How to open the Firefox History window with a keyboard shortcut?

Just use the shortcut Ctrl+Shift+H.

Here you find a overview about Firefox shortcuts which is taken from this source:

1.  Navigation
    Back                                Alt+←
                                        Ctrl+[
    Forward                             Alt+→
                                        Ctrl+]
    Home                                Alt+Home
    Open File                           Ctrl+O
    Reload                              F5
                                        Ctrl+R
    Reload (override cache)             Ctrl+F5
                                        Ctrl+Shift+R
    Stop                                Esc
2. Current Page
    Go Down a Screen                    Page Down
    Go Up a Screen                      Page Up
    Go to Bottom of Page                End
    Go to Top of Page                   Home
    Move to Next Frame                  F6
    Move to Previous Frame              Shift+F6
    Print                               Ctrl+ P
    Save Page As                        Ctrl+S
    Zoom In                             Ctrl++
    Zoom Out                            Ctrl+-
    Zoom Reset                          Ctrl+0
3. Editing
    Copy                                Ctrl+C
    Cut                                 Ctrl+X
    Delete                              Del
    Paste                               Ctrl+V
    Paste (as plain text)               Ctrl+Shift+V
    Redo                                Ctrl+Shift+Z
    Select All                          Ctrl+A
    Undo                                Ctrl+Z
4. Search
    Find                                Ctrl+F
    Find Again                          F3
                                        Ctrl+G
    Find Previous                       Shift+F3
                                        Ctrl+Shift+G
    Quick Find within link-text only    '
    Quick Find                          /
    Close the Find or Quick Find bar    Esc          (when the Find or Quick Find bar is focused)
    Focus Search bar                    Ctrl+K
                                        Ctrl+J
    Quickly switch between              Ctrl+↑
    search engines                      Ctrl+↓    (when Search Bar is focused)
    View menu to switch, add or manage  Alt+↑
    search engines                      Alt+↓     (when Search Bar is focused)
                                        F4
5. Windows & Tabs
    Close Tab                           Ctrl+W
                                        Ctrl+F4       (except for App Tabs)
    Close Window                        Ctrl+Shift+W
                                        Alt+F4
    Move Tab in focus Left              Ctrl+Shift+Page Up
    Move Tab in focus Right             Ctrl+Shift+Page Down
    Move Tab in focus to start          Ctrl+Home
    Move Tab in focus to end            Ctrl+End
    Mute/Unmute Audio                   Ctrl+M
    New Tab                             Ctrl+T
    New Window                          Ctrl+N
    New Private Window                  Ctrl+Shift+P
    Next Tab                            Ctrl+Tab
                                        Ctrl+Page Down
    Open Address in New Tab             Alt+Enter         (from Location Bar or Search Bar)
    Previous Tab                        Ctrl+Shift+Tab
                                        Ctrl+Page Up
    Undo Close Tab                      Ctrl+Shift+T
    Undo Close Window                   Ctrl+Shift+N
    Select Tab 1 to 8                   Alt+1 to 8
    Select Last Tab                     Alt+9
    Tab Groups View                     Ctrl+Shift+E
    Close Tab Groups View               Esc
    Next Tab Group                      Ctrl+`        (only for some keyboard layouts)
    Previous Tab Group                  Ctrl+Shift+`   (only for some keyboard layouts)
6. History
    History sidebar                     Ctrl+H
    Library window (History)            Ctrl+Shift+H
    Clear Recent History                Ctrl+Shift+Del
7. Bookmarks
    Bookmark This Page                  Ctrl+D
    Bookmarks sidebar                   Ctrl+B
    Library window (Bookmarks)          Ctrl+Shift+O
8. Tools
    Downloads                           Ctrl+Shift+Y
    Add-ons                             Ctrl+Shift+A
    Toggle Developer Tools              F12
                                        Ctrl+Shift+I
    Web Console                         Ctrl+Shift+K
    Inspector                           Ctrl+Shift+C
    Debugger                            Ctrl+Shift+S
    Style Editor                        Shift+F7
    Profiler                            Shift+F5
    Network                             Ctrl+Shift+Q
    Developer Toolbar                   Shift+F2
    Responsive Design View              Ctrl+Shift+M
    Scratchpad                          Shift+F4
    Page Source                         Ctrl+U
    Browser Console                     Ctrl+Shift+J
    Page Info                           Ctrl+I
9. PDF Viewer
    Next page                           N or J or →
    Previous page                       P or K or ←
    Zoom in                             Ctrl++
    Zoom out                            Ctrl+-
    Automatic Zoom                      Ctrl+0
    Rotate the document clockwise       R
    Rotate counterclockwise             Shift+R
    Switch to Presentation Mode         Ctrl+Alt+P
    Toggle Hand Tool                    H
    Focus the Page Number input box     Ctrl+Alt+G
10. Miscellaneous
    Complete .com Address               Ctrl+Enter
    Complete .net Address               Shift+Enter
    Complete .org Address               Ctrl+Shift+Enter
    Delete Selected Autocomplete Entry  Del
    Toggle Full Screen                  F11
    Toggle Menu Bar activation (show-   Alt (KDE)
    ing it temporarily when hidden)     F10 (GNOME)
    Show/Hide Add-on Bar                Ctrl+/
    Caret Browsing                      F7
                                        F6
    Select Location Bar                 Alt+D
                                        Ctrl+L
Media shortcuts
    Toggle Play / Pause                 Space bar
    Decrease volume                     ↓
    Increase volume                     ↑
    Mute audio                          Ctrl+↓
    Unmute audio                        Ctrl+↑
    Seek back 15 seconds                ←
    Seek back 10 %                      Ctrl+←
    Seek forward 15 seconds             →
    Seek forward 10 %                   Ctrl+→
    Seek to the beginning               Home
    Seek to the end                     End


Need to reinstall Ubuntu 12.04, but my computer doesn't recognize my USB startup disk. (Dual boot)

check to see if there is legacy usb support in bios. you may need to enable that to boot from the flash drive.  Also  escape or f12 f11 depending on the system board often brings up the boot menu where you can manually select what to boot from. Select it there and see if that lets you boot to the flash drive. If that doesn't work see if another device will boot from it or load vmware player and see if it boots from the flash drive to verify it was properly created.


windows no longer boots in dual boot after accidentally delete partition in hdd windows

I would try the following:

in Windows, download Ubuntu image (e.g., Bionic Beaver 18.04.5);
burn it to a blank USB, I would use Rufus for that;
check that all your hard drives are connected as they should be;
boot from the Ubuntu USB (for that, change BIOS options or press keys at boot as necessary);
check that you have Internet access in Ubuntu;
install Boot-Repair, 2nd option from Terminal:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && boot-repair

run Recommended Repair when prompted;
read messages carefully and press Enter to confirm your choices;
get to the end, note the URL (paste.ubuntu.com/XXXXX) just in case;
reboot, it should resolve you problems;
if not, please post the URL in the comments;
for the future, try to have Ubuntu live boot USB by your side.

Good luck!


There is currently a GnomeGoal dedicated to change this: https://live.gnome.org/GnomeGoals/PrintToFile

However as it looks now, not many Gnome Applications implement this yet.


I recently encountered the same problem, follow the following steps to reach the solution:

Open Terminal, change directory cd /usr/share/applications/
Open the file vi UninstallMobilePartner.desktop
Find the path for EXEC
Change that path possibly to /usr/local/Photon
Run sudo ./UnistallMobilePartner

This will uninstall Photon + GUI from from Ubuntu workstation.


What FLOSS skype alternatives are available?

SIP Clients
These all are SIP clients which means they all can be used to call each other and they just need a SIP address (like your mobile number). You can get a SIP address for free from many providers (Ekiga, jit.si, iptel), some of which (sip2sip.info, ippi.com, localphone.com, nonoh.net) also have PSTN gateways into the normal phone network which allows you to make and receive regular calls from/to your SIP client (for a fee). For various reasons some clients may not work with some providers (for example, for Nonoh and Iptel, Blink works but Jitsi, Ekiga, and Linphone don't).
Ekiga (available in the software center)
Here is First use documentation for ekiga .
Here is documentation on how to use the PC to Phone feature in ekiga .

Ekiga (formely known as GnomeMeeting) is an open source SoftPhone, Video Conferencing and Instant Messenger application over the Internet.

Ring (available in the software center)

Ring is free software for universal communication which respects freedoms and privacy of its users. It supports SIP accounts. Ring is available under the GNU GPL license, version 3.

Twinkle  (available in the software center)

Twinkle is a softphone for your voice over IP and instant messaging communcations using the SIP protocol. You can use it for direct IP phone to IP phone communication or in a network using a SIP proxy to route your calls and messages.

Yate VoIP (available in the software center)

YATE is a telephony engine aimed at creating a telephony server that performs well enough to deal with PBX requirements and also flexible enough for complex Gateway and IVR solutions.
YateClient uses the same telephony code to produce a software desktop VoIP (SIP, H.323, IAX2) phone. yate-qt4 uses this to provide such a telephony

QuteCom  (available in the software center)

QuteCom is a community of enthusiasts and developers, creating free software products related to communication over IP. The flagship product of the QuteCom project is a softphone which allows you to make free PC to PC video and voice calls, and to integrate all your IM contacts in one place.

Linphone (available in the software center)

Linphone is an internet phone or Voice Over IP phone (VoIP).
With linphone you can communicate freely with people over the internet,
with voice, video, and text instant
messaging.
Linphone makes use of the SIP protocol , an open standard for
internet telephony. You can use
Linphone with any SIP VoIP operator,
including our free SIP audio/video
service

Jitsi

Jitsi - Open Source Video Calls and Chat
Secure video calls, conferencing, chat, desktop sharing, file transfer, support for your favorite OS, and IM network. All this, and more, in Jitsi - the most complete and advanced open source communicator. Implemented in Java.

Blink

A state of the art, easy to use SIP client
Available for Mac, Windows and Linux. Comprehensive controls over the details of the protocol. Blink is the end-result of cumulated knowledge built over many years by its developers who worked on the development of popular open-source SIP infrastructure software and attended relevant IETF and SIPIT events where SIP protocol has been developed and tested 18.  Implemented using Qt.


I can't diagnose your problem, but may have a solution.

If you check this thread on the ubuntu-phone email list you can see that development of Dekko as a click package has stopped. Your best bet for a resolution might be to switch to the snap version.

I'm afraid that I don't know how to change to the snap version - but someone else on the thread has asked the question so it might be the place to find the answer.


Below is my working solution, adaptable for other LBP models & PC bitwidths.

Install

In the case of Ubuntu 64-bit, printer Canon LBP2900:

git clone https://github.com/hugolpz/Canon_printer.git
cd ./Canon_printer
make -f ./download.mk
sudo make -f ./install.mk BITS=64 PRINTER=LBP2900
sudo make -f ./OS_restart.mk
sudo make -f ./install.mk BITS=64 PRINTER=LBP2900

Adapt to your bitwidth.

OS restart

If printer is not working after install & OS restart :

sudo pkill -9 -x ccpd
sudo /etc/init.d/ccpd start   # Output should have 2 numbers of 4 digits !
> Canon Printer Daemon for CUPS: ccpd: 2626 2615    # seems good :)

For more instructions, see https://github.com/hugolpz/Canon_printer

Recommendations

Buy a non-Canon Linux compatible printer.


Applications not working on Ubuntu 20.04

This directory you mentioned is only for Root access.
Try:
sudo su
# Enter your password
Sudo apt-get #program-name

And,
If you want to put your user into the sudo Group you can use this command in Root Mode:
usermod -aG sudo #username
For more details, Please check this;
Reference
How To Add User To Sudoers & Add User To Sudo Group On Ubuntu


The error: "mount: only root can do that" while mounting a partition

Use (note sudo in front)

sudo mount -t ntfs-3g -o remove_hiberfile /dev/sda2 /media/2A36EE3236EDFEA7

If in future, a program informs you that "only root can do that", "root access required", "super user required", "Permission denied", or similar permissions based problems, you should try sticking sudo in front of the command you're executing.

Mounting a device like Nautilus

If you just want to mount a device from the command line, like it would be mounted if you clicked its icon in the Nautilus sidebar, you can use this command:

udisksctl mount -b /dev/<device>

replacing <device> with your device. This doesn't requrire root access, however will only allow you to do a safe mount, i.e. without any custom mount options and mounting to /media/$USER/<device> only.


Symlink error "This location could not be displayed"

/media/DRIVE NAME/ does not look right to me. In Ubuntu 14.04 external disks are typically mounted as /media/USERNAME/DRIVENAME/.


Vim 8 installation. repository not found

That repository does not provide packages for 16.10 (Yakkety). Note also that the howto you are reading says it is for 16.04, not 16.10.


Can not install a program that requires libglib

If you don't use a .deb file to install, i.e. when you do a make install like the instructions you linked, then the Ubuntu software system (apt) knows nothing about you installing that library. So as far as Ubuntu Software Center is concerned, the libglib package is still at the Ubuntu version. You have two options to resolve this:

Force the .deb file to install, ignoring the dependency issue. Hopefully the manual library install worked and the program will function properly.

sudo dpkg -i --force-depends *.deb

You can replace the *.deb with the specific package file name, otherwise it matches all .deb files in the directory.
Upgrade Ubuntu. The latest two Ubuntu versions (13.10 and 14.04) have versions of libglib-2.0 that meet the requirements (>=2.37.3). You can check the versions here:
http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=libglib2.0-0


Can I force grub2-update NOT to use uuid?

Yes. To do that you need to edit /etc/default/grub (root permission required). There you should find a commented line like this:

#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true

Uncomment it out, save the file and execute:

sudo update-grub2

Please note that the location of this file can be Ubuntu/Debian specific, but as you seem to be using Debian or Mint to configure Grub it should be ok.


How to share an USB device(scanner) over network (from Windows to Ubuntu)?

"If you want to share with another Linux or Unix system, SANE alone should work. If you want to share with a Windows client, you'll need a Windows SANE front-end, such as SaneTwain."

Source: http://fixunix.com/smb/62684-sharing-printers-scanner-samba.html


You should create the ramdisk using tmpfs, not ramfs.

ramfs is an older implementation and lacks size checking (see here).

So your command will become :

sudo mount tmpfs -t tmpfs /media/typicalramdisk/ -o size=1M


How do I completely reinstall Ubuntu 12.04?

Boot through a live CD/USB, then Select "Install Ubuntu".

At this step:

Choose "Erase disk and install Ubuntu".  Choose the same option if there are other options available.

This will install a Fresh new copy of Ubuntu on your computer.


How to use fslint to mass delete or mass merge duplicate files with command line?

I found it using the command findup

to merge all the duplicated files within a directory

  When -m is specified any found duplicates will be merged (using
  hardlinks)

sudo /usr/share/fslint/fslint/findup -m -f <directory>

to delete all the duplicated files within a directory

  When -d is specified any found duplicates will be deleted (leaving
  just 1)

sudo /usr/share/fslint/fslint/findup -d -f <directory>

Option -f list the files


How to switch to Firefox 64 bit on Ubuntu 16.04.01 32 bit?

Your Ubuntu is running 16.04.3 which was released way back in August '17 while the latest point release is 16.04.6 released in February '19. Also, it seems that your Ubuntu's repository information is also outdated due to which you can't update Firefox. To update repository information, run:

sudo apt update

Then to update Firefox:

sudo apt upgrade firefox

To upgrade the system to 16.04.6:

sudo apt upgrade


I have just had this on a 16.04 box. Shame I wasted hours not realising that the simple solution is to bounce the box.

From what I've seen with bsd I suspect the service that needs to be restarted is dbus. Reference for that is https://revprez.github.io/posts/2016-06-26-avahi-conquered.html


How to set display resolution permanent in Ubuntu 16.04

You can reconfigure xOrg. I did this by creating a file in my /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d Directory.

I made it using vim:

sudo vim /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/5-monitor.conf

Here is an example of my file.

Section "Monitor"
   Identifier "Monitor0"
   Modeline "1920x1080_60.00" 173.00 1920 2048 2248 2576 1080 1083 1088 1120 -hsync +vsync
   Modeline "3840x2160_30.0" 297.00 3840 4016 4104 4400 2160 2168 2178 2250 +hsync +vsync
   Modeline "4096x2160_24.0" 297.00 4096 5116 5204 5500 2160 2168 2178 2250 +hsync +vsync
EndSection
Section "Device"
   Identifier "Device0"
   Driver "intel"
EndSection
Section "Screen"
   Identifier "Screen0"
   Device "Device0"
   Monitor "Monitor0"
   DefaultDepth 24
   SubSection "Display"
      Depth 24
      Modes "3840x2160" "1920x1080"
   EndSubSection
EndSection

For directions on how to do this you can follow this tutorial: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Xorg/Multiple_monitors

I ran into this issue a little while back.


Can I purge configuration files after I've removed the package?

Here is a simple command that will meet your request:

dpkg --purge $(dpkg --get-selections | grep deinstall | cut -f1)


What is the best way to keep all your files when moving from Windows to Ubuntu?

it is efficient to read an NTFS partition from within Ubuntu

Yes, it more than efficient enough to read your data. It will work relatively well. However, note that NTFS doesn't support all the advanced permissions and journaling that Linux filesystems do, and that Linux requires to work nicely. This means that if you use the partition for anything other than simple data, you may run into issues. Note also that the NTFS implementation is rather new, and not as rock solid as the one for FAT or even HFS.

  whether there are better ways

You could back up the data to another drive and start from a clean slate. The Ubuntu installer will give you one big partition for all your stuff, and this is the way things work most nicely in Linux.

But as I said, mounting and using the big partition will work perfectly. If you choose not to create a real Linux file system.

You can't convert them easily and safely. If you want to change a file system, you should back up the data anyway. And if you do, creating a new partition and restoring the data to it makes a lot more sense. I'm relatively sure there isn't a stable implementation of NTFS to ext4 conversion. File systems are awesomely complicated. :-)

If you have only the one hard drive, and no possibility of backing it all up, I'd recommend to touch it as little as possible. Don't shrink partitions, let alone try to convert file system. Install Ubuntu on the 250GB partition,

you'll be very happy.


Dash>Firefox. You should see a web browser. Type in 172.16.0.11 and press enter. Type in a username and a password and you should be able to access your intranet like on Windows. If your intranet is a file server, go to Nautilus,click File, then Connect to Server and in the Server field type in 172.16.0.11. The server type should be Samba, depending on your server. It might be FTP too, so if the above method doesn't work try that. The Port and Folder fields should be empty. then click Connect.


When I select 'Erase disk and install Ubuntu' that is also what the installer will do.

I am not sure, but maybe your Windows system is/was hibernated or semi-hibernated (alias fast startup), and the installer senses that there is something, that it is not supposed to touch.

Anyway I suggest the following:

Backup at least the files (documents, pictures ...), that you cannot afford to lose: better safe than sorry.
Boot into Windows and create Windows recovery disks 'just in case'.
Boot from your Ubuntu install drive

if you want to install a fresh Ubuntu system

Start gparted and create a new partition table: Device - Create partition table.... GPT is the modern partition table and must be used if the drive is bigger than 2 TB. If you have specific ideas how to create partitions, create them now with gparted.
Start the installer and use the whole drive 'Erase disk and install Ubuntu' unless you have specific ideas how to create partitions. In that case, use 'Something else'.
Reboot

if you want to keep your already installed Ubuntu system

Start gparted and remove the Windows partition(s) but keep the EFI partition if there is such a partition
Use the unallocated space (that was used by Windows before) for a data partition with the ext4 file system. (There are other alternatives.)
Create a line in /etc/fstab that points to the data partition. Ask in a comment, if you need details.
Reboot the computer. It should boot into Ubuntu.
Run sudo update-grub to get a clean grub menu without a menuentry for Windows

Write a comment and ask if you need more help!


Changing JDK from Open JDK to Oracle JDK

Why choose Oracle Java?

Oracle Java is what most Java projects use. They test their products using it. They don't usually test their products on OpenJDK.

This means that bugs get fixed when they show up on Oracle Java. Bugs don't usually get fixed when they show up only on OpenJDK.

If you want a less buggy experience in general, Oracle Java is a better option.

Installing Oracle Java the nice way

Ubuntu's APT package manager makes it easy to install software, uninstall software, and update software. If you want these benefits with Oracle Java, do the following (replace java8 with the version you want; for example, to get Java 9, install oracle-java9-installer instead):

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt update
sudo apt install oracle-java8-installer

To switch between installed JDKs

List Java alternatives:

update-java-alternatives -l

Find the line with the Java you want.
Remember the first part of the line. For example, Oracle Java 8's line  might look like this on your system:

java-8-oracle                  1082       /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle

The first part of the line there is java-8-oracle.
Set the first part of the line you want as the Java alternative (replace java-8-oracle with the Java you want):

sudo update-java-alternatives -s java-8-oracle


MySQL 8 packages not found after adding repository

I do confirm this issue on Ubuntu 18.10 (Cosmic) whereas on 18.04 and 19.10, it's working fine. It seems that the package information is missing from MySQL's repository information for Cosmic. But it should look like something like this.

So, clearly it's the issue from MySQL repository. You could either wait until it is corrected or download relevant packages from pool and install them.


As per this comment, it seems that the solution to the issue in your question is to "install Ubuntu 16.04.1" ...

Credits: Соколов ... (note: quite challenging user name to type on a BE-keyboard ... lucky there was copy/paste ...)


I'll quote google's answer:

  To run Ubuntu from a USB stick, the first thing you need to do is
  insert a USB stick with at least 2GB of free space into your PC. The
  easiest way to put Ubuntu onto your stick is to use the USB installer
  provided at pendrivelinux.com. You'll need to download and install and
  follow the instructions.

So go to:
http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows


There's their ppa:
https://launchpad.net/~alexmurray/+archive/indicator-sensors-daily
Update software source and try installing it.


How do I force a user to change the password periodically?

Password Expiration

When creating user accounts, you should make it a policy to have a minimum and maximum password age forcing users to change their passwords when they expire.

To easily view the current status of a user account, use the following syntax:

sudo chage -l username

one@onezero:~$ sudo chage -l one
Last password change                    : Feb 15, 2012
Password expires                    : never
Password inactive                   : never
Account expires                     : never
Minimum number of days between password change      : 0
Maximum number of days between password change      : 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires   : 7

To set any of these values, simply use the following syntax, and follow the interactive prompts:

sudo chage username

The following is also an example of how you can manually change the explicit expiration date (-E) to 01/31/2012, minimum password age (-m) of 5 days, maximum password age (-M) of 90 days, inactivity period (-I) of 5 days after password expiration, and a warning time period (-W) of 14 days before password expiration.

sudo chage -E 01/31/2012 -m 5 -M 90 -I 30 -W 14 username

To verify changes, use the same syntax as mentioned previously:

sudo chage -l username

For More Help


Boot into windows using grub1.99-21ubuntu3.14

There are two relatively easy solutions to this problem, although I can't guarantee that either will work:

Download the CD-R or USB flash drive version of my rEFInd boot manager. Prepare a medium from the image and boot to it. You should see a rEFInd screen that lets you boot both Windows and Ubuntu. If both options work, boot to Ubuntu and install the Debian-package version of rEFInd. It should then take over as your primary boot program.
Boot an emergency system in EFI mode and run the Boot Repair program. The trickiest part of this is booting in EFI mode, since the details of doing this vary from one computer to another. You must normally use the key (usually a function key, but sometimes Esc or something else) that brings up your boot manager options, and select the option for your boot medium that includes the string "EFI" or "UEFI".

If neither suggestion works, post back with the URL that Boot Repair provides; that will give us more detailed technical information.


Apparently yes - there is a how to here

And here is a picture:

Here is what it says...

The HP TouchPad is a tablet with a 9.7 inch, 1024 x 768 pixel display, 1.2 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon processor, and webOS 3.0 operating system. But with HP discontinuing the TouchPad and all webOS smartphones, the future of the operating system remains uncertain. Fortunately you may not be stuck with webOS… or at least not only with webOS.

Projects are already underway to port Google Android to run on the TouchPad. The open source operating system already supports devices with similar hardware, but it could be a while before we see fully usable versions that work with HP’s camera, WiFi, and other hardware.

Update: It’s now possible to install Android on the HP TouchPad, thanks to the folks behind the popular CyanogenMod Android software.

In the meantime, hackers have already figured out how to run Ubuntu Linux on the TouchPad. The process is a bit complicated, and what you actually end up doing is partitioning the storage space on the tablet, installing Ubuntu alongside webOS, and then choosing which to run.

Here are the steps you’ll need to take to do that:

1. Install Preware

PreWare is a repository system (or app store) for homebrew apps and utilities that aren’t available from the webOS App Catalog. It’s a great resource even if you don’t plan on installing Ubuntu on your TouchPad.

More information about Preware is available in the Preware Homebrew Documentation app for webOS, and you can find several sets of instructions for installing Preware at the WebOS Internals Wiki.

You can do this using the official HP software developer kit, using the webOS Quick Install tool, or by using a standalone installer.

2. Set up Meta-Doctor on your TouchPad

Using OS X or Linux you’ll need to install git and Java runtime, install Palm Novacom software, and download the meta-doctor scripts.
Download and run the webOS Doctor.
Create an ext3fs partition on your device, making sure it’s large enough for an Ubuntu installation.
Follow the instructions to mount the ext3fs partition when your device boots. (You can find more instructions at the PreCentral forums).

3. UbuntuChroot

In PreWare, make sure the WebOS Internals Testing Feeds are enabled.
Install Xecutah, XServer, and Ubuntu 11.04 CHroot.
Run XServer.
Return to Xecutah and tap Ubuntu 11.04 Chroot.

These steps will get you to a command-line version of Ubuntu Linux. From here you can use apt-get install to install Ubuntu packages. For instance, you can install icewm, Xfce or LXDE to give yourself a graphical user interface. Theoretically you could also use GNOME, KDE, or Unity but they require more system resources.

Not all Ubuntu Linux apps will work on the TouchPad, since the tablet has an ARM-based processor and many Ubuntu apps haven’t yet been compiled for ARM.

Users have reported that Firefox, Chromium, and the Flash plugin for those web browsers appear to work though. Other apps reported to work include the LibreOffice office suite, Transmission bittorrent client, and even VNC software for logging into a remote computer.

You should also be able to use the webOS on-screen keyboard to type when using Ubuntu. In fact, right now even if you’re using a Bluetooth keyboard the on-screen keyboard shows up, but developers are working on a fix for that.

Thanks to the folks at the PreCentral forums for much of the info!


vlc controls and context menu flickers when I am in fullscreen mode

Open VLC and try Tools, Ppreferences, Video, Output and change the default to X11, then save and restart VLC.


I want to access the SSH on my college's LAN but right now I am at home so I am not connected to its network

You are not any more in a LAN, but in the internet WAN, that's the reason why you can't connect. Obtain the external IP of your college server and issue the same command with the external (also called public IP).
To obtain the public IP (it should be a static IP that don't change) visit whatismyip.com or any equivalent web site from the school's LAN, or ask support to the school's technician.
Remember that if the school's connection device (typically a router) has the SSH door closed you will not be able to connect. There are various methods to pass through an hardware firewall, but this isn't the right place to talk about it, because it's not legal.
Have a nice day.


You would have to apply a custom stylesheet to all pages, which set the max-width of everything in the page to 100%. If you control all the content being displayed in there, set html,body { max-width: 100%; } in your CSS. If you don't control all the content displayed in your web view, then you will have to allow the horizontal scroll bar to be shown when needed, otherwise you will break pages that need it.


It's better to install Ubuntu on a separate drive. Otherwise, if for any reason, you need to reinstall either OS, other OS files will be erased. For example, if you reinstall Windows, formatting the drive, you can get back ubuntu installation in the previous state. You just have to recover Ubuntu boot.


Cannot access Windows Shares on Win-7 from Ubuntu 10.04 after Copied files from another Win-7

Tweak Windows 7 side: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/windows-7-samba-errnomem.html

Set

Computer\HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\LanmanServer\Parameters\Size

to 3

Computer\HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management\LargeSystemCache

to 1

  No need to reboot or anything, the change will take place on the fly.


Windows on Internal HDD and Ubuntu on external HDD

FIRST, you cannot move the ISO to your USB drive... It won't boot that way. You need to use some software to write its content to your USB drive. You can use Win32 Disk Imager (https://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/) for that. If you do this step correctly with the official Ubuntu image, your USB flash drive will become bootable.

SECOND, If you are NOT using UEFI, in other words, if your Windows HDD is MBR, when you are asked to choose the location to install "grub", make sure you don't install it on your internal HDD (which is usually sda). If you do so, when you boot from your internal drive without your external HDD, the grub loader will not be able to load the grub menu - and you will not boot into any OS. If possible, install "grub" to your external drive. (Not sure what it is like for UEFI booting though...)


How to add and enable rewrite module in manually installed apache httpd web server?

After seeing this official documentation I am able to add and enable rewrite module.

wget http://www.us.apache.org/dist//httpd/httpd-2.2.29.tar.gz
tar -xzf httpd-2.2.29.tar.gz
cd httpd-2.2.29
./configure --enable-rewrite=shared
make
sudo make install


How do I build a 4.15.7 kernel with LLVM/clang and a Nvidia 390.25 x86_64 driver on Ubuntu 17.10 x86_64?

Stage 1: Having worked with Qemu/Kvm earlier, I wanted to get hold of the actual failing point in bringing the clang-built kernel up. So, I tried to bring up the clang-built Linux kernel 4.15.7 image using the x86_64 default config to begin with and also clang-built busybox x86_64 for the root file system (initrd), on Qemu/kvm x86_64. This worked. I got the shell and busybox utilities were working and so on.

On host Ubuntu 17.10 x86_64:

$ strings -a defconfig-linux-4.15.7/linux-4.15.7/vmlinux | grep "clang version" | head -1
Linux version 4.15.7 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #1 SMP Fri Mar 2 21:15:24 PST 2018

$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 17.10
Release:    17.10
Codename:   artful

$ clang -v
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /usr/bin

Within Qemu/kvm guest, Linux kernel 4.15.7(x86_64 defconfig)/Busybox 64-bit :

/ # cat /proc/version
Linux version 4.15.7 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #1 SMP Fri Mar 2 21:15:24 PST 2018
/ #

/ # uname -arv
Linux (none) 4.15.7 #1 SMP Fri Mar 2 21:15:24 PST 2018 x86_64 GNU/Linux
/ #
/ #
/ # strings -a bin/busybox | grep "clang version"
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)
/ #
/ #
/ # dmesg | grep QEMU
[    0.000000] DMI: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.9.3-0-ge2fc41e-prebuilt.qemu-project.org 04/01/2014
[    0.024000] smpboot: CPU0: Intel QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+ (family: 0x6, model: 0x6, stepping: 0x3)
[    0.337415] ata2.00: ATAPI: QEMU DVD-ROM, 2.5+, max UDMA/100
[    0.339072] scsi 1:0:0:0: CD-ROM            QEMU     QEMU DVD-ROM     2.5+ PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
/ #
/ #

Stage 2: With the above initial success with defconfig kernel, I took the host Ubuntu 17.10 kernel config and rebuilt the Linux kernel 4.15.7 image. With this I kept rest of the busybox the same and tried to bring them up on Qemu/kvm as earlier - this didn't work. Resulted in general protection faults and kernel oops - kernel panic. I looked into the kernel stack dump.

I noticed the first issue was within kernel irq work tick logic. Then the next issue was with kernel live instruction update logic. I worked on both of them. Rebuilt the kernel. Tried again with Qemu/kvm - got the shell, no panic this time. Next step was to install kernel modules and Nvidia driver modules as well. I did that but this time, with all the Ubuntu kernel modules and Nvidia driver module, Qemu/kvm showed some colored pixels and got stuck - mostly due the difference between host's hardware and guest's virtualized hardware. So, I wanted to try only with Nvidia driver as it was of prime concern as it's the one that I use on my host for the graphics. So, I included (didn't install) Nvidia driver modules in the busybox rootfs and tried to bring up Qemu/kvm as usual - this time, there was some kernel panic due to rootfs-not-found though there was a rootfs.

So, I tried to compress all of the Nvidia driver modules onto a zip and include it in the rootfs. But, when I tried to extract the zip with the Qemu/kvm guest, there was no space left on device. So, I tried to construct a 10G virtual qemu disk and install the rootfs within that disk to address the space concern - but, after a while I called this off as I was more interested in getting the clang-built Nvidia driver on real system hardware than on the emulated Qemu/kvm environment (I know it doesn't have the real Nvidia graphics card available via GPU-passthrough so that it can test the clang-built Nvidia 390.25 driver on it before I could try that on host's real system hardware/graphics card, but gave it a shot anyway just to see if clang-built Nvidia driver exhibits any issues within Qemu/kvm when loaded).

Within Qemu/kvm guest, Linux kernel 4.15.7(host Ubuntu 17.10 x86_64 config)/Busybox64-bit:

/ # cat /proc/version
Linux version 4.15.7 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #20 SMP Sat Mar 3 20:46:15 PST 2018
/ #
/ #
/ # uname -arv
Linux (none) 4.15.7 #20 SMP Sat Mar 3 20:46:15 PST 2018 x86_64 GNU/Linux
/ #
/ #
/ #
/ # dmesg | grep QEMU
[    0.000000] DMI: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.9.3-0-ge2fc41e-prebuilt.qemu-project.org 04/01/2014
[    0.024000] smpboot: CPU0: Intel QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+ (family: 0x6, model: 0x6, stepping: 0x3)
[    0.340776] ata2.00: ATAPI: QEMU DVD-ROM, 2.5+, max UDMA/100
[    0.343135] scsi 1:0:0:0: CD-ROM            QEMU     QEMU DVD-ROM     2.5+ PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
/ #
/ # strings -a bin/busybox | grep "clang version"
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)
/ #

Stage 3 and Success: As my main and actual target was my host (Ubuntu 17.10), I installed this clang-built kernel (with above issues worked upon) and Nvidia 390.25 drivers on my host system directly. Rebooted my system. Bam! I got my Ubuntu 17.10 x86_64 up and running with clang-built 4.15.7 kernel and clang-built Nvidia 390.25 driver without any issues.

On host Ubuntu 17.10 x86_64 with clang-built Linux kernel 4.15.7 and clang-built Nvidia 390.25 GeForce GTX 860M proprietary driver - my successful research and experience :

$ dmesg | grep clang
[    0.000000] Linux version 4.15.7 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #20 SMP Sat Mar 3 20:46:15 PST 2018

$ cat /proc/version
Linux version 4.15.7 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #20 SMP Sat Mar 3 20:46:15 PST 2018

$ uname -arv
Linux exp 4.15.7 #20 SMP Sat Mar 3 20:46:15 PST 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

$ nvidia-smi
Sun Mar  4 18:15:39 2018
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 390.25                 Driver Version: 390.25                    |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  GeForce GTX 860M    Off  | 00000000:01:00.0 Off |                  N/A |
| N/A   54C    P0    N/A /  N/A |    370MiB /  4046MiB |      0%      Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

exp@exp:~$ dmesg | grep NVIDIA | grep 390.25
[   17.643496] NVRM: loading NVIDIA UNIX x86_64 Kernel Module  390.25  Wed Jan 24 20:02:43 PST 2018 (using threaded interrupts)
[   17.689835] nvidia-modeset: Loading NVIDIA Kernel Mode Setting Driver for UNIX platforms  390.25  Wed Jan 24 19:29:37 PST 2018

$ lsmod | grep nvidia
nvidia_uvm            815104  0
nvidia_drm             24576  2
nvidia_modeset       1097728  5 nvidia_drm
nvidia              14352384  334 nvidia_uvm,nvidia_modeset
ipmi_msghandler        61440  2 nvidia,ipmi_devintf
drm                   454656  6 nvidia_drm,i915,drm_kms_helper

# clang-built Linux kernel 4.15.7 image and Nvidia 390.25 driver modules having clang compiler specific
# metadata within them.
#

$ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.7/build/vmlinux | grep "Linux"
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.7/build/vmlinux
++ grep clang
Linux version 4.15.7 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #20 SMP Sat Mar 3 20:46:15 PST 2018
exp@exp:~$ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia.ko | head -1
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia.ko
++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)

$ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-drm.ko | head -1
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-drm.ko
++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)

$ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-uvm.ko | head -1
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-uvm.ko
++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)

$ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-modeset.ko | head -1
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.7/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-modeset.ko
++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)

# DMI specific hardware information - verifies and confirms the physical hardware used
# instead of QEMU or any other virtual platform for running clang-built kernel and
# Nvidia 390.25 driver.
#

$ sudo dmidecode -t bios | grep Vendor
    Vendor: LENOVO

$ sudo dmidecode -t system | grep "Manufacturer:\|Version"
    Manufacturer: LENOVO
    Version: Lenovo Y50-70 Touch

$ sudo dmidecode -t processor | grep Version
    Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz

NOTE 1: For all the detailed logs (from each stage), you can read my answer for LLVM-Clang/Linux kernel question here :Building Linux kernel with LLVM/clang.

NOTE 2: clang's warning are more pedantic than gcc as I saw. But, for the time being, to get the kernel/nvidia driver up and running, I have ignored them to see if they are not serious (so far they are not).

UPDATE 1 : For the sake of universality, I repeated the above with subsequent kernel versions (4.15.10 and 4.15.11 which is latest as of mid-March 2018) and latest Nvidia graphics GTX GeForce driver v390.42 which is latest as of mid-March 2018 - both of them built using clang as earlier after updating kernel 4.15.11 code in IRQ work tick logic and live instruction update logic as I did above for 4.15.7, and finally installed both of them on my system hardware directly (no Qemu/kvm experiments this time as the earlier 4.15.7 kernel had come up successfully after working upon IRQ work tick logic and live instruction update logic). With that, again, Ubuntu 17.10 x86_64 successfully came up on my system hardware, on clang-built kernel 4.15.11 and clang-built latest Nvidia driver v390.42, as it did in the earlier case of kernel 4.15.7 and Nvidia driver v390.25.

Below are the details for the Ubuntu 17.10 x86_64 running on clang-built latest v4.15.11 kernel and clang-built latest Nvidia driver v390.42 scenario:

$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 17.10
Release:    17.10
Codename:   artful

$ cat /proc/version
Linux version 4.15.11 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #2 SMP Tue Mar 20 05:37:06 PDT 2018

$ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.11/build/vmlinux | grep Linux
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/build/vmlinux
++ grep clang
Linux version 4.15.11 (exp@exp) (clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)) #2 SMP Tue Mar 20 05:37:06 PDT 2018

$ sudo dmidecode -t system | grep "Manufacturer:\|Version"
    Manufacturer: LENOVO
    Version: Lenovo Y50-70 Touch

$ dmesg | grep NVIDIA
[   19.491452] nvidia: module license 'NVIDIA' taints kernel.
[   19.499360] NVRM: loading NVIDIA UNIX x86_64 Kernel Module  390.42  Sat Mar  3 04:10:22 PST 2018 (using threaded interrupts)
[   19.542830] nvidia-modeset: Loading NVIDIA Kernel Mode Setting Driver for UNIX platforms  390.42  Sat Mar  3 03:30:48 PST 2018

$ nvidia-smi
Tue Mar 20 22:15:00 2018
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 390.42                 Driver Version: 390.42                    |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  GeForce GTX 860M    Off  | 00000000:01:00.0 Off |                  N/A |
| N/A   52C    P8    N/A /  N/A |    451MiB /  4046MiB |      0%      Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

$ glxinfo | grep NVIDIA
server glx vendor string: NVIDIA Corporation
client glx vendor string: NVIDIA Corporation
OpenGL vendor string: NVIDIA Corporation
OpenGL core profile version string: 4.5.0 NVIDIA 390.42
OpenGL core profile shading language version string: 4.50 NVIDIA
OpenGL version string: 4.6.0 NVIDIA 390.42
OpenGL shading language version string: 4.60 NVIDIA
OpenGL ES profile version string: OpenGL ES 3.2 NVIDIA 390.42

$ lsmod | grep nv
nvidia_uvm            815104  0
nvidia_drm             24576  2
nvidia_modeset       1105920  5 nvidia_drm
nvidia              14368768  334 nvidia_uvm,nvidia_modeset
ipmi_msghandler        61440  2 nvidia,ipmi_devintf
drm                   454656  6 nvidia_drm,i915,drm_kms_helper

$ ~/nvidia-driver-compiler.sh
++ head -1
+++ uname -r
++ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia.ko
+++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia.ko
+++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)
++ head -1
+++ uname -r
++ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-drm.ko
+++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-drm.ko
+++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)
+++ uname -r
++ head -1
++ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-modeset.ko
+++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-modeset.ko
+++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)
+++ uname -r
++ head -1
++ eclang /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-uvm.ko
+++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-uvm.ko
+++ grep clang
clang version 5.0.0-3 (tags/RELEASE_500/final)

$ ~/nvidia_driver_modules_version.sh
++ grep '^version='
+++ uname -r
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia.ko
version=390.42
++ grep '^version='
+++ uname -r
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-drm.ko
version=390.42
++ grep '^version='
+++ uname -r
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-uvm.ko
+++ uname -r
++ grep '^version='
++ strings -a /lib/modules/4.15.11/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-modeset.ko
version=390.42


Can only boot Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS when holding shift

When you are logged in, open a terminal and type
sudo nano /etc/default/grub

Then edit these lines to read as such

GRUB_DEFAULT=0
#GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
#GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true
#GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden
GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu
GRUB_TIMEOUT=10

Commit these changes, save of with the same name. Then type
sudo update-grub

Then type
sudo shutdown -r now


You can use shashlik or anbox to run Android apps natively on Linux. anbox is more preferable over shashlik. Also, you can use android-x86 in virtual box. GenyMotion and android emulator provided by Google for android development are also good choise.

for shashlik also see how to install and-run android apk on linux with shashlik


Guidance on moving a raided / to a new set of disks

If you have a desktop, you can add all the drives and ignore the "swapping" steps below; just replace the last "swap" with "take out the old drives"

Swap the secondary hard disk with one of the new hard disks
Boot the Clonezilla LiveCD,
Do a disk2disk, from the old HD to the new one (and put a little sticker on it with "New 1")
Shut down
Swap: Take out the old and new hard disk, insert the secondary old and secondary new HD
Do a disk2disk, from the old HD to the new one (another sticker etc)
Shut down
Swap: insert the first new hard drive (taking out the secondary old one)
Boot normally. (Everything should work  at this stage, you now have a new software RAID with spare unallocated partitions.  If not, re-insert the old HD and drop me a comment @fabby)
Boot gparted live (or Ubuntu live and start gparted, my option is much faster)
Extend your partitions
If this takes more then 2 minutes, go to sleep as it will take a while; better do it before going to bed)
Boot normally, and be amazed at your own prowess!  ;-)


I've finally found a solution. I started ubuntu live usb in secure boot off, and did this

sudo mokutil --reset

After I've rebooted with secure boot on, and did reset the mok with provided password.
Afterwards I started ubuntu live usb in secure boot off again, and ran this command

sudo mokutil --enroll-key

Then after that I enrolled key with secure boot on, and after that Ubuntu Live usb could boot in uefi secure boot on.
Hope it helps the others.


The issue was the file /etc/hosts, I had several entries for my localhost and the installation didn't create the Base DN.

TO fix that clean your /etc/hosts:

127.0.0.1   localhost
127.0.1.1       dexter.example.com  dexter

Change "dexter" with your hostname.


How to navigate without without typing "cd foldername" all the time?

If you work in the terminal or in the console, cd is the way to navigate, and ls will list files and directories available in your current working directory.

If you want a more graphical approach, you can use the file-manager (Nautilus) where you can click around the file-system.


Use resources of high end servers to run lubuntu in low end hardware

There are several ways you can do this. The problem with most solutions is that they assume only one user is using the computer, so when you are connected no one else can connect.

X was supposed to do this very thing, as that is what it was designed for, but no one really used it remotely much because X used a lot of bandwidth, and during the peak of its popularity most people were using dial-up modems.

Eventually Ubuntu switched to away from X and lost the functionality to log into separate desktops remotely altogether. They replaced the X desktop with a window manager that uses Vino, a version of VNC, to remotely access your desktop. This means if you are connected no one else can use the computer, because Vino attaches to the root console and refuses to connect to any other user session.

Oracle VM has a built in remote desktop server that is independent of the operating system itself, but again the problem is that only one user can access it at a time.

The computing paradigm has moved away from multiple users using a computer at the same time because if five people could use the same computer at once you'd only buy one computer and Microsoft and hardware manufacturers would make 1/5th of the money.

The only way to achieve what you want to do with any reliability would be to install X and set up remote X sessions.

This article explains how to do so:

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Remote-X-Apps-9.html


In a bash script how do I pass a variable integer to a 'sed -e' command (18.04)

As comma is not a special character in bash there’s not need to quote this expression at all, you can simply use:

sed 1,${retain}d

To avoid problems with strange filenames (imagine a filename with a newline), use 0 as the line delimiter. Also I‘m not quite sure what you’re sorting there, to reversely sort by last access time I‘d do:

find -maxdepth 1 -type f -printf "%A@ %p\0" | sort -zr | sed -z 's/[^ ]* //;'1,${retain}d

You can change 0 to newline with tr \\0 \\n. To count zero-delimited lines you can use tr -cd '\0' | wc -c, see Count nul delimited items in file · U&L.

Explanations

find -maxdepth 1 -type f -printf "%A@ %p\0" – find every file (-type f) in the current directory without searching subdirectories (-maxdepth 1) and print "%A@ %p\0" (without a newline!) for it.
%A@ is replaced by the file’s access time in seconds since epoch, %p by the file name and \0 by the null character, see man find/EXPRESSION/ACTIONS/-printf for the full list of escapes and directives.
sort -zr – sort zero-delimited data in reverse order
sed -z 'a;b – run the sed expressions a and b on every entry with zero as the entry delimiter
You only need to quote characters special to the shell, see my post on quoting here. In fact in this case the only thing you need to quote is ; (by escaping or with single or double quotes), so sed -z s/[^ ]* //\;1,${retain}d is fine as well.

s/[^ ]* // – substitute the first string not containing the space character (= everything until the first space character) and the space character that follows it with nothing (= delete it)
1,${retain}d – delete the first $retain entries


How to Increase the size of root partition in command line

You can add storage space to a virtual machine by expanding its virtual hard disk.

When you expand a virtual hard disk, the added space is not immediately available to the virtual machine. To make the added space available, you must use a disk management tool to increase the size of the existing partition on the virtual hard disk to match the expanded size.

The disk management tool that you use depends on the virtual machine guest operating system. Many operating systems, including Windows Vista, Windows 7, and some versions of Linux, provide built-in disk management tools that can resize partitions. Third-party disk management tools are also available, such as Symantec/Norton PartitionMagic, EASEUS Partition Master, Acronis Disk Director, and the open-source tool GParted.

When you expand the size of a virtual hard disk, the sizes of partitions and file systems are not affected.
As an alternative to expanding a virtual hard disk, you can add a new virtual hard disk to the virtual machine. See Add a New Virtual Hard Disk to a Virtual Machine.

Prerequisites

Power off the virtual machine.
Verify that the virtual disk is not mapped or mounted. You cannot
expand a virtual disk while it is mapped or mounted.
Verify that the virtual machine has no snapshots.
Verify that the virtual machine is not a linked clone or the parent
of a linked clone.

Procedure

Select the virtual machine and select VM > Settings.
On the Hardware tab, select the virtual hard disk to expand.
Select Utilities > Expand.
Set the new maximum size for the virtual disk.
Select Expand.
Click OK after the disk expansion process is complete.

What to do next

Use a disk management tool to increase the disk partition size to match the expanded virtual disk size.

You can refer to the vmware documentation

If this doesn't help, Can you please be more specific by providing exact details. (like VMWare version, host OS, guest OS, etc.)


How to change Ubuntu Server Login message

The Banner directive of /etc/ssh/sshd_config takes a filename as argument and shows the file content before user login, precisely before password prompt.

Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and append:

sudo bash -c 'echo "Banner /path/to/file.txt" >>/etc/ssh/sshd_config'

change the filename to meet your need. Or use your preferred editor to edit the file.

Don't forget to restart the ssh daemon:

sudo service ssh restart

On systemd:

sudo systemctl restart ssh


NVML driver/library mismatch after libnvidia update

UPDATE: RESOLVED

I was being very cautious, fearing that I would mess up my CUDA installation. However I took courage and updated my nvidia driver with sudo apt install nvidia-driver-440.
It successfully updated the drivers, which now match the libnvidia-compute version 440.59.

After rebooting everything works fine, just as before.


According to http://www.weonlydo.com/SFTPdll/Help/wodSFTPLib~wodSFTP~TransferMode.html : "the sftp protocol does not distinguish between binary and ascii transfer modes".  Presumably the Wikipedia pages are a good starting point for finding out more about these topics.


What free software can I use for GoPro fisheye lens correction?

Gimp

You can use Gimp in Ubuntu Linux to correct fishlens effects in images:

How to Correct Fisheye in GIMP

ffmpeg + frei0r

For videos:

How to remove fisheye from videos on Ubuntu


How to set Jack Audio Sink and Jack Audio Source as default sink and source

'pavucontrol' does not show default sink & source

'pactl list sinks' will show for Pulseaudio JACK Sink - 'Name: jack_out'

'pactl-list-sources' will show for Pulseaudio JACK Source - 'Name: jack_in'

command to set these as default sink & source:

pactl set-default-sink jack_out && pactl set-default-source jack_in

to check default settings saved to user home folder:

cat ~/.config/pulse/*default-sink
cat ~/.config/pulse/*default-source


How to connect my Nokia C7 with Ubuntu One?

Looks like the Nokia C7 is a Symbian phone.  There is no specific Ubuntu One application for Symbian, leaving the website as the only method of access from that device.


"Items cannot be installed or removed until the package catalogue is repaired."

I always recommend doing a clean installation. I don't have deep knowledge on this, but I think that you should delete all of the PPAs that you had registered before.

Then, run sudo apt-get update and reboot.

After rebooting, run sudo apt-get update again and then sudo apt-get upgrade.

If this doesn’t work, I think that there are programs that could be useful to remake your /etc/apt/sources.list.


Inserting a date and time of execution of a bash script into a file

Simply put this inside your backup.sh file:

date > Execution.txt

This will create the file Execution.txt inside the current working directory. The file will contain the current date and time (if it already exists, it will be overwritten). Of course you may specify an absolute path to the file:

date > /absolute/path/to/Execution.txt

To append to the file (instead of overwriting it), use >> instead of >, i.e.,

date >> Execution.txt


How to recover partition when uninstalling wubi?

Wubi does not create an actual partition, it installs into a file on your pre-existing partition. Look for it in c:\ubuntu\disks\root.disk (assuming you installed it on drive c).


Wi-fi gets disconnected automatically Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

I suggest upgrading the kernel. I have exactly same wireless adapter that works well with the 4.8 kernel.

Run in a terminal

sudo apt install linux-generic-hwe-16.04

and reboot.


How to determine file in "Error opening file for reading" error

If it were me I would most likely use strace, as in:

$ strace aterm

That will print out all the system calls that aterm issues. It will be quite a lot of information. You may wish to limit it to just the open() system call like so:

$ strace -etrace=open aterm

though I suppose it is possible that this isn't the result of an open() syscall.


So much space occupied by PyCharm and Intellij

sudo snap remove intellij-idea-community --revision 249


Ubuntu 14.04 and 14.10 Can't login to some secure website logins

I doubt if Java has any relation to your login problem, unless it was heavily used by the site. The browsers are culprits and, of course, a website. I can guess the following possibilities:
 * new browsers had dropped some SSL protocols that the website is using (there was big shock recently, so-called POODLE SSL attack);
 * or maybe their web site has changed, this happens sometimes;
 * or, sad to tell, there might be banking trojan at your machine (low probability but not zero) -- just try to login there from other machine;
 * or, they say about third-party partner sites, after login your browser might attempt to redirect to some site that stopper working.
It is almost impossible to diagnose something that cannot be reproduced (how can I login to see).

Anyway I suggest contacting bank support personnel, they get paid to help customers.

A side note: one can install old Java 7 currently without problem.


Auto Mount NTFS Drive at /media/user/Data x at each user login?

Install "ntfs-config"

sudo apt-get install ntfs-config

After installation, Run below command in the terminal,

 sudo ntfs-config

Now, Choose the drive which you wanna to mount.


Changing shell theme in without Gnome Tweak Tool

Do sudo nautilus in your favorite Terminal emulator.
Navigate to usr/share/themes/
Drop in the theme folder (should be theme name, and have a folder inside called gnome-shell)
Rename folder default to oldefault
Rename new theme folder to default.
Open the run dialogue and type r
Done!


On your virtual machine, there's no operating system installed, so it is perfectly correct to select erasing option.


forkbomb automaticaly releases the resources?

The linux kernel was changed so that any user-process detected as grinding the system towards an eventual-halt (due to bug, or intentional with fork-bomb in this case) will be killed to preserve system stability. It works only until the kernel reaches its 'risk' threshold and thus kills it; a user-level bomb can't kill the system in modern linux


I read this  in the bash man page:

  If  the  word  is  double-quoted,  ${name[*]} expands  to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the IFS special variable.

so you could replace your loop by :

arrSNPsString="$(IFS="|"; echo "${arrSNPsToBeExtracted[*]}" )"
echo "$arrSNPsString"

I tried this myself directly at the bash prompt :

a[1]=aaaa
a[2]="bbbb cccc"
a[3]=dddd
b="$(IFS="|"; echo "${a[*]}")"
echo "$b"

which prints:

aaaa|bbbb cccc|dddd

Don't mess with IFS, always restore its old value after you have changed it. The $(..) syntax in this code does that for you.


Ubuntu Mate 20.04 keyboard layout panel indicator missing

First, press ALT and then right click on the panel. This will show a drop down menu.

Click on Add to Panel...
Then, select want you want and then click Add.

That's it. (Note: This is done on UBUNTU 18.04 and not on UBUNTU MATE 20.04).


The lt2p-ipsec-vpn package was deprecated along with OpenSwan. Ubuntu has replaced OpenSwan with StrongSwan, which is available in the main, along with a corresponding network manager plugin in universe.

apt-get install strongswan network-manager-strongswan


What driver do I need for a Radeon Mobility HD 2600 series card?

Try using the open source driver package  (click on the link to install it).

According to the manual page, the package (xserver-xorg-video-radeon) should support Radeon Mobility HD 2600.


Ubuntu 18.10 doesn't have the GTK inspector and I just want a terminal border

It's there, just a little hard to find.

Set gsettings set org.gtk.Settings.Debug enable-inspector-keybinding true
Open gnome-terminal and click on the settings menu in the top right corner
Select Advanced, then Inspector.

Using inspector to find the border attributes

gnome-terminal: 3.32.1; gtk3: 3.24.8-1


Oops, it's the git-xxxx format for git commands has been depreciated. git svn seems to work.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/git-core/+bug/598593


HP DV7 Beats Audio alsa.base Modification. What should be the line?

I am also on the DV7 model with beats audio. I used following line (like you did):

 options snd-hda-intel model=ref

After that ofcourse you reboot, but then you should go to your sound preferences. There you can choose for either "Analog output" or "Analog headphones" on the output tab. This trick worked for me to enable all 5 speakers.

There are 2 downsides though. If you plug in headphones, some speakers will keep playing, and the sound quality is absolutely not like it is when playing under Windows.

If you would discover a better solution, please keep me posted!


Go to your sound settings and make sure you have your HDMI audio selected. Sometimes it doesn't change from the default integrated sound settings.


In Gnome on Ubuntu 15.04

Access Settings -> keyboard -> shortcuts -> Navigation
Options are available to set Keys for moving window to desired workspace
Default : Shift+Alt+Super+Home

Reference : AskUbuntu - How do I move window to specific workplace via keyboard?


What is the relationship between MIME types and File .extensions?

MIME types are just a way to name types. They don't have anything to do with how the type of a file is determined.

There are two ways to determine the type of a file: a) Look at its extension and hope that it is accurate or b) look at its contents and then guess based on that. If a file has no extension b is the only option.

Many (binary) file formats have a specific header that you can look at to determine their type. This makes option b quite reliable for those types.

Plain text file formats can often be determined by their structure (if a file contains a lot of html tags, it's probably a html file).

On unix and linux systems you can use the file command line utility to find out the type of a file based on its contents.

File manager often use some combination of option a and b (e.g. look at the file extension first, if it's not known (or the file does not have an extension), look at the contents).

A file's type is not stored as metadata on common linux file systems.


I did a factory reset on windows 7 and now I can't boot into Ubuntu, how can I fix this?

Ubuntu recommends installing Windows first since it will overwrite your boot sector:

  A Windows OS should be installed first, because its bootloader is very
  particular and the installer tends to overwrite the entire hard drive,
  wiping out any data stored on it. If Windows isn't already installed,
  install it first.

So it sounds like you need to recovering GRUB after reinstalling Windows. Ubuntu provides the instructions at this location:

Reinstalling GRUB 2

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2/Installing#Reinstalling_GRUB_2

I hope this will help you. Good luck.


After last update my Ubuntu 20.04.1 became unbootable

removing plymouthsplash, then you can see messages from bootprozess.
How to remove plymouth slash during boot
another way make persistent journal.relevant
for loglevel look
here


How do I connect to the internet using a wireless router at the same time as connecting to a lan using an ethernet connection?


Unable to install grub. Partition outside the disk

I had the same problem and tried everything. The way I fixed it was take the hard drive out of the computer and put in a hard drive enclosure. I booted up the iMac and used the disk utility, formated the drive and installed Ubuntu 17.10. Sound amateurish but worked. I installed Ubuntu 17.10 and all is well.Now I'm looking for a better solution here, but didn't.


What is the black header widget in some programs?

Do you mean these?

They're just Gtk.Toolbars. The reason some applications like Banshee don't use them is that they haven't yet ported to GTK+ 3, and received the new theming capabilities that enable toolbars like that.

To port your own Python application to GTK+ 3, you need to use PyGObject instead of PyGTK. As of 12.04, Quickly will generate PyGObject projects by default.

You also need to add primary-toolbar to the toolbar style context. Like so:

toolbar = Gtk.Toolbar()
context = toolbar.get_style_context()
context.add_class(Gtk.STYLE_CLASS_PRIMARY_TOOLBAR)

applying that context to the question example results in this:


How can I install a program from a PPA that is listed as being for 12.04 when I'm using 11.10?

Edit the file inside /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ listing the ppa and change the distribution name from oneiric to precise.  Of course you may run into dependency problems when you try to install as the precise version may depend on libraries from precise.


You can use df -h to see the free space, used space, and total space of all partitions on the system.


Glitchy window controls on new installation

You should just be able to fix this by running compiz --replace and unity --replace


Puddletag should do everything you asked for. There's also an article on it at
Ubuntu Geek

MusicBrainz Picard can automatically identify albums via audio finger-printing. If the music is not popular enough to be entered into their open database, you can add an entry and finger-prints for future users.


Use GIO GVfs, for example in Python:

#!/usr/bin/env python
from gi.repository import Gio

uri='SMB://server/share/file'

gvfs=Gio.Vfs.get_default()
path=gvfs.get_file_for_uri(uri).get_path()
print path


You need to run the command with su user -c "command" where "user" is the name of the user and "command" is the actual command you wish to run. Be sure to put quotes (") around the command.


First of all, VMPK does not pass MIDI data through it. That means that if you use it to play notes it will output them, but if you'll provide it with MIDI input it will highlight the pressed notes, but will not output them. To enable passing MIDI to the output, go to menu Edit->Connections, select "Enable MIDI Thru on MIDI output", and confirm by pressing OK. This will get your MIDI connection to work as on the picture you provided, and QSynth will recieve the MIDI input from your external controller.

I am not sure how did you set up QSynth, as it cannot be deducted from these screenshots you have provided (silly QSynth!). However, there are some things you should make sure to get it to work:

Use a soundfont, as QSynth will not make any sound without some. Click on the 'Setup' button, then in tab Soundfonts use the Open button to select a sf2 file (if you don't have one, install package fluid-soundfont-gm or fluid-soundfont-gs, or look for them on the web, as thousands of soundfonts are available for free). After that change QSynth will ask you to restart it's engine, allow him to, by answering 'Yes'.
Afterwards, make sure the ALSA connections are as they should be (QSynth will reset it's when restarting the engine). Also, remember to connect it's audio output to system output in JACK's audio connections window.

I hope it will help you. Ask in case of any further problems :)


How can I get the latest version of esniper?

Issue is that 2.31 was the latest version for the build of Ubuntu I was on, 2.33 only available for other releases.  Workaround here was to download and compile from source (which did work)

Download the source code
Unpack the code tar xvf esniper-*.tar
Configure cd esniper-*/ && ./configure
Install sudo make install

Your steps may vary if there are changes.


I've got a BASH script that I use to do a lot of my setup stuff whenever I do a clean install.  I look it over whenever I use it to make sure nothing is specific to the version of Ubuntu I used it on last time.  With a BASH script you can add 3rd party repositories, install updates, install 3rd party software, move files around if you've got a local backup with your files on it, etc.

There's also wiki pages on automated Ubuntu installs using something called "Kickstart", found this with a quick search: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/installation-guide/i386/ch04s06.html

Here's a link to an Ubuntu setup script I played around with.  This obviously doesn't configure things like Chrome or Dropbox to log into my individual accounts on those services, but it gets them installed and saves me the trouble of doing it all manually.  Feel free to copy/paste and modify this to suit your needs.  As with all free software, I'm giving this in the hopes that it will be useful, but with no guarantees, for good or ill.  Open it up and look at it before you run it so you know what it's doing.  You may want to add things to the list or take things away.

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/6017319/Scripts/ubuntu-setup.sh


Internet Proxy / Usage Monitoring Server

How many users you need to support in total and concurrently will determine how much hardware you need. A single server can potentially handle many users but it depends on the number of users and the hardware capabilities.

I don't know of a turn-key solution on top of Ubuntu that does exactly what you are describing, but I think you are definitely right to look at Squid. As you saw Squid by itself does not do everything you want, but it has good authentication capabilities you can configure depending on your environment.

For content filtering and blocking Squid will work with Dan's Guardian which lets you block sites according to your own customization or pre-defined blacklists or keywords and such.

Finally, there are a number of ways to view and analyze the logs which are general or specific to Squid. /var/log/squid/access.log is in a plaintext format and you can view it in a nice graphical format with Squid-specific log viewers such as SqStat or Calamari (which seem to be no longer maintained) or SquidAnalyzer which looks like it is more current. You can even import it into Excel or OpenOffice Calc or similar to create a custom report based on the data.


How can I fix "dpkg: error: parsing file"?

How to reset the dpkg available status

Please open a terminal with Ctrl + Alt + t and enter the following commands line-by-line:

sudo dpkg --clear-avail
sudo apt-get update


How to install Grub Customizer into lubuntu 12.04

What was the terminal output after typing the install command? copy and paste the output. otherwise simply download the .deb file from the ppa and install it by using

sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb


Ibus needs additional packages to work with japanese, I found it working only after installing ibus-anthy and then adding Japanese in the iBus settings. See if this helps.


how to make Ubuntu compatible with arabic

as the answer at opening a non utf8-encoded
this is how I fix it

1 - open gedit > press open

2 - open file dialog will appear

3 - press keyboard settings / layouts settings / Encode settings / add-remove bla bla :D

you will see it at right/left bottom

4 - another dialog will appear from  it add the Arabic  windows & ISO

that's it !!

P.S : 1 small issue >> every time you want to open Arabic text you will need to open it from open file dialog and select Arabic windows/ISO from the dropdown


Logout when pressing on "shutdown" [Ubuntu 11.10]

I suspect it is because you have another session open (someone else logged in) Before you attempt shut down again, click on the user applet and see that no one else is logged in. If they are Shutdown and restart will only log you out.


How to write to data to copy and paste buffer?

To redirect STDOUT to the X11 clipboard, you can pipe it into xclip:

$  echo -n my example text to STDOUT | xclip -i -selection clipboard

You can see what's in the clipboard with:

$  xclip -o -selection clipboard

See xclip man page for more details.


Mounting UFS file systems in Ubuntu should be straight forward. Follow these simple steps to make sure that your are mounting your FreeNAS disks properly in Ubuntu:

Load the UFS module (or make sure its loaded)

sudo modprobe ufs

Make a directory where to mount the files on

mkdir ~/ufs_mount

To find out which device holds your UFS file system use the command fdisk -l, note which device you intend to mount.

Mount the file system to the directory your previously created

sudo mount -r -t ufs -o ufstype=ufs2 /dev/sdb1 /home/<your_username>/ufs_mount

(where: sdb1 is the UFS partition you want to mount and <your_username> is the your current username where the intended mounting point was created previously.


only one resolution option 480 x 620(4\3)

Install the Guest Additions in Virtual Box.
In the menu, select 'Devices' and then click on 'Insert Guest Additions CD image'. Run the shell script on the new mounted CD. When it's done, reboot and you should be able to change the resolution.


Python - NameError: global name 'plus' is not defined

If 'plus' is the name of the file, then the line should probably be:

dPLU = shelve.open('plus')

In other words, a string needs to be passed in, but as it is it looks like a variable (that is not defined yet) is being passed in.


How to maintain Telegram to stay logged in permanently Ubuntu Touch phone?

Sorry for the experience. We should release the fix some time this month hopefully. We've noticed this issue affected people from China/Taiwan/Australia region, which is particularly weird. I hope the rebase on TelegramQML, which is some new glue code, will make the problem go away.

In terms of notifications, they're delivered through Ubuntu push server, but the fact that they're still coming down, and the app seems to have signed out is indeed particularly weird.


IP Blocked in UFW, yet continue to see failed password attempts in auth.log

I figured out.  Since port 22 is already open from anywhere, to block an IP to port 22, the deny entry has to go above the allow anywhere entry in UFW list.  So the right command is (just inserting to the top of the list) :

sudo ufw insert 1 deny from 182.100.67.120
sudo service ufw restart

But before this, first I had to delete the deny entry using:

sudo ufw status numbered

Get the serial number of the previously entered deny entry for the above port, then

sudo ufw delete <serial number >


Is available swap memory important in my case?

Swap space is a portion of a hard disk drive (HDD) that is used for virtual memory.
See definition here: Swap Definition.
I have 8 Gb for the swap partition, but i never had to use it,

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          7854       7717        136         15       2559       2520
-/+ buffers/cache:       2637       5216
Swap:         8058          0       8058

If i was you, i'm not did a new partition,
but if you anyway wants, looks at this:
How do I add a swap partition after system installation?

For a new partition i prefer the use a Live Ubuntu disc and GParted Partition Editor.
If need help for this, tell me.


Help, after updating mono Tomboy Notes is no longer working

[Resolved]

Using Synaptic Package Manager I removed everything related to mono.

Then I re-install tomboy via Ubuntu Software Center.

When tomboy gets installed it will also install mono , therefore version now installed is:

$ mono --version
Mono JIT compiler version 3.2.8 (Debian 3.2.8+dfsg-4ubuntu1.1)
Copyright (C) 2002-2014 Novell, Inc, Xamarin Inc and Contributors. www.mono-project.com
    TLS:           __thread
    SIGSEGV:       altstack
    Notifications: epoll
    Architecture:  amd64
    Disabled:      none
    Misc:          softdebug
    LLVM:          supported, not enabled.
    GC:            sgen

All is fine now.


How can I update the BIOS of my Dell laptop from Ubuntu?

Psh, 50 rep to comment; glad I saved THIS link
Or if you'd rather read it here:

  "I came through this issue:

  Called TechSupport for an issue on my Latitude E6430 (running ubuntu, and bought with ubuntu from DELL).. they told me to update BIOS to last revision in order to solve my issue. But, big surprise: there's no linux update package, nor a bootable usb something to do this, just a good old .EXE file.

  I tried running it with wine, but no success (and a bit of fear in doing it too), vitual machines were not suitable because of hardware abstraction, I didn't want to install windows on my laptop just to update the bios, so I share this solution with you  (worked also on my old XPSstudio13):

  4 steps HowTo Update BIOS on DELL Laptops/Desktops/Servers running Linux

  STEP 1:

  Download Hiren's Boot CD and burn it on a CDROM. download from here: http://www.hirensbootcd.org/download/

  if your pc/laptop/server has no CDROM drive you can use this trick to boot from USB (tried with unetbootin but it does not work, so follow these steps from windows machine virtual or phisical) <>
  STEP 2:

  Download your bios update file from DELL support site, usally named MODEL#REVISION#.exe  (eg: my file was called E6430A11.exe) and place it on a FAT formatted usb drive in order to access it from Hiren's Boot CD

  STEP 3:

  Boot your  pc/laptop/server from Hiren's Boot CD and select the "Mini Windows XP" option. It will boot in a sort of Windows environment.

  STEP 4:

  Plug your USB stick with the BIOS update .exe and run it directly from Windows Explorer in the Mini Windows XP environment.

  The package will run, unpack the bios image, reboot your pc and bring you to the BIOS update process. Lay down a couple of minutes and relax watching your BIOS being updated.

  Enjoy and let me know if it helped

  *note: to start the BIOS update you have to plug the AC adapter of your laptop and ensure that your battery is healty and over 50% of charge. For desktops and servers is best to do this behind a UPS battery to be shure not to screw your motherboard."


What is the difference between running a game and a virtual Linux OS in windows versus running Linux with a virtual OS of windows running a game?

You will lose a lot of speed running from any virtual environment, unfortunately. So if you run native Linux, with Windows in a virtual environment (VMWare, VirtualBox, or another one), then a program inside you lost a lot of processing, even in unity mode.

For example, think of it like this, your OS requires a fraction of your total memory/processor to keep running no matter what, the virtualizing program needs a fraction of memory, the virtual OS is given a fraction of your total memory, and the program running requires a fraction of your total memory.

It is a lot of processing power to do it honestly, and RAM. Think whatever recommended (not minimum requirements, but to run it at best quality) double or triple it.


A big core dump appeared in my home folder - what is it and how can I delete it?

Core files are essentially low-level crash dumps; by default, the shell doesn't allow them to be written (by setting a 0 byte limit on their size ulimit -c 0) because they're rarely useful for end users. You can see what the limit is currently set to by typing ulimit -c in the bash shell.

You should be able to get information about what program caused the dump using the file command, as described in this previous answer Find which program caused a core dump file or if you have the GNU debugger installed on your system, by running gdb -c core.

Unless you are interested in debugging the crash further, you can simply delete the file using rm core.

If you're not actively compiling / debugging executable programs you may want to set the core ulimit back to its default value to stop such files getting generated.


Can I install 12.04 using Wubi without an internet connection?

No you do not need an internet connection.
The following is from the Wubi FAQ's

Can I use an existing ISO/CD instead of letting Wubi download a new
one?
Yes, physical CDs will be detected automatically, pre-downloaded ISOs
should be placed in the same folder as Wubi.exe. Please note tha Wubi
8.10 requires the Desktop 8.10 CD/ISO. The DVD and Altrenate CD/ISO will not work. You can find the 8.10 ISO here. If Wubi does not find
an appropriate ISO/CD and/or if the ISO/CD is corrupted, it will
automatically download a new ISO. It is recommended to let Wubi
download the ISO for you.

The Wubi website has a lot of other info., you might want to take a look at it if you still have questions.
One thing I would recommend it running your Disk Check utility before installing Wubi.  One of the drawbacks of Wubi is that it is sensitive to a corrupted NTFS filesystem.  Doing a diskcheck will help prevent any problems.
Note that Windows 8 is not compatible with Wubi  To install on a Winodows 8 computer you will have to do a full install and it must be 64 bit.


The output from apt update is ok. One note though, the bottom line or last line that says 60C58A7169778E6FB8771ADB0816950D8 uses weak digest algorithm (SHA1). That simply is telling you what encryption algorithm is used for package with id 60C58A7169778E6FB8771ADB0816950D8.

The SHA256 algorithm is preferred, but apart from that your updates were ok. The fix will come from the package owners not your system, see here for more details.

See debian and/or here also.


Make sourced .bash_profile works immediately in current ssh session

Just source the file by running . .bash_profile will do the job.


Sounds like you used Wubi to install Ubuntu within Windows.

To remedy this you can back up any data you have on your Ubuntu partition, uninstall Ubuntu (Via "Add and Remove Program" in Windows) make a live disc if you don't have one made, boot off the disc, and walk through the installer... it should help you partition your drive.


I got the revelation !

I was messing around with different font folders.

Then I had added one font to this directory:

Home > PlayOnLinux > Wine > linuxx86 > 2.22 > share > wine > fonts

It Works!
Now I have my 3,000 fonts with Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator.

You just have to Log Out and Log Back In, as the 90's with Macs.

.... Hope this helps humans !


Why can one hide the launcher to the left but not the bar at the top in Unity?

This is intentionally done by design, the Unity top bar is used for indicators and notifications, which the Ubuntu design team wants to always be visible for quick access of applications and their notifications. You always can press the F11 key when you want to run the currently used application in full screen mode without any launcher bar or top bar being visible at all, but this is something that most operating systems are having in common, and I think that the Unity top bar doesn't take away too much space. One other example is the GNOME desktop environment - the top bar there is always visible as well, this also made by design from the GNOME designers team.

Update : In the GNOME 3 desktop environment it is possible to circumvent the default design by installing the external hide-top-bar extension as pointed out by @Mark Kirby in his comment.


Unable to install cav-linux (comodo antivirus)

The Comodo linux antivirus hasn't seen real care in years. I think the last time I looked at it (perhaps mid 2016), the version still being offered was from 2013. While it is the definitions that matter most, I opted for Sophos antivirus on Linux. It takes a little more work to get it installed, but it is well documented and actively maintained.

They are the only AV vendor that seems to still be active in their support of Linux for the home user.

While not directly in answer to the OPs question, I think trying to wrestle with an installer that's designed for much older releases of Ubuntu isn't the correct road forward.

https://www.sophos.com/en-us/products/free-tools/sophos-antivirus-for-linux.aspx


Connecting Microsoft Surface Precision Mouse

Install these two packages (possible already installed): sudo apt-get install bluez blueman
Open with supersu: sudo nano /etc/bluetooth/main.conf
Uncomment in line 67 uncomment [Policy] and uncomment in line 89 [AutoEnable=false] and change it to [AutoEnable=true]
Open with supersu: sudo nano /lib/udev/rules.d/50-bluetooth-hci-auto-poweron.rules and uncomment the whole line (it's only one)
Save all up and restart the system
When you logged in click on the blueman bluethooth menu (thats new)

Click: Local Services -> Pan Support -> at the bottom of the window, choose blueman (dhclient) -> Apply
Hold the button on the bottom of the mouse until the blue light blinks on and off, and wait to get into pairing mode. Once paired, you’ll see it in Devices.
Highlight it and right-click the device entry for Designer Mouse and choose Trust

Note: if the mouse speed is too fast, change it in the mouse settings!


With a temporary working internet connection, please open a terminal and do:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install git
git clone https://github.com/ulli-kroll/mt7610u.git
cd mt7610u
make
sudo make install
sudo cp firmware/*  /lib/firmware
sudo insmod mt7610u.ko

Please tell us how it went as we will have additional steps.


How to make crontab email me with output?

In the end I used sSMTP. It's far, far simpler than either Postfix or sendmail and does the job beautifully.
For future reference, here's how to use sSMTP with Yahoo Mail (don't worry, it's far less complex than it looks):

Use Synaptic to download ssmtp. Alternatively you could run sudo apt-get install ssmtp.

Open the config file at /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf.

Make the config look like this:
root=[yourRealEmail@yahoo.com.au]
mailhub=smtp.mail.yahoo.com:587
FromLineOverride=YES
UseSTARTTLS=YES
AuthUser=[yourRealEmail@yahoo.com.au]
AuthPass=[yourRealYahooPassword]
TLS_CA_File=~/cert.pem

Create the cert.pem file with OpenSSL. I used the command openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 9999 -nodes (more info at How to create a self-signed certificate with OpenSSL). You can stick the file anywhere, but I just chucked it in ~/. Wherever you put it, make sure you point the TLS_CA_File= line in ssmtp.conf to the correct location.

Open the file /etc/ssmtp/revaliases and add the line:
[yourPCUsername]:[yourRealEmail@yahoo.com.au]:smtp.mail.yahoo.com:587

If you're running as root, I would think you need to add another line replacing your name with 'root'.

That's it, you're good to go! To test, the easiest way (IMO) is to create a file with the following in it:
To: [yourRealEmail@yahoo.com.au]
From: "whateverYaWant" <[yourRealEmail@yahoo.com.au]>
Subject: Some Notifying Email
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain

Body of your email goes here! Hello world!

Save and close the file, then to check you don't have the real sendmail installed, run sendmail -V - it should say 'sSMTP'.

Finally, run cat fileWithEmailInIt.txt | sendmail -i -t, then wait a few seconds (10-30) and check your email!

Obviously, replace [yourRealEmail@yahoo.com.au] with your email (without the brackets) and [yourRealYahooPassword] with your Yahoo Mail password (again, without the brackets).
Additional note 1: If you have trouble with Gmail, try option 1 of this answer.
(Thanks to Ben Creasy!)
Additional note 2: If mail is sending from the command line but not through crontab, try changing FromLineOverride to NO in /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf. You can also get more detailed logging by adding Debug=YES to ssmtp.conf - the extra logging goes to /var/log/mail.log.
(Thanks Jakub Kukul!)


systemd already provides a custom log for you by default in the systemd journal. It automatically redirects both STDIN and STDOUT there either as well as handling log file growth and rotation.

Just leave the log file redirection out of your ExecStart= line. To view the logs generated by your service, use journalctl -u security.

See man journald.conf for related configuration options and man journalctl for more options for viewing and querying the log data.

The docs in man systemd.service explain that the redirection syntax is not supported in the ExecStart= line:

  This syntax is intended to be very similar to shell syntax, but only the meta-characters and expansions
  described in the following paragraphs are understood. Specifically, redirection using "<", "<<", ">", and
  ">>", pipes using "|", running programs in the background using "&", and other elements of shell syntax are
  not supported.


How to free up boot partition space more after removing old kernels?

I have been through this with a 15 GB partition, that means, the upgrade proceeded, but a disk space warning came. It mostly succeeded but I needed some technical experience to repair the booting.
Temporarily freeing as much space as possible on the old system is the message here. I am just providing some general ideas below.
19GB is quite a lot for a system partition (especially a 14.04), so if you managed to filled it may point to you not having a separate partition for home.

So first, if /home is on the system partition, will be to move all user data away and make sure the back-up of your user data is up to date. You will put these back after the upgrade. Hidden user configuration data mostly could remain as that not take very much space, with the exception of .thunderbird and the configuration data of the browser, that may contain several MB of cache.
Clear the cache of stored installation files, make your package database up to date and remove unused dependencies: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean && sudo apt-get autoremove. These will be downloaded and installed again when needed, but mostly, you will be downloading updated versions anyway.
Then indeed, remove all old kernels: these require more than 300 MB each.
Bring the size of log files down. Other log files can be removes with  sudo rm -v /var/log/*log*. With a near full drive, you may be having megabytes of log files.
Temporarily remove user applications (LibreOffice, Gimp, Thunderbird, extra browsers you installed, ...). These are easily reinstalled on the updated system.
Again remove dependencies that are not anymore in use after having removed applications: sudo apt-get autoremove

Check your progress with df -h /
This would allow you to gain several GB of free space, enough for an upgrade.


For dns you could start with bind. Bind is software to setup your own nameserver.

For email you could take a look at Dovecot for imap/pop3 and postfix for smtp. Alternatively you could take a look at exim.

If you are planning on serving websites you can take a look at apache or nginx. (there are a lot of alternatives, look for which best serve your specific need).
If you are hosting php, a lot of people go with the basic LAMP stack: Linux Apache Mysql/mariadb and php.

It will not be easy to learn all the settings for the software and the principles behind them all at once. But it is fun to do and very worthwile.

There are tons of tutorials on the web to install lamp with vhosts (if you want more then one domain on your server) and also some for bind.


Which window manager is most similar to MS Windows?

There may be others but I'd say you'd struggle to find anything better for your purpose than KDE.

You start with something that looks most like Windows already.
You can customise just about everything, very easily.
There are even themes that make it look like Windows.
Window-switchers (alt-tab) are configurable too.

On a slightly different note: I have found that it does sometimes help to keep things different if they operate differently. Stuff like having the minimise/maximise/close buttons in the same place makes sense but if your launchers work differently, keeping them visually disparate means you won't accidentally do the wrong thing.


Fixing your system's permissions is gonna be something tough. you have two options: reinstall all packages in your system or reinstall it from scratch, backing up your data. Personally, I'd go with the second option.

First, check where PostgreSQL is storing your databases with:

sudo cat /etc/postgresql/{version}/main/postgresql.conf | grep data_directory

(For this procedure, I'll use "/srv/postgresql/9.6/main" for the examples and 9.6 as version). Then, try to fix your permissions with these commands:

sudo chown postgres.postgres -R /srv/postgresql/9.6/main
sudo find /srv/postgresql/9.6/main -type d -print0 | xargs -r -0 chmod 700
sudo find /srv/postgresql/9.6/main -type f -print0 | xargs -r -0 chmod 600
sudo chown postgres.postgres -R /var/run/postgresql
sudo chmod u=rwx,g=rws,o=rx /var/run/postgresql
sudo find /var/run/postgresql -type f -print0 | xargs -r -0 chmod 600
sudo chmod u=rwx,g=rs /var/run/postgresql/*.pid
sudo service postgresql restart

Finally, try to connect to the service with:

sudo -u postgres psql

If that doesn't work, backup your data_directory, fully reinstall your PostgreSQL packages, so it'll fix your permissions, and try again.


Snap version of Atom doesn't save state on 20.04

I experienced the same problems with Ubuntu 20.04 and the upgraded snap for Atom.
I edited the atom.desktop file that the launcher uses to remove the refs to:

/home/user/ATOM_DISABLE_SHELLING_OUT_FOR_ENVIRONMENT=false
/usr/bin/atom

Following the thread at discuss.atom.io:

Install menulibre to easily edit the menu .desktop entries
sudo apt install menulibre

Run menulibre and search for "atom"

Edit the Application detail Command to remove and save:
ATOM_DISABLE_SHELLING_OUT_FOR_ENVIRONMENT=false /usr/bin/atom


Thanks for your question, @NeStack.
This error message seems clear:
systemd[1492]: /usr/lib/systemd/user/xscreensaver.service:5: Executable path is not absolute: xscreensaver

So I opened the file with sudo vim /usr/lib/systemd/user/xscreensaver.service and saw this:
[Service]
ExecStart=xscreensaver

I replaced it with ExecStart=/usr/bin/xscreensaver, after which systemctl --user start xscreensaver.service no longer gives an error.
`


Cannot change audio output for Chromium or Firefox

Do you change the audio output settings to headphones before or after launching Firefox/Chromium ? If you change the audio settings after launching Firefox/Chromium, I guess you should try changing the audio output to headphones before launching Firefox/Chromium in order to use your headphones instead of speakers.