What to do with previous EFI partition during new installation?

First off, I'll answer your second question, "Why is the partition there? What is it's use?"

The EFI partition is created to store EFI-mode boot loaders and related files.

The Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) or its version 2.x variant, Unified EFI (UEFI) is a firmware type that is widespread on recent computers, especially those more recent than 2010. (Source, Ubuntu Wiki)

As for why it's there, it was most likely created when Ubuntu was installed, as most systems have EUFI mode enabled by default.

Second, "Is it safe to remove the EFI partition during installation?"

Yes and no. If you have Windows installed in UEFI mode then you should probably keep it, as they are in UEFI mode by default and you can't mix UEFI and BIOS/legacy installations.

However, if Ubuntu is your only OS, then you should be able to disable UEFI mode and only work in BIOS version, which may have better support.

Third, "If it is not safe to remove it, then how to configure it during new installation."

If you follow the instructions here on the Ubuntu Wiki, then the installer should take care of it just fine, assuming you're doing a fresh install and using the automatic installer.

To sum up what that link is saying, you'll need to:

Use a 64 bit version of Ubuntu (32bit can work, but it's very complicated.)
You'll also need to disable QuickBoot/FastBoot and Intel Smart Response Technology (SRT), and if on Windows 8 or newer, you'll need to disable Fast Startup.
Use a supported version of Ubuntu. Support for UEFI was added in 11.10, but more recent versions are far more reliable. 12.04 or greater is preferred.

If you're planning on doing custom partitioning, then it will be a bit more complicated, as you'll have to manually create a UEFI partition and configure Ubuntu to mount it at /boot/efi.


Print jobs held, and after manually releasing them, they return to being held.

First thing to try:  change to a different version of the printer driver.  My HP Laserjet 3015 defaults to the postscript driver, which causes this behaviour.   Try the following:

settings -> printers -> your printer -> properties
"make and model" -> change
select printer from database -> choose correct make
in left column, choose correct model
in right column, choose something other than the default.  I've had good luck with PCL3 and CUPS/Gutenprint.
Good luck!

If that doesn't work, try to purge and reinstall cups.

Remove cups completely with apt-get remove cups --purge.
Back up and delete (or rename) your /etc/cups/ directory.
Reinstall cups with apt-get install cups


How can I make videos out of image sequences, skipping every n files?

I ended up writing a python script to do this

#!/usr/bin/env python2
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
converts sequence of images to video
uses glob pattern and allows skipping images

---
uses [sk-video](https://github.com/scikit-video/scikit-video)
```> pip install sk-video```

backend uses ffmpeg or libav

TODO:
- add more input & output dict opts

For full list of flags see
- https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.html
- https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Encode/H.264

Note: Not using opencv2.VideoWriter because it fails silently on Anaconda

'''
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import division

import argparse
import glob
import os
from imageio import imread
from skvideo.io import FFmpegWriter
from tqdm import tqdm
from pprint import pprint

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('-i', '--input_folder', default='.', help='path to folder containing images')
parser.add_argument('-p', '--file_pattern', default='*.png', help='Unix filename pattern. For details see https://docs.python.org/2/library/fnmatch.html')
parser.add_argument('-o', '--output_path', default='output.mp4', help='path to output video file')
parser.add_argument('-n', '--every', default=10, type=int, help='include every nth image. i.e. every==1 uses every image. every==2 takes every other image ')
parser.add_argument('-m', '--max_count', default=None, type=int, help='if > 0, cap at this many frames')
parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', default=False, type=int, help='dump a lot of stuff to the console')

# ffmpeg args
parser.add_argument('-r', '--fps', default='30', type=str, help='frames per second')
parser.add_argument('-vcodec', default='libx264', type=str, help='output video codec')
parser.add_argument('-b', '--bitrate', default=None, type=str, help='bitrate')
parser.add_argument('-crf', default=None, type=str, help='Constant Rate Factor. The range of the CRF scale is 0–51, where 0 is lossless, 23 is the default, and 51 is worst quality possible. A lower value generally leads to higher quality, and a subjectively sane range is 17–28. Consider 17 or 18 to be visually lossless or nearly so; it should look the same or nearly the same as the input but it isnt technically lossless')
args = parser.parse_args()

#%% Get input file list
glob_path = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser(os.path.expandvars(args.input_folder)), args.file_pattern)

# read all files in folder matching pattern
print('Reading folder "{}"'.format(glob_path))
paths = sorted(glob.glob(glob_path))
args.stats = {'file_count_total' : len(paths) }
print(args.stats['file_count_total'], 'files found')

# skip
if args.every > 1:
    paths = [x for i,x in enumerate(paths) if i % args.every == 0]
    args.stats['file_count_with_skip'] = len(paths)
    print(args.stats['file_count_with_skip'], 'files with skip')

# cap to max_count
if args.max_count:
    paths = paths[:args.max_count]
    args.stats['file_count_capped'] = len(paths)
    print(args.stats['file_count_capped'], 'files after cap')

#%% init video writer with parameters
inputdict = {}
outputdict = {}

if args.fps:
    inputdict['-r'] = args.fps
    outputdict['-r'] = args.fps

if args.vcodec: outputdict['-vcodec'] = args.vcodec
if args.bitrate: outputdict['-b'] = args.bitrate
if args.crf: outputdict['-crf'] = args.crf

video_writer = FFmpegWriter(args.output_path, inputdict=inputdict, outputdict=outputdict)

#%%
print('Starting with args:')
pprint(vars(args))
for path in tqdm(paths):
    img = imread(path)
    if args.verbose: print('processing file', i, path)
    video_writer.writeFrame(img)

print('\n-')
print('Finished. Video saved at', args.output_path)

video_writer.close()


EHCI_HCD resets interfere with USB transfers

If you really did not experience the problem before, it may be either a problem with the updated kernel or a hardware problem (with either the USB controller or the phone).

The first one seems unlikely to me, but you can check whether this is the case by downgrading your kernel to the version you had before in 11.04 ; for the second suggestion, check the following link :

http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Problem_with_USB_2.0 .

Basically there is a good chance you'll be still able to use the USB connection if you'll drop down the USB 2.0 support, although it will give you the painful 12 mbit/sec, i.e about one Mb per second ; but it would probably be rather stable. If the phone is the only device that brings you the problem, I would have simply stayed with USB 1.* for it.

Another hypothesis would be that you have earlier used a 32-bit version of Ubuntu 11.04 and the bug appeared when you have switched to a 64-bit version .

Then I suggest you to try a 32-bit LiveCD and see if the problem persists .

PS. Here is an article explaining the procedure of unbinding the driver ( the spam protection engine prevents me from giving more links at once ) ) :

http://lwn.net/Articles/143397/


I am still having a lot of trouble with bluetooth, but the following attempts may help you out.
This is something I personally used and worked for a while.
1st:Check if pulse-audio and its dependencies are installed:
sudo apt install pulseaudio pulseaudio-utils pavucontrol pulseaudio-module-bluetooth
2nd: When we verify it, we need to create or edit this audio config file:
sudo gedit /etc/bluetooth/audio.conf
Include the next lines:
#This section contains general options
[General]
Enable=Source,Sink,Media,Socket
3rd: Now it’s time to save the file and start the Bluetooth service again.
sudo service bluetooth restart
Link to full article: https://dev.to/campbelljones74/common-bluetooth-problems-in-ubuntu-and-how-to-fix-them-18b5


How to setup Strongswan to auth to LDAP?

strongSwan does not natively support LDAP authentication but it looks like you can somehow use FreeRADIUS as a go-between.


Perhaps try the NoAnnoyance shell extension? It suppresses the "window ready" notification and brings it to the foreground without any user interaction.


Image of Hard Drive for replication to laboratory computers

Question #1 = You will need to pick a backup/restore tool. Sector based tools like "Clonezilla" will create an image that is larger but it will not require any additional steps for deployment because it can have the bootloader information included in the image. Just backup, restore to the new system, and boot it up. However in order to deploy a sector based image most programs will require you to have an equal too or larger disk than what the image was made from. You can get around this by creating partition only backups, but then your mbr or efi loaders may not be imaged depending on what tool you use. Alternatively you can use a file based backup tool like "squashfs-tools" the image will be small and faster to make, but you will need to install grub afterwards through the aid of a livecd.

Question #2 = I'll leave that to someone else to answer.

Question #3 = The sizes only need to be the same or greater if you are using a full hard drive sector based image. If you are using a partition sector based image the partition will need to be the same size or greater. If you are using a file based image then you only need enough free space to fit the data.

The easiest way would be to setup the machine that has the smallest hard drive, create a sector based hard drive image using clonezilla, and then deploy to the larger machines.


How to compile the source code for gnu typist?

If you do want to compile it for any reason, download it and do the following:

cd Downloads/
tar -xvf gtypist-2.8.3.tar.gz
cd gtypist-2.8.3/
./configure
make
sudo make install

The last three lines are the important bit, the first three are just changing to the directory where it's been downloaded to, unpacking the archive and changing to the directory where it's been unpacked to.

Please, before you do, carefully read the INSTALL file that comes with the program, and see if you needn't do something different. You should in any case, if you don't have a very good  reason not to, install it from the Repositories as Takkat suggests.


How can I unlock a password locked rar file without knowing the password?

Two more options are:

RarCrack
John the Ripper

I have a archive to recover and currently running the first software. With second option - still haven't found a way to do it :/


Listening radio with Mplayer in terminal

You can set mplayer's cache with -cache argument on command line as well as specifying the initial cache fill before playback with '-cache-min'.

Try:

$ mplayer -cache 8192 -cache-min 80 <url>

p.s. 8192 should be enough, however, you can increase that number according to your needs. Note that the initial cache fill without the '-cache-min' option is only 20%.


Where are messages during VM boot under Gnome-Boxes stored?

Right click on a virtual machine in the GNOME Boxes overview will open a menu. Click "Properties" and go to the "System" tab. There you can find the "Troubleshooting Logs" button. The messages you are looking for are possible there.


extras.ubuntu.com is available just fine. You're using an obsolete, no longer supported version of ubuntu for which the extras.ubuntu.com repository was removed the other day. You should upgrate to 12.04 or 12.10


How to mount a virtual hard drive to an existing virtual image?

I know the command line way much better - so here we go using command line and your favourite text editor only:

Open up the terminal of your choice (ex. gnome-terminal) and check where your data sits

sudo du -xh --max-depth=1 /

For simplicity I recommend to mount the new partition under a first level directory.

Think about which data you want to put on the new partition. Common choices are /home if you have lots of Movies/Fotos/VirtualDiskImages/... :), or /usr if you want to install more software from your distribution, /var if you run a for example a mail server, /opt if you use lots of third party software there / ...

Be sure you formatted your partition with a linux file system (I recommend ext4).

You can check this typing mount which gives you all mounted file systems including file system and mount options you may want to copy and paste later to /etc/fstab

The format is:

<file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>

So first we copy a hole first level folder to the new partition and configure /etc/fstab (file system table) and test if everything is done right. Then we remove the data from old partition. I assume you want to move /home Partition so replace this if you choose other.

sudo cp -aT /home /media/mynewdrive

If mynewdrive was empty /home and /media/mynewdrive contain the same data. Probably there is an additional lost+found folder in mynewdrive which was created during formatting which you can ignore.

Now add a line to /etc/fstab using <youreditor>. Replace this with for example with gedit.

sudo <youreditor> /etc/fstab

The line you add will look like this

<file system> /home   <type>  <options> 0 2

You have to replace <options> simply with defaults or with options you got from mount but without brackets and don't use noauto cause this prevents from mounting automatically while system boot. Be sure to have spaces and/or tabs between entries and commas (and no spaces or tabs) between options. Save and close.

Now you check if everything worked an you can mount the new partition to the right folder:

sudo mount /home

It worked if you get no output. Then you can see it using again mount. Check if your data are in place:

sudo du -hs /home should show the same size as on first run above.

Now remove the original data on root partition:

sudo umount /home

Only do next step if everything went fine until here and you checked new partition is not mounted at /home:

sudo rm -r /home && sudo mkdir /home

now you can mount it again:

sudo mount /home

and umount from /media

sudo umount /media/mynewdrive (which you could have done at any point ;) )

And always do final test: reboot


Is it possible to get MarvinSketch to number the atoms in your molecule and if so how?

You can use the manual mapping function (mouseover + m and the number you wish to add to the atom) to reorder the default atom numbering. There is more information about using the manual mapping function in Marvin here.


Ubuntu partition disappeared (enter grub rescue)

I finally asked the same question, perhaps in better clarity, on Ubuntu forum. The solution is simpler than I expected.

sudo e2fsck -f -y -v /dev/sda1

The command automatically repaired my partition. Some repaired fragments were placed in lost+found but all my files were saved.

I hope this works if others encounter the same problem.


Several Things:

1] you can't install Ubuntu properly without removing the Wubi installation (through Control Panel)

2] Have you succeeded in booting the same disc on another computer?

3] Which disk is it? CD_ROM? DVD-R?

4] Which tool/s you used to create it? How did you make all the installation and burn the disk?

5] Why havn't you created a USB ?


Radeon HD 7730M GPU driver not working on XUbuntu 16.04

You have to see why it failed.

cat /var/log/Xorg.0.log | tail -n 60

shows the actual sequence of events leading up to the failure, but in this case, it's pretty likely that you failed to update /etc/X11/xorg.conf and change the driver from nvidia to amdgpu. It's also possible that your card does not work right with the amdgpu driver. But if your xorg.conf shows nvidia still, which it should, xorg will fail, since you are telling to do an impossible thing.

Most distribution driver packages have always had the glaring and obvious failure to actually check xorg.conf to make sure that it can even work, and also fail to update it when required, and to let users know that this is required, which is largely incomprehensible in this day and age given that the role of software is supposed to be to do this type of checking automatically. And good software does, but distro packages sadly have rarely done this right.

So you have to do  a sequence of tests, first, verify that nvidia is not listed as the driver in xorg.conf, then, after changing that if it said nvidia, you have to see why the amdgpu failed, if it still fails.

To make matters more complicated, some systems will add in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/ files that you have to also check for, all of which is why I stopped personally doing graphics support in real time, too many ways it can be done wrong.


This seems to be bug that already has a bug report. Interestingly, it's not so much a bug in apt but rather in command-not-found. That tool is meant to react to unknown commands and suggest which packages you'd need to install to get those commands. According to the bug report

This appears to be caused by apt downloading an lz4-compressed command list for command-not-found and cnf-update-db passing the /var/lib/apt/lists/Commands-.lz4 files to db/creator.py, which does not know about the compression and attempts to parse them as plain text.

command-not-found seems to be unmaintained for at least two years. So the suggestion in the bug report is to remove it from Ubuntu's base image for future versions. If somebody wants to still use command-not-found, they can install a fixed fork (that hopefully somebody will supply) from a PPA or such.
As of now, there are two possible solutions to this problem: One is to disable Acquire::GzipIndexes in apts configuration. The other is to uninstall command-not-found, if you don't need it. Because the problem seems to appear with command-not-found specifically, I'd reckon removing this package removes the problem. But I haven't looked into any possible side effects of removing the package.


How to prevent full-screen applications from minimizing when clicking on a different monitor?

Add the following line:

export SDL_VIDEO_MINIMIZE_ON_FOCUS_LOSS=0

to /etc/environment and reboot.


Dozens (and dozens) of applications with no name or icon in Dash

The problem was coming from files in:

~/.local/share/applications/menu-xdg

I made a backup of "menu-xdg" then deleted it. Everything is fine now.


There is none by default, but it is not so hard to define one:

alias ii='sudo apt-get install'

You can then just call

ii !!

For more information, read man bash on aliases and history.


Prevent new terminal from being opened in the same directory

I did the following and solved my problem within terminator

Go to preferences -> profiles [default] -> Command
Check Run a custom command instead of my shell
Set the custom command as cd /home/mydir; exec /usr/bin/zsh

Now a new terminal opens in the home dir instead of the current working directory of the previous terminal


You can quit man (which uses less) by pressing q.


Can I synchronise my BlackBerry 9700 Bold with Ubuntu One?

Currently, there are no plans to make a Blackberry client for Ubuntu One. If you really want to use Ubuntu One on your Blackberry device, you can use the Ubuntu One website using your Blackberry Web browser.

Or you can use other Ubuntu One alternatives for Blackberry.

References:

Will Ubuntu One Mobile be available on BlackBerry?
Can you make Ubuntu One Blackberry-compatible please?


Remapping keyboard shortcuts (copy, paste etc) to Alt key instead of Ctrl

You can use XKeyCaps.

This is my .Xmodmap file, I've got an Apple keyboard.

! Swap Alt and Cmd keys.
keycode 37 =    Control_L
keycode 133 =   Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 64 =    Super_L
keycode 108 =   Super_R
keycode 134 =   ISO_Level3_Shift Multi_key
keycode 105 =   Control_R       Multi_key
clear Shift
clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add    Shift   = Shift_L Shift_R
add    Lock    = Caps_Lock
add    Control = Control_L Control_R
add    Mod1    = Alt_L 0x007D
add    Mod2    = Num_Lock
add    Mod4    = Super_L Super_R
add    Mod5    = Mode_switch ISO_Level3_Shift ISO_Level3_Shift ISO_Level3_Shift

! Configure '=' key on numpad as '='.
keycode 0x7D =  equal


Can installing Lubuntu desktop interfere with my Win7 audio output?

After some research, I found out that yes, Ubuntu can have an indelicate behaviour towards Windows audio settings and drivers.

An issue similar to the one I encountered was reported as a bug on Launchpad, as well as on the Ubuntu forum in 2009. As written below, shutting down my computer (instead of restarting it) then booting into Windows, allowed me to make use of my headphones jack output on Win7.

Here come more insight from the above mentionned forum thread:

    I've read somewhere else that there's a problem in the way Ubuntu releases the Sound Card drivers or hardware itself, and when it reboots, Windows can't grab the device. It deactivates it, in some sort of way.

    Turn on PC, boot Windows - Sound Works
    Turn on PC, boot Ubuntu - Sound Works
    Turn on PC, boot Windows, THEN Ubuntu - Sound Works, both times.
    Turn on PC, boot Linux, THEN Windows - Sound Works only in Ubuntu
    Turn on PC, boot Windows, then Linux, THEN Windows - Sound works until 3rd reboot.
    Turn on PC, boot Linux, then Windows, then Linux - Sound works at 1st and at 3rd time.

    If I shut down, no matter what, sound works.

I also found a possible solution from Launchpad - 5th comment of bug #453395 - but didn't try it, since it's for Ubuntu version 9.10 and I'm not sure it would be safe with my 12.04 version.

    I was lucky to find a solution to this problem, when reading about other problem. When you edit /etc/init.d/alsa-utils, and comment the 378th line:

    mute_and_zero_levels "$TARGET_CARD" || EXITSTATUS=1

    the sound seems to work properly after restart from Ubuntu to Windows. Hope it will work for you too.


How do I access other extended partitions if I create a linux-swap in one extended partition ?

No; Ubuntu can be entirely installed in an extended partition ( specifically, in logical partitions which live inside the extended partition ).


If I have to guess, they are the files in /usr/share/byobu. This directory has subdirectories with names matching the names of the files in ~/.byoby.

You can list the files that byobu has installed on your system using:

dpkg-query -L byobu

Alternatively, unless you've done an apt-get clean, the byobu package will still be in /var/cache/apt/archives.

dpkg-deb -c /var/cache/apt/archives/byobu*.deb


Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS WUBI won't run the Installer

A similar question was answered here for 12.04 but be aware. Newer Wubi versions are not maintained and therefore not recommended. There are other issues like that one.


It sounds like your BIOS is set to boot from the Windows 7 partition/drive and not the partition that has GRUB / Ubuntu.


How to change the text font color on multiple PDF pages at once?

I will try to help you. My answer is a bit long, but once you have followed all of the steps you won't have to follow them again. This is not a command line answer, but it is automatic.

Step One

Press CTRL + ALT + T to get to your Terminal.

Step Two
Type this into the Terminal:

sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://archive.canonical.com/ precise partner"

Step Three

sudo apt-get update

Step Four

sudo apt-get install acroread

Step Five

After properly installed Adobe Reader, don’t forget to remove the Canonical Partners repository for Precise:

sudo add-apt-repository -r "deb http://archive.canonical.com/ precise partner"

sudo apt-get update

Step Six

Now what you want to do is set it up so that Adobe is your default pdf reader. To do this, type this in the Terminal:

sudo gedit /etc/gnome/defaults.list

Now, find this line:

application/pdf=evince.desktop

And change it to this:

application/pdf=acroread.desktop

After this is accomplished, add these lines below the first one:

application/fdf=acroread.desktop

application/xdp=acroread.desktop

application/xfdf=acroread.desktop

application/pdx=acroread.desktop

Now save the file and restart nautilus. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO6KTVsZQkg

Now that you have adobe on your computer, follow these instructions.

Step One: go to Adobe. There is a menu bar on the top. Click Edit, then Scroll all the way down to Preferences.

Step Two: Click on the Accessibility tab. You should she these menus:

Step Three:
Click on Replace Document Colors. You should see a color next to Document Text. Click on the color. Unfortunately I cannot show you a screenshot of this, but it's just a color palette. I will continue to give you step by step instructions but if you want, you can check out this Youtube video where you will be able to see everything:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO6KTVsZQkg. It's only about four minutes long.

Step Four:
Click on the color of your choice. Currently not all colors are displayed. If you don't see one you like, click on the Other Color tab below all the colors. Once your done with settings, click ok.
All of your pdf files will automatically be changed to the color preferences you have picked. I hope this helps.


How to install CherryTree on Ubuntu 20.04 Focal Fossa?

First you need Python 2 pip which was strangely missing:
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py
sudo python2 get-pip.py

More dependencies. Python gtk2-dev is available from this user's repository: https://askubuntu.com/a/1235347/951756
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nrbrtx/python2-stuff
sudo apt update
sudo apt install git libenchant1c2a
pip install pyenchant
sudo apt install python2 python-gtk2-dev p7zip-full python-dbus python-chardet

The easiest way to get python-gtksourceview is the older ubuntu debs: https://packages.ubuntu.com/eoan/python-gtksourceview2
After all that, Hopefully you should be able to run cherrytree directly from the source code:
git clone https://github.com/giuspen/cherrytree
cherrytree/cherrytree


sudo chown www-data:www-data * -R

The above command has changed ownership of all directories, sub-directories and files of your home directory from default to www-data user and www-data group

sudo usermod -a -G www-data $username

This command has added a new user www-data and new group www-data.

You can revert changes back to normal by this command

sudo chown username:username * -R

Replace username with your actual user_name

chmod changes file and directory permissions whereas chown changes ownership.


How do you build a python application using snapcraft?

The issue was that I had two versions of pip:

One installed using sudo apt-get python-pip
One installed using pip install -U pip setuptools

Apparently snapcraft doesn't know from where to copy it when the second command is used to install another version of pip.


Nvidia 7300's are blacklisted from Unity due to problems with those cards, sorry:

Geforce Go 7300/7400 Blacklisted, Can I Still Run Unity?

Here's how to run Unity 2D:

How do I install and switch to the Unity 2D desktop?


Expanded Ubuntu partition size, now loads into grub

EaseUS only supports EXT2 and EXT3 partitions.

So if you used EXT4 (the default in 16.04) it indeed converted it to a Windows Basic Partition.

The only thing left to you to do is (in increasing order of difficultly)

Restore your System Backip
Reinstall from scratch and restore your data backup
Use Testdisk to recover your partition
Use PhotoRec to recover individual files.


Is there LAN topology mapping software available in Ubuntu?

To my knowledge, there are few comparable software packages available, free and out-of-the-box, for Ubuntu that don't require quite a bit of manual configuration.

OpenNMS might come close for your needs.

The Network Topology Mapper(and the SolarWinds Tool Suite, in general) is a very good, mid-level, network management tool. Unfortunately, it is Windows only and comes with a significant price tag. Without a great deal of customization, you will be hard-pressed to find a comparable solution. If you have the budget and run a heterogeneous shop, I can strongly recommend using this piece of software. Also, their IPAM and NetFlow tools are quite solid, as well.

That said, I know of three pieces of software that run on Linux and might give you a start dynamically mapping your network: Cheops, OPManager, and OpenNMS.

I would also recommend looking at the SLAC page to see if there are any more recent developments in the network management space.

The following applications are listed, in ascending order, in terms of cost, complexity, and feature-sets.

Cheops

Cheops is a free network mapping solution that will go out and discover and graphically display the servers and network nodes for you. It is old, and possibly no longer under development. But, it is a simple tool to use for network discovery.

You can download Cheops, here

OpenNMS

OpenNMS is able to do network discovery, event management, and performance management. It is available as a .deb package as well.

Core features:

Automatic Layer-2 and Layer-3 link discovery
Automatic Network / Node Discovery and Provisioning
Automatic Service Discovery and Provisioning
IPv6 support throughout (new)
Manual Node and Service Provisioning Requisitions
Path Outage support

Feature list

OpenNMS download

Installation instructions for deb/apt-get.

OPManager

OpManager, on the other hand, is a commercial tool. It has a similar feature-set of the SolarWinds solution. In my experience, it is very robust and customizable. That said, you will have to pay for it. It does run on Debian-based systems, though it is not custom-tailored for Ubuntu. YMMV.

In terms of network management functionality, it supports:

Availability and Uptime Monitoring
Traffic and Utilization Monitoring
Cisco Monitoring
Network Device Health Monitoring
(Router, Switch, Firewall, wireless access points)
Network Mapping
Custom Network Maps / Network Traffic Maps
WAN RTT Monitoring
Network Traffic Analysis (NetFlow, sFlow)
VoIP Monitoring
Network Configuration Management
IP Address Management
Switch Port Mapper

For a full list of features, see:
here

You can download a free trial of OPManager here

I would be very interested in hearing from others in regards to using a free, unified network management solution in Ubuntu that does not require in-house development and a great deal of care and feeding.

In the mean time, when it's unreasonable to use OPManager, or OpenNMS, I will have to make due with my own custom Nagios/Cacti/SmokePing/Rancid/IPPlan solution for smaller networks.


Cannot access /var/www from Live Session

I understand that:

You want to retrieve /var/www files from a Computer which doesn't boot.
You plugged into that computer a live-boot CD/USB and managed to boot the computer
You have no access to the original /var/www folder
You tried mounting /dev/sdb1 and you got the same folder structure has you see using Nautilus

It seems like you mounted the live-boot CD/USB into /mnt and hence you didn't manage to access the original /var/www folder.

Suggested Solution:

I'd suggest trying /dev/sda1 which might be the name of the original hard-disk of your computer (which doesn't boot), and look there for the /var/www folder.

sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt

Note: The following command will list all devices on your computer:

sudo fdisk -l

If /dev/sda1 doesn't exists / doesn't contain the folder you are looking for, you can try other devices which will be listed by the above command

Note also: man blkid suggest to use lsblk --fs instead of blkid.


That message usually contains an OK or Next button that will proceed to build the modules.

If not, open a terminal and type:

  vmware-modconfig --console --install-all


The 'Open with' option for folders seems to have been removed in Nautilus 3.6.3.
It has been reported as a bug.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/nautilus/+bug/1026254
There is a patch that fixes the issue if you want to rebuild Nautilus yourself.


What will be the space requirements to upgrade to 12.04?

The update should tell you how much space it will need before it goes ahead but an upgrade requires usually at least as much space as all the packages you have already installed take up.

This is because it needs to download all those packages before it can install them. That needs disk space.

If you're particularly worried, removing some of the bigger, non-essential applications that would be upgraded can help. You can reinstall them afterwards when the initial upgrade packages have been removed.


/etc/nginx/sites-available is a folder that you can use to store your nginx configuration files. In order for the nginx to use your configuration, though, you have to place it in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled. Typically this is done using a symbolic link, i.e.:

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/prova.it /etc/nginx/sites-enabled

then tell nginx to reload the configuration files

sudo service nginx reload


How to set application lens as default in Unity Dash view and search results?

install dconf if you don't have it sudo apt-get install dconf-editor if you want to use GUI way, in dconf go to com > canonical > unity > lenses all the rest you can find here

If you want to disable maximum per-monitor scale-factor go to dconf then navigate to com > canonical > unity > interface and uncheck the ticked box.

If you want to swap your Home .scope with Applications .scope go to dconf then navigate to com > canonical > unity > dash and change the order of .scopes the way that you desire or uncomment any if you want to.

How to hide or disable a reference in Dash results from searching in remote and commercial sources go to dconf then navigate to com > canonical > unity > lenses click on remote-content-search and change all to none.


apt-get install not working [E: Read error - read (5: Input/output error)]

Try this please as a last possible solution.  Open a terminal and type these commands:

sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/* -vf
sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update

If this doesn't work either, then the hard disk problem is the most probable cause for this message unfortunately.


Ubuntu 18.04.1 Intel 9260, beginner question

Your device appears to be using the correct driver, iwlwifi and the correct -34 firmware.

In my experience, having used many Intel devices myself over 15 years, the firmware and driver iwlwifi are seldom the issue. I suggest that the solution is likely related to either:

Power saving;
The device wants to roam from among several SSIDs with the same name; for example, eduroam;
The router is set to autoselect the encryption; that is WPA or WPA2, and the wireless device stumbles at the changeover;
The router is set to autoselect the channel and the device also stumbles at the changeover; or
The router is set to TKIP.

You can address the power saving issue with a terminal command:

sudo sed -i 's/3/2/' /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/* && sudo service network-manager restart

Please address each issue and tell us if there is any improvement.


bucklespring

Can be installed from repository with

sudo apt install bucklespring

Buckle emulates the sound of an old IBM Model-M space saver
bucklespring keyboard while typing within an X session.

It runs as a background process and plays back the sound of each key
pressed and released on the keyboard, just as if using an IBM Model-M.
The sound of each key has carefully been sampled, and is played back
while simulating the proper distance and direction for a realistic 3D
sound palette of pure nostalgic bliss.

linux-clicky

Entirely written in Python, supports basic volume control. It's possible to diversify the sound of some keys. By default the SPACE and ENTER key have a specific sound.


using "at" to run python script at a specific time not working

What you are seeing is the execution environment being set up; it's not an error message.

If there were error messages, they would have been emailed to root. Check your root email?


Is there an android-like live wallpaper for unity?

You can use a video file or a screensaver as your wallpaper with VDesk, which can be downloaded here: http://www.gnome-look.org/CONTENT/content-files/141678-VDesk_1.3.zip.

Just download the file, extract it, open a terminal window, cd to the folder where you extracted the archive, and run sudo ./installer && ./VDesk.
Next you'll get a very simple wizard which allows you to use a video file or a screensaver as your wallpaper.


Installing proprietary NVIDIA driver for Geforce 9600 GT on Ubuntu 14.04

I've found that manual installs work best for installing nvidia drivers, so go to here and download the latest drivers.  By default, it'll most likely go into /Downloads, but if not, just know where it is.  Then, you'll want to press

  ctrl + alt +F1-F6 (each is a different login)

And then sign in to your account.  Then, you'll want to use

  sudo stop lightdm (or sudo service lightdm stop)

This shuts down the things that are using the GUI, so they can be updated.

Then run

chmod +x ~/* Folder that said driver is located in * / * Driver *

For example,

  chmod +x ~/Downloads/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-343.13.run

Make SURE that you have the entire name of the driver, otherwise this will not work!  Caps do matter!

What you just did was make the file executable.  Next, you'll want to run the following command, changed of course like the example above to fit your directories/driver versions.

  sudo sh ~/Downloads/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-343.13.run

For me, tabbing the rest of the NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-343.13.run file does not work for me, but it is CRUCIAL THAT YOU DO THIS.  If nothing happens after you run the second command, check your caps and spelling to make sure they are right.  You have to go through the program using the keyboard to correctly install it.  For me it will tell me that something went wrong right on the bat, just keep going and see if it still works.  If it asks you to install 32 bit libraries, do so.  Some programs (like steam games) will not run unless you have these installed.

After all of the above has been done, one final command must be completed, or of course you could reboot.

  sudo start lightdm (or sudo service lightdm start)

Then, you'll do

  ctrl + alt+ F7-F9ish (F7 is usually default, some people have different F keys though)

This should have worked for most people, if not keep looking, there's always a fix.  If anyone knows something about getting virtual 7.1 audio to work, please message me somehow.  Thanks.  Hope I helped someone.

I've also heard x-swat repositories work better at times.  Not sure about that, but worth a try.

(Pro tip, whenever Nvidia related stuff goes wrong, watch this.)


Grub-Customizer (How to fix your dual-boot in case you miss the right boot option)

(convert comment to answer)

Boot cd with your Ubuntu (If you have Natty 11.04 you can simply use your 10.04 cd...) try the experiment mode

Then install (as you have made in your system)

Grub-Customizer packages

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:danielrichter2007/grub-customizer && sudo apt-get update

in update manager select the option "open source code software (Universal)"

In the terminal, install the packages (sudo apt-get install grub-customizer)

Access to Grub and select root.

Your boot option (in case you have dual or triple boot) will appear again


1) You can try to reinstall LibreOffice :

sudo apt-get install --reinstall libreoffice

2) You can try to uninstall completely LibreOffice, then reinstall it :

sudo apt-get remove --purge libreoffice*
sudo apt-get install libreoffice

3) You can try to install a newer version of libreoffice :

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:libreoffice/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install libreoffice


Font size of the top bar is set by your GNOME Shell theme. The default GNOME Shell theme of Ubuntu 18.04 is dictated by the ubuntu.css file in your /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ directory.

After opening the /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css file you should find a stage section near the top, which would look something like the following:

stage {
  font-family: <font-to-display>;
  font-size: <size-of-the-displayed-font>;
  color: <colour-of-the-displayed-font>; }

Change the value for font-size and save the file (note that you'll need root privilege to edit this system file). This would change the font-size of various components of GNOME Shell including the top bar in a consistent manner. You need to reboot or relogin or restart GNOME Shell to see the effect.

Note: It's not generally advisable to edit a system file, especially without backing it up. You can alternatively override your GNOME Shell theme from your local directory, refer to this.


How do I share my Ubuntu desktop on Google Meet and Discord?

I had this similar issue. One of the reasons for this issue is that there were multiple desktop environments installed into my system. In my case, I had installed XFCE desktop session along with the default one (i.e., GNOME). I simply uninstalled those unnecessary desktop environments and restart my system, the issue got resolved.


Qualcomm Gobi WWAN modem no longer appears in Network Manager

Ok,

Mi Thinkpad has this modem, and now it works.

Get a Windows with this driver (for Windows) working. If you don't have, want dual boot, you can try a VirtualBox installation. Get the drivers, and ensure it works with Windows.
Install gobi-loader

sudo apt-get install gobi-loader

Copy these files, from windows to Linux

sudo mkdir /lib/firmware/gobi
sudo cp -p '/windows/c/Program Files/QUALCOMM/Images/Lenovo/UMTS/amss.mbn' /lib/firmware/gobi/
sudo cp -p '/windows/c/Program Files/QUALCOMM/Images/Lenovo/UMTS/apps.mbn' /lib/firmware/gobi/
sudo cp -p '/windows/c/Program Files/QUALCOMM/Images/Lenovo/6/UQCN.mbn' /lib/firmware/gobi/

Be careful because your Windows filesystem may vary

Restart

It should work

COMMENT: You can also, mount your Windows partition, if you want in /mnt and therefore pick these files from that place


Install of Ubuntu 10.04.4 give only a black screen with flashing underscore on boot up

"The total data storage space of a PC hard disk can be divided into at most four primary partitions, or alternatively three primary partitions and an extended partition."

Recommendations...

sda1    ext2      BOOT (Grub/Lilo)   1-8MiB                   boot flag
sda2    swap      SWAP               512MiB-2GiB
sda3    ext3/4    ROOT               rest of disk

Notes...

Having a separate Grub or Lilo bootloader partition lets you install
multiple operating systems on one disk and always be able to
boot to another O/S if a new install fails like you've described.
If used, you MUST SET THE 'boot' FLAG on this partition, not the
ROOT partition. The bootloader menu will contain the commands to find
and boot the Windows or Linux O/S you choose.
If you forgot to set the 'boot' flag on your sda1, that could be the cause of the blank screen... it doesn't know which partition
to boot.
If you want to split off a top-level directory like /var, you could
make sda3 smaller and add a fourth partition (sda4). I believe the
partitioning software, (GPartEd), will automatically make sda4 an
extended partition containing the 'logical' partition named sda5.
/dev/sda5 is what would be mounted on the /var directory
'mountpoint'.
If you didn't use the whole remainder of the sda4 partition for sda5,
you could split other parts off by adding additional logical
partitions (sda6, sda7, etc) within sda4.
This item on the Unix & Linux StackExchange site may prove
helpful.


I had the exactly same problem today. Here's a quick way I solved it:

Open /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf
Find the line that begins with XorgModulePath and change it to:

XorgModulePath=/usr/lib/nvidia-current/xorg,/usr/lib/xorg/modules,/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/xorg,/usr/lib/xorg/modules,/usr/lib/xorg/modules/input

Save the file and restart bumblebeed:

sudo systemctl restart bumblebeed

This solution should work for similar errors where a mouse module is missing.


Ubuntu 18.04 hangs on boot. How can I get back to login screen?

Have a look at this link:
https://www.linuxuprising.com/2018/07/ubuntu-1804-linux-kernel-update-causes.html

Kernel image 4.15.0-24 is said to have caused this issue on some systems.

A patch is said to be available. However, the new kernel image package is not yet available in the 'updates' repo. It's still in 'proposed'.

What also helped for me is installing haveged (user space entropy gathering daemon).

I have two PCs with the same hardware that refused to boot. On the first one, I installed the proposed kernel. On the second one, I just installed haveged. Both solutions solved the boot issue.

See this bug report on Launchpad for reference: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/1779827


find files grep result then sort by file datetime modification

You could try something like this, with GNU awk:
find "i_dir" -type f -iname "*.sh" -exec gawk -v goodpat="$pattern_GOOD_word" -v badpat="$pattern_BAD_word" '
  BEGIN{cmd = "stat -c %Y "; OFS="\t"}
  $0 ~ badpat {next}
  $0 ~ goodpat {
    cmd FILENAME | getline mtime;
    close(cmd FILENAME);
    print strftime("%Y/%m/%d\t%H:%M:%S",mtime), FILENAME, FNR ":" $0
  }
' {} \; | sort -r

You will need to express pattern_GOOD_word and pattern_BAD_word as GNU Extended Regular Expressions ex.
pattern_GOOD_word="function[[:blank:]]"
pattern_BAD_word="function[[:blank:]]pause"


Unable to adjust screen brightness on Gateway NV54

There's nothing to install, it's there by default. This question is a duplicate of

Intel HD Graphics card not recognized in System Info

In response to the ACPI tweak proposed, it's important to understand what you're actually doing to achieve "brightness controls" for your Linux desktop and what the cost is. There's this thing called ACPI, it's like perl for HW control, actual code is kept in your BIOS and then executed on demand by the OS (it has an interpreter). This code will change depending on the OS you're running, or in your case, the OS name you changed it to. These tables describe everything from how to clock your CPUS, to suspend/resume, thermal regulation, multiple displays (the external display button), and of course, hotkeys like brightness.

When you change the acpi_os name, you're literally changing the way all of your HW will behave at runtime. My thermal remark is a worse case scenario, and is indeed possible, as by specifying Linux as the ACPI name, you're literally running untested or poorly tested code, that's telling these very low level resources what to do.

So if you want to continue with this shortcut then it's your responsibility to ensure the machine is operating within reasonable tolerances. That especially means thermal, going down this road can be an all or nothing thing where the fans are on full blast or to the bare minimum. You also need to double check all the other runtime features, like can it even suspend and resume anymore? volume control? Super Key? All that stuff depends on ACPI.

So the way Linux works is it impersonates the latest version Windows, like Windows 2009. Think about it, when you specify Linux, what version is that? There isn't one, so the next time you update your kernel, the behavior of "Linux" ACPI name could change and you're stuck with the side effects. People take this for granted, Windows releases are explictly versioned, the kernel+acpi runtime is all under one benchmark. Linux just rolls it forward, sure there's an ACPI version, but no vendor codes to it (yet).

Well, how does that help you? You want brightness controls after all and all this technical background isn't really solving your problem, it is however framing the risks involved.

Canonical has developed a test suite that excels at drilling into the firmware and testing for correctness. We can then use this information to fix the problem at it's source and get you updated firmware.

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Reference/fwts

Running this and submitting a bug, without those hacks enabled, will put us into a position to solve the problem. We might be able to enable just brightness controls through a platform quirk.

The other thing you have to consider is your hardware might not even be ready to run Windows 2009. What's the little sticker on the laptop say for "Windows Certified"? You can tell Linux to impersonate an earlier version of Windows, like Vista or XP. It could be that there's a bug in your ACPI table, Linux asked for Windows 2009, it wasn't there, the code was bad so it just bailed out and nothing was configured. If you instead changed acpi_osi='Windows\ 2006' (e.g. Vista), it might all work. Even better, your laptop was probably certified for that OS so we know all that code works.

Here's a table of all the names Linux impersonates, start from the end and roll back until you find one that works. I believe we defaulted to Windows 2009 when 2.6.38 was released: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v3.2.7/drivers/acpi/acpica/utosi.c

/*
 * Strings supported by the _OSI predefined control method (which is
 * implemented internally within this module.)
 *
 * March 2009: Removed "Linux" as this host no longer wants to respond true
 * for this string. Basically, the only safe OS strings are windows-related
 * and in many or most cases represent the only test path within the
 * BIOS-provided ASL code.
 *
 * The last element of each entry is used to track the newest version of
 * Windows that the BIOS has requested.
 */
static struct acpi_interface_info acpi_default_supported_interfaces[] = {
    /* Operating System Vendor Strings */

    {"Windows 2000", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_2000},   /* Windows 2000 */
    {"Windows 2001", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_XP}, /* Windows XP */
    {"Windows 2001 SP1", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_XP_SP1}, /* Windows XP SP1 */
    {"Windows 2001.1", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WINSRV_2003},  /* Windows Server 2003 */
    {"Windows 2001 SP2", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_XP_SP2}, /* Windows XP SP2 */
    {"Windows 2001.1 SP1", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WINSRV_2003_SP1},  /* Windows Server 2003 SP1 - Added 03/2006 */
    {"Windows 2006", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_VISTA},  /* Windows Vista - Added 03/2006 */
    {"Windows 2006.1", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WINSRV_2008},  /* Windows Server 2008 - Added 09/2009 */
    {"Windows 2006 SP1", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_VISTA_SP1},  /* Windows Vista SP1 - Added 09/2009 */
    {"Windows 2006 SP2", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_VISTA_SP2},  /* Windows Vista SP2 - Added 09/2010 */
    {"Windows 2009", NULL, 0, ACPI_OSI_WIN_7},  /* Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 - Added 09/2009 */

Note, you don't see Linux on that list do you? Also, make sure you escape the string correctly to include the space in the grub defaults or it won't work. You'll able to see the OSI name take affect by examining the dmesg logs.


Grub rescue, No access to BIOS and all linux partions have been deleted

I would recommend downloading and booting to UBCD (Ultimate Boot CD)

It will give you several tools for rebuilding Grub, including a full linux desktop that will check all mounted devices for just about any OS, and build a fresh Grub that will include all of them.


New Files on USB Drive Have Full Write Permissions

Flash drives tend to be formatted as FAT32 which does not support user permissions.

Type

sudo blkid

in a terminal, and each drive will have an entry TYPE='something', if the drive shows 'vfat' then that would be the reason.


solving dpkg dependency issues (argos3 simulator)

You're using the wrong command to install the package.

The dpkg command is not a fully-featured package manager. It doesn't automatically install missing dependencies. It simply installs or removes the package that you told it to install or remove...and nothing else. It refuses to work if dependencies are missing. Once you have installed all those dependencies, then dpkg will do exactly what you told it to do.

The apt package manager will automagically install dependencies in the correct order, then install the package you want. It will download the correct packages, then instruct dpkg to install them in the correct order. Apt is wonderful.

Try sudo apt install ./argos3_simulator-3.0.0-i686-beta52.deb


Reset permissions on (K)Ubuntu 18.04: newly created user gets "Cannot execute /bin/bash: Permission denied"

Do the opposite:

setfacl -R -x user:$NEWUSER /


Unexpected wakeup from suspend in Ubuntu 12.04LTS

Have you tried unplugging the keyboard and mouse. It could be that subtle movements of the mouse might trigger wake-up.

On a side-note: can you post the results of lspci from the terminal. It might show what devices have the possibility of 'waking-up' the laptop when you connect the pci codes from both outputs.

edit: I see that most of the things that enable your computer to wake-up are usb connected. You could try to disable these, if you don't use usb connected software to wake from suspend anyway.

You can use the sudo sh -c "echo **** > /proc/acpi/wakeup" command to disable (or enable) things in the wakeup file. The **** should be replaced with the device you wish to enable/disable (for instance EHC2 or KBD0) from the wakeup file.

Let me know if this works or not, so i can look for other solutions.


A window appears and then disappears when clicking the "Authorize" button

Yes, had the same issue when trying to create accounts for twitter or facebook. A later update fixed this issue and another issues related to correctly connecting to facebook.

Just update your 11.10 and you should be fine.

Here is a similar issue related to a previous version: https://bugs.launchpad.net/gwibber/+bug/422904 (Could not find the 11.10 issues) but I seen the one about facebook in 11.10 that got fixed and with it the bug you are referring to.


VirtualBox '/etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup' issue

I also encountered this issue several times once I upgrade my linux kernel.

What I did:

sudo apt-get install linux-headers-`uname -r`

Reconfigure dkms and load module:

sudo dpkg-reconfigure virtualbox-dkms
sudo modprobe vboxdrv

Then VirtualBox works. No computer reboot needed.


Emacs and the Tramp extension does that and more.  It supports ssh, sftp and the old insecure ftp extension. And yes, it works like editing the file locally.  No need to anything extra installed.
Just open the file like this in Emacs: C-x C-f /user@machine:/path/to/file

But if you are serious working with a website or something like that, you should use a version control system like git or subversion.  So when you want to put the data on the server, you just check it out from the repository into the server.  That allows you to make lots of tests, and always back upp to previous version if it doesn't work.  Even work on many different versions at the same time.

Yes, Emacs have good support for many different version controll systems too.


Try installing the "xserver-xorg-video-intel" package if it's not already installed.
You can do this via Software Center or  sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-video-intel in the terminal.
Then log out and back in again, or reboot.

If that's not working check out this page.

Hope it works.


See Terrance's comment - it should be in BIOS if available. I have not confirmed this yet.


How to remove an apt repository that I added myself?

The command to remove an apt repository is apt-add-repository with the -r option which will remove instead of add the repository. So in your case, the full command would be:

sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:colingille/freshlight

The other option is to look in /etc/apt/sources.list and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ and remove it from there.


Try this

sudo dpkg-reconfigure gdm

When prompt select gdm

sudo apt-get remove lightdm* --purge
sudo reboot
sudo apt-get install lightdm*
sudo dpkg-reconfigure gdm

When prompt select lightdm

If you want to reset unity-greeter

sudo apt-get install unity-greeter


Display glitch when booting Ubuntu 18.04

When you get to the grub menu you can add the nomodeset boot option. nomodeset tells the kernal to not load the video drivers until the X window server is started. To add this option do the following:

Get to the GRUB boot menu
Highlight the the option that you want to boot to
Press e
Find the line that has linux at the start
Add nomodeset to the end of that line
Press Ctrl-x or F10 to boot.


If you have unmet dependencies, you won't be able to install the package anyway.
You can try to install it using dpkg --install. It will show the unmet dependencies.

To be quite sure the package won't be installed, you can use --dry-run or --simulate switch.


Yes - Go to dash and type software sources, Open software soruces and click on the additional drivers tab, then select the Nvidia 310 or 313 drivers and activate them - then reboot.

Check out my question - will give you some ideas of the issues that are still their with Unity.

I would recommend that if you want to game , install the Gnome Desktop environment from the software centre - log out and select the Gnome Failback session (no effects) - this will give you a smooth gaming experience.

Improving Steam performance on Ubuntu 13.04 with Nvidia


How To Use Intel Graphics on MacBook Pro w/12.10?

Installing  with the ordinary PC Install image would have given you an EFI install right away.

First install refind

then to fix your current situation:

Option one:
Try installing grub-efi from the package manager(It should replace your ordinary grub) . Don't know about the EF partition. I guess you could use gparted resize a part of your disk to make space for a small vfat partition to keep your EFI stuff on.

Option two:
reinstall from scratch booting the Ubuntu installer through the EFI mode it provides.

Option three:
boot the Linux kernel directly from refind bypassing grub entirely. This is the only option that give you the capabilities to use switcheroo to switch between your graphics cards. You should be able to deduce the steps from here

I prefer option three. Since it gives the most flexibility.


No sound in Youtube since falshplugin-installer updated 14/09/15

You can use the HTML5 version of Youtube instead of the flash version - to enable it go to https://www.youtube.com/html5 and enable it:

You need the appropriate video codecs to do this, you should have them if ubuntu-restricted-extras package is installed (see RestrictedFormats - these codecs may also be installed with Totem, VLC or other video players.

If the issue is with the HTML5 player, you can switch back to the flash player using the youtube.com/html5 page again

If you have issues with high-quality playback etc, try my answer here.

Another possible issue is that its volume has been muted - make sure it isn't like:


Network manager doesn't show mobile devices on Kubuntu 18.04

According to this comment from the author of this question, the solution is to install network-manager-gui.


I did instaled ubuntu on inspiron b120 but can not connect to internet

Problem solved with using the following command

sudo apt-get remove --purge bcmwl-kernel-source

hope it can help somebody else.


Where can I get the Ubuntu Server 20.04.1 LTS for Raspberry Pi?

You can find old releases here:
http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/focal/
You would need the file ubuntu-20.04.1-preinstalled-server-arm64+raspi.img.xz and flash this to SD card.


Terminal Emulator with different background color per instance

I set a different PS1 for each user, making root red and other users green. Also, I give user, hostname and path a different color to make them distinguishable:

See "Bash Prompt HOWTO: Colors", "Bash Prompt HOWTO: Nonprinting Characters" and the "PROMPTING" part of man bash on how to do that.


I do not believe that you can use hex color codes with zsh, or even with any shell.  To my knowledge, standard Linux terminals can only display certain pre-defined colors.  With that in mind, I doubt that hex color codes have been coded into zsh, or even could be, as that would force your terminal/tty to use non-standard colors, some of which it might not have the capability to use.


gnome-shell 3.26.1 constantly uses 20-30% CPU

It turned out that the gnome-shell process went down to below 10% when turning off the system monitor extension https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/120/system-monitor/.

It also stays below 10% when increasing the refresh time to 1sec, while it went up again as soon as I moved it below 1sec.


chown - Difference between user and user:user

The chown command is used to change the owner and group owner of a file or directory.
Superuser privileges are required to use this command. The syntax of chown looks like
this:

chown [owner][:[group]] file...

chown can change the file owner and/or the file group owner depending on the first argument of the command. Here are some examples:

chown owner file example:

chown bob file --> Changes the ownership of the file from its current owner to user bob.

chown owner:group file example:

chown bob:users file --> Changes the ownership of the file from its current owner to user bob and changes the file group owner to group users.

chown :group file example:

 chown :admins file --> Changes the group owner to the group admins. The file owner is unchanged.

chown owner: file example:

chown bob: file --> Change the file owner from the current owner to user bob and changes the group owner to the login group of user bob.

Please read this nice tutorial https://www.linode.com/docs/tools-reference/linux-users-and-groups. This show some info about user, groups ,permissions ,...


Custom .desktop shortcuts are not visible in Unity until I logout/login

Yes, press Alt+F2, insert and run the following command:

unity --replace


Problem with installing Nvidia display drivers on Ubuntu 13.10

First of all I'm no pro at ubuntu but do know how to fix your problem

sudo apt-get install bumblebee bumblebee-nvidia

This installs bumblebee and the nvidia drivers.

bumblebee configures your nvidia graphics card correctly to use it. Your desktop will be rendered with intels graphics but you can run programs with nvidia by using optirun programname you can also install primus

sudo apt-get install primus

This installs primus, it helps you run programs with the nvidia graphics in a locked fps count, I think its for vsync really. you can run programs in the terminal writing primusrun programname


How can update-manager update without the root password?

But when ubuntu ask for updates we can press "Install Updates" and everything installs without filling in a password.

Not exactly true. It will ask for a password when something like a kernel gets updated.  And try it with a non-admin user ;)

  Is this a bug?

Nope.

  Or just the way how ubuntu works?

Update Manager and USC do not use apt directly, they use a fork of PackageKit called aptdaemon. See: http://lists.debian.org/deity/2009/02/msg00000.html Aptdaemon already provides the following features:

PolicyKit authorization allowing e.g. desktop user to update the cache (check for updates) passwordlessly
Install packages from repositories or local file system, remove packages, update the cache and (safe) upgrade your system

  Is think i the only annoying thing about using ubuntu

Security comes with a price. In this case a password ;)

Some additional information.

How do I prevent PolicyKit from asking for a password?

This is the method used to make it not ask for a password.


How to zip a folder with a lot of duplicate files inside, with the highest possible compression level?

You probably want to exclude all the back-ups entirely.

Otherwise, everything that produces a solid archive should handle duplicate files quite efficiently, so tar+*, cpio+*, 7-zip (with the "solid" option), RAR (with the "solid" option) or a bunch of others, but not ZIP.

You can easily test that by comparing the size of an archive with exactly one random file to an archive with two copies of that same file.


From Wikipedia:

  "End-of-life" (EOL) is a term used with respect to a product supplied
  to customers, indicating that the product is in the end of its useful
  life (from the vendor's point of view), and a vendor stops marketing,
  selling, or rework sustaining it. (The vendor may simply intend to
  limit or end support for the product.)

With this in mind, we can deduce that end a Ubuntu version in EOL means that it won't get supported in any way by Canonical, that is, it won't get any updates or support.

But what about a product that is in End of Standard Support?
According to this article made by Canonical,

  As Ubuntu LTS releases transition from the standard, public
  maintenance window, Extended Security Maintenance (ESM) is available
  for organisations with their workloads on Ubuntu LTS releases to
  maintain that stability and continuity, ensuring system security and
  compliance. With the end of its five-year standard support window in
  April, Canonical is announcing the availability of ESM for 14.04
  starting 25 April 2019.

  ESM for 14.04 provides ongoing kernel security fixes through a secure,
  private archive for three years until April 2022. This continued
  protection from major security vulnerabilities enables development and
  operations teams to plan and manage application upgrades in a failsafe
  environment.

  ESM is available as a feature of an Ubuntu Advantage subscription.


Unmet dependencies on libc6 and libstdc++ when installing mssq-tools


How to run an application on a headless Ubuntu?

Try using nohup:

$ nohup ./example.sh &

This will run your process in the background and won't be terminated when you exit your shell (logout). It will write output to a file called nohup.out.


System does not boot anymore after dpkg repair packages

Hi you could try "Ctr + Alt + F1". This could/should give you a command line.
From there you could do "sudo apt-get update" and "sudo apt-get upgrade"  or
whatever is necessary.


First you'll need a Live CD (GParted Live should work fine)  that you can use to shrink your 500GB disk's partition. You'll need to shrink it down to less than the destination drive size. You should also create a partition of the same size on the SSD.

Then you will burn a Clonezilla Live ISO to a CD, boot from the CD, and clone the partitions from the source drive to the destination drive. You'll follow these steps, except you'll choose "part_to_local_part". You may also need to copy the MBR using options under the "Advanced" menu. You can find more information about that here.


Ubuntu 14- no internet connections at all

you can use nat for network in vmware and then ubuntu can connect to network with dhcp if you now use bridge you must use network manager from top panel in ubuntu and add lan with specify ip address also i sugested you in vmware use nat network this is easy way


How I know if my Tor installation is serving as a relay user or not?

First is to ask yourself if you edited the configuration file torrc. If not,  Tor will be running as client (not relay).

If you did it depends on what settings you made. One easy way to check it is visiting https://atlas.torproject.org or https://globe.torproject.org. if you enter your ip address it looks into the database of all relays and tells you if your ip address is listed as relay. If it happened in the past go to https://exonerator.torproject.org and enter ip address and date. The site will tell you if this address was a relay at that point in time.


Download the latest stable release from their site, which is currently zeromq-4.2.1.tar.gz, and extract the files.
Make sure you have the packages they require installed.
Install checkinstall since it is helpful to remove ZMQ later on.
Configure, make, install, save the deb for later (or don't, up to you).

wget https://github.com/zeromq/libzmq/releases/download/v4.2.1/zeromq-4.2.1.tar.gz
tar -xvzf zeromq-4.2.1.tar.gz
cd zeromq-4.2.1/

sudo apt-get install libtool pkg-config build-essential autoconf automake uuid-dev
sudo apt-get install checkinstall

./configure
make
sudo checkinstall
sudo ldconfig

The installation with checkinstall generates a zeromq_4.2.1-1_amd64.deb that can be used to remove the package. This is done with sudo dpkg -r zeromq.


Failed upgrade from 17.10 to 18.04 - "No module named DistUpgrade.DistUpgradeVersion"

Solved: This issue is a python version issue, try to install python 3.6 which is minimum requirement to import the packages.

If this failed don't worry keep following all the steps:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/python-3.6

Then check updates and install Python 3.6 via commands:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install python3.6

Now you have three Python versions, use python command for version 2.7, python3 for version 3.5, and/or python3.6 for version 3.6.1

To make python3 use the new installed python 3.6 instead of the default 3.5 release, run following 2 commands

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.5 1

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.6 2

Finally, switch between the two python versions for python3 via command:

sudo update-alternatives --config python3

After selecting version 3.6:

python3 -V

UPDATE: due to this bug, gnome-terminal won’t launch after step 3, a workaround is running following commands to recreate the symlink:

sudo rm /usr/bin/python3

sudo ln -s python3.5 /usr/bin/python3

Check this resource: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2017/07/install-python-3-6-1-in-ubuntu-16-04-lts/

Now if you face another error like this:

Checking for a new Ubuntu release
Please install all available updates for your release before upgrading.

The Fix
If you experience the error above run each command below.

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade -y

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

sudo do-release-upgrade

Resource: https://www.liquidweb.com/kb/troubleshooting-please-install-available-updates-release-upgrading/
Hope it help and resolve your issue too.


How to make partitions mount at startup in Ubuntu gnome 16.04?

All info above is good - but this is the EASIEST

Use the Disks application - already part of Ubuntu 14.04/16/04, click on the partition, click on the little cog wheel under - for settings. And then Edit Mount Options

change settings to NOT start automatically
mount at startup


How can I resolve dpkg dependency problems?

Try this. Press Ctrl-Alt-F1 to switch to a terminal (you can switch back to your desktop with Ctrl-Alt-F7). Log in, and type:

sudo apt-get remove unity-3d-common unity-2d-panel unity-2d-spread unity-2d-shell

And then:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

If that doesn't work, please edit your question with the output of this command: dpkg --list | grep unity


Window border in Radiance theme having color of Ambiance theme

If you are talking about gnome-session-flashback, and if you are changing via Unity Tweak Tool, it does not change meracity theme for Window Decorations, you need to change it manually  in dconf-editor or by:

gsettings set org.gnome.metacity theme Radiance

Ofc., Radiance can be replaced with any theme name.


How can I change the behavior of enter key in pidgin?

Here is what the Pidgin FAQ tells you to do:

  Locate or create your gtkrc-2.0 file and insert:

binding "my-bindings"
{
    bind "Return" { "insert-at-cursor" ("\n") }
    bind "<ctrl>Return" { "message_send" () }
}
widget "*pidgin_conv_entry" binding "my-bindings"

The gtkrc file in question is in your home directory. The pidgin-specific gtkrc file is in

~/.purple/gtkrc-2.0

If it doesn't exist, go ahead and create -- should work.


Open winecfg (run from terminal) and set the Windows version to Windows 7.


Create an executable script with the swapon command:

#!/bin/sh
swapon /dev/mapper/kubuntu--vg-swap_1

Comment out the swap line in /etc/fstab and add something like this to /etc/crontab:

@reboot         root    at now +3 minutes -f /usr/bin/swapon.sh


software updater not working for upgrade to 16.04

Does the computer have a CD Drive? If you burn the ISO it should copy over everything just fine and you still have the option to save your files.


Windows Defender reports Win64/Longage Trojan malware in Ubuntu 18.04.3 live server

I have received the exact same message today. I've downloaded the .iso again to a separate Ubuntu machine and verified the checksum:

$ echo "b9beac143e36226aa8a0b03fc1cbb5921cff80123866e718aaeba4edb81cfa63 *ubuntu-18.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso" | shasum -a 256 --check
ubuntu-18.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso: OK

After that, I've extracted the file in question (raid456.ko) and uploaded to virustotal.com:
https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/9443cd40874b29cf452a7af3a033fc72f5afff26e2bfd43ca0dfcf81c5a9127f/detection

It was last analyzed a month ago and it was fine. I've reanalyzed it again and it seems that now Microsoft is the only one detecting this as Trojan:Win64/Longage:
Screenshot

I would say new Microsoft Defender signatures triggered a false positive here. Even in the very unlikely event that Ubuntu would have embedded a trojan in .iso, Windows machine itself does not / should not execute Linux (ELF) binaries and there's nothing to worry about on Windows side. However, if that were the case we would, of course, have a whole lot bigger issue to worry about.

I have submitted this file to Microsoft and flagged it as false positive, using this link: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/filesubmission

I'll update this answer when/if I receive a response from Microsoft analyst.

UPDATE: No response from Microsoft yet, but their engine no longer detects this. TrendMicro does now though. The likelihood that this is a false positive is extremely high.

UPDATE 2: I have also submitted the file to TrendMicro yesterday (no reply yet - will not follow up). I consider this case closed. Reply from Microsoft:

  We have removed the detection. Please follow the steps below to clear cached detection and obtain the latest malware definitions.

  Open command prompt as administrator and change directory to c:\Program Files\Windows Defender
  Run “MpCmdRun.exe -removedefinitions -dynamicsignatures”
  Run "MpCmdRun.exe -SignatureUpdate"

  Alternatively, the latest definition is available for download here: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/definitions

  Thank you for contacting Microsoft.


Ownership on USB drive correct but read/write permisisons denied

I ran into the same problem when I switched my system to use freeipa. I played around with the groups, but nothing worked.

I eventually discovered that I had a user directory in /media left over which had the wrong user id.

Runninggetfacl /media/USERNAME returned this:

getfacl: Removing leading '/' from absolute path names
# file: media/USER
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:1000:r-x
group::---
mask::r-x
other::---

User id 1000 was the id of the original user and not the new freeipa user.
In the end I just removed the directory and let the system create a new one

sudo rmdir /media/USER


Attempting to install ubuntu 18.04 for dual boot with windows 10 home non functional

Two things:

In BIOS change STA config from RAID to AHCI:  https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Linux-Discussion/Lenovo-Legion-Y520-Linux-Support/td-p/3694784. Also see this: Install dual boot ubuntu with windows 10 and RAID on
Read this for WiFi: Wifi doesnt work on fresh ubuntu 16.04


Is it possible to specify a unique name to terminal windows to run the command via python?

Each terminal you open gets a uniquely numbered file (a pseudoterminal slave (PTS) device to be exact) in /dev/pts/ with whom it can be recognized and addressed. To get the correspondent filename of a terminal window you can use e.g. tty (see this answer for alternatives; read man pts for more):

$ tty
/dev/pts/4

You can use this filename for instance to redirect output to a different terminal window like so:

$ echo test >/dev/pts/4  # run anywhere
test                     # printed in terminal window 4

You can't really run a command in another terminal, simply because it's not the terminal that runs a command, but rather the shell which normally runs in a terminal. You can however emulate the behaviour of a command run in a terminal window with redirections as follows (taken from Linux pseudo-terminals: executing string sent from one terminal in another):

echo test </dev/pts/4 &>/dev/pts/4

If you want to display the command you ran as well I recommand writing a function (How do I use $* while omitting certain input variables like $1 and $2 in bash script?), e.g.:

run_in(){
  t=/dev/pts/$1 &&
  echo "${*:2}" >$t &&
  eval "${@:2}" <$t &>$t
}

In one line:

run_in(){ t=/dev/pts/$1&&echo "${*:2}" >$t&&eval "${@:2}" <$t &>$t;}

Use it like so:

$ run_in 4 echo test  # run anywhere
$ echo test           # printed in terminal window 4 (if prompt was already there)
test                  # printed in terminal window 4

In this scenario the only unknown are the /dev/pts/? numbers that your Python program shall use. One possible way to get these numbers is to launch your own terminal windows, which will output their 'numbers' in to a file, then you can read it [ref]. Let's assume you are using gnome-terminal, the relevant part of the Python code could be something as follow [ref]:

#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import subprocess

os.system("gnome-terminal -x bash -c 'tty > /tmp/my-app-tty-1; exec bash'")
my_terminal_1 = subprocess.Popen(["cat", "/tmp/my-app-tty-1"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
command = "echo Test on: $(date) >" + my_terminal_1
print my_terminal_1
print command
os.system(command)

If it is a Perl script [ref]

#!/usr/bin/perl
os.system("gnome-terminal -x bash -c 'tty > /tmp/my-app-tty-1; exec bash'");
my $my_terminal_1 = `cat /tmp/my-app-tty-1`;
my $command = "echo Test on: \$\(date\) > $my_terminal_1";
print ("$my_terminal_1");
print ("$command");
os.system("$command");


Because work on this is not yet done (only some). Full support will be for QML and Qt. I think you'll probably be able to also use them with other languages eventually. There was a UDS (Ubuntu Developers Summit) session about this. To Get the best answers, it might be best to subscribe on the mailing list and ask there (just send a mail to it):

https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-phone


Change default gnome-terminal to terminator

I found out that changing the binary is the only (hard) way to make it works for every app/settings:
(Ctrl+Alt+T or right click open terminal, etc.)
sudo mv /usr/bin/gnome-terminal /usr/bin/gnome-terminal.bak
sudo ln /usr/bin/terminator /usr/bin/gnome-terminal


Does Ubuntu touch has MP3/MP4 playback support by default?

The Mp3/Mp4 support is third party used.  Unless you install them, no media player put in by default runs them.
There are different repositories that do supply them. This one I use is Fluendo mp3 decoder GStreamer 0.10 plugin.


If you were building the system from scratch, you'd probably use method B because that's the proper way to spread your file system over multiple physical devices. So if you can do B, I think thats the more-sound approach. I'd only use method A if you were planning to exchange different copies frequently, or needed one copy to exist in two places.


How can I compress image PNG And JPG images?

There is a handy tool called mogrify that enables to do all sort of batch operations with images.

How to reduce quality of photos:

Put all of them in one directory.
Make a backup of the directory.
Open terminal in the folder (typically by pressing F4).
Run command mogrify -quality 60% * (this will reduce quality of all .jpg, .jpeg, .png images listed in the folder)

Be aware that image files will be replaced by reduced one. Make a backup first just in case you reduced a quality too much.

You can look up more functionality that mogrify provide in man mogrify.

To install mogrify, try sudo apt-get install mogrify.

Enjoy :)


How do i stop running webserver on my ubuntu?

Read man lsof. This lsof invocation will show you which process has IPv4 TCP port 80 open:

sudo lsof -i4TCP@localhost:80

or

sudo netstat -nape --inet

Read man netstat


How to make tap-to-click in XFCE always activate left button?

I'm not fully sure if it will be what you expect, but you can disable all touchpad buttons except the left one by doing:

synclient RTCornerButton=1 RBCornerButton=1 LTCornerButton=1 LBCornerButton=1 TapButton1=1 TapButton2=0 TapButton3=0

If it is what you are looking for, you will have to edit the file /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/70-synaptics.conf in order to make those changes persistent.

EDIT: To make persistent changes

To make changes persistent independently of any updates, you can either 1) create a script run at the startup such as suggested here: Execute a command 20 seconds after the desktop is booted.

In your case, it will be something like:

#!/bin/bash

sleep 40
synclient RTCornerButton=1 RBCornerButton=1 LTCornerButton=1 LBCornerButton=1 TapButton1=1 TapButton2=0 TapButton3=0

Or 2) you can edit/create a xorg.cong file in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.
However, I'm not advanced enough in Linux to recommend you to follow this solution because I'm not sure of the outcome. It's up to you.

Maybe someone else will be able to give you the right path to follow.
From what I found online, it should look like that:

Section "InputClass"
        Identifier "touchpad catchall"
        Driver "synaptics"
        MatchIsTouchpad "on"
        Option "TapButton1" "1"
        Option "TapButton2" "0"
        Option "TapButton3" "0"
        Option "RBCornerButton" "1"
        Option "RTCornerButton" "1"
        Option "LTCornerButton" "1"
        Option "LBCornerButton" "1"
EndSection

Again, I can't certified it will works. It's your call if you want to try that.

You can read more about this here:
https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/cosmic/man5/xorg.conf.5.html and
Where is the X.org config file? How do I configure X there?


This works for me: http://www.softwarepassion.com/solving-dns-problems-with-openvpn-on-ubuntu-box/

The important step is adding following three lines into your client openvpn config file:

script-security 2
up /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
down /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf

Also ensure the resolvconf package is installed on the client as this script depends on it.

It works with openvpn client service or command (sudo openvpn youropenvpn.conf).

However, the Ubuntu Network Manager doesn't work for this configuration. It's an issue so far: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/openvpn/+bug/1211110


How do I use a Microsoft Designer Mouse with Ubuntu 15.10

The solution was described here in comment #9: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bluez/+bug/1510570

In few words:

Comment out the only non-commented line in file /lib/udev/rules.d/50-bluetooth-hci-auto-poweron.rules
Uncomment lines [Policy] and AutoEnable=true (originaly there is =false, change it) in /etc/bluetooth/main.conf
Reboot
Search and pair your mouse. If cursor is not moving, try pairing again.


Is it possible to perform port scanning of the local host itself as another host?

The short answer is: no, you cannot see how your server looks from the outside by looking from the inside.

Long answer: As you wrote yourself, the scan from the outside is affected by the firewall, and possibly other intervening network components.
In theory you could simulate that influence by way of a virtual network you set up on your VPS.
But that's a lot of work and you'd have to know exactly what those components are and how they are configured.
The only feasible approach is to find an external host from which you can do the scan.


How create bootable usb windows 10 on ubuntu 14.04-16.04 with 32 bits?

If I understand you correctly, you want to install Windows 10 to a USB device and boot/run Windows from that device.  This is not an Ubuntu question, but look at http://lifehacker.com/how-to-run-a-portable-version-of-windows-from-a-usb-dri-1565509124 for a method to allow this.  Normally Windows does not run from USB, so never tried it myself.


Assuming you have Apache2 installed and running...

Create a home for CI in the /opt directory. (Another place we could use is /usr/local, but Ubuntu likes to reserve /opt as the safe place for locally-installed software, so let's use that.)

Become root; make a directory; download CI. (The switch with wget is not zero; it's  capital O.)

sudo su -
mkdir -p /opt/share/php
cd /opt/share/php
wget http://codeigniter.com/download.php -O CodeIgniter_2.0.0.zip

Unzip the archive. The files were archived from a Windows machine, so they all have the executable bit set. We do not want that, so we change them to 0644. The CI framework version will change from time to time, but I only want to refer to it as "ci" (and not "CodeIgniter_2.0.0"). If it changes to CodeIgniter_2.0.1 tomorrow, I can change the symbolic link to point to a new version without editing any other files...

unzip CodeIgniter_2.0.0.zip && rm CodeIgniter_2.0.0.zip
find /opt/share/php -type f -exec chmod 0644 {} \;
ln -s CodeIgniter_2.0.0 ci

Let's add CI to PHP include_path. Use a different text editor than vim, maybe gedit, if you like...

vim /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini

And the relevant portion of php.ini to change:

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Paths and Directories ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

; UNIX: "/path1:/path2"
include_path = ".:/opt/share/php/ci/system:/usr/share/php"

Save. Assuming we have nothing we want right now in /var/www, remove whatever is already in the /var/www directory; make directories for CI logging and caching; and, copy the application directory.

cd /var/www
rm -rf *
mkdir public logs cache
cp -rp /opt/share/php/ci/application .
cp /opt/share/php/ci/index.php public/

Let's set some CI variables. Use a different text editor than vim, maybe gedit, if you like...

vim public/index.php

And the relevant variables to change:

$system_folder = "/opt/share/php/ci/system";
$application_folder = "../application";

Save. Now let's set up Apache, using your favorite text editor over vim if you like:

vim /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default

And as an example, the file contents (change ServerAdmin and ServerName):

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerAdmin your@email.com
    ServerName www.hostname.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/public
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
    LogLevel warn
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

    <Directory />
        Options FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
    </Directory>

    <Directory /var/www/public/>
        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
        AllowOverride None
        <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
            RewriteEngine On
            RewriteBase /
            RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
            RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
            RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?/$1 [L]
        </IfModule>
        Order allow,deny
        allow from all
    </Directory>

    Alias /user_guide/ "/opt/share/php/ci/user_guide/"
    <Directory "/opt/share/php/ci/user_guide/">
        Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
        Order deny,allow
        Deny from all
        Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
        Allow from 192.168.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
        Allow from 10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

Save. Now let's do what CI needs us to do in order to remove "index.php" from the URL,
while also defining "base_url" to the value of the SERVER_NAME.

vim /var/www/application/config/config.php

And the relevant portion of that file:

$config['base_url'] = 'http://' . $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] . '/';
$config['index_page'] = '';

Save. Now let's set up ACL, so that permissions are very nice. First mount the file systems with the acl option in /etc/fstab.

vim /etc/fstab

UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx / ext4 defaults,acl 0 1

mount -o remount,acl /

Then make a group to which a user may belong for this purpose (your user).

groupadd developers
usermod -a -G developers $username

The user needs to log out and in again to become a member of the developers group. Here we'll let members of the developers group do what they wish within the public and application directory, while the Apache user can read. However, the logs and cache directories are for root and apache only. (Done as an example.)

chown -R root.developers /var/www/public
chmod 0775 /var/www/public
chmod g+s /var/www/public
setfacl -d -m u::rwx,g::rwx,o::r-x /var/www/public
chown -R root.developers /var/www/application
chmod 0775 /var/www/application
chmod g+s /var/www/application
setfacl -d -m u::rwx,g::rwx,o::r-x /var/www/application
find /var/www/application -type d -exec setfacl -d -m u::rwx,g::rwx,o::r-x {} \;
find /var/www/application -type f -exec setfacl -m u::rw-,g::rw-,o::r-- {} \;
chgrp www-data /var/www/logs
chgrp www-data /var/www/cache
chmod 0770 /var/www/logs
chmod 0770 /var/www/cache

Restart Apache.

service apache2 restart

Install an IDE. (Komodo Edit is also a very nice IDE.) Netbeans uses php-doc.

apt-get install netbeans php-doc

I have trouble with fonts in NetBeans unless I use the Sun JDK.

apt-get install sun-java6-jdk
exit

Open NetBeans. Go to:

Tools->Plugins->Available Plugins

Find PHP and install it. Make a new project:

File->New Project->PHP with existing sources...

Existing sources are located in /var/www. Use PHP 5.3.

If you follow this, you'll get:

A common location for CI, so that it will be easy and efficient to build many sites
An easy way to upgrade CI
A safe place for CI to survive a distribution upgrade
Correct CI file permissions
Correct PATH and CI variables
Flexible permissions within /var/www
Correctly functioning mod_rewrite settings
Documentation available locally at /user_guide/
A nice IDE with code completion - even CI code completion (not just PHP)


How can I change which programs are listed in the context menus for files in Nautilus?

You can change the items in the Open With menu by

Right-clicking the file of the filetype you want to change. (I'm using an MP3 for my example.)
Choosing Properties from the drop-down menu.

Clicking the Open With tab.

You can add and remove Open With items there. The controls are fairly self-explanatory.


I have fixed it. Thanks for your help. I had to do a fresh install but that's better than spending my weekend working on fixing it. In the end, I found out I had a corrupted boot partition that didn't load in the proper linux modules to use the features that weren't there.


Depending on which mac you're using, since you said its a built in keyboard im assuming it might be a macbook, you could try installing these drivers:

https://github.com/Dunedan/mbp-2016-linux

Im running ubuntu 17.10 on a 2017 macbook pro, and the keyboard/touchpad both didnt work at all until I went and installed these, now they work like a charm. They should fix little bugs like you're having as well.

I believe there are also drivers for older laptops linked in that thread


Find a file with exact name without using wildcard

How do you search for an EXACT file name WITHOUT wildcards?

To search an exact file without wildcard use find command.

Open a terminal by Pressing Ctrl+Alt+T
Type the command and hit Enter

find / -name 9.jpg

If you want to search in your home folder only, use ~/ instead of / and so on. Replace / with the directory name you want to search in them. If you want to search in current directory and all directories withing it, use ./ in place of /.

For getting help on Learning Linux filesystem, see this page
Also see this very helpful guide to become familiar with Linux system, especially with Debian and it's derivatives like Ubuntu.


How to format Hard drive NTFS and convert it to FAT32?

As oldfred indicates here FAT32 has some serious limitations such as the maximum file size is 4 GB and the maximum partition size is 2 TB. FAT32 also performs slower compared to your current NTFS partitions.

Drives that are going to be used only under Ubuntu should be formatted using the ext3/ext4 file system (depending on which version of Ubuntu you use (Recent versions use ext4) and whether you need Linux backwards compatibility in which case ext3 would be a better choice). For sharing between Ubuntu and Windows, FAT32 is often recommended, but NTFS outperforms FAT32 and isn't as limited. If you are new to file systems and partitioning, please do some preliminary research on the two before you
make a choice.

Since formatting or changing the partitioning scheme will result in lost data (granted recoverable in many cases with advanced tools) it's important to backup any critical data before you start changing partitioning schemes and creating new filesystems. If you are using your partitions under Ubuntu only it's wise to be aware of the differences between ext3 and ext4 prior to making a choice. There's some great information on ext4 here that mentions some of the differences between ext3 and ext4. Of special interest are multiblock and delayed allocation which boost performance when using ext4 and aren't available for ext3. As far as tutorials go since you've backed up your data to avoid loss, there's no reason you can't use the same approach you would with a new drive.

Sources:
Experience
https://support.wdc.com/knowledgebase/answer.aspx?ID=1287

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/InstallingANewHardDrive

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BackupYourSystem

https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Howto


How to decrease the brightness in Samsung RV509?

On laptops, you will often be able to adjust brightness, by pressing the FN button, and a specific F1 - F12 at the same time. Take a look at your F1 - F12 buttons. There should be small icons with a blue color on. If some of them look like they could be related to brightness, try it with the FN button. Sometimes it is also arrow keys and other buttons you will need to use.

If your keyboard looks like this, you can adjust your brightness by using the FN key and the UP and Down arrow keys. Your volume can be adjusted with FN+Arrow key Left or right, and so forth.

Good luck.


Ubuntu 13.10 suspend crashes KDE / black screen on wake

I found this workaround. I made a script that switches to console before suspend and switches back after resume.

I put attached script into dir /etc/pm/sleep.d.  I gave it the name fix-black-screen and made it executable (sudo chmod +x /etc/pm/sleep.d/fix-black-screen).

#!/bin/bash

case $1 in
suspend)
    # Suspending to RAM.
    chvt 1
    sleep 1
;;
resume)
    # Resume from suspend.
    sleep 1
    chvt 7
;;
esac

Original fix found here.


How to change screenshot file type from png to jpg when doing a Print Screen on Lubuntu?

I concur with @InkBlend: png should be the screenshot format of your choice. As pointed out by Inkblend:

  Not only is PNG lossless, but it has none of the patent issues that have encumbered JPEG in the past. And PNG supports transparency, while JPEG does not.

But, for whatever reason, if you'd still like to use jpeg, there is a way. I fear you will have to mess around with configuration files a bit, though.

This will also enable you to change the screenshot naming scheme and where they are saved by default.

Modifying image format

Shortcuts are defined in Lubuntu's openbox config file. First let's make a backup copy:

cp ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml.backup

Ok, now for the modification. Open it up with an editor:

leafpad ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml

Search for the following section:

<!-- Launch scrot when Print is pressed -->
<keybind key="Print">
  <action name="Execute">
    <command>...</command>
  </action>
</keybind>

Note the <command>...</command> line. ... represents what was originally there. Replace ... with:

scrot '%Y-%m-%d_$wx$h.jpeg'

Save lubuntu-rc.xml, close your editor and update Openbox with the new configuration by running the following from a terminal:

openbox --reconfigure

Screenshots taken with this modification will be named something like this: 2000-10-30_2560x1024.jpeg. Scrot will automatically choose the filetype defined by the file name.

Additional modifications

If you don't like this naming scheme, you can easily introduce other parameters into the file name. Here's an overview:

   $f image path/filename (ignored when used in the filename)
   $n image name (ignored when used in the filename)
   $s image size (bytes) (ignored when used in the filename)
   $p image pixel size
   $w image width
   $h image height
   $t image format
   $$ prints a literal '$'

If you want to define a different screenshot folder, e.g. your Pictures folder, you can do so with this command:

scrot '%Y-%m-%d_$wx$h.jpeg' -e 'mv $f ~/Pictures/'

Restoring previous settings

You can revert any changes by replacing the modified file with your backup:

cp ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml.backup ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml

Hope this helps.


How do you uninstall Ruby 1.8.7 and install Ruby 1.9.2?

Is there a problem with having both installed? And using the versions from the repositories? I would install ruby 1.9.2 with:

sudo apt-get install ruby1.9.1-full

And then update the "alternatives" system to use ruby 1.9:

$ sudo update-alternatives --config ruby
There are 2 choices for the alternative ruby (providing /usr/bin/ruby).

  Selection    Path                Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/bin/ruby1.8     50        auto mode
  1            /usr/bin/ruby1.8     50        manual mode
  2            /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1   10        manual mode

Press enter to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 2
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1 to provide /usr/bin/ruby (ruby) in manual mode.
$ ruby --version
ruby 1.9.2p290 (2011-07-09 revision 32553) [x86_64-linux]

This will also set the alternatives for erb, irb, rdoc, ri, testrb and the man page. However you need to update the gem command separately:

$ sudo update-alternatives --config gem
There are 2 choices for the alternative gem (providing /usr/bin/gem).

  Selection    Path               Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/bin/gem1.8     180       auto mode
  1            /usr/bin/gem1.8     180       manual mode
  2            /usr/bin/gem1.9.1   10        manual mode

Press enter to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 2
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/gem1.9.1 to provide /usr/bin/gem (gem) in manual mode.

I know, it is confusingly called ruby1.9.1 rather than 1.9.2, some upstream debian packaging thing.


Add terminal output at the bottom of a text file

Use >> instead of >:

command >> ~/Desktop/file.txt

While you were using command > ~/Desktop/file.txt, the file ~/Desktop/file.txt was opened by shell for writing the content of STDOUT (file descriptor 1). So the file's content will get overwritten every time you run the command.

On the other hand, shell will open the file for appending if you use >> operator. As a result the outputs of the command will get appended every time you run it.

I would suggest you to go through this manual on bash redirections.