MariaDB is a open source version(without any hassles of parent Oracle) of MySQL.
You need to find out from the install logs of MariaDB where MySQL has been installed(it could be under /etc/init.d)
And then stop it

sudo /etc/init.d/mysql stop

Once that is done then perform the same action that you are trying to do.


I have seen this issue on three different machines today.

The main problem is that Release.gpg key file is really missed on server  (repository) side.
We can't do anything with it by ourselves.

I have written an e-mail to the key owner (Michael Rutter) to inform him about the problem and got the following reply:

  Had a server crash.  Fixed and things should be fine after next CRAN sync.

Update 2019-06-05 01:04: the Release.gpg file is in place.


CUDA 6.5 Failed to add GPGKEY at http://cuda-repo/repos/GPGKEY to apt keys

Have you tried using apt to force install the dependencies, and bypassing the security check, using the --allow-unauthenticated flag after you ran dpkg -i?

sudo apt-get --allow-unauthenticated install -f

If this doesn't work, try moving the deb file to the apt archives then installing it using apt-get:

sudo mv cuda-repo-ubuntu1404_6.5-14_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/
sudo apt-get --allow-unauthenticated install cuda-repo-ubuntu1404

You might have to try typing out the entire package name up to the .deb part for it to install, I'm not sure. Let me know how it goes!


How can I change the sound device used by one application?

We can direct the output of a running application to another soundcard or sink with pavucontrol  as depicted here:

These settings are valid as long as the application is running, however they can not (yet) be made permanent.


Network manager forgets wireless password after sleeping or powering off

I had the same problem. To fix this. Go to your network connections. From there click on wireless tab. Choose your connection and then click the edit button. Make sure your password is entered then click on the wireless security tab. Then check the box in the bottom left corner that says available to all users. This is what fixed the problem for me.


Running dotnet run command throws error Couldn't find a valid ICU package installed on the system

After all, it turns out to be a problem with the Snap installation of the .NET SDK. I uninstalled the snap package and installed .net 3.1 SDK binary directly as instructed on this page microsoft .net installation. Scroll down to the chapter "manual installation". Download the binary and install the SDK.
My programs builds and run fine again.


How to install pymedia without compiling prereq's from source?

This error is not related to the prereqs, it's likely a bad build script.

If I understand this correct (my C-foo is weak) 64bits shared libraries must be compiled with the -fPIC flag and sound.cpp isn't in this case.

In the setup.py of pymedia there is a function called *disable_fPIC* that forces gcc to compile all it's libraries without it. You can try to disable that function (just replace all the code with a pass statement) and try to compile it again. It shoul read something like this:

def disable_fPIC():
    pass

I can't test it as my machine is 32bits, so I can just hope that it helps.


There are many tutorials out there on Internet like this, this, this,and many more. It's simply a matter of searching.


/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lCint ubuntu 14.04

It appears to be related to the Cern 'ROOT' environment

$ apt-file search 'libCint.so'
libroot-core-dev: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libCint.so
libroot-core5.34: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libCint.so.5.34
libroot-core5.34: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/root5.34/libCint.so
libroot-core5.34: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/root5.34/libCint.so.5
libroot-core5.34: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/root5.34/libCint.so.5.34

And from apt-cache show libroot-core-dev

Description-en_CA: Header files for ROOT
 The ROOT system provides a set of OO frameworks with all the functionality
 needed to handle and analyze large amounts of data efficiently.
 .


Crontab and C program that should be executed into a terminal window

If the executable file generates an output file, or just modifies some things, the Cron job should be:

* * * * * /home/<user>/Desktop/a.out

If the paths inside the program are relative, their origin point should be properly defined, otherwise the output file will be placed, for an example, into the $HOME directory instead of $HOME/Desktop, where you suppose to be. This is a common mistake.

If the program doesn't write any output file and just generates some data within the stdout, you should redirect it to a file to see it into an appropriate place (this part 2>&1 redirects and the error messages to stdout):

* * * * * /home/<user>/Desktop/a.out >> /home/<user>/Desktop/a.out.log 2>&1

While the stdout isn't redirected, Cron will sending local mails to the user, unless this is overridden by setting the variable MAILTO in crontab:

MAILTO="my@custom.mail"
* * * * * /home/<user>/Desktop/a.out

References: How to detect error in cron jobs | How do I make cron create cron.log?

To execute a GUI application via Cron is more difficult task, because Cron is not designed to work with GUI. Few environment variables should be exported and the best way to do that is to create an additional startup script. Here is an example how to do that within Ubuntu Unity/Gnome:

Crate the script. Let's assume it is also located into the ~/Desktop directory and is called a-cron.sh. Do nоt forget to make it executable - chmod +x a-cron.sh. The script should look as this:

#!/bin/sh

# Set the necessary environment variables - UBUNTU/UNITY/GNOME:
export DISPLAY=$(w $(id -un) | awk 'NF > 7 && $2 ~ /tty[0-9]+/ {print $3; exit}')
export GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID=true
export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=$(sed -zne 's/^DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=//p' /proc/`pgrep gnome-session -U $(id -u)`/environ)

#Open new terminal and execute the script:
/usr/bin/gnome-terminal -x sh -c '/home/<user>/Desktop/a.out; exec bash'

The part exec bash intends to keep the terminal window open after the execution of a.out - there are also other available approaches, that are described here.
Now create user's Cron job - crontab -e - as this:

* * * * * /home/<user>/Desktop/a-cron.sh > /home/<user>/Desktop/a-cron.log 2>&1</pre>

Unlike as the above section, the log file plays different role here. The error messages from the execution of a-cron.sh shall be written inside a-cron.log - so if everything is okay it must be empty.
Save and close crontab to apply the job. Wait about a minute to see the result.

References:

This answer is the main source of the third section, there could be found also the necessary envvars that shall be exported for desktop environments different from Unity/Gnome.
In this question OP uses root's Crontab, but this is not a good idea, because within this approach the ownership of some files and directories inside /run/user/<uid>/dconf/ will be changed, thus a lot of errors will be generated.
Cron cannot run gnome-terminal
How to open one (or more) gnome-terminal window with few tabs, each with different profile, when start/reboot the computer?
Open gnome terminal programmatically and execute commands after bashrc was executed
How to programmatically find the current value of DISPLAY when DISPLAY is unset? (for use in crontab) | How to get the display number I was assigned by X

Demo - I just created a simple C program (this is my first attempt) to check how all this works:


Why do both cron and systemd execute automatic upgrades?

The two jobs are complimentary, and the relationship is described in the cron job (16.04 and newer):

# Systemd systems use a systemd timer unit which is preferable to
# run. We want to randomize the apt update and unattended-upgrade
# runs as much as possible to avoid hitting the mirrors all at the
# same time. The systemd time is better at this than the fixed
# cron.daily time

On Ubuntu 16.04 and newer systems, the systemd timer is the important job. It does all the heavy lifting. The legacy cronjob merely triggers the systemd timer, in case for some reason it had been halted.

On Ubuntu 14.04 and older systems (non-Systemd), the system works quite differently: The cronjob triggers a run of unattended-updates.


The press talk about "Ubuntu Phone".

Canonical calls it "Ubuntu for Phones", which should be correct, since they code and publish it and therefore should know best how their products are named.

See also: http://www.ubuntu.com/devices/phone/

To answer your second question: The UI is a customized Unity Shell as seen in desktop Ubuntu and is also called Unity. The main difference is it's customized for touch gestures.


Clementine can't play m4a files. missing plugin issue cannot be solved

Use dev version of Clementine, solved my problem.

ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine-dev

https://launchpad.net/~me-davidsansome/+archive/ubuntu/clementine-dev


I uninstalled Ubuntu, but UEFI manager still shows two boot options. Is it ok to delete them?

In short: Yes.

To elaborate a bit: Those boot options are stored in your motherboard's NVRAM, and point to files on your hard disk that either no longer exist or that are non-functional if they still exist. Deleting those entries (using efibootmgr from a Linux live CD, bcfg from an EFI shell, or sometimes from the EFI setup utility's built-in user interface) will simply delete something non-functional. Be sure to delete the correct entries, though -- you don't want to accidentally delete your Windows boot loader entry!


Ubuntu Server is what it is advertised as - a Server. While you can develop using command line tools, it will be a major pain in the @$$. With that, you can install the Ubuntu Desktop version and install the LAMP or LEMP stack (whichever you prefer) after.

Basically, you have two options.

If you have already installed Ubuntu Server, you can just add in the Ubuntu Desktop package by issuing the command sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop.
If you have Ubuntu Desktop installed, issue the following command on the terminal to install the LAMP Stack : sudo apt-get install tasksel && sudo tasksel. Once tasksel starts, you can install the LAMP Stack.

I would however recommend you to try out LEMP (NGINX instead of Apache2). If you would like to do that, follow the instructions on this site.


Why am I obtaining this error trying to install programs via apt-get? Temporary failure resolving 'archive.ubuntu.com'

Do sudo apt update && sudo apt install ntpdate to update the list of available installs first before trying to get ntpdate.

If that fails, you could have a problem connecting to the archive.ubuntu.com server, which normally resolves itself soon.


Ubuntu 13.10 big problem with privilegies

Open a terminal (CTRL + ALT + T)
Type (or copy and paste)

sudo software-center
Type your password

In case you are not part of the sudo group, you must add your user to it


Unable to get PCI Ethernet connected on Ubuntu 12.04 Server

You need setup the LAN network first before reaching to the DNS Server in another network.

You got errors from ifconfig, there could be a number of things: hardware: faulty cable, malfunction connector. s/w setting: mismatch duplex, wrong kernel driver for your NIC etc.

When you rule out those things, try have a consistent netmask settings too, just a good practice. as I see three different netmask from your output: 255.255.255.240 from 'ifconfig', 255.255.255.252 in /etc/network/interfaces, 255.255.255.242 from 'route'.


grive-tools : Depends: libcurl4-openssl-dev but it is not going to be installed

answer given by Thanos in his question

The only solution to my problem was found here How do I resolve unmet dependencies after adding a PPA?.

I applied the following commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install aptitude

then,

sudo aptitude install grive-tools

As a final step I had to downgrade some packages to met the dependencies. Sample of process is provided under:

sudo aptitude install grive-tools
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  binutils-dev{a} comerr-dev{a} expect{a} grive-tools krb5-multidev{a} libboost-filesystem-dev{a} libboost-filesystem1.54-dev{a}
  libboost-program-options-dev{a} libboost-program-options1.54-dev{a} libboost-system1.54-dev{a} libboost-test-dev{a} libboost-test1.54-dev{a}
  libboost-test1.54.0{a} libboost1.54-dev{a} libcurl4-openssl-dev{ab} libexpat1-dev{a} libgcrypt11-dev{a} libgnutls-dev{ab} libgnutlsxx27{a}
  libgpg-error-dev{a} libgssrpc4{a} libidn11-dev{a} libjson-c-dev{a} libjson0-dev{a} libkadm5clnt-mit9{a} libkadm5srv-mit9{a} libkdb5-7{a} libkrb5-dev{a}
  libldap2-dev{a} libp11-kit-dev{a} librtmp-dev{a} libssl-dev{a} libssl-doc{a} libtasn1-6-dev{a} libyajl-dev{a} python-pyinotify{a} zlib1g-dev{a}
0 packages upgraded, 37 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 13.5 MB of archives. After unpacking 141 MB will be used.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libgnutls-dev : Depends: libgnutls-openssl27 (= 2.12.23-12ubuntu2.1) but 3.2.16-1u1~ppa2 is installed.
 libcurl4-openssl-dev : Depends: libcurl3 (= 7.35.0-1ubuntu2.3) but 7.37.1-1u3~ppa1 is installed.
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:

     Keep the following packages at their current version:
1)     grive-tools [Not Installed]
2)     libcurl4-openssl-dev [Not Installed]
3)     libgnutls-dev [Not Installed]
4)     librtmp-dev [Not Installed]

Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] n
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:

     Install the following packages:
1)     libcurl4-openssl-dev [7.35.0-1ubuntu2 (trusty)]
2)     libgnutls-dev [2.12.23-12ubuntu2 (trusty)]
3)     libgnutlsxx27 [2.12.23-12ubuntu2 (trusty)]

     Downgrade the following packages:
4)     libcurl3 [7.37.1-1u3~ppa1 (now) -> 7.35.0-1ubuntu2 (trusty)]
5)     libgnutls-openssl27 [3.2.16-1u1~ppa2 (now) -> 2.12.23-12ubuntu2 (trusty)]
6)     libgnutls26 [2.12.23-12ubuntu2.1 (now, trusty-security, trusty-updates) -> 2.12.23-12ubuntu2 (trusty)]
7)     libgnutls26:i386 [2.12.23-12ubuntu2.1 (now, trusty-security, trusty-updates) -> 2.12.23-12ubuntu2 (trusty)]

Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] Y
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  libcurl3 libgnutls-openssl27 libgnutls26 libgnutls26:i386
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  binutils-dev{a} comerr-dev{a} expect{a} grive-tools krb5-multidev{a} libboost-filesystem-dev{a} libboost-filesystem1.54-dev{a}
  libboost-program-options-dev{a} libboost-program-options1.54-dev{a} libboost-system1.54-dev{a} libboost-test-dev{a} libboost-test1.54-dev{a}
  libboost-test1.54.0{a} libboost1.54-dev{a} libcurl4-openssl-dev{a} libexpat1-dev{a} libgcrypt11-dev{a} libgnutls-dev{a} libgnutlsxx27{a}
  libgpg-error-dev{a} libgssrpc4{a} libidn11-dev{a} libjson-c-dev{a} libjson0-dev{a} libkadm5clnt-mit9{a} libkadm5srv-mit9{a} libkdb5-7{a} libkrb5-dev{a}
  libldap2-dev{a} libp11-kit-dev{a} librtmp-dev{a} libssl-dev{a} libssl-doc{a} libtasn1-6-dev{a} libyajl-dev{a} python-pyinotify{a} zlib1g-dev{a}
0 packages upgraded, 37 newly installed, 4 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 14.4 MB of archives. After unpacking 141 MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] Y
Get: 1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/thefanclub/grive-tools/ubuntu/ trusty/main grive-tools all 1.12 [115 kB]
Get: 2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libgnutls26 i386 2.12.23-12ubuntu2 [374 kB]
Get: 3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libgnutls26 amd64 2.12.23-12ubuntu2 [394 kB]
Get: 4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libgnutls-openssl27 amd64 2.12.23-12ubuntu2 [18.3 kB]


ip tunnel of network 10.0.0.x (machine A) via 152.83 to machine B

So, I have got it running. Turns out that MTU has to be lowered down on interfaces e.g. to 1400 so that the packets can fit into the actual packets departing from the card which has MTU 1500. Other way is to dig into splitting/assembling packet yourselves as there are some issues with GRE doing it for you ... Or OpenVPN can apparently handle it well too but I have not investigated further.


What can i do with a low And Old spec computer?

It should just work - the specs are here.

  Ubuntu Desktop Edition

  700 MHz processor (about Intel Celeron or better)
  512 MiB RAM (system memory)
  5 GB of hard-drive space (or USB stick, memory card or external drive but see LiveCD for an alternative approach)
  VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution
  Either a CD/DVD drive or a USB port for the installer media
  Internet access is helpful

As long as the processor is somewhere above 500Mhz, it should work, just not very quickly.


Are there any good USB 5.1 or 7.1 channel sound cards that work in Linux?

X-Fis (even the USB ones) work. They didn't used to but ALSA added drivers for them over a year ago and most people now don't seem to have an issue with them. I know the first review of one on Newegg complains about Linux support but seriously, there used to be threads complaining about them every day, that's fizzled off into nothing.

You'll find with most of the better consumer audio devices that a lot of the special hardware (read: CMSS-3D, EAX, etc) requires special Windows-only software. You'll be able to hear sound and you'll be able to hear it in 5.1 setups with DTS (if that applies) but you won't get some of the fancier effects.

Alternatively, you can use something as simple as a HDMI connection (if your Mini-ATX board has one, or through a graphics card) and port that into an AV receiver. Lots more money but much better sound and equaliser options (IMO).


What is the purpose of the group named "users"?

Ubuntu is based on Debian, and the users follow the same philosophy. I therefor quote Debians explanation of System Groups:

  users: While Debian systems use the private user group system by default (each user has their own group), some prefer to use a more traditional group system, in which each user is a member of this group.

It's not used on Ubuntu (and Debian), but it's kept there in case administrators of the system wish to use it. It effectively ensures that it will have the same GID on all systems, which is not the case if it is created locally.

It is not necessary to make users member of users on a standard Ubuntu installation. In some cases and settings it may be convenient to have all users belong to a common usergroup.


Install Ubuntu 12.04 LTS with AMD radeon HD 3870 Error

I advise you to take down the Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and install 10.04, since I also have a ATI Radeon HD 3870 and I'm tired all the time to configure the driver. I got angry and now downloading Ubuntu 10.04 LTS.

P.S. On Ubuntu 10.04 LTS more manuals than 12.04 :D

P.P.S. Sorry if I write with mistakes. I am Russian, and understand very little English, so I used Google.


hist(), plot() in octave shows blank screen

Add one of these commands in .octaverc file in you home directory (create if not already there):

graphics_toolkit("gnuplot");

graphics_toolkit("qt");

graphics_toolkit("fltk");


Execute python3 filename after creating new user and with skeleton folder

The entire error I was getting was because of a capitalization error in the file path. YOU ARE JOKING RIGHT. Problem solved.


Added second network adapter and can't get a connection from ether

I think you the best solution for you is building a router using IPTABLES, the most stable and safe solution should be using NAT (MASQUERADE)
A good tutorial can be found here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=111972


Your installation of Ubuntu cannot be changed from one architecture to another via a single command, that sort of thing requires a full re-installation. If your install started as 64-bit, then it is still 64-bit.

If you added a 32-bit repository to your software sources, then you don't need to make any further changes.


You have misread the documentation. Given the spec:

user host = (target_user:target_group) command

in the sudoers of a system with hostname/IP host, user can execute command as target_user/target:group. If the system doesn't have hostname/IP host, this rule doesn't apply. Only the current system's hostname/IP is ever checked. It does not apply to remote systems. Think of this as an administrative tool. A system administrator, with care, can use the same sudoers file on all systems in the network, and use the host specification to distribute privileges accordingly.


You need the development library libpython-dev:

sudo apt-get install libpython-dev

Currently the command installs libpython2.7-dev

$ apt-file search /Python.h

[..]
libpython2.7-dbg: /usr/include/python2.7_d/Python.h
libpython2.7-dev: /usr/include/python2.7/Python.h
libpython3.4-dbg: /usr/include/python3.4dm/Python.h
libpython3.4-dev: /usr/include/python3.4m/Python.h
[..]


How do I loop a movie infinitely on another monitor?

I am not sure why you would want to do such a thing, but here is one way you can do it.

First set up Dual Monitors for your Computer. Refer the following links:
How to make the most of dual monitors?
Multiple monitors, multiple workspaces?

After you have set that up, you can just run VLC or any other media Player on one of the monitors, playing the desired movie, with Loop One enabled in the Media Player.


How to recover Deleted Files and Folders?

Trying to restore files and folders may become a hard and difficult task my friend, but you can find useful answers in this question: Formatted and lost 6 years worth of photo memories.. any way to get this back?

This is what I said, and worked for me, placed here for your convenience:

You may wish to take a look at this: Recovering deleted data from deleted partition- solved

It's quite long, my personal experience when I accidentally removed the whole partition on a 500GB HDD.

*The procedure I used is documented at the very bottom, placed here for your convenience:

*IMPORTANT: Try not to use forensic recovery procedures and not to use MS based recovery tools in the first instance.***

  First of all you calm down.
  Tranquil, if you erased or removed
  the partition's table, the data is
  still there. You need to find a way
  to bring it back, that's it.
  The most you can keep the drive off
  new data, the best for your data. If
  you write new data, the older data
  will be replaced by the new as this
  starts using the clusters.
  If possible, try not using MS based
  tools, which (in my case) just wrote
  a few clusters in the disk which
  made unusable some data. MS Recovery
  Tools (such as Easy Data Recovery
  and others) tries to read the
  partition table but it also writes
  some clusters which can't be fully
  read in order to recover the "usable
  part of the data". This may harm
  your data replacing the original
  allocation clusters with blank data
  which allows the software to gain
  access to the cluster itself.
  Follow the instructions shown on the
  video documented by amzertech, which
  was embedded in the previous post
  and that clearly explains exactly
  what I did in order to recover my
  data.
  If you follow these instructions, I
  am sure you are going to succeed.
  Even in the worst cases (how can a
  different case than mine be worst?)
  you will succeed if you follow this
  easy instructions. Remember, the
  data will remain intact if you leave
  the disk intact. The most things you
  do to the disk, will be the most
  risk your data is reaching.

Anyway, this can be useful even if you deleted the whole partition (as I did then), and if you wish to run the risk to use forensic recovery procedures, I suggest you the usage of foremost, which will bring back all the data you had stored in a specific place, but WARNING: This will bring back all the stuff that were saved into these folders since the beginning of the times.

Good luck!


Migrate 12.04 Wubi install to new partition with corrupted win7 install and small hard drive

hmm how broke is windows, can you get to its run screen ?
If so open the Disk Management console by typing diskmgmt.msc at an elevated command prompt in windows that will safely shrink windows without damage to wubi.
I like using parted magic but downloading gparted in ubuntu live mode would work as well.

Than if all goes well u can completely move wubi into a real partion.
Than boot the live cd again and delete the windows partion and make your home partion larger by eating the unallocated space

=====
If windows does not boot try to take 5gb from windows partion in gparted or partedmagic than create the 2 partions one for the filesystem and the other for swap


Can you set the default remote desktop app to let your computer be viewed off your network?

That has nothing to do with the application. You have forward a port on the router to make the computer accessible from the internet. That aside, allowing VNC access outside the local network is a bad idea security wise.


I had to uncomment 'WaylandEnable=false' in /etc/gdm3/custom.conf to be able to boot up.  It worked, but I'd like to find a better fix for the situation.  Booting up with 'WaylandEnable=false' commented out I would get stuck at gdm.servicegdm.service.

I hope this helps someone, I looked for this for a couple weeks.


Screen Resolution change after play game

It's possible a bug in your video driver or Ubuntu. If you have a good video card, try to use the same screen resolution in the game like your desktop.


This seems to of fixed itself on the upgrade to Ubuntu 16.10


Picasa3 "Shop" icon does not work since upgrading to 11.10

there is a solution to this issue. It can be found here.

The key part is :

  If you've not already done so then install Wine. Now all you have to
  do is copying the wininet.dll.so file from /usr/lib/wine/ to /opt/
  google/picasa/3.0/wine/lib/wine/ overwriting the one that's there.
  Picasa should now work


The Linux kernel itself has these capabilities, but for sure, it's not trivial to set up for people not familiar with these in-deep stuffs (using the command line oriented "tc" command which can manipulate the traffic control capabilities of the Linux kernel). I am not sure that you asks about an easy-to-use GUI, or you need only the theory. Maybe this helps:

http://lartc.org/wondershaper/

It has at least a script, so you don't need to reinvent the wheel too much :)


Changing default mount point of external HDD

This has been answered in the Ubuntu Help (Rename USB Drive):

  sudo ntfslabel /dev/sdb1 my_new_label


No network manager after an upgrade to Lubuntu 14.04

If you read the bug report that was mentioned in the comment about you will find that there were two occasions that repaired the problem in some instances:

Start the network manager from the terminal.
Manually adding @nm-applet to ~/.config/lxsession/Lubuntu/autostart.

One of these two methods appear to have worked for some people at least.

I had the same problem when I did a fresh install of Lubuntu 14.04.  I solved it by navigating to Menu->Preferences->Default applications for LXSession->Autostart.  I added nm-applet, exited, and rebooted.  It has worked like a charm since.


Ubuntu 16.04 doesn't recognize my gtx 1050ti graphic card

I don't think thats an issue. Your output matches what I see on my Ubuntu 16.04 with GTX 1060. I have it setup to use cuDNN and CUDA with Tensorflow and it works well.

Here is my output for lspci -vnn | grep VGA:

65:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation Device [10de:1c03] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 VGA controller])

Once you have CUDA setup you could run one of the sample programs, such as deviceQuery:

http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-samples/index.html#device-query

This should give you more details on the specific GPU model, along with confirming CUDA is working properly.


How to get past the Syslinux copyright screen

Rufus is a utility that helps format and create bootable USB flash drives, such as USB keys/pendrives, memory sticks, etc. Rufus can be especially useful in cases where bootable media created in Windows by other GUI Linux live USB creators such as Universal USB Installer and UNetbootin gets stuck and won't boot. Rufus is the recommended application at the official Ubuntu website for making a bootable live Ubuntu USB on Windows. Rufus can also make a bootable Windows 10 USB.
System requirements
Windows XP or later, 32-bit or 64-bit
Usage

You will need a 2GB or larger USB flash drive and an Ubuntu iso file. For Ubuntu 18.04 and later the USB flash drive should be 4GB or larger. Download the Rufus executable file for Windows from here and run it. No installation is necessary.

Select your device volume label.

Click the drive image to select the Ubuntu .iso file.

If it's an Ubuntu .iso, Rufus will automatically select the FAT32 file system.

Click Start, and a message will appear saying that all of your USB data will be deleted and the USB drive will be formatted.

Click OK.

Click Close.

Rufus persistent storage partition is supported in 19.10 and later. Please upgrade Rufus to version 3.9 or later.


How can I see my System details in a Graphical way? (in Lubuntu)

Its called "system profiler and benchmark", and can be found under system tools


Left Mouse sometimes stops working after Sleep

Reinstall the device driver package:

sudo apt-get --purge autoremove xserver-xorg-input-mouse && sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-mouse

Then reboot.

For Ubuntu 12.04, it may be necessary to reinstall the xserver-xorg-input-vmmouse package too.

sudo apt-get --purge autoremove xserver-xorg-input-mouse xserver-xorg-input-vmmouse && sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-mouse xserver-xorg-input-vmmouse


Bootable device not found after clean install of Ubuntu 14.04 UEFI on Acer

I got it work at Acer Aspire ES1-111-C827. Should be working on other devices, too. Probably the BIOS-entries are a bit different. All you have to do is to register the newly installed UEFI-file as trusted for executing in BIOS-security options.

Before installation goto BIOS-Settings, make sure to have this:

Security: set supervisor password;
Boot - BootMode: UEFI;
Boot - SecureBoot: enabled;

After installation again go to BIOS-Settings

Security - Select an UEFI file as trusted for executing, press Enter;
HDD0 appears, press Enter;
EFI appears, press Enter;
Go to <ubuntu> and press Enter;
Choose the first entry with .efi (shimx64.efi on my device) and press Enter;
Give it a name and press Enter;

Save changes on exiting BIOS and restart. That's it.

Some people report that they still needed to change the boot order.


Transferring ratings and playlists from Rhythmbox to Clementine

To export a playlist select Music from the top menu and then Playlist, under which you have "save to file"

To export your ratings, create a smart playlist for each rating and then export those playlists too.


Where is the Devices menu of a Windows virtual machine?

You have Scale Mode enabled. Disable it (Right-CTRL + C) and you will see the Devices Menu for your VM. You can then install the Guest Additions


You need to tell xset which display to use:

export DISPLAY=:0
xset q


Ubuntu 17.10 authentication error on login

I'm sorry if this answer is a little overkill.  I'm not too experienced when it comes to Ubuntu, but this is what I did.

This seemed like a Login Manager error, so I uninstalled the two display managers I had on my computer: Gnome and LightDM.
I listed all my packages to find anything gnome related.

sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove gdm3
sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove gnome-shell
sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove gnome-software
sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove lightdm

After the core parts of gnome were gone, I rebooted (just to be safe).
Then I reinstalled gnome.

sudo apt-get install gdm3

Rebooted again and everything works fine.  Odds are, you can find a fix that doesn't result in uninstalling as many packages as I did, but I figured I'd post my solution just in case.


Multimedia keys in Ubuntu stopped working

I was trying to figure out it an hour, and just after i post question...

i resolved it by this command:

gsettings reset-recursively org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys

which should resed keys. Weird that did not work by hand.


No window decoration around nautilus windows in Ubuntu 13.10

Seems not to be a "feature" question, but a "profile" topic: when running nautilus as root (sudo nautilus or gksu nautilus in a terminal window), the top bar is back there, but on the root-nautilus session only. If you quit all nautilus (nautilus -q) and run a root-nautilus and then return to "normal" nautilus, the top bar is missing again.


Can a Gnome2 like interface be built upon the new Gnome3 code?

Absolutely! Check out gnome-session-fallback in the Software Centre, which gives you a Gnome Classic login session with Gnome Panel 3 and Metacity. (As before, you can swap Metacity for Compiz if you are so inclined). (see here: How to revert to GNOME Classic Desktop? )

As well as using the new Gnome libraries, Gnome Panel 3 is changed from the last version of Gnome Panel 2:

There is a new panel applet library that panel applets must use.
(I think it was introduced in the last version of Gnome 2).
Applets are positioned relative to each other instead of in absolute
screen coordinates. This fixes a long-standing bug where applets
would be jumbled after changing screen resolution.
To edit a panel, you must hold Alt and right click. This makes it a
little harder for people to accidentally break the panel. (And, of
course, harder to edit the panel if you don't know the trick).
The Main Menu applet has the Applications and System sections
combined, to be a little more consistent with Gnome Shell.

Other than that, it really is the same panel as before, with a lot of the same applets as before. The ones that aren't there just need to be updated.


I'm not sure if you are using Ubuntu at all. sudo yum install libcurl-devel will not work in Ubuntu.

That said,jpeglib.h is provided by libjpeg-turbo8-dev. So install it using:

sudo apt-get install libjpeg-turbo8-dev


Partial wine packages won't remove completely

open up nautilus (file manager), make sure you're in your home directory.

Use CTRL H to see hidden files. Scroll down to a file called .wine and delete that folder and it's contents. This will remove your wine 'home drive'.

In terminal (if you haven't got it already): sudo apt-get install synaptic, which will install an advanced version of the USC.
Once installed, open it up and in the search box type wine. Scroll down the list and tick remove for every wine item that has been ticked. Click apply, which will then completely remove the selected components.

Note: you must only remove anything that has wine in its name only.

From here you should be able to reinstall wine again, if required.

Hope that helps.


Will a USB drive with a 64-bit Ubuntu system work on 32-bit machines?

A 64-bit version of Ubuntu will not even boot on a 32-bit system. A 32-bit version of Ubuntu will run on 32-bit AND 64-bit systems with no problems.

You should make a 32-bit LiveUSB/LiveCD. I have a portable (32-bit) Ubuntu environment on my keychain that I jump into when I access a Windows PC (yes, I'm an Ubuntu fan).

Caution: If your 64-bit system crashes and doesn't boot, you cannot jump into the system via chroot. That's why I also have a 64-bit LiveUSB for emergency.

Hope I helped you.


Because ls $CATALINA_HOME is expanding $CATALINA_HOME to the empty string and accordingly simply doing ls (or ls . to be pedantic).  Either you're in the correct directory already or you're not getting what you think you are.


problem installing ubuntu 12.04 after downloading

dap is a partial download.  When it's complete it will be ubuntu-12.04-desktop-i386.iso.  Then it should work properly.

It's from a proprietary download accelerator file extension -- much like the common something.part file you get from a web browser.


How to automatically create `.m3u` (or other playlist file) for multiple directories supporting multiple file formats?

find -type f -iname "*.mp3" -or -iname "*.flac" -or -iname "*.m4a" > playlist.m3u

Another idea is you could use a bash loop and check for the mime type using the file command:

echo "" > playlist.m3u

for path in $(find -type f) do;
   if [ file --mime-type "$path" | egrep '(audio|video)' ]; then
      echo "$path" >> playlist.m3u
   fi
done


Xubuntu 20.04 double screen unlock, sometimes even not working

Had the same issue as you. This person suggested going to Settings > Screensaver, and unchecking the "Enable Screensaver" button.
I found I also had to go to the "Lock Screen" tab, and uncheck "Enable Lock Screen". Don't worry, the original lock screen still shows up, but that second one is gone now. Hopefully that does the trick for you.


After all I found the problem was about the "weak-on"  setting of the eth configuration.
To find it I installed the ethtool to discover all the ethernet configuration settings, as this post suggests Resolution Post

..and incredibly what was the solution?...
..first shut down the laptop
..second REMOVE the battery... oh my...
..third ... everything works!! incredible...

hope this helps


How to lock network settings and desktop wallpaper for non-sudo users

There is 3 type of permissions that you can restricted to non-sudo users :

Read       (r)
Write      (w)
Execution  (x)

Each files and folder had 3 "types" (I don't know how to spell it) :

Owner
Group (group where owner is)
Others

and also :

All

Each permission can be removed on a file with the following command :

sudo chmod -x /etc/passwd

In this example, I removed the execution permission for each user. If you want to remove only at others, just add the o before -x like that :

sudo chmod o-x /etc/passwd

So to summarize how to removed each permission, use the 1rst letter of the permission (same for who you want to affect) execution use the x instead of e

NB : to do it on a folder and his files inside, just dd the -R option (for recursivity), but be careful, it can destroy your OS

NB-2 : You can see current permission on files/folders with ls -l

Edit : Here is a link to remove the right to change Background Wallpaper


How do I add multiarch support to install Packet Tracer 7.2.2 on Ubuntu 20.04?

I had a similar issue with 3rd party software. The latest file I found worked for me:

download the file
wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/glibc/multiarch-support_2.27-3ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb

install with dpkg:
sudo dpkg -i multiarch-support_2.27-3ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb


Try installing Gnome Desktop

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-gnome-desktop


How to allow PPTP VPN access through APF firewall

PPTP uses the GRE protocol. You must allow outbound connections for protocol 47 (that is GRE), not port 47.


they do run almost any games such as crysis2 battlefield 3 etc very smoothly no problems. Mine also ran nfs run but it hanged a bit


I finally managed to add the file using isomaster
i installed it using

sudo apt-get install isomaster


I recommend installing the Lubuntu Software Center. It's much faster and I've never experienced a problem with it. If it hangs also then you may have to reinstall your system.


How to make Logitech M510 work in Ubuntu 20.04?

Try piper. It does not mention the M510 as supported explicitly, but you may get lucky and it works.
Otherwise you may have some luck using xbindkeys, although it is more work to set up.


Tomboy notes logged by zeitgeist do not appear in the Unity dash. Why not?

There is a Tomboy Unity lens that enables one to search through Tomboy notes in the dash. To install, open a terminal and add the appropriate ppa to your software sources:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:remi.rerolle/unity-lens-tomboy

Then update

sudo apt-get update

Then install the package:

sudo apt-get install unity-lens-tomboy

You might need to log out and back in to get the search functionality.

More information here: https://launchpad.net/~remi.rerolle/+archive/unity-lens-tomboy


Default environment for screen is /bin/sh when it should be /bin/bash?

Maybe your $SHELL is not set or set to /bin/sh? Or you have a shell set to /bin/sh in your .screenrc file?

See screen's documentation:

-s program

    sets the default shell to the program specified, instead  of  the  value  in  the
                environment  variable  $SHELL  (or  /bin/sh  if not defined).  This can also be
                defined through the shell .screenrc command.  See also there.

And there:

  shell command

    Set the command to be used to create a new shell.  This overrides  the  value  of  the
           environment variable $SHELL.  This is useful if you'd like to run a tty-enhancer which
           is expecting to execute the program specified in $SHELL.  If the command begins with a
           - character, the shell will be started as a login-shell. Typical shells do only minimal initialization when not started as a login-shell.  E.g. Bash will not  read  your
           ~/.bashrc unless it is a login-shell.

i.e. adding the following line to .screenrc in your home folder should set the default shell of screen to bash

shell /bin/bash


Your drive appears to be unpartitioned, that is, there is a filesystem made directly on /dev/sdb. You may want to try to mount it with

sudo mount -o uid=$USERNAME,gid=$USERNAME,fmask=0133,dmask=0022 /dev/sdb /mnt


How to download a folder on ubuntu one ? mac

You can't use wget the way you're trying to, I'm afraid. The Ubuntu One website requires you to be logged in to see your files; wget, because it's running from the command line and not in your browser, isn't logged in when it connects to the U1 website, and so can't see your files.

If you're using a recent version of Google Chrome, you may find http://kryogenix.org/days/2012/02/29/downloading-all-the-files-in-an-ubuntu-one-folder useful (please read the caveats!). If not, then I'm afraid that downloading the files in a folder individually by clicking each file is the way to fetch many files to a Mac, for now.


Why Ubuntu appears in boot options after I uninstall it?

may be msconfig can help you. you can reduce seconds of waiting (from 30 to 3)

or you can use windows disk and recover boot loader. in command prompt BootRec.exe /FixBoot (if i am not wrong)

you must do it in recovery mode, from boot disk.


There are so many articles on web, so many questions and answers about this issue but non of them have notified me of this silly mistake:

export DISPLAY=":0"
export PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
export SHELL="/bin/bash"

This should be used instead the 3 lines in my question.
I should have added export before them.
And it works.


How to recover work lost due to an Ubuntu One sync error?

Occasionally when you edit a document that is being synchronized by Ubuntu One the program that does the synchronization doesn't realize what's going on (that you're editing a file), and sees the new versions on the server as conflicting with the changes you have made locally. This is a bug, and I believe it is fixed (the person who would know is not working today, and I can't find the bug; I'll edit this answer when I get the info), but in any case, none of your work should be lost: when the situation arises, your document should be simply renamed. You should find that there are a bunch of files that start with the same name as your document, and have a .u1conflict and a number added at the end. The largest number would correspond to the last version of your file.

If this is not the case, and you can't find any .u1conflict files, please file a bug. Please set the Importance to Critical, assign it to me, and add a comment to this answer with the bug number, just to make sure.

Thank you.


I coudn't find it either.

Anyway, I think this link shows the most of the third party pre-installed softwares.
https://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/features

Besides those, you have configurational softwares, like startup manager, disk manager, file explorer, this kind of stuff. All made by GNOME or Unity and all replaceble for any alternative you wish.

You also have more stuff pre-installed, but you can always replace any of them if you want. There are plenty of options.

Things that I can remember now that the link don't include:

Basics, by GNOME mostly:

Torrent downloader
PDF and Ebook reader
Video transcoder
Music/Video Player
Image Viwer and Editor
Scanner and printing
Bluetooth manager
Archive compressor

Third Party:

Audacity
Amazon
Some basic games

I have installed a lot of stuff on my system and I'm can't be sure that those are all. Anyway, it can give you the general idea.

I hope I helped!


Getting the word count of a pdf document in Evince

You can do this via command line:

pdftotext filename.pdf - | tr -d '.' | wc -w


skypeforlinux-64.deb doesn't support default sound settings and goes white when call is connected

I don't know what changed now, but I observed when I talk, a screen was going white. so I tried playing with microphone settings and USB PnP Sound Device, USB Audio worked.


About ubuntu-restricted-extras on Ubuntu 14.04

oxideqt-codecs-extra would of been installed as it is recomended by ubuntu-restricted-addons, which in turn is depended on by ubuntu-restricted-extras.

For more details on oxideqt-codecs-extra, you can run apt-cache show oxideqt-codecs-extra. This gives the following with English set as the locale:

...
Replaces: liboxideqtcore0 (<< 1.0.0~bzr488), oxideqt-codecs
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.7), libgcc1 (>= 1:4.1.1)
Conflicts: oxideqt-codecs
Breaks: liboxideqtcore0 (<< 1.0.0~bzr488)
Filename: pool/main/o/oxide-qt/oxideqt-codecs-extra_1.0.0~bzr501-0ubuntu2_i386.deb
...
Description-en: Web browser engine library for Qt (codecs)
 Oxide is a web browser engine library based on Google Chromium, that makes
 it easy to embed web content in your Qt application
 .
 This package provides some media codecs needed for the HTML5 <audio> and
 <video> tags. Included are the Theora, Vorbis, Opus, VP8, VP9, MP3, AAC
 and H.264 codecs
...

The important bit is Conflicts: oxideqt-codecs - when it is checked before it it installed, all packages that conflicted with it are removed. So the oxideqt-codecs package would be removed before theoxideqt-codecs-extra package is installed so they do not conflict.

The oxideqt-codecs-* packages provide extra codecs for HTML5 <video> and <audio> rendering by the Oxide engine. This can be used by QT applications - which you likely do not need as most major browsers include these plugins or will those provided by gstreamer0.10-plugins* and other packages.

1) The oxideqt-codecs-extra likely includes what is included in oxideqt-codecs, so there is no need for the oxideqt-codecs package - which is also why the packages conflict. So having only the oxideqt-codecs-extra package should be fine.

2) Looking here and here, this package has only been available since this version of Ubuntu (Trusty 14.04), so it has not been included in previous releases like 12.04 to cause any problems.

Reference: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2217426


How to create a shell script to display all PID started by a program?

pidof PROGRAM_NAME

it's enourh.

From man pidof:

Pidof finds the process id's (pids) of the named  programs.  It  prints
those id's on the standard output.

Additionally, you can use:

pgrep PROGRAM_NAME

or:

ps ax | grep PROGRAM_NAME | grep -v grep | cut -d' ' -f2


How to prevent cookie from deleting is they're timed out?

You cannot. Cookies are given with an expiration time, and when they expire, the browser must delete them. That is how the specification works.


Cut/paste stopped working in xterm (&UXterm) after upgrading to 11.10

There are a couple of methods of copy and pasting when using xterm.

To paste you can press Shift + Insert

Or click the middle button on your mouse (if you only have two mouse buttons then pressing both at the same time will simulate a middle click)

To copy highlight the text you want to copy and press Shift + Insert

Or highlight the text to copy and click the middle mouse button (or if you only have a two button mouse click both together)


How to change default password in ubuntu preinstall image for raspi4?

First, make add a user using

sudo useradd -m <user>-G sudo

Replace <user> with the user name.
Create a password for user <user> using

mkpasswd -m sha-512 <password> <salt>

Replace <password> with your desired password and in place of <salt>, put any random text. Change the root/etc/shadow file with the new password above. Delete the string between the 1st and 2nd : colons on the line starting with <user>. Paste the new value between these colons.


Try this: go to System Settings - Keyboard & Mouse, then go to the touchpad section and set the sensitivity one step next from low


When a media file is selected, and I press SPACE, a media player comes up - which application is responsible for that?

It is Gnome Sushi.
You can remove it in terminal (ctrl+alt+t) by sudo apt-get remove gnome-sushi


Trial and error shows that the answer to my question is no, that code does not enable PM_DEBUG.

I put PM_DEBUG=true on a line on its own in the file, and the log shows a lot more detail.


How to disable log when start application in desktop from terminal

Redirect all output like so:  1>/dev/null 2>&1, for example:
DISPLAY=:0 chromium-browser 1>/dev/null 2>&1 &

This redirects standard output to the black hole (/dev/null) and redirects error output (2) to standard output (1) so it also disappears into '/dev/null'.


How do i install HP 620 laptop graphics driver?

Intel graphic is open-source and integrated in your Ubuntu installation, so you should already have drivers installed.

Check glxinfo.


I'd recommend working this issue in steps.

First,to get hibernate tested and working on your laptop, please read the Ubuntu documentation regarding hibernation. Important: make sure your swap file is larger than your physical RAM, and that it's enabled.
Once you know your laptop can hibernate properly, you can assign laptop actions to trigger hibernation. In your case, you'd like to hibernate on lid close. There's plenty of documentation out in the aether on this topic, but let's go to the source documentation on this: the systemd login configuration file manpage. Of particular interest is the section that describes the HandleLidSwitch option.According to the documentation, that option

  Can be one of "ignore", "poweroff", "reboot", "halt", "kexec",
  "suspend", "hibernate", "hybrid-sleep", and "lock".

You want hibernate (in my own case, I use hybrid-sleep). So, now it's a matter of editing the logind.conf file to accommodate this setting (you must be root to do this).

In /etc/systemd you'll see a file called logind.conf. Open it for edit, and scroll down to a line that looks like this:

#HandleLidSwitch=suspend

The prepended # means that this line is currently disabled, so you need to remove it, and then set HandleLidSwitch to the correct option

HandleLidSwitch=hibernate

Save the logind.conf file and reboot.


Getting "Permission denied" errors from efibootmgr

You just need to run efibootmgr with sudo, so that it has permission to update the firmware settings. Try:

sudo efibootmgr -o 0000,0001,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006


How to switch back on integrated graphics on vga swicheroo Ubuntu 16.04

That's because redirection (> /sys/kernel/debug/vgaswitcheroo/switch) is done by the shell, before running sudo.

echo DIS | sudo tee /sys/kernel/debug/vgaswitcheroo/switch

will do what you want.


deleted .zshrc file and messed up few things

The file .zshrc doesn't come back. Use your backup.

A new file will be created, if you start zsh and follow the configuration steps.

Or start the installation and configuration of oh-my-zsh again. Here are the installation steps.


x11 forwarding fails with some apps opening in remote display and some in local display

I had the same problem with ssh -X user@remote. Some applications are showing on local side (e.g. xclock), and some on the remote side (e.g. gedit). I believe this is a problem is with all GTK/Gnome applications. It only happened when a remote display was running (I was using NoMachine at the same time)

I found a workaround: unset XDG_RUNTIME_DIR environment variable.

ssh -X -C user@remote
unset XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
gnome-calculator

The same effect is by using su - $USER. The - is important here

ssh -X -C user@remote
su - $USER
gnome-calculator

Now application shows on local display always, even when a remote desktop is opened.


Wireless Connection Failure with a Sweex Wireless 54g adapter

Click on the wireless icon at the top, then click "Connect to hidden wireless" and fill in the required fields. I hope it helps.


Mr Transmission, please turn off the PC after all downloads are completed!

Firstly - stop shutting down with root. Use dbus.

Next, put something in your script that detects running torrents. Here is a little something that uses trasmission-remote to count the number of torrents running that aren't "Done":

transmission-remote --list | sed '1d;$d' | grep -v Done | wc -l

To build that into your script:

count=$(transmission-remote --list | sed '1d;$d' | grep -v Done | wc -l)
if [ $count -eq 0 ]; then
    dbus-send --system --print-reply --dest=org.freedesktop.Hal \
        /org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer \
        org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.Shutdown
fi

I'm not a transmission user so my search might be slightly off but this should do the job. You might find that it doesn't shut down all the time if there are some torrents in there that are, for example, paused. If that's the case, play around with the output and a grep -v clause or two to handle things.

Additionally, you might want a timed shutdown so you're never in a situation where the desktop shuts down while you're on it (so you can abort it). Perhaps just an additional check in there to see what the time is.

Note: transmission-remote requires you turn on web access to transmission from within its options.


Is there an alternative to Adobe Fireworks?

Pencil Project (Download Link)

Despite the similar names this is different from Pencil.

  The Pencil Project's unique mission is to build a free and opensource tool for making diagrams and GUI prototyping that everyone can use.


Can you help me write a script to set a new default brightness for the screen/keyboard after login?

You can have root run the brightness commands upon reboot, by adding those commands to /etc/rc.local (gksudo gedit /etc/rc.local), so that it looks like:

#!/bin/sh -e
#
# rc.local
#
# This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.
# Make sure that the script will "exit 0" on success or any other
# value on error.
#
# In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution
# bits.
#
# By default this script does nothing.

echo 130 >> /sys/class/leds/smc::kbd_backlight/brightness
echo 42311 > /sys/class/backlight/gmux_backlight/brightness

exit 0

See also Brightness is reset to Maximum on every Restart


Ubuntu 13.04 too slow to boot on good hardware even slower than windows 7

I've tried Wubi, Virtual Box, live cd and Dual Boot. Every time the Os runs slow or freezes and crash. According to Ubuntu website. Something to do with (UEFI) and 64Bit downloading. They recommend iso dvd image. Also if you are getting the guy and keyboard symbol , when loading your os from disc. In the begining. You are running in legacy firmware and it may not be 64 bit programing. Ubuntu recommends that it is downloaded with UEFI firmware , for computers 2011 and up. Problem may be in Firmware and what iso disc image DVD , you may be using. Kinda sckechy on this. Hope it helps. I am an Average to advanced user. American Meggatrends bios are UEFI and some older models , predated 2011, Can change or do both , Legacy and UEFI firmware. And can be changed in the bios. Usually under Boot order.


Booting Ubuntu 20.04 from USB on a Raspberry Pi 4 with new bootloader

I'm not sure if normal "plain" Ubuntu works on the RaspberryPi 4. I assume that you'll need a special arm version that's also optimized for the Pi. According to the official Raspberry Pi Downloads page, Ubuntu MATE, Ubuntu Core and Ubuntu Server are supported. You might want to try one of these images!


Press Super key (Windows key) or click on the dash button (top most button in unity launcher) and search for "cairo-dock",
You'll see two Cairo-dock icons, select "Cario-Dock (no OpenGL)"


Why guided partitioning create a sda2 of 1 KB?

I don't know how you got to the conclusion that /dev/sda2 is only 1 kB large, but the output of sudo parted /dev/sda print clearly shows the truth:

Number  Start       End         Size        Type        File system     Flags
 1      1049kB      512MB       511MB       primary     ext2            boot
 2      513MB       10.7GB      10.2GB      extended
 5      513MB       10.7GB      10.2GB      logical                     lvm

The primary partition /dev/sda1 has a size of around 500 MB, which seems to be your boot partition.

/dev/sda2 is an extended partition, which means it does not hold any data itself but just serves as a container for logical volumes, like /dev/sda5. Both the container and its contained volumes are around 10 GB in size.

Maybe the 1 kB you mentioned is the remaining unallocated space inside the extended partition /dev/sda2 that is not taken by the /dev/sda5 volume?


How to download torrents with long filenames?

I am here not to solve the problem, but to offer an alternative.

If you are not determined to use Transmission by any means, you might want to use Vuze. I invite you to download it and give it a try: sudo apt-get install vuze


OS selection screen not coming up on starting laptop HP N208-TX

It sounds like you are trying to duel boot, but after the install, the boot loader (the windows boot loader) doesn't see your Ubuntu install. If you need to work with 16.04, you can find the iso file here. Otherwise, it's best just to go with either 18.10 or 18.04 because they are newer and will have a lot more up to date software included in their repositories and they are going to be supported further into the future than 16.04 is going to be.

Ubuntu does have support for UEFI, but if it gives you any trouble the easiest thing to do is to disable secure boot in BIOS settings. You can access that on HPs by pressing 'esc' key when booting which will give you the menu to get to the BIOS settings.

In Windows you can use a CD/DVD or a USB flash drive to boot off of for you installation. For USB flashing UNetbootin is a good tool for making USB install drives. Or you should be able to burn the iso file to a disk from Windows File Explorer.

Once you've booted into the iso, all you need to do is select install and pick install along side Window. The Ubuntu install will have you pick how much hard drive space you want to dedicate to Ubuntu. After the installation you should be given an option to either boot into Windows or Ubuntu when you boot the computer.


Failure to Boot 12.04 on HP AMD Dual Core. Rescue Mode doesn't even come up

This sounds like a hardware issue with the computer, not Ubuntu. Can you get into the BIOS? Maybe an update is in order (though I wouldn't count on that to fix, but it can't hurt to try), or quite possibly you have some bad memory.


ffmpeg - Create a mp3 file with album art from an mkv file

Maybe you can convert the video to audio with

ffmpeg -i Spiral\ -\ 09.mkv -vn -c:a libmp3lame Spiral\ -\ 09.mp3

then grab the first frame with

ffmpeg -i Spiral\ -\ 09.mkv -vframes 1 cover.jpg

Afterwards, just use a MP3 tagging tool (like EasyTag) to put the cover image in.


Attach, Detach and Kill a process in Screen with a bash script

If you want to simulate keystrokes, a neat scripting language is "expect".

A sample expect script might be something like:

spawn $env(SHELL)
match_max 100000
send -- "screen\n"
expect eol
send -- "ls\n"
send -- "^Ad"
expect eof

This would be executed with:

expect ./myscript


Can't use Nvidia drivers in Dell Inspiron n5110

The Nvidia gt525M are hybrid cards, you have a Intel and a Nvidia card running in your system, the drivers you are installing for you Nvidia are not working correctly because they are not being loaded on startup.

You Intel card is running as primary so you have 2 options:

1) If you BIOS allows to turn off the Intel card and leave the Nvidia one running then the drivers will work correctly;

2) Use software that enables you to use some functions of your Nvidia card, its called Bumblebee and its largely discussed on use/installation, etc, on the site.

At the moment to recover your GUI you need to login in to recovery mode and delete your /etc/X11/xorg.conf file, after you have done this your computer should boot to your desktop using the Nvidia card.

For more information on how to boot in to recovery mode follow the procedure explained here

How do I reset a lost administrative password?

and once you get a prompt root@ubuntu:~# type rm /etc/X11/xorg.conf to delete your xorg.conf file.

Reboot with the command reboot and read up on how to install Bumblebee (if you cant disable the Intel card in your BIOS) in the post above.


This is usually the result of pam_motd regenerating the /etc/motd file. You can check the individual scripts in /etc/update-motd.d to see if something is especially slow.


OS is terribly slow when copy or tar/untar files

It seems you have disk IO priority issue.

You could specify lowest priority for processes which perform disk operations.

ionice -c 3 tar zxvf SOME_BIG_FILE.tar.gz

From man ionice:

ionice [-c class] [-n level] [-t] command [argument...]

OPTIONS
       -c, --class class
              Specify the name or number of the scheduling class to use; 0 for none, 1 for realtime, 2 for best-effort, 3 for idle.

Another possible solution is to use lowlatency kernel, which will make more resource intensive operations slower, but will improve responsiveness. Reference.


How can I batch rename files with terminal

Run the below rename command inside the directory where all the .jpg files are located,

rename 's/^[^_]*(.*)$/G2_NR2_replicate2\1/' *.jpg

It renames all the files which are in the format(name),

1-3-Image Export-08_s3c1.jpg
1-3-Image Export-08_s3c2.jpg
......
1-3-Image Export-08_s3c1000.jpg

to

G2_NR2_replicate2_s3c1.jpg
G2_NR2_replicate2_s3c2.jpg
.....
G2_NR2_replicate2_s3c1000.jpg

Explanation:

's/^[^_]*(.*)$/G2_NR2_replicate2\1/'

rename command works same as sed command.(s/pattern/replace/)
In the pattern part, we give the pattern as ^[^_]*(.*)$

^ --> starting point
[^_]* --> Matches any character except _ zero or more times. So it matches upto 1-3-Image Export-08 and whaterver character(s3c1) comes after this part are catched and stored it into a group which was represented by this pattern (.*)$.
Now in the replacement part, we place the text given by the op (G2_NR2_replicate2) plus the catched group.

Finally the rename command performs the whole operation.


Shortcut to change the search engine in Firefox

After Ctrl+K, try Alt+↑ or Alt+↓. That should open the search engine selection menu in Firefox.


Computer shuts down imediately after selecting ubuntu on grub

(If I understand your question) If you can boot without the BIOS ACPI and able to boot in, you should look at the syslog.  It records everything from the very start of the computers boot cycle and what is causing it to fail to load.

nano /var/log/syslog


If I copy the Ubuntu installation files to USB, will it delete everything on that drive?

If you want to make a LiveUSB to install from then no, the existing files will not be deleted by the "startup disk creator" program.  The USB stick will already need to be formatted as FAT however, the partition table will need to acceptible to the program, and there will need to be enough room for the iso and a persistence file if you want one.

Other USB boot device creators may work differently.


Can I use two USB gamepads to play games in FCE Ultra?

You can play using two gamepads, yes. There is a tab in GFCE UltraX (recommended over FCE Ultra) called "Input" where you can map the buttons to the buttons on the pad. A on one controller will not register as A on the other controller. GFCE UltraX (gfeux) can be installed in Ubuntu by running sudo apt-get install gfeux in a terminal, or simply clicking this link (doesn't work in Chrome).

As for the controller, I don't know if it works well in Ubuntu or not (most do), but it seems quite expensive for what it does. If you're open for suggestions, I'd recommend taking a look at a Saitek P380. It costs a fraction as much, has two analog sticks, an omnidirectional d-pad, 4 regular buttons + 4 shoulder buttons and start and select buttons. I have one and it works perfectly in Ubuntu.


Uninstall RVM, Ruby, Ruby gem and rails in Ubuntu 12.04

Try this command:

rvm implode

Then follow the prompts.

Also remove any references of rvm you might have made in the past in your .bashrc and .bash_profile.


I Also have a Netbook with a native 1024x600 resolution which is too small sometimes.
I struggled hard with xrandr and searched a lot in www and so on.
Finally, I got a Solution which works for my EeePc.
I Use a trick: I configure a not-connected VGA-Output, that helped increase the resolution
without the mouse been catched.
This Example shows a scaling by 1.5:

xrandr --newmode "1536x900" 113.75  1536 1624 1784 2032  900 903 913 934 -hsync +vsync
xrandr --addmode VGA1 1536x900
xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1536x900 --output LVDS1 --fb 1536x900 --scale 1.5x1.5

I hope it works for you too !

Oliver


Ubuntu 12.04 does not Shut Down at all and gets Stuck on 3 or 4 dots

To shut down and power off from the command-line with shutdown, the correct command is actually:

sudo shutdown -P now

However, if that doesn't work, press Escape when you first see the splash screen with the dots. That should show the messages "behind" the splash screen. Then update your question (by editing it) with the full and exact text of the messages you see.


I installed 12.04 on my Asus EP121 a couple of weeks ago and everything works out of the box with one exception. The stylus works flawlessly, but touching the screen with your finger results in a 'right click' that won't release.

To fix that grab the newest egalax driver and install. After that it works beautifully! They've even done some work to the onboard keyboard that automatically pops it up when entering text and hides it when not.


Laptop boots to black screen on 13.04, but works when an external monitor is plugged in

I bought the same laptop today (yesterday as of today's time of 1:28am). I did the same as you did, but I was able to use the intel graphics driver at https://01.org/linuxgraphics/ .....but I still get the issues you have in regards to unplugging the HDMI cable. what kernel version do you have?


Auto mount time capsule disk with fstab not working

From the Ubuntu forum:

Find the netbios name of the device: nmblookup -A 10.0.0.1
List the device's samba shares querying using the netbios name instead of the IP address: smbclient -L //<device_netbios_name>
Mount using a mount point corresponding to a Disk type of share: in fstab: //<device_netbios_name>/<device_netbios_disk_share> /media/LaCie\040Rugged cifs password=fakepassword,rw,iocharset=utf8,file_mode=0777,dir_mode=0777,sec=ntlm,nounix


How do you get 'sudo' privilege for a program in a conda virtual environment?

But I need this particular program to be granted full write and edit access.

No, you do not. You need write and edit access to a specific location for your conda to store a file so an action can be started. And conda by default installs in your home with your user as user and group so that place is already created for you. That is all you need in regards to permissions for conda. Anything else is a security issue.
All other actions you need to do should be done from a script on your system disconnected from your conda environment.
A very basic example:

from conda you create a pidfile in your conda home (/home/user/.conda/pid). You can use those to store data in this file that you want to process.
you create a systemd service that scans for new pid files added to the system.
the systemd service starts a script (as root) that scans the pid file and does what needs to be done. Mind that this also can create a new file for conda to pick up that holds the result of this.

2 and 3 can also be a cron job (through crontab or /etc/crontab) or a directory watcher (inotify or with Python watchdog).


apt-get segmentation fault (segfault at libapt-pkg)

I have started experiencing the same thing in Precise. To workaround this issue I added a file /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00bugs which contains one line:

APT::Cache-start    200000000;

The segmentation faults no longer occur.
I have opened a bug report for this:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/apt/+bug/1445436


How to recover Formatted system files data windows 7?

Parts of this answer comes from: How to recover deleted partition table information and I would point @Prash to that question in first instance but nobody saw my previous answer useful so I place it here just in case you may wish to give this a chance.

  First of all, stop using the disk immediately. And don't do anything
  to it unless you are sure it will result in your disk's partition
  recovery, otherwise you may harm your data when attempting to recover
  it.

  After that, all the testdisk related posts are useful for the specific
  case, as you mention. And for your specific case please have a look at
  this video by Amzertech in Youtube, which explains exactly what to do
  when deleting a partition the way you did.

  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EncqYP1ijFg

  If everything is fine and you have not done anything harmful to your
  disk, there are good chances for you to bring the whole partition back
  with ease, after which I will suggest you to back up everything,
  format the disk again and place the data inside of it, in order to
  avoid crossed clusters and these things. Which reminds me that if your
  hard disk drive is having crossed clusters or data you may lose a lot
  of information.

  Give testdisk a chance and please inform if you succeed on it by
  commenting on the answers to your question.

You can download a testdisk binary to run it directly from a terminal in a Ubuntu live session or if you wish to go directly to the rescue mode in a terminal (no GUI) you can use the pre-built Hirens Boot which already has a lot of useful tools to recover data, which includes but does not limit only to testdisk.

Just have in mind that testdisk will allow you to bring back your deleted partition and in the other hand you will be able to rescue your deleted data in a per-file basis.

Let us know how do you do with this task and if need further assistante don't hesitate to drop a comment.

Good luck!


Ubuntu 20.04 Delete key not deleting files on desktop

As a workaround open nautilus (file manager) and go to your /home/username/Desktop
 folder. Here you can delete the files.


How do I boot from a USB drive recognized as fd0?

Well, this isn't a perfect answer, but I read in the GRUB manual about this issue affecting the first partition, so I tried creating two partitions on the USB drive. The BIOS still won't boot directly from the USB drive, but at least I can boot now using the hard drive's GRUB with:

linux (hd2,msdos2)/casper/vmlinuz.efi boot=casper
initrd (hd2,msdos2)/casper/initrd.lz
boot

I'll mark this as the answer unless someone else has a better answer in the next few weeks.


Why does Ubuntu Unity only have 4 themes?

Check this out.
http://www.upubuntu.com/2012/02/12-new-best-gnome-shell-themes-for.html

These work in Unity perfectly
Source upubuntu.com


MATE 18.04 Mutiny panel layout duplicates top panel icons/applets

I'll suggest to reset all MATE settings. It is safe as you have freshly installed it.
The command to reset MATE settings is the following:

dconf reset -f /org/mate/

and then set Mutiny layout from MATE Tweak (mate-tweak) again.


fifo underrun error shown during booting

Pretty sure you're running into this bug: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=79261

It doesn't seem to be much of an issue, as only one person on the list mentioned seeing any problems besides the pair of errors in the logs.


Adding virtual interfaces in /etc/network/interfaces is not permanent

If you have a graphical user interface installed, Network Manager overwrites the changes on reboot. Remove it using

sudo apt-get remove network-manager

re-edit the interfaces file and reboot to see if the changes are persistent.

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1767716


Unicode characters are displayed wrong in bash

The instructions mention that you need to patch your console font, which apparently you have not done (successfully); or perhaps you have failed to set up your terminal to use one of the patched fonts.

Since your question fails to mention anything about this, I think it's safe to assume that you simply missed this part of the instructions.

According to your comment, the characters which are displaying incorrectly are e.g. U+E0A2, U+E0B0, and U+E0B1.  But those are "private use area" characters, so they don't have any universal meaning.  There is no "correct" or "incorrect" here as far as Unicode is concerned, just lack of standardization.


Ubuntu Server Controlling Windows 7/8/8.1/10 Clients

I don't think you can achieve your goals with Ubuntu, however don't outright accept this answer so that others can respond with additional suggestions/insights.

Here's what I know from your comments and from stuff at my workplace which can't be replaced with Ubuntu and such due to the requirements:

Wanted: Create users and manage what users exist

Can be done with Active Directory like services, and they do exist for Ubuntu but I don't know what they are off the top of my head.

Wanted: Set up their home directories and user space files on an Ubuntu server

There's probably a way to do this, but the Windows and Linux permission structures are wildly different.  To truly achieve this you'd need Linux to work with all Windows' permissions, and they don't match up, so control of filespace permissions is probably not possible.  (Storage is, permissions isn't)
To truly make this section work you need a Windows server with Group Policy Objects for all systems and a Windows file share server that handles Windows permissions.

Wanted: Control Windows/Microsoft Updates

Impossible with Ubuntu.  What you need here is WSUS - Windows Server Update Services - and that is Windows proprietary and needs a Windows server to make work.

Additional Prerequisites:

Windows Group Policy Objects
Windows Active Directory
Integration between the two above prerequisites, in order to do user control (what users and groups exist), central management of system policy (so you don't have to manually apply the group policy objects on each system by hand), folder redirection and roaming user profiles (so their desktops come up with all their files, app data is available, etc.)

All in all, what you need is a Windows environment.  You are working with Windows workstation computers.  You are looking for Windows Active Directory.  You are looking for Windows Group Policy management servers tied in with Active Directory.  You are seeking WSUS to restrict and control updates such that they can only update from the WSUS server, from where you can approve/reject updates that are available.


Installing Ubuntu Server and it is stuck at "Configuring apt"

Don't be so stingy with the disk space.  I was having the same error and resolved it by going to 2.5GB.


Installing Samsung Xpress M2825DW drivers on Kubuntu 12.04

I can find the file rastertospl under the directory (in my case /opt/Samsung/)uld/arm/ after extracting the driver package V1.00.06
downloaded from http://www.samsung.com/ca/support/model/SL-M2825DW/XAA-downloads?downloadName=DR
There is also an i386 version under ../i386/


SSL Certificate/Apache configuration issue

The issue stemmed from verizon using ipv6. I had to add my ipv6 to my vhost and that solved the problem.


How to tell Ubuntu that hardware clock is local time?

In Ubuntu releases that use systemd the command to change time to local and update the clock right away is

timedatectl set-local-rtc 1 --adjust-system-clock

If you run timedatectl, it will show a warning

Warning: The system is configured to read the RTC time in the local time zone.
         This mode can not be fully supported. It will create various problems
         with time zone changes and daylight saving time adjustments. The RTC
         time is never updated, it relies on external facilities to maintain it.
         If at all possible, use RTC in UTC by calling
         'timedatectl set-local-rtc 0'.

This warning doesn't mean that it is set to 0. If it was set to 0, timedatectl status says:
"     RTC in local TZ: no"
and there is no Warning. "     RTC in local TZ: yes" is preferred, if you're dual booting.  The suggested command is for switching RTC back to "no".


Help Please! Accidentally deleted /lib/systemd/system/lightdm.service

/lib/systemd/system/lightdm.service provided by the lightdm package in Ubuntu 19.04. To reinstall it open the terminal and type:

sudo apt-get install --reinstall lightdm


To install xdebug for php7.1. Follow these steps to install for php7.1:

Install php7.1 dev, if there go to step 2:

sudo apt install php-all-dev

Install the xdebug module:

sudo apt install php-xdebug

Retstart apache with:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

To test it:

a. Go to the page you added to your OP and add the contents of your phpinfo() command to get the relevant xdebug-2.5.1.tgz file

b. Follow the steps as directed on that page:

tar -xvzf xdebug-2.5.1.tgz
cd xdebug-2.5.1/
now run phpize7.1, not phpize as given on that page

You should see this output, or something similar

Configuring for:
...
Zend Module Api No:      20151012
Zend Extension Api No:   320151012

Add the following to the /etc/php/7.1/mods-available/xdebug.ini under any entry you see there:

xdebug.show_error_trace = 1

Restart apache: sudo systemctl restart apache2
Check your phpinfo() output on a webpage you should see the xdebug section now.


Software Center gives me a blank list of programs on Ubuntu 16.04

I just realized that I just need to wait for the software center to load the list of apps. Center makes it without any visual indication, so you just see an empty list when you open some app category, and it will be uploaded in about 20-30 seconds. So if someone has this problem, they just need to try to wait first. It's ridiculous how unfriendly apps can be for the most popular desktop distribution.


You can test your theory (www-data can't run the command) by running:

sudo -iu www-data /usr/bin/pg_dump ...

This likely is the issue and there are a number of different workarounds with different security ramifications.

Create a script that runs your dump, owned by your user, with setuid applied (chmod 4755 <filename>). Whoever runs this will run it as the owner of the file. There are obvious security ramifications if your script is editable by PHP too, or your script is somehow exploitable.
Use a middle-man. You could write to a file from PHP and read it from a cron-job (running as the right user). If the file exists it runs your dump and deletes the file. This is fairly secure but it's obviously only as instant as your cron interval. Alternatives include things like Celery which is a bit more industrial for batching or deferring tasks, optionally to other users.
Beat Postgres into allowing www-data access the data. I would suggest doing this through a password but this is still going to allow a hacked www-data access to anything you give it.

The pg_dump command may also have some peculiarities. There are a few threads around SE that might help with it specifically:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2893954/how-to-pass-in-password-to-pg-dump
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1401002/trick-an-application-into-thinking-its-stdin-is-interactive-not-a-pipe


Cannot find/access files from previous install of Ubuntu (10.04)

Anything that's still on the disk should be accessible my mounting the additional partitions. Using Disk Utility you can click on the partitions & mount them (I'm not in front of an Ubuntu system right now, so can't check the exact names/procedure.)

Once the disks are mounted, you should be browse them in the file manager (Nautilus). They'll probably be in the /media/<username>/ folder.


How to disable mouse power status in indicator-power?

I have the same issue. It is already reported, you can follow it on :

https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/indicator-power/+bug/1234458


You have to put the .ttf file in your home, particularly in the .fonts folder (and create the folder if it's not there).

Asuming you have your font (myfont.ttf) in your Downloads folder (~/Downloads or /home/**yourname**/Downloads -which is the same thing written in a different way-), the commands you should run are:

mkdir -p ~/.fonts
cp ~/Downloads/myfont.ttf ~/.fonts/

Done!

Modern versions of Ubuntu (from 12.04 and on) doesn't need you to run a font-cache update. The system will pickup your new font in a pinch. :)


Youtube doesn't work anymore in firefox (Ubuntu 14.04)

Install the ubuntu-restricted-extras package:

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras

From Wikipedia:

  Ubuntu Restricted Extras is a software package for the computer
  operating system Ubuntu that allows the user to install essential
  software which is not already included due to legal or copyright
  reasons.

  It is a meta-package that installs:

  Support for MP3 and unencrypted DVD playback
  Microsoft TrueType core fonts
  Adobe Flash plugin
  codecs for common audio and video files


Having difficulty getting Windows 10 option in grub2

Your fstab-file on sdb1 clearly shows that Ubuntu is installed in legacy-mode.

# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1
# /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=e622e0fb-2c28-46f6-83f3-e5a638dbadf3 /boot           ext2    defaults        0       2
#/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1 none            swap    sw              0       0
/dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0

Your drive sdb has MBR (dos-partition-table).

Windows is installed on sda in UEFI-mode. sda has GPT-partition-table.

You should convert drive sdb where Ubuntu is installed from MBR to GTP.
To convert the drive from MBR to GPT boot the installer and choose Try Ubuntu without installing.
Open terminal(Ctrl+Alt+T) and run command sudo gdisk sdb.

Upon start, gdisk attempts to identify the partition type in use on the disk.
If it finds valid GPT data, gdisk will use it. If gdisk finds a valid MBR but
no GPT data, it will attempt to  convert the  MBR  into GPT form. Upon
exiting  with  the  'w'  option,  gdisk replaces the MBR or disklabel with a GPT.
If you mistakenly launch gdisk on an MBR disk, you can safely  exit  the
program  without making any changes by using the 'q' option.

The MBR-to-GPT conversion will leave at least one gap in the  partition
numbering  if  the original MBR used logical partitions. These gaps are
harmless, but you can eliminate them by using the 's'  option,  if  you
like.

Then reinstall Ubuntu in UEFI-mode. To install in UEFI-mode you have to
boot the installer in UEFI-mode, how you boot is how it installs.

You may create ESP (EFI System Partition, 500MB, FAT32, boot-flag) on sdb during install, but Grub will be installed on ESP of sda automatically.


Why does it take over a minute for the desktop to load after logging in?

You're running 32-bit Ubuntu on a machine that can't be faster than a Core2Duo, and which might even be just a CoreDuo.  If you're running the main version, loading Unity and all the eyecandy that comes with it will likely take a while.  My own Core2Duo laptop chokes on it too.

Solution would be to use a lighter window manager.  Personally I switched my laptop to Linux Mint Debian and use the MATE desktop on it.

If it's a Core2Duo, switch to 64-bit, that will help a lot.

Applying the Intel microcode patches and compiling your own kernel to be optimized for the processor make a fairly significant difference too, and aren't all that difficult.

If you're really going for performance, consider looking into Gentoo or Arch.  It's more work to maintain, but you'd be amazed how much difference optimizing the builds for your particular hardware can make for some kinds of tasks.


How to know whether a particular package is installed on ubuntu?

TL;DR: For a simple command (no | grep) with compact output, you can use

apt list package, which is usually what you want (compare to apt-cache policy package), or
dpkg-query -W package as a less cluttered version of dpkg -l package.

The apt command (for apt list package) is available in Ubuntu 14.04 and later.

apt list tells you if your package is installed.

apt list package shows the version of a package that is or would be installed, along with the names of the repository components that provide it and the version. When the package is installed, [installed] appears prominently at the end of the line.

ek@Io:~$ apt list firefox
Listing... Done
firefox/xenial-updates,xenial-security,now 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]
N: There is 1 additional version. Please use the '-a' switch to see it

In addition to [installed] at the end, now in the list of repository components indicates that the package is currently installed. This is what apt list's output looks like for a package that isn't installed:

ek@Io:~$ apt list dolphin
Listing... Done
dolphin/xenial 4:15.12.3-0ubuntu1 amd64

Sometimes you'll see [installed,automatic], which means the package was installed as a dependency of some other package. Since it was automatically rather than manually installed, it can be removed after all the packages that depend on it are removed (which is what the apt autoremove command does).

ek@Io:~$ apt list zeitgeist-core
Listing... Done
zeitgeist-core/xenial,now 0.9.16-0ubuntu4 amd64 [installed,automatic]

You can use apt list --installed to show only installed packages.

One advantage of seeing a listing even when the package isn't installed is that you know there is a package of the name you specified. Otherwise, if you spell it wrong by accident, you might think the package you meant isn't installed.

ek@Io:~$ apt list firefoz
Listing... Done

But if you really do prefer that nothing appear if you don't have a package, use apt list --installed package:

ek@Io:~$ apt list --installed firefox dolphin
Listing... Done
firefox/xenial-updates,xenial-security,now 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]
N: There is 1 additional version. Please use the '-a' switch to see it

Globbing helps you list packages whose names you don't know or want to type.

As you've just seen, you may pass multiple package names to apt list. The other thing you can do is pass it a glob, where a * represents zero or more characters and ? represents one character. There are a few things to keep in mind:

Your shell also expands globs into filenames, but that is not what you want to happen here, so you should always quote them (in ' ' or " ", or with \) when you pass them to apt list.
Although both globs and regular expressions both support character classes (e.g., [csz]sh matches csh, ssh zsh), they are not the same and * and ? mean different things in a glob than in a regular expression. This is important because some other commands used to get information about packages, such as apt-cache policy package, use regular expressions rather than globs. You should check if a command uses globs or regular expressions before relying on either feature.
When you are actually adding and removing packages, you must not confuse globs with regular expressions. apt list 'wine*' lists all the packages whose names start with wine, but apt remove 'wine*' removes all the packages with win (even without the e) anywhere in their name!

Suppose, for example, that I know the package I'm interested in has soap in its name somewhere and ends in cil, but that's all I remember:

ek@Io:~$ apt list '*soap*cil'
Listing... Done
libmono-system-runtime-serialization-formatters-soap4.0-cil/xenial,xenial,now 4.2.1.102+dfsg2-7ubuntu4 all [installed,automatic]

Globbing is also handy when you do know the full name of the package you're interested in, but don't want to type it. Or when you're interested in multiple packages that match the glob:

ek@Io:~$ apt list 'firefox-locale-*'
Listing... Done
firefox-locale-af/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-an/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ar/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-as/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ast/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-az/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-be/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-bg/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-bn/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-br/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-bs/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ca/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-cak/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-cs/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-csb/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-cy/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-da/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-de/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-el/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-en/xenial-updates,xenial-security,now 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]
firefox-locale-eo/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-es/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-et/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-eu/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-fa/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-fi/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-fr/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-fy/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ga/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-gd/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-gl/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-gn/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-gu/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-he/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-hi/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-hr/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-hsb/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-hu/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-hy/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-id/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-is/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-it/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ja/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ka/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-kab/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-kk/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-km/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-kn/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ko/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ku/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-lg/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-lt/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-lv/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-mai/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-mk/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ml/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-mn/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-mr/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ms/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-nb/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-nl/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-nn/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-nso/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-oc/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-or/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-pa/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-pl/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-pt/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ro/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ru/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-si/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-sk/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-sl/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-sq/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-sr/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-sv/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-sw/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-ta/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-te/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-th/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-tr/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-uk/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-uz/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-vi/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-xh/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-zh-hans/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-zh-hant/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64
firefox-locale-zu/xenial-updates,xenial-security 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64

That's a lot of packages. (Though not as many as if I had run apt list '*', which lists all available packages!) Fortunately globs work with --installed too:

ek@Io:~$ apt list --installed 'firefox-locale-*'
Listing... Done
firefox-locale-en/xenial-updates,xenial-security,now 51.0.1+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]
N: There is 1 additional version. Please use the '-a' switch to see it

apt list vs. dpkg-query -W

Another command you can use is dpkg-query -W package. This is similar to dpkg -l, but its output is more streamlined and readable because only the package name and installed version (if any) are printed.

dpkg-query -W lists all packages dpkg knows about that match the name or glob pattern you give it. This includes packages that are installed and also packages that aren't installed but that are referred to by another package. You can tell what packages are actually installed because the installed version number/string is printed to the right of the name. For example, on my 16.04 system:

ek@Io:~$ dpkg-query -W wine-\*
wine-amd64
wine-gecko
wine-gecko2.21:amd64    2.21-0ubuntu1
wine-gecko2.21:i386     2.21-0ubuntu1
wine-i386
wine-mono
wine-mono0.0.8  0.0.8-0ubuntu1

Thus, of listed packages, wine-gecko2.21:amd64 and wine-gecko2.21:i386 (i.e., wine-gecko2.21 for both the amd64 and i386 architectures) and wine-mono0.0.8 are the ones that I currently have installed.

dpkg-query -W and apt list will both always know about installed packages, whether or not they are provided by any currently configured software source and whether or not they are referred to by other packages. However:

apt list also knows about packages available from any currently configured software source, but does not knows about unavailable packages referred to by other packages.
dpkg-query -W (like dpkg -l) does not directly reflect what packages are actually available, but does know about packages referred to by any package that is installed.

On the same machine:

ek@Io:~$ apt list wine-\*
Listing... Done
wine-development/xenial,xenial 1.9.6-1 all
wine-gecko2.21/xenial,now 2.21-0ubuntu1 amd64 [installed,automatic]
wine-mono0.0.8/xenial,xenial,now 0.0.8-0ubuntu1 all [installed,automatic]

As with dpkg -l, when you run dpkg-query -W with the name of a package you don't have (e.g., I don't have chocolate-doom installed), the output is the same as when you run it with the name of a package that doesn't exist at all (for example, due to misspelling, like firefoz):

ek@Io:~$ dpkg-query -W chocolate-doom firefoz
dpkg-query: no packages found matching chocolate-doom
dpkg-query: no packages found matching firefoz

In contrast, apt list shows explicitly that only chocolate-doom exists (but isn't installed):

ek@Io:~$ apt list chocolate-doom firefoz
Listing... Done
chocolate-doom/xenial 2.2.1-2.1 amd64


The OpenVPN server should push appropriate options with dhcp. Just like your router does when you connect over wifi. From my /etc/openvpn/server.conf:

# DNS servers, courtesy of Google
push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8"
push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4"