Number sequences starting with a 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
Octal 10 = decimal 8.

To get bash to treat it as a decimal number, remove the leading zero or force decimal with:

N=010
N=$((10#$N))

Generally that works for all bases, just replace the 10 with the base that you want:

N=[base#]n


How much space to allocate to the swap partition?

Ok I got my answer after doing some researching. As a rule of thumb, it is recommended to have the same amount of RAM for the swap partition. That means if you have 8 GB of RAM, you should have 8 GB of Swap space.


Manually Installed new Python to /usr/bin, how to get Repo version back?

To find out which package installed a file you can use apt-file, you can install it with

sudo apt install apt-file

and find the package with

apt-file search /path/to/file

so in this case

apt-file search /usr/bin/python

which revealed python2.7-minimal, reinstalling this package solved the problem,
in this case OP reinstalled some other packages as well to be sure everything works fine:

apt --reinstall install libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python python-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal


Sheet name font size on LibreOffice Calc is too small

I had similar problem with elementary theme. Although the problem was that the scrollbars were too thin. The fix was to modify the scrollbar width in gtkrc file, in my case:

/usr/share/themes/elementary Dark/gtk-2.0/gtkrc

find:

GtkScrollbar            ::slider-width

and set the value to something like 10


How can I remove youtube-dl (NOT installed via snap or apt)?

According to http://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html, there are four documented methods of installation.

Therefore, there are several possible methods of removal.

If you used curl or wget to download, then the file is probably at /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl

Verify it, then remove it:

$ ls -l /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan  5 10:07 /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl    // Yes, it's there

$ sudo rm /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl               // sudo because it's not owned by me

Alternately, if your output looks like this, then you likely used a different method, or you put the file someplace else:

$ ls -l /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
ls: cannot access '/usr/local/bin/youtube-dl': No such file or directory

If you used pip or pip3 to install, then use the same tool to remove:

$ sudo pip remove youtube-dl

If you used Homebrew to install, then use the same tool to remove:

$ brew remove youtube-dl


How can I prevent apt-mirror from downloading ALL packages

APT Mirror is intended to mirror the whole repository from mirror.list entries only.

In a few sentences apt-mirror works like this:

Gets index files from the repository and processes them (the same process as apt update).
Downloads files from collected index files, if they do not exist locally. The folder structure is preserved in this process (similar to wget -c -x <url_file_array>).

For more detailed information about how apt-mirror works and for confirming that it is impossible to partially mirror the repository to get latest versions only, you can refer to The Source code of apt-mirror (Written in Perl).

So, what to do to get latest versions from large repositories?

My temporary workaround for your situation (taking for example, gitlab-ce repository for Ubuntu 18.04 - Bionic):

Enter the path for mirroring:

cd /path/to/mirroring

Backup sources.list:

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

Open and comment every line in sources.list:

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

Add your desired repository(ies) for mirroring:

4.1. Add this to sources.list and exit from the file: deb https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/ubuntu/ bionic main

4.2. Add the GPG:

curl -L https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/gpgkey | sudo apt-key add -

Update index files:

sudo apt update

Fetch latest packages url from added repository and write them to file:

sudo apt-get install '*' --allow-unauthenticated -y --print-uris | grep -o '\'http.*\' | tr "\'" " " > download-list

Download the urls with folder structure, because of -c option, it will not download files that exist:

wget -i download-list -c -x

Enjoy!!!

For reverting everything back, just replace the sources.list file with old sources.list.bak and do:

sudo apt update


Partitioning: Shrink Ubuntu (extended), Expand Windows

Here's the outline of what you should do:

Unmount the devices/partitions concerned;
Shrink the logical partition /dev/sda6 by the amount you want i.e. 200 GB (right click the partition, select resize/move and drag the slider to right creating the unallocated space to the left of sda6), and then move sda5 to right over the unallocated space so that the entire free space will lie to left of sda5;
Shrink the extended partition /dev/sda4 creating free space immediately next to sda3;
Move /dev/sda3 towards right so that the entire 200 GB unallocated space would now lie next to /dev/sda2 (Note: moving /boot may result in boot failure, and in that case you'd boot-repair disk can be handy.);
Resize /dev/sda2 to cover the unallocated space;
Apply all operations, and wait patiently till the tasks are completed!


Can't access webdav server after password change in Ubuntu 14.04

Go to passwords and keys on your application window. Select the network and change the password. I had the same problem and got it fixed just now :)


These are monthly snapshot-releases corresponding to the milestones for the next official Ubuntu release. They are the product of the time-based release cycle used by Canonical for Ubuntu since version 13.04.

The major version number stands for the year and the minor version for the month of the release (16.06 for June 2016).

They complement:

interim releases (also called "standard") every six months: 14.10, 15.04, 15.10;
major long-term support releases (LTS), every 2 years: 14.04, 16.04;
point releases which are updates to LTS: 16.04.01.

For a regular user monthly releases might seem similar to "beta version" or "release candidate" used by other companies for their products, although Ubuntu community also releases beta and release-candidate versions of major Ubuntu flavours (see 16.10 proposed schedule).

In short, releases 16.05, 16.06 are not considered updates to 16.04, but steps towards the next official release 16.10 Yakkety Yak (to be published on October 20th, 2016).


How to uninstall Ubuntu Software Center in 11.10?

I think you are missing the hiphen between software and center. The command you seem to be looking for is sudo apt-get remove software-center


Is it possible to get a Epson AcuLaser M1400 laser printer working?

Just wanted to mention that starting with Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr the Epson AcuLaser M1400 is supported by default. Rick Richardsons driver "foo2hbpl" is included in version "2014-02-09" as a part of the package "printer-driver-foo2zjs" which is installed by default and provides support for the M1400 since version "2014-01-08".

I've tried it today and it works like a charm! Just plug and play!

If you're using an older version of ubuntu it's possible to manually compile and install the latest driver following the instructions from the authors of foo2hbpl.


.vmx .vmdk files not opening on VMPlayer

Here are two ways:

1) Using a terminal

Open a terminal window (press alt+ctrl+t)

In the terminal window which opens by default in your home directory, make a new subdirectory, and then copy the files into the subdirectory

mkdir subdirname
cp /media/charlotte/9675-BE6B/*.vm* ~/subdirname

Please substitute a directory name that you like, for subdirname.  The ~ in the command is a shorthand notation for your home directory.

2) graphically

Open the File Manager, either by clicking the icon which appears to be a file cabinet, or by opening the Dash and entering "files"

Right click on the main panel of the file manager, and choose to create a new folder (subdirectory)

In the left panel of the file manager, you will see several commonly used folders, along with 'Computer' and something that will be the entry for your USB drive.  Click on the USB drive, select all the files you need, and press ctrl+c.  Click on Home in the left panel to return to your home directory, double click on the subdirectory you created earlier, and right in the main panel to bring up a context menu including the 'paste' command.  Use 'paste' to place copies of your files into the subdirectory.


Does anybody know if Granola does what it says or even if it's safe for Ubuntu?

It probably does what it says, but there's no need to use it when you can configure Ubuntu to do the same with the built-in tools.
It's mostly basics like putting your monitor to sleep if the system is idle for so long, putting the system to sleep if idle for so long, spinning down hard drives, reducing CPU frequency, etc.
Here's a screenshot to give you an idea:

If you are using a laptop, just closing the lid when you are not using it will save the most power (by default).
Ubuntu has pretty aggressive power-save settings even for desktops, but you can still tweak it if you'd like to be even more aggressive.


Bluetooth device gone? How to recover it?

[This was very weird... The laptop is not that old; it is a DELL LATITUDE E7440]

The solution:

go to the BIOS,
take any note of the current values from there, (because the next step will wipe them out).
reload the default values and
reboot.

A bit more descriptive...

One other attempt was booting using an Ubuntu installation image (to try the Ubuntu) - so that I could mimic a fresh install, to check whether the initialization process was able to find the Bluetooth device. Bummer: it also didn't found the device. Therefore, reinstalling the system from scratch, won't help.

Getting into the laptop's BIOS, it also reported that had no Bluetooth device.

Since I had nothing to lose, I decided to try reloading the 'defaults'. I had to do an reboot and.... for my surprise, after the boot, the BIOS's System Information screen was reporting that the system had a Bluetooth device! [On the previous paragraph, ie. bvefore reloading the default values, the same System Information reported that there was no Bluetooth device installed!!!]


How to turn off dynamic brightness - Ubuntu 18.04.5 - Dell G5 w/ Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070

That may actually be something you can switch off in your monitors' settings. I've had the same problem some years back and somebody pointed that out, which turned out to be correct.


Why does deleting a file on a USB stick not free up space?

I have found that nautilus changed behaviour sometime in the last year from actually deleting files on removable media to putting them into a hidden directory named .Trash or similar in the top-level directory of the media.

This is great for "oops"es, but did catch me unawares the first time I "deleted" 2GB of a 4GB thumb and still had no extra space.

I didn't explore if Empty Trash was available or worked, I just rm -rf the offending directory.


Shell script to unzip a file with a password

To unzip files with password use the -P option:

unzip -P password file.zip

To create a directory with same structure as the source .zip and place contents in it:

unzip -P password file.zip

# output
total 560
drwxrwxr-x   2 george george   4096 Mar  3 14:02 ./
drwxr-xr-x 199 george george  12288 Mar  3 14:01 ../
drwx------   2 george george   4096 Apr 23  2016 file/
-rw-rw-r--   1 george george 150058 Feb 18 07:00 file.zip

To unzip content into current directory without creating one with same structure as source .zip file:

unzip -j -P password file.zip

# output
total 560
drwxrwxr-x   2 george george   4096 Mar  3 14:02 ./
drwxr-xr-x 199 george george  12288 Mar  3 14:01 ../
-rw-rw-r--   1 george george 150058 Feb 18 07:00 file.zip
-rw-------   1 george george 405115 Apr 23  2016 Transcript.pdf


Ubuntu 20.04 focal - Input keyboard language

I've found a solution for my problem at this link!
I've put the solution here for who will have the same problem. I hope it will be usefull.


How To Launch Activities menu? What is the Super key?

The super key is the key with the windows logo on it(most commonly). Super key opens activity search, and if you want to open the activities menu , use the shortcut Super+A


Is there a simple audio player for Lubuntu

There is an audio player with a command-line interface called cmus which is very ight weight on resources which also allows streaming of internet radio and is also knows to open .m3u and .pls streams.

Also, cmus looks nice and offers several views, a file browser and many configuration settings. cmus is available from the standard Ubuntu repositories. ou can install using the command below

sudo apt install cmus

If you need help on how to use cmus, use the command

man cmus


This is likely if you happen to be using the proprietary ATI Catalyst driver (fglrx), which has a known bug here. You can work around it if you open the Additional Drivers tool and remove fglrx, so Ubuntu will fall back to the free radeon driver instead. This will of course impact 3D performance quite heavily, but Gnome Shell will probably work smoothly and you'll gain a prettier startup screen.


error: must set personality to get -x option

You can't execute a shell variable. You need to explicitly turn the $command variable into a command. The easiest way to do so is with the eval command. So: eval $command will work.


The issue is not specific to that version of Ununtu, I'm seeing it on Ubuntu 18.04.
A workaround is to set up Firefox to remove all cookies from webex.com and .webex.com on exit. The downside is that you need to click through some dialogs every time.
Also, please note that only the "personal room" meetings are affected. Those meetings are insecure because people outside the company can guess the URL. Also, those meetings don't work is the organizer is missing. If you can teach your colleagues to create real meetings, you won't need to clean cookies and click on the bearded man dialog every time you join a meeting.


It's an installer bug.

Choose the "Try Lubuntu" option from the boot menu so that you get a working desktop.

Choose "start menu" -> "system tools" -> "LXTerminal"

At the console prompt, type:

sudo apt-get install lvm2

Then run the installer icon from the desktop ("Install Lubuntu 16.10").

Clearly no-one tested any installation method that uses lvm.


So, thank you to the pointer from Sadegh I set my BIOS to BIOS boot mode and re-installed Ubuntu using the installed off a USB stick. All seems to be working now.

Thanks again.


Epson XP-7100 all-in one Scanner not recognized

http://download.ebz.epson.net/dsc/search/01/search/searchModuleFromResult install everything and it worked (with gscan2pdf) fine in 19.10.
But I have problem with adf on 20.04 so wait to before updating.


I had the very same issue (even with an invalid psw also), using Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS.
At first, I thought it might be because I was using http (not yet https). Therefor I created the file /etc/cockpit/cockpit.conf with content like so:
[WebService]
AllowUnencrypted = true

But that didn't solve my problem (yet). I also had to perform these commands:
sudo systemctl start cockpit.socket
sudo systemctl enable cockpit.socket

After I issued these commands, I was able to login.


Undoing permission change of my entire drive

there's no real undo to chmod. If yours is a reasonably new install we could give you a list of all main files/directories and you could try to restore permissions one by one, but sincerely that would be a hell of a job.

You could better boot from live CD, backup all your stuff and re-install.


Had the same error. Try easy_install hashlib


There is a newer rtl8187 here. I suggest you download this file to your desktop: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/backports/stable/v3.12.2/backports-3.12.2-1.tar.bz2 Right-click it and select 'Extract Here.' Now to the terminal:

cd ~/Desktop/backports-3.12.2-1
make defconfig-wifi
make
sudo make install

'make' takes a few minutes, so please be patient. Reboot and let us have your report. If it is not working as expected, post:

dmesg | grep rtl


Prevent vlan and bridge interface rename to renameX form

I have just run into this problem on OVH cloud instance using Ubuntu 16.04 as well. This release the renaming is done by systemd-udev process. On systemd handles the "Predicatable Network Interface Names" you can readup here: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames/ .

To prevent vlan interfaces from being renamed I created /etc/systemd/network/10-vlan.link, here is the contents of it:

[Match]
Driver=*802.1Q*
[Link]
NamePolicy=kernel

Here is more about this (with examples): https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.link.html

For it to change NamePolicy for bridge interfaces as well it will require expanding the Driver in Match section, like so:

[Match]
Driver=*802.1Q* bridge
[Link]
NamePolicy=kernel

but keep in mind I have not tested it with bridge interfaces, so no guarantees here.


How to copy my entire ubuntu system to another computer,and run?

CloneZilla works perfectly.
It produces small image files, has integrity check and works fast.

If you want to use third device as image repository you should choose device-image when creating image of the first disk and then image-device when you restore it to second disk.

If you want to use only two disks - you should use device-device mode.

Optionally you may want generate new UUIDs, SSH-key (if SSH server installed), and change hostname.


To authenticate using a fingerprint device at log-in screen in ubuntu

Install Following packages and through Fprintd settings, you can Select it for login authentication ( These packages contains necessary drivers for fingerprint reader devices)

sudo apt-get install fprintd fprint-demo libfprint0


Before you can execute your script, you must give it execution permissions. You can do it by executing:

  chmod +x eTax_ticinoPG13_inst_Linux.sh

You can also do it from nautilus by right clicking the file, going to Properties > Permissions, and then selecting Allow executing file as program.
Afterwards just start it with ./eTax_ticinoPG13_inst_Linux.sh and it will start.


On Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS with youtube-dl version 2019.06.08, after creating symbolic link with following command:

$ sudo ln -s /usr/bin/python3 /usr/local/bin/python

youtube-dl worked as usual, the error "/usr/bin/env: ‘python’: No such file or directory" vanished.


Full Disk Encryption - How to boot in as runlevel 1?

I did recently rescue a box with full disk encryption and no administrator. I did so by adapting the following anwser
How do I reset a lost administrative password?
Ps : I  don't have enough reputation to include images, it would be nice if someone could edit and add them inline :)
Full  steps :
You need to boot into recovery mode.
Boot up the machine, and after the BIOS screen, hold down the left Shift key. You will then be prompted by a menu that looks something like this:

I've noticed on some systems that timing when to hit the left Shift key can be tricky, sometimes I miss it and need to try it again.
As you have full disk encryption, you have to hold down the key before being asked for the disk password. (You will be asked for the password in a command line interface during boot).
Hit the down arrow until you select the 2nd entry from the top (the one with the recovery mode in the description) and then hit Enter.
Now you should see this menu:

Using the arrow keys scroll down to root and then hit Enter.
You should now see a root prompt, something like this:
root@ubuntu:~#

At this stage you should have a read-only filesystem. You have to remount it with write permissions:
mount -o rw,remount /

Now we can set the user back into the sudoers group with the adduser command. (In this example I will use jorge as the example, you need to substitute whatever the user's username is):
root@ubuntu:~# adduser jorge sudo

Now you can reboot, and you should be able to use sudo commands. You might want to make sure that you are part of following groups :

adm
sudo
lpadmin
sambashare
jorge (your username)

jorge@ubuntu:~$ groups
You can add your user back in these groups with sudo
jorge@ubuntu:~$ sudo adduser jorge adm


With "choice menu" I think you mean GRUB, Ubuntu's default bootloader. It may be relatively simple to solve this problem if you have an Ubuntu Live Media (such as a Live CD, DVD or USB, the same you would use in the installation).

Boot from the Live media and choose to try Ubuntu without installing. Open a Terminal. You will have to know the name of the partition Ubuntu is installed in for the next steps. It will probably be something like 'sda2' or 'sda3'. To help in this step, use the command 'lsblk'. This will give you information about the devices in your PC.

When you know the name of your Ubuntu partition, you have to mount it with the command 'sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt', where the 'sdXY' part is replaced with your partition name.

Then run the command 'sudo chroot /mnt'. This command will "chroot" you into your Ubuntu partition. It's almost like using your system outside of it by CHanging the ROOT to its mountpoint.

After running the above command you will be dropped in another command line. Run the following commands from it:

sudo grub-install /dev/sda

Note that the last letter (a in this case) may vary from system to system, but it will very probably be 'a'. Also note that there is no number in the end of the command, unlike the 'mount' command above.

This command will install GRUB in your hard drive. Now you have to update GRUB so it recognizes all your OSs. Just run:

sudo update-grub

And we're done with the repairing! Reboot your computer and see if you can boot into Ubuntu.


Will we be able to install, update and remove snap packages in the Ubuntu Softwares?

Yes, you'll be able to install/remove snaps via Ubuntu Software. That work is in progress, and doesn't seem to have been released to Xenial just yet.

I don't know if Ubuntu Software will indicate if it's a snap or a deb, though.


Are pre-releases not getting security updates?

It turns out that 14.04 did receive an update for OpenSSL, but I didn't see it earlier, because (according to Timo Jyrinki) security updates for pre-releases propagate through the usual mirror system (slowly) instead of becoming available right away via the repo hosted on security.ubuntu.com.


Problem: Public Key is not in Default Location (from Comments)
The public keys were stored in the Downloads folder of each server. This is not the default location for storing authorized keys. As a result OP needed to specify the key location with the -i option for ssh like this:
ssh -i /path/to/key username@ip

This does not work with clusterssh.
Solution:
Step 1: Store the authorized keys in the default location
There is a command, part of ssh, to transfer the public key to the correct location of the remote server.
ssh-copy-id username@ip

You have to do this once for each server. To do this you will need to have:
#PasswordAuthentication yes
in the file: /etc/ssh/sshd_config for each server so that you can ssh into these servers using their passwords.
Step 2: Remove the public keys from the "wrong" folder
Once the public keys are copied in the correct location please delete them from the Downloads folder in the server.
Step 3: Confirm it works
Now you should be able to use ssh with key based authentication using the command:
shh username@ip

Once you confirm this works, confirm the corresponding clustershh command works:
clusterssh username@ip username@ip

When everything works, go to the next step.
Step 4: Disable PasswordAuthentication
Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config in each server and change the line:
#PasswordAuthentication yes

to read line this:
PasswordAuthentication no

References:
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-ssh-keys--2
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH/OpenSSH/Keys
Hope this helps


After upgrade to 19.10, still get login screen after enabling Auto Login, but can't log in

yup, as i said in comments earlier, the answer to your question "what could be causing this issue?" - is: "the following bug is causing it: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-session/+bug/1845801 "

please vote the bug report up and subscribe for notifications - this increases its "hotness" - maybe they'll fix it faster?


Cannot copy files in Ubuntu to external drive: names with special characters

This isn't an Ubuntu problem but a Microsoft problem. As you said, your external hard drive is formatted with NTFS which means that you're not as free to choose your file names as you are when using ext.

You can't use any of these characters in file names when using NTFS:
U+0000 (NUL) / (slash) : (colon) * (asterisk) ? (Question mark) " (quote) < (less than) > (greater than) and | (pipe).

If you want to view your files on Windows (which is the only reason to use NTFS), Microsoft restricts you even further: You cannot use the backslash (\) and certain words.

Furthermore, you might run into trouble if you use long path names. With ext, pathnames can be as long as you wish, but Microsoft limits path length.

You can solve this problem (actually you avoid it) by formatting the partition on you external hard drive with ext4. GParted can do this.

sudo apt-get install gparted

Please note that formatting a partition will make the data previously stored on this partition inaccessible.

If you merely want to transport the files between 2 machines which are capable of properly handling filenames, tar these files and give the tar ball a name acceptable for NTFS.


Ubuntu 12.04 LTS will run PHP 5.6 or even PHP 7.0 just fine if you use PHP PPA from ppa:ondrej/php. The user scripts will have to be updated though as there were some changes between PHP 5.3 and 5.4. Update guides are available directly at the PHP website.

NOTE: I'll update with more direct links when I get to computer. Meanwhile just search here on AU for more thorough guides. (to editors, if you are editing, please remove this note.)


Can I make a package .deb from .tar.gz or .tar.bz2?

You can use checkinstall for that create deb from tar.gz or bz2

How to use

Extract your tar.gz to a folder.
Go to folder
If there is not makefile , create
Type sudo checkinstall.

Package will be created there

See the complete documentation at CheckInstall.


Can't delete file and folder from my desktop

I really wanted to write this as a comment but I don't have enough rep, mods and others be merciful

In ubuntu the concept of "delete" from windows is "Move to Trash" as far as the desktop is concerned.

This can also be achieved by just highlighting the item you want gone and hitting the delete key. If you want it permanently gone and not hang around in the trash folder use Shift + delete.

Is the Move To Trash not even in the options list? what happens when you hit the delete key ?


Try pressing Ctrl-Alt-F1.

If there is still no GUI type: sudo apt install ubuntu-desktop to install GUI programs that come with Ubuntu. Wait until it downloads reboot and that should solve it I guess.


How to properly format a SD card on Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS

You can use gparted to delete this 1.1 partition and create a new one.

You can install gparted by running:

sudo apt-get install gparted

You can also format the new partition there.


what is the file that contains the default application icons list for the unity launcher?

It's /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/com.canonical.Unity.gschema.xml (the favorites key).


i use this for my part, in fstab:

//192.168.1.2/Series /home/user/Series cifs _netdev,credentials=/home/user/.smbcredentials     0     0

with this in smbcredentials

username=admin
password=passeadmin


Phpstorm hotkeys work only on one input source

problem solved using this package:
https://launchpad.net/~attente/+archive/ubuntu/java-non-latin-shortcuts


How can I install Firebird on Ubuntu 16.04?

According to the Official Ubuntu Documentation

Firebird stable 2.5.x is located into this repository (ppa) for LTS and current supported Ubuntu releases

The ppa repository must be added this way

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mapopa

Then you need to update the cache repository

sudo apt-get update

Here is how you can inspect the firebird2.5 related packages

apt-cache search firebird2.5-*

Install the super server package (you will be asked about the SYSDBA password and what service to enable : Super Server, Classic or Super Classic )

sudo apt-get install firebird2.5-super
The following extra packages will be installed:
  firebird2.5-common firebird2.5-common-doc firebird2.5-dev firebird2.5-server-common libfbclient2 libib-util
Suggested packages:
  libfbembed2.5 firebird2.5-examples firebird2.5-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  firebird2.5-server-common firebird2.5-super
The following packages will be upgraded:
  firebird2.5-common firebird2.5-common-doc firebird2.5-dev libfbclient2 libib-util
5 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 21 not upgraded.
Need to get 5,442kB of archives.
After this operation, 11.3MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y

Or install Classic or Super Classic if you have more than one cpu (dual core or SMP machine) and want SMP support

sudo apt-get install firebird2.5-classic

or

sudo apt-get install firebird2.5-superclassic

You need to configure the package after is installed

sudo dpkg-reconfigure firebird2.5-super

Install the examples and dev files

sudo apt-get install firebird2.5-examples firebird2.5-dev

The employee.fdb archive will be under this dir /usr/share/doc/firebird2.1-examples/examples/empbuild/

cd /usr/share/doc/firebird2.5-examples/examples/empbuild/
sudo gunzip employee.fdb.gz
sudo chown firebird.firebird employee.fdb
sudo mv employee.fdb /var/lib/firebird/2.5/data/
Connect to database using the isql-fb console

$ isql-fb
SQL> connect "/var/lib/firebird/2.5/data/employee.fdb " user 'SYSDBA' password 'SYSDBApassword';

always use localhost: in front of db path when using classic or superclassic in 2.5 this way the lock files and the shared memory segment will be owned by the 'firebird' user. Another alternative is to add yourself to firebird group

$ sudo adduser `id -un` firebird

Then connect to the db in superclassic or classic

$ isql-fb
SQL> connect "localhost:/var/lib/firebird/2.5/data/employee.fdb " user 'SYSDBA' password 'SYSDBApassword';

If all is ok then you will have the message with what database connected and what user and ready to use sql prompt

Database:  "/var/lib/firebird/2.5/data/employee.fdb ", User: SYSDBA
SQL>

Now you can check the server version and the tables

SQL> show tables;
       COUNTRY                                CUSTOMER
       DEPARTMENT                             EMPLOYEE
       EMPLOYEE_PROJECT                       JOB
       PROJECT                                PROJ_DEPT_BUDGET
       SALARY_HISTORY                         SALES

SQL> show version;
ISQL Version: LI-V2.5.0.* Firebird 2.5
Server version:
Firebird/linux Intel (access method), version "LI-V2.5.0.* Firebird 2.5"
Firebird/linux Intel (remote server), version "LI-V2.5.0.* Firebird 2.5/tcp (eeepc)/P11"
Firebird/linux Intel (remote interface), version "LI-V2.5.0.* Firebird 2.5 Release Candidate 2/tcp (eeepc)/P11"
on disk structure version 11.1

To create a new database

SQL> create database "/var/lib/firebird/2.5/data/first_database.fdb" user 'SYSDBA' password 'SYSDBAPASSWORD';
SQL> connect "/var/lib/firebird/2.5/data/first_database.fdb" user 'SYSDBA' password 'masterkey';
Commit current transaction (y/n)?y
Committing.
Database:  "/var/lib/firebird/2.5/data/first_database.fdb", User: SYSDBA
SQL>

If you want to create a simple table then insert 1-2 rows and select from it here is one example

SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST (ID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(20));
SQL> show tables;
       TEST
SQL> INSERT INTO TEST VALUES (1, 'John');
SQL> INSERT INTO TEST VALUES (2, 'Joe');
SQL> select * from test;

          ID NAME
============ ====================
           1 John
           2 Joe

To quit the isql-fb console type quit

SQL> quit
CON>;

For a good open source GUI admin tool you might check the flamerobin administration tool included in ubuntu repository can be installed by an simple

sudo apt-get install flamerobin

Then use it from the menu Applications->Programming-> FlameRobin

To use firebird with php , you will need the php5 driver

sudo apt-get install php5-interbase libapache2-mod-php5
sudo php5enmod interbase
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Next if you need to install an php administration tool like Firebird Web Admin

sudo apt-get install git-core
git clone git://github.com/mariuz/firebirdwebadmin.git
mv firebirdwebadmin /var/www/html/firebirdwebadmin

and load it in the browser http://localhost/firebirdwebadmin


There is no need for this unless you are bench marking. It will slow the system for a few seconds while every resource is again loaded into the disk-cache.
To clear RAM Memory Cache (or page cache) ...
sudo -i
sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

Page cache
The page cache contains any memory mappings to blocks on disk. That could be buffered I/O, memory mapped files, paged areas of executables.


What is the best version of Ubuntu for an aging IBM T60 laptop?

I always recommend to use Lubuntu as a leightweight Ubuntu version for Netbooks or aging Laptops. what cpu speed does your T60 has? there are many versions.

you can download and read about from this page :

Lubuntu


Automated 20.04 Server Installation using PXE and live server image

Fully Automated Ubuntu 20.04 server install using PXE
These are steps to do a fully automated Ubuntu 20.04 Server install using PXE with the live server image.  I found the process to be lightly documented and filled with issues.  In these steps I am installing 20.04 on a UEFI based server.
(edit: I adapted these steps for a BIOS based server at Deploy Ubuntu 20.04 on bare metal or virtualbox VM by pxelinux, cloud-init doesn't pick up user-data file )
There are many variations to these steps possible.  They can be customized and tailored to suit one's needs.  The goal is to provide one example of how to accomplish this and to help other users overcome the issues encountered.
links about the installer

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FocalFossa/ReleaseNotes#Installer
https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/install/autoinstall
https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/server-installer-plans-for-20-04-lts/13631
https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/netbooting-the-live-server-installer/14510

config references

https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/install/autoinstall-reference
https://curtin.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/config.html

source code

https://github.com/CanonicalLtd/subiquity
https://github.com/canonical/curtin

Build a tftp server
All the following steps are run as root.  These were tested on an Ubuntu 18.04 server.
Install the tftp server and a web server
apt-get -y install tftpd-hpa apache2

Configure apache to serve files from the tftp directory
cat > /etc/apache2/conf-available/tftp.conf <<EOF
<Directory /var/lib/tftpboot>
        Options +FollowSymLinks +Indexes
        Require all granted
</Directory>
Alias /tftp /var/lib/tftpboot
EOF
a2enconf tftp
systemctl restart apache2

Download the live server iso
wget http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/20.04/ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso -O /var/lib/tftpboot/ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso

Extract the kernel and initramfs from the live server iso
mount /var/lib/tftpboot/ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso /mnt/
cp /mnt/casper/vmlinuz /var/lib/tftpboot/
cp /mnt/casper/initrd /var/lib/tftpboot/
umount  /mnt

Download the grub image to load via PXE
wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/focal/main/uefi/grub2-amd64/current/grubnetx64.efi.signed -O /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0

Configure grub.  This configuration will provide a fully automated boot option as well as a manual boot option
mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/grub
cat > /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub.cfg <<'EOF'
default=autoinstall
timeout=30
timeout_style=menu
menuentry "Focal Live Installer - automated" --id=autoinstall {
    echo "Loading Kernel..."
    # make sure to escape the ';' or surround argument in quotes
    linux /vmlinuz ip=dhcp url=http://${pxe_default_server}/tftp/ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso autoinstall ds="nocloud-net;s=http://${pxe_default_server}/tftp/" root=/dev/ram0 cloud-config-url=/dev/null
    echo "Loading Ram Disk..."
    initrd /initrd
}
menuentry "Focal Live Installer" --id=install {
    echo "Loading Kernel..."
    linux /vmlinuz ip=dhcp url=http://${pxe_default_server}/tftp/ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso root=/dev/ram0 cloud-config-url=/dev/null
    echo "Loading Ram Disk..."
    initrd /initrd
}
EOF

Configure cloud-init with the autoinstall configuration.  I first ran the install manually to get the generated /var/log/installer/autoinstall-user-data file to use as the basis.  I then made modifications based on my needs and errors encountered.
cat > /var/lib/tftpboot/meta-data <<EOF
instance-id: focal-autoinstall
EOF

cat > /var/lib/tftpboot/user-data <<'EOF'
#cloud-config
autoinstall:
  version: 1
  # use interactive-sections to avoid an automatic reboot
  #interactive-sections:
  #  - locale
  apt:
    # even set to no/false, geoip lookup still happens
    #geoip: no
    preserve_sources_list: false
    primary:
    - arches: [amd64, i386]
      uri: http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
    - arches: [default]
      uri: http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports
  # r00tme
  identity: {hostname: focal-autoinstall, password: $6$.c38i4RIqZeF4RtR$hRu2RFep/.6DziHLnRqGOEImb15JT2i.K/F9ojBkK/79zqY30Ll2/xx6QClQfdelLe.ZjpeVYfE8xBBcyLspa/,
    username: ubuntu}
  keyboard: {layout: us, variant: ''}
  locale: en_US.UTF-8
  # interface name will probably be different
  network:
    network:
      version: 2
      ethernets:
        ens192:
          critical: true
          dhcp-identifier: mac
          dhcp4: true
  ssh:
    allow-pw: true
    authorized-keys: []
    install-server: true
  # this creates an efi partition, /boot partition, and root(/) lvm volume
  storage:
    grub:
      reorder_uefi: False
    swap:
      size: 0
    config:
    - {ptable: gpt, path: /dev/sda, preserve: false, name: '', grub_device: false,
      type: disk, id: disk-sda}
    - {device: disk-sda, size: 536870912, wipe: superblock, flag: boot, number: 1,
      preserve: false, grub_device: true, type: partition, id: partition-sda1}
    - {fstype: fat32, volume: partition-sda1, preserve: false, type: format, id: format-2}
    - {device: disk-sda, size: 1073741824, wipe: superblock, flag: linux, number: 2,
      preserve: false, grub_device: false, type: partition, id: partition-sda2}
    - {fstype: ext4, volume: partition-sda2, preserve: false, type: format, id: format-0}
    - {device: disk-sda, size: -1, flag: linux, number: 3, preserve: false,
      grub_device: false, type: partition, id: partition-sda3}
    - name: vg-0
      devices: [partition-sda3]
      preserve: false
      type: lvm_volgroup
      id: lvm-volgroup-vg-0
    - {name: lv-root, volgroup: lvm-volgroup-vg-0, size: 100%, preserve: false,
      type: lvm_partition, id: lvm-partition-lv-root}
    - {fstype: ext4, volume: lvm-partition-lv-root, preserve: false, type: format,
      id: format-1}
    - {device: format-1, path: /, type: mount, id: mount-2}
    - {device: format-0, path: /boot, type: mount, id: mount-1}
    - {device: format-2, path: /boot/efi, type: mount, id: mount-3}
write_files:
  # override the kernel package
  - path: /run/kernel-meta-package
    content: |
      linux-virtual
    owner: root:root
    permissions: "0644"
  # attempt to also use an answers file by providing a file at the default path.  It did not seem to have any effect
  #- path: /subiquity_config/answers.yaml
  #  content: |
  #    InstallProgress:
  #      reboot: no
  #  owner: root:root
  #  permissions: "0644"
EOF

Configure DHCP
Set the DHCP Options 66,67 according to the documentation for your DHCP server.
Boot your server
At this point, you should be able to boot your UEFI based server and perform a completely automatic install.
Errors encountered

The server being installed requires over 2 GB of RAM.  I ended up creating a VM with 3 GB for testing.  EDIT Using the cloud-config-url=/dev/null kernel argument will prevent cloud-init from unnecessarily downloading the iso, which reduces the memory required, reduces network traffic, and speeds up boot time.
The generated /var/log/installer/autoinstall-user-data file was broken in the following ways

There is no version property, which caused a validation failure.  I added the property
The network section required another level of nesting.  This bug is mentioned in the config reference
The preserve property on each item in storage config needed to be set to false.  Otherwise curtin would not install on a blank disk
The keyboard property toggle was set to null, which caused a validation failure.  I simply removed the property

When curtin installs on a UEFI device, it reorders the boot order so the current boot option is first in the list.  The result is that network boot becomes the first option the next reboot.  So when the install is done and the reboot happens... you end up in the PXE environment again instead of booting from disk.  I found an undocumented curtin option reorder_uefi.  Luckily, subiquity happens to pass this configuration to curtin
The apt config option geoip doesn't seem to work.  There were always logs for geoip requests
Using human readable values for partition sizes (e.g. size: 512M) resulted in the size being stored as a float, leading to errors when sizing LVM volumes as a percentage.  Avoiding human readable values seems to fix this

Other missing features
I didn't dig into these as much.  They are based on what my preseed files would do.  Most of them could probably be fixed with clever use of early-commands, late-commands, and cloud-init.  I may have also missed something

A way to set the timezone
A way to set the root password
A way to configure an apt only proxy.  I like to use apt-cacher-ng for apt, but it does not work as a general proxy.  The installer assumes any proxy you configure is for everything
A way to pause at the end of the install instead of automatically rebooting.  The workaround is to add a value to interactive-sections, but that results in 3 pauses
Allow direct curtin configuration.  You have to create yaml for cloud-init to provide yaml to subiquity, which then generates yaml for curtin.  It would provide more configuration flexibility to be able to provide the curtin yaml directly
Allow direct cloud-init configuration.  You have to create yaml for cloud-init to provide yaml to subiquity, which then generates yaml for cloud-init on the installed machine.  These files should be easy to modify with late-commands, but I did not try it
Ability to choose the kernel package.  I found that the kernel image installed is based on what is written to /run/kernel-meta-package.  This is hardcoded to linux-generic in the initramfs.  I prefer to use the linux-virtual package for VMs.  I was able to use the cloud-init configuration to overwrite the file

Edit 1
The resulting /target/var/lib/cloud/seed/nocloud-net/user-data file used by cloud-init during first boot.  The replies indicate the lock-passwd property has a typo and may affect some users
#cloud-config
growpart: {mode: 'off'}
locale: en_US.UTF-8
preserve_hostname: true
resize_rootfs: false
ssh_pwauth: true
users:
- gecos: ubuntu
  groups: [adm, cdrom, dip, plugdev, lxd, sudo]
  lock-passwd: false
  name: ubuntu
  passwd: $6$.c38i4RIqZeF4RtR$hRu2RFep/.6DziHLnRqGOEImb15JT2i.K/F9ojBkK/79zqY30Ll2/xx6QClQfdelLe.ZjpeVYfE8xBBcyLspa/
  shell: /bin/bash


AR9565 Wireless Network Adapter keeps disconnecting on Ubuntu 16.04

I've got the same card. Changing the wifi bandwidth on my router from 40mhz to 20mhz fixed the issue for me.


Black screen on boot up after upgrade process was interrupted

Have you enter tty using ctrl+alt+f6 and install lubuntu again, and enter this in the terminal tty:

     sudo apt-get install --reinstall lubuntu-desktop
     grub-install
     update-grub2
     sudo apt-get update
     sudo apt-get upgrade
     sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

and it might work fine this way.


You could install "gnome colour chooser" from the 'software centre' and this would allow you to tweak any colour you like.  A detailed answer, explaining how to tweak scrollbar colors using "gnome colour chooser" is available here.


Uninstall Wine Windows Program Loader completely

The usual remove command would leave you their file associations that remain untouched by remove operation (for example .wine directory).

This situation would leave you wondering what went wrong. If you want a complete uninstall, execute the following commands in Terminal one-by-one:

sudo apt remove wine
rm -r "$HOME/.wine"
rm $HOME/.config/menus/applications-merged/wine*
rm -r "$HOME/.local/share/applications/wine"
rm $HOME/.local/share/desktop-directories/wine*
rm $HOME/.local/share/icons/????_*.xpm

Followed by purge command:

sudo apt remove --purge wine

Again run the following commands to correct any installation error.

sudo apt update
sudo apt autoclean
sudo apt clean
sudo apt autoremove

Source:

Completely remove wine linux Ubuntu systems

https://askubuntu.com/a/126745/253251


Ubuntu 16.04.3 installer won't detect Windows 7

First, complaints that the Ubuntu installer "doesn't detect Windows" often mean that you need to use the "something else" installation option, which enables you to do manual partitioning. See this question and its answers for details.

That said, your problem likely requires doing more than this, or at least something different. The screen shot you showed indicates that you have four primary partitions on your first disk. An MBR disk, which that one is, can handle a maximum of either four primary partitions or three primary partitions and one extended partition, which can then hold as many logical partitions as you like. This is a limitation of the hackish MBR scheme.

Given that you already have four primary partitions, you have basically two options:

Delete a partition -- You can delete a partition, which will then make room for either one primary Ubuntu partition or an extended partition, which can hold as many logical partitions as you like. The latter is the better choice.
Convert one or more partitions from primary to logical form -- You can use a tool like fixparts (which comes with Ubuntu) to convert one partition from primary to logical form. It looks like your D: partition would be a good candidate for conversion, but it could be that I'm missing something. Once the partition is converted, you can add logical partitions immediately before or after the converted partition. (All logical partitions must fit within a single extended partition; you can't put primary partitions in a run of logical partitions.)

I don't know what's on your partitions, so I don't know if you could delete one of them. If not, converting one to logical form is likely to be your only choice. As I said, fixparts can do this. So can some Windows tools. I think this includes the EaseUS tool that you're using, but I'm not 100% positive of that, and if it can do the job, I can't give you step-by-step instructions for how to do it. There are caveats and risks to doing a primary-to-logical conversion. Most notably, you must be sure that you don't convert a Windows boot partition, since Windows insists on booting from a primary partition. The fixparts documentation covers this subject in detail. (Disclaimer: I wrote fixparts.)

(Actually, there might be one other approach, but only if your computer has EFI firmware. This would involve converting Windows to boot in EFI mode and the disk from MBR to GPT form. This Microsoft tool can do so, or so they say -- I've never tried it myself. This approach is likely to be much harder than converting one partition from primary to logical form, and it will work only on EFI-based computers. Most computers sold since late 2011 have EFI firmware, but most older computers are BIOS-only. A Windows 7 system could have come with either type of firmware.)


Chromium on ubuntu 12.04 - YouTube doesnt work

Where are you getting your Chromium build? Mine out of the Ubuntu repos is 18.0.1025.151 (Developer Build 130497 Linux) Ubuntu 12.04.

This might be the problem. You could try uninstalling this Chromium and installing the one from Ubuntu's repos.


How can I get a warning prompt for "Suspend"

While modifying the source  of the indicator itself ( in my humble opinion ) is the best approach ( and probably the feature request for that is even better approach ) ，one can create custom session control to be placed onto the launcher , which is fairly easy to achieve. That way, we can have suspend options which does ask for user confirmation.

The .desktop file bellow allows mimicking the 3 options from the session indicator in the top panel: Shutdown , Suspend , and Logout. Double clicking on the icon by default will bring up confirmation for shutdown. Right clicking on the entry will bring up the list of other options.

Preferably , you'd want it to be stored in ~/local/share/applications folder and have executable permissions. Naming doesn't matter, personally I named it session-control.desktop

File contents

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Shutdown the System
Comment=Alternative session control , main entry will bring up shutdown or reboot dialog but Suspend and Logout will bring up confirmation dialog.
Terminal=false
Actions=Suspend;Logout
Type=Application
Exec=qdbus com.canonical.Unity /com/canonical/Unity/Session com.canonical.Unity.Session.RequestReboot
Icon=/usr/share/unity-greeter/cof.png

[Desktop Action Suspend]
Name=Suspend the System
Exec=qdbus com.canonical.Unity /com/canonical/Unity/Session com.canonical.Unity.Session.RequestShutdown
Terminal=false

[Desktop Action Logout]
Name=Logout the User
Exec=qdbus com.canonical.Unity /com/canonical/Unity/Session com.canonical.Unity.Session.RequestLogout
Terminal=false

How it looks

Launcher entry

The dialog that comes up if you click on Suspend


It's very strange and it may have worked only for me, but whenever this happens to me, I shut down the computer entirely (power off). Upon restarting, the computer suspends/resumes normally.


Set up your printer through the CUPS interface, http://localhost:631/admin. As you do this, you can select all sorts of printer configuration options. Also read man lpoptions;man lpadmin, and if you want more, start with man -k CUPS.

I have three CUPS "queues" set up, all pointing to the same physical printer, to let me print on 8 1/2 x 11, Env10 envelopes, or type 8163 labels. In the past, I've also set up printing to A4 paper, 3-hole 8 1/2 x 11.

Here's what my lpoptions -l output for each of my current queues (all current values are listed, an initial * marks the currently selected value) (note the paper type "Custom.WIDTHxHEIGHT". I assume WIDTH and HEIGHT are in inches, based on other paper types)):

$ for i in $( lpstat -a | awk '{print $1}' ) ; do
> echo -e "\t\tprinter $i"
> lpoptions -p $i -l | grep '\*'
> echo
> done
        printer deskjet
PageSize/Media Size: Card3x5 Card3x5.FB Hagaki.SM Hagaki.FB Hagaki Photo4x6 Photo4x6.FB A6.SM A6.FB A6 Photo5x7 Photo5x7.FB Card5x8.SM Card5x8 Oufuku.SM Oufuku.FB Oufuku A5.SM A5.FB A5 B5.SM B5 JB5.SM JB5.FB JB5 Executive.SM Executive 16k 8x10 *Letter.SM Letter.FB Letter A4.SM A4.FB A4 ExecutiveJIS FLSA Legal.SM Legal CDDVD80 CDDVD120 EnvA2 EnvC6 EnvChou4 EnvMonarch EnvDL Env10 EnvChou3 EnvC5 EnvB5 Custom.WIDTHxHEIGHT
Duplex/Double-Sided Printing: *DuplexNoTumble DuplexTumble None
InputSlot/Media Source: *Auto PhotoTray Upper Lower Envelope LargeCapacity Manual MPTray CDDVDTray
ColorModel/Output Mode: CMYGray KGray *RGB
MediaType/Media Type: *Automatic Plain Glossy TransparencyFilm CDDVDMedia
OutputMode/Print Quality: *Normal Draft Best Photo FastDraft
OptionDuplex/Duplexer Installed: False *True

        printer envelope
PageSize/Media Size: Card3x5 Card3x5.FB Hagaki.SM Hagaki.FB Hagaki Photo4x6 Photo4x6.FB A6.SM A6.FB A6 Photo5x7 Photo5x7.FB Card5x8.SM Card5x8 Oufuku.SM Oufuku.FB Oufuku A5.SM A5.FB A5 B5.SM B5 JB5.SM JB5.FB JB5 Executive.SM Executive 16k 8x10 Letter.SM Letter.FB Letter A4.SM A4.FB A4 ExecutiveJIS FLSA Legal.SM Legal CDDVD80 CDDVD120 EnvA2 EnvC6 EnvChou4 EnvMonarch EnvDL *Env10 EnvChou3 EnvC5 EnvB5 Custom.WIDTHxHEIGHT
Duplex/Double-Sided Printing: DuplexNoTumble DuplexTumble *None
InputSlot/Media Source: *Auto PhotoTray Upper Lower Envelope LargeCapacity Manual MPTray CDDVDTray
ColorModel/Output Mode: CMYGray KGray *RGB
MediaType/Media Type: *Automatic Plain Glossy TransparencyFilm CDDVDMedia
OutputMode/Print Quality: Normal Draft *Best Photo FastDraft
OptionDuplex/Duplexer Installed: *False True

        printer Labels8163
PageSize/Media Size: Card3x5 Card3x5.FB Hagaki.SM Hagaki.FB Hagaki Photo4x6 Photo4x6.FB A6.SM A6.FB A6 Photo5x7 Photo5x7.FB Card5x8.SM Card5x8 Oufuku.SM Oufuku.FB Oufuku A5.SM A5.FB A5 B5.SM B5 JB5.SM JB5.FB JB5 Executive.SM Executive 16k 8x10 Letter.SM *Letter.FB Letter A4.SM A4.FB A4 ExecutiveJIS FLSA Legal.SM Legal CDDVD80 CDDVD120 EnvA2 EnvC6 EnvChou4 EnvMonarch EnvDL Env10 EnvChou3 EnvC5 EnvB5 Custom.WIDTHxHEIGHT
Duplex/Double-Sided Printing: DuplexNoTumble DuplexTumble *None
InputSlot/Media Source: *Auto PhotoTray Upper Lower Envelope LargeCapacity Manual MPTray CDDVDTray
ColorModel/Output Mode: CMYGray KGray *RGB
MediaType/Media Type: *Automatic Plain Glossy TransparencyFilm CDDVDMedia
OutputMode/Print Quality: Normal Draft *Best Photo FastDraft
OptionDuplex/Duplexer Installed: False *True


This is easiest if you have access to all of the computers in your network. Here are the steps to take:

Set a static IP address for the server on the network.
On every computer, edit the hosts file (/etc/hosts on Linux) and name the local IP address. For example (replace the parentheses and their contents):

  (Local IP address) (tab) (desired hostname)

Restart all of the machines.

And you're done! You should now be able to access your server by typing the hostname into the address bar on any machine with an edited hosts file.


Ubuntu mishap during update 18.04 to 20.04

This particular configuration file, /etc/gdm3/custom.conf, has all options commented out (#). If your file has an option(s) enabled, that's the change you made.

Future readers: Different config files have different options disabled or enabled by default. This answer applies ONLY to /etc/gdm3/custom.conf


How do I boot a minimal CD ISO from a USB stick and use a wireless driver

The minimal CD ISO cannot be installed via the StartUp Disk Creator that comes as standard with Ubuntu.

However, you can download and install unetbootin from the software centre and install the minimal CD as per this picture

If the installation doesnt work because the wireless is not recognised, my recommendation would be to buy a USB-to-RJ45 adapter to fix - hopefully the limited kernel that comes with the minimal CD will recognise this adapter.  Should be very cheap to buy on ebay - just search for "usb to rj45" on you local ebay site...


Changing environment variables for a specific program Ubuntu 20.04, Gurps GCS using Java

@user68186 Shared this with me, which didn't turn up in my search:
Can I apply a different GTK3 theme from the main one to an individual application?
The top answer worked for me, but the shorthand is that you create a custom .desktop file in your local/share/applications folder and apply a different theme to the launching of that particular app!
I chose a light theme instead of a dark one for the GCS app and it works fine!
FYI: Spelling is important when including your theme choice.


For images built with dist option (Distributable custom iso) the default user name is custom and password is blank- that is no set password. So if you have installed Precise from a custom made live distributable CD this username and password may work.


Hostname (localserver.local) not working with static IP with netplan

You should check what the DNS configuration is when using DHCP (systemd-resolve --status).  It is likely that the DNS you're configuring for the static case does not exactly match what you're getting via DHCP.

Another possibility is that your DHCP server is automatically doing dyndns of your hostname, so this name only exists in the DNS records if you are using DHCP and causing it to be published.


I believe the discrepancy in free space in your case comes down to two things:
1. Estimations
Most programs won't show you the real used space but an estimate.
Files might only be calculated to nearest block size, meaning a 1 byte file might show up as 4 KiB in one program and as 1 byte in another
2. Reserved space for root
root needs some space to prevent things like an actually full disk (making the system unusable) and for anti-fragmentation strategies used by Linux file-systems.
You can read more about that on the Ubuntu Help page on DiskSpace.
You should read the Absolute Requirements.
This can cause a difference between the sum of used+unused space and the total capacity of your drive.


I think there are many possibilities to do this, but I prefer these:

GUI

Use FileZilla. The only thing you've to to is add sftp:// before your friend's hostname (or IP address) in the Host field.

FileZilla has support for password and SSH Keys authentication. If you want to use SSH Keys, you'll have to SSH into your friend's computer first (so FileZilla can use your SSH_AUTH_SOCK) or add a private key. More info.
CLI

Use scp. The syntax is very easy:

scp file1 file2 file3 user@host.name:/path/to/remote/directory

scp has support for password and SSH Keys authentication.

To use SSH Keys you've to generate them using the following command (on your own PC):

cd ~/.ssh
ssh-keygen -t rsa

If the .ssh directory doesn't exist you'll have to create it:

mkdir ~/.ssh
chmod 700 ~/.ssh

Then add the content of ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub (not id_rsa) to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on your friend's computer.

If your friend doesn't have the file you'll have to create it:

mkdir ~/.ssh
chmod 700 ~/.ssh
touch ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys


I have also the issue and I did the migration to 12.04 and it's magic. It is solved.


In Mozc setup, General Tab > Input mode, you have a choice of

Kana (direct keys for Hiragana letters)
Romaji (use of alphabetical phonic method)

In the keyboard setting, you can choose various Japanese keyboard layouts. Which are like US, UK and Dvorak.


To install this Canon printer driver for Ubuntu you need to add the PPA below in your Ubuntu system. Open a "terminal" window and copy and paste these commands:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:michael-gruz/canon
sudo apt-get update

Make sure to disconnect the Canon printer from your computer first.

Now copy and paste your appropriate install command based on your printer:

sudo apt-get install cnijfilter-ip4200series

After the Canon printer driver is installed, connect the Canon printer to your computer and turn it on. Your printer will automatically be detected by the system.

source


Migrate from Ubuntu to Mint, easiest and most current suggestions?

Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu.

Main Desktop Environments:

Ubuntu -> Unity
Linux Mint -> Cinnamon

That means that some of your configuration files may not work correctly, and do not overwrite any system/user file that will affect how the system work. Unless you are sure its ok to modify.

The best thing you can do is to copy your files using this system:

Open the file manager
Browse to the /home/user directory
Copy (don't move!) all the files from Downloads to /home/user2/Downloads
Check you did a good job.
Now delete /home/user/Downloads
Go back to step 3 and repeat for Documents, Videos, ...

And write somewhere a list with the programs that you have installed. And if you installed them manually take a note where you find it.

If you have modified any files, like .bashrc, then remember to copy the changes you made.

Linux Mint has already installed configuration files and it is not the same as Ubuntu's.


HDMI Audio output not working on Ubuntu 14.04

Just plug it in with the output settings open, and if you see it there click on it and close the window. It should work, because it worked for me


How to modify /usr/share/maas/preseeds/generic

You can set your HTTP/S proxy within the settings page in the MAAS web UI under Network Configuration.


How to insert Prime symbol in Libreoffice Math

For a variable x with 3 primes.

nospace{x"'''"}


The http://ppa.launchpad.net/gezakovacs/ppa/ubuntu/dists/focal/main/dep11/icons-48x48.tar location really returns 404 even without proxy.
On fresh 20.04 LTS I can't reproduce this problem.
You can try the following commands to fix the issue:
# remove local package lists
rm /var/lib/apt/lists/* -rf

# re-add PPA again
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gezakovacs/ppa


How to resolve Network Error retry again error on Ubuntu one login?

What language are you using the phone in? If it's not English, set it to English and then try installing the apps after restarting. That worked like a charm for me. I personally use English (Denmark) so that I can use my device in the 24 hour format, but I believe most flavours of English would work for this purpose. You can revert it back to your preferred language later on and restart to make that change permanent.

Don't forget Ubuntu Touch is still a fairly young and therefore buggy operating system, and the bugs related to specific languages (such as the horrid bug with Turkish) take longer to be solved since they only matter to a narrow spectrum of users.


Given that Quantal ships with Xorg 1.13 RC5 it is likely that it will ship the final X 1.13 version.

http://packages.ubuntu.com/quantal/xserver-xorg-core - 2:1.12.99.905-0ubuntu3

Even if it does not ship the final 1.13 (which is very unlikely), you won't have to worry about missing PRIME features as these are already merged with rc5.

You may also be interested in the tracker for hybrid graphic technologies like Optimus: https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/desktop-q-hybrid-graphics


This is most likely caused by your Shebang - the #!/usr/bin line in your script.

The Shebang in a script is what tells Ubuntu/Linux/BASH what command to run to interpret or execute the script.

Python script shebangs are usually #!/usr/bin/env python or #!/usr/bin/python (says to run the script with the Python interpreter) and BASH scripts (like yours is) are usually #!/bin/bash (says to run the script in a BASH terminal) or #!/bin/sh (run the script with sh or shell).

Because /usr/bin is a directory, not a program/sym-link to a program, nothing can actually be executed.

Try changing that initial line to be #!/bin/bash:

#!/bin/bash
echo hello


Ubuntu 18.10 and Previous Thunderbird Crashes When Closed

If you already tried reinstalling with wiping hard drive so after that a new thunderbird profile has been created but the issue still happens the only and the last thing you can do is to create a bug report. This page will help you to do it: How to Report a Mozilla Thunderbird Bug.


Boot windows installation disc,and click on the option Repair your computer on startup.And then select command prompt option.Run the below commands on that,

bootrec /fixmbr
bootrec /fixboot
bootrec /rebuildbcd


try with xrandr --output HDMI --scale 0.75x0.75 being HDMI your output from the list  xrandr --listmonitors and 0.75 the wanted factor.


Ubuntu 18.04 LTS shows that update cannot be done securely due to lack of Release File

I presume, you are using KDE or KDEconnect indicator application.  The error is from said source, vikoadi.  Remove the said source from the list for the timebeing and try the update again and you should use sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade.  Make sure you have selected and opted for LTS versions in the software and update's update tab.


How to update libavcodec on Ubuntu 14.04 : vulnerability associated

To be clear, the message is actually:

  libavcodec may be vulnerable or is not supported

Depending on the version of libavcodec you have, it may well be unpatched against some vulnerability, or it could just be that it is old enough that it's just incompatible with Firefox (and maybe it's vulnerable too...)

Firefox is doing some version check of the libavcodec you have installed, looks for certain versions and shows the message if you have too old a version. Specifically, they recently:

  Blocked versions of libavcodec older than 54.35.1

(I guess in future, as the message states, they may well blacklist recent versions if they're missing security patches. Anyway, here, they've just gone for versions of a certain age.)

To get back to answering your question, if you're installing a more recent version from a PPA (which is libavcodec56 from the linked answer) then Firefox will see that newer version installed and use that version for decoding media, and not the older libavcodec54. (Note that this package's files have the version number in the filename, so you could well have both newer and older versions of it installed side-by-side.)[1]

Installing a newer libavcodec therefore won't magically fix any vulnerability in your existing installed version — of course, that will persist until you remove it — but it means that Firefox can use a version of the library that isn't vulnerable (which is what the Firefox developers care about).

[1]: Additionally, looking at my 16.04 install, libavcodec-ffmpeg.so.56 is actually a symbolic link to a particular file, so that's another way in which you could have multiple versions installed side-by-side, even of the same major version of libavcodec, but only one specifically being used.


How to transfer all my files to another user, including permissions

After you created your user, before you log out of your old user make sure he is in the right groups:

sudo adduser --home /home/<new-username> <new-username>

sudo usermod -aG adm,cdrom,sudo,dip,plugdev,lpadmin,sambashare <new-username>

Then :

mv -v ~/* /home/<new-username>/
chown -R <new-username>:<new-username> /home/<new-username>/*

As @Zzzach pointed out in the comment do not use sudoon the chown command, firtly it shouldn't be needed because if you did the mvas well without sudo all files and folders which belong not to you will remain in old folder and should be anywys recreated on the new user. The system is normal not picky with ownership and permissions but some proggramms are.


What is a good, default backend for matplotlib

Both Agg and TkAgg do not require any dependencies beyond Python's standard library.
I have had some issues with TkAgg and multi-threading, so if you only need to save to files (and not plt.show()), I would recommend using Agg instead (just replace it where TkAgg appears below).
Either add the following line to your ~/.config/matplotlib/matplotlibrc:
backend: TkAgg

Or the following lines to your python file:
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


Make sure, that the path to your music folder/directory is correct in /home/USERNAME/.mpd/mpd.conf, by dragging your music folder into a terminal window and copy/paste the output to music_directory    ""

music_directory    "/home/tay/Desktop/Avenged Sevenfold"

is set as your active path, but it seems, that

music_directory    "/media/tay/External/Music"

is the correct one, which is inactive, due to the #.

Delete one of the two music_directory paths, since you have two
Make sure, it is ative, meaning without the #and your path is correct
Update your Database again, pressing u inside of mpc.

If that doesn't work for you, please post any error messages you might get during this process.


Search number list in multiple files and print

The single quotes around '$i' make it literal; if you want $i to be ecxpanded by the shell you should use double quotes"$i".

However it would be better to use grep's -f option to read patterns from your text file in a single invocation. Assuming your file contains one string to be matched per line, and that they should be matched as fixed strings not regular expressions (-F), that would be something like

grep -A 16 -F -f /home/gemapp/My_data/File_08_09.txt *MP.X*


One monitor doesnt work anymore after Standby

pm-powersave runs a bunch of scripts when you got into or out of standby. That's probably what's doing it to you. See my answer to Why is wireless down/strange after switching to battery or closing/opening the lid? which MAY help


A search in https://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/allpackages shows your version of Ubuntu doesn't have a package for Cobbler, although it did have one in 2013.  Therefore, you will need to download source from the Cobbler web site to match your current version of Ubuntu, then compile and build it following https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompilingEasyHowTo or https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompilingSoftware


Kernel Issues During Boot- Common fixes aren't working

I found the fix.

For some reason, my BIOS switched the drive to raid from ACHI. I suspect a recent and suspiciously times windows update.

Switching it back fixed it, but broke the windows install.

Restoring to a windows backup fixed everything.


Multiple-monitor display doesn't work after update to 13.10

Solved this issue searching for another display-related problem on this upgrade. here are the steps:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:xorg-edgers/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-331 nvidia-settings-331

And then restart the computer


ubuntu 12.10 vmware tools installing takes for ever

I would just use the open-source VMware tools from the Ubuntu repository if I were you. They work as well as, or better than, the package from VMware for most needs. And, as you have noticed, using the VMware tools installer is a pain in the neck.

Just:

sudo apt-get install open-vm-tools

More details: http://open-vm-tools.sourceforge.net/about.php


Where do I make a suggestion for a feature in Unity?

For feature requests specifically aimed at Unity, there is the Unity bug tracking system:

https://bugs.launchpad.net/unity


http://ppa.launchpad.net/gnome3-team/gnome3/ubuntu is a very old repo, and their last release was for bionic (not disco).

You can do no wrong by opening Software & Updates, and deleting that PPA.


switching from windows 8 to Ubuntu. A few questions to ask before hand

It is not necessary to switch directly from Windows to Ubuntu - you can install Ubuntu next to Windows if you want, having the ability to choose which one you want to boot at startup.

Ubuntu will not by default install itself to the SSD, rather it will make room on the larger HDD and install itself there. You will still be looking at pretty darn fast boot times - my guess would be under 20 seconds on that hardware. However, if at some later point you want to erase Windows, it is possible to install Ubuntu on the SSD and probably get even faster boot times. Using the SSD to get fast read/write speeds for a normal data partition is also an option.

Microsoft Office 2013 will not work on Ubuntu. However, if you have the installation disk and product key for Office 2010, it is likely to work using Wine, which is the software we sometimes use to install Windows applications on Linux. Linux has an alternative to Microsoft Office called LibreOffice that you may want to try. It comes preinstalled.

Do test out all the hardware using the "Try Ubuntu" option when you boot the live DVD/USB. You want to check the graphics and WiFi, especially. If the keyboard or LCD backlight is not working, check online to see if there is a guide to get it working.


How can display a message on terminal when open it

You can add it to your ~/.bashrc. That file is read each time a new interactive shell is launched so it will be displayed each time you launch a terminal, or log in to the console or simply run bash. For example, you could add these lines:

echo "Hi, how are 'ya?"


How to Integrate AMD Radeon R7 M370 with Ubuntu 14.04.5?

I've strugling with an R7 370and linux  during a couple of days and now it seems that 14.04.5 (.5) does not longer support fglrx i'm not sure is the step i am

It seems basically because 14.04.5 has the kernel and some graphic packages from ubuntu 16 and, in ubuntu 16 fglrx is no longoer supported (it installs, but seems to me that module fglrx is not compiled by a kernel incompatibility)

you can check this article

Ubuntu 14.04.5/16.04/16.10 and AMD graphics

cheers


it's ctrl+alt+f7 on my bionic box to get back to the first user


Error: You need to load the kernel first in Grub

Boot-Repair

The majority of grub boot issues can be resolved through using boot-repair - as this community wiki explains, you can install this on a liveCD/USB or directly in a working ubuntu install and it will attempt to find all O/S installs and repair the overall Grub MBR.

Manual Grub2 Installation

If boot-repair fails to work its magic then the traditional manual grub2 installation method described in this community wiki should be investigated.

Search on that web-page for the section Copy LiveCD Files.  Replace the example /dev/sdxy statements with the partition that you have installed lubuntu in - for example /dev/sda3

If you are unsure which partition you have installed then you can run the Boot-info-script found on SourceForge.

In the results look for partitions types of ext4 or ext3 - these are the common Ubuntu filesystems unless you previously elected to use something like btrfs or reiserfs etc.

Kernel reinstallation

If the issue is a corrupt kernel installation then you can investigate reinstalling the kernel from a live CD.  This is described in this excellent AskUbuntu Q&A

By installing the kernel correctly, Grub should be able to see the Lubuntu installation correctly.


Microsoft Bluetooth mouse 3600 lags in Ubuntu 18.04.03 LTS

This post helped me at the same situation.

You have to edit the following file:

sudo nano /var/lib/bluetooth/<MAC of BT adapter>/<MAC of BT Mouse>/info

At the end of the file, add the section:

[ConnectionParameters]
MinInterval=6
MaxInterval=7
Latency=0
Timeout=216

Finally, apply the changes:

sudo systemctl restart bluetooth


amd ryzen mobile 2nd gen suitable with ubuntu?

Not yet (as of beginning of August). HP has messed-up ACPI BIOS configuration. This is issue with Linux kernel.

It is possible to make it work, though. Please, see my answer here: https://askubuntu.com/a/1163672/686899


Install pavucontrol (available in the universe repositories) via:

sudo apt-get install pavucontrol

and configure the volume separately for each application. To do that, start the application and change the volume level in pavucontrol.


Why using VcXsrv for WSL when you can use xrdp?

It seems that using VcXsrv, you can get higher frame rates, but yes I agree that XRDP is much better. Could you share your method of getting sound to work? Can't seem to find that anywhere.
There's also a neat application where you can launch individual apps you have installed in WSL with a GUI interface that works with VcXsrv because it can open apps without an entire desktop experience:
https://github.com/cascadium/wsl-windows-toolbar-launcher


Why suspend / hibernate does not work? (blank screen problem)

I don't know which graphics card you use, but I partially solved a similar problem after changing from the repository ATI drivers to the proprietary, binary Catalyst drivers from the ATI page.
To be clear, my problem was that suspension and hibernation did "suspend" and turn the computer off, respectively, but I could never resume in any of those cases.
However, that was not totally effective, since the resuming processes now worked but they were astonishingly slow. Resuming from hibernation could take up to 8 minutes.

After following this post
http://ubuntu-virginia.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=9378826#post9378826
now it works excellently.

I think it's probable that your problem might be solved in another way, but keep in mind this as a possible alternative if nothing else works.


what is desktop environment and where is placed in linux architecture

In nutshell,

The Linux Kernel runs on the hardware. (init and other essential processes
start)
After essential processes are up and running, Kernel runs X-server
(another set of software).
Desktop environment such as Gnome, KDE, DWM runs using the
facilities provided by the X.

Everything works in layered fashion.


Screen does not turn off and random freezes with Radeon OSS modules on Ubuntu 20.10

The problem seems to be specifically associated with Display Port connected displays on Linux, perhaps even more specifically due to the AMD OSS drivers provided with the Ubuntu kernels. As AMD does not provide packages for the "pro" drivers for Ubuntu 20.10 I am unable to test them. *The problem does not appear in Windows and the displays do in fact black properly in Windows.
In my situation the RX 5600 XT card I have has a single HDMI and 3 Display Port ports - and I have 3 monitors. When I connect any of the monitors to one of the Display Port ports the inability to blank the displays and the freezing persists. If however I plug in one monitor to the HDMI everything is fine, and if I plug the other two into ports on my motherboard (one HDMI and one display port / onboard Intel graphics) everything still works fine; the screens properly blank and the system doesn't freeze.
As the problem only presents in Linux I can only assume it's an issue with the OSS modules distributed with the kernel; which will hopefully be fixed some time in the near future. In the mean time I will attempt to build a new kernel with the latest AMD provided OSS modules and will update this answer if this resolves the problem.


How to launch application as root from Unity Launcher?

If you want the app to always run as root

Pin the application to the launcher as normal.
Locate the applications .desktop file which will be in either:

/usr/share/applications/APPNAME.desktop
~/.local/share/applications/APPNAME.desktop
or somewhere else, use locate .desktop|grep APPAME

Open with gedit:

gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/APPNAME.desktop

Then change the line

Exec=APP_COMMAND

to

Exec=gksudo -k -u root APP_COMMAND

Save

This command will also keep your environment which is very usefull if you need to connect to others servers and use your private key.

To add a quicklist option to 'Run as root'

Follow steps 1, 2 and 3 above

If the launcher currently doesn't have any other quicklist options, just append this to the end of the document

X-Ayatana-Desktop-Shortcuts=Runroot

[Runroot Shortcut Group]
Name=Run as root
Exec=gksudo -k -u root APP_COMMAND
TargetEnvironment=Unity


Install ubuntu 15.04 in a win 8.1 preinstalled machine with uefi

First, you should be aware of boot mode issues. The vast majority of systems that shipped with Windows 8 or later boot Windows in EFI/UEFI mode. This configuration makes a BIOS/CSM/legacy-mode install of Ubuntu iffy at best. Unfortunately, a lot of BAD instructions tell people to enable their Compatibility Support Modules (CSMs; aka "legacy mode support" or something similar) as a routine part of installing Linux. This just complicates matters and creates problems, perhaps including the one you encountered. You can check your boot mode in the installer by dropping to a shell and looking for a directory called /sys/firmware/efi. If it's present, you've booted in EFI mode; if not, you've booted in BIOS mode. Be sure you're in EFI mode. (Assuming, of course, that Windows is in EFI mode. If you're not sure, check your partition table type. If it's GPT, Windows is booting in EFI mode. See here for more details.)

Second, it's imperative that you disable the Windows feature called Fast Startup (or various other things), as described here, among other places. This feature turns a shutdown operation into a suspend-to-disk operation, which makes it impossible to safely share partitions between OSes. As EFI boot loaders are stored on a shared FAT partition called the EFI System Partition (ESP), a failure to disable Fast Startup can cause problems when accessing the ESP and therefore a failure to successfully write GRUB. Note that there's a firmware feature that often has a name like "fast boot" that's often confused with the Windows Fast Startup feature. The firmware feature is irrelevant to this discussion. If you've disabled the firmware feature, you must still disable the Windows feature.

Third, more information is needed to fully diagnose the problem. Running the Boot Info Script will gather a lot of data and put it in a file called RESULTS.txt. You can study this file yourself or post it to a pastebin site and post the URL to your document here. We can then study it for clues about what's wrong.

Fourth, as a workaround, you can try using the USB flash drive or CD-R version of my rEFInd boot manager. Prepare the boot medium and boot using it. (You may need to disable Secure Boot if it's enabled.) rEFInd should give you the option to boot either Windows or Ubuntu. If you can boot Ubuntu with rEFInd, you can then work on fixing the boot loader problem. Maybe doing a dosfsck on the ESP would help; or you can run grub-install manually and see what sort of error messages it reports; or you can install rEFInd to your hard disk by using its PPA or Debian package. Depending on the cause, any of these actions, or various others, might help. In the meantime, you can continue using rEFInd on the external medium to boot, rather than re-install or muck about with the Ubuntu live CD, which is more limiting than the full installation.


Three different Eclipse versions all crash with BadWindow on 15.04

Where can one start to search for an error?

There are strong indications that this is related to xfce 4.12 which is used in Xubuntu 15.04. There are several other people getting the same error messages (including me) and all of them have in common that they use xfce 4.12 as their desktop environment. (Some of them posted it here as an answer, but it was deleted although it was valuable information)
Here you can find a forum where you can ask for technical support and here you can report a bug. I hope this answers the question.

  ...but still I'm interested what the reason is after I spent hours debugging it.

The reason for this issue might be that Xubuntu 15.04 upgraded to xfce 4.12 which may contain a bug.

However, please note that this is not conformed to be a bug! There is no reason to delete this question, because it could also be caused by a misconfiguration.


What is the exact command name to invoke an apt-get install downloaded package?

I'm using Lubuntu 14.04 which doesn't come with the Ubuntu Software Center but this is how I'd go about things.

Run

apt-cache search scientific | grep calculator

You may see more or less than the following entries depending on which software sources you have enabled and if paid apps are included:

gnome-calculator - GNOME desktop calculator
calcoo - Scientific calculator (GTK+)
edenmath.app - Scientific calculator for GNUstep
galculator - scientific calculator
kcalc - simple and scientific calculator
wcalc - Flexible command-line scientific calculator

Finding the command to run is simple if the line refers to an executable. It's the word (or words separated by a hyphen) to the left of the " - " (note the spaces).

On my system, I'd run galculator from the terminal to access a scientific calculator because that's what I have on my system.


broke Ubuntu with the Windows disk management tool

1 No you did not wrong. Windows can't handle Linux filesystems. It just displays them as free.

3 Grub can boot Windows 8

2 You don't have to. a. Reinstall grub from a Live CD/DVD/USB-Stick. Grub will start first and than boot Ubuntu or Win.Instructions: http://howtoubuntu.org/how-to-repair-restore-reinstall-grub-2-with-a-ubuntu-live-cdb. Add a boot entry to the Windows bootloader.Instructions: http://apcmag.com/how-to-dual-boot-windows-8-and-linux.htm

And yes, there is allways a chance to do something wrong. So do a backup!


The  "No interface can be used for capturing in this system with the current configuration" message commonly appears when you don't have the privileges to access the network interfaces for monitoring. Try opening a terminal and running gksudo wireshark. If several network interfaces appear, it's because when you run wireshark without root permissions you don't have the privileges to monitor.

To fix that, run the following command in a terminal:

sudo setcap CAP_NET_RAW,CAP_NET_ADMIN,CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE+eip /usr/bin/dumpcap

a little explanation is available on this other AskUbuntu question


Why is the client-server architecture of X-Window-System inverted?

The X server provides access to display, keyboard and mouse. To do that it needs to run on the machine where the display, keyboard and mouse are connected, just like e.g. a file server needs to run on the machine where the files are stored.
It's called the "server" because it is waiting for client programs to connect and use its services.
The clients may run somewhere else because they may need some hardware or software that is not available at the machine with the display.
When X was invented in the 1980s the applications had to run on the big mainframes because the user's terminal didn't have enough resources. Today the clients often run on a machine that is used as e.g. a file server and it may feel "inverted" because your machine is a client to that file server.


will the applications of lower version of ubuntu work on higher one

That is going to be a hit and miss situation. Yes, it will work for a lot of software. But if you do this with something that has a lot of dependencies you will pull those in too. And if it has a library installation might fail.

It works best if you can find a personal archive (that way you can supply the Ubuntu version yourself).

  Please also recommend me some trusted website for getting applications for ubuntu 14.04 other than their official website, where only few are there in ubuntu 14.04 section.

There is just one: getdeb. It has 5x25+1=126 packages listed.

But be careful with non official websites. That is one of the reasons Windows has more problems then it should have: the ability to download and install anything from the web. Stick with the official packages if possible.


pafy is a Python library that can be used to retrieve URLs to pass to VLC or mplayer, etc. You can specify audio only. It's well documented here and can be installed with sudo apt-get install python-pafy.

Note it comes with a command line tool called ytdl which seems similar to youtube-dl and, as such, won't really do what you want. You'll have to write some python. I assume by the nature of your question this is no problem, but let me know if you need further help.


Stuck at /dev/sda1: clean xxx/xxx files XUBUNTU 17.10

have you tried Ctrl + Alt + F2 to  Ctrl + Alt + F7 ?
Ctrl + Alt + F1 doesn't work for me, but Ctrl + Alt + F2 worked for me.

The message is not an error code, but a message indicating file system checking fsck have checked your file system


Traktor Audio 2 DJ soundcard configuration

Maybe this can help you: Audio2DJ, with Mixxx on Ubuntu Linux

In summary, you need to create an .asoundrc file in your home folder with the following contents. Then you should be able to select each one of the channels (e.g. djA, djB, djAB) in your audio software's preferences (e.g. Mixxx).

#-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
# Native Instruments :: Audio2DJ ALSA Configuration
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#
#    device channels        ports
#    --------   ---             ---------
#    djA        2               12xx
#    djB        2               xx34
#
#    djAB       4               1234

#-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
# dj(a-d) :: Raw 1x1 Stereo Devices
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
pcm.djA { type plug; slave.pcm "hw:Audio2DJ,0,0"; }
pcm.djB { type plug; slave.pcm "hw:Audio2DJ,0,1"; }

# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# djAB :: Multi 2x2 Stereo Device (Ports 1-4, Channels A+B)
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
pcm.djAB {
        type multi

        # bind hardware devices
        slaves.a.pcm djA
        slaves.a.channels 2
        slaves.b.pcm djB
        slaves.b.channels 2

        # bind channels to virtual device
        bindings.0.slave a
        bindings.0.channel 0
        bindings.1.slave a
        bindings.1.channel 1
        bindings.2.slave b
        bindings.2.channel 0
        bindings.3.slave b
        bindings.3.channel 1
}


Shall I go for 12.04 or 12.10 if I want stability and speed?

You should probably read some reviews about the two versions and decide yourself. The reviews I enjoy the most reading are those from dedoimedo.com


Google Chrome reverting to previous bookmark arrangement

Reset settings in google chrome.  Go to settings, advanced settings, reset settings and click reset settings. Close your browser and restart.  If it disables all your extensions renable them. Update Reboot if needed


Is there software that can recognise which musical notes I am playing into my microphone - to help me practice music?

I've been looking for a program like this for quite some time. I would love
a program that you can hum and it will translate it into musical notation.
But for the time I user a tuner program on my cellphone. There are
several for linux listed in freshmeat so check them out, for something
that works for you.

http://freshmeat.net/search?page=1&q=tuner&submit=Search&with=66&without=


How do you install Gnome Software center?

Just type in a terminal:

sudo apt install gnome-software


Well the workspace panel suddenly disappeared and workspace indicator came on top bar

Hi Sanxchep Sharma have you disable the gnome-shell-extensions call
Horizontal workspaces it could be the issues that cause the workspace to suddenly disappeared
Hope it helps you
Best regards


Backup MySQL Database without mysqldumb or mysql installed

If MySQL is not currently running (in this case, it's not installed) you could grab the contents of /var/lib/mysql/*, and transfer them to a MySQL installation on another server.  You may need to ensure some aspects of the MySQL configuration is the same on both servers.

This is not the normal recommended way to back up MySQL, but since MySQL is not running and you can't load it, this is worth trying - should work.


How to unlock the boot partition in GParted

There is no reason for boot to be NTFS if you want both Ubuntu and Windows. The problem you face is that Microsoft wants the Windows operating system as the FIRST operating system on the disc.

The easiest method to fix this is to format all discs, make 2 partitions where the 1st one is NTFS and the 2nd one EXT4 and then install Windows on the 1st and Ubuntu on the 2nd.
This will get you a GRUB with both Ubuntu and Windows in the menu.

If you do want boot to be NTFS you will also want GRUB4DOS. So you will need to install that 1st. But this will NOT fix your problem of installing Windows. Grub demands support for permissions and symolic links and NTFS does not provide that so it is not possible for boot to be NTFS when using GRUB.


Laptop screen doesn't work after standby - hit or miss

Have you tried to change brightness (press the brightness up button)?

I can't find the links right now to post here, but there are reports that in some laptops when opening the screen lid again the brightness is minimum, in some cases it's like the screen is black. Pressing the brightness up solves in those cases.

Also there are scripts to automatically turn brightness up when keyboard shortcuts are not available or do not work.


How do I save files in /var/www in netbeans?

I'm not so sure about netbeans, but for normal websites, I prefer to symlink to actual folders that I need to be hosted inside the www directory.

For eg :

/var/www/project_name -> /home/usr/netbeansproject/project_name/

I do this for all my websites on my laptop.


There are a few things that you can do:
1) try a fresh install of Ubuntu 16.04, if you didn't do that(updating without wiping all data could cause problems)
2) try using the radeonsi driver instead of the amdgpu one (I read that the amdgpu one is mostly for newer AMD cards such as R9 380,285 etc)

I had similar problem with my AMD graphics card, I have dual monitor setup, and after install, only one monitor worked. After installing fglrx drivers, the system wouldn't come up. I had to install Ubuntu 14.04 and install fglrx drivers from the settings menu.

So if nothing works, maybe you'll have to downgrade back to 15.10.

Sorry I'm kind of new to Linux, but since noone else responded, I atleast tried to help you with what I know.


How to install a package from a PPA and ignore the official one?

If you like to do it only once, just manual downloading and installing may be best way.

But if you'd like to update regulary, try to use APT pinning to force specific repo, you can find more on https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PinningHowto#line-153

I've never used it for repo only to specify package version, so i'm not sure how to make it work this way.


Inconsistent booting problem 12.04LTS on Asus U46E RAL7

I have an Asus u46e-bal7 with the BIOS 206.

I had the same problem. And I've found two solutions:

Ugly one, that made my PC get hotter — enable option noapic in GRUB
Nice one — disable VT-d in BIOS. I use VirtualBox that uses VT-x, and it worked the same way as before.


Now that I've upgraded from 13.10 to 14.04 my keyboard setting, US international with dead keys, doesn't have dead keys. How do I get them back?

This is a bug. If you go to the Dash -> text entry, remove your US international keyboard, and add it again it will work (after you've rebooted your computer)... I was looking at launchpad, but I don't know how to report it :_(


BCM4331 causes graphics to fail on MacBook Pro 10,1

I doubt the wireless driver is causing your video issue but all you have to do is remove the driver you installed then reboot and install it this way to find out.

sudo apt-get install linux-firmware-nonfree

reboot.


Install Ubuntu and Windows in different drives of same computer

It sounds like that you know how to install Ubuntu in a separate SSD? If not read this answer.

You can skip Grub entirely by moving it bellow Windows boot manager in Firmware settings. You will find this in boot sequence. Good luck.


Malayalam Subtitle font rendering issue with VLC for 16.04

I have never used other than Latin subtitles,  but even for that some supplementary setting is needed in some cases to properly show French or Romanian.

That setting is to be found in the image you posted under Subtitle Language - Default encoding (for example,  Romanian requires eastern European,  Latin).

I see on the internet that other South Asian and Indian characters like Hindi work  with Universal UTF-8, like you have already tried for Malayalam,  and possibly VLC lacks a more specific setting. You could try other choices and see if it helps.

Also, the Font setting might count too. Have you tried different font types? (remember to restart the player)

I have also found a somewhat older post saying that VLC now renders subtitles in South Asian scripts specifically mentioning Malayalam,  and recommending the use of VLC version 3 nightly.

(That can be installed instead of the stable version from the master-dayly PPA, or, in order to avoid uninstalling your stable version, you can try the "portable" 3.0.0 appimage from here, by downloading it and making it executable. At the first execution you have a choice to create the launcher ~/.local/share/applications/appimagekit-vlc.desktop. If you want a launcher, avoid name confusion with the stable version by editing that launcher and changing the Name line to Name=VLC media player 3.0.0 Nightly - Appimage.)


set fan speed on ubuntu 16.04 laptop hp elitebook 2540p

the only topic i seen is this one , let us know if it worked to help others  https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2121339


NVIDIA prime-select on-demand never utilizes the GPU

Do you have an on-demand prime profile?
If yes, then if you are on Steam (gaming) for example you have to insert a launch option like this:
__NV_PRIME_RENDER_OFFLOAD=1 __GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME=nvidia %command%


The environment variable $CDPATH sets a path which tells the cd command where to search for its destination directories.

For example if you set CDPATH=$HOME, you can cd to any subdirectory of $HOME from wherever you are. Setting CDPATH=. doesn't make much sense as the current directory is always considered the starting point for cd. If you always want a certain value for $CDPATH you should set it in any of the files bash reads when it starts : ~/.bashrc, ~/.profile, etc. Take a look at the many questions as to where define $PATH.


Secure boot is on, now grub isn't starting properly and there's no BIOS button for my Samsung 270E

When the Samsung logo screen appears, press the F2-key repeatedly.


What shows you the package you can install to get a command?

The package, appropriately, is called command-not-found. The integration with bash for this package is part of the bash package itself, and unless you modified /etc/bash.bashrc, should work if you have this package installed.

If you're using zsh, then add to /etc/zshrc:

. /etc/zsh_command_not_found


It looks like upgrade process from 14.10 to 15.04 has a bug. Kernel does not install correctly. This can be fixed by running:

sudo apt-get install linux-generic

This will pull both linux-image-generic and linux-headers-generic.

These meta packages always point to the latest kernel image and headers.

This is not the first question with this kind of a problem.