 a b c.

It would often be inconvenient not to be able to move multiple items with a single invocation of mv. But even if this weren't allowed and always produced an error, you could still create an analogously confusing situation in a directory that contained just two entries. Then running  mv * in that directory would still try to move one to the other.

If you're wondering what the shell will expand something to, you can replace the command you are interested in running with printf '%s\n', which prints all the subsequent arguments passed to it, separated by line breaks. For example:

printf '%s\n' *


Could it be that the credentials you've provided to Déjà Dup does not allow it to create a bucket in the top level of your S3 account?

How about this: Create a bucket in S3, then a user who can read and write there, and ensure that Déjà Dup will use the bucket and user you've created.

After creating your bucket, visit https://console.aws.amazon.com/iam/home?#users
Create a new user (ensure that "generate an access key for this user" is checked)
Save the credentials. You're going to input these into Déjà Dup later.
Click on the new user and choose "attach user policy."
Under the Select Policy Template window, select "Amazon S3 Full Access." Click "Apply Policy" in the confirmation window.
Do sudo apt-get install dconf-tools.
Do dconf-editor.
In dconf editor, navigate to org > gnome > deja-dup > s3.
Under the Key named "bucket," change the Value to the name of the S3 bucket you have already created.
Run deja-dup / "Backup" again, and ensure that the backup location is correct. Input the new credentials. Run the backup and test a single small folder first.


A foolproof way to block webcam input

Picture provided by Darkreading.com


Juju debug-hooks, how to run hook in debug terminal or get more information?

You can find the answer to this in our debugging hooks section of the docs.

What you'll need to do is launch debug-hooks from the Juju client machine, then resolve the error with the --retry flag (or retry from the Juju Gui if you are using it). This will re-execute the hook and trap the event in the debug-hooks window. From there you will be in the right directory to run the hook file by typing hooks/<name-of-failed-hook> to get output. When you are done, simply press Ctrl D to exit the terminal and signal to Juju that the hook is finished executing.


How to use pinyin tone to filter the list of Chinese Characters with ibus?

Pinyin IMEs are not designed to do this. (But can you do this?) To obtain the intended effect, two utilities should have been combined together:

Standard pinyin IME (e.g. SunPinyin) using ...
... English (US, intl with dead keys) or hanyu pinyin (m17n) as a front input source.

I was looking for the same solution but, to my knowledge, it has not been developed yet.

Bibliography:

Chinese Input Methods
in Ubuntu 10 - 18.
Sogou IME (on Ubuntu): How to output pinyin with tone marks?


If you installed VirtualBox 6.1.16, you shouldn't install virtualbox-guest-dkms from Ubuntu repos.
You need to mount Guest Additions form the machine menu (Devices) and install the correspondent 6.1.16 Guest Additions.


Updated some software - now cinnamon won't work, I think Gnome Desktop became default from unity, how to change this?

OK I found an answer! First remove cinamon completely by

sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove cinnamon
sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-get update -f
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
sudo apt-get remove .*cinnamon.*
sudo apt-get remove .*nemo.*

and then install it again by

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gwendal-lebihan-dev/cinnamon-stable
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install cinnamon

After installing all the necessary packages, just log out and change the log-in option to Cinnamon. Enjoy Cinnamon 2.0.6 stable , well don’t try it if you have upgraded to 13.10 instead of updating because it has many issues with 13.10 .It seems that the problems with Unity haven't been fixed and some users might have problems logging into their system.


I solved it by removing the build folder in which I had previously started cmake but cancelled it during installation.
Now it works.


Putting back progress bar in the new version of wget

Read man wget, especially the part about

   --progress=type
       Select the type of the progress indicator you wish to use.  Legal
       indicators are "dot" and "bar".

There are subtypes to both --progress=dot and --progress=bar.


Desktop icons are duplicated on both screens

In the "desktop settings" for the monitor you don't want to be duplicated, switch between "folder" and "desktop" view. It worked for me.


Matlab 2014b on Ubuntu 14.04 busy idenfinitely

The problem was related to the use of the proprietary ATI radeon graphic driver. For some reason, with that driver activated, MATLAB was not responding to any command.
Switching back to the xorg ATI driver everything works fine.


Map Pause button for Volume Up and Scroll_Lock for Volume Down

Example on Ubuntu 19.10

Open Gnome-Terminal
Run xev | grep keycode
Press SCRLK key once and Pause key once

you will have the result like this

$ xev | grep keycode
    state 0x10, keycode 36 (keysym 0xff0d, Return), same_screen YES,
    state 0x10, keycode 78 (keysym 0xff14, Scroll_Lock), same_screen YES,
    state 0x10, keycode 78 (keysym 0xff14, Scroll_Lock), same_screen YES,
    state 0x10, keycode 127 (keysym 0xff13, Pause), same_screen YES,
    state 0x10, keycode 127 (keysym 0xff13, Pause), same_screen YES,
$

Note down the keycode for SCRLK and Pause 78 and 127 in my case.
now run xmodmap -e "keycode 78 = XF86AudioLowerVolume"
xmodmap -e "keycode 127 = XF86AudioRaiseVolume"

sample:

$ xmodmap -e "keycode 78 = XF86AudioLowerVolume"
$ xmodmap -e "keycode 127 = XF86AudioRaiseVolume"
$

Once you logout above changes will reset to normal..

There are different ways to make xmodmap changes permanently.. a google search will give you lot of links.. one of them is How to apply Xmodmap permanently


18.04 KDE screenlocker showing full username for Local Users, but not for remote (LDAP authenticated) users

I've found a similar post with additional details that may benefit you:

KDE Plasma lock screen not showing user

An interesting point is during "Log out" the LDAP the user name does show up even though it doesn't on lock screen. You might want to look there for your source code changes.

Another approach would be to find everywhere in Ubuntu the user name appears and stuff that field with the LDAP user name.

Sorry but this is all I could come up with...


Prevent an application from being closed on terminal exit

The solution is to simply use the right form in the pipe:

firefox > /dev/null 2>&1
exit

This works both from terminal and from a desktop launcher. No need to use nohup.


Use multiple byobu sessions, while ignoring unrelated tmux sessions

The tmux program is designed to be run as a single server process that manages one or more independent sessions. The configuration file is loaded by the server process when it starts and is applied to new sessions when they are created. Running tmux new-session (or, equivalently in this case, byobu new-session) contacts the running server if there is one, and requests that it create a new session. The server uses a known path for its socket based only on the UID of the user, and that is all that is needed to connect to a running tmux server. So this is why if a "normal" tmux session is already running, byobu will either attach to or create a new session using that server.

According to the tmux man page, you can simply change the socket used by tmux to start two independent tmux servers, each with their own sets of configuration if desired. You can either specify -L to change the base name of the socket or the -S option to specify a completely different path to the socket file. The default tmux socket is named default.

So, using these tmux options when calling byobu, to start an independent tmux server with byobu, you can run

byobu -L my-byobu new

or

byobu -L my-byobu attach

where the name my-byobu can be replaced with any name of your choice. This starts a new tmux server with the name my-byobu, which loads the byobu configuration for tmux instead of the default, and effectively creates an independent namespace for your byobu tmux sessions.


Cannot execute Virsh command through SSH on Ubuntu 18.04

The default URI of virsh to connect to can change (and it did change upstream).

You can check that with:

$ ssh ubuntu@ip -t 'bash -l -c "virsh uri"'
qemu:///system
$ ssh ubuntu@ip "virsh uri"
qemu:///session

Ubuntu tries to help with an environment variable LIBVIRT_DEFAULT_URI=qemu:///system but that is only available in login shells.

So you'd either need to make sure you use full login shells e.g.:

  $ ssh ubuntu@ip -t 'bash -l -c "virsh dominfo vm1"'

Or to augment your call with the env var on your own:

  $ ssh ubuntu@ip "LIBVIRT_DEFAULT_URI=qemu:///system virsh dominfo vm1"


How to use grep to search through the --help output?

The ssh-keygen command doesn’t have a --help option, so it prints the “unknown option” error, silently thinks “RTFM” and outputs the help. It does this not on stdout but on stderr, which is not piped with | but only with |& (which is a bash shorthand for 2>&1 |):

$ ssh-keygen --help |& grep "known_hosts"
       ssh-keygen -F hostname [-f known_hosts_file] [-l]
       ssh-keygen -H [-f known_hosts_file]
       ssh-keygen -R hostname [-f known_hosts_file]

A totally different issue is grep recognizing your search expression as an option because it starts with a hyphen. Fortunately grep is one of the many commands which recognize the “end of options” -- option and takes everything behind it as an argument instead of an option:

$ ssh-keygen --help |& grep -- -p
       ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile]

man grep doesn’t even mention it, but here’s this option’s description from the bash manual:

  A -- signals the end of options and disables  further  option  processing. Any arguments after the -- are treated as filenames and arguments.

grep also provides a second way to deal with patterns beginning with “-”: The -e option takes a pattern as its argument, thus the following is equally possible:

$ ssh-keygen --help |& grep -e -p
       ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile]

Further reading

man bash/SHELL GRAMMAR/Pipelines
What does “--” (double-dash) mean?
man grep/OPTIONS/Matching Control


Unable to use Disk Quotas on USB external exFat drive in Ubuntu Server 18.04

exfat is a simple file system intended for removable storage, like sd cards in camera, usb sticks and so forth.

It does not support advanced features, like user permissions (ACL), or quotas. This applies on both Windows and Linux; it is a limitation of the file system.

If you use the disk exclusively with Linux, there's no reason to use exfat. Use ext4, btrfs, xfs or some other Unix file system which supports features such as quotas and Unix ACL's.


Firstly, I'm ignoring lines 2-4 of the script since they're irrelevant.

When using read, you need to give it a variable name (TGT). Using a dollar sign ($TGT) refers to the variable's value. In this case the value is null, so read defaults to the variable REPLY.

As well:

By convention, uppercase variable names are reserved for environment variables (e.g. PATH) and other special variables (e.g. RANDOM).
It's always better to use descriptive variable names, like for example target and n_packets
Always quote variables.
exit0 is invalid, plus exit 0 will mask any errors that happen near the end of the script, plus exit is implicit, so don't even bother writing it.
NBD in this case, but using read -r is a good habit.

So in the end:

#!/bin/bash
read -rp "[*] Enter the target host:   " target
read -rp "[*] Enter number of packets to send:   " n_packets
ping -c "$n_packets" "$target"

Lastly, Shellcheck is very handy for debugging shell scripts in the future. I ran your script through it and got most of the above points.

Regarding the syntax you tried, {$PKT}, I think you were confused with ${PKT}.


As I previously recommended in the answer to similar question you may try to remove overlay scrollbars and change CSS properties:

#Step 1
echo "export GTK_OVERLAY_SCROLLING=0" >> ~/.profile

#Step 2
mkdir -p ~/.config/gtk-3.0
cat <<EOF > ~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.css
/* Adding the buttons on the edges (if you don't need them, skip the next 4 lines)
 */

.scrollbar {
  -GtkScrollbar-has-backward-stepper: 1;
  -GtkScrollbar-has-forward-stepper: 1;
}

/* Scrollbar trough squeezes when cursor hovers over it. Disabling that
 */

.scrollbar.vertical:hover:dir(ltr),
.scrollbar.vertical.dragging:dir(ltr) {
    margin-left: 0px;
}

.scrollbar.vertical:hover:dir(rtl),
.scrollbar.vertical.dragging:dir(rtl) {
    margin-right: 0px;
}

.scrollbar.horizontal:hover,
.scrollbar.horizontal.dragging,
.scrollbar.horizontal.slider:hover,
.scrollbar.horizontal.slider.dragging {
    margin-top: 0px;
}

/* Slider widens to fill the scrollbar when cursor hovers over it. Making it permanent
 */

.scrollbar.slider.vertical:dir(ltr):not(:hover):not(.dragging) {
    margin-left: 0px;
}

.scrollbar.slider.vertical:dir(rtl):not(:hover):not(.dragging) {
    margin-right: 0px;
}

.scrollbar.slider.horizontal:not(:hover):not(.dragging) {
    margin-top: 0px;
}

EOF

#Step 3
cat <<EOF > ~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
[Settings]
gtk-color-scheme="tooltip_bg_color:#ffffaf\ntooltip_fg_color:#000000"
gtk-application-prefer-dark-theme=0

gtk-primary-button-warps-slider = false

EOF

#Step 4
sudo apt-get purge overlay-scrollbar overlay-scrollbar-gtk2

It works at least on 16.04 LTS with MATE DE.


What happens if I keep both Windows and Ubuntu operating system?

So, there are several ways:

If you have already installed Windows:

Use Wubi .
It's installing as usually Windows program. Bad choice - performance is low.
Split your had disk

Automatically:

Write your .iso on a CD/DVD disk and load system from it.
There are also 2 options:

Loads as LiveCD (It called "Try Ubuntu") or directly install. Ubuntu can automatically shrink Windows in both of case. It's work, but I don't like this way.

Manually: (recommended):

You need split existing hard drive through Windows "Disk Management".

Control panel > Disk Management, right click on disk Shrink Volume. More details here or here. You goal is create "Unallocated" space.
It operation keep all your files.

Then simply install Ubuntu from disk on unallocated HDD space.

If Windows not installed:

Install Windows and only after it go to "If you have already installed Windows"

If you're so afraid, you can buy a new hard disk and install Ubuntu on it.


Where & how do i change the Ubuntu sound theme in Ubuntu 16.04?

I think you need to use the dconf editor. If it isn't already installed;

sudo apt-get install dconf-editor

Then from the editor GUI, navigate to;

org > gnome > desktop > sound

You can set the theme name there. (Well, you can on Xubuntu 16.04, which is what I use).


This appears to be a DashAsBinSh issue.

Provided you have the required build environment, it should work if you set make's shell to bash explicitly on the command line:

make "SHELL=/bin/bash"


Gimp won't run, and I can't uninstall and reinstall it

Try updating from the terminal instead of a package manager. You will see the dependencies that are causing it to fail to load. For example, the following packages are Gimp dependencies:

Depends: libglib2.0-0
Depends: libgtk2.0-0
Depends: libjpeg62
Depends: librsvg2-2
Depends: zlib1g
Depends: python

If you notice it's hanging on libglib2.0-0, then try sudo apt-get install llbglib2.0-0. If it installs, try sudo apt-get install gimp and note the failed dependencies and repeat the previous step replacing it with the new failed dep.

Hopefully someone knows a better way, but this is how I resolve some issues if using:
sudo apt-get install gimp --fix-missing, or sudo apt-get -f install gimp doesn't work. Some of the dependencies will have their own dependencies that may cause them to fail as well. Just trace them down until you can install all dep's.


Not starting NFS kernel daemon: no support in current kernel

Within an LXC container you cannot run NFS because it's kernel based (e.g. it will only run on the host). UNFS and other user-space NFS servers are an option.


The solution was to add this option in my .tmux.conf file.
setw -g mode-keys vi


Ubuntu 18 and TinkPad Yoga 12: Suspend works only every other time, not hibernate at all

I wrote the small utility to automate the shutdown, logoff Lock computer, suspend and hibernate.  Change to sound as you see fit then compile and change chmod u+x filename.  Run it from terminal.  I rote a small script to double click and run in terminal.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

#define bold_on "\e[1m"
#define bold_off "\e[22m"
#define red_on "\033[31m"
#define reset "\033[0m"
#define yellow "\033[33m"
#define b_green "\033[1m\033[32m"
//======================================================================

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
 char answer;

  cout << b_green "\n\n Please make you choice? Any other key to quit the program. \n" reset << endl;

  cout << bold_on red_on "      S"  bold_off reset yellow" - Shutdown the Computer"  << endl;
  cout << bold_on red_on "      R"  bold_off reset yellow" - Restart the Computer"<< endl;
  cout << bold_on red_on "      L"  bold_off reset yellow" - Logoff the Computer"<< endl;
  cout << bold_on red_on "      U"  bold_off reset yellow" - Suspend the Computer"<< endl;
  cout << bold_on red_on "      H"  bold_off reset yellow" - Hybernate the Computer"<< endl;
  cout << bold_on red_on "      X"  bold_off reset yellow" - Lock the Computer \n\n" red_on;

  cin >> answer;
    if( answer=='L' ) {
     system("paplay /home/dad/Music/desktop-logout.wav");
     system("cinnamon-session-quit");

    } else if( answer=='R' ) {
     system("paplay /home/dad/Music/desktop-logout.wav");
     system("systemctl reboot") ;

    } else if (answer =='S') {
     system("paplay /home/dad/Music/desktop-logout.wav");
     system("systemctl poweroff" );

    } else if (answer =='U') {
     system("paplay /home/dad/Music/desktop-logout.wav");
     system("systemctl suspend");

    } else if (answer =='X') {
     system("paplay /home/dad/Music/desktop-logout.wav");
     system("cinnamon-screensaver-command -l");

    } else if (answer =='H') {
     system("paplay /home/dad/Music/desktop-logout.wav");
     system("systemctl hibernate");
     }
 }

And here is my script on my desktop.

#!/bin/bash
/home/dad/LRS
exit


Ubuntu 18.04 alongside 16.04 on same partition

It is creating new partitions #5 and #6. Information about it must be written to partition table on /dev/sda.

It is not going to change sda2 or sda1.


Unable to install any linux based os in my HP PAVILION DV6 notebook

Four primary partitions may be the problem with your notebook.

Background

A hard drive can have only 4 primary partitions and not any more. To overcome this problem one of the 4 primary partitions can be removed and an extended partition can be put in it's place. The extended partition can have many logical partitions inside it.

See the difference between primary and logical partitions for more details and determine if all the four partitions in your notebook are primary.

Solution:

If all are primary, then follow
My disk already has 4 primary partitions, how can I install Ubuntu? and delete at least one partition.

Warning:

Deleting the wrong partition may make the system unbootable or you may lose your data files. It is best to make two sets of backups before making any changes to the partitions in any system.

Hope this helps


How to get the list of Dash search plugins (scopes) in command line?

find /usr/share/unity/scopes/ -name \*.scope -printf "%P "|sed -es':/:-:g'

lists you all locally installed scopes.

With

gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Lenses disabled-scopes "[$(find /usr/share/unity/scopes/ -name \*.scope -printf "'%P',"|sed -es':/:-:g' -e's/,$//')]"

you can disable all, so you can just enable the ones you want. You need to have at least applications-scopes.scope enabled to use the Dash to manage Scopes.


You can find out which package provides /etc/login.defs with
dpkg -S /etc/login.defs

and then
apt-get changelog <packagename>

will show the change log for the package. It will have some information.
A simple internet search for "login.defs 298773" led me to  https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=298773 and, by logical extension,
https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=290803


How to make zeitgeist just log my application not my files

Just adding / to the blacklist won't help as the already logged files will still appear in the dash. So, you would have to delete the current existing history from Privacy options in gnome-control-center.

How do I delete the entire history (Recently Used Items) in the dash?

And, by default, Unity uses locate for searching for matching files. As such, these files can still show up if you only blacklist logging of files.

To disable locate, run this command in a terminal:

gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.FilesLens use-locate false


Expand/extend disk space in Ubuntu 10.04 in VMware ESX

If you are using LVM, you can create PV and then add the spaces to existing VG and the root LV. If Btrfs, just add the device to the volume btrfs device add /dev/sdd /btrfs

But if you are using traditional partitions, it's more complicated.

You can try this: delete the swap partition and try to resize the primary partition (/), reserve some space for swap if you want to create a swap partition (I would use swap file instead).

Another workaround would be using the new virtual HDD as /var or /home (which ever uses most disk space), use rsync -axHAX --progress src dest to copy data over and edit /etc/fstab to complete.

BTW: Capacity Planning is important before your go;-)


How to create a permanet shortcut folder without occupying space on both partition

Samba is to connect different computer over the network. This situation is not applicable for you, because your partitions exist on the same computer.

What you are looking for is to have your second partition (the Windows partition) automatically mounted after startup.

By default, your Windows partition is not connected when you start Ubuntu. You can, however, easily connect it by clicking the icon of the partition in the left pane of "Files", the file manager (a.k.a. nautilus). For practical purposes, this could be enough. It takes one click each time before you can access the files.

However, you can also have that Windows partition mounted automatically during startup. You can use the utility "Disks" for that. After that, the partition will automatically be available in the folder you indicate as mount point.

For this to successfully work each time, you must make sure that your Windows partition is clean when Ubuntu starts. To make sure it is clean, you need to turn of "Fast start" in Windows. This way, you have Windows shut down completely each time. Only then will it fully close the ntfs partition, so Ubuntu can mount it.

Once set up, your Windows disk will automatically be available within the Ubuntu system. Any shortcuts you create will work right after the start.


Eg. imagemagick

Install with

sudo apt-get install imagemagick

Usefull examples here.


Update Manager asking me to update kernel but apt-get upgrade does not?

That's because apt-get upgrade does not install new packages.

Due to the way the kernel packages are built, every new (bugfix) version of the package actually has a different name. Plus you install a metapackage, which will always depend on the latest kernel.

This has as a sideeffect, that updating the metapackage for the kernel always requires a new package to be installed (the new kernel), which update-manager will happily do for you.

apt-get upgrade however will strictly upgrade packages, and will not install new packages. If you run apt-get upgrade, you will see that the kernel metapackage is being held back (for this reason, though it doesn't give you the reason).

So instead of apt-get upgrade, run apt-get dist-upgrade to update the kernel metapackage and install the latest kernel version.


Ubuntu 14.10 doesn't detect my SSD drive

This may be one of the reasons:

[    7.361162]  sda: unknown partition table

However, I find these warnings more worrying:

[   11.187652] ata1: SError: { HostInt PHYRdyChg 10B8B DevExch }
[   11.187656] ata1: hard resetting link
[   11.910482] ata1: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
[   16.907658] ata1: hard resetting link
[   17.227486] ata1: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
[   17.227494] ata1: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
[   22.224753] ata1: hard resetting link
[   22.544563] ata1: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 310)
[   22.544572] ata1.00: disabled

It looks like the communication between the SSD and the controller isn't going well. Could this be a cable issue? Or maybe switch the disk to another SATA port.


Just run sudo apt-get install -f

If that doesn't work, try installing GDebi - a graphical installer for Deb packages - that'll manage everything.


Automatically turn on keyboard backlit on Asus tuf505dt with Ubuntu 20.04

I found the solution, posting it here in case someone needs it later.
sudo /etc/acpi/asus-keyboard-backlight.sh

This will turn the backlight on.
To make it automatic on startup, copy this script to /etc/init.d and make it executable.


If I understand your question correctly then

sudo sensors-detect

will take you through a process to detect all (most of) the thermal sensors on your motherboard, CPU and GPU etc. (please the warnings in the manual).  'sensors-detect' may also recommend that you install additional modules to your kernel that your computer needs to read certain system sensors.

To install 'sensors' and 'sensors-detect' you may need to sudo apt install lm-sensors

You can then read the temperatures with:

sensors


How can I force a gradual volume increase when any sound begins playback?

You can install a music player that has such a feature.

To my knowledge, Clementine has this feature and it is available from the Ubuntu Software Center!


Does NetworkManager have a limited bandwidth mode?

One of the ways that I would do that is using a Firewall.  Ubuntu comes with it own Firewall UFW.  You might want to install the GUI version, just to make it easier.  To install it,  just press Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard to open Terminal. When it opens, run the command(s) below:

sudo apt-get install gufw

Once it finishes, just type gufw at the terminal prompt, and with the application opens, click on Edit, and then Add Rule.

When that window opens, choose Deny --> Out --> Application -->, and then choose the application that you want.  For command line control over the Firewall, see UFW

If you want to block e.g. DropBox, you can block the entire Dropbox network IP allocation listed in ARIN, as seen in the image below.

And you can see that it keeps saying connecting..


Can I use virtualbox to install Ubuntu Linux on Windows?

Yes, you can totally run one or more Ubuntu guests in VirtualBox on a Windows host. To do that please follow the instructions in Ubuntu wiki: Installing Virtualbox in Windows.


Syntax for specifying base of logarithm in Calculator

By default the log button calculates base-10 logarithms (while the "ln" button does, of course, base-e logarithms).

To specify a different base, you use a "subscript":

Type "log" in the input field.
Input your desired base with a subscript. This can be done either by clicking on the "downarrow-n" button (top left) and then entering the number, or by pressing Alt while typing the number.
Finally type the number whose logarithm you want to calculate.

By the way, I found this pretty easily by accessing gcalctool's help (press F1) and looking for logarithms in the index.


How can I reset my GRUB background to default?

A quick way to delete the file is  --

Opening a terminal by CTRL + ALT + T and execute these command

sudo rm /usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.png
sudo update-initramfs -u
sudo update-grub

How that file came

These files are from desktop-base package. That package's function as described in control file is

  This package contains various miscellaneous files which are used by
   Debian Desktop installations.  Currently, it provides some
   Debian-related artwork and themes, .desktop files containing links to
   Debian related material (suitable for placement on a user's desktop),
   and other common files between the available desktop environments
   such as GNOME and KDE.

It includes various wallpapers for both GNOME and EDE, splash screens etc. If you don't want that package, you can remove the package by this command

sudo apt-get purge desktop-base

then executes these commands to restore default grub screen

sudo update-initramfs -u
sudo update-grub

If you want to keep the splash files and want the default grub background

In that case, use the below command to disable checking for grub background file

 sudo chmod -x /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme

and then execute

sudo update-initramfs -u
sudo update-grub


Mediawiki 1.34 doesn't find Localsettings.php on Windows -Ubuntu

The problem is solved.
It was a problem of uppercase /lowercase.
WebStart.php looks for LocalSettings.php whereas the installation script delivered Localsettings.php


You can convert an m4a file to flac with the ffmpeg command-line tool:

To install ffmpeg:

sudo apt-get install ffmpeg

To convert:

ffmpeg -i filein.m4a -f flac fileout.flac


Why isn't Ubuntu moving its repositories to old-releases anymore?

17.04 (Zesty) and 17.10 (Artful) have been migrated from archive.ubuntu.com to old-releases.
16.04 (Xenial), 18.04 (Bionic), 19.10 (Eoan), 20.04 (Focal), and 20.10 (Groovy, currently in development) are on archive, but that’s normal, since they’re still supported or not yet released.
14.04 (Trusty) reached “end of standard support” in April 2019, but it benefits from extended security maintenance until April 2022, and will only be migrated then at the earliest; there’s no set calendar for such migrations, the only guarantee is that it happens after EOL, which for LTS releases is at the end of extended security maintenance.
See also When will Trusty be available in old-releases?


I had a USB stick which got corrupted for some reason, and would not mount. I used G-parted to re-partition the drive. Once it got re-partitioned it would mount.

Probably wont help as you'd likely like to save the data on your external-drive.

pce~


If you do not see any message about the device being recognized as "sr",
then the drive (obviously behind a PATA-USB bridge) is not recognized
as optical drive. Probably it is not detected at all.

A power cycle (with quite old kernel) looks here in dmesg like

[...] usb 2-1.5: USB disconnect, device number 82
[...] usb 2-1.5: new high-speed USB device number 90 using ehci-pci
[...] usb 2-1.5: New USB device found, idVendor=152d, idProduct=2338
[...] usb 2-1.5: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=5
[...] usb 2-1.5: Product: USB to ATA/ATAPI Bridge
[...] usb 2-1.5: Manufacturer: JMicron
[...] usb 2-1.5: SerialNumber: 59CF92A50122
[...] usb-storage 2-1.5:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
[...] scsi78 : usb-storage 2-1.5:1.0
[...] scsi 78:0:0:0: CD-ROM            ASUS     BW-16D1HT        1.01 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0
[...] sr4: scsi3-mmc drive: 48x/48x writer dvd-ram cd/rw xa/form2 cdda tray
[...] sr 78:0:0:0: Attached scsi CD-ROM sr4
[...] sr 78:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg6 type 5

One can see that the drive's class "CD-ROM", its manufacturer "ASUS", its
drive model id "BW-16D1HT", and its firmware revision "1.01" are reported.
Then some of its oldfashioned CD capabilities are reported and it gets
attached as optical drive /dev/sr4 (and generic SCSI device /dev/sg6).

Your dmesg reports a reset instead, which i do not see here. Your dmesg
mentions "1040", which you found in the web as "PATA Bridge". That would
be the hardware in the drive's box, which makes it appear as USB device
although all optical drives have either PATA or SATA controllers.
(In my case it's by "JMicron".)

Fishiness in your dmesg begins by:

[ 1562.621189] usb 3-1: Product: \xffffffc2\xffffff92¬A6þ¾\xffffffc2\xffffff80\xffffffc2\xffffff83/µ\xffffffc2\xffffff85\xffffffc2\xffffff87ðL

Why cannot the USB controller tell its model name, like mine does ?

[...] usb 2-1.5: Product: USB to ATA/ATAPI Bridge

This difference and the reset give me the suspicion that the USB controller
in the drive's box has died.


Cannot boot Windows after installing Ubuntu on usb drive

Your system is most probably not working because you installed the OS onto the usb drive and thus it installed grub on you HDD's boot sector and when you removed the usb drive grub wasn't able to find the grub config files to load the options menu.

To return the system to it's earlier state you can use windows recovery by inserting the cd and doing a startup repair or by opening the command prompt from the recovery menu and entering some commands:

Bootrec.exe /FixMbr

Bootrec.exe /FixBoot

Bootrec.exe /ScanOs

Bootrec.exe /RebuildBcd

You can see this Knowledge Base article for more information KB927392.

And as for installing Ubuntu on USB drive. You should not install it on an external drive as it may bring complications as you had. You can make a live disk or usb. You can do it by using softwares such as Linux Live USB or UNetbootin.


how do i connect midi to bitwig in ubuntu 20.04?

Bitwig don't share devices.
You have to end all midi clients and stop a2jmidid


The keyboard shortcuts for Nautilus are mapped in the ~/.config/nautilus/accels file. From there I deduced that:

Ctrl+Page Down is used to switch to next tab.
Ctrl+Page Up is used to switch to previous tab.
Alt+1 is used to switch to first tab.
Alt+2 is used to switch to second tab.
Alt+3 is used to switch to third tab.
Alt+4 is used to switch to tab 4.
Alt+5 is used to switch to tab 5.
Alt+6 is used to switch to tab 6.
Alt+7 is used to switch to tab 7.
Alt+8 is used to switch to tab 8.
Alt+9 is used to switch to tab 9.
Alt+0 is used to switch to tab 10.


keyboard and mouse wont work in gui and recovery mode

Install or reinstall the input drivers:

Open a terminal by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T and copy paste following command and press Enter.

sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-all

If it is already installed, then purge and reinstall it:

sudo apt-get --purge autoremove xserver-xorg-input-all && sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-all


Android KitKat build on Ubuntu 14.04, Wrong JDK

That may be an OpenJDK issue. Sometimes the Oracle JDK is required in order to get something to work.

Generally the JDKs are downwards compatible, you could as well use version 8.

Here is a tutorial how to install it: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/install/linux_jdk.html

If you already installed (read: put it somewhere on your drive) the Oracle JDK, you can choose it with

update-alternatives --config java

I had problems with that before, if the JDK you want isn't listed, you have to add it to update-alternatives first:

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /path/to/your/jdk/bin 1

Replace /path/to/your with your path.


Unmet dependencies for packages required to compile FFmpeg

Solved by:
sudo apt-get install libsdl2-2.0-0/bionic

...and let it remove the 32-bit version of libsdl2.


You have an SPP port on the correct address.

  [   10.926816] parport0:PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP]

Your linux installation is seeing the port and loading the appropriate modules.
[your lsmod results show lp, ppdev, and parport_pc all using parport]

Since your hardware isn't a printer, the software may want to use its own driver or it may be a driver bitbanging the port.  Since the port address is specified in the software manual, this is probably the case.  You most likely need to blacklist some or all of the modules [lp, ppdev, parport_pc, and parport.]

It would help to know what hardware/software you are attempting to use.  You should also consider doing the lsmod commands on the working old PC to see what modules are loaded there.


upgrade 14.04 to 15.10 => option missing *set title*

How to set Title
Click on Terminal menu. then click on Set title

Then enter your title in here and then click close.

as you can see the title has been changed.


Ubuntu 12.04 via xrdp keyboard layout cannot change

Replace keyboard mapping using:

 xrdp-genkeymap /etc/xrdp/km-040c.ini

If this doesn't work, then replace the content of the file /etc/xrdp/km-0409.ini (default keyboard mapping en-us) by this xrdp-genkeymap /etc/xrdp/km-040c.ini (french). You can find keyboard mapping for other languages in the doc, or create your own using:

sudo setxkbmap -layout 'ca' -model logitech_base

Check the help for the command above.


How to change icons on GNOME favorites bar?

For changing icon settings etc, gnome-tweak-tool is rather effective.

You can also use it for managing Gnome Shell Extensions and other things as well


Inexperienced Ubuntu user trying to set up internet connection on laptop with 13.04

You can set it up BEFORE installing so no worries there.

Check your router and take note of your passphrase and encryption details (Ubuntu does not work with WEP anymore since that is broken by design; make sure it is WPA2). You need the password later.
Use "try Ubuntu" before "install Ubuntu";
Select your wireless;
Insert and save password;
When it connects Ubuntu use the "install Ubuntu" shortcut to start installing. The installer can then also fetch packages from the web for the 3rd party extras (like mp3 support) and/or upgraded software.

In the rare case it does not find your network or does not pick up your card you can still stop the installation and first check out why this is. You will need your wireless card details (brand, chipset etc) and search for it on AskUbuntu, ubuntuforums or the Ubuntu WIKI in case it is hardware related.

Since you said "main" form of connection: of course you can also use a wired connection after installation to fix a wireless network problem. You only need to do this one time and only if the wireless connection gives problems.


Problem while installing Ubuntu 16.04 LTS alongside to Windows 10

You can manually select the right partition to install Ubuntu to, during the installation process, as outlined here.

Also, maybe consider installing Ubuntu 20.04, which is the newest version. Ubuntu 16.04 is only supported until next year.


Overriding Windows boot loader with GRUB as default

Usually for uefi you would do that through your bios settings. I dont know your model but so far all notebooks I dealt with had a uefi boot setup that would - analog to the boot drive selection - list out all bootloaders that are found on your boot drives efi partition. Then you would select which one should be tried first, second and so on.

Have a look through your bios options.


Try to reset pulseaudio configuration :
rm -fr .pulse
then reboot.
If not better , what is this 2 commands results:
pactl info|grep sink
and
aplay -l
Do you see faders running alsamixer in a terminal ? Are main faders (master, pcm, speakers... )  unmuted  (m key to mute/unmute when fader selected with arrow key)?


don't have permission on file copied another account

Changing permissions to "777" using the root user should work. The following commands will set these files to be open and usable by anyone.

WARNING: Any account can use these files after the following commands have been executed. This should not ever be applied to system files or directories!

sudo chmod 777 <your filename>

No brackets should remain...

And for folders you can use the following:

sudo chmod -R 777 </full/path/to/your/directory/>

Another example is to change so that you are the owner of the file:

chown [owner]:[group] <your filename>

To read more about permissions read the following articles:

chmod, chown


Download and install the extension pack. Go to settings and enable the USB controller.


Try installing version 2.1.6. Works Perfectly for me.

Command:

pip install mysql-connector==2.1.6

See this bug report on MySQL.com


how to find the lastest source code for "unzip"?

If you want the current version (that you have installed) first check what package we're really talking about:

$ dpkg -S `which unzip`
unzip: /usr/bin/unzip

Not all binaries belong to a package of the same name. This one does.
When you know the package, you can download the source that went into it, like so:

apt-get source unzip

Of course that requires you to have the source repositories enabled but that's simple enough to fix if you don't.

To compile it you'll need unzip's dependencies. Again, apt-get can help:

sudo apt-get build-dep unzip

And then you can follow the standard instructions for the application you're compiling (usually some form of ./configure and make) but you may wish to package it before installing. checkinstall comes in pretty handy here as a quick package builder. See this for more:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompilingEasyHowTo


Creating abootable USB for use on Acer Aspire One using a Macbook

Use unetbootin it has a Mac OS X version;-)

http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/

Also, tuxboot which is more specific to clonezilla, gparted, Tux2Live etc. Unfortunately it does NOT have pre-compiled binary for OS X...

http://tuxboot.org/


Where can I download network drivers for my BCM 4313?

See Wifi Docs Driver BCM 43xx from the Community Wiki. Looks like your card requires the STA driver. If you have Internet access, make sure the restricted repository (multiverse) is enabled, that repositories are updated

sudo apt-get update

then install bcmwl-kernel-source

sudo apt-get install bcmwl-kernel-source

Now you should see the driver available in the Additional Drivers (it's in System Settings). Install it. Reboot or run the following commands:

sudo modprobe -r b43 ssb wl
sudo modprobe wl

If you don't have Internet access, you can install bcmwl-kernel-source either by adding the Live CD as a repository or by finding the package on the Ubuntu install media (CD or pendrive) under ../pool/restricted/b/bcmwl. You'll also need the dependencies, those are dkms, patch and fakeroot. You can find them in ../pool/main/d/dkms, ../pool/main/p/patch, ../pool/main/f/fakeroot respectively. Install those before you install bcmwl-kernel-source.


Banshee won't play music after updating to ubuntu 14.04

This is because Ubuntu 12.04 mounted the partitions at /media whereas Ubuntu 14.04 mounts the partition at /media/username.

The workaround here is to import the music library again.

Select all your songs using Ctrl + A then right-click and choose Remove from Library.

NOTE: Make sure you don't choose Delete from Drive as this will delete all your songs.

Then import them again using Media->Import media and choosing the specific folders or partitions. You will have to recreate your playlists again.


Sony vaio Keyboard back-light svf1531b4e

This seems to be a known bug in Ubuntu. I'm not sure if it has a fix.

https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1362046


Unable to see wireless networks on HP laptop with RTL8723BE wireless adapter

try compiling the kernel yourself by downloading the kernel packages from the official site.
Try installing it using
 **

  dpkg -i *.deb

**


In the console, navigate to the directory the .deb file is in.

sudo dpkg -i easytether*


Must press "Shut Down" twice to shut down in Xubuntu 15.10

If you're using Light Locker, go to the Control Panel and disable it.

Afterwards, please run this shell command in order to force a system reboot:
sudo telinit 6

Note: The command above needs to be run even if you're not using Light Locker.

After restarting your computer, does the problem happen again? Test your system a few times. If the problem persists, open /etc/default/grub for editing by running the following command:
sudo gedit /etc/default/grub

Note: If you don't have Gedit, install it by running this command:
sudo apt-get install gedit

The contents of your /etc/default/grub file will look similar to what we see below, except that you'll have to turn GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX= into GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="acpi=force":
# If you change this file, run 'update-grub' afterwards to update
# /boot/grub/grub.cfg.

GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
GRUB_TIMEOUT="10"
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="acpi=force"

# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)
#GRUB_TERMINAL=console

Now run this command in order to update GRUB and force a system restart:
sudo update-grub && sudo telinit 6

If the problem still persists, click "Shut Down" only once, then run the following commands and paste their output here:
dmesg
uname -a


Switch to Last Used Keyboard Layout Instead of Next/Prev Keyboard Layout (Like with Gboard)

The default mechanism on Ubuntu for switching input sources, i.e. Super+Space, basically works like that.


How can I launch Ubuntu Variants and Betas on GCE?

It's possibly a bit late now, but here's how to do it:

Follow the steps at https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/creating-custom-image#import_a_virtualbox_image. Really the only complication is finding out which of the images from https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/xenial/20160418/ to chose. I finally got it working with xenial-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.vmdk. I also used vbox-img, not VBoxManage, but I believe the two are identical anyway.


when is OpenCobol 1.1 going to be released on Ubuntu?

Ubuntu 12.10 and later come with OpenCobol 1.1. It's unlikely that there will be an official package for 12.04 or earlier. Maybe you can find a PPA or backport the package for 12.10 yourself.


Edit existing wiki page with libreoffice writer

As far as I know there is no such option, the connection is one-way only. In some cases you could be able to convert WikiText e.g. with pandoc. For a local wiki it is a possible workflow to keep the Writer documents, and only use them for export.

Another workaround is using the new visual editor of MediaWiki, which I find quite user friendly in comparison with WikiText.


Unity having "Damaged Packages" upon reinstall over Gnome 3

Looks like something went wrong and now the package dependencies are broken.
Go through the steps in How do I resolve unmet dependencies
to get things back in order.

Basically that's

sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -f install
sudo apt-get -f install ubuntu-desktop

Make sure you keep the output from these commands. If it's still broken after that it'll give valuable info about what's going on.


How to disable the lock screen on Lubuntu?

Go to Menu > Preferences > Power Manager > Security then uncheck box marked "Lock screen when system is going for sleep". You may have to log out and log back in for it to take effect.


Why isn't Gnome Color applying my color profile?

I believe that it's the difference between calibration and characterization profiles described here: What's the difference between calibration and characterization?

More info here: Missing information for whole-screen color correction?

  Unfortunately, many vendor-supplied ICC profiles do not include the information required for whole-screen color correction. These profiles can still be useful for applications that can do color compensation, but you will not see all the colors of your screen change.

You can also see that in all of the profiles that do change your screen color that the "Display correction" in the View Details window is "yes" where in the profiles that don't change it are "no".  In the case of profile D65 which does have display correction, the correction seems to be only have a very slight change or no change when looking at the VCGT tab in the details window.


Webcam not working on Ubuntu 20.04 after recent kernel update

issue got solved with kernel 5.4.0-37-generic .
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux-signed/+bug/1881757


Unable to install Security update in ubuntu

Those are kernel and kernel header updates which are major security updates for your system. Thus they are necessary in the security aspect. You can install them by command in terminal:

Open terminal by the key combination CTRL + ALT + T and enter these commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

And then reboot the system to have them taken effect.


A rise in temperature is normal. The nVidia GTX 970M for example uses 24 watts which is quite a bit in computing terms:

Turning off the nVidia GPU with sudo prime-select intel will reduce heat by 5 to 10 degrees but there is really no cause for concern unless running on battery. In this case turning off the nVidia GPU would benefit battery life.

Even at the displayed temperatures there is no heat on the keyboard and fans (there are two one for CPU and one for GPU) cannot be heard.

To summarize if your situation is like above conky display there is nothing to worry about.


How do I change permissions on a FAT32 formatted drive?

vfat does not support Linux permissions. You can set permissions manually when you mount the device.

Unmount the flash drive from nautilus, but do not remove it.

sudo mkdir /media/flash
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/flash -o dmask=000,fmask=111

You can possibly work around the issue if you use NTFS on the flash drive, and in that case mount it with the permissions option.

sudo mkdir /media/flash
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/flash -o permissions

With the permissions option chown and chmod should work.

See man mount

Other options might be to use ext2 on the flash drive (smaller overhead) and the fs-driver on windows

http://www.fs-driver.org/


NVIDIA driver problem after apt upgrade ubuntu 18.04

It most likely didn't install correctly.
I'd probably remove the packages without dependencies like so:

sudo dpkg -r libnvidia-ifr1-390
sudo dpkg -r libnvidia-ifr1-390:i386
sudo dpkg -r nvidia-driver-390

Using those commands should free up apt-get, now you can install the dependencies and reinstall the driver: (This should install the dependencies automatically)

sudo apt-get install nvidia-driver-390

And if the same thing happens again, try this: (This installs the listed dependencies and the driver)

sudo apt-get install libnvidia-gl-390:i386
sudo apt-get install libnvidia-gl-390
sudo apt-get install nvidia-driver-390

Or this: (This uninstalls and purges anything installed related to Nvidia and installs the driver while also deleting local copies of packages to download it again)

sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get purge nvidia*
sudo apt-get autoremove --purge
sudo apt-get install nvidia-driver-390


Is the ubuntu system I am using distributed free of charge

Ubuntu is a free software. It is perfectly legal to redistribute it or/and modify it. You can this question for more info: Under what license is Ubuntu? Can it be legally modified and distributed?

So when you see Ubuntu, even modified one, it is probably legal.Such popular distros as Linux Mint,Elementary OS,etc. would not exist if Ubuntu licensing didn't allow modifying and distributing it freely.


Keep Xubuntu Network Manager from overwriting resolv.conf

What is the issue you are trying to resolve?

I remember having had issues with resolv.conf on my Ubuntu 9.04/9.10-days. No nameserver was written into it and hence I had no Internet access.

As a solution I changed the starting order by renaming /etc/rc.S/S07resolvconf to /etc/rc.S/S39resolvconf and the problem went away.

It seems my solution was out of date, though the bug seems to be the same.

As mentioned at launchpad you could try apt-get purge resolvconf. Then you should be able to manually set your nameserver without it getting overwritten.


My car has 1000 seats in it but we only use two, how can I fill up the other 998 empty seats?

RAM is used as it's required by applications on the system. If you want to use more of it, run applications that use more RAM. Or run more instances of the ones you currently do. That's the point of having more RAM. You can run bigger and more.

You essentially have a supercomputer. Do supercomputery things with it.

Virtualise out, so it presents as a number of virtual servers for smaller tasks. VMWare, Xen, etc. You lose an overhead for each node but it's easier to separate tasks out to discrete amounts of resource.
Run large computational problems.
Run a service that allows other people to run their computational problems.

But essentially you're looking at this the wrong way. If you have to ask what you're going to do with this machine, it's probably the wrong machine for the job. Sell it and buy a server more suitable for the things you want to do.


I know this is a very old post but I thought this information I found on another StackExchange site might be of assistance.

When using an alias in your apache configuration you also need to use RewriteBase in your .htaccess file that's the same as the alias.

Alias /antoniocs/project "/home/antoniocs/www/project"
<Directory "/home/antoniocs/www/project">
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
    AllowOverride All
    Order allow,deny
    allow from all
</Directory>

Requires that you include...

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /antoniocs/project

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?q=$1 [L,QSA]

I actually noticed it on a project because there was a rewrite going on with images/js/css and all my supplemental files were not loading.


Share a multichannel audio card between multiple apps?

This is what I was missing!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J-RQudJx30
Apparently, Google didn't think it was important to tell me that PulseAudio can now work directly with Jack.  Lots of forum questions about that exact problem with no answers...
Anyway, set it up according to the video, and PA creates a loopback device for Jack to connect to.  Jack then makes the connections like it's known for.

Essentially, the steps are:

Install Jack if it isn't already.
sudo apt install jackd

Install the PulseAudio module for it.
sudo apt install pulseaudio-module-jack

Edit PA's config file.
sudo nano /etc/pulse/default.pa
(the video uses vim, I prefer nano, you use what you like)

Add some lines under ### Load audio drivers statically...
load-module module-jack-sink
load-module module-jack-source

Add some more lines under ### Make some devices default
set-default-sink jack_out
set-default-source jack_in

Save and close the file.

Restart PulseAudio.  It might be easiest to reboot the whole machine, which also serves as the "reboot survival" test that you really should do anyway before you absolutely rely on it.

Now, when the system comes up and PulseAudio starts, it'll also start Jack and make it the default. ("fallback" in the familiar GUI controls)
You won't have any sound yet, because Jack defaults to nothing connected.  So open the Connections window, click an individual channel on each side, and then Connect at the bottom.  You should have sound now!  And your connection options are now in Jack, which is incredibly flexible.

If you want to make your connections survive a reboot, you can define a connections file and have that load on startup (Activate Patchbay persistence):

How to create that file is shown here, and it's not immediately intuitive:
https://www.rncbc.org/drupal/node/76
Instead of the Connect window, you need to use the Patchbay.  Why they're so similar and still separate, I don't know, nor why the easy-to-use Connect window doesn't just have a Save button that does all this for you.  But anyway, it is at least possible, and here's how:

You might notice that the connections here are no longer between individual channels, but between devices, and that not all devices have all of the channels that they could.  That's the first-glance-unintuitive difference in how this tool works compared to the other one.
To set up your persistent patches, first click the New button at the top left, and DON'T let it create a snapshot of existing connections.  It's not that smart, and will get it horribly wrong.  Instead, start with a blank slate, and create a set of custom devices that each have the specific channels that you want to connect as a group.
The Add button on each side brings up this window:

Give this new device a name, and choose which Client it uses.  (multiple devices can use the same Client, so don't worry about locking yourself out)  Then add only the channels ("Plugs") that this particular device is going to use.  All of these channels will be connected to all of the channels of another device, in the order that they appear here.  You can also rename each channel, but I think it's too easy to forget which is what if you customize it that far.
Create all of your devices or "channel groups" that way, on each side, and then connect them at the device level by clicking one each side and then the Connect button at the bottom.
(I also have some full-count devices that don't go anywhere, just to remind me of what I'm working with.)

NOW you can save that .xml file that the Setup window wants in "Activate Patchbay persistence".

And set up qjackctl to run on startup so that it can, in turn, load that file.  Userspace is fine; it doesn't need to be root.


Why can't I execute airdump-ng mon0 after installing aircrack-ng?

You did not put your wireless card into monitor mode, you misspelt wlan0 and typed wlann0 instead. As a result, the monitor interface mon0 was not created.

So, do airmon-ng start wlan0.


Most of my software just disappeared (Kubuntu)

Does sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop work, and get everything back?

If you can't access the terminal, try Ctrl+Alt+F1 then login in and execute the command.


gnome-keyring-daemon[16231]: unsupported key algorithm in certificate: 1.2.840.10045.2.1

John S Gruber's post should help.  Do:

env | grep SSH_AUTH_SOCK

Check the value of the variable to see whether that file exists.  If it does:

unset SSH_AUTH_SOCK

That should remove the socket file; if not, you may need to remove it manually (as sudo).


The DIGImend project is dedicated to exactly this task. If you join the mailing list and help out with information and testing, together we might be able to get it working, if you go to the tablets page you can see just how many tablets the DIGImend project has enabled to work on linux. I'm currently using their driver for my Huion H610.


I found out that I was missing 1 step. After changing the interface name I still needed to update the /etc/network/interface file according to the new interface name. The new name can be found by calling ifconfig -a. And finally a restart.

I stil don't know if this step can be automated somehow?


In Bash, how to read a file and take each line as incremental variable?

#!/bin/bash

PS3="Input: "

while read -r addr tld; do
  addrlist+=( "$addr" )
done < list.txt

echo "Which ip you want to test?"

select addr in "${addrlist[@]}"; do
  ping -c5 "$addr"
  break;
done

Note that if your file had contained just a single (address) field, you could have use the bash mapfile built-in (or its synonym readarray)

mapfile -t addrlist < list.txt

to fill the array without explicit looping. If you want the exact hyphenated list shown in the original question then you could do something like

mapfile -t addrlist < list.txt

echo "Which ip you want to test?"

select addr in "${addrlist[@]// /-}"; do
  ping -c5 "${addr%%-*}"
  break;
done

but the code starts to get ugly IMHO.


How to get grub on a dual boot with Win 10

In your windows, install EasyBCD and define your Ubuntu.

When you can get access in the Ubuntu, set the main boot loader there. Like using boot-repair. Check this


Using iptables --ctstate NEW with custom chains

The rule in the article:
iptables -A OUTPUT -j chain-outgoing-services

is the correct rule. As all outgoing packets need to traverse that chain, not just the NEW.


Why is an SSH public key being installed on my new Ubuntu 20.04.1 instance before I can log in for the first time? Am I being hacked?

You can use cloud-init to populate SSH authorized keys. However, the message clearly states:
ci-info: no authorized SSH key fingerprints found for user ubuntu

The fingerprints shown are for host keys, presented by the system to clients.


Upgrade Process of 14.xx on Intel CPU VM Selects AMD Packages

"AMD64" is just the name used by Debian/Ubuntu to refer to the x86_64 architecture (the latter being the more vendor-neutral way to refer to it). It's just called AMD64 because AMD designed and implemented it before Intel adopted it as well.


Audio jack not outputing with Sound blaster recond 3Di 14.04

I've known some Motherboards (using Windows 7 here), that need all the 3.5mm audio plugs unplugged and plugged back in to trigger that they are connected.


Can I merge/delete these partitions without breaking everything?

First of all, unlike Windows with uses letters such as C:\ to identify disks, Linux sees them as block devices, such as /dev/sda and /dev/sdb. For example, /dev/sda1 would be the first partition on your first disk, and /dev/sdb4 would be the fourth partition on your second disk.

In your case, I can see that you actually have two HDDs/SSDs. As in, two physically separate pieces of hardware. You cannot merge two physical disks, unless you do some advanced stuff using RAID and/or JBOD.

Now, on your first disk, /dev/sda, you have the EFI partition, (the bootloader), you have your main Linux partition (where all of your data is stored), and you have your swap partition, which is equivalent to Windows's "page file". (An area used as virtual RAM if you run out of physical RAM). None of those partitions can be merged. Period.

About your second disk; I'm a bit confused as to why you have two EFI partitions on it... But, you could potentially be able to merge /dev/sdb2, /dev/sdb4, and /dev/sdb6, but without knowing what's on those partitions, I don't know if it would be safe to merge them.


Wrong resolution for TV connected via HDMI (32LG3000)

As your TV accepts a (much higher quality) 1920 by 1080 input, I would suggest selecting this and allowing your television to downscale it to fit.


Setting up dual boot on Lenovo yoga 2 pro

Solved

Not quite sure why this solution works, still a little confused what the issue was but I disabled fast start in windows, then went back into ubuntu live and ran the installer and selected 'reinstall ubuntu'. The installer worked, and now the system shows grub on startup, giving the option to boot into ubuntu or windows. To sum up, only changes I made in bios were disabling secure boot, and fast boot.

Also not sure why every ubuntu related discussion for the yoga 2 pro says you must add parameter 'acpi_backlight=vendor' when booting, I did not need this. It only locked the brightness at max and broke the brightness keys which work out of the box.

Side note, ubuntu is amazing on high end specs. Only issue with the yoga 2 pro on linux is the yellow color issue.


Factory Reset, lost grub, never upgraded from 12.0.4

Because there can be different versions of grub in different version of Ubuntu, it is better to use the same Grub as in the original installation, in your case 12.04. You can get the 12.04 ISO image for your system by going here and burn it to a USB using tools such as UNetbootin. Once you have that you can follow the instructions in How can I repair grub? (How to get Ubuntu back after installing Windows?) or in this article to re-install grub


If you look at the raring-changes mailing list you'll see that most of the uploads are to raring-proposed, which means they'll sit in -proposed being tested before being rolled out to users, so it'll likely be a few more days before updates start coming in.

At a minimum updates have to be in -proposed for at least 7 days before hitting -updates.


Most of the scripts inside /etc/init and /etc/init.d are run during bootprocess if you haven't changed any of their configurations. There is an application called BootUpManager i.e. bum.

sudo apt-get install bum

which will let you configure bootup scripts.

Ubuntu uses upstart i.e. /etc/init/*.conf for bootup scripts


wired and wireless do not work: CONFIG_IWLWIFI_DEBUG disabled

You need the wifi module loaded, iwl is an intel driver. I'm not sure what make you have, but some manufacturers windows version works better with the ndiswrapper installed.


two different gnome-software stores - same os Xubuntu 20.04lts - starting snap-store starts gnome-software?

From what I have read before - the Ubuntu Software is a snap application, it does not have integration with FlatPak.

So you may to decide removing it:

snap remove snap-store

and install deb-packaged GNOME Software with FlatPak and Snap plugins instead:

sudo apt-get install gnome-software gnome-software-plugin-flatpak gnome-software-plugin-snap


Dash is empty, applications do not appear


How to install node 0.10.40 on Ubuntu 14.04

I found a set of scripts and needed to fix it to work. Source here: https://gist.github.com/msporny/5019c4bed5415b745edd

1) Setup apt for 0.10

curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_0.10 | sudo bash -

2) Find the exact version you have setup

apt-cache policy nodejs

3) Install that version of 0.10. For me I did

sudo apt-get install -y nodejs=0.10.48-*


Where are the settings for disabling Nepomuk and Akonadi in the UI?

KDE 4.13 now uses Baloo instead of Nepomuk for the searches. If you have the latest version of KDE 4.13, you can open up Desktop Search, and uncheck the box labelled "Enable Desktop Search". If the checkbox is not present, add your home directory to the list of excluded search locations. Doing so will effectively stop the indexer.

See this post for a more detailed explanation for the second method.