Which interprets PHP faster on Ubuntu Server 12.04 32-bit, Apache or Nginx?

Here is a comparison between Apache and Nginx listing some advantages and disadvantages.

Apache, by contrast, approaches large numbers of requests by spinning off more processes to handle them, typically consuming a lot of RAM as it does so.  And sometimes Apache gets a little anxious about the size of its repast. Apache is available from the Ubuntu package repositories with a quick sudo apt-get install apache2.

Apache, is the most established web server today and powers more
sites on the web than any other server.
Apache is an established, flexible web server that many
enterprise-level customers rely on for delivering both dynamic and
static content.
Apache can run on a range of operating systems, is well-maintained,
and its ubiquity means that a substantial amount of user-generated
documentation exists.
Apache consumes more memory under high server loads, which can result
in degraded performance.
Due to how robust it is, Apache also comes size, which leads to more
memory consumption.

Nginx (pronounced "engine-ex") is a lightweight Web server with a reputation for speed, speed, speed. It differs from Apache in a fundamental way—Apache is a process- and thread-driven application, but Nginx is event-driven. The practical effect of this design difference is that a small number of Nginx "worker" processes can plow through enormous stacks of requests without waiting on each other and without synchronizing; they just "close their eyes" and eat the proverbial elephant as fast as they can, one bite at a time.

Nginx is designed to be simple and lightweight, and to require fewer
hardware resources than other web servers. It does this in part by
using an event-based processing model, which generally requires less
memory than a process-based server uses.
Nginx is fast at serving static web pages.
Nginx is newer, there is less documentation and support for it
compared to more established web servers.
The lightweight design also means that it can be more difficult to
customize, which might be necessary for large or complex
configurations.

The difference is summed up succinctly in a quote by Chris Lea on the Why Use Nginx? page: "Apache is like Microsoft Word, it has a million options but you only need six. Nginx does those six things, and it does five of them 50 times faster than Apache."

When you compare Nginx vs. Apache, both are open source software, and both camps have a community of vocal advocates.  Nginx is available from the Ubuntu package repositories with a quick sudo apt-get install Nginx.

In the end, both Nginx and Apache web servers are solid solutions although each has their fortes in given situations. Nginx’s main strengths include serving up static web pages quickly, and light consumption of memory and hardware resources. Apache is the established and versatile workhorse, with abundant module availability and documentation. Depending on your business needs and technical requirements, one or the other, or even a combination of the two, may be right for you.

Hope that this helps.

Source:Lee Hutchinson & Lukasz Kujawa


How system services are started in 12.10?

It does largely depend on the application and its packaging maintainer.

There is a strong preference for Upstart scripts because they handle events (which is generally a great thing) but a lot of applications don't have good enough Upstart scripts available or the application's maintainer has chosen to stick with the defaults (application or Debian's).

Either way, you're in the position where you have to adapt.

For Upstart:

Rename the file to something that doesn't end .conf, or
Add manual to the file. This will allow you to manually load the service.

For older services:

update-rc.d -f <service> remove

If you have an /etc/init.d/ script for something and an /etc/init/ script and you want to check if the init.d version is still live, you can check with:

ls -l /etc/rc?.d/*<service>

If you see a load of symlinks, it's installed in the old SysV init.


Need help properly setting up raid5 (align then mount)

You don't need to realign the partitions on the individual disks.  If you want to create partitions in the raid array, then they have a much higher alignment requirement depending on the stripe size of the raid array.  Parted is warning you because you explicitly asked for the partition to start on sector 2048, which is not properly aligned.  Since you are just creating a single partition using 100% of the array, it doesn't make sense to partition the array in the first place, so don't bother.

If you do want to subdivide the array, then the best way to do so is with lvm.


How to remove files created by sudo make install (even though the process failed due to lack of space)

Try sudo make uninstall. This target is usually configured in make installations.


I have uploaded a new version of the fonts-lao package to the development release:

fonts-lao_0.0.20060226-9ubuntu1_all.deb

Just download and install that package to make use of Phetsarath OT from www.phetsarath.gov.la.

Thanks for pointing out that Ubuntu shipped an ancient version!

Edit:

To raise the precedence of Phetsarath OT you can try to add a configuration file along these lines:

$ cat ~/.config/fontconfig/conf.d/10-lao-preferred.conf
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
    <alias>
        <family>sans-serif</family>
        <prefer>
            <family>Phetsarath OT</family>
        </prefer>
    </alias>
</fontconfig>


How can I permanently change my keyboard model and language in Lubuntu?

Here details from the Lubuntu/Keyboard article section Keyboard Mapping:

  The simple way to do this is to launch Lxkeymap (under Preferences.)

It's likely that /etc/defaults/keyboard defines the default keyboard layout used by the system and X server, but it's possible that Lubuntu's desktop environment (LXDE) has it's own configuration files that override that.


How do I ask Ubuntu to add package to there PPA?

You have to ask software developer about building deb-package and/or publishing it to https://launchpad.net .
Currently you can install this software by using RPM package mentioned in PKGBUILD with special alien utility:
sudo apt-get install alien

cd ~/Downloads
wget https://www.rz.uni-osnabrueck.de/fileadmin/user_upload/VPN/Software/ps-pulse-linux-9.1r11.0-b6725-64-bit-installer.rpm
sudo alien --install --scripts ps-pulse-linux-9.1r11.0-b6725-64-bit-installer.rpm

Then launch it using PulseUI launcher. Control its pulsesecure.service using systemctl.


Printing problem with Canon MG6200 after upgrading to Ubuntu 20.04

Try methods described here and tell if it helped or not:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:thierry-f/fork-michael-gruz
sudo apt install cnijfilter2 scangearmp2 cndrvcups-utility

  Depends on your device, search for cnijfilter (for printing) or
  scangearmp (for scanning) in Synaptic package manager (install it via
  Ubuntu Software).

  And finally select install the driver that is match for your device.
  And it’s OK to install i386 only package on 64-bit Ubuntu.

If these packages have been installed, uninstall them:

sudo apt purge cnijfilter2 scangearmp2 cndrvcups-utility && sudo apt autoremove

and try again.

During upgrade kernel and some system libs have been changed. So it could be the main cause of your issue.


External USB3 HDD works in USB 2.0 port, but not in USB 3.0 port

If the device works in a USB-2 port then there's an issue with the xhci driver and your device.

I can't check the xhci source at the moment, but IIRC in ohci error 110 means timeout.
Does the external drive have an ext. power supply? Try to first power up the drive, wait 10 seconds and then connect it to the USB3 port.


Upgrading from 18.04 to 20.04, unable to boot, incorrect graphics driver being used?

Because I am unable to access full bios, the solution to this issue is to install windows 8/10. However, I don't have those available, so I installed Ubuntu 16.04 from a live boot USB and removed 20.04 (plus all my files). It seems to have fixed it. I saw someone say that being able to install Ubuntu on an Acer is within itself a "miracle," so it seems drastic measures will have to be taken for Acer users who want to use Ubuntu. At least I know soon I'll have get a Dell or something, and perhaps I won't face as many issues.


Will the new version be using the improved unity shell or gnome3?

Ubuntu 11.10 will be using Unity, which now works with Gnome 3. Gnome Shell, which is the "default shell of Gnome 3" will also be available. In other words, Gnome 3 can be styled in various ways. Gnome-Shell is the default of the Gnome Developers, while Ubuntu chooses to use the Unity Shell by default.


Removed all additional drivers like this.

Added the mode like this:

$ cvt 1280 1024 60

$ xrandr --newmode "1280x1024_60.00"  109.00  1280 1368 1496 1712  1024 1027 1034 1063 -hsync +vsync

$ xrandr --addmode VGA-1 1280x1024_60.00

Display jumped to correct resolution after adding the mode to VGA-1.

$ xrandr
Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1280 x 1024, maximum 4096 x 4096
VGA-1 connected primary 1280x1024+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 0mm x 0mm
   1024x768       60.0
   800x600        60.3     56.2
   848x480        60.0
   640x480        59.9
   1280x1024_60.00   59.9*
TV-1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)

Thank you Braiam and terdon.


Does `update-alternatives --config` simply use `ln` to create hard links?

Not hard links, but soft/symbolic links:

$ stat /etc/alternatives/default.plymouth
File: ‘/etc/alternatives/default.plymouth’ -> ‘/lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo/ubuntu-logo-scale-2.plymouth’
  Size: 61          Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   symbolic link
Device: 801h/2049d  Inode: 174731      Links: 1
Access: (0777/lrwxrwxrwx)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)

(This controls the theme shown while booting.)

update-alternatives uses the unlink and symlink system calls:

$ sudo strace update-alternatives --config default.plymouth
execve("/usr/bin/update-alternatives", ["update-alternatives", "--config", "default.plymouth"], [/* 18 vars */]) = 0
brk(0)                                  = 0x18c3000
...
write(1, "Press enter to keep the current "..., 69Press enter to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: ) = 69
fstat(0, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 17), ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f8d4c8a2000
read(0, 1
"1\n", 1024)
...
unlink("/etc/alternatives/default.plymouth.dpkg-tmp") = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
symlink("/lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo/ubuntu-logo-scale-2.plymouth", "/etc/alternatives/default.plymouth.dpkg-tmp") = 0
lstat("/lib/plymouth/themes/default.plymouth", {st_mode=S_IFLNK|0777, st_size=34, ...}) = 0
lstat("/lib/plymouth/themes/default.plymouth", {st_mode=S_IFLNK|0777, st_size=34, ...}) = 0
readlink("/lib/plymouth/themes/default.plymouth", "/etc/alternatives/default.plymou"..., 34) = 34
stat("/lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo/ubuntu-logo.grub", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=47, ...}) = 0
unlink("/etc/alternatives/default.plymouth.grub.dpkg-tmp") = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
symlink("/lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo/ubuntu-logo.grub",
...
exit_group(0)                           = ?
+++ exited with 0 +++

The alternatives are all really symbolic links, IIRC. You could manually link them if you wish. What update-alternatives does is manage what those links can point to, assigning priorities and offering options.

In fact, the first paragraph of the manpage:

update-alternatives   creates,   removes,   maintains   and    displays
   information about the symbolic links comprising the Debian alternatives
   system.


Difference between weechat and weechat-curses

weechat is the more recent version, as described here in the Wiki (in German)


Postfix from= Have I been hacked by a spammer?

Postfix doesn't have some cheatsheet as Exim "exim -Mvh or exim -Mvb". However, they do have something like http://www.postfix.org/BUILTIN_FILTER_README.html

I believe what you have just experience is "email spoofing". To make sure none authorize can't send email via your domain, add SPF Record to your DNS and DKIM on your server.


Can I set a default syntax highlighting in Gedit?

You can at least add file extensions in the html syntax coloring scheme by editing html.lang in /usr/share/gtksourceview-2.0/language-specs/ as a super user. So say you want to add HTML syntax highlighting to cfm files, you'd change this

<property name="globs">*.html;*.htm</property>

(default html.lang) into this

<property name="globs">*.html;*.htm;*.cfm</property>


How can I print a webpage to a PDF in a single, *continuous* page?

I recently had the same need, and did it in two steps:

1) I used the Chrome Screen Capture Extension (https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/screen-capture-by-google/cpngackimfmofbokmjmljamhdncknpmg?hl=en) to capture the page in a png

2) I printed the PNG to a PDF


Can I replace Video with VLC Media Player?

It won't be a problem if you uninstalled the default video player.
You can however set vlc as default player from Settings > Details > Default Applications


Ubuntu 13.10 has python3.3 and python3.3.m.

You will be using python3.3m to set the application icon properly.


How to open Chromium in full screen kiosk mode in minimal windows manager environment (like openbox / jwm)

Close the browser and edit /home/user/.config/chromium/Default/Preferences. There will be a section in regards to window_placement.

For a resolution of 1920x1080 for example:

...

"window_placement": {
   "bottom": 1080,
   "left": 0,
   "maximized": true,
   "right": 1920,
   "top": 0,
   "work_area_bottom": 1080,
   "work_area_left": 0,
   "work_area_right": 1920,
   "work_area_top": 0
}

...

I could never find a way specify this at start-up and it can change if you open new browser windows.


How do I Uninstall Deepin Software Center?

There you go:

  sudo apt-get remove deepin-software-center

You should also open software sources and remove the ppa that you added to install deepin software center.  There's no point getting updates from the ppa if you no longer have the software.


Classic Upgrading to 20.04 LTS from 18.04 LTS will be available in July.

However, according to this page, you can upgrade to the 20.04 with

sudo apt update
sudo do-release-upgrade -d

Although you specify the -d (development) argument, it will upgrade to the 20.04 stable version. It's just because the classic way to upgrade will wait the 20.04.1 version, in July (Because LTS version is for people who wants really stable system).

Make sure to have a clean upgrade before

sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade
sudo apt autoremove
sudo apt clean
reboot


How to fix the following logcat error message in android studio running on linux

mkdir -m 0700 /run/user/1000/snap.android-studio


The answer is indeed in the first two letters of the line.  The first column is a desired state and the second column is a current state.  Relevant to this list is:

i = installed
r = remove(d)
c = config files

Thanks to steeldriver for directing my attention.


What does the command "sudo apt-get install upgrade-system" do?

upgrade-system  is  an  APT front-end that simplifies regular upgrading of Debian systems,
             only requiring an administrator's intervention whenever updated packages  necessitate  the configuration of new features.

It has nothing to do with apt-get update, where update is a parameter to apt-get. You most probably do not need the package upgrade-system.


Found the solution myself.

As I stated earlier there are a lot of WiFi access points. For that reason I decided to use WiFi channel 13 instead of channel 1, because I figured it must be congested since it is a default channel used by a lot of manufacturers.
As you might know channel congestion might cause network collision or lost of WiFi signal.

Apparently Ubuntu orders the WiFi access point according to channel number used, rather then access point name (SSID).

I switched to channel 1 and sure enough there was my access point listed.

After accessing my network I changed it back to 13. Aaaaaand it's gone! Same with channel 12.

After I changed it to channel 11 it picked up my access point and connected automatically.

Mission success!


Can't log-in with clean Ubuntu 13.04 install (graphic problem?)

Solved!

I booted in recovery mode choosing low graphics settings. I solved manually the dependencies needed to install the ISP driver, connected to the Internet and upgraded the system. Then, I installed the Nvidia driver and rebooted. Now everything seems to work :) The only strange behaviour is the extreme slowness when applying compiz effects. What could be the cause?


'Ubuntu Software' not asking for password and does nothing! Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

I suspect this may have something to do with me unsuccessfully trying to install Google Earth

Your suspicion is probably correct.

Google has a wrong entry in its repository for Google Earth.
Because they removed the 32bit version, you need to tell your software manager to explicitly search for 64bit versions only.

This is a bug on Google side, and they fixed the same for Chrome already, but not for Earth.

As long as Google doesn't change that entry, you need to fix the entry manually now and after every Update of Google Earth. Luckily, this is quite easy.

Open a terminal and run the following command. (you will be asked for your password):

sudo sed -i 's/^deb http/deb [arch=amd64] http/' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-earth.list

After that, you can run sudo apt update or use the software center again without errors. And you can now also install Earth

Of course you can do that manually by opening the file with sudo rights (gksudo /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-earth.list) and add [arch=amd64] after deb so that it looks like this:

deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/earth/deb/ stable main


Immediately after login, my 12.04 LTS desktop asks for my password for "Authentication is required to change user data"

You need to set the usernames (local:bob, network:bob) to have the same UID.  You would likely want to change the local account as opposed to the network one.

In my setup:
I ran id bob to get the AD/network UID.
Then I edited /etc/passwd and changed the UID of the local bob account.  (This can be dangerous, if you mess up!)

If you have a graphical environment go to Users and Groups -> Click on the user account in question, Advanced Settings, and then change the UID there.

The indicator-applet issue will not be fixed in Ubuntu (even though it is caused by an Ubuntu specific patch): You can see more details here: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/indicator-messages/+bug/1192300


Ubuntu "trusty" mount smb share from Mac OS X 10.11.6

https://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=1305827

Read towards the end.  It covers how El Capitan breaks smb compatibility


destination 0.0.0.0 and genmask 0.0.0.0 matches any other packet which is not defined in routing tables (last way out), so your default gateway is: 10.0.2.2.

You can also use:

$ ip r | grep ^def
default via 192.168.1.1 dev enp3s0  proto static  metric 100

  I thought the default Gateway and external ip will be same.

Not true, for example you can forward your traffic to your router with an internal IP address but your the router will replace the source address with its own public IP (NAT).


Should I use caution while doing updates via Ubuntu Update manager or not?

I have been running Ubuntu for a great many years. I have never run into any issues with accepting the updates provided. It's what they are for...

Back before we had the updater and used Synaptic on occasion there would be a problem but this was several years ago before the automated testing proses was introduced. There is a question of completely trusting ppa's as these are out of the direct control of the Ubuntu developers. However in my years of using Ubuntu I have never run in to any issues with ppa's.

As a rule of thumb, trust your updates...


that laptop is really old and Ubuntu 12.04 is OS from 2012. So you can't expect it to work fluently. That version of Ubuntu need at lest 1GB of RAM. Try lightweight linux distribution like Lubuntu, Linux Lite or Pepermint.


sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o tun0 -j MASQUERADE

A packet destined to go out via the tun0 interface will be nat (Network Address Translation)'d to the tun0 IP address.
sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i tun0 -o wlan0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

A packet arriving on the tun0 interface and destined for the wlan0 interface will be accepted if this session is already in the connection tracking table. Yes, you can assume the reverse of the outgoing nat occurs here, translating back to the original wlan0 ip address.
sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o tun0 -j ACCEPT

A packet arriving on the wlan0 interface and destined for the tun0 interface is unconditionally allowed.
Note that these type of rules in the FORWARD chain assume a default policy of DROP, because otherwise they are not required. The entire context of the iptables rule set would be required to know for certain.


Could be a problem with your iso file \ flash drive.

Download ubuntu iso file.
Make sure file is good by checking MD5 signature.

Download http://www.winmd5.com/

Check if MD5 is matched to: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuHashes
Create a USB bootable flash drive.

http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/

(Just select an ISO and the USB flash drive and run it).
Make sure your bios is configure to boot the USB flash drive. Run ubuntu check disk (in the boot menu). If everything is okay install!

Good luck!


Five reboots after installation, many parts of the system (terminal, file browser, drivers) stop working on Ubuntu 18.04

I had the exactly same problem. Yes, it is because of Chrome Remote Desktop. It is necessary to uninstall. Try accessing a virtual terminal using ctrl+alt+f4 (this worked in my case) or using emacs eshell, and use the following command:

sudo apt-get autoremove chrome-remote-desktop
reboot

This worked for me.


Where can I find messages related to Apache start up?

You could go to a terminal and type in "sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart" in a terminal, and see what kind of error message you get. One common reason, I believe, is because of some module that was either added, changed, or had a change made to a corresponding config file (such as php.ini).  If all else fails, go to the directory /etc/apache2/mods-enabled, and move module links out into a temporary directory, and if apache starts, you can put them back one by one.

Be aware, though, that the error message may be misleading.  It may get an error loading a module not because the module is bad, but because it's configuration file is bad.


You can login to a terminal using Ctrl+Alt+F1. There, login with your account (primary or secondary), and then give sudo privileges to your secondary profiles typing:

sudo adduser "username" sudo

replacing "username" by the name of your secondary account. This will add it to the sudoers group (named sudo, not admin).

Then, exit that terminal typing exit, press Ctrl+Alt+F7 to go back to your X session, log out and login again. Now you should have sudo privileges.


What happened to dconf/Nautilus "show-advanced-permissions" in 13.04?

The advanced permissions mode in Nautilus was removed from August 2012.

Remove advanced permissions
This mode is worse than useless because it is impossible to find,
it complicates the ongoing maintanence of the dialog, and if there
is important configuration in it we should be offering it by default
without a special hidden mode.

Source: index : nautilus - Commit message: Remove advanced permissions


No GRUB after trying to dual-boot Ubuntu and Windows 10 with Optane (Lenovo Yoga C940)

So, I've finally found the solution after hours of looking! Turns out that the problem was indeed caused by the Optane drive included in the laptop (a Lenovo Yoga C940.)
The way to fix this was to turn off Optane entirely and switch to AHCI, first turning off Optane in Windows (using the crappy Intel app for this) to prevent data loss, and then go into the BIOS, find a little bit of blue text labeled Storage -> press right arrow key -> switch from RST to AHCI. I got a warning that it would wipe my drives, but this did not happen (others on the internet confirmed they also did not lose data.) Still, always best to backup anyway.
I also turned off Fast Startup in Windows at some point - I have no idea of the effect this may have had, but just putting it out there for anyone with the same problem. I also did not need any drivers, or to update anything, in order to change from RST to AHCI.
After doing the above, I was able to simply boot my liveusb, install Ubuntu normally with the "Install alongside Windows 10", and there I had it, a working, booting Ubuntu install.
If anyone is struggling with optane and this -doesn't- help: Good luck, you're going to need it. Here are two related links that might help (thanks kannzzmm2 for the first one):
https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/ubuntu-installation-on-computers-with-intel-r-rst-enabled/15347 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uXgbF3P2F8


In your /etc/ssh/sshd_config

make sure you have the following PasswordAuthentication yes # Default anyway
make sure the users is not in DenyUsers and DenyGroups.

This cloud be cause by various reasons (misconfiguration or permissions), the best way is to start both sshd and ssh client in verbose mode.

For example:

sshd

Stop sshd and then run sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -Dd

Client

Connect => ssh user@host -vvv

Look at the debug output and it'll point you to the root cause, most likely.


Wifi: Connected to Network, but No Internet

You can test the DNS issue theory by opening terminal and ping google.com instead of the IP address. If there are DNS issues, this shouldn't work. Have you tried updating and upgrading packages?

If it is the DNS, you should be able to connect to a VPN through the terminal and then be able to use your browser.

Speaking of browsers: have you checked your settings there to make sure your connection settings don't include a proxy? Here is described how to check the connection settings in Firefox: https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/connection-settings-firefox


"PlayOnLinux is not supposed to be run as root. Sorry"

Don't use sudo to run PlayOnLinux. Running PlayOnLinux as root can give Windows programs running in PlayOnLinux root privileges, and expose your operating system to being hacked by the same Windows malware that infects these Windows programs when they run in Windows.


How to make a script which always activates on the startup?

Have a look under System > Preferences > Startup Applications.
Be sure you mention the path correctly, provide a name and description for the script.

That should do it.


Missing documentation for Qt5 on Ubuntu 13.04

There is a qt5-doc package, but it is on a separate repository.

To install it, do:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-sdk-team/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install qt5-doc

Then you must declare it in Qt Assistant:

Edit => Preferences => Documentation => Add

and then select file

/usr/share/qt5/doc/qch/qtdoc.qch

Yes, Qt5 integration in Ubuntu seems to be half baked.

Best,


How to find name of png file used on a desktop launcher?

Hit super and start typing main menu until it shows up. Click it and you will see your menu. I will take deluge as an example. This is the icon it shows in the launcher:

One way of finding it is:

Choose properties and you will see:

Click the icon and it will show the directory of the icon at the top:

So it is in /usr/share/icons/Faenza-dark/apps/48. In there are several directories with sizes and in there are the icons for said size. Your should be able to find the exact name of any icon in the menu.

The launcher for deluge sits in /usr/share/applications/ and is called deluge.desktop. When I open it with gedit (gedit /usr/share/applications/deluge.desktop) you will see 1 of the lines stating what the name of the icon is: Icon=deluge. I assume all of these icons are png(?)

So now we know the name but not the location on the disc but we can use locate on command line for that. This is a list of all deluge.png files on my system (basically all the themes and all the sizes):

If you want to find all icons in any of the launchers you can do that command line too:

cd /usr/share/applications
grep -R Icon= *desktop | more

and you will get this:

Pages and pages of icon names!


web and mail server under same ip with different names

In the admin dashboard, navigate to 'Web' and click 'Change' next to the domain you want to change. This will bring up a dialog box that instructs on where the new directory for the domain will be located. Click 'Update' to make the change.


Step 1 Go To Ubuntu Software Center.

Step 2 Search SPE .

Step 3 It Is At The Top Download It.

Step 4                    !!!Happy Programming!!!


Follow this link.

https://junise.wordpress.com/2017/07/23/xampp-in-ubuntu-desktop-shortcut-launcher-entry-home-folder-shortcut-inside-htdocs/

Change this sentence:

Exec=sudo /opt/lampp/manager-linux-x64.run

And add:

Terminal=true

at the end of .desktop file.


USB Keyboard doesn't work server installation 12.10

Since there's not much info to go on I'll give some general troubleshooting tips.
Try:
-Using a different usb port
-Turning the computer off and on
-Using a different keyboard, if you have one, to see if it's the computer's fault

That's the best I can give you. More info on the computer(laptop or desktop, previous OS's etc.) and the keyboard(has it worked before, does it work on other computers etc.) would be appreciated for a more specific answer.


Why is it so difficult to setup Ruby on Rails on Ubuntu?

Regarding why your experience was difficult I'm not sure that can be answered without more knowledge of what exactly you did. Regarding your question of "is this pretty normal?" I'm not sure it can be answered definitively but I can relay my experience in hope that it's helpful!

I've been developing on Rails with Ubuntu for over two years and can say that I never had to deal with broken packages or touch/rebuild code in any of the required packages. I completely reinstall with every release and my experience has been that it's easier to setup my Rails environment with each release (likely due to growing experience). In general, after a clean install of Ubuntu, I would say that it takes me under an hour (at times much less) to get my environment to the stage where it was before the clean install.

A couple days ago I followed the linked tutorial to completely re-setup my Rails development environment on 11.10. I previously was using package manager Ruby packages, which worked fine until I needed to run multiple versions of Ruby. Note that relying on the package manager packages for Ruby development is generally considered not the best way to develop Ruby on Ubuntu (see the linked article for details) but it has always worked fine for me in the past (when you only need one version of Ruby, Rails and Gems).

I think one thing that differentiates Linux from some other OS's is the ability to go about doing something in many different ways, while in some other OS's it may only be possible in one particular way. This is true of setting up your development environment (there are multiple ways to do it) and it's easy to see this leading to confusion and the need to consult different guides. From my limited experience, using the RVM bash install script in the linked article has been the easiest (that is, considering the major benefits of RVM, if RVM is of no benefit to you then there may be easier ways such as the package manager).

If you are more familiar with developing in Windows and are setting up Ubuntu for development for the first time I think it's reasonable to expect it to take longer simply because many things take longer the first time we learn to do them. If it ends up being "traumatic" then I just hope you can find the experience and knowledge that you gained valuable :)

http://ryanbigg.com/2010/12/ubuntu-ruby-rvm-rails-and-you/


Might get help by referring this.

Install on usb external hard drive

also this,

How to run full ubuntu installation from external hard drive?


Will installing Unity 8 on 15.04 affect my current Unity desktop?

Normally it shouldn't affect your current desktop. But since it is unstable, if you are not an expert and if your computer is the one you use on a daily basis, I would highly recommend you not to install it.

If you still install it, you can switch between your desktops on the login screen, clicking on the «Ubuntu» icon that is in the login field, next to your name.


Actually there is a bug which you can find in Launchpad.net

Best thing is that there is also a patch through which you can solve this issue.

Follow these steps hope it works for you also:

Open terminal and execute these steps:

1 - Backup old settings

sudo cp /etc/default/grub /etc/default/grub_back

2 - Open file to edit

sudo gedit /etc/default/grub

3 - Replace the line

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

to the line:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash pcie_aspm=force"

4 - Save the file Ctrl+S and close Ctrl+Q

Note: The next line to the line mentioned above should be GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" not GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="acpi_osi=Linux"

5 - Now execute following command to update the grub

sudo update-grub

Re-start your system once.

Note: If you have trouble in brightness also and above method doesn't fix it then you can test by adding these lines in place I mentioned above.

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash nomodeset"

or

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_backlight=vendor pcie_aspm=force"

or

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_backlight=vendor"

or

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="pcie_aspm=force"

or

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash pci=nomsi"

Note: You have to do a sudo update-grub and a system restart every time you change the grub file

Different system would need different options, if any of the option works, I request to mention that in the comment.

6 - Edit/create the file

gksudo gedit /etc/pm/sleep.d/01_switchvt

7 - copy and paste this code and save

#!/bin/sh

# Switch to a VC before suspending and back after resume

case "$1" in
        resume|thaw)
            chvt 7
        ;;
        suspend|hibernate)
            chvt 1
        ;;
esac

8 - make it executable:

chmod 755 /etc/pm/sleep.d/01_switchvt

sources:
https://askubuntu.com/a/387676/265172
and
https://askubuntu.com/a/361706/265172


WiFi Hotspot not working with mobile devices on Ubuntu

From ap-hotspot on github:

  While it may still work, AP-Hotspot is abandoned. and so on

Solution that worked for me:

http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2014/09/3-ways-create-wifi-hotspot-ubuntu/


Problem with fullscreen minecraft reftesh rate

Have you tried using the xrandr command to see if the one you selected is available on your system?


You can always reinstall the same Ubuntu version without reformatting the system directory. In that case, all you user files and settings will stay in place. At most, you may need to reinstall some applications you installed yourself.

To recover your system this way, boot up an installation medium of the same Ubuntu version. In the Installer, on the "Installation type" dialog, select "Something else". Indicate your current system partition as the partition to be used as root ("/") and uncheck the "format" checkbox. If you had a home folder or any other part of the system on another partition, reassign the same partitions, making sure "format" is unchecked.

This will repair your system while leaving your setup largely in place, except from some applications you may need to reinstall. After reinstall, also these applications will continue to be configured as before, because your user preferences are still in place.

Needless to say, even if this preserves all your date, make sure that the back up of all your personal user data is updated before proceeding.


auto bcc is not working when contain attachment in Postfix

This is not answer i just trying to say a way to debug your postifx server configuration

  post postconf -n

and see the postfix Troubleshooting process here

also see Postfix sends all log messages to /var/log/mail.log. However error and warning messages can sometimes get lost in the normal log output so they are also logged to /var/log/mail.err and /var/log/mail.warn respectively.


Restricting access to yahoo.com with squid and elinks

Two steps are required:
1) set up elinks to use proxy. You can do this by either exporting http_proxy env variable.

Ex.: export http_proxy='http://[user[:password]@]your.proxy.server.com:8080'

Other way - is to configure elinks to use your proxy server.

2) configure squid to to block requests to yahoo.com and fr.yahoo.com.
Ex.:

squid.conf:

acl blocked_yahoo dstdomain yahoo.com
acl blocked_yahoo dstdomain fr.yahoo.com
#or you can have rule for all subdomains:
#acl blocked_yahoo dstdomain .yahoo.com
http_access deny blocked_yahoo


No need to revert. Simply run following command on terminal, this should re-enable your "missing" menu bar :

gnome-terminal --show-menubar

Or right click at terminal and click "Show Menu bar"


Add exception for wrong certificate for subdomain "ssl_error_bad_cert_domain"

In private browsing mode, you can still add a temporary exception.

Use Ctrl+Shift+P to open a private window.


Is it safe to install Service Pack 1 update on an already dual booted windows 7 and ubuntu 14.04?

As Rinzwind says, backup, backup, backup.  Have an Ubuntu live-media available to reinstall grub (very likely).  Know the sector start/end of every partition on your disk (may ease recovery of a working filesystem in some cases).  Know the packages you installed, so you can recreate the system from scratch (backup usually applies to just your files, but setting up a customized system is not necessarily trivial).  Assume the worst, and be ready to recovery.  Maybe absolutely nothing will happen to grub or your partitions/files, but maybe they will all be grabbed by Windows and made into "Recovery" partitions -- be ready to deal with that.


No PPD file while trying to install Canon imageClass MF8380 cdw

I found the solution. With Ubuntu, unlike Debian (which I used previously) the driver provided by Canon actually works. When I installed it, it did not configure fully because it had a dependency on a missing package. I installed the package using sudo apt-get install and everything worked.

Editor's Note:

A dependency problem of missing package generally can be fixed with this command.

sudo apt-get -f install

These problems mostly occur when a package is installed via dpkg -i command


I looks I found the problem:

I opened adapter properties on Windows and disabled these:

Deterministic Network Enhancer
QoS packet scheduler
Microsoft Multiplexor protocol
LLDP Driver
Discovery Driver and Discovery responder
and even IPv6

seems one of them a culprit, exactly which one yet has to be determined (can't do that right now)


why syntax error near unexpected token ' fi '

In short: spelling error: it's then, not than.

Longer story: the syntax of the if command is this (boldface characters mark words that cannot be omitted or replaced):

  if test-commands; then
    commands;
  fi

where you can replace the ; token with a new line character.

The shell will interpret than as part of test-commands, but then it finds a fi statement, which is incorrect (and, yes, unexpected) because it never encountered the then part.


I want to install UBUNTU 12.10 , on a partition that I have created

Please checkout this link (if you have a new pc with window 8 logo) :)

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI


PPA's are completely broken in 18.04.1, any possible solutions?

It means that your system cannot access keyserver.ubuntu.com due some Network erros.
But you can manually add key for this repository(here is example for adapta).

Go to ppa repository on Launchpad: https://launchpad.net/~tista/+archive/ubuntu/adapta
Expand(click) at Technical details about this PPA

Click on the Signing key
It will forward you to keyserver.ubuntu.com where you can manually download Public key for ppa repository. Click on link and you will get the the public key

Copy public key as text file on your system. Only parts from BEGIN and AND (including lines with begin and end)

Import this key with ubuntu's Software and Updates in Authentication tab.
Issue sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install adapta-gtk-theme

If it works than contact you ISP about this issue.
If it fails please provide your console output.


This has been reported as a bug:  https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/nvidia-graphics-drivers-180/+bug/303224

A possible fix is presented in that bug report.  I can confirm that it helps in my case.  The fix is to install compizconfig-settings-manager and then run ccsm.  Use advanced search to change the following settings, then log out and log back in.

Texture filter: best
Lighting: checked
Detect refresh rate: unchecked
Refresh rate 200
Sync to vblank: unchecked


How to use Plop Boot Manager to boot from USB in Linux?

This should work if you have GRUB2. Follow the source link to see other methods using LILO and other options.

Quote from the PLOP Boot manager site.

  Download the current boot manager plpbt-5.0.14.zip. Extract it to get the boot manager install program. You find the install program plpinstc.com in the install directory.

  Copy plpinstc.com to /boot.

  Example file /etc/grub.d/40_custom

#!/bin/sh
exec tail -n +3 $0

menuentry "Install Plop Boot Manager" {
    set root='(hd0,1)'
    linux16 /boot/plpinstc.com
}

  Then run update-grub2 or update-grub.

  When you reboot, you should be able to choose the install program from your grub menu.

  Info: You have to choose the correct root settings in your configuration or you get a "Error: file not found". See also this Forum entry.


How to test oom-killer from command line

The key to triggering the OOM killer quickly is to avoid getting bogged down by disk accesses. So:

Avoid swapping, unless your goal is specifically to test the behavior of OOM when swap is used. You can disable swap before the test, then re-enable it afterwards. swapon -s tells you what swaps are currently enabled. sudo swapoff -a disables all swaps; sudo swapon -a is usually sufficient to reenable them.
Avoid interspersing memory accesses with non-swap disk accesses. That globbing-based method eventually uses up your available memory (given enough entries in your filesystem), but the reason it needs so much memory is to store information that it obtains by accessing your filesystem. Even with an SSD, it's likely that much of the time is spent reading from disk, even if swap is turned off. If your goal is specifically to test OOM behavior for memory accesses that are interspersed with disk accesses, that method is reasonable, perhaps even ideal. Otherwise, you can achieve your goal much faster.

Once you've disabled swap, any method that seldom reads from a physical disk should be quite fast. This includes the tail /dev/zero (found by falstaff, commented above by Doug Smythies). Although it reads from the character device /dev/zero, that "device" just generates null bytes (i.e., bytes of all zeros) and doesn't involve any physical disk access once the device node has been opened. That method works because tail looks for trailing lines in its input, but a stream of zeros contains no newline character, so it never gets any lines to discard.

If you're looking for a one-liner in an interpreted language that allocates and populates the memory algorithmically, you're in luck. In just about any general-purpose interpreted language, it's easy to allocate lots of memory and write to it without otherwise using it. Here's a Perl one-liner that seems to be about as fast as tail /dev/zero (though I haven't benchmarked it extensively):

perl -wE 'my @xs; for (1..2**20) { push @xs, q{a} x 2**20 }; say scalar @xs;'

With swap turned off on an old machine with 4 GiB of RAM, both that and tail /dev/zero took about ten seconds each time I ran them. Both should still work fine on newer machines with much more RAM than that. You can make that perl command much shorter, if your goal is brevity.

That Perl one-liner repeatedly generates (q{a} x 2**20) separate moderately long strings--about a million characters each--and keeps them all around by storing them in an array (@xs). You can adjust the numbers for testing. If you don't use all available memory, the one-liner outputs the total number of strings created. Assuming the OOM killer does kill perl--with the exact command shown above and no resource quotas to get in the way, I believe in practice it always will--then your shell should show you Killed. Then, as in any OOM situation, dmesg has the details.

Although I like that method, it does illustrate something useful about writing, compiling, and using a C program--like the one in Doug Smythies's answer. Allocating memory and accessing the memory don't feel like separate things in high-level interpreted languages, but in C you can notice and, if you choose, investigate those details.

Finally, you should always check that the OOM killer is actually what killed your program. One way to check is to inspect dmesg. Contrary to popular belief, it is actually possible for an attempt to allocate memory to fail fast, even on Linux. It's easy to make this happen with huge allocations that will obviously fail... but even those can happen unexpectedly. And seemingly reasonable allocations may fail fast. For example, on my test machine, perl -wE 'say length q{a} x 3_100_000_000;' succeeds, and perl -wE 'say length q{a} x 3_200_000_000;' prints:

Out of memory!
panic: fold_constants JMPENV_PUSH returned 2 at -e line 1.

Neither triggered the OOM killer. Speaking more generally:

If your program precomputes how much memory is needed and asks for it in a single allocation, the allocation may succeed (and if it does, the OOM killer may or may not kill the program when enough of the memory is used), or the allocation may simply fail.
Expanding an array to enormous length by adding many, many elements to it often triggers the OOM killer in actual practice, but making it do that reliably in testing is surprisingly tricky. The way this is almost always done--because it is the most efficient way to do it--is to make each new buffer with a capacity x times the capacity of the old buffer. Common values for x include 1.5 and 2 (and the technique is often called "table doubling"). This sometimes bridges the gap between how much memory can actually be allocated and used and how much the kernel knows is too much to even bother pretending to hand out.
Memory allocations can fail for reasons that have little to do with the kernel or how much memory is actually available, and that doesn't trigger the OOM killer either. In particular, a program may fail fast on an allocation of any size after successfully performing a very large number of tiny allocations. This failure happens in the bookkeeping that is carried out by the program itself--usually through a library facility like malloc(). I suspect this is what happened to me today when, during testing with bash arrays (which are actually implemented as doubly linked lists), bash quit with an error message saying an allocation of 9 bytes failed.

The OOM killer is much easier to trigger accidentally than to trigger intentionally.

In attempting to deliberately trigger the OOM killer, one way around these problems is to start by requesting too much memory, and go gradually smaller, as Doug Smythies's C program does. Another way is to allocate a whole bunch of moderately sized chunks of memory, which is what the Perl one-liner shown above does: none of the millionish-character strings (plus a bit of additional memory usage behind the scenes) is particularly taxing, but taken together, all the one-megabyte purchases add up.


How can I change this script in order to delete directories as well?

Try this:

find /folder/*.* -mtime +14 -exec rm -Rf {} \;

find:
       search for files in a directory hierarchy
-mtime n:
       File's  data  was  last  modified  n*24  hours ago.
-exec command ;
       Execute  command;

-exec command {} +
       This variant of the -exec action runs the specified command on the selected files

rm:
       remove files or directories
-r, -R, --recursive
       remove directories and their contents recursively

-f, --force
       ignore nonexistent files, never prompt
{}
       Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).

This script search for files and remove recursively files/folders that are 14 days along modified


Ubuntu 18.04. wifi on T450s - no adapter found after deleting iwlconfig

Ok I downloaded iwlwifi-7265D-29.ucode and put it into /lib/firmware ... now I see WiFi networks again but it seems to be very unstable ... with my mobile I have a good connection to the WiFi which my laptop doesn’t even see. Basically my WiFi doesn’t work at all even if the computer sees the adapter


There is a folder with "a load of app icons": /usr/share/applications.


How do I configure an Intel HD Graphics 4000?

The Xorg.0.log's you have posted show us the cause of the issues with graphics performance in your current installation, specifically, the following line indicates problems between your kernel and X drivers:

[    10.800] (EE) GLX error: Can not get required symbols.

When you boot from the live CD you are running properly matched drivers and logs. You have no (EE) lines in your Xorg.0.log and, as a result, you have appropriate graphics performance.

To address the issues you are experiencing both with the Intel graphics and with your Thunderbolt based video card I suggest that you try the 12.10 live CD (and, if even moderately successful, installing it).

http://releases.ubuntu.com/12.10/

The fix that you need for thunderbolt is merged into the 12.10 kernel:

http://kernel.ubuntu.com/git?p=ubuntu%2Fubuntu-quantal.git&a=search&h=HEAD&st=commit&s=c61e2775873f603148e8e998a938721b7d222d24

Hopefully this will allow you to use both video cards successfully.


What is the meaning of the `greeter-export` setting in sound menu?

According to this Schema file from the Linux Mint GitHub page:

<key name="greeter-export" type="b">
  <default>true</default>
  <summary>Whether or not to export the currently playing song to the greeter.</summary>
  <description>
    If enabled the sound indicator will export the current player and
    song to the greeter so that it can be shown if the user is selected
    and the sound menu is shown.
  </description>
</key>
<key name="global-mute" type="b">
  <default>false</default>
  <summary>Initial setting for global mute (mute all) on the menu </summary>
  <description>
    On start up volume should not be muted.
  </description>
</key>

I'm pretty source Canonical have the sources posted somewhere online, but the Linux Mint sources are enough for our purposes.


User has full access to target, but still receives "Mount Error(13): Permission Denied"

Have you checked the troubleshooting section of the CIFS mounting guide?
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MountWindowsSharesPermanently#Login_errors


Seems I have found the repair. I went browsing around about other people who may have this issue and ran into this website: https://linux-hardware.org/index.php?id=usb:2357-011f.
On this website it shows what ID requires what kind of drivers for full functionality. The ID of my device is 2357-011f, and apparently it requires the following driver: https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8812au.
So yeah, install that driver and everything worked for me!


First of all, --delete option can lead to some unwanted destructive results if you are unaware of the background. For example, if the source becomes empty then all the existing files at the destination will be removed or if some files are removed from source then those files will be removed from destination too.

  What happens if my hard drive gets corrupted, and some files can not
  be read anymore?

If rsync can not read the source, it would show a permission denied message and won't do anything further. So your existing files at the destination will be safe.

  Is there any scenario other than "me deleting the files on my hard
  drive" that will lead to deletion of the files on the USB stick?

Unless your USB itself gets corrupted, no, there is no scenario where (you don't remove files from source, the hard drive and) the existing files on the USB will get deleted by rsync with --delete option.

Test:

% ls -1 source dest
dest:

source:
foo

% rsync -av --delete source/ dest
sending incremental file list
./
foo

sent 143 bytes  received 38 bytes  362.00 bytes/sec
total size is 16  speedup is 0.09

% ls -1 source dest
dest:
foo

source:
foo

% chmod 000 source

% rsync -av --delete source/ dest
sending incremental file list
rsync: change_dir "/source" failed: Permission denied (13)

sent 20 bytes  received 12 bytes  64.00 bytes/sec
total size is 0  speedup is 0.00
rsync error: some files/attrs were not transferred (see previous errors) (code 23) at main.c(1183) [sender=3.1.0]

% ls -1 source dest
dest:
foo
ls: cannot open directory source: Permission denied


Cannot boot to windows 10 m2 after installing linux on separate ssd

Update the available Operating Systems in the boot configuration:

sudo update-grub

Then reinstall the Boot Loader if it looks correct (you should see windows there):

sudo grub-install /dev/sda

Note that /dev/sda represents the first bootable drive. Re-installing the Windows Boot loader will destroy the Grub boot loader leaving you unable to access Linux.


Why is g++ installed at usr/bin and not in usr/local/bin

It depends on how you install it.

Usually packages install most of their files under /usr only. Even if it's you, the admin, that installs the package.

"installed by the admin" means installed by hand i.e. without the package manager. This means either by copying files in /usr/local directly or via make install command.

But this is just a recommendation and the admin can do whatever she wants and install manually in /usr if she wishes too. These are just guidelines. Noone is there to enforce those rules.


Xubuntu 14.04 - Chromium didn't shut down correctly

What resolved to me was entering menu Settings > Shown advanced settings > System and uncheck Continue running background apps when Chrome is closed. I don't feel any negative impact by disable this option. I hope had helped.


I fixed this issue by installing another version of Nvidia driver. I am not sure about whether this error will appear again.


before  install AMD drives.you must close Dual graphices in bios and remove the system drives. i also have this problem. black screen.

sudo apt-get remove fglrx*
sudo apt-get remove xserver-xorg-video-intel


Ubuntu 16.04.2 when pressing END key - text gets selected instead of going to end of the line

You can view edit and reassign the keyboard keys with GSettings, bellow is a link to the manual page for details.

gsettings - GSettings configuration tool
http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/xenial/en/man1/gsettings.1.html


WSL can’t run true services without additional support from and configuration of the Windows host system because it lacks an “init” daemon among other sub-systems and features that all fully fledged Linux systems have. Such differences are off topic here on Ask Ubuntu but you’re welcome to ask over on our sister site Super User.


How to stop keyboard cursor from behaving erraticly while typing ? (Ubuntu 17.10)

I have had that problem for years and just figured it out to night. Just go into system settings > mouse & touchpad > take the check mark out of the box for Tap to click. Violla no more mouse scurrying accross your screen when you are typing. The one pitfall is that now to click somethings is that you have to actually push on your touchpad instead of just tapping.


How to use Unity's global menu in GNOME Shell, if possible?

The application menu or global menu [as some people like to refer to it] that comes with unity provided by appmenu-gtkand indicator-appmenu doesnot work on gnome-shell. There is an alpha status globalmenu extension for gnome-shell which can be installed via ppa. But it won't look exacly like what is seen in unity the video in the link shows how it works. if you want to try it out you can install it:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/gnome3
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gnome3-globalmenu


Ubuntu 17.10 and later: can't change the input switching shortcut to alt+shift

You may use (GNOME) Tweaks to achieve your goal. First install it by running

sudo apt install gnome-tweaks

(on Ubuntu 18.04 and later) or

sudo apt install gnome-tweak-tool

Launch Tweaks and go to Keyboard & Mouse section. Click on the "Additional Layout Options".

A new window should pop up. Look for "Switching to another layout" and expand it. Then check the "Alt+Shift" option.


Where I can find the contents of the default /etc/bash.bashrc file?

If you overwrote your bash the best way is to copy it again from your system itself instead of someone else:

rm ~/.bashrc
cp /etc/skel/.bashrc ~/


Resource sharing in case of guest OS and other questions

I am unfortunately not sure if I understood all questions the right way, so please feel free to ask again if something is not clear:

VirtualBox is a usual application as e.g. a Word processor is. That means the application asks the underlying OS (because an OS cares about the resources a computer HW has) for RAM. Of course it is a special application because it uses OS-drivers to get special rights e.g. like exclusive accesses over a USB device.

When setting up your virtual hard disk is a file on your host. This file even is NOT 8GB big in the beginning but it is getting larger when you occupy more space. But it will never be bigger than the 8GB you specify. Your guest operating system will notice a "disk full" state when you full use the 8GB.
Because it is a file you can even raise the size later on via the "VBoxManage modfiyhd ---resize" command.

The setting of your virtual machine also has a constraint how many RAM the machine is allowed to use.
When you have a 4GB RAM host machine and your guest is configured as a 16GB RAM machine, then the host OS will do what it always does when applications need more RAM than physical available: it
swaps to hard disk (when it is allowed to do so, but this is the usual case on a desktop OS). This means you as a user will recognize that your machine is
slow when the virtual machine runs applications that need more RAM.
You can change the maximum RAM size of your guest machine in the Settings Dialog -> System -> Motherboard -> Base Memory

Well I not fully understand this question. Virtual box is a virtual machine, that means it is a program that simulates a PC processor and its periphery. It also simulates the 64bit processor behavior on a 32bit machine.
Your guest OS is on different hardware, because your hardware is simulated in the virtual machine. That is also the reason why you need to install the "VirtualBoxAdditions Drivers" in your guest OS to use the underlying host hardware more effectively.
Not at all. The underlying host operating system is on 32bit, 64bit in the guest has to be simulated and this costs more processor instructions that a native application. This also means that a virtual machine can never be faster than the underlying hardware.

I hope I wrote down the answers you were looking for.


Ubuntu-Emulator doesn't work in a Ubuntu 16.04 VM

I tried several times to configure ubuntu emulator in the virtual box but it failed. How ever I could successfully configure and run the emulator following the same steps but inside a dedicated machine.


Ubuntu SDK SortFilterModel with variables

Use:

filter.pattern: new RegExp(t.text)

Type of filter.pattern is QRegExp, type of t is QQuickText, type of t.text is QString.

filter.pattern: new RegExp("a|b", "i")
// same as
filter.pattern: /a|b/i

reference: Converting user input string to regular expression (stackoverflow)


"Set document metadata failed" when I run sudo gedit

You can stop seeing this behavior simply by launching gedit from the launcher rather than the command line as was intended.

If you indeed require an editor that you can launch from the command line without seeing these errors, you might try nano or pico(a simple to use editor) launched from the command line or vi (a more advanced editor) also launched from the command line.

for more info on these editors see man nano or man vi respectively.

Most people love one and hate the other but you have the freedom to choose

Source: Experience


How can I uninstall java from my Ubuntu?

Those packages are not yet installed. So, there's nothing to uninstall. You can install them if you want the java command.


Possibly something wrong with my terminal

This is the output of the alias command which shows you all the aliases defined on your shell. (For more info about it, type man alias; alias is explained under "Bash Builtin Commands").

It means that somewhere in your .bashrc file you have this line:

alias

Remove it and you'll be good to go.


Linux-tools and cloud-tools are not needed in most cases. You either install unneeded deb packages or install not all of them. If you need cloud-tools, then install linux-tools too. You can install just image and headers debs in most cases. But these errors do not really matter.

If there were no other errors and uname -r shows the correct kernel version, you installed it right.


I found the answer here and here. You need to run the following command:

gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.peripherals.mouse middle-button-enabled true

You only need to do this once - Gnome remebers the setting for your next logon - though you need to do it for each user. If someone knows a way around this, feel free to edit this answer (:

It seems Gnome sets this to 'false' by default, and does so after xorg does it's settings (so it overrides xorg settings in xorg.conf or ...-evdev.conf etc..)

The setting can also be changed with the dconf-editor in the dconf-tools package (thanks Walt). Go to org::gnome::settings-daemon::peripherals::mouse and tick 'middle-button-enabled'.


Start a terminal and run

tail -f /var/log/kern.log

Then try connecting to your wifi access point.  You should see the attempts appearing in the terminal window as it tries to connect.


My Ubuntu's default icons and theme were partially 'reset'?

1st try reset your unity by using this command

unity --reset

Rebuilt icon package

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface icon-theme 'Unity-icon-theme'

Other default icon package

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface icon-theme 'Ubuntu-mono-dark'

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface icon-theme 'Ubuntu-mono-light'


If you mean the smartware one-click backup: no. The other smartware utilities are Windows tools that have an equivalent option in Linux (like the SMART toolset). There is a 3rd tools for security where you can password protect the disk. That is possible using encryption but it will not be a 1-click solution.

You also need to remove the hidden partitions on it for it to be mountable in Linux. Requires a firmware update (from Windows) and then you can use Smartware to remove those partitions (not sure if this applies to others than the WDBY8L0020BBK-01).


14.04 LTS with Apache and SSL as well as non-SSL site problem

One way to solve this would be by using redirects in your .htaccess file.   Here's an example for your example2.net .htaccess file.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} on
RewriteRule (.*) http://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,

However if you do not have an SSL certificate on example2.net you will still get the browser warning as it is generated before the .htaccess file is read.


20.04 "Error found when loading /home/user/.profile Failed to write reboot parameter file" after boot

I had a faulty alias defined in .bashrc. Removing that solved the problem.


The geoip-database-extra package is located in universe section, you should enable it

sudo add-apt-repository universe

then update package cache and reinstall the package

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install --reinstall geoip-database-extra


If you are doing this with a live CD, the drives must be unmounted first.

The unallocated space must be beside the partition you wish to resize. To do this you must move the smaller partition (swap space) to the right.


I went ahead and tried this and after Many hours of copying the data I created the loop backs with losetup then madm detected and assembled automatically so I mounted and got my data


X freeze after closing the lid asus-k52f ubuntu 12.04

What do you have your laptop set to do when you close the lid?

There's been a known issue with the stock Ubuntu kernel where the computer locks up when the screen dims or shuts off. The recommendation has been to upgrade the kernel to 3.4 if you want to be able to dim/turn off your screen. If you don't care, then you can simply disable the settings to turn off your screen in the power management and display settings areas.


LXDE installed, but login screen has no option to login into LXDE

I had the same problem and here's the fix:
you need to install lxde-common after installing lxde.
it includes lxsession and two other packages needed for lxde:

sudo apt install lxde-common

I don't know why dependencies aren't covered in this particular package.


I need the balance of my hard disk drive

If you mean the amount of remaining space on your hard drive then in the terminal type:

df -h --total

see How Do I Find the Amount of Free Space on My Hard Drive with Command Line? for more.


How to rename files keeping only the last N characters

In the following, remove the -n once you are happy about the proposed transformations.
With rename:
rename -n 's/.*(..)\.jpg$/$1.jpg/' *.jpg

To make it recurse into subdirectories, you have two options:

use a recursive shell glob
shopt -s globstar
rename --nopath -n 's/.*(..)\.jpg$/$1.jpg/' **/*.jpg

use find
find . -name '*.jpg' -execdir rename --nopath -n 's/.*(..)\.jpg$/$1.jpg/' {} +

Note the addition of the --nopath option to prevent the rename command from removing the leading path elements. An alternative would be to change the leading .* of the regular expression pattern to [^/]*. Note also that the globstar version will fail if the number of matches is too large (or, more precisely, if the combined argument length exceeds ARG_MAX).

With mmv:
mmv -n '*??.jpg' '#2#3.jpg'

This one is tricky to make recursive since it does its own pattern matching. It could be wrapped in a find -type d -execdir ... command I suppose.

Here, remove the echo once you are happy about the proposed transformations.
With a simple shell loop, assuming we may remove everything up to and including the last space character:
for f in *.jpg; do echo mv -n -- "$f" "${f##* }"; done

You can make this recurse using find in the same way as for the rename command:
find . -name '*.jpg' -execdir sh -c 'for f; do echo mv -n -- "$f" "${f##* }"; done' sh {} +

Note that if you want to use the mv "$f" "${f: -6}" version suggested in Raffa's comment you would need to use one of the shells that supports negative substring indexing such as bash/ksh/zsh for the sh -c scriptlet.
You could use a recursive glob with the shell loop, but you'd need to separate the dirname and basename in order to apply the parameter substitution ex.
for f in ./**/*.jpg; do d="${f%/*}"; b="${f##*/}"; echo mv "$f" "$d/${b: -6}"; done


Failed to load session ''ubuntu'' after Upgrade

Ubuntu recommends only upgrade to it's immediate successor release versions. i.e: 11.04 to 11.10, 11.10 to 12.04 etc.
I am not sure this will work or not, but try this.

on the login screen press Alt+Ctrl+f1 and go to tty1 and type following commands.

sudo apt-get -f install

or

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install unity-2d
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager
sudo apt-get install compiz-plugins-extra
sudo apt-get update

After that restart your pc.

sudo shutdown -r now

Hope this will work for you.


OpenVPN client connected but can't access internal websites

Try edit your OpenVPN client config with adding:

# Set CloudFlare and Google DNS:
dhcp-option DNS 1.1.1.1
dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8

And reconnect. If no effect, edit config again and replace lines above with:

script-security 2
up /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
down /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf

^ Be sure both settings examples not included in your client config first.

(It will be better previously to be sure that file /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf exist in your OS. Example: ls /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf or cat /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf)


How can I use my Garmin device in Ubuntu?

Maybe these will help you connecting to your Garmin device.


How can I install no longer available purchased software in Ubuntu 15.10?

Based on their website (including broken links) I'd say this game is no longer supported and you are out of luck:
http://www.familyfarmgame.com/en/linux-downloads

However the developer can be found here:
http://www.hammerware.cz/contact

Try providing your credentials to the dev listed and ask if there is a tarball of the game.  Outlook is not good.


Booting Paravirtualized Kernel On Bare Hardware

You have a kernel that supports running on a "virtual machine", but you are running on a real machine (bare hardware). It's harmless.


If the graphics are unreadable, try Control+Alt+F1 and then Control+Alt+F7. That would switch to the text terminal and then back. That fixed my issue here.


First of all, please check this question to see how Windows can be set as the default for booting: How do I set Windows to boot as the default in the boot loader?

To hide grub unless a button is pressed, you need to configure grub to do so:

Press Alt+F2, type gksudo gedit /etc/default/grub press Enter and enter your password.
Set the options like following:

GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=6
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true

Save the file by pressing CTRL+s.
Then to activate the changes you made, run this command and enter your user password when prompted:

$ sudo update-grub2

Now if you reboot, grub menu should't display unless you don't press a button in 6 seconds (which is set by GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT configuration).

Another option is this:

Set both GRUB_TIMEOUT and GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT as 0 and grub menu won't be displayed unless you press shift button while booting.

For more information about grub configuration, you can check this page: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2#Configuring_GRUB_2


I got this error after installing and moving the 'rootfs' to another partition and creating a symbolic link to it to save space on root SSD Partition,


set up mailserver for multiple domains guide for beginner

The tutorial on www.howtoforge.com works perfectly to install postfix with courier and mysql for your situation using virtual users (so you don't need to open a Linux account for every mail user).

The config files used are on the default places if you install with apt-get. It is long  but basically it installs everything using apt-get, build the mysql queries to manage virtual users and mails (6 simple queries if remember well) and configure postfix main and master config files. You also install squirrelmail as webmail software.


GNOME doesn't really like the Unity theme. There are two ways to fix this. You can either switch to the default GNOME theme, or install Numix, which is sort of like a flat version of Unity.

You'll need to install the GNOME Tweak Tool first. Open a terminal and run sudo apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool.

Use the GNOME theme

Search for "Tweak Tool" and open it.
Go to the Appearance tab. Change the "Window", "GTK+" and "Icons" dropdowns to "Adwaita". Relog or reboot and your theme should be GNOME's default. (No more theme issues)

Install Numix

Open a terminal and run

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:numix/ppa

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install numix-gtk-theme numix-icon-theme-circle

Open Tweak Tool.
In the same fields as above, select Numix instead of Adwaita. Relog or reboot to make sure the theme applies fully.

Hopefully, you won't have those corner issues again.


Actually, RESOLVCONF=yes in /etc/default/bind9 does nothing on modern systems which use systemd. That line was only used with the old bind9 init script, /etc/init.d/bind9, which is not used on systemd systems.
What it used to do is cause the locally-installed bind9 server to be used as the name server in /etc/resolv.conf. That is, it would put nameserver 127.0.0.1 in /etc/resolv.conf. It does this calling a resolvconf program from package called resolvconf (or openresolv, which is a compatible replacement for resolvconf).
To achieve this configuration with systemd, you just have to enable the bind9-resolvconf service: systemctl enable --now bind9-resolvconf
With versions of the bind9 package in Debian bullseye or later (or Debian derivatives like Ubuntu based on such, or Debian buster with the backported bind9 package), the service has been renamed from bind9 to named, so the corresponding service would be named-resolvconf.
I don't think there is any documentation on this, other than the code itself.


How can I shutdown, restart, log out using HUD?

Shut down and Log out are already available using HUD, just type either of the two and it should display:

  Device > Shut down...

for example.

If you type Shut down, a dialog window will open which has Reboot / Restart as an option (located on the bottom left corner).

Hope this helps.


Where can the devices.txt file be found in Linux?

You can use the list you found. It's part of the linux-source package, but should be identical to the one you linked.

Devices are managed by the Linux kernel, which is very similar in all distributions.


I went into printer properties and made a few changes and now the printer is working. I changed the Device URI, and the make and model, and the test page printed.  Went into my documents and printed off several docs.  Appears to be ok now.  Thanks for your assistance!


How to set ccpd daemon to start automatically at startup?

This should add it to the autostart:

sudo update-rc.d ccpd defaults


Wireless does not detect network on an Acer 5750 with a Broadcom 43227

Use one of your other devices (XP or mobile phone) to check which channel the router is using.

If it is 12 or 13 reduce this number and check networks again - it should work.


The current libc6 version is 2.31-4, I believe.  Maybe ubfan1 is right.  Try.
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade


How do I get Notification Icons to follow my Icon theme?

An icon theme can only replace icons it was planed to replace. If your icon theme does not provide replacement icons for applications which are not initially part of Ubuntu like Skype, VLC and XChat for example then you'll either have to find appropriate icons somewhere and replace them manually or you will have to create them yourself.


Rhythmbox default radio stations missing

Shut down Rythmbox.
Then do this in a Terminal window...

$ sudo apt-get autoremove --purge rhythmbox

$ sudo apt-get install rhythmbox

$ rm ~/.local/share/rhythmbox/rhythmdb.xml

$ touch ~/.local/share/rhythmbox/rhythmdb.xml
Then launch Rythmbox, and your radio stations should be back.

(Remember to accept this Answer, so I know it worked for you).


ubuntu 19.04: AWUS 036ach wifi adapter not working

This error will occur when any minor update occurs in Ubuntu 19.04

You need to run the following command in Ubuntu Terminal, Make sure you need to connect the ethernet cable to enable wifi in your Ubuntu 19.04

$ sudo apt remove bcmwl-kernel-source && sudo apt install git dkms
$ git clone -b extended https://github.com/lwfinger/rtlwifi_new
$ sudo dkms add ./rtlwifi_new
$ sudo dkms install rtlwifi-new/0.6

After that, you need to reboot your system. Now your Wifi Connection will be enabled in your Ubuntu 19.04 PC.


How do I create a default fallback profile for any process that doesn't have one in AppArmor?

According to the mailing list, there could be a way to generate such a default profile in this way:

profile default /** {
  #insert default profile rules here
}

sources: Generate a default/fallback profile? No blacklisting and the responses that follow.

Note that "Currently setting a default profile that applies to the whole system from boot is a bit of a pain but we do have plans to improve that. Unfortunately there is enough other work happen that I don't see it happen soon." from John Johansen's response here.
Anyone interested is requested to read the thread in its entirety.


Moving from HDD to SSD with windows in SSD

The best thing to do is to reinstall everything , because you will experience problems , maybe the windows is on IDE and not AHCI , so you will need to format the windows .. see , backup the really necessary things on your windows and move it to the new SSD


I think that on Linux a combination like Ctrl+Alt+V would be a shortcut for some command and not for typing.

However, the good news is that the @ character is even more easily accessible with the Hungarian keyboard layout:

AltGr+V => @

( AltGr is the same as Right Alt )


Is choosing 'Security Updates Only' on installation of Ubuntu Server enough?

In normal cases where you want a stable deployment of lets say LAMP and all what comes with it in production environment security updates are sufficient.

You need to change the

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10periodic

file to this:

# switches on the apt get update run 0 for off
APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "1";
# lets the server pre download available packages 0 for off
APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages "1";
# runs apt-get clean every 7 days
APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval "7";
# switches the unattended upgrades on 0 for off
APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "1";

Beside that you have a couple more options in the

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades file.

P.S.: all other upgrades are normally done on a server environment by hand.


I had a similar problem with the black borders after upgrading to 15.04... i switched from Nvidia 340 to 346 and back and ran the following

dconf reset -f /org/compiz/
setsid unity

You might try just running the latter.


Desktop doesn't come up after installation

It sounds like your installation got corrupted somehow. What you would need to do is reinstall, by reformatting the partition/drive (in Windows) with the corrupted installation and then installing again.


Recording guitar with rakarrack and audacity

first of all I will suggest you to use ardour to record your guitar with jack not audacity.

second, you need to specify your device in the jack interface, you have to select your usb hardware instead of the internal one.

let me know,
regards


TL;DR: You probably want sudo apt-get remove light-locker light-locker-settings to remove the xfce lockscreen.

Your issue is that xubuntu-desktop is a meta package. Removing it by itself doesn't really do much for you.

When you installed xubuntu-desktop you had the option to allow/deny a bunch of other packages being installed. If you've forgotten what packages those are (which, let's face it, why would you remember?) you can figure out what it installed with

apt-cache show xubuntu-desktop

This will show you a bunch of information about the metapackage. For reference, the results of mine on xubuntu 14.04 looks like so (note, I added the lines of >>>>> for emphasis that I explain below):

mitch@thapphireth:[/media/mitch/Acer]: apt-cache show xubuntu-desktop
Package: xubuntu-desktop
Priority: optional
Section: universe/metapackages
Installed-Size: 44
Maintainer: Xubuntu Developers <xubuntu-devel@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Source: xubuntu-meta
Version: 2.180
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Depends: alsa-base, alsa-utils, anacron, bc, ca-certificates, dmz-cursor-theme, doc-base, fonts-dejavu-core, fonts-freefont-ttf, foomatic-db-compressed-ppds, genisoimage, ghostscript-x, gtk2-engines-pixbuf, inputattach, language-selector-gnome, libasound2-plugins, libpam-systemd, libsasl2-modules, libxp6, lightdm, lightdm-gtk-greeter, memtest86+, openprinting-ppds, pm-utils, printer-driver-pnm2ppa, rfkill, software-properties-gtk, thunar, thunar-volman, tumbler, ubuntu-drivers-common, ubuntu-extras-keyring, unzip, update-manager, wireless-tools, wpasupplicant, xdg-user-dirs, xdg-user-dirs-gtk, xfce4-appfinder, xfce4-notifyd, xfce4-panel, xfce4-session, xfce4-settings, xfdesktop4, xfwm4, xkb-data, xorg, xterm, xubuntu-artwork, xubuntu-default-settings, zenity, zip
Recommends: abiword, abiword-plugin-grammar, abiword-plugin-mathview, acpi-support, app-install-data-partner, apport-gtk, apt-offline, avahi-autoipd, avahi-daemon, blueman, bluez, bluez-alsa, bluez-cups, brltty, brltty-x11, catfish, cups, cups-bsd, cups-client, cups-filters, desktop-file-utils, espeak, evince, file-roller, firefox, fonts-droid, fonts-kacst-one, fonts-khmeros-core, fonts-lao, fonts-liberation, fonts-lklug-sinhala, fonts-nanum, fonts-opensymbol, fonts-sil-abyssinica, fonts-sil-padauk, fonts-takao-pgothic, fonts-thai-tlwg, fonts-tibetan-machine, gcc, gigolo, gimp, gmusicbrowser, gnome-accessibility-themes, gnome-calculator, gnome-sudoku, gnome-system-tools, gnomine, gnumeric, gstreamer0.10-plugins-base-apps, gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio, gtk-theme-config, gucharmap, gvfs-backends, gvfs-fuse, hplip, im-config, indicator-application, indicator-messages, indicator-power, indicator-sound, kerneloops-daemon, laptop-detect, libnotify-bin, libnss-mdns, libpam-gnome-keyring, libxfce4ui-utils, light-locker, light-locker-settings, make, menulibre, mousepad, mugshot, network-manager-gnome, network-manager-pptp, network-manager-pptp-gnome, onboard, orage, parole, pastebinit, pavucontrol, pcmciautils, pidgin, pidgin-otr, policykit-desktop-privileges, printer-driver-c2esp, printer-driver-foo2zjs, printer-driver-min12xxw, printer-driver-ptouch, printer-driver-pxljr, printer-driver-sag-gdi, printer-driver-splix, ristretto, simple-scan, software-center, speech-dispatcher, system-config-printer-gnome, thunar-archive-plugin, thunar-media-tags-plugin, thunderbird, transmission-gtk, ttf-indic-fonts-core, ttf-punjabi-fonts, ttf-ubuntu-font-family, update-notifier, whoopsie, xchat, xcursor-themes, xdg-utils, xfburn, xfce4-cpugraph-plugin, xfce4-dict, xfce4-indicator-plugin, xfce4-mailwatch-plugin, xfce4-netload-plugin, xfce4-notes-plugin, xfce4-places-plugin, xfce4-power-manager, xfce4-quicklauncher-plugin, xfce4-screenshooter, xfce4-systemload-plugin, xfce4-taskmanager, xfce4-terminal, xfce4-verve-plugin, xfce4-volumed, xfce4-weather-plugin, xfce4-whiskermenu-plugin, xfce4-xkb-plugin, xubuntu-community-wallpapers, xubuntu-docs, xul-ext-ubufox
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Filename: pool/universe/x/xubuntu-meta/xubuntu-desktop_2.180_amd64.deb
Size: 3864
MD5sum: 98a121dd1a2b1ced327e0a2a7a7890a1
SHA1: 9422029424ff4f473b2d7fed9f141f1a6b69a728
SHA256: 161cfafb2e43c9c0d75a1bf71884b80ad01f6048f4e85598122d7047514ee5c2
Description-en: Xubuntu desktop system
 This package depends on all of the packages in the Xubuntu desktop system
 .
 It is safe to remove this package if some of the desktop system packages are
 not desired.
Description-md5: 25eeb522d88fba23a532953cbbf1638e
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Origin: Ubuntu
Supported: 3y
Task: xubuntu-desktop

Note the two lines between the >>>> that I put in. These lines are software packages that installing xubuntu-desktop brought in. This does NOT include software packages that THOSE software packages brought in, etc.

Now, if you wanted to completely purge xubuntu-desktop you'd have to uninstall each and every one of those packages, which you probably don't want to do.

Your best solution is this:

run apt-cache show xubuntu-desktop
From the list of Depends/recommends find which pacakges you don't want. For your purposes getting rid of everything that starts with xfce will probably remove everything you want. Some of those packages though, like alsa-base and alsa-utils are important, and you don't want to remove those. Perhaps compare it to the results of apt-cache show cinnamon, and remove only what doesn't overlap (but again, be careful even then - you don't want to delete too much).
Once you've done all that, run sudo apt-get autoremove to clean up any lonely dependencies

That being said, for your actual question you probably want to do sudo apt-get remove light-locker light-locker-settings, as those are the xfce/xubuntu-specific lock screen packages.


How do I access a local network share in dolphin?

I don't know why nobody ever answered to this but if you're using the SMB protocol I've got an easy solution to access your local and remote network shares.

Right click on the Remote header in the Places panel on Dolphin
Click on "add entry"
Give it a name (something like "SMB Share")
In the "location" input, type in your SMB server location (e.g.: smb://<ip_address>/folder)
Choose an icon and validate

Now you should see  that icon under your personal folder on the left, just click on it and you will access your network share


You're going to have to boot from a live CD, run sudo gparted, resize your Ubuntu partition for room for XP, then [optional] create a NTFS for XP.  [Edit: If you're a total n00b, here is a link to a gparted tutorial: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/gparted.html ] :)

Then you boot from the XP cd, select the partition [or if you didn't create one, tell it to use unallocated space].

Once that installs, you are going to have to reinstall the GRUB bootloader.  If you have grub legacy, I know how. If you have grub-pc [the new one, aka grub 2 I think], I'm not exactly sure how, but a quick google search should tell you.

To reinstall the bootloader you again will have to boot from a live CD and run some commands on the terminal.

For legacy grub:  sudo install-grub /dev/sdX

And you may want to run sudo update-grub, [But you probably should backup /boot/grub/menu.cfg first] and hopefully it will find your XP installation and add it to the menu.  If not you will have to manually edit /boot/grub/menu.cfg.  sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.cfg

If GRUB finds your windows XP automatically, you're done.

Find the part where it mentions chainloading, [it's commented out] and copy that part, and paste it next to your Linux entries.  Then just replace the "root (hd0,0)" line:  hd0 means the first disk [sda], the next 0 means the first partition. So if your XP partition was /dev/sda4, your line would look like "root (hd0,3)" because the number starts at 0, not 1.


Run shell script from launcher with root permissions

Here are the steps:

1. Creating the interactive caller script

Since you want to execute the script and then have the terminal remain in an interactive mode, we need to use a special caller script, which in turn requires expect. We'll assume the script you want to execute is called test.sh

Install expect with sudo apt-get -y install expect
Create the caller script with this format:

#!/usr/bin/expect -f

spawn -noecho bash           # create a shell
expect "$ "                  # wait for prompt
send "cd /path to script\n"  # your script directory
send "./test.sh\n"           # your script name
interact                     # switch to interactive mode

Make the caller script, say call_test.sh, executable with

sudo chmod +x /path/to/call_test.sh

2. Creating the Launcher

Press Alt+F2, and type gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/TestSH.desktop, where TestSH is whatever you want to call your launcher icon.
The file is of the following form:

[Desktop Entry]
Version=1.0          # your script version
Type=Application
Terminal=true        # you want a terminal, so...
StartupNotify=true
Icon=                # can be a built-in (/usr/share/icons)
                 # or a custom file, SVG or PNG
Name=TestSH          # Whatever you want to call it
Comment=           # description
Exec=/path/to/call-test.sh # Path to caller script
Categories=Application;

Finally, make sure the actual script is executable, with sudo chmod +x /path/to/test.sh
Close the editor, and search for "TestSH" (script name) in the HUD; you will see the icon, which you can click on, and also drag to the launcher or desktop to add it there.


Ubuntu 14.04 suddenly won't load the Unity GUI after an update

Okay, well, luckily enough, I was able to fix the problem early on, and I think I may now know what could have caused it, or at least contributed to it:

I had been running really low on disk space for some time (and sometimes had to save my downloads elsewhere), and when I was finally able to log in as a Guest (startx might have really helped here!) the system informed me that I had literally no disk space left.

After mucking around with Baobab a bit, I decided to go ahead and delete an old game that I was no longer playing, which gave me about 2 GB of free space; I also got rid of Steam as well.

Well, when I restarted the computer, I was able to boot up Ubuntu normally, without any issues whatsoever. And hopefully, this post will be helpful to other folks who may encounter a similar issue as well. =)


Here is a good explanation of how to configure these settings:  http://a19.video2.blip.tv/10540008615475/Llelectronics-LubuntuScreencastMultimonitoring462.webm?brs=789&bri=8.6

What you likely want is arandr (sudo apt-get install arandr) -- > access it through: preferences --> Arandr

The GUI is pretty intuitive.

If you have an NVIDIA driver then the solution is slightly different. Its explained in the (excellent) screen-cast.


When pyCharm is running, I can't right click it to add it to taskbar

Once Pycharm Loads Navigate to the tools menu and select the option 'Create desktop entry'.It will prompt you about adding a desktop entry for all users. After this step, close the application. Now, you can access Pycharm directly from your applications menu.


What exactly does gcc-multilib mean on Ubuntu?

gcc-multilib is useful for cross-compiling, that is, compiling a program to run on a different processor architecture. For example, you would need gcc-multilib if you are running on 64-bit Ubuntu and want to compile a program to run on 32-bit Ubuntu (or on ARM etc. you get the idea).


You could go into your system's BIOS and disable the windows 7 hard drive, then when you run Ubuntu, run sudo update-grub to regenerate the GRUB configuration for the menu, minus windows, since it won't be detected.

Then, if you ever want to access the Windows drive, you would enable it in your BIOS.

It's not clear if this is your desired outcome, though.  But it will definitely "unmount" the windows drive.


Ubuntu 18.04 ondrej php7.3 - gives php8.0 as default php

This is a very easy fix. The problem is in your composer.json file, as you likely have this:
"require": {
    "php": ">=7.3",
    ...
},

Change that line to:
"require": {
    "php": "^7.3|^8.0",
    ...
},

This will allow the project to use either version.


Error trying to build custom Ubuntu 18.04 iso using xorriso

the complaint of xorriso says that the -b file is not found in the ISO.
In the command i see two reasons for this:

1: You use the absolute disk path instead of the path in the ISO.

2: There is no xorriso argument to see by which the file would get into the
ISO. Actually no files at all seem to get mapped into the ISO.

Proposal:

If you want all files of "$workdir" in the ISO, add argument "$workdir".

If you expect isolinux.bin to show up in /isolinux/ of the ISO, remove
from the path of option -b the prefix "$workdir"/ so that the path complies
to the prescription of both, mkisofs and xorrisofs (*).

xorriso -as mkisofs ... -b isolinux/isolinux.bin ... "$workdir"

(*) mkisofs demands disk paths "relative to the source path", xorrisofs demands
paths in the emerging ISO. Default working directory in the ISO is /. So the
path "isolinux/isolinux.bin" is usable and advised for both.

See how Debian packs up its x86 bootable ISOs in principle:
  https://wiki.debian.org/RepackBootableISO#Remove_the_unneeded_Jigdo_production_options

(Support mailing list for xorriso is bug-xorriso@gnu.org.)

Have a nice day :)

Thomas


Old processors doesn't support virtualization technologies. You should first check that your CPU is compatible by searching informations (vtx instructions) on it on Intel website.

According to the model of your PC, some processors should be compatible but I think you need to enable the virtualization capabilities in your bios.

reboot your computer
enter in the bios
look at the entry Virtualization under POST behaviour.


Same hardware & OS, different network adapter name

From the bottom link in Freedesktop:
Two character prefixes based on the type of interface:
 *   en — Ethernet
 *   sl — serial line IP (slip)
 *   wl — wlan
 *   ww — wwan

Type of names:
 *   b<number>                             — BCMA bus core number
 *   c<bus_id>                             — bus id of a grouped CCW or CCW device,
 *                                           with all leading zeros stripped [s390]
 *   o<index>[n<phys_port_name>|d<dev_port>]
 *                                         — on-board device index number
 *   s<slot>[f<function>][n<phys_port_name>|d<dev_port>]
 *                                         — hotplug slot index number
 *   x<MAC>                                — MAC address
 *   [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][n<phys_port_name>|d<dev_port>]
 *                                         — PCI geographical location
 *   [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][u<port>][..][c<config>][i<interface>]
 *                                         — USB port number chain
 *   v<slot>                               - VIO slot number (IBM PowerVM)
 *   a<vendor><model>i<instance>           — Platform bus ACPI instance id
 *

So  ...

eno is a "ethernet" "onboard" device so uses the "onboard" method.
enp is a "ethernet" "not onboard" device so uses the "PCI geographical location" or "USB port number chain" method.

how I can fix it

Fix what? There is nothing wrong (but do see the "I don't like this, how do I disable this?" part in the link).


Wifi connected (during installation) yet wifi "device not ready"

I made a fresh install with Ubuntu 20.04 -> problem solved.


Read kernel messages page by page from screan at boot time?

The "loglevel=4" kernel’s command-line parameter was useful to me in grub menu at start time.
With this option the "warning, notice, info, debug" lots of kernel messages was suppressed on the screen. And only all error type msgs was printed on the screen.
Here are all the kernel's parameter and other loglevel values.
https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.14/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html
So it was a good workaround for the original question.


I think you can check and find file config /etc/exim4/update-exim4.conf. You can add option disable_ipv6=true and restart exim with command service exim4 restart.

After you added option you can check and netstat listening on port 25 against the IPv6 address as: netstat -tulpn | grep :25. If port 25 have listening in IPv6 maybe you can change  dc_local_interfaces='127.0.0.1 ; ::1' --> dc_local_interfaces='127.0.0.1'.

Finally, finally, I noticed that there is a configuration template file/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template. Curiously, I’ve added disable_ipv6=true directive over there, restarted exim and maybe it started working.

I hope you will find this article useful, and save some time when you run into similar problem with exim.


WebGL and Hardware acceleration problems

Try launching Chrome using this command:

google-chrome --ignore-gpu-blacklist

Then try webgl test--it worked for me.


Solved!

Go to System settings/Network/Wired/Options and then choose the enp4s0 option. It worked for me.


Can't read text file while it is being produced by running C-program

You can't see the output because you are redirecting it into the file.
To both see the output and store it in a file, use the tee program:
./d | tee d10.txt

You could also do this, but it's much more work:
> d10.txt
tail -f d10.txt &
./d >> d10.txt
kill %1


First of all, you need to find out which versions of the NVIDIA drivers are supported for your graphics card.
To see which card/chip you are using, use
ubuntu-drivers devices

and see the line under "model".
Now you can either browse the nvidia site and look which version is available for your card, or find other sources.
Then, if it is valid, you can choose to install the driver from the nvidia site or from the ubuntu repo (which usually is better set up to work with your ubuntu).
If you haven't had NVIDIA drivers installed on that linux installation, you might need to blacklist the open source "nouveau" drivers:
sudo bash -c "echo blacklist nouveau > /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nvidia-nouveau.conf"
sudo bash -c "echo options nouveau modeset=0 >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nvidia-nouveau.conf"

After that, or every installation of graphics drivers, please reboot.
I hope that helped,
-- Streunekater


Can't access Ubuntu 12.04 (no grub screen) after erasing and reinstalling Windows partition

When you reinstalled Windows it overwrote the MBR. To fix this, boot into a live session of Ubuntu (or any Linux Distribution that uses GRUB), open a command line and run the command sudo grub-install /dev/sda. That will reinstall grub and you will be able to choose between Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.04 to boot from.


I installed cpufreq with sudo apt install indicator-cpufreq and created a script that runs it. From there I can change the mode from Powersaving to Performance.
#!/bin/bash
indicator-cpufreq


getting packages into Ubuntu during Debian freeze

I needed to request a package sync.

The information for how to do this is located here:
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SyncRequestProcess

I followed the recomendations there and used the requestsync commandline tools as follows:

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-dev-tools
requestsync -d experimental widemargin

This raised a bug request on launchpad which can be seen here:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/widemargin/+bug/1146015

The bug was fixed within 3 hours by Julian Taylor (jtaylor) who uploaded it to ubuntu 13.04

Julian Taylor you ROCK!!!

That is all.