Difference between installation of ubuntu software center and command line

TL;DR: there is a lot of gray areas and it depends on what you're doing.  Mostly, Software Center and command-line methods do similar things when it comes to .deb packages, but other software packages may require different steps.

  What's the difference between installing a software in Ubuntu software
  center and command line?

Here's the reality: installation is nothing more than throwing the files that come with software package into appropriate directories. It doesn't matter if it's done via command line or via Software Center - they do the same thing - throws the files into their respective directories. What matters, however, is the package and how you handle it. Here I'll go over some of the basic packages that you can deal with on Ubuntu. As for the difference between command-line and Software Center, the most basic difference is that in Software Center you click buttons; in command-line you type in commands. I know Software Center uses a lot of python code, but in command-line it depends on the utility you use. There's also amount of how much Software Center can remove ( read below about that )

The software packages for Ubuntu can come in three ways: .deb file, .run file, and just raw source-code in compressed zip or tar archive. Depending on which one you're dealing with, command line installation can be more or less painful. This is not something you as new user should really worry about, at least not in the first year of using Linux.

You will see mostly .deb files - they are pre-compiled packages of software, ready for use. These are less painful. They also very often specify dependencies - other software without which your program won't run. Command line utilities such as apt and apt-get will install dependencies automatically for you. In fact, Software Center uses apt-get as back-end , so it also installs dependencies automatically.

.run files are typically proprietary and encoded binary files. You can't really see what they're doing.

With raw source code, you have to do everything yourself - build software and install dependencies.

There is also ways to install packages from other distros, like .rpm packages, but this is done very very rarely.

There also exists a class of software known as containers. There is docker and lxd containers. As of recently, Ubuntu has introduced something known as snap packages. What is good about all those ? They can run anywhere , securely isolated from your main system, and can be installed/reinstalled quite quickly. These types of software are not installable via Software Center  and generally for professional system administrators or techie/advanced users. As new user you don't have to worry about those, just be aware that they exist and they're awesome :)

Finally, something like a script ( and typically a single file ) can also be considered an application and again - installation is nothing more than throwing that file where it belongs or supposed to belong.

  Why some software I installed with command line can't be searched in
  software center(press the window key)?

Again, this really depends on the package. If the developers of the software decided to include .desktop file with their package, you will be able to search it in the Dash. .desktop files are sort of like Windows shortcuts,although they do much much more. Good example of command-line utility that comes with .desktop file is Byobu - a very handy program for splitting terminal into extra tabs/windows.

You can , however, create your own .desktop file for each program and place it into ~/.local/share/applications/ folder.

Again, this has nothing to do with app being command-line or GUI. It depends on choices app developers make

  What are the correct commands to install a software from command line
  so that I can search them?

Again,depends on what you're doing. If you are installing software from official Ubuntu repositories, then you can simply do sudo apt-get install my-software

If you're installing a .deb package, you may use either dpkg command or apt-get. Here's example of me installing google-chrome deb package with apt-get.  NOTE: at the moment of installation i am in the same directory as .deb file, therefore have to specify ./ part

$ sudo apt-get install ./google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
[sudo] password for xieerqi:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'google-chrome-stable' instead of './google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb'
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  google-chrome-stable
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 54 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/50.0 MB of archives.
After this operation, 190 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 /home/xieerqi/下载/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb google-chrome-stable amd64 53.0.2785.101-1 [50.0 MB]
Selecting previously unselected package google-chrome-stable.
(Reading database ... 476104 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking google-chrome-stable (53.0.2785.101-1) ...
Processing triggers for menu (2.1.47ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.3~bzr0+16.04.20160701-0ubuntu1) ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu3.1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu5) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.59ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up google-chrome-stable (53.0.2785.101-1) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/x-www-browser (x-www-browser) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/gnome-www-browser (gnome-www-browser) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/google-chrome (google-chrome) in auto mode
Processing triggers for menu (2.1.47ubuntu1) .

What is nice about apt-get ? It has --purge option, which allow you to remove everything related to a program. For example, if I just remove it with sudo apt-get remove google-chrome-stable or do it via Software Center, it may leave behind config files, so that when you reinstall the software, it's ready for use like before. --purge option will delete the config files,too. That's convenient if your software broke and you want completely fresh installation of it. Software Center doesn't do that, so that's another difference.

If you are dealing with .run file, you will need to make that file executable and run it. Like this:

$ sudo chmod +x ./software.run
$ sudo ./software.run

  I backed and restored up my system once but some commands worked
  before (like "subl") don't work after restoring the system.

It depends on type of backup you did. If your backup included all the files that are necessary to make subl to work, then it should have worked. It also could be that your backup occured before subl was installed. Ensure you configured your backup properly

  I think these questions are about $PATH somehow but I can't find some
  material about this. Any extra material would be appreciated.

The $PATH variable is relevant to shell ( the command interpreter where you put commands ). It is not really relevant to Unity Dash. $PATH variable is really list of directories ,where shell will search for programs that have executable permission set. Dash is really concerned with .desktop files only. For example, I can have a program sit in /usr/bin folder and be able to open it via command line but Dash will not, because there is no corresponding .desktop file for it.

If you want to find extra material about $PATH, literally pick up any book about Linux shell scripting. It's one of the foundation knowledge items for any Linux user who wants to use command-line.

Some closing thoughts: The complexity of software installation for Linux  may sometimes be shocking to new users who come from Windows or Mac world. In reality, it's the same principles - throw everything where it belongs, and it will work. You don't find shortcut to your program ? Make one - it's just a text file ! Computers are machines, and they're meant to be operated. Windows also has %PATH% variable for its command-line, you just never knew about it, because Windows command-line is less versatile and less used than on Linux. In short, don't be intimidated by everything you may see,because on day to day basis it's all about 20% of most frequently used commands or actions, and they give you 80% of work done.


How GUI based apps ask for root password without gksudo installed?

I believe we're now supposed to use:

pkexec <command>


Back in the 1990s, there wasn't much of a standard about how the operating system and those new-fangled wireless networking devices were supposed to interact. Because of that, the operating system needed to "talk" to every device in a "different language", so to speak. Often, that was even true for different variations of the same device. So people needed to develop separate drivers for each and every wireless networking device.
At some point, a developer named Jean Tourrilhes decided to develop an interface, an API. With that, the operating system could address any wireless networking device (or at least, many devices) in an uniform manner. The API would then handle how the specific device would like to be "talked to". This API was named Wireless Extensions:

It all started when I tried to install a Wavelan network on Linux computers. I was having a ISA and a PCMCIA versions of the Wavelan, and the two drivers were using totally different methods for the setup and collection of statistics (and in fact fairly incomplete...). (...) I decided to define a wireless API which would allow the user to manipulate any wireless networking device in a standard and uniform way.

So, if iwconfig tells you there are "no wireless extensions" for a specific device, it means that this specific device cannot be addressed via the Wireless Extensions API. This may be because the device isn't a wireless device, but a wire-bound device. This may be because the device is "virtual", like for example the loopback device. Or it may be because the wireless device in question isn't compatible with the Wireless Extensions API.
The Wireless Extensions API isn't being developed any more, but it's superseded by newer approaches. So maybe your wireless networking device isn't "covered" by the WE API, but will work with one of those newer technologies (and a different tool than iwconfig).


Reset/reinstall the gui desktop on 16.04

Safest thing I would try, is downloading Ubuntu 17.10 and letting the system see it as a distro upgrade. Could fix some / all your issues.


Screen goes black when trying to switch users on Ubuntu 13.10

I had the same problem (dell M3800 with optimus graphics) on a clean install of 13.10, but the updates I installed this morning seem to have fixed it.  I can now switch users fine either from the "cog" menu or from the lock screen


Is there a way to determine progress on a disk check at boot?

Not really - the amount of time left is a function of how many problems are on the part of the filesystem that hasn't yet been checked. See man fsck

From man fsck:

   -C [  fd  ]
          Display  completion/progress  bars for those filesystem checkers (currently only for ext2 and
          ext3) which support them.   Fsck will manage the filesystem checkers so that only one of them
          will  display  a progress bar at a time.  GUI front-ends may specify a file descriptor fd, in
          which case the progress bar information will be sent to that file descriptor.


How to make alt-tab diplay names of the program/window title?

The window border is not displayed this way and it works with Super + W instead of Alt + Tab, but the window title will appear in the middle of the preview window:

Start CompizConfig Settings Manager  (CCSM)
Enable the Text and Scale Addons plugin
In the latter select under the Appearance tab Window Title
In the Window Title Display dropdown change to All Windows

So Unity only and Super + W semi solution. Hope that is enough.

See also:

Hard to find one window among many


Application menu -> Utilities -> touchpad management. There, you can ask the system to disable the touchpad when a usb mouse is connected and/or when you are typing.


Unable to save anything to CD, disc mounts as Read-Only

The debug output you have provided from k3b shows a perfectly functional run of cdrecord to create an audio cd, with no error whatsoever.

The read-only in the GUI properties of the drive refers only to the capabilities of the filesystem of the CD-ROM (remember that the data on cd-rom is composed and written once, never to be written again).  It is not saying that the drive is read-only, just that the files on the drive are read-only.

I hope that helps...


In terms of trust, I'd struggle to find a PPA I trusted more than Ondřej Surý's PHP PPA. He's on a lot of official packaging teams. If he wanted to sneak something onto your system, he wouldn't need to resort to a PPA to do it.

I'd be more concerned with the underlying stability of PHP but if you're building from source, you're likely going to hit those problems by yourself.


Xubuntu: Disks utility (palimpsest) and Gparted not showing up anywhere after installation

As in AJefferiss's answer, it's gnome-disks, nowadays.

Compare the file contents list of the package in 12.04 with the one in 12.10. It appears that palimpsest has been renamed to gnome-disks, without leaving a symbolic link behind. I'm surprised to see that last part has happened.

Usually, the developers leave a link there to preserve compatibility. Well, my feeling about this is right, because, there you go, it's a bug!

LP Bug #1041665: gnome-disk-utility is missing palimpsest (renamed to gnome-disks)

Make sure to mark yourself affected there by this bug if you feel this should be solved. At the moment of writing this has a very low priority and is unassigned...


When loading Ubuntu from USB programs aren't there

I’m pretty sure for all intents and purposes the USB is untraceable. If you do not change any BIOS settings to show that you’re booting off a USB stick once in a while you’re safe. Wouldn’t download anything though as the computer is functioning just like normal, it is simply running a OS from a different source namely your USB, and therefore your IP address is still traceable - Now for saving a configuration on a USB I’m pretty sure you can create a persistent file when creating you USB. That should save all changes you make to the USB while using it.


How to detect architecture of a .deb package?

Create a script, in my example foo

#!/bin/bash

# Create a temporary folder in /tmp
dir=$(mktemp -d)

# Extract the deb file
dpkg -x "$1" "$dir"

printf "\n%s\n\n" "$1"

# Show the package architecture information
dpkg --info $1 | \
    awk '/Architecture/ {printf "defined dpkg architecture is:\t%s\n", $2}'

# Show the executable format via find and awk for ELF
find $dir -type f -exec file -b {} \; | \
        sort -u | \
        awk '/ELF/ {printf "executable format is: \t\t%s\n", $0}'

rm -rf "$dir"

exit 0

Usage

./foo <deb_file>

Example

% ./foo qtox_1.1\~git20150707.cfeeb03-97_i386.deb

qtox_1.1~git20150707.cfeeb03-97_i386.deb

defined dpkg architecture is:   i386
executable format is :          ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically linked, stripped


What directories does user own - LTS 12.04

CD to the directory you want to search and use the find program:

find -uid 1000

You can find out any user ID with id:

id <username>

On my system (12.04) the sudo program is at /usr/bin/sudo and has the "Set UID" bit (permissions -rwsr-xr-x). This command might fix it, if you run it as root:

 chmod u+s /usr/bin/sudo

Every user should own just their home directory, with everything else being owned by root. One exception is files inside /tmp, which are owned by the user that created them. However, /tmp itself is owned by root, but is writable by anyone (permissions 777).

The other exception is files inside /proc, but the contents of this directory are created by the kernel and you don't need to alter the permissions of anything inside.

To fix permissions, boot into recovery mode, CD to /, and run:

chown root:root -R *

Then CD to /home and fix each home directory:

 chown <user>:<user> -R <home_dir>


I guess your problem is that you try to open Windows exe in Ubuntu.
Either install Wine (you can run sudo apt-get install wine) or reboot your computer to Windows, if you're running dual-boot.
Unfortunately there is no (at least not to my knowledge) native Ubuntu editor for Minecraft.


It is primarily the fact that you have chosen the Global Dark Theme. It makes no difference whether you use the GTK theme Numix or Adawaita.


What are the contents of contents of ~/.local/share/Trash/expunged …?

'expunged' is where Trash puts files that don't belong to the user (so it cannot delete them).
Trash keeps the original filenames, file types, and directory structure...until you empty the Trash. It doesn't compress files.
Somebody, long ago, put a 108GB compressed file that belonged to a different user into their Trash. It might well be data. Or not. Either way, you have lived without it for this long....


Disable touch of the tablet in Ubuntu Unity 14.04

in my case worked this:

xsetwacom -v --set 'Wacom Intuos Pro M (WL) Finger touch' gesture off

test

xsetwacom -v --set 'Wacom Bamboo 16FG 4x5 Finger touch' gesture off


Display not rotated with framebuffer console

You need to enable support for frame buffer rotation,

-> Device Drivers                                                                                │
│       -> Graphics support                                                                                │
│         -> Console display driver support

To be enabled:
[]Framebuffer Console Rotation //press y to enable

This worked for me


Is it possible to reset all folder permissions?

If you messed up a bunch of permissions in system directories, your best bet is to reinstall. Unless you can find somewhere a comprehensive list of the correct permissions, you probably won't get it right; furthermore, some things will fail, perhaps in surprising ways.

So, you're best off reinstalling in this situation. In the future, I'm sure you'll be more careful about what you chmod.


How do I exit a process in terminal without killing it?

What you are looking for is sending the current foreground job to the background.
You can simply achieve this by:
suspending the current job. [CTRL-Z] then,
send the job to the background. bg
To see if the the job has being successfully send to the background, run:
jobs
Another method would be starting the process in the background. To achieve this, include an ampersand "&" at the end of the command. Example;
if my script name is process1, I will run it using ./process1 &.
Success!


How to remove Universal Access from the Notification Area?

You could use Edocastillo's suggestion, https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/112/remove-accesibility/, or try the Eye! extension, which makes the icon into a nice eyeball that follows your mouse around.


Upgrade from 16.04 to 18.04 display issues

Try unplugging one monitor, then the other if this doesn't work:

Make sure you're entering GRUB, it looks like this:

Look up how to enter it for your system; I believe it's usually esc button. You may have trouble entering it (it's a huge pain in the ass). If you get a blinking dash just reboot and try again.

Once in, press e to edit GRUB and add nouveau.modeset=0 to the line that has quiet splash in it.

And definitely check your BIOS to see if Secure Boot is off, and turn it off if it's on.


Dual boot w/ UEFI and LUKS - What do I need to know/do?

Should I partition the drive, including the EFI System Partition, before beginning either installation?

I would; however, most distributions, including both Ubuntu and CentOS, provide partitioning tools as part of their installers. Doing it ahead of time has the advantage that you'll be using cross-distribution tools (such as GParted, parted, or gdisk) that are usually more powerful than the tools that the distribution installers provide.

  My CentOS build requires several partitions for /, /home, /tmp, /var/log etc.; can I use Logical Volumes inside a LUKS partition for this, or does each filesystem require its own LUKS partition?

The term logical volume applies to Logical Volume Manager (LVM) configuration. As such, logical volumes are stored within (and sometimes across multiple) LVM partitions (known as physical volumes in LVM-speak). I don't know offhand if it's possible to encrypt a physical volume, but you can certainly encrypt each logical volume individually. I've got one system set up this way. I don't recall offhand what documentation I followed when setting up this system, but Googling on terms like "CentOS encrypted LVM" produces plenty of hits.

  Will I need to use or chain load GRUB with this design? (I think the answer is "no"...not certain.)

I haven't checked CentOS's default EFI boot loader, but it's probably either a patched GRUB Legacy or GRUB 2. Ubuntu definitely uses GRUB 2 by default. If you use the default settings, the first distribution you install will set up for itself alone and the second will set up for itself and either chainload the other one or add entries to directly boot the other. How well this works is hard to predict; the setup scripts don't generally do as good a job with "foreign" distributions as they do with their own.

If you dislike GRUB, you can manually configure any of several alternatives. I describe all the major ones on my Web page devoted to this topic, so check there if you want to know what I think of them all. Note that some of them have requirements that might affect how you partition the disk. For instance, if you use ELILO or gummiboot, you'll probably want to make a bigger EFI System Partition (ESP) than with some others. Anything but GRUB or rEFInd will require manual adjustments as you add and remove kernels. (GRUB doesn't need this because the distributions keep their GRUB configurations up-to-date; rEFInd doesn't need it because it scans for kernels at boot times and builds its boot list dynamically.)

  Does it matter which distribution I install first?

If you plan to use the default boot loader, it can -- the one whose boot loader you want to use is the one you should install second. If you plan to switch to another boot loader, though, I don't think it's likely to make much difference.


How do I configure Mediawiki on EC2 if anonymous browsing is disabled?

Actually there is a splendid generic way of accessing remote resources as if they were local.

ssh -L 8080:localhost:80 username@EC2machine

this will tunnel the port 80 (the http protocol) , on your EC2 instance to your own computers loopback interface on the port 8080

Simply typing http://localhost:8080 on your computers web browser will redirect the request to your EC2 instance through the created SSH tunnel

the reason i choose 8080 instead of 80 for the loopback interface port, is that ports below 1024 are privileged and require sudo to be used.


Basically mysql-apt-config_0.8.12-1_all.deb is a package which adds MySQL's repository and key. It seems while installing this package you made wrong choices somewhere. You can do what that deb package do manually.

First of all create a new text file with sudo privileges:

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mysql.list

Add these lines:

deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/ bionic mysql-apt-config
deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/ bionic mysql-8.0
deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/ bionic mysql-tools
#deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/ bionic mysql-tools-preview
deb-src http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/ bionic mysql-8.0

You can comment/uncomment the repository according to the packages required. Save and exit using Ctrl+X followed by Y.
If you're using some other version of Ubuntu, you should replace bionic with the codename of your currently installed Ubuntu system using sed.

sudo sed -i 's/bionic/'$(lsb_release -sc)'/' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mysql.list

Then run

sudo apt update

You'll get an error, like

Err:1 http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu bionic InRelease
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY <some key value>

Add this key using

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys <key value>

Update and install MySQL

sudo apt update
sudo apt install mysql-server

Notes:

Ubuntu 19.10 has MySQL 8.0 in its official repositories, therefore, there's no need to add the above sources unless latest updates are required.
If the above method is followed and still APT installs MySQL v5.7, it may happen that MySQL has taken down the repository information for that release even before that release reaches the end of public support. See my other answer on Can't install MySQL 8 on Ubuntu 19.04 for details.


Can't install nodejs-dev: unmet dependencies

You have a PPA or have added a source that provides 0.4.12-1chl1~natty1, which is for 11.04. You need to remove that PPA, do an update, and then try to install nodejs-dev again.

How can PPAs be removed?


How to determine the IPs of other components while deploying a charm on nova-compute?

If the units need to "know" about each other in some way (even if it's just knowing the IP address of each other), then they need to be related.

Please see the link that @Jorge Castro posted, as it is a great starting point:

How do I add a relationship between two charms to pass information between them?


Looks like you have some folders with incorrect owners (or maybe permissions) in your home directory.

The Permission denied warning means that find could not search in a specific folder because it did not have the permissions to list its content, obviously.

In your home directory, the most likely cause is that you were running some GUI applications with sudo that messed up file ownerships. To fix this and make you the owner of all files in your home directory again, run this:

sudo chown -R $USER ~

Otherwise, if you are sure all permissions and ownerships are correct and you don't want to modify anything, you can also just hide the warning from the output by appending a STDERR redirection to /dev/null to your find command:

find . -name "*log*" -name "*2016*" 2> /dev/null


Cannot access Windows via grub after new dual-boot Ubuntu install

Well, there is no magic Undo button, but my guess to do this effectively would be to completely remove Ubuntu by deleting the Ubuntu partitions, then seeing if you can boot Windows 8.1. Then use Disk Management to make the Windows 8.1 partition big again. I have heard that problems are very common when trying to dual-boot with Windows 8 and 8.1, you might want to look around on the Ubuntu Wiki for help on doing the install again. Disabling Hibernation and Fast Boot in Windows 8.1 might be necessary before attempting to install Ubuntu again.


How to make a batch file add users to groups?

You can use this modified script:

#!/bin/bash
# Script to add a user to Linux system

if [ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]; then
    read -p "Enter username : " username
    read -p "Enter password : " password
    IFS=' ' read -a grps -p "Enter group names : "

    if grep "^${username}:" /etc/passwd &>/dev/null; then
        echo "$username exists!"
        exit 1
    else
        pass=$(perl -e 'print crypt($ARGV[0], "password")' $password)

        if useradd -m -p "$pass" "$username" &>/dev/null; then
            echo "User has been added to system!"

            for grp in "${grps[@]}"; do
                usermod -a -G "$grp" "$username" && echo "User is added to group $grp" \
                || echo "Failed to add user to group $grp"
            done

        else
            echo "Failed to add a user!"
        fi
     fi

else
    echo "Only root may add a user to the system"
    exit 2
fi

Note that you should always quote the variables.

Here i have added mainly two things:

IFS=' ' read -a grps -p "Enter group names : " will ask root to give space separated group names to which the newly created user will be a member of
Then this short for loop over the values of the array grps:

for grp in "${grps[@]}"; do
     usermod -a -G "$grp" "$username" && echo "User is added to group $grp" \
     || echo "Failed to add user to group $grp"
done

Given the groups already exist. If not you can use groupadd to create the group and then add the user to that group.

Here we have used usermod to add the user to an existing group, these groups will be supplementary groups for the user.

Check man usermod for details.

Note that you should not use egrep, it is deprecated in favor of grep -E. In fact in this case you don't need grep -E.

Your grep pattern will fail in certain cases e.g. if you have a user foobar and you are adding a new user named foo. To overcome this, match the username followed by a : (given no username has :) :

grep "^${username}:" /etc/passwd &>/dev/null

Also send STDERR to /dev/null too.

This can be simplified as:

if grep "^${username}:" /etc/passwd &>/dev/null; then
        echo "$username exists!"
        exit 1
else ......

Also the next if statement with useradd can follow this.

**Also some other improvements can be made to your current script, that would not fit in this context.


If so your system is not crashing, it is rebooting to install an update that requires a reboot.
Automatic reboots are controlled in the file /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades.  The line that controls it begins Unattended-Upgrade::Automatic-Reboot and take a true or false value.  If you don't allow automatic reboots, you should be notified that a reboot is required when you login.
There are other packages besides unattended-upgrades that can trigger a reboot.  They should all invoke apt to do the upgrade.  Check /var/log/apt/history.log to see if updates are occurring before the reboot.
If the reboots are occurring at roughly the same time, then there may be something in the crontabs that is causing the reboots.
If the system really is crashing, it may be the BIOS which is rebooting the system.  You may want to change the power on state setting.
Commands

dmesg - very useful if the system is still up

Files

/var/log/syslog - System wide logger, use tail /var/log/syslog or less /var/log/syslog
/var/log/kern.log - Kernel log, same as above
/var/log/*

Check cat /proc/sys/kernel/panic, if it's value is 1 then server will immediately reboot on panic. Bad drivers/hw/software can cause kernel panic.
If it's not panic check last issue of reboot, maybe overheating is the issue.
last reboot


USB devices not recognized if not plugged at boot Kubuntu 19.10

I found out it was the package lockdown to cause conflict.

I removed it and now the usb devices get mounted as normal, even wifi in my laptop now works!

Now I upgraded my system to Kubuntu 20.04 and the lockdown feature is implemented at kernel level (Linux 5.4), so there's no need to install the package from apt.


In the Video Settings (Menu Bar or Rightclick on playing Video) you will find Deinterlace and Deinterlace-Modus.

Under Deinterlace you should choose on.

For the Deinterlace-Modus, you should go with Movie NTSC...

If that does not help instantly, try to play around with the deinterlace settings, until you find the right one.

Have fun watching your movies!


Unity launcher not triggered with Super key

Maybe Dell changed some things, I'd ask them 1st if the laptop came with Ubuntu.

Otherwise install compizconfig-settings-manager & look in the unity plugin > Launcher, see screen. The x button on far right sets to default which is Super & enabled.


If there's no package for it, you'd probably have to find the source and build it yourself, also supplying any dependencies, likely by building them as well.

Others will most likely suggest you should upgrade to 16.04 instead, but that's your decision.  However, if (like me) you're not really up to building software that's not available for your version, all you can really do is make a backport request and hope someone is willing and able to provide a package in the backports repository.


I know this is one of the stupidest ideas you have heard of but my client.

It is.

And you can't with a normal install. Apache would be needed to be run as "root" and Apache has a built-in security check on it. Error notice you will see...

  Apache has not been designed to serve pages while running as root. There are known race conditions that will allow any local user to read any file on the system. If you still desire to serve pages as root then add -DBIG_SECURITY_HOLE to the CFLAGS env variable and then rebuild the server. It is strongly suggested that you instead modify the User directive in your httpd.conf file to list a non-root user.

So to do what you want to do you need to ...

add -DBIG_SECURITY_HOLE to the CFLAGS env variable.
rebuild apache server.
setup http.conf with root as the user.

I will leave it up to you on how to do this and would suggest you to forget about this, use a normal (restricted) user as intended and store files in a sub-directory owned by that user.


How do I add and/or keep subtitles when converting video?

Softsubs

MP4 supports streaming text format subtitles, but playback support for this among players and devices is not universal.

Basic example using default stream selection behavior while stream copying the audio:

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -c:s mov_text output.mp4

Example to stream copy all of the video and audio streams, convert the all text based subtitle input streams (SRT, ASS, VTT, etc) to the streaming text format, and set the language for the first two subtitle streams.

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -map 0 -c copy -c:s mov_text -metadata:s:s:0 language=eng -metadata:s:s:1 language=ipk output.mp4

Same as above but re-encode the video and audio to formats compatible with the MP4 container (H.264 video:

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -map 0 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -c:s mov_text -metadata:s:s:0 language=eng -metadata:s:s:1 language=ipk output.mp4

Same as above but use the -map option to choose the first video stream, second audio stream, and third subtitle stream:

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -map 0:v:0 -map 0:a:1 -map 0:s:2 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -c:s mov_text -metadata:s:s:0 language=eng output.mp4

Hardsubs

Text based subtitle format inputs

Use the subtitles filter to "burn-in" text based subtitle formats (SRT, ASS, VTT, etc). Note that this requires re-encoding, so it will by much slower than using softsubs.

Basic example using default stream selection behavior while stream copying the audio:

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter_complex "subtitles=input.mkv" -c:a copy output.mp4

Example to use the third video stream, fifth subtitle stream, and first audio stream:

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter_complex "[0:v:2]subtitles=input.mkv:si=4[v]" -map "[v]" -map 0:a:0 -c:a copy output.mp4

Example for a separate subtitle input file (your-subtitles-file.srt):

ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter_complex "subtitles=your-subtitles-file.srt" -c:a copy output.mp4

Image based subtitle format inputs

Use the overlay filter. This example will overlay the fourth subtitle stream over the second video stream, and stream copy the seventh audio stream:

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter_complex "[0:v:2][0:s:3]overlay[v]" -map "[v]" -map 0:a:6 -c:a copy output.mp4

Also see

FFmpeg Wiki: Subtitles
How to use the -map option to choose streams


It is not yet possible to sync with devices on iOS 6.x.x.
In fact, libmobiledevice still does not support syncing with iOS 5.x.x

  If you are using iOS 5.x, the library that Rhythmbox (and others) use
  to do this does not yet support the newer database version. If your
  iOS device has recently been updated, then you simply need to wait for
  libimobiledevice to be updated (watch the [website][1] under
  Music/Video Synchronization Status for updates).
    [1]: http://www.libimobiledevice.org/

See here : How to sync songs in Rhythmbox with an iPod


Sounds like your USB stick is going bad.  Stop trying to boot it, it will only get worse.  All your files are in a file named casper-rw, which you should copy off the stick.  That file may be mounted with the loop option and will look like a whole filesystem, with parts missing.  The present parts are the changes made, so your files should be in /mnt//home//...   Copy off what you need.  Then you can see if the stick is salvagable.


how to read gcc input from external file

This is really nothing to do with gcc (or g++): what you need is file redirection

./y.out < file.in

or (to redirect the program's output as well as its input)

./y.out < file.in > file.out


How to install the Dissenter Browser on Ubuntu?

To install the dissenter browser on Ubuntu, you need to have Snaps installed. Snaps are applications packaged with all their dependencies to run on all popular Linux distributions from a single build. They update automatically and roll back gracefully.

Enable snapd

If you’re running Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus) or later, including Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver), Ubuntu 18.10 (Cosmic Cuttlefish) and Ubuntu 19.04 (Disco Dingo), you don’t need to do anything. Snap is already installed and ready to go.

For versions of Ubuntu between 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) and 15.10 (Wily Werewolf), as well as Ubuntu flavours that don’t include snap by default, snap can be installed from the Ubuntu Software Centre by searching for snapd.

Alternatively, snapd can also be installed from the command line:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install snapd

You should either log out and back in again, or restart your system, to ensure snap’s paths are updated correctly.

Install dissenter-browser

To install dissenter-browser, simply use the following command:

sudo snap install dissenter-browser

Resolving possible post-installation warnings

After installation, upon launching you might get the following message:

You are using an unsupported command-line flag: --no-sandbox. Stability and security will suffer

To disable the message telling "that you're using an unsupported command-line flag --no-sandbox" you must enable user namespaces with sysctl:

sudo sysctl kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1

To make it persist after reboot:

echo kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone = 1 | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/00-local-userns.conf


File properties(notes) not synced between local accounts

Just a quick info, not really a solution:

Notes aren't written to the file itself, they are stored in a file in ~/.local/share/gvfs-metadata.

Since this is in your ~, it makes sense that it wouldn't be shared with other accounts.

So it doesn't matter that the files are shared, the notes to the files are your personal notes, and won't be shared.


Is there a simple recipe for listening to RTL2832U FM-Radio?

Try this:

rtl_fm -f 96.3e6 -W -s 200000 -r 48000 - | aplay -r 48k -f S16_LE

Note FM Radio is a wide FM signal!

rtl_fm make as default NFM (narrow fm).


This is a common Eclipse ADT problem, yet there's not a concrete answer to solve this, there are different ways to aproach this like the following:

1: Clean the project

Project ---> Clean

-according to the Eclipse ADT plugin developers and contributors:

  if you run a clean on the project it should regenerate all the generated java files, namely R.

you should never import android.R (if you do this, you will find out that this file is shared between all the projects on eclipse, so if you delete or remove the project who has this file in the first place, you will corrupt all the other projects you import the file with).

I've tried this with no results, but you should try all the possible solutions

2: Removing corrupted files

this source has helped me before, you should give it a try

3: Using a different IDE to develop Android apps

I find AndroidStudio a very good tool to develop even though its in beta release, i never have to solve the R.java problem because Graddle (a build automation tool) let me know or even solve all the corrupted files that might have my android app

You can download it in here

works in Windows,Mac and Linux and you can even migrate your Eclipse projects to AndroidStudio to continue to work in your android apps


How do I get NetworkManager to assign a fixed MAC address to eth0?

TLDR:

nmcli con show

look for your DEVICE (eth0) in the last column and use the name of the connection for the following command.  Example, if the connection name is "Default":

sudo nmcli con modify Default 802-3-ethernet.cloned-mac-address 00:12:34:56:78:9a

Longer Answer:

nmcli --version

NetworkManager is in continuous development and sometimes configuration parameters or their names change.  Some changes are confusing.

Contrast and compare:

https://developer.gnome.org/NetworkManager/1.10/NetworkManager.conf.html
https://developer.gnome.org/NetworkManager/stable/NetworkManager.conf.html

And:

https://developer.gnome.org/NetworkManager/1.10/settings-802-3-ethernet.html
https://developer.gnome.org/NetworkManager/stable/settings-802-3-ethernet.html

I faced the same problem with Xubuntu 18.04.  Rant against compatibility-breaking configuration changes omitted.


How to add "Harvard-Angelia" Reference Style on Microsoft Word 2010

I found the way to do it through following steps:

Download "Harvard-Angelia" in .xml file from following website:

https://github.com/codingo/BibWord/blob/master/styles/HarvardAnglia.XSL

access the "Open the dictionary" tab of the MS Word on PlayOnLinux located in    the left side. go to bibliography/style and paste the downloaded .xml file in there. Rerunning MS Word.


this sounds like the same situation we looked at previously, it seems like your system repo got out of wack. can you try running

sudo apt dist upgrade

if that doesn't work, you might have python 3.5 installed, let's try to uninstall python 3.5 https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=881614

sudo apt purge python3.5*

install 3.7

sudo apt install python3.7

see if that get's you out of a bind


14.04 stuck in login loop when watching Youtube

I have found an answer if anyone else stumbles upon this.

First, go in to the settings for Google Chrome
Scroll down and click on "Show Advanced Settings"
Scroll down some more to "System"
It should have two boxes checked off, you need to uncheck the box labled Use hardware acceleration when available

This should solve the problem as it has for me.


How do I control where my firefox downloads go?

In Firefox goto Edit and choose preferences, under "General" tab you can change the downloads location by clicking on "Browse" in front of "Save files to".


No access on Samba share using Kubuntu 19.04 GUI

One way to solve this issue is to edit /etc/samba/smb.conf and right below the workgroup = WORKGROUP line add this one:

force user = media

Then restart smbd:

sudo service smbd restart

Reason:

The second "media" in the path /media/media is a user name and it has permissions of: drwxr-x---+ 3 root  root    4096 Apr 22 07:43  ... The "+" at the end of those permissions indicates an extended permissions attribute that Linux automatically assigns for all local login users. It's real permissions look like this:

$ getfacl /media/media
getfacl: Removing leading '/' from absolute path names
# file: media/media
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:media:r-x
group::---
mask::r-x
other::---

Linux creates it that way as a security / privacy thing in that only root and that specific user has the right to traverse that folder in order to get to any folder under it. A "guest" user or "myuser" is not the "media" user so they will never get to the Transfer folder.

Once samba allows the client user access they will be converted to the media user through the "force user = media" directive allowing them to get to the subfolder.


ive downloaded the latest ubuntu and copied it to a usb stick

It sounds like you copied the iso

Great instructions from the link below. It explains how to make the flash drive bootable and the software (with download links) to use from various operating systems to do the job.

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromUSBStick


Apology!  I've answered my own question after a break and second look.  And, learned a little about Virtual Terminals in Linux.

Me simply keying CTRL+AUX+F1 at the blank screen immediately got the login dialog on a virtual terminal.  After that my upgrade simply required a sudo do-release-upgrade and following prompts.

I am still curious about what would happen with booting 17.10.1 from a flash drive and then trying to upgrade the server itself.


Lost xrdp remote desktop connection Ubuntu Server on Azure from windows

possibly an old post but this might be helpful to other.

Unity Desktop is not supported by xRDP software package on Ubuntu
You have to install an alternative desktop interface.  A good alternative is the mate-desktop

You can install the mate-desktop using the following command

  sudo apt-get install mate-core mate-desktop-environment
  mate-notification-daemon

Then you can install your xrdp package

  sudo apt-get install xrdp

Note :
On Azure, you will need to create the endpoint in order to access your Ubuntu VM using the xrdp software on the port 3389

There is post that will describe the process of installing xrdp on Ubuntu Server 16.04. Check this link for part I - Part II should be coming soon

Hope this is helpful


First, if you have Synaptic Package Manager installed, I would try the following steps:

Open Synaptic
Choose Edit > Fix Broken Packages from the menu.
Choose Apply Marked Changes from the Edit menu or press Ctrl+P
Confirm the summary of changes and click Apply

If that doesn't work, or if you don't have Synaptic installed, try:

sudo apt-get install -f

If neither of those work, try these steps in terminal:

sudo apt-get update to update your package list
sudo apt-get autoclean to clean up any partial packages
sudo apt-get clean to clean up the apt cache
sudo apt-get autoremove will clean up any unneeded dependencies

If, while doing this, you can identify the broken package, this command will very forcefully remove it:

sudo dpkg --remove -force --force-remove-reinstreq packagename

Replace "packagename" with the real name, of course.

If none of those work, I suggest you look at this Troubleshooting Guide.

Sources:

SynapticHowTo - Community Ubuntu Documentation
[SOLVED] How to fix broken packages?


Cannot get backlight controls to work for an external monitor on a NUC on Ubuntu Server 20.04

External monitors lack hardware brightness control through the cable. You can use the controls on the monitor or through software:

xrandr --output MONITOR_NAME --brightness .85

This will give 85% brightness. To get MONITOR_NAME use:

xrandr | grep " connected"


You can run Ubuntu installed to an external HDD on almost any other computer provided :

Grub has been installed on the external HDD
The computer in question is set to boot from USB
The architecture is appropriate (32 bit Ubuntu will boot on 32 & 64 bit computers but 64bit will only boot on 64 bit computers).


How to delete webapp created using Epiphany?

Open Epiphany web browser.
Type "about:applications" as URL and press Enter.
Delete the web app.

It is good to bookmark "about:applications" for future use.


nautilus: symbol lookup error: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/tracker-2.0/libtracker-data.so.0: undefined symbol: sqlite3_bind_pointer

This problem was solved for me following the recommendation under this link posted by sunnysharan369 in Ubuntu forums:

1.) wget https://sqlite.org/2018/sqlite-autoconf-3250200.tar.gz
2.) tar -xvf sqlite-autoconf-3250200.tar.gz
3.) cd sqlite-autoconf-3250200
4.) ./configure
5.) make
6.) sudo make install


Multi screen problems "virtual size does not fit available size"

I had the same problem on my Dell with an ATI graphics card.

But then I noticed that ATI have their own graphics driver configuration tools which you can use to set the monitors up. The process I did was:

Opened the "ATI Catalyst Control Center (Administrative)"
Clicked on "Display Manager" in the left tree menu
On the right under "Multi-Display", selected "Multi-Display desktop with display(s) x" in the drop down
Dragged the monitors in the display to the right locations for my monitor layout
Clicked Apply, confirmed the change, and rebooted my computer

It then rebooted and came with using both monitors.

Assuming you have ATI graphics drivers, that should work for you.
If you have NVidia, there should be an NVidia control panel you can use to do similar.

Try this if the above doesn't work
Open the Catalyst Control using command line by typing: gksudo amdcccle


Problem booting Ubuntu 16.04 with pre-installed Windows 8.1 on multi-hdd system

It may be caused by the the absence of EFI System Partition configuration during the ubuntu installation.

When installing ubuntu you have to setup your partitions and indicate the place of the EFI System Partition or create it if there is none. In your case it should have been created by windows and it should be on the SSD.


It's a fairly minor upgrade. Probably best to read a few reviews like this one: ubuntu-16-10-new-features and see if there is something you would benefit from. Note that some of the new features, such as a newer version of LibreOffice you can download yourself within Ubuntu 16.04. Personally the new version of Nautilus 3.20 looks appealing to me.

Missing from your question is "When should I upgrade?". I would wait a couple weeks to see if others on similar platforms encountered bugs upgrading and then monitor when fixes become available.

Also missing from your question is "What is the safest way to upgrade?". I would create a new partition, copy my existing 16.04 programs and data to it and perform the upgrade there. My existing 16.04 partition would be called my "Production Environment" and the new partition would be called my "Test Environment". I would dual boot between the two environments to compare differences and test new the version's stability.

I'm already using the new version of Kernel 4.8.1 that Ubuntu 16.10 will be supporting so a benefit using Ubuntu 16.10 is official support for the Kernel which technically isn't supported by Ubuntu 16.04 LTS I'm using now.


Installing Ubuntu from usb pendrive on hard disk

Yes it is possible to create bootable USB from an ISO within Windows. It is not exactly by copying an ISO to the USB key, however it's almost as simple. The instructions are located here: How to create a bootable USB stick on Windows | Ubuntu

Afterwards you can boot from the USB as if you booted from a CD and proceed to install Ubuntu on your hard disk.


fglrx issues with AMD Mobility Radeon HD 2600 XT on Xubuntu 13.04

I think you want to downgrade to (x)buntu 12.04, the most recent release that still used xorg 1.12, which is compatible with Radeon's legacy driver. Here and there were posted instructions for tricking Catalyst into more recent releases, but I haven't heard a success story in a long time. (Disclosure: My own Radeon graphics haven't gone legacy. Personally I don't have this problem yet. I just have an interest.)


Ideally you should add another disk and migrate parts of your system to that but you might not get that option with your hosting solution.

As an emergency measure you could create a loopback partition in your /home folder and the mount it for use as one of the other folders like var or usr. This is a security issue as it potentially gives your user account root access so make sure you don't put the loopback on a webroot or otherwise share location.

How to make loopbacks
http://www.walkernews.net/2007/07/01/create-linux-loopback-file-system-on-disk-file/

Then edit your /etc/fstab file and add an entry mounting the loopback in the right place then copy the files over to it.

Ultimately this will probably make your server worse for anyone else to understand and will negatively effect performance under heavy load . This is a bizarre reallocation of disk space, the proper solution is to deploy your system with LVM which abstracts the partitioning of disks so that you can mostly reallocate on the fly.


It seems you have to blacklist all your rt mods except the rt5370sta one.

sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

Add those lines:

blacklist rt2800usb
blacklist rt2800lib
blacklist rt2x00usb
blacklist rt2x00lib

Then reboot.

Check this guide for a new installation: http://www.konopolis.com/iniciativas/instalacion-de-d-link-wifi-usb-dwa-140-en-ubuntu-12-04-lts.html
It's in spanish, but commands are well explained. I've followed it and my DWA-140/B3 is working great.

Regards.


How do I disable the drum beat sound on the login screen?

For Ubuntu 12.04+
LightDM Way
Also known as the FluteFlute Slap, the LightDM Way involves having to logout and on the LightDM Login Screen you can change the volume or even mute the sound.
In the Login Greeter you can see the Volume on the top right. Adjusting the volume there does not affect the volume when the session starts, so you can MUTE the sound in the Greeter without muting the sound when your session starts:

Ubuntu Tweak Way
The Ubuntu Tweak way involves having to download the Ubuntu Tweak app and then disabling the sound from there. Do the following steps and you can do it this way:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak

Open Ubuntu Tweak and on the Tweak Tab select "Login Settings" option, you should see the Play Login Sound option. Yo need to click on the Lock button above to be able to change this.

For Ubuntu 11.10 and Below
Go to System -> Preferences -> Startup Applications

Disable the one called GNOME Login Sound
(uncheck the box and click close)

you can also go to System -> Preferences -> Sound and disable the whole sound system (Like windows sounds, alerts, etc..)
In older version you could go to the Sound Preference part and select each sound and what you wanted to do. It was removed around 9.04 or 9.10. It would be good if it came back.


How do I install Broadcom's firmware for a PowerPC?

spent 2 days and nights trying to set up Ubuntu on my Ibook G4. wireless would not work. I did what said.  Just press Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard to open Terminal. When it opens, run the command below.

sudo apt-get update && apt-cache search b43

then

sudo apt-get install firmware-b43-installer

you will need to type "y" to confirm disk space is used then it worked


mvn package error: unknown host repo.maven.apache.org

Try the below command from the path where your pom.xml is present,

$ git config --global url."https://".insteadOf git:/

it worked for me.


Emacs suspends right after starting in bash

This is because sudo meanwhile not works for many GUI based applications, use gksudo instead which you will find in the package gksu. So example:

sudo apt-get install gksu
gksudo emacs -mm apache2.conf &

Happy hacking.


How to set the number of steps (now it's 5 points for me), when audio volume is modified by Apple keyboard (fn F10, F11, F12)

XUBUNTU xfce4-volumed patched for pulse audio server

https://launchpad.net/xfce4-volumed-pulse

Default behaviour expected 5 steps; with the following command drops to 1:

xfconf-query -c xfce4-mixer -n -p /volume-step-size -s 1 -t uint

Thanks to IRC #xfce-dev (ali1234)


Will LibreOffice 3.4 be included in an update?

LibreOffice 3.4.3 for Natty was released 7 Oct 2011.  Consider adding the libreoffice repository:

 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:libreoffice/ppa
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade

This will make sure you're always up to date with the newest versions of Libreoffice.


Let's take a look at the Ubuntu Server Installer help screen for SSH:

You can see that the Help menu has an entry: Help on SSH access
That screen (shown above) has the login name (installer) and randomly-generated password that you need.

In other words, it's not possible to do a headless install the way you are trying to do it. You must have a monitor/keyboard in order to learn the installer's SSH password.
However, the Ubuntu Server installer uses cloud-init. It's not trivial, and there is a learning curve, but you CAN make all kinds of changes (like your own login and ssh key) to the installed defaults using cloud-init. Cloud-init is powerful and complex; it's not for beginners. See this documentation for one example of how to use NoCloud to package a custom cloud-init file into a format that the installer will look for. Then you can do headless server installs.

Note for future readers. There is a transition in progress from Preseed/d-i to cloud-init. Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop and Server use completely different installers. Tips for one generally won't work on the other:  Server cannot use Preseed d-i statements, and Desktop cannot use Cloud-init.
Older 18.04 both use Preseed, and the yet-to-be-built 22.04 it is possible that both might use cloud-init instead.
Know which installer you are using, know which features are compatible with it, and recognize that some instructions you find might be for the other.


Installing Ubuntu on Mac with macOS and Windows already installed

This answer installs Ubuntu on your computer without the use of third parity tools for either the installation of booting of Ubuntu. The Ubuntu file I downloaded was named ubuntu-16.10-desktop-amd64.iso. I assume you have created a bootable Ubuntu USB flash drive installer and have verified the contents. I also assume you have verified hardware compatibility by successfully booting the live version of Ubuntu. These instructions have been divided into the three main sections listed below.

Create Space on the Drive for Ubuntu : This is accomplished by using the MacOS Terminal application to enter commands.
Install Ubuntu : This uses the Ubuntu flash drive installer.
Add Ubuntu to Startup Manager - Here you basically use the MacOS to move the necessary files to the proper locations. This will allow
Ubuntu to be selected from the Startup Manager. You will not need
rEFInd to boot Ubuntu.

Note: If another user has a different partition scheme than shown in this example, the post a comment to me and I will try to update my answer.

Create Space on the Drive for Ubuntu
For the purpose of illustrating the steps needed, I created a drive slightly larger than your actual drive.
The output from diskutil list disk0 is given below.
/dev/disk0 (internal, physical):
   #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
   0:      GUID_partition_scheme                        *256.0 GB   disk0
   1:                        EFI EFI                     209.7 MB   disk0s1
   2:                  Apple_HFS Macintosh HD            180.7 GB   disk0s2
   3:         Microsoft Reserved                         16.8 MB    disk0s3
   4:       Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP                70.1 GB    disk0s4

The output from sudo gpt -r show /dev/disk0 is given below.
      start       size  index  contents
          0          1         PMBR
          1          1         Pri GPT header
          2         32         Pri GPT table
         34          6
         40     409600      1  GPT part - C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
     409640  352968704      2  GPT part - 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
  353378344       4056
  353382400      32768      3  GPT part - E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
  353415168  136818688      4  GPT part - EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
  490233856    9766151
  500000007         32         Sec GPT table
  500000039          1         Sec GPT header

The output from sudo fdisk /dev/disk0 is given below.
Disk: /dev/disk0    geometry: 31123/255/63 [500000040 sectors]
Signature: 0xAA55
         Starting       Ending
 #: id  cyl  hd sec -  cyl  hd sec [     start -       size]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1: EE 1023 254  63 - 1023 254  63 [         1 -  500000039] <Unknown ID>
 2: 00    0   0   0 -    0   0   0 [         0 -          0] unused
 3: 00    0   0   0 -    0   0   0 [         0 -          0] unused
 4: 00    0   0   0 -    0   0   0 [         0 -          0] unused

I decided to allow total of about 40 GB for Ubuntu. If you need a different size, then make the appropriate adjustments. I will be creating 3 new partitions for Ubuntu. A description for each is given below.

A Swap partition. The size of this partition should be between 1 to 2
times the size of the memory installed in your Mac computer. I will be
using a size of 800 MB. Obviously, the size you will be using will be
much larger.
A Ext4 Journaling file system partition to hold Ubuntu. This
partition will consume most the approximately 40 GB of space I
allocated for Ubuntu.
An EFI System partition. This is required for Ubuntu to appear on the
Mac Startup Manager. This manager appears when you turn on or restart
your Mac and hold down the option key. The Startup Manager
can be used to change the default startup disk (i.e. operating
system) or can be used to temporarily boot from a startup disk. I
have chosen size of 500 MB for this partition.

I have chosen to allow the Ubuntu installer to actually create the 3 new partitions. So at this point I only need to shrink the MacOS partition by approximately 40 GB and create 3 new placeholder partitions. The placeholders will be replaced later by the Ubuntu installer with the actual partitions described above.
The command to change to partitioning is given below. Since the MacOS partition is about 180 GB, I used a desired value of 140 GB (140G). Also, I used a value of 800 MB (800M) for the size of the new Swap partition. Since you will desire a larger size, then you will need to make the appropriate substitution. Note: The two values of 200 MB (200M) were chosen arbitrarily, these values will change later.
diskutil resizevolume disk0s2 140G 3 jhfs+ part1 800M jhfs+ part2 200M jhfs+ part3 200M

The output from this command is shown below.
Started partitioning on disk0s2 Macintosh HD
Verifying the disk
Verifying file system
Checking Journaled HFS Plus volume
Checking extents overflow file
Checking catalog file
Checking multi-linked files
Checking catalog hierarchy
Checking extended attributes file
Checking volume bitmap
Checking volume information
The volume Macintosh HD appears to be OK
File system check exit code is 0
Resizing
Waiting for the disks to reappear
Formatting disk0s3 as Mac OS Extended (Journaled) with name part1
Initialized /dev/rdisk0s3 as a 763 MB case-insensitive HFS Plus volume with a 8192k journal
Mounting disk
Formatting disk0s4 as Mac OS Extended (Journaled) with name part2
Initialized /dev/rdisk0s4 as a 191 MB case-insensitive HFS Plus volume with a 8192k journal
Mounting disk
Formatting disk0s5 as Mac OS Extended (Journaled) with name part3
Initialized /dev/rdisk0s5 as a 37 GB case-insensitive HFS Plus volume with a 8192k journal
Mounting disk
Finished partitioning on disk0s2 Macintosh HD
/dev/disk0 (internal, physical):
   #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
   0:      GUID_partition_scheme                        *256.0 GB   disk0
   1:                        EFI EFI                     209.7 MB   disk0s1
   2:                  Apple_HFS Macintosh HD            140.0 GB   disk0s2
   3:                  Apple_HFS part1                   800.0 MB   disk0s3
   4:                  Apple_HFS part2                   200.0 MB   disk0s4
   5:                  Apple_HFS part3                   39.5 GB    disk0s5
   6:         Microsoft Reserved                         16.8 MB    disk0s6
   7:       Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP                70.1 GB    disk0s7

Note: The last 200M was ignored by the diskutil command. Instead, most of the remaining free space was allocated to the disk0s5 slice.

The output from sudo gpt -r show /dev/disk0 is given below.
      start       size  index  contents
          0          1         PMBR
          1          1         Pri GPT header
          2         32         Pri GPT table
         34          6
         40     409600      1  GPT part - C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
     409640  273437496      2  GPT part - 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
  273847136     262144
  274109280    1562496      3  GPT part - 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
  275671776     390616      4  GPT part - 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
  276062392   77057864      5  GPT part - 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
  353120256     262144
  353382400      32768      6  GPT part - E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
  353415168  136818688      7  GPT part - EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
  490233856    9766151
  500000007         32         Sec GPT table
  500000039          1         Sec GPT header

The output from the command sudo fdisk /dev/disk0 is unchanged from what was given above.
Install Ubuntu

Insert the Ubuntu flash drive and restart the Mac. Hold down the
option key to invoke the Startup Manager. Select to EFI
boot from the USB flash drive. When prompted, choose the option
shown below.

Note: For a better view, either click on the image or open the image in a new window.

Select language.

I choose to select both options below.

Choose the option shown below.

Select the partition shown below. This partition should be the same
size as previously specified for the Swap partition when the
diskutil resize volume command was entered.

Click on "Change..." and select "swap area" in the popup window as
shown below. Do not change the partition size. Next, click on
"OK".

Select the partition shown below. Next, click on the "-" to delete
this partition.

Select the free space as shown below.

Click on the "+" to open a "Create partition" popup window. Select
"EFI System Partition". Also, change the size to 500 MB and click on
the "End of this space" button. Next, click on "OK".

Select the partition shown below. Next, click on the "-" to delete
this partition.

Select the free space as shown below.

Click on the "+" to open a "Create partition" popup window. Select
"Ext4 journaling file system". Also, select "/" as the "Mount
point". Do not change the partition size. Next, click on "OK".

Click on the "Install Now" button shown below.

Click on the "Continue" button shown below.

Select your desired location.

Select your keyboard.

Continue and install Ubuntu Linux. When finished, restart and hold
down the option key to invoke the Startup Manager.
Select to boot from the MacOS volume.

Add Ubuntu to Startup Manager
After installing Ubuntu, the command diskutil list disk0 produced the following output.
/dev/disk0 (internal, physical):
   #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
   0:      GUID_partition_scheme                        *256.0 GB   disk0
   1:                        EFI EFI                     209.7 MB   disk0s1
   2:                  Apple_HFS Macintosh HD            140.0 GB   disk0s2
   3:                 Linux Swap                         800.0 MB   disk0s3
   4:           Linux Filesystem                          39.3 GB    disk0s4
   5:                        EFI NO NAME                 500.2 MB   disk0s5
   6:         Microsoft Reserved                         16.8 MB    disk0s6
   7:       Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP                70.1 GB    disk0s7

The command sudo gpt -r show /dev/disk0 produced the following output.
      start       size  index  contents
          0          1         PMBR
          1          1         Pri GPT header
          2         32         Pri GPT table
         34          6
         40     409600      1  GPT part - C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
     409640  273437496      2  GPT part - 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
  273847136     262144
  274109280    1562496      3  GPT part - 0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F
  275671776       1312
  275673088   76732416      4  GPT part - 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
  352405504     976896      5  GPT part - C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
  353382400      32768      6  GPT part - E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
  353415168  136818688      7  GPT part - EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
  490233856    9766151
  500000007         32         Sec GPT table
  500000039          1         Sec GPT header

Note: The 3 placeholder partitions have be replaced by the partitions specified while installing Ubuntu.

To make Ubuntu appear in the Startup Manager, execute the following steps.

Mount the EFI System partitions by entering the commands given
below.
diskutil mount disk0s1
diskutil mount disk0s5

Use the Finder application to copy the EFI folder from volume
EFI to the volume NO NAME.

Remove the folders and files that were added to the EFI volume
during the Ubuntu installation. To accomplish this, move the folder
EFI/Ubuntu on the EFI volume to the Trash.

Remove the Microsoft related files from the NO NAME volume. To
accomplish this, move the folder EFI/Microsoft and the file
EFI/Boot/bootx64.efi on the NO NAME volume to the Trash.

Empty the Trash.

Copy the file grubx64.efi on the NO NAME volume from the folder /EFI/ubuntu to the folder /EFI/Boot.

Rename the file grubx64.efi in the /EFI/Boot folder on the NO NAME volume to the name bootx64.efi.

(Optional) Download a collection of icons from the sourceforge web
site Mac icns. Use the Finder application to open the
downloaded file mac-ices.dmg, then enter the command below to copy
the Ubuntu icon file os_ubuntu.icns to the NO NAME volume.
cp /Volumes/mac-icns/OSX10.11.6/os_ubuntu.icns "/Volumes/NO NAME/.VolumeIcon.icns"

This will add the following Ubuntu icon to the Startup Menu.

Note: When finished, you can use the Finder application to eject the mac-icns volume.

Use the Finder application or enter the commands below to unmount
the EFI System partitions labeled EFI and NO NAME.
diskutil unmount disk0s1
diskutil unmount disk0s5


What's going on

The <property name="icon"> settings refers to the window icon, not the application icon. As I understand it, the Ubuntu windowing server (X.org) squashes these to a tiny size after loading. If you don't recall from year 2009, they used to be used in this capacity:

Using application icons instead

Ubuntu Unity will use this low-res format if needed. However it usually fetches application icons according to the Icon= value of a given window's application launcher, called a "desktop entry".

If you're a normal application developer who just plans to publish their program with the App Developer Portal, you can probably stop reading here. The free packaging service will handle writing your app's desktop entry and placing its installed icons in the right part of the filesystem. If not...

The nitty gritty

How to create a desktop entry and get Ubuntu to match your PyGTK window to the correct application icon and name is already documented in this question. But where do you actually place icons to get the right one displayed?

As it happens, the answer is fairly arcane. Per freedesktop.org specifications, icons are searched for and loaded by size, icon theme, and (when necessary) localization. Icons can even be installed in several difference prefixes depending on the source that installed them. Ubuntu "queries" icons by context.

The simple rules: use a unique icon name for your application to prevent false matches with other icons. Place the icon(s) for your application in one of the following directory (or a subdirectory thereof):

<user prefix>/share/icons/<icon width>x<icon height>/apps/
<user prefix>/share/icons/scalable/apps/

<user_prefix> is your application's install path (it will be /usr for packages installed by the package manager, /usr/local/ for other software installed for all users, and $HOME/.local for single-user installations). <icon width> and <icon height> (or 'scalable' for SVGs) refer to the dimensions of the icon. If you create many different icon resolutions, Ubuntu will always find and select the right one for any context.

Getting the right app icon to display while developing

Create a scalable or high-resolution icon and place it in the correct subdirectory of  your user home's share/ directory. For example, myapp.svg would go in $HOME/.local/share/icons/scalable/
Write a desktop entry that includes the non-extensioned name of your icon. For example

[Desktop Entry]

Name=My Application
Exec=my_binary
Icon=myapp

Place this in $HOME/.local/share/applications/. Note that my_binary must be an executable searchable in one of your $PATH directories.
Run your application either (a) from the Unity Dash, (b) from the command line using the exact name of your $PATH executable [eg 'my_binary'].

If that all reads like gibberish...

Open your file browser and explore the directories /usr/share/applications/ and /usr/share/icons/. Look around and you'll catch on to how application metadata and icons work in Ubuntu.


Where is the man page for "pthread_mutexattr_getrobust"?

This function is known to be missing a manpage.

The kernel documentation's list of missing manpages
Launchpag bug #480649

For the moment, you'll have to use the specification, or the GNU online documentation:
http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/pthread_mutexattr_getrobust.html


I have install wine 1.6.2 and 1.7 both not working in my system?

Just use youtube-dl. You will realized it's the only reliable one that can download youtube videos on linux. I have tried miro and it wasn't very good. So I go bare bones and use youtube-dl.

Install it

sudo pip install youtube-dl

Downloading a video is easy

youtube-dl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k85mRPqvMbE

or

youtube-dl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k85mRPqvMbE -o crazyFrog.mp4

Youtube-dl is pretty powerful tool even though it doesn't have a UI.

Sometimes thing might not work well, so update

sudo youtube-dl --update


Install ATI Radeon HD 3450 (RV620 LE) in Ubuntu 13.10 (64bits)

For that card the only proprietary driver you could use is the legacy driver...however that one only works with linux kernel up to 3.4.x which was in use back in Ubuntu 12.04.2.So you can only use the default open-source radeon driver that is already installed.
Performance wise you'd be unlikely to see a big difference anyways, as the older cards are from my experience pretty well supported by the open-source driver.


This solution worked for me: https://askubuntu.com/a/432374/373541

However I don't understand why. DHCP has always worked before in my Ubuntu.. If someone can explain what I did following the solution, would be great. thank you


I found the solution by myself after searching for a while. There is apparently no need for a further package on top of the a proper X server, but you need to allow local connections to your X server by using the following commands:

DISPLAY=:0
xhost +LOCAL:

Then it works!


How do I remove Dolphin and all of its dependencies?

Removing a package including no longer needed package dependencies can be done with

apt-get remove --autoremove <package>

(see also this answer)

However if Dolphin was installed as a dependency of another package, we need to remove this package first.

In case we need to keep any package depending on Dolphin we cannot remove Dolphin.


AMD drivers for Ubuntu 17.10(AMD Radeon R5 M330)

Have you tried oibaf driver? In the PPA page, it says that the suggested version of Ubuntu is 17.10 version, you can try it out.


How can I use with the Windows bootloader with Windows 10/Ubuntu 16.04 dual boot?

Ordinarily, you'll use both GRUB2 and the Windows boot loader, because GRUB2 cannot launch a Windows kernel directly and the Windows boot loader cannot launch a Linux kernel directly. To boot Windows from GRUB2, GRUB2 launches the Windows boot loader; and to boot Ubuntu (or any Linux distribution) from the Windows boot loader, it launches GRUB2.

What you're asking for, then, is how to make the Windows boot loader the primary boot loader -- that is, the one whose menu you see when the computer starts up. This can be done (or so I hear), but you should ask about it on a Windows forum, since that's fundamentally a Windows question, not an Ubuntu question. Most Ubuntu users run GRUB2 as their primary boot loader, and have little knowledge of how to configure the Windows boot loader.

That said, there are alternatives to both GRUB2 and the Windows boot loader. See this page of mine for details. Technically, what you're interested in is a boot manager, not a boot loader. (A boot manager presents a menu with a list of OS boot options; a boot loader loads a kernel into memory and executes it. Both GRUB2 and the Windows boot loader perform both tasks, but some programs perform just one task or the other.) You don't say why you prefer the Windows boot manager to GRUB2, so I can only guess at what you might like; however, my suspicion is that you be interested in gummiboot (now called systemd-boot) or my own rEFInd. If you install either of these tools, it will become your primary boot manager, and it will then hand off control to either the Windows boot loader or a Linux boot loader. A final twist on this is that the Linux kernel can function as its own EFI boot loader, so if you use a pure boot manager, you can omit GRUB2 entirely when booting Ubuntu. This is easier with rEFInd than with systemd-boot because the latter can only launch programs from the partition on which it resides, and Linux kernels don't ordinarily reside on that partition under Ubuntu. rEFInd includes EFI filesystem drivers and can launch boot loaders from any partition the EFI can read, so rEFInd can live on the EFI System Partition (ESP) and launch a Linux kernel that's stored on a separate Ubuntu partition.


My Notebook with Ubuntu 18.04 freezes after resuming from suspend. How to debug?

My problem was solved after running the following command:

sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall


Unable to add latest Firefox browser to Favorites on Ubuntu 18.04

Mine which is working fine on Ubuntu 18.04 :

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Firefox Developer
GenericName=Firefox Developer Edition
Exec=/home/sebastien/firefox-dev/firefox %u
Terminal=false
Icon=/home/sebastien/firefox-dev/browser/chrome/icons/default/default128.png
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;X-Developer;
Comment=Firefox Developer Edition Web Browser.
StartupWMClass=Firefox Developer Edition
StartupNotify=true


Installing new version of .deb package over that installed with apt-get

Uninstall the existing LibreOffice apt package from the default Ubuntu repositories first before you install the new LibreOffice .deb file or you will end up with two instances of LibreOffice installed alongside each other. The same thing goes for installing the LibreOffice snap package alongside the LibreOffice apt package. You can have both versions of LibreOffice installed alongside each other and use either one.

The LibreOffice snap package (libreoffice) has the advantage over a downloaded LibreOffice .deb file that it is updated automatically when updates become available.


upgrade to 12.04.2 and all *-quantal packages

sudo update-manager -d

However you are on newest stable Ubuntu edition. This command will allow you to switch to DEVELOPMENT version of Ubuntu!

Explanation of *-quantal packages present in precise edition

Ubuntu updates are split into few categories ranging from security, to back-ported.

Back ported describe package with version of software that will land in next Ubuntu version, but is deemed stable enough and can bring enough value to Ubuntu users that packages for earlier versions are released.

You can check settings in Update Manager or in Ubuntu Software Center, for all options.

Each update category is optional (yes you can even disable security updates, but its not an good idea).

All that mean that you can benefit from newest software versions any Ubuntu can offer without potential troubles of using development version of Ubuntu.

Ubuntu will provide you with notification when Ubuntu 13.04 is ready. Then you will be able to update to Quantal without trouble!


Is there a way to automatically turn off the computer at a certain time of the day?

the easiest way would be through the command line:

try sudo shutdown -P 60 to shut down the machine in 60 minutes.

Alternatively you could set a time to shut down, using 24h format. For example sudo shutdown -P 1:00 will shut down the machine at 1:00 AM in the morning.

sudo shutdown -P now will shut down the CPU right away, e.g. now.

Hope that helps.


Why is there no libiconv package in Ubuntu?

libiconv is included in the libc6 package as a GNU standard C library.

In case one needs the header files from originally libiconv-dev, use libc6-dev instead where the iconv header files are included.


I finally found the solution : FPS has to be 30, not 25, so 1/6 has been cropped from every snippet.


How does -a command line option in grep work?

By default, grep will show if a binary file matches the pattern, but will not show the matched lines; would simply say e.g.:

Binary file /filename matches

But when you use -a, grep would show the matched portions, not the above message.

Here is a task for you:

grep bash /bin/bash
grep -a bash /bin/bash


Video card high temperature on HP ProBook 4530s-LH306EA

I suggest you to use AMD Catalyst Driver. You can switch between AMD Graphics or Integrated graphics graphically. This is the link for the tutorial:  BinaryDriverHowto/ATI. Read section 3.2, hope that help you.


How can I find out if there is actually a cuda-toolkit-6-0 or similar in the apt-get repository (it should exist, but apt-get doesnt see it)?

In Ubuntu 14.04 and Ubuntu 14.10 you can install nvidia-331, NVIDIA CUDA toolkit and the NVIDIA CUDA 5.5 Runtime library directly from the default Ubuntu repositories. libcudart5.5 is the package name of the NVIDIA CUDA runtime library. libcudart5.5 requires the nvidia-331 or more recent graphics driver. There is also an NVIDIA CUDA toolkit package (nvidia-cuda-toolkit) in the default Ubuntu repositories for Ubuntu 14.04 and Ubuntu 14.10, and like libcudart5.5 it is also version 5.5.

In Ubuntu 15.04 and Ubuntu 15.10 libcudart5.5 has been upgraded to libcudart6.5, and the nvidia-cuda-toolkit like libcudart6.5 is also version 6.5.

In Ubuntu 16.04 libcudart has been upgraded to libcudart7.5, and the nvidia-cuda-toolkit like libcudart7.5 is also version 7.5.


Changing the DNS server will not allow you to use blocked content.
However, connecting to a VPN will help you do so.
In order to connect to a VPN, first you must install a VPN serveice.
Refer this link to install PROTON vpn service on UBUNTU.  PROTON VPN


ypbind seems to be provided by a SysV init script (/etc/init.d/nis). For a SysV init script, its systemd service is automatically generated and enabled based on the contents of the script and the links in /etc/rc*.d. Since there's no actual /etc/init.d/ypbind, it seems systemd is confused:

$ systemctl enable ypbind
Failed to execute operation: No such file or directory
$ systemctl enable nis
nis.service is not a native service, redirecting to systemd-sysv-install
Executing /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable nis
...

Probably a minor bug, but note that, by default it's already enabled (vendor preset: enabled).


How to set default application based on file extension, not mime type?

Here https://askubuntu.com/a/736954/976481 is explained how to create custom MIME type based on the file extension. I had to change their solution as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<mime-info xmlns="http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info">
    <mime-type type="text/solution">
       <comment>Rider solution file</comment>
       <glob pattern="*.sln"/>
    </mime-type>
</mime-info>

And add this file as rider.xml to /usr/share/mime/packages.

It works but still looks like a hack. Is there a cleaner way to achieve this?


How to set up a notification for "New in repository" packages?

Set up an MTA on your system if you haven't already, so that emails sent from the command line will work.

Install the bsd-mailx package to give you a standard command mail to send emails to the MTA from the command line.

Write a script as follows:

#!/bin/sh

mkdir -p ~/new-package-detector
cd ~/new-package-detector
apt-cache search .|awk '{print $1}'|sort|uniq > new-package-list
if [ -f old-package-list ]; then
    comm -23 new-package-list old-package-list > new-in-repository
    if [ -s new-in-repository ]; then
        mail -s 'New packages available' int_ua@example.com < new-in-repository
    fi
fi
mv new-package-list old-package-list

Then set up a cron job to run your script regularly. You might need to add an apt-get update to the start of the script, too, in order to make sure that it happens before the check.


Trying to install a package, throwing errors

From the comments, the problem was solved by removing the conflicting package

sudo apt-get remove linux-firmware


How do I configure upstart to run a script on shutdown when the process takes longer than 10secs?

The Upstart Intro, Cookbook and Best Practices has a great number of code snippets to use in creating upstart tasks and jobs.

The shutdown process section of the cookbook says that /etc/init/rc.conf will be run and call /etc/init.d/rc. In turn this will eventually call /etc/init.d/sendsigs. So if you start on starting rc then your task will be executed before rc (and the sigterms that would normally have the process shut down).

file: /etc/init/test.conf

description "test script to run at shutdown"

start on starting rc
task
exec /etc/init/test.sh

file: /etc/init/test.sh

touch /media/sf_LinuxEducation/start
sleep 15
touch /media/sf_LinuxEducation/start-long


New and Just Installed Ubuntu.... But my Memory Usage messed up

1.9 Gb should be the RAM Memory

Type
df -h to know your disk space usage and paste it on Ubuntu Pastebin and post the link here.


Suppose the width of your conky is 250.

Adapt your code:

Down ${downspeedgraph eth1 12,120 000000} $alignr ${downspeed eth1} Up ${upspeedgraph eth1 12,120 000000} $alignr ${upspeed eth1}

to:

Down${goto 45}${downspeedgraph eth1 12,150 000000}${alignr}${downspeed eth1}
Up${goto 45}${upspeedgraph eth1 12,150 000000}${alignr}${upspeed eth1}

The goto command orders the following argument to a specific distance counted in pixels from the left side of the conky window.

You may have to alter the numerical values in my code to adapt them to your conky.


How to transfer files from putty (Linux) directory to Windows folder?

PuTTY can't do this.  You will need an SFTP client, either one from the PuTTY suite, or Filezilla or similar, and will need to SFTP to your server (with your SSH credentials, to your SSH port), and download the data from your Linux system to your Windows computer.  (This assumes the Linux system is not on your computer in a dual boot configuration and is on a remote server.)


Wget from webpage in html to many text files

.html files are text files. The file extension makes absolutely no difference.
All files contain some form of binary in the end, and many files contain text in the end. HTML files are simply composed of the HTML markup as text, which is then parsed by the browser to show what the HTML describes.

If you want to view it as text, use a dedicated text editor and open the HTML files. Or, from your file browser, select "Open as", "Open with", or similar.


Open Source driver hybrid card AMD Radeon HD 7730

I didn't get a correct switching between my ATI and my Intel graphic cards with the open source driver. The only thing that I got was disabling the discrete graphic card with switcheroo command.

The only way that I got both graphic cards working and switching as I wanted was installing the latest privative drivers from AMD (http://support.amd.com/us/gpudownload/linux/Pages/radeon_linux.aspx) and following this tutorial: What is the correct way to install proprietary ATI Catalyst Video Drivers (fglrx) directly from AMD?

I hope that this helped you.


Will a Dell Inspiron 1545 model be able to run Ubuntu 20.04 successfully purely for self hosted cloud storage?

Short answer: yes.
As long as you have 4GiB RAM or more and a not-potato CPU, you should be okay as long as you don't try and use it as a massive server. If there is only a few clients connecting to it from time to time and not a massive workload, then yes -  especially as a storage server, it ideally would be fine.
Not sure about the WiFi thing though, id suggest using ethernet if you can.
Edit: Ubuntu says the minimum specs are:
2 GHz dual core processor.
4 GiB RAM (system memory)
25 GB of hard-drive space (or USB stick, memory card or external drive but see LiveCD for an alternative approach)
VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution.

I looked up your laptop specs and found:
Processor: INTEL CORE 2 DUO CPU P7450.
Clock Speed: 2.13GHZ.
RAM: 4GB DDR2.
Hard Drive: 500GB.

If they are similar if not better, then yes you can.


Ubuntu 20.4 KVM bridged network now working on guest

After quite a bit of reading and testing I found the issue in my case.
It sounds strange but after running out of ideas I had read that one should not use bridging on wifi cards as they typically do not support bridging.
While this was a wired card I swapped in a card from another server that was working and it just worked! So the issue appears to be some sort of problem with that card!
Backed out all my experimental changes and things are running smoothly this AM.
Thanks!


You went to recovery, not fastboot.

Get to recovery with VolUp + Power

Get to fastboot with VolDown + Power

I recommend flashing a custom recovery such as TWRP. You can make flashable partition backups (which are admittedly large, but you can put them on a USB given an OTG cable) that will absolutely save you from damaging updates/flashes.


You don't. You use sort:

$ echo ${array[@]}
1 8 14 -4 123 12

$ printf '%s\n' "${array[@]}" | sort -n
-4
1
8
12
14
123

And to make it a function:

mysort(){
    printf '%s\n' "$@" | sort -n
}
array=(1 8 14 -4 123 12)
mysort "${array[@]}"

If you really, really want to, you can try and implement a sorting algorithm in bash. It might be simpler to just hit your head a few times against the wall instead though. You really don't want to be writing that sort of thing in a shell language. Still, if you insist, you could use something like this (reimplemented in bash from one of the examples here):

mysort(){
    for((i=${#array[@]}-1;i>=0; i--)); do
        for((j=1;j<=$i; j++)); do
            if [[ ${array[j-1]} -gt ${array[j]} ]]; then
                temp="${array[j-1]}"
                array[j-1]="${array[j]}"
                array[j]="$temp"
            fi
        done
    done
}
declare -a array=(1 8 14 -4 123 12)
mysort $array
printf '%s\n' "${array[@]}"

Seriously though, do not, I repeat not, try to do any serious computing task in the shell. There are better tools for it. Any half way decent scripting language, for example, will already have methods that let you sort. For instance:

Perl

$ perl -le '@array=(1,8,14,-4,123,12); print join " ", sort @array'
-4 1 12 123 14 8

Python

$ python -c 'array = [1,8,14,-4,123,12]; array.sort(); print(array)'
[-4, 1, 8, 12, 14, 123]


It might help if you become more specific in your post.  For example, edit it by saying partition #1 has X and partition #2 has Y, etc.

You can have only 4 primary partitions.  I had this problem recently, too.  You will need to make the 4th an extended partition and then put the other partitions in that.  Like you, the primary partitions was taken up by Windows and a recovery partition.

I use the gparted program to edit / move partitions under Ubuntu.  If it happens to be the root partition, then I boot off Ubuntu from a CD (or USB stick) and run gparted that way.  gparted can merge partitions or extend it.  It is graphical based so I think it is self-explanatory.  Of course, back up before you try...especially if you're planning to merge a Document partition...things can go wrong with any of the partitions, but the one you are extending / cutting, in particular.


Can I install nvidia drivers if I boot as nomodeset?

To future Googlers:

Install Nvidia drivers first, and then blacklist nouveau. Reboot the machine.

Your first goal is to make sure that at lease one monitor is working fine with Nvidia driver. In case if you get into graphic issue, press Ctrl+Alt+F1 for terminal access and you can remove/purge the driver OR install a different version of Nvidia driver.

That will ensure both your graphic cards are using Nvidia drivers. If you don't blacklist Nouveau then one graphic card will be using Nvidia and other will be using Nouveau that means you can never get your second monitor working unless both graphic cards use same driver in this case.

Run lspci -vnn | grep -i VGA -A12 to verify which driver vendor is in use. Check the line "Kernel Driver in Use". If you don't see that line, increase -A12 to -A20 (After the match, number of lines).

Now that you use Nvidia, you can move ~/.config/monitors.xml to ~/.config/monitors.xml.old. Having this might sometime conflict with xorgs. So better move the file and then start editing xorgs.

Run nvidia-settings command and make resolution auto and enable Xinerama. Save the config to /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Restart lightdm and see if works.

If not, edit xorgs.conf, tweak everything related to screen 1 and device 1 configuration parameters. Compare it with Device 0/Screen 0 settings and make changes accordingly. Just make sure PCI/BUS ID is unique and correct one. After proper changes, restart server lightdm to see if it works. Most of the time the main reason for secondary monitor not working as expected it resolution issue, feel free to test by lowering resolution for screen 1 (secondary monitor) in the config. Either way try and make it similar to working screen in xorgs.conf.

There are other posts related to this that should help you get it fixed.


Are charges made on application updates?

From my experience with the Software Center and the Humble Indie Bundle apps, no, they will not be charged again.  I've installed updates to Bastion without any re-payment, though I redeemed the Bundle apps via the gift codes, so it might be different for store-bought apps.

Technical

When you purchase an app, it adds a private repository (a.k.a. PPA, or personal package archive) to the folder /etc/apt/sources.list.d, e.g. private-ppa.launchpad.net_commercial-ppa-uploaders_bastion_ubuntu.list.  The URL inside the file does not change when the app is updated, so I assume you will never have to re-purchase as long as the app is not republished under a new name.


Thank you for your kind comments. Of course I will need to install the supported Ubuntu Touch eventually, but in case anyone needs a quick, provisional solution, I found this page

http://cdimage.ubports.com/clicks/

from where I was able to download old .click files for the terminal and other apps that worked in the outdated version.


How to install standalone LINE or LINE plugin for Pidgin in Kubuntu 14.04?

Line4pidgin needs apache-thrift and purple-line.

Compile apache-thrift:

$ sudo -i
# apt-get install bison libboost-dev libboost-program-options-dev libboost-test-dev libevent-dev libcommons-lang-java php5-dev python-dev python-twisted libbit-vector-perl php5-dev php5-cli libglib2.0-dev
# cd /tmp
# wget https://dist.apache.org/repos/dist/release/thrift/0.9.3/thrift-0.9.3.tar.gz
# tar xzvf thrift-0.9.3.tar.gz
# cd thrift-0.9.3
# ./configure
# make
# make install
# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libthrift-0.9.3.so /usr/lib/libthrift-0.9.3.so

Next, compile and install purple-line:

$ sudo -i
# cd /tmp
# wget https://github.com/mvirkkunen/purple-line/archive/master.zip
# unzip master.zip
# cd purple-line-master
# make
# make install

I hope after compiling and installing you will see ~/.purple/plugins/libline.so and can choose LINEacc in Pidgin.


The problem turned out to be the DHIS2 WAR I had deployed to the tomcat6 installation. Stopping tomcat6 and removing the WAR and the directory and then rebooting has fixed the problem. I haven't diagnosed farther than that yet.


error loading shared libraries: libcgmanager.so.0: No such file or directory

With

apt-file search libcgmanager

one can see that it is in

libcgmanager0: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcgmanager.so.0

so by installing libcgmanager0 you should solve the problem. –


Gnome suddenly switching from hardware GPU to llvmpipe

The simple way of solving it was to restart the computer. Once at the login screen press Alt+Ctrl+F2 and logging in using your credentials. After that, assuming you are using gdm, run sudo systemctl stop gdm3. Then, find a way to reinstall the graphics driver that you are using. If it is the proprietary Nvidia one, run the shell script that you used to install it in the first place.


With ubuntu usb stick maker, i had often problems. Try it with unetbootin.sourceforge.net ;)