Ubuntu server installation with root only?

This is a step-by-step example of how to do it by enabling root and deleting the user, as mentioned by user Byte Commander

ssh into the installation as the user USERNAME created during installation
sudo su to become root
passwd and then password to give the root user a password
nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config with the following edit to allow root user ssh login

Find the (commented out) line #PermitRootLogin prohibit-password and without modifying it, add the following new line below it
PermitRootLogin yes
Ctrl-X, y, Enter to save the changes and exit nano

service ssh reload to reload the ssh daemon configuration
attempt to log in via a new ssh session as root, in order to verify if all is OK.

At this point:

cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd should list USERNAME as the last entry.
cut -d: -f1 /etc/group should list USERNAME as the last entry.
id (when executed as USERNAME) should return uid=1000(username) gid=1000(username) groups=1000(username),4(adm),24(cdrom),27(sudo),30(dip),46(plugdev),108(lxd)

Now delete the user USERNAME:

deluser --remove-home USERNAME to delete the user created during installation. You will get a warning Warning: group 'USERNAME' has no more members., but this group will also be deleted automatically before the command finishes.

At this point:

No user named USERNAME should be listed in cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd.
No group named USERNAME should be listed in cut -d: -f1 /etc/group.
It is possible to log in via ssh as the user root with the root password.

While it may be the case that some stuff still refers to USERNAME, the way the system is at this point comes relatively close to what a VPS would offer, hopefully close enough to do some testing with Ansible or similar.

While that Kickstart-solution should be the correct one, this one may be easier to archive and offer nearly the same functionality.


I think you can use dd to copy disks well. Using

dd if=/dev/cdrom of=image_name.iso

I can confirm it works well with CDs and should work well with DVDs too.

Edit: I just used this to rip a DVD, so I can confirm it works with DVDs too.


Install a driver this way. Connect to internet by wire and run

sudo apt-get install linux-generic

reboot and run

sudo apt-get install git build-essential dkms
git clone https://github.com/lwfinger/rtl8188eu.git
sudo dkms add ./rtl8188eu
sudo dkms install 8188eu/1.0

and reboot.


Backup Wubi installation using tar gives Permisson denied faults

You don't need to back up .gvfs for your backup to be successful. This folder stores information about currently mounted userspace filesystems. If you restore a user's home directory without the .gvfs folder, it will be re-created and repopulated as needed. In fact, the proposed solution in bug 225361 was to put users' .gvfs folders somewhere besides in their home directories (like in /tmp), so they would automatically be skipped over by any operation targeting just the contents of users' home directories.

You said that you tried to exclude /home/*/gvfs/* and /home/.../.gvfs. The former would exclude folders called gvfs (instead of .gvfs) in users' home directories. And the latter, assuming you mean it literally, would exclude folders called .gvfs in the directory called ... in /home (which almost certainly doesn't exist since there cannot be a user with username ..., but even if it did, wouldn't solve the problem).

What you want to do is to exclude .gvfs (with the leading .) in each user's home directory. That is represented by: /home/*/.gvfs


Installing Google Protobuf on Ubuntu 15.10

The protobuf library and protoc are 2 different things completely.

protoc (called "protobuf-compiler" by apt-get) is an executable that takes .proto files and generates code in the chosen language.

Meanwhile, a protobuf library, like most libraries, contains code for you to reference in your own code - or in this case, code that is referenced by the generated code that protoc outputs.

The protobuf library for python (called "python-protobuf" by apt-get) can be easily updated to v3+ using this command:

sudo pip install --upgrade protobuf

I know of no better way to check the version of your protobuf library for python than this:

python -c "import google.protobuf; print google.protobuf.__version__"

protoc, on the other hand, is significantly harder to update to v3+.
Luckily, you basically only need to update it if you want to use v3 syntax in your .proto definitions.

If you decide to, you should only ever update protoc by downloading source code or binaries from https://github.com/google/protobuf as described in their README.


disk is full, but cannot find big files or folders

I was running into this same issue on our lab machines and using this command

du -sch .[!.]* * |sort -h

I was able to find hidden files like inside of users trash bins that they had yet to delete.

Credit to here where I originally found this answer.


The best option I have found is to install PlayOnLinux.

PlayOnLinux uses the wine technology but will also install extra libraries specific to certain programs. The last I checked, it supported Office 2010. I have it running with Excel, Word, OneNote, Sharepoint and Powerpoint.


Chrome 54 regularly segfaulting during any usage

I had similar issue and just upgraded to 54.0.2840.90 and it's been more than 2 hours, no more segmentation fault so far so good.


How to run Unity 2D launcher on top of gnome-shell on startup?

The line you have wrote is technically a shell script, not a single command. GNOME's startup applications list does not run a shell for each line item, it just invokes it as a single command. If you really want to run unity-2d over gnome-shell (which is basically not the best idea - see below) you have to make an executable script file out of your line, and run this script from startup applications.

However, mixing these two puts you to a dangerous path. GNOME gets updated (unity-2d - not anymore, apparently), and the two shells may start interfering with each other at any upgrade even though now, according to your experience, they work great. One of possible problems I may imagine is that the two panels will start stacking unpredictably, or hide each other. Another is that some applications are also checking the desktop environment they are running in, and the presence of two shells may confuse them. Consider using GNOME extensions instead.


First. Be careful editing files owned by root. You could break your system.

In terminal type gksu gedit /path/to/file
You will be prompted for your password, enter it.
Gedit will open and you will now be able to edit the file as root.

If gksu isn't installd do so by typing in terminal:
sudo apt-get install gksu
After the installation is complete type in terminal:
gksu-properties
A window will open. Make sure Autentication mode is set to sudo.

Now you will be able to run graphical applications as root.


You can mount your partitions automatically on startup.

A very good tutorial on Ubuntu wiki on how to achieve it is given here.

You can also edit your /etc/fstab file, however it is more complex and generally not recommended if you've less experience.

  /etc/fstab contains information of where your partitions and storage
  devices should be mounted and how.

The Ubuntu wiki also explains how you can edit the fstab file: here.

Additional References: http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/fstab.html

The program that causes the nautilus to show the devices is gvfs-gdu-volume.

Check if it's running:

sudo ps -e | grep gvfs-gdu-volume

I got the following output:

1983 ?        00:00:00 gvfs-gdu-volume

If not, reinstall the package gvfs:

sudo apt-get install --reinstall gvfs


External monitor randomly goes black on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS

This discussion on github contained a workaround that worked for me
https://github.com/rolandguelle/razer-blade-stealth-linux/issues/18
As for a fix, there is a suggested fix in there but I don't think it works.
Either way, the workaround is to set your output audio device to something other than your internal speaker, either by plugging in headphones/headset to the audio jack, or selecting HDMI/Displayport as the output audio device.
Strangely enough the problem still occurs for me when opening the pulseaudio volume controls, but it seems that the random occurrences while web browsing don't happen anymore.
The cause of the problem seems related to the Intel audio device, and it's affecting the display only because the Intel audio device is interacting with HDMI in some way.  When it happens coincides with a video being on a webpage, which occur regularly (ie, even in ads sometimes).


Update: The PPA mentioned below doesn't currently provide packages for 13.10/saucy and newer releases. You could try to install the 13.04/raring packages by modifying the corresponding sources.list file in /etc/apt/sources.d/ but that is not a recommended workaround.

11.04 and 11.10
I can't answer directly how to compile the source.  However, I've tested the following on a virtual guest install on oneiric.
Note if you look at the series available for the PPA it will tell you which distro version this PPA has been compiled for.  At the time of writing - 11.04 (Natty), 11.10 (Oneiric), 12.04 (Precise)
as all stuff that changes your boot - back things up first with a good image backup
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:n-muench/burg
sudo apt-get update

Now install the remaining packages:
sudo apt-get install burg burg-common burg-emu burg-pc burg-themes burg-themes-common

During the installation you will be asked to select the drive you want to install on - press the spacebar to "*" the drive you want for example /dev/sda.

Linked Questions:

How to automatically update burg after a kernel update
What BURG Themes are Available
How do I install burg themes?


How to remove a program that isn't in dpkg or apt?

Removing a program that isn't installed using dpkg or apt.
How to complete remove the installed program:
Many program have an install intructional with a name similar to Readme.txt or Install.txt that include steps for both installing and uninstalling.  Following those provisions will usually completely remove the installation.
Most programs installed by compiling and make install, have a MakeFile uninstall facility (make uninstall).
During the make install there is dialog showing where the installer is doing.  This shows where the files are being copied.  You can run make with the -n argument.  This is a dry run of the installer.  Study the output of the dry run to see where the files will be placed.
Dry install run
Run this after the fact:
$ make -n install

Now you can see where the binaries and depends have been copied from the compile directory.  Compile the list of destinations and remove those files from the list.


lowercase to all files in a directory expecting to undo it at some point

yes, quite straightforward

for f in *; do
    mv "$f" "${f,,}"
    printf "mv %q %q\n" "${f,,}" "$f" >> restore.sh
done

run bash restore.sh to restore the former file names.

Recursive: trickier than first appears: I ended up processing the files and directories separately, only renaming the base part of the path.

declare -A restore=([f]=restore_file.sh [d]=restore_dir.sh)
for type in f d; do
    find . -type $type -print0 | while IFS= read -rd '' path; do
        base=$(basename "$path")
        lower="$(dirname "$path")/${base,,}"
        mv "$path" "$lower"
        printf "mv %q %q\n" "$lower" "$path" >> "${restore[$type]}"
    done
done

To restore:

bash restore_dir.sh
bash restore_file.sh


Is it safe to configure runner like this ?

If only you are running the jobs it is ok.

If somebody else (you don't trust) can push any arbitrary command into your .gitlab-cy.yml, he can basically run any arbitrary code on your virtual machine and on your other machine (which is certainly not what you want).

You should restrict your remote user YOUR_LOGIN on your dev server to do the minimum needed by ForceCommand (scponly or just the forced command to scp into specific directory), block port forwarding and possibly use chroot.


How to install and activate NVIDIA card on ASUS ROG GL752VW

You are currently on Nvidia Optimus (Intel's iGPU controls the laptop display, but some programs can be routed through the Nvidia GPU), which is very problematic with Nvidia drivers, no Nvidia driver on Linux can give you the same Optimus behaviour as on Microsoft Windows.
You could use Prime to completely switch GPUs when having an Optimus setup (I never tried that), or you could just deactive one of your GPUs in the BIOS settings which would save you from all the Nvidia Optimus troubles.


go to a package manager, like Muon, and mark the BROKEN libraries for removal. Works only with some package manager, don't know why.

Still haven't figured out how to run amdgpu-pro in Cosmic Cuttlefish (18.10).

Regards,
Boki


Get MAC address of a network access point

Any of these 3 works:

arping 192.168.0.1  Change the IP adress to whatever you use. The MAC address is in the reply between brackets.
iwconfig | grep "Access Point". Access point will be colored and behind it the MAC address.
iwlist wlan0 scan | grep Address same as previous command (color etc).


Dual Boot Ubuntu and Windows 10 issues After February 2021 Windows Update

I fixed it. Turns out that my system (Lenovo M92P) was booting in BIOS not UEFI.
Just for kicks I updated the BIOS to the newest (not sure this had anything to do with it).
Made a new bootable Windows USB with Rufus but this time GPT (for UEFI).
I set the BIOS to UEFI only but had to disable "secure boot" as Rufus doesn't make bootable USB drives that work without disabling it.
Installed Windows again. Updated Windows. Then I made another bootable Ubuntu USB with Rufus, again with GPT for UEFI. Installed alongside Windows boot manager (Ubuntu saw Windows this time).
When I first installed Ubuntu the computer missed GRUB and booted straight into Windows. I thought I was back to square one, but them I ran this command
bcdedit set {bootmgr} path \EFI\ubuntu\grubx64.efi

in Windows (same as the above, but last time it broke Windows, probably because everything was running as BIOS not UEFI) and all has returned to normal. I get the familiar Grub bootloader and can choose which OS I want upon start up.


remove linux-image-generic after installing linux-image-generic-hwe-16.04?

Yes as long as the linux-image-generic-hwe-16.04 is working you can remove the old kernels.

See How do I remove old kernel versions to clean up the boot menu? for additional information.


Gtx 1050 in vulkan: Xlib: extension "NV-GLX" missing on display ":0"

Install these:

sudo apt install nvidia-cuda-toolkit
sudo apt install libvulkan1 libvulkan1:i386


16.04 Xubuntu - OpenVPN losing DNS after a couple of minutes

This question is quite old, but an answer may serve people like me, who get here via a fourty minute google session.

Starting with a small disclaimer: I'm on a Raspberry Pi 3 with a Raspbian (Debian) Jessie image.

My system showed same symptoms like OP had (vpn going good, and after a few minutes suddenly no more browsing or ping to addresses like www.google.com). Additionally I found that I was still able to ping ip-addresses (like 8.8.8.8). This fits well with the claimed DNS issue.

I found the solution here at askubuntu SE: using the resolvconf package and amending the ovpn-client-file.


Is there a way to have a timer running in the background that pauses when I shut my laptop? (trying to measure battery life)

You can achieve this by the "Power Statistics" app.
It is clear enough in the History tab. Change the graph type dropdown to "Time to empty" Y-axis shows the percentage and X-axis shows the time it took to discharge. If you want it to be more detailed, you can change the time shown in the graph.


Ubuntu won't boot on my chromebook after install

The issue is that Ubuntu (or GRUB rather) doesn't install the EFI boot loader in the default location where the MrChromebox UEFI firmware expects it. The fix is pretty simple. From https://mrchromebox.tech/#faq:

  Type 'exit' to return to the UEFI settings menu, then select Boot Maintenance   Manager. From there, select Boot From File, then navigate to and boot from /EFI/[distro name]/grubx64.efi (where [distro name] will be ubuntu, arch, debian, etc). Once your OS is booted, open a terminal/shell, and type the following (observing case):

sudo su
mkdir -p /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT
cp /boot/efi/EFI/[distro name from above]/grubx64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.efi

  then reboot to test. What we're doing is copying the grub EFI boot stub from the OS installed location to the location the firmware is expecting (/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.efi) on the EFI system partition (ESP), which most (Debian/Ubuntu-based?) distros will mount at /boot/efi. You may need to adjust slightly for your distro, but these instructions should work in most cases.


Installing MATE desktop environment without installing the applications

https://wiki.mate-desktop.org/download#ubuntu offers these installation choices:

# This will install the base packages required for a minimal MATE desktop
sudo apt-get install mate-desktop-environment-core

# This will install the complete MATE desktop
sudo apt-get install mate-desktop-environment

# This will install the complete MATE desktop including a few extras
sudo apt-get install mate-desktop-environment-extras


Geary 3.32.1 supports Ubuntu's dock indicator and messaging menu extensions, so if you are running that version, it should just work.


Can I install PHP, even though I'm having problem with installing MySQL?

Yes, PHP can be installed regardless of problems with MySQL installation.


Ubuntu 18.04 not booting after software update

The issue was caused by a plugged-in USB headset. Because I was unable to perform any of your suggestions, I felt it had to be either a damaged disk, or something incredibly stupid.

After a successful disk check, I unplugged all USB devices from the PC as a last measure before doing a reload, and it booted-up perfectly.


Cannot install python venv on Ubuntu 20.04 after upgrading from Bionic

Looking at the info you provided, your problem might be due to the python3.9 installation.
In Ubuntu 20.04, the default python version is 3.8. So other packages that depend on python should be expecting python3.8.
However, in your system, this default was changed to Python 3.9 as the attempt to create a new venv ended up with a Python 3.9 environment as observed in the outputs.
As your original error mentions, you need to install the python3-venv package using apt. But since python3.9 was installed as well, I believe apt isn't able to figure out anymore what to install. So explicitly mentioning the full version may solve your problem.
sudo apt install python3.8-venv

ref: apt-get, unmet dependencies, ... "but it is not going to be installed"
After that is done, you need to create a venv by also explicitly passing the full python version
python3.8 -m venv env

If your intention is to use Python 3.9, and as long as it was installed with apt, you can fix it by installing python3.9-venv instead of python3.8-venv
sudo apt install python3.9-venv

ps. You will need to create a new virtual environment again after installing the apt package. The previous one will stay broken.


Dropbox running from the desktop uses wrong permissions

After spending a day tyring to work this out I realised that I needed to use setfacl at the Dropbox folder level rather than for some sub folders for this to work. It seems that when users creates files then the correct file permissions are set, but when Dropbox created file in the same folder the permissions were not correctly set. The command that I used was something like this:

sudo setfacl -Rdm g:user:wrx ~/Dropbox


Manually installed system-wide Gnome extensions don't appear in Tweak Tool

There may also a schema directory. The schema from within the extension needs to be copied to that schema folder.

After that, there has to be trigger so that the tweak tool or the activities configurator discovers it. (The configurator is itself an extension). I have not discovered that trigger.
It may actually be the file ~/.config/dconf/user


How to install Intel XDK in ubuntu 14.04?

The Intel SDK software is provided in a .tgz compressed file that needs to be extracted before anything else. Although you mentioned it extracted, considering your trouble with the commands, I'll start by mentioning a couple of way to do it, just in case.

The GUI way

Right-click the file - xdk_web_linux64_3641.tgz - and select Extract here or double-click and extract to anywhere you like (in your /home/your_username). The end result either way should be a folder named xdk_web_linux64_3641.

The command line way

Open a Terminal with CTRL+ALT+T or search for it in the Dash. Then:

cd /home/your_username/Downloads

Note: The above assumes the downloaded file is in the Downloads folder. Replace Downloads with the actual name of the folder and your_username with your username.

Next, in order to extract it, please do:

tar -xvzf xdk_web_linux64_3641.tgz

The end result should be the same as the aforementioned Extract here...

Now cd into the extracted folder and do

./install.sh

to start the installer. Follow the instructions to complete the installation.


Which video editor can I use to make clips to upload?

I like OpenShot, but you can find a full list here. Take a look to Linux section, eventually you can search in Software Manager for the given keyword.


Why would 70-persistent-net.rules have no effect?

Apparently udev or kernel behavior changed sometime around 13.04 and now a different rule is needed:

ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", KERNELS=="0000:06:00.0", NAME="eth0"

I debugged this using

udevadm info -a all -p /sys/class/net/em2


How to perform a CPU/disk intensive operation without drastically affecting other processes?

Mainly  we don't try to run the processes parallel, but we see at wich time the usage of the system is as small as possible
So at first you'll have to find the time, when no (or maybe only a few ) are on your server, e.g monday at 2 o'clock.

To run the command a single time in future you use the atd (at-daemon):

$ at 0200 monday
     /home/your_home/name_of_the_script.sh
<Ctrl-D>

for more information read man at and man atd, be sure to exit the input using Ctrl+D

Make sure your script is valid + executable!


Multitouch Trackpad Gestures Dell XPS 15

Touchegg doesn't work for me in 12.04, and seems its a confirmed bug:

https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/touchegg/+bug/918551

As for the rest I have no idea, sorry. Would like to know for my own laptop!


When deleting a lot of files everything is very slow

It may help to switch to the CFQ scheduler, because it is more optimised towards rotational media:

echo -n cfq | sudo tee /sys/block/[hs]d?/queue/scheduler > /dev/null

You can benchmark file system performance with IOzone (package name iozone3).

More on the CFQ scheduler

http://www.makelinux.net/books/lkd2/ch13lev1sec5
Graphical representation (German article but English diagram annotations)


How to launch a python script from .desktop launcher in Ubuntu 19.04

Double clicking is not allowed anymore,read : https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2018/05/nautilus-remove-ability-launch-binaries-apps
See : How do I run executable scripts in Nautilus?
for partial workaround. The dozens of .desktop files i created are still NOT launch-able.....


How to convert multi-catalog Ubuntu ISO image to boot it on Macbook 2,1?

The answer is in  amd64+mac images no longer necessary. I've tried this on a iMac, late 2006, core 2 duo, and it works.

You could conceivably use mkisofs with the correctly blend of options, but this method is fool-proof.

  If you are curious enough, here is a C program which i assume makes
  the trusty-desktop-amd64.iso bootable on your 2,1.

  Put both, a copy of the ISO and the C program as
  make_single_eltorito.c   into the same directory.
  Compile the C program:
  cc -g -Wall -o make_single_eltorito make_single_eltorito.c
  Run it without arguments (the ISO name is hardcoded in variable iso_name):
  ./make_single_eltorito
  Put the ISO onto DVD and try booting.

/*
 Removes all entries but the first one from the El Torito boot catalog of
   http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/trusty-desktop-amd64.iso

 Compile by:
   cc -g -Wall -o make_single_eltorito make_single_eltorito.c

 Run without arguments in the directory where the ISO image is stored.
*/

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

static char *iso_name = {"trusty-desktop-amd64.iso"};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  int fd, ret;
  unsigned char buf[2048 - 64];
  off_t lba;
  size_t buf_size = 2048 - 64;

  fd = open(iso_name, O_RDWR);
  if (fd == -1)
    goto err_ex;
  if (lseek(fd, (off_t) 32768 + 2048 + 71, SEEK_SET) == -1)
    goto err_ex;
  ret = read(fd, buf, 4);
  if (ret == -1)
    goto err_ex;
  if (ret < 4) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot read 4 bytes from %s\n", iso_name);
    exit(1);
  }
  lba = buf[0] | (buf[1] << 8) | (buf[2] << 16) | (buf[3] << 24);
  if (lseek(fd, lba * 2048 + 64, SEEK_SET) == -1)
    goto err_ex;
  memset(buf, 0, buf_size);
  ret = write(fd, buf, buf_size);
  if (ret == -1)
    goto err_ex;
  if (ret < buf_size) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot write %d bytes to %s\n", (int) buf_size, iso_name);
    exit(1);
  }
  close(fd);
  printf("done\n");
  exit(0);
err_ex:;
  perror(iso_name);
  exit(1);
}


Fixing lang packs for your applications

If you want to find language packs that are missing from your applications, try this

sudo apt-get install $(check-language-support)

but the command above will try to fix missing lang packages for all the languages, if you just want to fix this when targeting just 1 specific language

sudo apt-get install $(check-language-support --language=sv)

Installing a new language pack for Ubuntu / for your OS / globally

sudo /usr/share/locales/install-language-pack sv_SE

after that reconfigure your locales with

sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales

or you can simply run

sudo apt-get install language-pack-sv

How to set and manage your locale

please refer to https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Locale/


How to make a data partition on multiboot usb flash Drive?

Boot the MultiBootUSB drive.

Open Nautilus as root, go to computer/cdrom and make a folder named Shared Data.

Save any stuff you want to share with a Windows computer there, You will need to be root to access the folder.

When plugged into a computer running Windows, the Shared Data folder will be accessible when the drive is opened in Explorer.

Windows can only see the first partition on a flash drive and MultiBootUSB needs to be installed on the first partition, but they can share it.

Mkusb will create a Ubuntu flash drive that boots using grub2.

It uses a FAT32 boot partition, a ISO9660 read only OS partition, an ext casper-rw persistence partition, (not limited to 4GB), and a NTFS partition that can be used by Linux or Windows.

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb

You can split the casper-rw persistence partition into  casper-rw plus home-rw if you want more persistence options.

It is a little work to turn a mkusb drive a multibooter but it can be done by editing grub.cfg to boot iso's located in the usbdata partition.

Up to 14.04 it was possible to add a persistent partition to syslinux type Live drives such as Startup Disk Creator and Unetbootin make, now days this just results in BusyBox.


Ubuntu 14.04 running very slow after upgrade 32 bit to 64 bit

see the post for ubuntu 12.04 and solving memory issues with compiz

Compiz using 8% - 25% cpu continually

most of the fixes are backup/delete setting file or changing compiz settings


Downgrading PHP from 5.5 to 5.3 on Ubuntu 14.04

You can install an older version as follows :

apt-get install php5=5.3.28


Keeping multiple copies Updated to a Template

cfengine sounds like the right tool. It's a free download for controlling the configuration (and you get to define what that includes) of up to 25 systems. They sell a product for 26 and up. Start here


How to make ubuntu-13.10-server installation writable?

It is not writable, as it contains ISO 9660 filesystem. A separate tool called "Startup Disk Creator" can be used for creating "live USB".

Open System > Administration > Startup Disk Creator, select your .iso and (USB) disk to use, and click Make Startup Disk.


Super key ("The Windows Key") not working in i3wm in 14.04.1 LTS

Run xev and whenever you press the super key you should see something like this:

KeyPress event ...
    root 0x25, subw 0x0, ...
    state 0x0, keycode 89 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L), same_screen YES,
    ...

If this doesn't work I can't help you. If it does then just note the description of the key just after the keysym. It's Super_L in this example but it might be something else in your case. Now execute these commands:

xmodmap -e "clear mod4"
xmodmap -e "add Mod4 = Super_L"

*ATTENTION: make sure you replace Super_L with the description that xev prints to you in the above commands *

The curious can also run xmodmap -pm|grep mod4 in the end which should show mod4    Super_L


Rename the directory repo in ~/.google/desktop/ to something else.
Create a directory in the destination location.
Move everything from the renamed directory into the destination directory.
Create a symlink to the destination directory, call it repo. (In nautilus, right click on the destination directory and click "Make Link")

EDIT: I think you meant that repo is a file. Then instead of making the new directory, just copy the file to the new destination and make a symlink to it.


How do I use the same drive partition for both windows 7 and ubuntu 11.10 documents folders?

Step 1: I'm not sure if an NTFS drive is mounted by Ubuntu automatically or if you need to click on it in Nautilus in order to mount it - and I have no NTFS partition to test this. In the case it's not auto-mounted, you could add a line to /etc/fstab to mount it on boot.

There's some info in Ubuntu wiki on the subject

Step 2: Suppose your NTFS partition is mounted in /media/disk_c. Then you can just create symlinks in your home directory to the folders on the NTFS partition.

If you want to replace the "built-in" Documents, Pictures directories, I would advice to remove them in terminal because Nautilus tracks any changes to those "special" folders when you change them via Nautilus and adjusts its settings, so renaming Documents to Documents.old and creating a new Documents symlink via Nautilus would not behave as you expect

rm -rf /home/myusername/Documents
ln -s "/media/disk_c/whereever/the/target/folder/lives/in/windows/My Documents" /home/myusername/Documents


I do not know the answer for the first question, but for the last two questions I think you should change the boot order from BIOS and get the Ubuntu (P4 Samsung SSD 850 PRO 128GB) in the first place. By doing so, your computer is going to boot from GRUB and you can choose both Windows and Ubuntu from the GRUB Screen.


It heavily depends on the application.

If you have installed the application from the Software Center, then I guess you will not have a problem re-downloading and re-installing it through there, you just want to keep your settings. If this really the case, then you have to look under your home folder.

The first place to look is under ~/.config/Application_Name and under ~/.Application_Name.

Usually, if you backup these folders you will successfully save the configurations of your applications. But, unless you are more specific about your application, I cannot search and see myself.


It is difficult to help you with that rare information. I first suggest you to try it again and write down any errors when executing.

For wine it is the case, that it is very dependend on the wine version, whether a windows application works or not.

Some hints what you could try:

run the windows application with wine from a terminal then you can see (more) error messages

wine Foo.exe
it might help to install the latest version of wine directly from WineHQ.org

I hope that helps to get it working, but you luck to get applications working in wine.

Another alternative would be to use the GTalk-Browser-Plugin, which is available for Linux as well.


I think I can give you the answer

Open a terminal, then type:

echo "options psmouse proto=exps" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/psmouse.conf

Enter your password when prompted and then press Enter.

Now, while your right mouse click should be working after a reboot, you can try doing it without a reboot, but it might crash your desktop. It didn't for me, so here it is, type in the same terminal as root:

sudo modprobe -r psmouse; sudo modprobe psmouse

hope that helps!

edit: ok, so now that the right button works, the touchpad section of the mouse settings disappeared, and so did my custom settings and the multitouch capability, which resulted in a slow mouse pointer and no ability to scroll. I think I'll write a bug report on this one.

edit2: I searched through the web, and apparently, there is some obscure way to fix this problem, but it relies on ressources and patches that aren't available so easily anymore. I fixed this problem for me by upgrading to quantal quetzal, which includes adequate (albeit not great) support for multitouch clickpads by default


How to install azure-cli package from an older Ubuntu release?

Apparently, azure-cli is available as a snapd package (https://snapcraft.io/install/azure-cli/ubuntu).

So, maybe you can try: sudo snap install azure-cli --candidate

(Sorry, I can't test it on my machine)


If you're considering upgrading your Ubuntu to 11.10 soon, then you can just do this now - Oneiric has Eclipse 3.7 (not 3.6 though - but supposedly better, huh?) and Tomcat 7 in repositories. So you'll be able to install everything with

sudo apt-get install eclipse tomcat7

Alternatively, downloading any version of eclipse from its website and running it straight from the unpacked tarball works very well too - what exactly was the problem you spent 2 days on?


For the permanent solution, I recommend you to edit /etc/network/interfaces file.

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
And add the following:

iface wlan0 inet dhcp
       dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8
       dns-nameservers 8.8.4.4

(Replace wlan0 with your network interface, you can check the name via:
ip address show)
After then sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart


You'll want to fsck (file system check) as your first step.

boot to the GRUB menu
choose Advanced Options
choose root access
type sudo fsck -f /
run fsck more than once if there are errors
type reboot when done


How to install Firefox addon from command line in scripts?

Using your method

gksudo firefox -install-global-extension addon-1865-latest.xpi seems to do the trick for you. That will install the extension to all users on your system.

To install the extension only for your user use the extension path as an argument

firefox addon-1865-latest.xpi

You still need to click the Install button though!

Automating the installation

Firefox does not need the addon file name but the identifier from the addon as a package name. That means that if you are planning on installing an addon without user intervention you need to extract it to a folder with the name of the addon identifier string, not the name of the addon.

The identifier string can be found on the first lines of the addon install manifest file install.rdf and it looks like this: <em:id>{d10d0bf8-f5b5-c8b4-a8b2-2b9879e08c5d}</em:id>. Everything within the {} (including the curly braces) is the identifier.

To get an addon to work you need to extract the package, rename the folder that contains the files to the addon identifier string and place it either on the global addon folder or within the user addon folder.

Global addon install

If you want to install an extension automatically to all users in your system you need to extract it, rename the folder that contains the addon to the addon's id string and copy it to the firefox global extensions folder /usr/share/mozilla/extensions/{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}/, anything that you use there will be called up automatic when a user opens firefox.

User specific install

If you want to install an extension automatically to just one user in your system you need to extract it, rename the folder that contains the addon to the addon's id string and copy it to the firefox user extensions folder /home/user_name/.mozilla/extensions/{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}/ (create it if it does not exist), anything that you use there will be called up automatic when a user opens firefox.

How-to prepare an addon for automatic install - Example

Make an extensions folder in your home and download the addon in to it

mkdir ~/extensions
cd ~/extensions
wget https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/downloads/latest/1865/addon-1865-latest.xpi

Extract it and delete the original

unzip ~/extensions/addon-1865-latest.xpi
rm ~/extensions/addon-1865-latest.xpi

Read the first line in the install.rdf file to get the addon's id (in this case it will be {d10d0bf8-f5b5-c8b4-a8b2-2b9879e08c5d}). and create a folder with that name

mkdir ~/extensions/{d10d0bf8-f5b5-c8b4-a8b2-2b9879e08c5d}

Move all the files in your extensions folder into the newly created ~/extensions/{d10d0bf8-f5b5-c8b4-a8b2-2b9879e08c5d} and you are ready to install by moving the {d10d0bf8-f5b5-c8b4-a8b2-2b9879e08c5d} folder, as described, for a local install or for a global install.

How-to set the default home page

To change your homepage without using the preferences inside firefox you have to edit ~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/prefs.js (where *.default is a folder inside ~/.mozilla/firefox created for your user) and add this line to the end of it

user_pref("browser.startup.homepage", "http://uptechtalk.com");

or using this command

echo "user_pref("browser.startup.homepage", "http://uptechtalk.com");" >> ~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/prefs.js

You need to do it after closing firefox or the program will overwrite the setting on exit.

If your user has not used firefox yet and you want to set the homepage for all new users (set homepage globally) use this command

echo "user_pref("browser.startup.homepage", "http://uptechtalk.com");" >> /etc/xul-ext/ubufox.js

Comments about your question

-silent does not exist, you will be prompted to install that xpi extension anyways and you have to click the button to install it;

-setDefaultBrowser will not set your homepage, it will make firefox your default browser


Still No wifi adapter for Realtek RTL8822BE found in 18.04

I was having the same issue on a Lenovo Legion Y530 laptop, which has a Realtek rtl8822be wireless network card, with 18.10 Ubuntu MATE.

What I did to fix it was, plugging it into the network via Ethernet, I ran sudo apt-get update and sudo apt-get upgrage then, using your favorite text editor, edit blacklist.conf.

sudo -H gedit /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

I added the line:

blacklist ideapad_laptop

then saved and closed the file, and rebooted.

If you didnt want to make this change, without testing it, you could do this:

sudo rmmod ideapad_laptop

Doing this gave me instant results. Wireless networks appeared, I was able to connect, and life was great again. I have no idea if your setup will have an IdeaPad module, but you might try it. Alternatively, you might have an HP module that needs blocking to enable this device.


Ubuntu won't recognize Razer Core X Chroma

I figured out a solution myself. I just had to update to the latest version of Ubuntu and wait to plug in the core chroma AFTER i've logged in and everything is open.


Permission denied, 20.04 to 20.04 unable to share

When I click on it, it asks 3 values 1. user name 2. domain ( which is
already filled as WORKGROUP ) 3. Password. I tried using various
combinations. ie, an user ID and password from machine A

Two different passwords in Linux. There is the local machine A username and password. Then there is the samba password for that local user. You need to add the local user to the samba password database. For example to add myself:
sudo smbpasswd -a morbius

THe issue with guest access is something else. We need to see more information. If you really want guest access please edit your original post and add the output of the following commands:
testparm -s

net usershare info --long


Diagnosing a Downloaded File of the Wrong Type
As steeldriver says, this means the file isn't really a gzipped tar file -- or any kind of gzipped file -- in spite of being named like one.
When you download a file with wget, there are often indications that you've ended up getting a different kind of file than what you were looking for:
ek@Io:~$ wget http://openwall.com/john/f/john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz
--2017-01-28 23:57:33--  http://openwall.com/john/f/john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz
Resolving openwall.com (openwall.com)... 195.42.179.197
Connecting to openwall.com (openwall.com)|195.42.179.197|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently
Location: http://www.openwall.com/john/ [following]
--2017-01-28 23:57:40--  http://www.openwall.com/john/
Resolving www.openwall.com (www.openwall.com)... 195.42.179.202
Connecting to www.openwall.com (www.openwall.com)|195.42.179.202|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: unspecified [text/html]
Saving to: ‘john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz’

john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz                          [      <=>                                                                        ]  15.27K  3.61KB/s    in 4.2s

2017-01-28 23:57:51 (3.61 KB/s) - ‘john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz’ saved [15633]

In this case, the main signs are:

The 301 Moved Permanently message, redirecting to an address with a trailing /. This loads the default page for some directory on the server, which is usually index.html and almost always an HTML file.
Length: unspecified [text/html], telling you that you're receiving plain text (text) and that it is intended to be interpreted as html. This is really more than a sign -- you can be pretty sure you haven't gotten a real gzipped file based on this.

You can also use the file utility, which examines a file and tells you what kind of file it looks to be:
ek@Io:~$ file john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz
john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz: HTML document, ASCII text, with very long lines

And of course you can examine the file yourself, with tools such as head, less, and view:
ek@Io:~$ head john-1.7.0.2.tar.gz
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>John the Ripper password cracker</TITLE>
<link href="/style.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<META name="keywords" content="John the Ripper, password cracker, JtR, password checker, password recovery, password, cracker, crackers, cracking, crack, crypt, passwd, shadow, Unix, Linux, Windows, Win32, Mac OS X, Mac OSX, MacOS X, OS X, OSX, DOS, VMS, OpenVMS, hash, DES, MD5, Blowfish, Kerberos, AFS, LM, LanMan, LanManager, NT, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 7, NTLM, NTLMv1, MD4, Netscape LDAP, SHA, SSHA, MySQL, TGT, s/key, Eggdrop, Apache, apr1, SYSUAF, SYSUAF.DAT, AltiVec, MMX, SSE, SSE2, AVX, XOP, wordlist, wordlists, dictionary, brute force, decrypt, challenge, response, John, Ripper, john, jhon, jonh, jack, Jack the Ripper">
<META name="description" content="A fast password cracker for Unix, Windows, DOS, and OpenVMS, with support for Unix, Windows, and Kerberos AFS passwords, plus a lot more with contributed patches">
</HEAD>

<BODY bgcolor="#E0E0E0" text="black" link="blue" alink="red" vlink="navy">

If this were really a binary file, then you would've gotten a whole bunch of meaningless garbage instead, as whatever pager or viewer your use fruitlessly attempts to interpret something as plain text that really isn't. For example, on the correct file:
ek@Io:~$ head john-1.8.0.tar.gz
WӦQ♥john-1.8.0.tar ▒▒kw▒ر&▒▒ٿ▒▒▒▒4E]|▒v▒NF▒d[▒n▒▒▒L&▒HB▒$▒ ▒df͚▒▒▒▒▒ꩪ▒7@▒▒▒9ӳf▒▒J▒m     ▒ؗ▒u▒▒~,▒ї▒▒▒ˣ▒▒ӣ_▒▒▒▒C▒▒|▒▒▒▒▒şw▒v▒▒>▒|w▒▒▒}▒▒▒ί▒▒i9▒?7+▒gY7i▒$▒▒ʲ▒▒s?▒J'MV%▒rY4ur[▒4▒▒e▒▒.▒▒▒▒▒&/u▒-2▒W▒▒V▒▒!o▒0b▒▒▒♥▒|Q▒4▒▒▒&▒▒Y1Y▒F▒▒Iy▒▒▒▒$▒▒▒▒,▒]▒h▒▒8▒"▒▒M▒,Һ~(▒i▒4Y▒d▒QgQ▒*ۚf7yA▒.▒&i▒<d▒↓▒7▒H_-l▒7▒▒▒Z▒▒.m▒▒ʒ%F,▒۬▒*▒▒hrW▒cY▒▒
▒+▒O1▒-y>▒▒J▒yM?▒4I▒▒▒kYS▒▒:▒▒n▒C▒▒%▒▒▒v▒▒▒{[[tN▒9▒▒▒kA▒▒▒▒▒/[▒▒▒▒u▒▒▒z▒▒▒▒>▒▒5▒▒▒▒t▒t▒▒Y6Û<▒*/i▒i{K>▒,▒▒▒▒▒;9)▒Z.mJSeiLB▒▒▒▒▒j▒▒eQ緅▒_▒α▒Ŋ▒▒▒W▒▒▒▒▒_▒▒ˢ▒▒-q▒<gyw͍▒9▒?▒,▒▒▒▒h&▒V"▒▒▒▒▒▒▒l▒▒3▒▒▒▒\▒▒i#▒▒综▒◄0▒▒▒.e♠>a▒▒▒▒▒▒$klt:▒▒rA▒M▒'F▒R▒▒▒▒Lo▒♥1z▒\▒↓X▒▒▒P"֕▒▒▒♦▒▒▒▒|▒▒▒▒▒▒1I▒o"'#|6e▒▒t▒Ц▒FVL▒▒S▒ޓ▒▒;▒x▒▒▒▒▒▒▒QVrr▒▒▒9O▒W7▒♠Og▒
▒▒▒8▒▒/▒▒dm▒FG'▒'t2L▒▒&L▒Y:▒▒▒▒▒4▒rI<▒#▒+▒je▒▒▒>T9▒▒M▒XE-ʆ▒▒'n▒▒$↑▒m▒W▒▒w̕▒▒m▒n%▒|A_▒yGp↑D▒↓߻▒▒▒i▒▒}ӡH▒▒▒▒׍$$H▒▒&▒▒4▒▒▒Z-@♣▒*~▒▒▒ y6▒▒▒`▒v↓▒s▒+̱▒?▒1▒▒▒<▒>▒^▒▒Y#k▒
7`N'▒o▒.&▒▒(▒Դ~AD▒"E◄' lq▒`▒▒`▒[▒9◄▒▒wzuK▒N▒▒Y▒▒%or▒▒)▒▒i↓▒▒▒l5.S▒޶r▒_*▒RO▒{▒$▒(▒▒▒▒C▒·▒▒׀f2ˊ[:▒▒▒,|ew▒▒▒Ag▒'▒▒▒H▒▒t▒{͓▒▒▒▒JH˭s▒)g▒ON▒▒eŚQ▒▒▒♠ s▒▒ߪ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒_♠▒-▒

(I've only copied the very beginning of that.)
Getting the Right File
That tells you how to figure out what went wrong in these situations (and in this case, in particular). But how do you actually find and download the correct file?
This varies from situation to situation. However, a good start is to:

Go to the official website for the software and see if they provide download links. Even if that's how you got the link you're using originally, if some time has passed you may find that the link has changed.
For example, in this particular case, the current version is 1.8.0 instead of 1.7.0.2 (and provided in the j subdirectory instead of f), and the old version is no longer available at that same URL.

Go to the page that you were redirected to when you downloaded the file. In this case, that's: http://www.openwall.com/john/
Or you can even examine the file that was downloaded. (Or open it in a web browser.)

You got redirected to the software's main download page. You can either download in a web browser, or copy a correct current download link and download it with wget. There are a few choices, but assuming you don't actually need that specific old version you were trying to download, and based on the specific file you did attempt to download, I suspect http://openwall.com/john/j/john-1.8.0.tar.gz is what you are looking for.
Of course, readers who find this post later may find that link no longer works. But the approach demonstrated here for troubleshooting this sort of problem will remain valid.
ek@Io:~$ wget http://openwall.com/john/j/john-1.8.0.tar.gz
--2017-01-29 00:16:19--  http://openwall.com/john/j/john-1.8.0.tar.gz
Resolving openwall.com (openwall.com)... 195.42.179.197
Connecting to openwall.com (openwall.com)|195.42.179.197|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 5450412 (5.2M) [application/x-tar]
Saving to: ‘john-1.8.0.tar.gz’

john-1.8.0.tar.gz                        100%[================================================================================>]   5.20M  78.8KB/s    in 26s

2017-01-29 00:16:47 (202 KB/s) - ‘john-1.8.0.tar.gz’ saved [5450412/5450412]

I've downloaded the file. Notice that, this time, no undesired redirection happened and the type is given as application/x-tar instead of text/html.
(An HTTP redirection is not always bad. It's when you get redirected to something that doesn't seem like it could really be the file you're looking for that you should suspect your download has not really succeeded.)
file agrees:
ek@Io:~$ file john-1.8.0.tar.gz
john-1.8.0.tar.gz: gzip compressed data, was "john-1.8.0.tar", last modified: Thu May 30 04:19:35 2013, max compression, from Unix

And it unpacks successfully:
ek@Io:~$ tar xf john-1.8.0.tar.gz
ek@Io:~$ cd john-1.8.0/
ek@Io:~/john-1.8.0$ ls -l
total 12
drwxrwxr-x 2 ek ek 4096 Jan 29 00:22 doc
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ek ek   10 May 29  2013 README -> doc/README
drwxrwxr-x 2 ek ek 4096 Jan 29 00:22 run
drwxrwxr-x 2 ek ek 4096 Jan 29 00:22 src

(You are right that it doesn't matter if you use the z; it would still have worked with tar xzf, since this is the correct file.)
You can proceed to build the source code and install.
Remember, You Don't Always Have to Build From Source
Sometimes you really want the latest version of a program, and it's not in Ubuntu's repositories. You might try to find a PPA, but if you don't find any you really trust or that provide quite what you want, or you want to build it with custom options, or you just really like building from source code, then building from source code is a valuable and useful technique.
I do recommend checking at least the software that is available in Ubuntu's official repositories for your system, though. On my 16.04 system:
ek@Io:~$ apt show john
Package: john
Version: 1.8.0-2
Priority: optional
Section: admin
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Original-Maintainer: Ruben Molina <rmolina@udea.edu.co>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 452 kB
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), john-data (= 1.8.0-2)
Suggests: wordlist
Homepage: http://www.openwall.com/john/
Supported: 5y
Download-Size: 184 kB
APT-Sources: http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages
Description: active password cracking tool
 John the Ripper is a tool designed to help systems administrators to
 find weak (easy to guess or crack through brute force) passwords, and
 even automatically mail users warning them about it, if it is desired.
 .
 Besides several crypt(3) password hash types most commonly found on
 various Unix flavors, supported out of the box are Kerberos AFS and
 Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 LM hashes, plus several more with contributed
 patches.

There are several other ways to search for packages. Often it's handy to use the Ubuntu Packages Search web page.
Since you were going to attempt to install version 1.7.0.2, presumably version 1.8.0 in the official repositories is recent enough. (Indeed, 1.8.0 seems to be the same version as the one provided for download from the official website.) So you really might just want to install that:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install john


Installing Ubuntu 14.04 as a double boot with Windows 10 on separate drive

I think the best way to solve your problem is to give you a nearly complete install instruction.

Generally it is recommended to install all operating systems to the same disk.
If  you want to install Ubuntu to another disk you can do it nevertheless.
Important is to install all boot loaders to the same (EFI) partition which already exists.

First you will have to disable hibernation and Fast Boot in your Windows 10 installation.
Boot into Windows, open command prompt as administrator and execute this command:

powercfg /h off

To disable Fast Boot open Control Panel (the old version - not the modern design),
select the Energy Settings, enable show hidden settings and uncheck Fast Boot.

Shutdown the machine (do NOT reboot) completely.

Now boot from the Ubuntu installation media and select Try Ubuntu without installing.

Launch the installation process by clicking Install Ubuntu on the desktop.

When asked choose Something else - select the disk and partition where to install Ubuntu
(in your case this would the second drive and the first partition - it should be named sdb1).

Then select the disk and partition to install the GRUB boot loader.
(in your case this would be the first drive, it should be named sda)
GRUB will automatically be installed to the efi partition on sda.

Start the installation process and when it finished reboot:

Boot into BIOS and change the boot order in UEFI settings.
Select Ubuntu to be the default operating system to boot.
Now you can select which system to boot from GRUB menu.

Note:

If you are not sure about disks and partitions - you can identify them with GParted.
This tool with a graphical user interface is included in the Ubuntu installation media.


Ubuntu 16.04 how to select each text input language source from different key combination

If you know the terminal command to switch the input sources, I would recommend going into "system settings> keyboard> Shortcuts" and then selecting the plus sign at the bottom. it should be right next to the minus sign. there you can enter first the name of what you want to do (documentation is great) and then in the slot below the terminal command that you want to run using a key combination. (in your case change input source). Then click save/close and it will display your keyboard shortcut and say "disabled" at which point you can click on "disabled" and enter your shortcut by pressing the desired shortcut. (in your case "Super+N" "Super+E" and "Super+G", but you will have to do a different shortcut for each input source) hope this helped!


The feature gnome-terminal --title have been removed since Gnome v3
If you want to keep Gnome Terminal and change the Window title you will have to play with PS1, see below how to do it.
The Gnome 2 terminal has been forked as mate-terminal bundled in Ubuntu Mate. The title option is still available with this versionsudo apt-get install mate-terminal

With Gnome Terminal, a way to set the window title will be to play with PS1
You can add a function to your .bashrc file an call it to change the Window/Tab title

nano ~/.bashrc
Add the function

function set-title() {
  if [[ -z "$ORIG" ]]; then
    ORIG=$PS1
  fi
  TITLE="\[\e]2;$*\a\]"
  PS1=${ORIG}${TITLE}
}

source ~/.bashrc to reload
set-title Some new title to change the Window/Tab title

Limitation: when a program changes the PS1, the title may change too (example: ssh to another host will reset the custom title)


How to completely remove broken GNOME/GDM installed on Ubuntu Server?

sudo apt-get remove does not remove the configuration files, but since you already removed the packages you cannot purge the config files. Your best bet is to reinstall the same packages then purge them, thus removing all configuration files.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg xfonts* gnome gdm
sudo apt-get purge xserver-xorg xfonts* gnome gdm


How to delete directory content that is older than one day with perl in crontab

find is recursive. You don't need to do find /directory/*, just use:

find /directory/ -mtime +1 -delete


How to stop using built-in home directory encryption?

Googling around, I found this post:

  Not to bring up an old thread but in case anyone has errors trying to follow these instructions, here is what I did.

  Backup the home directory while you are logged in
  sudo cp -rp /home/user /home/user.backup

    1.1. Check that your home backup has everything!!!
    reboot into root via grub
    Delete your home directory rm -rf /home/user
    Remove the packages apt-get remove ecryptfs-utils libecryptfs0
    Restore your home directory mv /home/user.backup /home/user
    reboot
    Remove any of those .Private .ecryptfs folders rm -rf ~/.Private rm -rf ~/.ecryptfs
    Yay!

    This worked for me. Home folder file permissions stay intact and does not bugger up Dropbox or git repos. Some reason my fresh  install on Ubuntu 9.10 would not do the first command. Just make sure you think the process through when using rm -rf.
    Just wanted to post this not only for my record, but anyone else who encounters problems.

Some notes

reboot into root via grub was a bit unclear to me; I didn't reboot, just switched to using root (another user account with sudo privileges would work equally well).
Before removing the packages ecryptfs-utils and libecryptfs0 would work, I needed to remove /home/.ecryptfs/<myusername>. (It complained that ecryptfs-utils was in use.)

Other than that, this worked for me. It's far from simple though, so feel free to post better solutions!


No hard drive detected during ubuntu 19.04 installation

AHCI is not a form of RAID; it adds capabilities in communicating to a SATA drive, but not RAID.

Until the drives appear in the BIOS/firmware setup, nothing you do will work in any OS. This is a firmware issue specific to this model of Dell, so I would ask Dell Support to get the drive to appear in BIOS/firmware setup.


What did evolution install and how can I safely remove all of it, wihtout screwing up unity?

While some parts of evolution will be installed, and in use (they are required by other parts of the system, including the clock indicator, and empathy), there are a couple of minor things, which should get removed if you run sudo apt-get autoremove --purge. This will remove any libraries or such which were automatically installed, but are no longer needed. In this case. I think libcamel-1.2-40 will be removed, as it isn't really needed by the calendar or address book integration, possibly with some other packages external to evolution (such as older kernel versions).


Run command when ethernet is disconnected

Your problem is well described on the Ubuntu wiki: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/OnNetworkConnectionRunScript


How can I know the dependencies of a certain package?

Install apt-rdepends in Ubuntu

sudo aptitude install apt-rdepends

This will install all the required packages.

Using apt-rdepends

apt-rdepends Syntax

sudo apt-rdepends [options] [pkgs ...]

apt-rdepends Examples

sudo apt-rdepends bash

Output looks like below

Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree… Done
bash
Depends: base-files (>= 2.1.12)
Depends: debianutils (>= 2.15)
PreDepends: libc6 (>= 2.3.6-6)
PreDepends: libncurses5 (>= 5.4-5)
base-files
Depends: awk
Depends: base-passwd (>= 2.0.3.4)


Does it makes sense to backup the whole partition as opposed to their files?

The Linux filesystem is designed to be more flexible. I would actually suggest this (fragmented) as a backup strategy not only because it saves you a lot of bandwidth and storage space, but as long as you know what to do, restoring the data can often be a bit faster, assuming that you can restore to a base image and layer on your old data.

Of course such a strategy costs time and effort through planning and implementation. There are one-click whole-system backup solutions that take all the brain work out of the problem.

So you do have to address this on a case by case scenario. If you can live without a full configuration (ie you're happy to reconfigure), you can forget all about packages and /etc/ and just grab /home/. You could even slice that down and only grab elements of the home dirs. Scaling up you can grab lists of what packages are installed, their configuration, their data all the way up to the entire filesystem.

Just weigh up how confident you think you'll be if the worst happens and you need to restore the system. If you think you'll struggle trying to superimpose a partial backup, just set aside a few extra gigabytes and do full backups. If this is for a server, where regular, atomic backups are needed and bandwidth and storage is premium, you'll have to get a bit more familiar with the tools of the trade.


You try to remove nvidia driver completely with all its settings and its xorg file. Then reboot and update grub and again reboot.

They add this repository ppa:xorg-edgers/ppa and then do the update and dist-upgrade. This will update your all xorg libraries to the latest version as per your Ubuntu version.

The reboot it again.

Then you can install the nvidia-{your required version} from synaptic. Once installed just checked whether the nvidia is available in dash and reboot.

It worked out-of-box for me.


How to match ata4.00 to the apropriate /dev/sdX or actual physical disk?

You should get more information from dmesg:

dmesg | grep ata

Something like:

[    2.345126] ata2.00: ATA-8: WDC WD20EARX-00PASB0, 51.0AB51, max UDMA/133

That would be my Wester Digital hard drive.

Here's a way if you have multiple drives of one model (when above won't help):

Find a mapping from SCSI host to the ata* ID:

$ egrep "^[0-9]{1,}" /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/unique_id
/sys/class/scsi_host/host0/unique_id:1
/sys/class/scsi_host/host1/unique_id:2
/sys/class/scsi_host/host2/unique_id:3
/sys/class/scsi_host/host3/unique_id:4

Find a mapping from the SCSI host to the sd* ID:

$ ls -l /sys/block/sd*
... /sys/block/sda -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda
... /sys/block/sdb -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host1/target1:0:0/1:0:0:0/block/sdb

Now you can link those two results via the host* identifier. So if in that case I'm getting problems with ata2, I'd look for the unique_id 2 → host1, and then which sd* is host1 → sdb.

I also tried to come up with a one-liner. No idea if that's robust. You first have to set the ata* as a variable:

FAIL=ata1

then run:

echo "$FAIL -> $(ls -l /sys/block/ | grep $(grep "^$(echo $FAIL | cut -c 4-)" /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/unique_id | sed "s/.*\(host[0-9]\{1,\}\).*/\1/") | awk '{print $8}')"

which should return something like:

ata1 -> sda


what are the applications software I have downlaod after I downloaded ubuntu 13.04

you can have adobe flash on your ubuntu too (if you ticked the "install flash" during installation, you have flash installed, if not, open software-center and look for ubuntu-restricted-addones and ubuntu-restricted-extras. those two packages contains flash and codecs you may need.

those packages are not shipped with normal ubuntu installation since they are not open - source software.


to get superuser privileges,

first execute in a terminal

sudo passwd root

you will prompted for a new Unix password. Write it twice(second for confirmation).

Then execute

sudo passwd -u root

to unlock the account. This should return

passwd: password expiry information changed

then execute,

su

and enter in password. you should be in super user privilege mode, then retry your install.

Reverting back

If you want to disable root account in Ubuntu you need to lock the root account by using the following command

sudo passwd -l root


Cannot find `IBus Preferences` launcher in Unity Dash on Ubuntu 16.04

I finally found out the answer.

Search and launch the Ubuntu Software.

Search ibus in the search bar and enter the IBus Preferences.

Click Launch button to launch the IBus Preferences dialog.


You have a processor that is capable of 64-bit, so go ahead and use a 64-bit version of Ubuntu.

You stated elsewhere that your PC has a "Pentium Duo Core" chip.  Intel has never released a dual core chip called "Pentium" that doesn't support 64-bit apart from the "Yonah", a re-branded version of the Pentium M that is for laptops.


CUDA 10.1 deb install for Ubuntu 18.04 fails to initialize NVML

I'm not sure where this started working but!

sudo prime-select nvidia and switch to nvidia graphics

If this doesn't work and you've used the runfile to install CUDA before, what I actually did was:

Uninstall CUDA and all drivers with apt-get purge nvidia-* and something similar for cuda- I think. There might have been a random libcuda or something, I forget the name, sorry. Also go to /usr/local/cuda and try to find an uninstaller because there should be files left over, and run that script.
Install CUDA from runfile again.
Uninstall using nvidia-uninstall or whatever uninstall command it's supposed to be. Should be on PATH. Go through instructions and remove everything.
Install CUDA from .deb. And do not update cuda or nvidia or whatever.
Install prime-select, do step 0 and you should be okay.


Is there a RESTful API for the Ubuntu CVE Tracker?

The best API for CVEs I have found so far is at https://www.circl.lu/services/cve-search/. For example, if we want to use the API to get information about CVE-2016-7395, we run

curl http://cve.circl.lu/api/cve/CVE-2016-7395

which returns a JSON given by

{
  "Modified": "2016-09-11T06:59:26.727-04:00",
  "Published": "2016-09-11T06:59:25.337-04:00",
  "capec": [
    {
      "id": "230",
      "name": "XML Nested Payloads",
      "prerequisites": [
        "An application uses an XML parser to perform transformation on user-controllable data.",
        "An application does not perform sufficient validation to ensure that user-controllable data is safe for an XML parser."
      ],
      "related_weakness": [
        "112",
        "20",
        "19",
        "674",
        "770"
      ],
      "solutions": [
        "Carefully validate and sanitize all user-controllable data prior to passing it to the XML parser routine. Ensure that the resultant data is safe to pass to the XML parser.",
        "Perform validation on canonical data.",
        "Pick a robust implementation of an XML parser.",
        "Validate XML against a valid schema or DTD prior to parsing."
      ],
      "summary": [
        "Applications often need to transform data in and out of the XML format by using an XML parser. It may be possible for an attacker to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the XML parser when it is being processed. By nesting XML data and causing this data to be continuously self-referential, an attacker can cause the XML parser to consume more resources while processing, causing excessive memory consumption and CPU utilization. An attacker's goal is to leverage parser failure to his or her advantage. In most cases this type of an attack will result in a denial of service due to an application becoming unstable, freezing, or crash. However it may be possible to cause a crash resulting in arbitrary code execution, leading to a jump from the data plane to the control plane [R.230.1]."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "231",
      "name": "XML Oversized Payloads",
      "prerequisites": [
        "An application uses an XML parser to perform transformation on user-controllable data.",
        "An application does not perform sufficient validation to ensure that user-controllable data is safe for an XML parser."
      ],
      "related_weakness": [
        "112",
        "20",
        "19",
        "674",
        "770"
      ],
      "solutions": [
        "Carefully validate and sanitize all user-controllable data prior to passing it to the XML parser routine. Ensure that the resultant data is safe to pass to the XML parser.",
        "Perform validation on canonical data.",
        "Pick a robust implementation of an XML parser.",
        "Validate XML against a valid schema or DTD prior to parsing."
      ],
      "summary": [
        "Applications often need to transform data in and out of the XML format by using an XML parser. It may be possible for an attacker to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the XML parser when it is being processed. By supplying oversized payloads in input vectors that will be processed by the XML parser, an attacker can cause the XML parser to consume more resources while processing, causing excessive memory consumption and CPU utilization, and potentially cause execution of arbitrary code. An attacker's goal is to leverage parser failure to his or her advantage. In many cases this type of an attack will result in a denial of service due to an application becoming unstable, freezing, or crash. However it is possible to cause a crash resulting in arbitrary code execution, leading to a jump from the data plane to the control plane [R.231.1]."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "484",
      "name": "XML Client-Side Attack",
      "prerequisites": [
        "An application uses an XML parser to perform transformation on user-controllable data.",
        "An application does not perform sufficient validation to ensure that user-controllable data is safe for an XML parser."
      ],
      "related_weakness": [
        "112",
        "20",
        "19"
      ],
      "solutions": [
        "Carefully validate and sanitize all user-controllable data prior to passing it to the XML parser routine. Ensure that the resultant data is safe to pass to the XML parser.",
        "The client software should have the latest patches and should be audited for vulnerabilities before being used to communicate with potentially hostile servers."
      ],
      "summary": [
        "Client applications such as web browsers that process HTML data often need to transform data in and out of the XML format by using an XML parser. It may be possible for an attacker to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the XML parser when it is being processed. These adverse effects may include the parser crashing, consuming too much of a resource, executing too slowly, executing code supplied by an attacker, allowing usage of unintended system functionality, etc. An attacker's goal is to leverage parser failure to his or her advantage. In some cases it may be possible to jump from the data plane to the control plane via bad data being passed to an XML parser. [R.484.1]"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "99",
      "name": "XML Parser Attack",
      "prerequisites": [
        "An application uses an XML parser to perform transformation on user-controllable data.",
        "An application does not perform sufficient validation to ensure that user-controllable data is safe for an XML parser."
      ],
      "related_weakness": [
        "112",
        "20",
        "19",
        "674",
        "770"
      ],
      "solutions": [
        "Carefully validate and sanitize all user-controllable data prior to passing it to the XML parser routine. Ensure that the resultant data is safe to pass to the XML parser.",
        "Perform validation on canonical data.",
        "Pick a robust implementation of an XML parser.",
        "Validate XML against a valid schema or DTD prior to parsing."
      ],
      "summary": [
        "Applications often need to transform data in and out of the XML format by using an XML parser. It may be possible for an attacker to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the XML parser when it is being processed. These adverse effects may include the parser crashing, consuming too much of a resource, executing too slowly, executing code supplied by an attacker, allowing usage of unintended system functionality, etc. An attacker's goal is to leverage parser failure to his or her advantage. In some cases it may be possible to jump from the data plane to the control plane via bad data being passed to an XML parser. [R.99.1]"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "100",
      "name": "Overflow Buffers",
      "prerequisites": [
        "Targeted software performs buffer operations.",
        "Targeted software inadequately performs bounds-checking on buffer operations.",
        "Attacker has the capability to influence the input to buffer operations."
      ],
      "related_weakness": [
        "120",
        "119",
        "131",
        "129",
        "805",
        "19",
        "680"
      ],
      "solutions": [
        "Use a language or compiler that performs automatic bounds checking.",
        "Use secure functions not vulnerable to buffer overflow.",
        "If you have to use dangerous functions, make sure that you do boundary checking.",
        "Compiler-based canary mechanisms such as StackGuard, ProPolice and the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag. Unless this provides automatic bounds checking, it is not a complete solution.",
        "Use OS-level preventative functionality. Not a complete solution.",
        "Utilize static source code analysis tools to identify potential buffer overflow weaknesses in the software."
      ],
      "summary": [
        "Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an attacker. As a consequence, an attacker is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the attackers' choice."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "cvss": 6.8,
  "cwe": "CWE-19",
  "id": "CVE-2016-7395",
  "last-modified": "2016-09-12T13:43:31.873-04:00",
  "ranking": [
    [
      {
        "circl": 2
      }
    ]
  ],
  "references": [
    "https://codereview.chromium.org/2006143009",
    "https://crbug.com/613918",
    "https://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2016/08/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_31.html"
  ],
  "summary": "SkPath.cpp in Skia, as used in Google Chrome before 53.0.2785.89 on Windows and OS X and before 53.0.2785.92 on Linux, does not properly validate the return values of ChopMonoAtY calls, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (uninitialized memory access and application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via crafted graphics data.",
  "vulnerable_configuration": [
    {
      "id": "cpe:2.3:a:google:chrome:52.0.2743.116",
      "title": "Google Chrome 52.0.2743.116"
    }
  ],
  "vulnerable_configuration_cpe_2_2": [
    "cpe:/a:google:chrome:52.0.2743.116"
  ]
}

Visit https://www.circl.lu/services/cve-search/ for more information about how to use the API.


How can I put the top panel on the bottom of screen?

as far as i'm aware, it isn't currently possible, short of editing the source code (and my guess is that a lot of things probably assume it is at the top at the moment, so you'd probably have to edit more than just a couple of lines)

i'd like to be proven wrong on this though


When booting Ubuntu, I get the GRUB command line

Fixed the error. Instead of using rufus, I used UNetBootin to create the USB.


Install vegan package for R via terminal command

Okay I've got the answer, thanks rcs for the install method. Basically vegan requires previous installation of permute. So these commands do the trick:

wget -O ~/downloads/permute_0.8-3.tar.gz "http://download.r-forge.r-project.org/src/contrib/permute_0.8-3.tar.gz"
wget -O ~/downloads/vegan_2.3-5.tar.gz "http://download.r-forge.r-project.org/src/contrib/vegan_2.3-5.tar.gz"
sudo R CMD INSTALL ~/downloads/permute_0.8-3.tar.gz
sudo R CMD INSTALL ~/downloads/vegan_2.3-5.tar.gz


UFW being inactive has nothing to do with it.

In iptables parlance, you must have a MASQUERADE rule set in the NAT table for traffic to work being forwarded outbound regardless.  Otherwise, the system won't know what to do with the packets.  This remains the case even if you directly use iptables to manipulate the *filter rules (to set INPUT, OUTPUT, etc. access control lists and such, or even to just ALLOW all traffic on those policysets) - NAT always is in play and you have to add the NAT rule to make forwarded traffic masquerade out to the Internet as the server's primary IP.

Therefore, you must add the rule whether using UFW or not in order to get the system to understand how to translate the packet and route it via the server to the Internet, and thus how to automatically handle the reverse routing as well.

This Github GIST which I found has a pretty good explanation of what to do for this for UFW:

  The final step is to add NAT to ufw’s configuration. Add the following
  to /etc/ufw/before.rules just before the filter rules.

# NAT table rules
*nat
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]

# Forward traffic through eth0 - Change to match you out-interface
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

# don't delete the 'COMMIT' line or these nat table rules won't
# be processed
COMMIT


11.04 and SSDs should get along just fine, although it makes me a bit nervous that you're dependent on an interim release for something in production - that doesn't have anything to do with the SSDs, though.

I've been using the same SSD on my home workstation with very heavy use (constant loading and reloading of VM images) since 9.04 or so, no issues; in general you really should not have any problems regardless.


Deleted .ecryptfs but system still running - any hopes?

You might still have some .ecryptfs files still opened by some process, in which case they might not be really deleted yet. If they're listed in lsof you might still be able to copy/move them back. Especially look for the wrapped-passphrase file.

The best solution would be if you have a backup copy of your entire home, including the wrapped-passphrase file. If all the files were deleted then they may have been overwritten already, and losing the login key, wrapped-passphrase file, and mount key would mean they're locked forever too. Having a copy of the actual mount key would be helpful if the files are still there to read.

Or, if the eCryptfs folder is still mounted, the key might be in the kernel keyring still. Take a look with

$ keyctl show
Session Keyring
 802145592 --alswrv    999 65534  keyring: _uid_ses.999
 542975566 --alswrv    999 65534   \_ keyring: _uid.999
 414895587 --alswrv    999   999       \_ user: 1848e1d7b8a187fc
 245849561 --alswrv    999   999       \_ user: 554c7c95a5b5d6ee

And you might see 1 (no fnek) or 2 (with fnek) entires like the last 2 above. The "1848e1d7b8a187fc" part should match the signature of the mount or fnek sig used by eCryptfs. You could read the key(s) with

keyctl read 414895587 - "read" prints it on stdout as a hex dump
keyctl print 414895587 - "print" dumps it to stdout directly  if  it's entirely printable or as a hexdump preceded by ":hex:" if not
keyctl pipe 414895587 > piped-keyfile - "pipe" dumps the raw data to stdout

(replace the numbers with the first part of the relevant line from the keyctl show output above)

If you extracted it with pipe, then later this command should add the key back into the keyring:

cat piped-keyfile | keyctl padd user keydescription @u

To match the format of ecryptfs-add-passphrase I think changing the keydescription back to the 16 character signature to match the original keyctl show output should work.

A file undelete program may be able to recover the recently deleted file, if it hasn't been overwritten yet. Programs vary by the filesystem you want to recover files on, or try testdisk (in Ubuntu universe repos) has excellent luck recovering deleted files from all sorts of filesystems. It's sister program photorec could search all the free space of the drive and attempt to recover files too, though I don't know if "ecryptfs wrapped-passphrase" is a filetype it knows.


php files are downloading instead of executing after installing SSL certificate

Your /etc/nginx/sites-avaliable/default file doesn't contain php configurations, or do you have another file in /etc/nginx/sites-avaliable/ with it, as mentioned in the DigitalOcean link? If not, it seems you might have accidentally removed the it while configuring SSL. Try adding the below before the Certbot configurations is the file:

        location ~ \.php$ {
                include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
                fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.2-fpm.sock;
        }


Remove shiny icon backgrounds from Ubuntu Dock / Dash to Dock

Launch Terminal and run the following command:

gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock unity-backlit-items false


My boss and I had similar issues with our Dell Venue 11 Pro 7140.  After many releases, Dell eventually discovered an S3 bug relating to pre-5.0 kernels.  They advised 2 things:

Update the BIOS to the latest version available, most likely post-November 2018.
Upgrade to a 5.0 kernel.

Additionally, we found 2 more things were required:

Completely clean your user config (as in, mv ~/.config ~/.config.old) as some previous settings in X11 have hung around in upgrade and are incompatible with S3 "freeze" features.
a. If using Gnome, change Settings->Power->"When the power button is pressed" from "Nothing" to "Suspend".

b. If using XFCE, change all "freeze" settings to "suspend" in the Power Manager.


Most likely you are using Ubuntu 11.04.  Ubuntu is trying to phase out the traditional gnome panel notification-area in favor of the freedesktop.org spec compliant indicator-applet area.  It's likely that aMSN has not supported indicator-applet, hence no icon.

Notification-area is still there on your panel.  If you happened to have removed it, you can always right click on the panel to add it back.  The issue is 11.04 blocks most application's notification-area icon, unless it is in a white-list.

To add an application to the white-list

gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Panel systray-whitelist "$(gsettings get com.canonical.Unity.Panel systray-whitelist | sed "s/, *'yourapp' *//g" | sed "s/'yourapp' *, *//g" | sed -e "s/]$/, 'yourapp']/")"

in your case, yourapp should be replaced with aMSN.  but make sure the case is correct...


Have you tried unetbootin? It should work, you can use any iso, including Windows.


Permanently Disable Wireless Drivers and Wireless Internet on tablet-PC

The output of your systems dmesg might be useful in identifying your wireless controller.

You can blacklist the wireless module.  Depending on your wireless card manufacturer you would blacklist a different kernel module.

For instance, on my system with a Broadcom wireless controller I would blacklist b43.

  lsmod | grep b43
  b43                   401408  0
  bcma                   49152  1 b43
  mac80211              659456  1 b43
  cfg80211              499712  2 b43,mac80211
  ssb                    57344  1 b43

Atheros controllers might be ath9k or ath10k_pci.

  lsmod | grep ath9k

This is a generic explanation of blacklisting.  Note the EDIT for the blacklist file name changed to /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf:
How to blacklist kernel modules?

This is an example where someone asked the same question:
https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1622582


Ubuntu UEFI Dual-Boot without boot repair

First, the default GRUB 2 configuration for Ubuntu sends GRUB 2 to the Ubuntu partition for some critical configuration and support files. This makes GRUB 2 reliant on files on both the EFI System Partition (ESP) and the Ubuntu root (/) or /boot partition. Thus, deleting the Ubuntu partition almost certainly did not damage the EFI System Partition (ESP). Instead, you deprived GRUB 2 of its configuration and support files, leading to an inability to boot through GRUB 2. This problem is actually easily overcome by using the computer's built-in boot manager -- typically accessed by pressing Esc, Enter, or a function key when you power on the system. (Unfortunately, there's no standardization in user interfaces, so I can't be more specific.) If you'd known this, you could probably have saved yourself a lot of hassle.

Second, installing Ubuntu without a boot loader is pretty pointless, since a boot loader is required to boot an OS. That said, the boot loader need not be GRUB 2. This question and answers briefly describe several alternatives. My Web page on the subject goes into a lot more detail. If you want to use something other than GRUB 2, you can boot the installer using the "try before installing" option, launch a Terminal, and type:

ubiquity -b

This command launches the installer and tells it to not install GRUB. When the installation finishes, you'll have to install the boot loader of your choice in some way. Options include:

Install it from Windows
Install it from the Ubuntu live disk
Use an emergency boot manager like rEFInd on USB drive to boot Ubuntu, then install from there

If you want a boot process that's safe from problems caused by deleting Ubuntu, you'll need to either use something other than GRUB 2 or create a heavily-customized GRUB 2 configuration, as described here. (Note that, although that page includes a comment that it's outdated, the newer page does not describe how to create a custom GRUB setup.)


The Arch Wiki lists several Display Managers, of which three lightweight Display Managers are XDM (153 total dependencies1), LXDM (172 total dependencies1) and SLiM (121 total dependencies1). Personally I'd liked the themes available for LXDM, and the SLiM Arch Wiki page says the project is abandoned (it worked well, though). It also lists a couple of console DMs, neither of which is packaged for Ubuntu, as far as I can tell.

1 Use apt-rdepends to find the dependencies recursively:

for i in lxdm xdm slim
do
    apt-rdepends "$i" | grep -c '^\S'
done

GDM, for reference, has 445.


Lightest weight ubuntu desktop for text editing in big terminal windows?

Edubuntu is just Ubuntu really, and Kubuntu runs the KDE environment, all of those are not lightweight.

If you are going for a desktop then you might be more interested in something like lubuntu or Xubuntu. Out of those I would think that Xubuntu is the lightest, although I'm not totally sure on that. Either way, both of those are extremely light-weight and designed for older hardware


Firefox freezes while opening multiple tabs

Use Flashblock to prevent unnecessary flash content from loading, AdBlock Plus to prevent ad servers from being contacted, Ghostery to prevent tracking services like Google Analytics. Disable "Block reported attack sites" and "Block reported web forgeries" in Firefox Security preferences. This will improve responsiveness and reduce locking. Optimizing databases will probably help as well. Also check my optimization and troubleshooting tutorials.

Make sure you have the latest driver for your video card installed.


Myth 2 on 64 bit Xubuntu 13.10 needing libs openal 32 bit, and how to install that?

You can install a 32-bit version like this:

sudo apt-get install libopenal1:i386


How can I prevent iOS devices from being mounted when I connect them?

Configuring Automounting

To enable or disable automount open a terminal and type dconf-editor followed by the [Enter] key.

Browse to org.gnome.desktop.media-handling.

The automount key controls whether to automatically mount media. If set to true, then Nautilus will automatically mount media such as user-visible hard disks and removable media on start-up and media insertion.

There is another key org.gnome.desktop.media-handling.automount-open. This controls whether to automatically open a folder for automounted media.

If set to true, then Nautilus will automatically open a folder when media is automounted. This only applies to media where no known x-content/* type was detected; for media where a known x-content type is detected, the user configurable action will be taken instead. This can be configured as shown below.

Taken directly from the ubuntu help page.


"this kernel requires an x86-64 cpu but only detected an i686 cpu. unable to boot - please use a kernel appropriate for your cpu"

If you are trying to install latest latest Ubuntu Desktop 20.10 (or 20.04 LTS) on x86 (32bit) PC, you will fail, as they were released only as 64-bit (amd64) images.
I'm afraid you will need to use:
ubuntu-16.04.6-desktop-i386.iso
Look for 32-bit i386 ISO here:
https://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/
I'm adding link to i386 of 18.04 Ubuntu MATE flavour. It will offer longer support than 16.04. Unfortunately as much as I know, base Ubuntu flavor was never released as 32-bit/i386. There is also Lubuntu flavor available, maybe others exist as well (didn't look).
Dowbload page: http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-mate/releases/18.04/release/
Look for: ubuntu-mate-18.04.5-desktop-i386.iso
Edit: don't ask me why download/release page says "Ubuntu 16.04.7 LTS (Xenial Xerus)" and download link downloads "ubuntu-16.04.6-desktop-i386.iso"...
Edit: Added i386 iso of 18.04 Ubuntu MATE


Technique to Display Multiple Browser Windows Tiled at Same time?

Chrome/ium

There are a few Chrome/ium extensions that mimic what you are trying to achieve, but I didn't find any exceptionally good ones.

Firefox

I did however find a pretty good Firefox extension for screen splitting: Fox Splitter, it seems to do the job well enough.

Opera

Opera provides built-in support for managing tabs in this manner. Right click the Tab Bar, go to Arrange and proceed to select Tile Vertically.

SSB

Alternatively, you could use an SSB (Single Site Browser or Site Specific Browser). An SSB is an application with an embedded browser designed to work exclusively with a single web application. It doesn't have the menus, toolbars and accoutrements of a normal web browser. You would then use one of these per web page and tile them using the Compiz grid plugin. You could use Mozilla Prism, an SSB that uses Firefox as its back-end. Chrome/ium also provide SSB functionality, this is done by first navigating to the desired web page, then clicking the Wrench Icon > Tools > "Create Application Shortcuts...".

Note: My original answer contained more hyperlinks, but I was prevented from posting because I do not have enough reputation.


Yes, Unity 2D is currently in the Oneiric daily builds and will be the default desktop for lower end machines in future releases.

You can read about it on the Ubuntu wiki (https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Unity2D) and follow the project on Launchpad (https://launchpad.net/unity-2d).

If you follow the wiki instructions you can try it out on Natty too. I've been using it recently, it's not quite as slick as Unity, but my (oldish) machine does run faster.


I just fixed the issue by adding this to my .zshrc file after the theme variable assignment:
POWERLEVEL9K_RIGHT_PROMPT_ELEMENTS=('status' 'load' 'ram_joined' 'time')
source $ZSH/oh-my-zsh.sh

Now the theme is working properly


Error in grub-efi-amd64-signed after upgrading Ubuntu

I have the same problem.  I know you don't support beta testers, but if anyone has any information, I'd love to read it.  At this point I'm scared to restart.

Rob


You can try and turn off the switchable graphics in the BIOS:
Reboot your computer, enter the BIOS settings  and change them from:

switchable graphics
Hybrid graphics
...

to:

UMA graphics

On-board graphics

Intel Graphics

...
after that, it will be possible to use the Intel video card only with proper drivers on Ubuntu.

Here is the source of my material


Wine is notorious for having problems with Pulseaudio, Ubuntu's default sound server. As a result, it is necessary for you to switch to ALSA. To do that, follow the below instructions.

Run sudo apt-get autoremove pulseaudio from terminal
Run sudo apt-get install gnome-alsamixer

Done! You can find more information here.

Additionally, Wine 1.6.2 seems to be outdated. Since you are trying to run games, you probably want the latest version. To install it, follow the below steps.

Run sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
When asked, hit Enter
Run sudo apt-get remove wine wine1.6
Run sudo apt-get install wine1.7

After that, you should be running the latest Wine.


Lenova Thinkpad power button does nothing

I am going to go ahead and answer my own question, and hopefully this will help someone!
Well, it turns out that if you hold down the power button for around a second, the menu comes up!


update-rc.d: warning: start and stop actions are no longer supported; falling back to defaults

The "start" and "stop" arguments are deprecated!
Roger Leigh (Debian developer team) announced that in debian-devel, on May 2013:

  the options still exist, but they
    just invoke the "defaults" action.

As you can see in an extract of update-rc.d(8) manpage:

  The correct way to disable services is to configure the service as stopped in all runlevels in which it is started by default.


Can I install and use the video driver from the CD that came with my motherboard in place of the driver that comes with newer releases of Ubuntu?

According to the documentation your RS880 [HD4250] is fully supported by the open source radeon driver for both 14.04 and 16.04. I would surmise that you are having problems upgrading because you are using the fglrx driver.

The approach that should work for you is to Revert to open source graphics drivers - options greyed out 14.04 or the related How do I remove the FGLRX drivers after I've installed them by hand? Once you have purged the fglrx driver and reverted to the Open Source Radeon driver you should be able to upgrade not only to 14.04 but also to 16.04.

Typically, the following manual commands will properly uninstall -fglrx:

sudo apt-get remove --purge xorg-driver-fglrx fglrx*

The above is to completely purge the binary blob from the system.

sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgl1-mesa-glx libgl1-mesa-dri xserver-xorg-core

The above is to reinstall packages affected by the installation of fglrx

sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg

The above is to to reconfigure X.

sudo reboot

It's necessary to reboot (or fix up the kernel modules and restart gdm).

Sources:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RadeonDriver

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/Troubleshooting/VideoDriverDetection#Problem:_Need_to_purge_-fglrx


Is PermitRootLogin without-password a secure method?

From the man page man sshd

PermitRootLogin
Specifies whether root can log in using ssh(1).  The argument
must be yes, prohibit-password, without-password,
forced-commands-only, or no.  The default is prohibit-password.
If this option is set to prohibit-password or without-password,
password and keyboard-interactive authentication are disabled for
root.
If this option is set to forced-commands-only, root login with
public key authentication will be allowed, but only if the
command option has been specified (which may be useful for taking
remote backups even if root login is normally not allowed).  All
other authentication methods are disabled for root.

So, "without-password" allows root to log in via any method EXCEPT password authentication. This can include ssh keys and kerberos.
IMO this is a secure option.
See also What does 'without password' mean in sshd_config file?


Internal drives partitions are not showing!

The gui only shows partitions that are mounted under /media/.  Since you have them mounted under /mnt, they are not shown.  Either manually change the fstab entries to mount them under /media, or remove the entries entirely and let the system automatically mount them there.


Unable to install Shutter in Lubuntu 18.10

Official Ubuntu repositories

For older Ubuntu versions such as 14.04 LTS, 16.04 LTS, 18.04 LTS - Shutter is located in universe repository:

Snap

Please note that Snap version is not yet released for Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, 18.04 LTS and 18.10:

$ snap find shutter
No matching snaps for "shutter"

Also you can check search on snapcraft.io site:

Third-party PPA

You can consider to find third-party PPA for Shutter. I found one - ppa:linuxuprising/shutter.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linuxuprising/shutter
sudo apt-get install shutter

then enjoy the application:

Note: I have e-mailed to Shutter team about official package for Cosmic.


Allow incoming connections from outside LAN

Yes, the firewall is most likely running and preventing incoming connections. Look up ufw (Universal Firewall) and how to open port 22 for incoming connections.


Use instead systemd way of creating start up jobs
(/etc/init is for upstart solution, which seems to be deprecated)
(systemd is a replacement of SysV).

And here is how:

create /etc/systemd/system/trackpoint.service with

[Unit]
Description="Trackpoint-Settings"

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/home/user/trackpoint.sh

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

where trackpoint.sh is what should be executed.

Then run:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable trackpoint.service

(inspired by malo answer)


Is it fine to keep changing from AHCI to RAID constantly?

There's no benefit in using that "RAID" with more than one disk and absolutely no benefit if using only one.
Even if you intend to use some sort of RAID later on, the "RAID" from your motherboard's drive modes ISN'T something you'd want to use. So, yes, install AHCI support in Windows and be done with changing modes. But, as said in comments, doing what you're doing won't break anything, it's just annoying and purposeless.


Assuming you were trying to access phpmyadmin via http://localhost/phpmyadmin it usually isn't automatically installed.

You have to append an include to phpmyadmin conf file in the apache.conf file like so:

echo "Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf" | sudo tee -a /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Also, there shouldn't be a need to execute mysql commands to access your phpmyadmin. The ubuntu aptitude installer creates all the necessary database tables needed to get phpmyadmin up and running.

Also, Ubuntu provides some great documentation on how to get phpmyadmin running as well from either a package or if you want the latest upstream version you can manually install it as well.


Nautilus and Terminal refuse to run on Ubuntu 19.04 (up-to-date as of 14 June 2019)

Turns out that Chrome Remote Desktop is causing all these issues. It was from a Ubuntu forum post.

Remove Chrome Remote Desktop solves all these!

Run

sudo apt-get remove chrome-remote-desktop

Then restart.

Voila!


The first file you should check is ~/.bashrc. "~" means your home directory. So you need to edit your own .bashrc file firstly, not system wide one. If you want to check the system wide one try /etc/bashrc.

In this file you will see a PS1 section. This is what manages the prompt view.

After editing PS1 line for your needs just run this command:

source ~/.bashrc

You don't need to reboot the system.


How to retrieve the full ubuntu desktop?

That is not the "lightweight" environment. It appears you have installed the ubuntu-gnome-desktop package. You need to install ubuntu-desktop and make sure you choose Unity at the log-in screen instead of GNOME.

You can also just run sudo apt-get autoremove --purge ubuntu-gnome-desktop and then sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop to do a more complete swap.


What do I need to take into account assembling an Ubuntu desktop PC?

In the scope of this question & answer site I am certainly unable to give you recommendations on one or the other piece of hardware. This is even more so as there is constant development going on. What we said today may not hold true tomorrow.

From my own experience in building my own boxes for several years now I have never had any unsolvable issue when it comes to Ubuntu compatibility. However there are some general thoughts you might want to consider:

The latest brand-new hardware may not yet be fully supported. It is better to choose  hardware that was around for some months.
Don't look for hardware that works, look for the rare cases that don't. Check the forums for issues with the one single specific piece of hardware you chose. If there weren't any it's probably safe to use.
Buy common hardwares rather than exotic ones if you have the choice.


There is a tool named as Xcape which can you that required functionality.

Installation

open your terminal and type as

 sudo apt-get install git gcc make libx11-dev libxtst-dev pkg-config
 mkdir xcape
 cd xcape
 git clone https://github.com/alols/xcape.git .
 make

Usage:
After installing it all you need to do is simply this in your terminal.
for shifting Alt into Ctrl

xcape -e 'Alt_L=Ctrl_L'

Then logout/restart to apply the changes and then you see the changes.

Hope that helps.


Is there a way to get Miro to use flash?

I had the same problem using both miro 4 and 5 however i  found a fix and believe it will be added to version 6

gksu gedit /usr/share/pyshared/miro/plat/frontends/widgets/application.py

find

gtk.gdk.threads_init()

replace with

gobject.threads_init()

save close

then

gksu gedit /usr/share/pyshared/miro/plat/frontends/widgets/webkitbrowser.py

find and remove the 4 lines below plus the extra blank line under settings.set_property('enable-plugins', False)

  #this disables all plugins -- Miro has problems with the

  # adobe flash plugin and hangs when the plugin loads and starts

  #this disables all plugins -- Miro has problems with the

  settings.set_property('enable-plugins', False)

remove/save/start miro and now hulu and other flash sites should work through the miro browser