Several things could be done. I will explain my ideas and the way how they could be implemented within Apache2.

1. Use HTTPS connection to protect your data from sniffing

First enable SSL module if it is not enabled: sudo a2enmod ssl.
Оpen port 443 (HTTPS) into the firewall. You should use your custom port here.
Follow this manual and enable a free certificate from Let's Encrypt.
Check this answer and disable Weak Ciphers.
Then you can force all users to use HTTPS.

2. Change the URI of PhpMyAdmin

To change the URI, within the default configuration, you should edit /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf and change the first part (/phpmyadmin) of this directive:

Alias /phpmyadmin /usr/share/phpmyadmin

Restart Apache and you will be able to access PhpMyAdmin through the new URI.

3. Run PhpMyAdmin on different port

Here is a step-by-step manual: How to run PhpMyAdmin on different port. Don't forget to open this port into the Firewall.

4. Access PhpMyAdmin only locally through SSH tunnel

Run PhpMyAdmin on different port. Let's assume it is port 99. Close this port into the Firewall. Then establish SSH connection by a command similar as:

ssh -fTN -R 99:localhost:99 <user>@<domain>or<ip>

This command will create ssh tunnel, where the remote -R port 99 is forwarded to the local port 99 on the localhost (127.0.0.1).
The options -fTN will push the connection in to the background.

Then PhpMyAdmin should be accessible via the web browser of your local machine on the URL http://localhost:99/. More ideas could be find here:

Access remote multiple servers behind NAT
IPTables only allow localhost access
Allow Ubuntu Server Access only from specific IP's

5. Protect PhpMyAdmin URI path via Password authentication

More details could be found in this Apache's manual: Authentication and Authorization. The package apache2-utils must be installed. In short the steps are:

Create folder outside of /var/www, where the password file will be kept. Then generate password file. Let's assume the name of this new folder is /var/www-auth:

$ sudo mkdir /var/www-auth
$ cd /var/www-auth
$ sudo htpasswd -c .htpasswd.phpmyadmin <user>
New Password: *********
Re-Type New Password: *********
Adding Password For User <user>

.htpasswd.phpmyadmin is the name of the file in which the password will be stored.
user is the login name that will be used.
********* is the password :)
-c means create new file. If this option is omitted htpasswd command will try to add the new login name to an existing .htpasswd.file.

Modify PhpMyAdmin authentication type, through edit /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf in this way (or create .htaccess file):

<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin>
.....
    <IfModule mod_authz_core.c>
        <IfModule mod_authn_file.c>
            AuthType Basic
            AuthName "The name of the authentication form - type some user and password hints"
            AuthUserFile /var/www-auth/.htpasswd.phpmyadmin
        </IfModule>
        Require valid-user
    </IfModule>
.....
</Directory>

Enable the modules and restart Apache2 to apply the new configuration:

sudo a2enmod authz_core authz_user authn_file
sudo systemctl restart apache2.service

Now to access PhpMyAdmin's URI you must provide the login name user and its password.

6. Protect PhpMyAdmin URI path via Two Factor Authentication (2FA):

Follow steps 1 and 3 from this manual to generate .google_authenticator file, located in your $HOME directory. In step 4 is described how to generate authentication codes.
Create a new directory under /var/www-auth. Let's assume the name of this new folder is google_authenticator:

sudo mkdir -p /var/www-auth/google_authenticator

Copy the file $HOME/.google_authenticator into that directory and change its permissions (it must be readable for www-data):

sudo cp $HOME/.google_authenticator /var/www-auth/google_authenticator/user
sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www-auth/google_authenticator/user

Please note that the file name determines the login name! The file name will be used as username while logging-in to your secure website.
Modify the new file by adding the directive " PASSWORD=qwerty, where qwerty is the new login password.

E3CY3TNSNBXXXXXX
" RESETTING_TIME_SKEW ...
" RATE_LIMIT 3 30 ...
" WINDOW_SIZE 17
" DISALLOW_REUSE 48885555 ...
" TOTP_AUTH
" PASSWORD=qwerty
4567...

Install mod_authn_google for Apache2. Unfortunately I this module is unavailable within Ubuntu's repository, but we can get it from this repository. The steps are: (1) go to your Downloads, (2) download the package dba-apa24-mod_authn_google-r22... .rpm, (3) extract mod_authn_google.so, (4) place the file in /usr/lib/apache2/modules/, (5) grant appropriate permissions, (6) Create module load file:

cd $HOME/Downloads
wget http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/csbuild:/DBA/RedHat_RHEL-7/x86_64/dba-apa24-mod_authn_google-r22-1.1.x86_64.rpm

rpm2cpio dba-apa24-mod_authn_google-r22-1.1.x86_64.rpm | cpio -iv --to-stdout ./DBA/apache24/WWW/2.4.x/modules/mod_authn_google-r22.so > mod_authn_google.so

sudo mv mod_authn_google.so /usr/lib/apache2/modules/
sudo chown root:root /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_authn_google.so
sudo chmod g-w /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_authn_google.so

echo "LoadModule authn_google_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_authn_google.so" | sudo tee /etc/apache2/mods-available/authn_google.load

sudo a2enmod authn_google

Modify PhpMyAdmin authentication type, through edit /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf in this way (or create .htaccess file):

<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin>
.....
    <IfModule mod_authz_core.c>
        <IfModule mod_authn_google.c>
            AuthType Basic
            AuthName "The name of the authentication form - type some user and password hints"
            AuthBasicProvider "google_authenticator"
            GoogleAuthUserPath /var/www-auth/google_authenticator
            GoogleAuthCookieLife 3600
            GoogleAuthEntryWindow 2
        </IfModule>
        Require valid-user
    </IfModule>
.....
</Directory>

Enable the modules and restart Apache2 to apply the new configuration:

sudo a2enmod authz_core authz_user authn_google
sudo systemctl restart apache2.service

Now to access PhpMyAdmin's URI you must provide the login name user, its password and 6 digit token code:

7. Use ModSecurity for Apache

With ModSecurity you can add more flexible restrictions to the PhpMyAdmin's URI.
In this answer, under the section "ModSecurity Rules > SAS > Iptables", I've described in short how we can create custom rules for ModSecurity.


How do I uninstall the Mention beta for Ubuntu?

This is a simple install in the /opt/mention directory. All you have to do is empty the directory and remove it:

sudo rm -rf /opt/mention

You can paste this code in a terminal window by using Ctrl+Shift+V.


Terminator does not appear in the application switcher and Launcher when using Unity in Ubuntu 18.04

I've been trying to figure this one out for some time. Finally resolved it today by going to Preferences and unchecking the 'Hide from taskbar' option.


You can use Mastershaper:

  Websolution for Linux network traffic shaping and QoS with iproute2.


error installing program (xournal++ in ubuntu 16)

The error message is clear about what you are missing:

configure: error: Package requirements (gtk+-2.0 >= 2.18.3 libglade-2.0 >= 2.6.4 glib-2.0 >= 2.32.0 gthread-2.0 >= 2.4.0 librsvg-2.0 >= 2.14.0 zlib fontconfig lcms) were not met:

No package 'libglade-2.0' found
No package 'librsvg-2.0' found
No package 'lcms' found

You need to install the missing packages to go on with the process.

As a side note, you should keep in mind the following information provided on the official Xournal++ page:

  At the moment, Xournal is very stable software while Xournal++ is not. If you want stability, you might be more interested in the original Xournal project

Further:

  At the moment compiling Xournal++ from source is tricky business. You should therefore first visit the wiki in order to see if there is a known working guide for your system: Xournal++ Wiki.

Finally, the wiki links to official pre-built packages.


Problem with shutting down in Ubuntu Gnome 13.04 64-bit

Have you tried running

sudo halt

in a terminal?

If that works, try using something like Create Launcher and having the command be

sudo halt.

Good luck.


Dual Boot - How to access Windows partition without having to shut down Windows

This is because Windows (since version 7 or 8?) uses FastBoot to speed up its boot process. Therefore it uses kind of hibernation, which keeps the partition in an "in use"-state somehow and prevents Ubuntu having full access on it.

Solution: Just disable the FastBoot option in Windows!


Hard drive isn't detected during installation of Ubuntu 18.04

I had the same problem.
First do what our friend @Comar said.
When you arrive at gparted do:

Open gparted:

Delete existing partitions, click the green check button (Apply all operations), then

  APPLY -> CLOSE

Click on the

  DEVICE menu -> Create Partition Table.

In (Select new partition table type :) menu choose

  'gpt'> APPLY.

Do a bootable flash drive using the Rufus software.

Add the .iso from Ubuntu.
In partition scheme choose GPT.
Click on start.

Enable the UEFI option in your BIOS before formatting, this is usually in the motherboard BOOT menu.
Boot the operating system installation normally.


Record screen, microphone and web camera in Ubuntu 17.10 (Wayland Session)

If you're really inclined to further use Wayland you should give green-recorder a try.
It even is able to record games you play, only caveat is that it only records as WebM format under Wayland. Have to mention that it only records the screen, not a webcam for example.

To install it you need to add a new ppa into your system, so you can follow the steps below to install it from terminal command line.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fossproject/ppa
sudo apt update
sudo apt install green-recorder

To add to this you might want to install TopIcons plus extension from extensions.gnome.org to be able to access green-recorder when it has started recording.

The only other chance you have to get the software you mentioned to work again is starting your desktop under Xorg as display-manager.
To do so you have to log out and use the cogwheel beside the sign in button to choose 'Ubuntu on Xorg'.

An other possibility to just create a smaller screen-cast of about 30 seconds would be to just press shift+ctrl+alt+r this will leave the recorded bit in your 'Video' directory in your home (/home/$USER/Video/). Thus this solution does not seem to work under Xorg and producing files of 0 Byte length.


How do I restore my GUI? No tty, gdm3, or HDMI

Well, as I have guessed the solution to all my problems was same: I removed tlp package and now I'm doing fine.

Of course the credits goes to Kostas Maistrelis


How do I effectively submit a system level concept for Ubuntu tablet for consideration?

Post your proposal at the Ubuntu-devel-discuss mailing list


Xubuntu is going to sleep mode when I screen lock

You can just type the password even on sleep.


Build with clang for older ubuntu releases

In case your problem has not been solved yet, I can suggest two options aside from static linking:

Bundle all libraries required with your apps and set up LD_LIBRARY_PATH and/or rpath for your binaries.
If you're developing server-side apps, shipping those as Docker images inherited from Ubuntu Vivid may also be an option.


I can't write in Windows partition, but I've done it before

I already solved it. I looked up on the web, and this worked. http://howtoforge.com/ntfs_3g_ubuntu_feisty
Unfortunatelly, I don't do it methodologically. First I went to Synaptic and searched ntfs, such as indicated in the link. But at the same time, I was uninstalling GParted. It seems GParted installs others things with it, wich affects the default writing permissions on ntfs. So I don't know exactly what solved the problem. After that, I tryed to "write" on the Windows partition and I get the same message. Then I reboot hoping it was all needed, and it was so. I can write on Windows partition again.


A fast fluctuation in the incoming current that lasts less than one second can cause a forced restart on some hardware, for example if your computer is connected to the source of electricity through a surge protector.


How can I restore my desktop after updating?

Your grub is dead. Dunno why but it is.

You can reinstall grub with a live-session (usb or dvd) and follow the directives given here.

This will guide you through the installation of boot-repair under a live-session. With that application, you'll be able to fix your grub.


OK so far It seems this a bug but using command in terminal

    sudo shutdown now

will shutdown the system.


Ubuntu W8.1 Dualboot is not working - Only w8.1 boots

bootup your live cd
install boot-repair by
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair
sudo sed 's/trusty/saucy/g' -i /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yannubuntu-boot-repair-trusty.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && (boot-repair &)

install grub via following instructions in there


Which Ubuntu ver to run from DVD for 32 bit old PC?

I suggest that you check here: 32-bit PC (i386) desktop image

http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/


Is apt-get dist-upgrade required in Docker container?

In general, you are going to want to use upgrade rather then dist-upgrade.

In general, unless you have a problem or feel you know more then the docker developers, best go with the defaults.

In the event upgrade has problems, dist-upgrade is a potential solution.

upgrade will update new packages when new versions are available, but will sometimes not remove packages or not install additional packages. dist-upgrade will upgrade and if necessary add or remove packages.

You should always review what apt-get is telling you when you upgrade and review the packages list with dist-upgrade.

For additional information see

What is "dist-upgrade" and why does it upgrade more than "upgrade"?

and

Why use apt-get upgrade instead of apt-get dist-upgrade?


Problems with Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: no update/upgrade possible

The last line in the error reports that your disk space is full. You should either free disk by deleting or moving files out of / partition. You can also expand the partition by using partitioning tools like gparted.


Kubuntu 18.04 - Unable to configure wallpaper

When I right-click on the desktop itself, I get a context menu. The item of interest is "Configure Desktop". Click on that.

You'll get a window titled "Desktop Folder Settings --- Plasma" if you've enabled the option to view folders on the desktop. Otherwise, the window will be titled "Desktop Folder --- Plasma".

Either way, look at the left pane/column. The first item should be Wallpapers. If it isn't, please edit your question providing a screenshot of what you see.

There's also an option to download additional wallpapers:


Installing Ubuntu on Secure Boot locked UEFI

It sounds to that grub update failed not the signed kernels.

I have noticed that the file that adds the efi-firmware option to the grub menu errors on some computers. grub installs but the initial grub-update to create the config file is what fails.

the file /etc/grubd/30_efi-firmware needs to be edited to remove the if/then statement. then update grub.

I've edited mine to read:

gettext_printf "Adding boot menu entry for EFI firmware configuration\n" >&2

cat << EOF
menuentry 'uefi-firmware' {
fwsetup
}
EOF

if your installer has a command prompt at the bottom. you can make this change and reinstall grub (nano is the text editor. you may have to comment out the gettext_printf line also ).

if not then, continue with out installing grub, and make the change from a LiveCD. and update grub.


Nomodeset on intel boot with NVIDIA PRIME

Solved! I had to install the latest intel graphics drivers using this tool.

Now I can boot fine without nomodeset.


I found another way of doing this in a script (as root):

#!/bin/sh

myuser="asimov"
mypasswd="mysecret"

mkdir /home/$myuser/.vnc
echo $mypasswd | vncpasswd -f > /home/$myuser/.vnc/passwd
chown -R $myuser:$myuser /home/$myuser/.vnc
chmod 0600 /home/$myuser/.vnc/passwd

Cheers!


How to get xfce4 desktop at startup without the bloat?

Actually, you have already picked (4) - that's what XFCE is, a desktop environment, and thereby (3), the XFCE Window manager (xfwm). XFCE doesn't include a display manager, but other desktop environments do (GNOME has GDM, LXDE as LXDM, KDE has KDM, Unity has LightDM), and most display managers come with a default greeter. So, in effect, once you pick a desktop environment, you usually have the other three choices made for you.

  after I log in, I run

% exec startxfce4

  ... I already have this very same command in ~/.xinitrc...

That's what startx does:

To  determine  the  client to run, startx first looks for a file called
.xinitrc in the user's home directory.  If that is not found,  it  uses
the  file  xinitrc  in  the  xinit  library directory.

So you need to run startx on login to a TTY. The Arch Wiki offers a nice snippet for doing this:

[[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startx

You can add this to .bashrc, and when you login to TTY1 (see the check for XDG_VTNR), it will start the GUI.

As for display managers, the Arch Wiki lists quite a few, some of which are lightweight. You may have some luck with SLiM, whose dependencies are pretty minimal. It's also on the list of recommended apps by XFCE.


Can't download install an iso file for Windows in a USB stick with WoeUSB

WoeUSB requires that the target device (the USB drive that you inserted) be unmounted before it can write anything to it. Open the Disks application, select the USB device that you inserted in the left pane of Disks and unmount it. Click the black square marked by a red arrow in the below screenshot to unmount the selected partition.


Wi-Fi cannot be used, it says it is disabled by a hardware switch (I do not have a disable WiFi hardware switch on my laptop)

If your wireless works after removing ideapad-laptop, let's blacklist it so it doesn't load in the future. Please open a terminal and do:

sudo -i
echo "blacklist ideapad-laptop"  >>  /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
exit

You should be all set.


Touchpad ALPS problem with two fingers right click, Ubuntu 16.04

Install libinput by

sudo apt install xserver-xorg-input-libinput

and reboot. It supports multitouch better. Tap-to click will be disabled by default, but it can be enabled.


Problem sharing ethernet connection via WiFi

You have created an adhoc network.
To share wifi to your android device, you need to create a wifi-hotspot


It is looking for a PKCS#12 File

From Wikipedia:

  In cryptography, PKCS #12 defines an archive file format for storing
  many cryptography objects as a single file. It is commonly used to
  bundle a private key with its X.509 certificate or to bundle all the
  members of a chain of trust.

I am guessing you will be importing your private and public keys, for authentication. In a private computing environment that would just be public and private keys for the user of the system.

If you wanted to you could also set up a CA (Certificate Authority) that is set up in a server environment, or use AD or LDAP, or a mail server which needed specific certificates to access them [the specific certificates].

You could actually grab a certificate off of the network, or transfer certificates to your machine, then import them into chrome, and you could access things which require those certificates.


May be you can try to copy ( append) the contents of file foo using command redirection.

#cat foo > new.txt  --> this will copy the contents of file foo to new.txt
#cat foo >> new1.txt --> this will append the contents of file foo to new1.txt

If your intention is not copying to other file and is just copying in to buffer/clipboard then try "xclip"


Restarting X session shows screen blank for some time and comes up


Dual-Monitor with Radeon 7970 HD Graphics Card?

The solution for me was eventually to update to 12.10. I'm currently on 13.04 now, but it seems to be a non-issue with this release. It's a shame that I never got this working on 12.04, though.


I just uninstalled the Amazon app by:

right-click on the app (on the Dashboard)
click unistall


Running make on makehuman results in the following fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory

It seems the Makefile.Linux file is preconfigured for use with Python 2.6 only (you don't want that on Ubuntu).

You could try to change that setting. Edit at line 8

PYTHONVER     = 2.6

to become

PYTHONVER     = 2.7

Then it will run. However, you may run into a lot more build dependencies! :)

On Ubuntu 12.04 I'm not able to compile this due to programming errors in the code. (lots of undefined reference to)

It will be a lot easier if you just install the .deb package from the download page.


What's equivalent to this Homebrew installation command

gettext is a library for internationalization and localization. The --with-gettext flag makes brew configure and build wdiff with that library, enabling i18n and l10n. However, the wdiff package for Ubuntu is not built with it. If you do need i18n, you'll have to build wdiff yourself. If you don't need it, sudo apt-get install wdiff is sufficient.


Because when I type Japanese, I need a special input method with engines, which understands my phonic input and display Hiragana words and suggests Kanji words for them.
 e.g. ibus-mozc, fcitx-mozc, ibus-anthy, uim-anthy (light weight)

So basically it couldn't be wrong. The system cannot suggest that we composed badly.


How To install kivy for python and its dependencies to build android apps?

The easiest way is to install kivy from the stable ppa:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kivy-team/kivy
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python-kivy python-kivy-examples

Using apt-get will automatically install all the needed dependencies.


Re-enable pop sound checks in ubuntu gnome 15.10

I just restored the files from backup.

/usr/share/sounds/gnome/ is the directory missing the files.

Pop sounds are back!

I did have to reboot for them to start working.


here, there is something to try:
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/125257/how-can-i-make-the-screen-black-and-white
They say that you can add following lines to the xorg config file

Section "Screen"
    Identifier "greyscale configuration"
    Defaultdepth 8
    SubSection "Display"
        Depth 8
        Visual "GrayScale"
    EndSubSection
EndSection

Please tell me if it works for you


Check your upload bandwidth/speed somewhere like Speedtest.net
Calculate your upload time by inputting your total amount of data and your upload speed into a bandwidth calculator, one is here at dslreports.com

You are looking at about 3 hours per Gigabyte backed up at that upload speed. That assumes it stays constant and you aren't using the connection for anything else. I've already entered the values for your connection speed, with one Gigabyte of data, that link is here.

This is a common problem with asynchronous connections like home ADSL. The more data you want to send into the 'cloud', the more this becomes an issue. Some services like Amazon's S3 allow you to mail a hard drive to them so you don't have to spend weeks uploading. It's not cheap though.


Laptop keyboard becomes inresponsive (mostly when watching videos in YouTube)

https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Lenovo-P-Y-and-Z-series/ideapad-y700-windows-10-keyboard-stops-working/td-p/3464406

Try updating your BIOS, but be careful - BIOS updates can brick your computer if not done properly. If you still have your windows partition, then boot into it and go to http://support.lenovo.com/ and see if you can update BIOS from there. If you don't have a windows partition, google how to make a bootable USB stick with a BIOS update for your computer. Before updating BIOS remember to backup all important data (just in case).


How do I get my Lenovo T61 to connect to a wireless network?

If the machine is running 11.04 or 11.10 you need to disable "n" by running this in a terminal:

gksu gedit /etc/modprobe.d/options.conf

and adding this line to the file:

options iwl4965 11n_disable=1

Reboot and try to connect again.

Ubuntu 12.04LTS solves this problem (I will update if this changes).

Edit:
So far versions after and including Ubuntu 12.04LTS do not have this issue with the Intel 4965 wireless card.


Ah, i remember way back when, i wanted to do this very thing, i did a quick Google search and remembered that i used DevilsPie back in the Gnome 2.x days, however, according to the GNOME wiki, DP is now unmaintained, but DevilsPie2 is now around.

Bear in mind i have not tried this for years, but according to the DP2 website (http://www.gusnan.se/devilspie2/) its simply a matter of creating a .lua script in /home/yourusername/.config/devilspie2/ and putting a few rules into that file, such as window placement, position, name and such. See the "simple script example" in the git README for an explanation: https://raw.github.com/gusnan/devilspie2/master/README

Also, make sure to use the devilspie2 package, NOT the devilspie package, they are not the same thing, the latter is the older version that im guessing will not work with Gnome 3.


How do I turn my USB into a bootable device?

You must use some program to extract the .iso and do the job. You can't make the USB dirve bootable by extracting it by yourself.

here's a ubuntu program that should do the trick http://www.ubuntugeek.com/winusb-simple-tool-that-enable-you-to-create-your-own-usb-stick-windows-installer.html#more-12922 (update: I noticed that it's the same program that's mentioned in Braiam's link)

You can also do it from windows if you have another computer, there are windows programs that can help too.


Boot menu is not showing option for Ubuntu

The Ubuntu installation will detect the UEFI mode and install a Grub option that you'll be able to find in your computer's BIO.  Your image shows that you have the Windows Boot Manager set for booting.  Use the option of your BIOS settings to change from Windows Boot Manager to Ubuntu.  The Windows Boot Manager doesn't show Ubuntu in the menu.  But when you select the Grub Boot Manager (identified by Ubuntu), it'll take you to a menu to either boot Ubuntu or Windows.
This is a method to identify your details of your partitions:
Type in the command, indicated by the $ prompt.  You'll get an output similar to the example below.
$ sudo parted -l

Model: ATA ST500LM012 HN-M5 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 500GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End     Size    File system     Name                          Flags
 1      1049kB  538MB   537MB   fat32           EFI System Partition          boot, esp
 2      538MB   53.0GB  52.4GB  ext4
 3      53.0GB  157GB   104GB   ntfs            WINDOWS                       msftdata
 4      157GB   158GB   472MB   ntfs                                          hidden, diag
 5      158GB   158GB   16.8MB                  Microsoft reserved partition  msftres
 6      492GB   500GB   8008MB  linux-swap(v1)

The output explained:

The second line specifies the drive as /dev/sda.
The numbers column is showing the partition number.  Partition #1 as indicated above is /dev/sda1.  It's also indicating it's the '/boot/efi` partition by it's Name and flags columns.
The number 2 (a 52GB partition) is an ext4 partition.  This, in this case, is where Ubuntu is install.  It's partition /dev/sda2.

Those are the partitions you are concerned with.  When running the steps provided in the this link, they are what would be replaced for the bold print.
Run These Commands

 1:  $ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /mnt
 2:  $ for i in /sys /proc /run /dev; do sudo mount --bind "$i" "/mnt/$i"; done
 3:  $ sudo mount /dev/sda6 /mnt/boot/efi
 5:  $ sudo chroot /mnt
 6:  # grub-install /dev/sda
 7:  # update-grub
 8:  # exit
 9:  $ for i in /sys /proc /run /dev; do sudo umount "/mnt/$i"; done
10:  $ sudo umount /mnt/boot/efi
11:  $ exit


How to enable virtualization for the Acer Aspire 5738ZG?

According to this specifications your notebook has an Intel Pentium T4300 CPU.

This CPU has no virtualization support and because of that such settings are absent in BIOS.

Please check the Intel® Pentium® Processor T4300 specifications. The relevant sepecification is quoted below:

Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-x) ‡    No


How to copy files from broken system onto flash drive?

You can copy any files and directories using rsync utility. To preserve all of the files access rights format your external drive to ext4 filesystem. Next install rsync:

sudo apt install rsync

Next copy /source_dir/ to a /media/user/backup_dir/ on external drive:

sudo rsync -xrlptgoEvv --progress /source_dir/ /media/user/backup_dir/

Pay your attention to directory path trailing slash.

The rsync utility allows even to clone Ubuntu installation to a computer with different hardware - read this my answer.


Ubuntu won't start properly after updating graphics driver

Exact same issue here but all I get is a black screen, nothing else. I installed 12.04 LTS and drivers were offered in settings and Additional drivers. Used the recommended driver in a list of about 5. Could really use a hand, I've reinstalled 4 times. Not sure how to troubleshoot and enter "terminal" and edit stuff. Help! SOS!


how to see specific established connections?

You need to parse the output of netstat. On my system, netstat doesn't display the string "Google" when listing hosts. So, instead of simply using netstat -t | grep -i Google, you would need to lookup the name of the host. Something like:

$ sudo netstat -tn | awk '/EST/{print $5}' | sed 's/:.*//' |
    while read ip; do
        whois $ip | grep -qi google && echo "$ip";
    done
173.194.67.189
74.125.140.105
216.58.209.5

Explanation

sudo netstat -tn : run netstat showing only tcp connections (-t) and numerical IPs (-n);
awk '/EST/{print $5}' : print the 5th field (the IP) if this line matches EST (show only established connections);
sed 's/:.*//' : remove the port, leaving only the IP;
while read ip; do ...; done : iterate over each IP found;
whois $ip | grep -qi google : lookup the IP and search the output for google. The -i means case insensitive searching and the -q suppresses output.
&& echo "$ip" : if the grep was successful, print this IP.


How safe is it to install Ubuntu on a Windows 7 PC - repartitioning the disk?

If there's data you can't stand to lose (ie that couldn't be recovered by just reinstalling) it doesn't matter if you're repartitioning or not, back it all up to an external drive.

Resizing NTFS is a pretty tried and tested technology (it has been one of the main install vectors for people trying Linux in the past, and probably still is) so you should be fairly confident you won't rinse your drive when you do it. It's had a lot of attention and there are a lot of tools out there to simplify the process.

That said, none of them come with any warranty to work or against data loss. But, as I say, you can minimise any loss by just taking a backup.

You can use something like CloneZilla to make the initial backup to an external drive. I think it also supports network locations too so you have options available if you can't clone to an external USB disk.


The package is not available anymore, that's right. You can install the Vivid packages.

Re-enable the repositories in sources.list
Download, e.g. for 64-bit

cd
wget http://mirrors.kernel.org/ubuntu/pool/universe/t/texmacs-extra-fonts/texmacs-extra-fonts_0.2_all.deb
wget http://mirrors.kernel.org/ubuntu/pool/universe/t/texmacs/texmacs-common_1.0.7.18-1_all.deb
wget http://mirrors.kernel.org/ubuntu/pool/universe/t/texmacs/texmacs_1.0.7.18-1_amd64.deb

Install

sudo dpkg -i texmacs*.deb

Possibly there are some missing dependencies but that is no problem, just execute the command in the next step.

Install the missing dependencies

sudo apt-get install -f


How can I install Ubuntu in such a way that files are readable by both Ubuntu and Windows?

Windows can read and write to NTFS and FAT, with some support for other filesystems if you install the appropriate software. Ubuntu, on the other, can read and write to ext2, ext3, ext4, NTFS, and FAT.

So that means that out-of-the-box Windows and Ubuntu only have NTFS and FAT as filesystems in common. FAT is not good enough for Ubuntu, as it doesn't keep file permissions, and it's quite old and limited any way. NTFS is also not good enough for Ubuntu. Although it supports case-sensitive filenames, it does not support UNIX-like file permissions. This rules out installing Ubuntu on an NTFS filesystem (see this question).

That just leaves these options:

Use the NTFS or FAT partition devoted to Windows to keep the files you want to share between Ubuntu and Windows.
Create a third partition formatted as NTFS with no operating system, solely devoted to storing the files you want to share between Ubuntu and Windows.
Install some software to allow Windows to read the filesystem used by your Ubuntu installation (such as ext4). There are several ways to do this, and none of them are straight-forward.


AMD Catalyst, Ubuntu 14.04, mis-identification, underscan, and other woes

The following is a kludge, not a solution:
After much stuffing about and scouring the web I continued to hit brickwalls. Some suggested using aticonfig. It had no effect in my case. I was using the xfce desktop.

Out of frustration I installed Cinnamon. On booting into Cinnamon the display resolved itself, going full screen with no noticeable overscan or underscan.

Oddly, in cinnamon Catalyst saves the screen refresh rate. It did not in xfce.

I have no idea why this worked, but if you're frustrated by the useless Catalyst CC, maybe try another desktop.


Ubuntu 18.04.3: Screen scrambling while using two monitors with a Think Pad Thunderbolt 3 Dock

I've had a similar problem with a docking station in the past. The issue turned out to be the cable I was using, by switching to new DisplayPort cabled the issue was resolved.

Another thing to check would be your configured refresh rate. I think that docking station only supports 30 Hz when connected to two 4k Monitors.

On the other hand, I've ordered a similar configuration and will be able to test if I also have the issue soon. Do you mind sharing how you installed the 5.3 kernel, I see that 18.04.3 normally ships with 5.0. I had been thinking to install 19.10 to get the new kernel, but LTS stability would be nice.


software center "install" buttons greyed out

The are you root? part shows that you do not have the privileges of installing new software. Try using sudo with your command to execute them as root user.

First run the command sudo apt-get update and then you can try to install the application with sudo apt-get install app_name where app_name is the application you want to install.


Is it safe to enable safe boot on Windows as long as I don't boot into Ubuntu?

It is absolutely safe to enable hibernation and fast boot, it is more a matter of convenience.

Fast startup has to be enabled and disabled in the Windows Control Panel - Power Settings.

To enable hibernation - open command prompt as administrator and execute :

powercfg /h on

When you want to boot and use Ubuntu ... you have to disable it by executing :

powercfg /h off

Afterwards you have to shutdown - NOT restart - the computer completely.


I can think of 2 different options:

try the solutions posted in this topic
compile from source, although I wouldn't recommend this because you'll have to recompile after every security update

Btw, have you tried the site under PHP 5.5? Because if everything works well I can't think of any logical reason to downgrade.


How many usb hard drives can be plugged into a laptop using a port replicator?

Theoretically you can have up to 127 devices connected to one host PC but there are practical power and data bandwidth limitations that would prevent that. These 127 devices can be arranged in a tiered network of hubs up to seven levels, counting the PC host as level 1 and the farthest device as level 7. The PC supplies 5 units of power to a hub. Each unit is 100 mA and each port requires a minimum of 1 unit. The hub itself consumes one, leaving 4 units for up to 4 ports. So you will never find a bus-powered hub with more than four ports.

Bus-powered hubs have a further limitation. Since each port has only a single unit of power, they can only connect downstream to a single device. You cannot connect them to another hub for expansion because that hub requires an additional 5 units. And not all devices can run off a single unit. A low-power device like a mouse will work, but a high power device can claim up to 5 units. High power USB devices will only work when plugged directly into a PC host or a self-powered hub that can supply 5 units to the port.

When you connect a device, the PC queries the device for its capabilities and requirements. So, for example, the PC knows that it is connected to a 4-port bus-powered hub which means that each port can only drive one unit. If you try to plug a high power device into that hub, the OS will throw up an error message and refuse to enable the device.

Bus-powered hubs are generally a bad idea because of these limitations and are intended mainly for mobile, not desktop use.

On the other hand, if the devices that are plugged into the port are themselves self-powered, then they may not need more then one unit from the hub. For example external disk drives have their own power so should work okay on a bus-powered hub.

A self-powered hub will be able to supply 5 units to each port, allowing high-power devices and further levels of hubs. So you could plug in one 7-port self-powered hub and then seven more 7-port hubs into that, giving you 49 available ports at just the fourth tier.

Some self-powered hubs will allow you to use them also in bus-powered mode, but if you try to plug in too many devices, the OS will give you an error message.

Most hub controller chips have 4 ports so you commonly see 4-port hubs. When they want to build a bigger hub, they just use two 4-port chips. But they have to daisy chain them with the first chip connected to the host and the second connected to one of the downstream ports on the first chip. This leaves only seven ports left for the user, three on the first chip and four on the second -- hence the common 7-port hub.

USB is plug-and-play in the sense you don't have to know any of this stuff when you connect things up. The OS keeps track of the power budget of each hub and device, will tell you if the connection will not work, and that you need to use a self-powered port.

edit: USB packets look like this:

Token:
Packet ID: 8 bits
Address: 7 bits
Endpoint: 4 bits
CRC: 5 bits

Start of frame:
Packet ID: 8 bits
Frame Number: 11 bits
CRC: 5 bits

Data Packet:
Packet ID: 8 bits
Data: 0-1023 bytes
CRC: 16 bits

Handshake:
Packet ID: 8 bits

Since the address is only 7 bits, you can only have 128 devices on the entire bus (with 7 bits that can each be on and off, there are only 128 total different combinations of bits possible). This includes your computer, so that leaves 127 other things you can attach to it.


As long as your usage on that server will be Set & Forget.  You will find it very difficult to tweak CrashPlan settings without occasional GUI interaction.  I have VNC access to mine for the occasional session - I find I am in there once or twice a month either checking on things or changing something.

You'll find that all the more important if your server is going to be the local backup destination as well as a client for the cloud service.  If it's only the latter, you may indeed be Set & Forget in which case Meddy's answer is ALL you need.


Used Hyper-V to create a Ubuntu VM and VHD is showing 1/8 the capacity

This is a question about setting up Microsoft Hyper-V, not Ubuntu, and so is off topic here.  Also a quick glance at the MS page on Hyper-V indicates that the free version is limited to 1 TB.


Your question IMO is quite broad and security is a complex topic.

Ubuntu security notices are here - https://www.ubuntu.com/usn/
To answer your question, no ubuntu does not "push" anything on you, you have to update your system. Updates include bug fixes and security patches.
You can automate security only updates if you so desire - How can I install just security updates from the command line?
Ubuntu uses apparmor to help guard against zero day exploits. See https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AppArmor and https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AppArmor although I am not sure if apparmor would work in this situation I suspect not.
Other security models exist although I do not believe any was effective against dirty cow.


I wonder if the build is failing because you are running out of memory. Check the output from dmesg to see if the process is being killed by the Out of Memory killer or segfaulting because of lack of memory.  One solution to try is to add more swap.


I'm not sure, but installation of python-django package may help:

sudo apt-get install python-django


Running Ubuntu in VirtualBox and it won't detect a public WiFi network

Virtual Machines can't detect wireless networks if the Wireless Adapter is actually built into the host machine - this is because of the nature of how Virtual Networking works.

By the nature of what a Virtual Machine is, and what Virtual Network Devices are, it is impossible for the Macbook's internal wifi card to be 'bound' to the VM in such a way it would have wireless network connectivity.

YOu need to connect your Macbook to that network, then have the Ubuntu VM connect to the Internet over a "NAT" type network connection device or a "Bridged" type network connection that is set to 'bridge' with the wifi card (in the VM settings)

  Okay, maybe I didn't phrase my problem very well. What I meant was, when I went to manually connect to the WiFi network within the VM, it wasn't listed as an option. Where it would normally allow me to connect to a WiFi network, it just says "Disconnected" and it's greyed out. – Zen Hacker

Unless you've done as I said in comments and gotten an external USB wireless adapter and correctly set up USB passthrough of that device to the Virtual Machine, you can't have the VM manage wireless connections at all, for the reasons explained above.


Press Ctrl+Alt+T to go to a terminal and type:

sudo update-grub

and that will update grub!  ;-)


You should use su:

su [-|-l|--login] USERNAME

If you specify the login option (either -, or -l, or --login: all are synonyms), you will get an environment similar to if you directly logged in as that user. Otherwise you stay in the current environment (e.g. many env variables, the current directory, etc).

Example: (note the usernames and current working directories!)

root@wolf-pack:~# su bytecommander
bytecommander@wolf-pack:/root$ exit
exit

root@wolf-pack:~# su - bytecommander
bytecommander@wolf-pack:~$ exit
logout

root@wolf-pack:~#

PS: If you run su not as root, you will of course be prompted for the password of the user as who you want to log in.


Nvidia 3d acceleration for Nvidia 620M (Kali Linux {Debian})?NOTWORKING?

Based on this link nvidia-361 is the driver for 620

First uninstall the currently installed NVIDIA drivers. Boot the computer, when the GRUB menu appears ...In your case i am seeing it's not there but just to be on the safer side.

Highlight the Ubuntu menu entry and press the E key. Add nouveau.modeset=0 to the end of the linux line. Press F10 to boot the Ubuntu operating system.

When the login screen appears press Ctrl+Alt+F1. Enter your user name and the password, then execute :

sudo apt-get purge nvidia*
sudo reboot

Now install the latest official stable NVIDIA drivers. Boot the computer, when the GRUB menu appears ...

Highlight the Ubuntu menu entry and press the E key. Add nouveau.modeset=0 to the end of the linux line. Press F10 to boot the Ubuntu operating system.

When the login screen appears press Ctrl+Alt+F1. Enter your user name and the password, then execute :

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-361
sudo reboot

Note : Maybe it is explicitly necessary to select the NVIDIA adapter in BIOS. When you want to use drivers 361, adding the PPA is not necessary. In this case the terminal commands you have to perform are these :

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-361
sudo reboot

In case you have installed the nvidia driver from their site then uninstall it as per that instructions.Uninstall that driver by running, as root, sh ./NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-361.28.run
and follow the on screen instructions

Note : The solution I have provide has been tested on Ubuntu...


Do you have some way of controlling the computer now? Can you SSH in? Last resort: Pull the disk out, stick it in another computer and that will let you edit files.

Assuming you can get access to things, edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf as root (eg sudoedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf if you're sshed into or are on your computer).

You want to look at the screen section. There should be a Option "metamodes" line in there that might look something like:

Option         "metamodes" "DFP-0: 1920x1200"

Change DFP-0 to DFP-1 (or DFP-2 or DFP-3 if your card also has HDMI sockets). Save the file and boot up (or just run sudo restart gdm if you're on the machine over SSH)


So, a guy from Russian Ubuntu forum found some reassuring comments in German on the German Ubuntu forum, so I went "all in" and bought it. And it works perfectly!
There were some issues with installation because of UEFI and with Nvidia videocard, but I solved them all quite easily with use of some standard manuals on those topics.
The only issue I couldn't solve was installing Ubuntu in UEFI mode, so I had to switch to classic mode in BIOS. I haven't tried to boot into preinstalled Windows after installing Ubuntu, but I believe it should work, if I switch back to UEFI.


When will 13.04 make it to "Released" status in MAAS?

The raring image for MAAS should be released next week. However note that by default, this is only used for enlistment/commissioning. If you would like to install raring, you don't really need this image. What you need to do is to add raring to the least of releases in:

/etc/maas/import_pxe_files

And then you need to run:

sudo maas-import-pxe-files


"E: Package 'ipython' has no installation candidate" while trying to install torch

First solution(via apt):
The newest ipython deb version download:
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/i/ipython/ipython_5.8.0-1_all.deb
Then install it via apt:
sudo apt install /dir/to/ipython_5.8.0-1_all.deb

NOTE:
I think it's not the best solution, but it is worth a try.
Second solution via apt(easy):
sudo apt install python3-ipython


Install the ubuntu-restricted-extras package.

I had the same issue this morning ant it worked for me. It worked for OP too but my answer was deleted.


Now, I got the solution to 2nd NIC routable to the internet, please run the below commands to configure routes for the 2nd NIC.

#et_ip=`ip addr show eth1 | awk '/inet / {split($2, a, "/"); print a[1]}'`
#def_gw=`ip route show | awk '$1 ~ "default" {print $3}'`
#sudo ip route add default via $def_gw dev eth1 table 11
#sudo ip rule add from $et_ip table 11

The above steps, will configure the 2nd NIC and also make the IP routable over Internet(if the 2nd NIC is configured with any Public IP), the above routes are not persistent across reboots. You either need to create a systemd service to run these routes during boot or you can add the above route options mentioned in the Step3 to your .bashrc profile file(~/.bashrc)

Persistent Routes Option via a Systemd service:

1)
Create a file with the below contents at any directory you desire. As an example, I created in the /sbin directory.

root@ubuntu18-2:/sbin# cat route.sh

#!/bin/bash

et_ip=`ip addr show eth1 | awk '/inet / {split($2, a, "/"); print a[1]}'`

def_gw=`ip route show | awk '$1 ~ "default" {print $3}'`

ip route add default via $def_gw dev eth1 table 11

ip rule add from $et_ip table 11

2) After creating the file, make sure to set the proper permission

#chmod 777 **/sbin/route.sh**

3)
Now create a file named route.service in /etc/systemd/system with below contents

root@ubuntu18-2:/etc/systemd/system# cat route.service

[Unit]

Description=To configure routes for 2nd NIC

[Service]

ExecStart=/sbin/route.sh

Type=oneshot

RemainAfterExit=yes

[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target

4) Once /etc/systemd/system/route.service file is created, run the below command to make sure the service is set to start during boot.

#sudo systemctl enable route

#sudo systemctl start route

Thanks :)


Problem with user account after reinstalling ubuntu-desktop

try this :

open tty1 :

ctrl+alt+F1

Write your user name and password .

sudo chown username:username ~/.Xauthority

Note : change username by your username.

Now :

 ctrl+alt+F7 to return to graphical

Try now.


Software Updater: incorrect display while scrolling

I found this question, apparently about the same problem, which led me to this bug report.  Apparently this is a problem with the Ambiance colour theme that appears for some users who have upgraded from an earlier Ubuntu version.  Changing the theme to Adwaita-dark in the Gnome Tweak Tool solved the problem:


Why this launcher button contains two applications?

You have to edit the calc.desktop with gedit (or your normal editor). On my computer it is situated in /usr/lib/libreoffice/share/xdg/calc.desktop. If not check /usr/share/applications.

Edit the name in [Desktop Entry] to Name=LibreOffice Calc (instead of Name=Terminal) and the Exec to Exec=libreoffice --calc %U (instead of probably Exec=terminal).
Best,


Add oibaf ppa to get latest Intel drivers https://launchpad.net/~oibaf/+archive/ubuntu/graphics-drivers


Try this:

make update-api && make -j4

from
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14622020/couldnt-parse-api-file-frameworks-base-api-current-txt

-j depends on your processor count.


How do I remove extra Guest accounts in Ubuntu MATE? / How do I get my guest account to work?

As regards the error message, I can reproduce it on Ubuntu MATE 20.10. This is the complete error message I see:

Could not update ICEauthority file /run/user/998/ICEauthority

However, if I close the dialog, it takes me to the guest session after a long (almost a minute) delay. That's apparently not normal and probably a MATE bug, and it would be good if you could report it.
As regards the Guest users in /etc/passwd etc. they are there because you didn't log out from the Guest Session properly. If you want to clean it up from previous failed attempts to enter a Guest Session, please see this Ask Ubuntu question:
Why there are many guest accounts on my system?


Why does apt think it needs this extra dependency?

Seems that there is some kind of "weight" system playing here:

$ aptitude why ant openjdk-7-jdk
p   ant                 Recommends ant-optional
p   ant-optional        Suggests   libgnumail-java
p   libgnumail-java     Suggests   libgnumail-java-doc
p   libgnumail-java-doc Recommends default-jdk-doc
p   default-jdk-doc     Depends    openjdk-7-doc
p   openjdk-7-doc       Suggests   openjdk-7-jdk

As you can see ant depends of openjdk-7-jdk due a complicated and intricated amounts of suggestions, recommendations and dependency, while when using openjdk-6-jdk the dependency is more direct:

$ aptitude why ant openjdk-6-jdk
p   ant           Suggests default-jdk | java-compiler | java-sdk
p   openjdk-6-jdk Provides java-sdk

Of course aptitude methods of dependency resolution, could be different of apt-get's. BTW, running a simulation of ant without openjdk-7-jdk installed don't pulled openjdk-6-jdk:

$ sudo apt-get install ant
[sudo] password for braiam:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  ant-optional
Suggested packages:
  default-jdk java-compiler java-sdk ant-gcj ant-doc liboro-java junit
  libregexp-java jython antlr libbcel-java libjdepend-java libgnumail-java
  libcommons-net-java libjsch-java javacc ant-optional-gcj
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  ant ant-optional
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 9 not upgraded.
Need to get 2,234 kB of archives.
After this operation, 3,041 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]?

Maybe if you use the same methods as I did, you could figure out more, since I'm using Debian testing right now and repositories could have changed in the meanwhile.


In rhythmbox, sound icon is in top right corner. Click on that icon, now you can be able to adjust the volume.


Installation of 18.04 Bionic fails on XenServer7

UPDATE: Ubuntu 18.04 IS supported on Xenserver 7.6CR
see release notes here: here: https://docs.citrix.com/en-us/xenserver/current-release/whats-new.html
and Supported Guest Operating Systems updated August 15th.
Ubuntu 18.04 is still not a supported guest on Citrix Xenserver 7.0, and it isn't even a supported guest on Xenserver 7.5CR as of May 2018.  So, Your Mileage May Vary.
This fellow has successfully installed the 18.04 Server (liveCD version) on an unknown version of xenserver, but his notes are vague.
You can get it to boot in Xenserver by choosing EDD=on and nolapic from the installer boot parameters by pressing  F6 at the first boot screen.
What do these options do?  There's a great explanation here.
Reference:
If you edit the installer boot entry  and remove quiet splash --- you will likely see a kernel boot messages like:

BIOS EDD facility v0.16 2004-June25, 0 devices found
EDD information not available.

....just before the booting stops.
Please note that the VM doesn't hang or crash, it just waits forever.
I found that the ubiquity installer hangs at the start of "Copying Files" and does not continue.
Attempts to install Ubuntu server 18.04 also required EDD=on and nolapic, and although the install was successful, the first boot required adding EDD=on and nolapic to the kernel parameters, and once booted network adapter was unable to communicate.


How can I make Unity maximize windows like Gnome 2, KDE, Xfce et al?

If what you really want is making the windows as big as the screen, then it is as simple as setting the Launcher behavior.

Open Appearance from the Dash or Device Menu > System Settings... > Appearance
Select Behavior tab
Set Auto-hide the Launcher to ON

The result will be like this:


I think it's because youtube-dl is being accessed from somewhere else in the path.
Check the version this way:
python3 -m youtube-dl --version

If it shows the right version you're looking for, it means that somewhere else in your path there is another youtube-dl which your using, you can use the updated version of youtube-dl like this: python3 -m youtube-dl or you can delete the other youtube-dl from your path.


Keyboard media keys no longer work after upgrade to 20.04

It could be because of the media key conflict with chrome.
You can check if it is the case closing chrome (or any chromium browser) and then pressing the media keys.


The first you could try is to replace your ~/.bashrc file by default .bashrc file:

cp -r /etc/skel/.bashrc ~/.bashrc

It seems something starts in current terminal window session.

You could examine your ~/.bashrc bash configuration file which is read in case if terminal launches bash within user's session.

You could also verify /etc/bash.bashrc file for its content if it is correct.

My default bash config files (Lubuntu 20.04) are here:

~/.bashrc:

user@ubuntu:~$ cat ~/.bashrc
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
    *i*) ;;
      *) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize

# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will
# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
#shopt -s globstar

# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)
[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"

# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi

# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)
case "$TERM" in
    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;
esac

# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
#force_color_prompt=yes

if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then
    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
        # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
        # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
        # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
        color_prompt=yes
    else
        color_prompt=
    fi
fi

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
    PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1"
    ;;
*)
    ;;
esac

# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'
    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'

    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi

# colored GCC warnings and errors
#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'

# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'

# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:
#   sleep 10; alert
alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'

# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
    . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi

/etc/bash.bashrc:

user@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/bash.bashrc
# System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.

# To enable the settings / commands in this file for login shells as well,
# this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
[ -z "$PS1" ] && return

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize

# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi

# set a fancy prompt (non-color, overwrite the one in /etc/profile)
# but only if not SUDOing and have SUDO_PS1 set; then assume smart user.
if ! [ -n "${SUDO_USER}" -a -n "${SUDO_PS1}" ]; then
  PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi

# Commented out, don't overwrite xterm -T "title" -n "icontitle" by default.
# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
#case "$TERM" in
#xterm*|rxvt*)
#    PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD}\007"'
#    ;;
#*)
#    ;;
#esac

# enable bash completion in interactive shells
#if ! shopt -oq posix; then
#  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
#    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
#  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
#    . /etc/bash_completion
#  fi
#fi

# sudo hint
if [ ! -e "$HOME/.sudo_as_admin_successful" ] && [ ! -e "$HOME/.hushlogin" ] ; then
    case " $(groups) " in *\ admin\ *|*\ sudo\ *)
    if [ -x /usr/bin/sudo ]; then
        cat <<-EOF
        To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".
        See "man sudo_root" for details.

        EOF
    fi
    esac
fi

# if the command-not-found package is installed, use it
if [ -x /usr/lib/command-not-found -o -x /usr/share/command-not-found/command-not-found ]; then
        function command_not_found_handle {
                # check because c-n-f could've been removed in the meantime
                if [ -x /usr/lib/command-not-found ]; then
                   /usr/lib/command-not-found -- "$1"
                   return $?
                elif [ -x /usr/share/command-not-found/command-not-found ]; then
                   /usr/share/command-not-found/command-not-found -- "$1"
                   return $?
                else
                   printf "%s: command not found\n" "$1" >&2
                   return 127
                fi
        }
fi


If you've uninstalled gnome already, and assuming from what you described it's bad enough that you can't run terminal from the unity desktop, log out or reboot your computer.  When the login screen comes up press CTRL+ALT+F1 and log in to TTY.  Then:

sudo apt-get --purge autoremove gnome-shell
sudo apt-get -f install
sudo apt-get install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop
sudo shutdown -r now

Should have everything working again.

The --purge autoremove gnome-shell should work even though you've already removed the package.  If it doesn't you might need to reinstall gnome-shell again and --purge autoremove it again.

(Edited to simplify and include note)


You can't update the Logitech Unifying receiver while it's in use. Since your Logitech mouse/keyboard are your only input devices, update this way...

Go to:

https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360033207154-Logitech-Unifying-Receiver-Update

https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/articles/360035037273

Download the .exe updater file and place it on a USB flash drive.

Unplug the Unifying receiver and take it to any other Windows computer and perform the update there.


I'm currently running Ubuntu 16.04 on my machine and I want to install Windows 10 alongside it, but I don't have a USB or disk; how can I do this?

You can

buy or borrow a USB pendrive, size 8 GB or more,

create and boot into an Ubuntu live system (from USB),
use gparted to shrink some partition and create unallocated drive space for Windows,

download a Windows iso file from a Microsoft link,
use mkusb to create a Windows install USB drive,
boot from the Windows install drive,
install Windows, which overwrites Ubuntu's bootloader 'grub',

repair/reinstall the bootloader.

In order to make Windows fully functional, you need a Windows license key (which you might find on a sticker on the computer, otherwise buy a license). The key must match the version of Windows, that you install.


There is a Windows based utility called RUFUS located at http://rufus.akeo.ie.  You may want to try using this to burn the Ubuntu .iso file to a USB stick.  Once you this done you enter the BIOS of your system and change the boot order so that the USB stick is the first boot device.  This should allow you to boot into the Ubuntu live CD.  From there you should be able to install Ubuntu


Unable to start jack (Cannot allocate memory)

Ok, got it: I had to add myself to the group audio:

usermod -a -G audio theusername

Group membership is only updated on login, so you need to log out and in again (or just reboot).


Extra noise in speakers when all media applications are closed

This seems to be a problem with your speakers.

If your speakers have a volume control, set the volume to max in Ubuntu and all applications and use only the control of your speakers to adjust volume. This increases the signal-to-noise ratio.


Set sunday as first day of the week in Unity calendar

Solved with:

$ sudo sed 's/first_weekday .*/first_weekday 1/' -i /usr/share/i18n/locales/${LANG%.UTF-8}
$ sudo locale-gen
$ killall unity-panel-service

Restart computer.


How to go back to original clean installation of Ubuntu

There are two options, though you should use each with caution as ny automated solution could accidentally remove something vital:

Resetter

Here's a description from OMG Ubuntu:

  A new Linux app currently in beta claims to let you do exactly that:
  reset Ubuntu, clear out all the non-default apps, remove old kernels,
  and even purge surplus user accounts.

If support for your distribution isn't there it can be added following instructions in this video.

Reset dconf

OMG Ubuntu has detailed a way to reset your desktop to its default configuration simply by running:

dconf reset -f /

  Running this command will reset, among other things: the apps pinned
  to the Unity launcher or Ubuntu Dock ; panel applets and/or
  indicators; monitor resolution and interface scaling; keyboard
  shortcuts; fonts, GTK and icon theme; window button placement,
  launcher behaviour; and so on.

  This command will also reset any application that uses dconf to store its settings. >This includes core desktop apps like Rhythmbox, Evince, Shotwell and Nautilus.


UPDATED INFO:

Just noticed the probable problem buried there: You said "The external HD was encrypted some months ago, with an older version of Ubuntu."

Newer versions of eCryptfs do not always work on data encrypted with older versions. It's not fully backwards-compatible. You should decrypt the data using the original version that encrypted it.

Or, it's possible you're not using the right key for the filename encryption (fnek), double-check the key and look into the mount options ecryptfs_fnek_sig=(fnek_sig) and even ecryptfs_sig=(fekek_sig).

Here are some mount -t ecryptfs options that look useful (from man ecryptfs):

ecryptfs_sig=(fekek_sig)
      Specify  the  signature  of the mount wide authentication token.
      The authentication token must be in the  kernel  keyring  before
      the  mount  is performed. ecryptfs-manager or the eCryptfs mount
      helper can be used to construct the authentication token and add
      it to the keyring prior to mounting.

ecryptfs_fnek_sig=(fnek_sig)
      Specify  the  signature  of  the mount wide authentication token
      used for filename crypto. The authentication must be in the ker‐
      nel keyring before mounting.

 ecryptfs_enable_filename_crypto=(y/n)
      Specify whether filename encryption should be enabled.  If  not,
      the  mount  helper  will  not  prompt  the user for the filename
      encryption key signature (default).

  verbosity=0/1
      If verbosity=1, the mount helper will ask you for missing values
      (default).  Otherwise, if verbosity=0, it will not ask for miss‐
      ing values and will fail if required values are omitted.

I think you will probably find the ecryptfs-recover-private tool a lot easier than manually specifying encryption & filename keys... if you have a "regular" encrypted folder it should work pretty good, pointing it at the encrypted drive's ".Private" folder should work, maybe /home/username/.Data if that's it.

Here's a paste from it's man page:

NAME
       ecryptfs-recover-private  - find and mount any encrypted private direc‐
       tories

SYNOPSIS
       ecryptfs-recover-private [--rw] [encrypted private dir]

DESCRIPTION
       This utility is intended to  help  eCryptfs  recover  data  from  their
       encrypted  home  or  encrypted private partitions.  It is useful to run
       this from a LiveISO or a recovery image.  It must run under sudo(8)  or
       with root permission, in order to search the filesystem and perform the
       mounts.

       The program can take a target encrypted directory on the command  line.
       If  unspecified,  the utility will search the entire system looking for
       encrypted private directories,  as  configured  by  ecryptfs-setup-pri‐
       vate(1).

       If  an encrypted directory and a wrapped-passphrase file are found, the
       user is prompted for the login  (wrapping)  passphrase,  the  keys  are
       inserted into the keyring, and the data is decrypted and mounted.

       If  no  wrapped-passphrase file is found, the user will be prompted for
       their mount passphrase.  This passphrase is typically 32 characters  of
       [0-9a-f].  All users are prompted to urgently record this randomly gen‐
       erated passphrase when they first setup their encrypted private  direc‐
       tory.

       The  destination  mount of the decrypted data is a temporary directory,
       in the form of /tmp/ecryptfs.XXXXXXXX.

       By default, the mount will be read-only.  To mount with read and  write
       permission, add the --rw parameter.


I managed to compile Heimdall from source. The error was due to a missing dependency.

This is how I installed it:

Download Heimdall from https://gitlab.com/BenjaminDobell/Heimdall/tree/v1.4.2
Unzip and cd into the Heimdall folder.
Install dependencies: sudo apt install qt5-default libgl1-mesa-dev build-essential cmake zlib1g-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev
Create build directory: mkdir build
cd into it: cd build
Run: `cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ..
Run: make

Heimdall is now compiled and the binary is found in the build/bin folder.


Updating ubuntu 18.04 broke ingame fonts (terraria)

What I did to fix this issue was run steam in the beta version
steam > Settings > Account > beta participation
then allow steam play for all titles
Steam > Settings > Steam play > Advanced > Enable steam play for all other titles
Then restart and it should work !


How to install Netbeans 8.0.2 on ubuntu 14.x

Open the Terminal and considering the file is in Downloads directory then do

  chmod +x ~/Downloads/netbeans-8.0.2-linux.sh

After that

  cd ~/Downloads && ./netbeans-8.0.2-linux.sh

And that will bring up the Installation Window.

To Uninstall run

  ./uninstall.sh

in the install directory


Burnt CD keeps coming up unreadable at install

Others will come along with better info probably, but here is what I know...

Make sure the CD Drive laser is clean and dust free, clean the DVD / CD, turn your PC off so it can chill out, boot directly from shutdown into the OS with the burning software (restarts mess with (dual, triple, etc) Linux/Windows partitions.

Try burning at the slowest speed possible. Use session or disk at once.

THEN, make sure your ISO has the correct MD5sum hash #. There should be a file either with your ISO or in the website directory you found it. Compare that number to the ones found here by pasting it into the "FIND" box: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuHashes

I just spent a good day trying figuring out why one of my burned ISO DVD images kept giving me an [ERRNO 5] Input/Output Error. It said there was something wrong with my Hard Disk or DVD but really it was because the ISO didn't have the right "data integrity" or what have you, as shown by the inconsistencies between its MD5sum and the official ones on that Ubuntu page.


bind9 slave error on transfer: dumping master file: /etc/bind/zones... open: permission denied

The correct location to store the slaves zone is /var/lib/bind, /etc/bind is the user configuration location. As you can see, apparmor denied the write in /etc/bind folder.

Update your slave zone to use any file in /var/lib/bind.


Xubuntu - command/shortcut to hide all notifications

There is no such shortcut. Even then, the notification interface does not expose a DBus call to revoke all open notifications.

However, you can speedily dispose all by killing the notification process:

Quick and dirty:

Assign the shortcut of your liking to:

pkill xfce4-notifyd

Sophisticated and nerdy:

Ask it to terminate gracefully:

dbus-send --session --type=method_call --dest=org.freedesktop.Notifications \
                   /org/freedesktop/Notifications \
                   org.xfce.Notifyd.Quit

Or maybe put the above in your scripts.

Note: Ending the xfce4-notifyd process is not an issue because the next invocation of a notification will start the process. It will even self-terminate when there is nothing to display for some time.


Drive ownership and permission - How do I make it accessible to all?

First, using chmod -R 777, which I see mentioned on every similar question, would make every document inside the main folder executable, and I doubt you need (or want) that. What you need is to change permissions for everyone else to have read-write access to the storage drive. That can also be achieved through chmod.

For example, the following file has read-write permission for the owner only and read-only access for the group, meaning I can't read or edit:

-rw-r-----  1 nobody users      4 Jul 24 20:26 file

There are four digits for chmod which can be combined to achieve a different result:

4 - read

2 - write

1 - execute

0 - nothing

And there are three digits that change file permissions for different things:

first digit - owner

second digit - group

third digit - everyone else

To make a file in question readable by anyone, while still retaining the original permission for the owner and group, I can execute this:

sudo chmod 646 file

That makes file read-write for owner (2+4), read-only for group (4) and read-write for anyone else (2+4). Now I can view and edit it, and ls -l now says the following:

-rw-r--rw-  1 nobody users      4 Jul 24 20:26 file

In case of applying that to the entire storage drive, you'd have to mount it, like so:

sudo mount /dev/sdX /path/to/mountpoint

Replace /dev/sdX with your external storage drive and /path/to/mountpoint with where you want the drive to be mounted (I usually make a directory in /mnt for that). You can also check which storage drive is the external one with:

sudo fdisk -l

So you don't chmod the wrong one. And then run

sudo chmod -R 646 /path/to/mountpoint

which will recursively change permissions for each and every file and folder on the mounted storage drive, allowing read/write access to the owner, read-only access to the group and read/write access to everyone else.

Put simply, chmod -R 646 will make all folders and files on the storage drive accessible, readable and editable by anyone on any PC and/or OS, while keeping default permissions for the file owner and group.


Make wmctrl ignore other-than-current workspace's windows

If you're using Compiz (run wmctrl -m if not sure), wmctrl only sees 1 desktop (2nd field of wmctrl -l, ie 0) but you can use the geometry (-G) option to know what window is on what virtual desktop. All windows in your current desktop will have an x-position between 0 and your screen's width. Same for the y-position between 0 and your screen's height.
So you can use something like that

#!/bin/bash

SCREEN_W=$(xwininfo -root | sed -n 's/^  Width: \(.*\)$/\1/p')
SCREEN_H=$(xwininfo -root | sed -n 's/^  Height: \(.*\)$/\1/p')

NAME='Navigator.Firefox'

wmctrl -xlG | awk -v W="$SCREEN_W" -v H="$SCREEN_H" -v NAME="$NAME" '$7==NAME && $3>=0 && $3<W && $4>=0 && $4<H {print $1}' | while read WINS; do wmctrl -ia "$WINS"; done

exit 0

You can hardcode your screen's width and height if you will, and NAME if you want a one-liner.
Im not sure how you want to handle multiple windows matching NAME. That will focus them all.

For metacity, desktop number of windows can be found using wmctrl -l and grepping the 2nd field.


libvirt (and thereby virt-manager, virt-install, ...) do not probe/know the actual bridges on the system. You have already defined your vlans and bridges via netplan, which is great and the correct step #1.

By default there only is the default network which is a NAT based local bridge, you need to define a network. In that you control what bridges, forwarding modes and so on are used - and if libvirt is supposed to spawn e.g. dhcp on it (like it would do on the local default bridge).

There is the great resource of netplan examples which are extended still as yet undocumented cases are found. But your case is rather common and in there, it also has a minimal snippet of that libvirt network xml like:

<network>
  <name>vlan66</name>
  <bridge name='br66'/>
  <forward mode="bridge"/>
</network>

Using the above and adapting it to your needs you can then virsh net-define <xmlfilename> which will make libvirt know about the network. You then can see them in virsh net-list but in virt-manager and the other tools.


Getting 'possible missing firmware error messages' after kernel related updates

It's not a bug...
These are Intel drivers for future Integrated Graphics Processors (GPUs) that are not yet released to the public and are still in development. For example GuC v9.14 is for Kabylake and GuC v8.7 is for Broxton.
On my system for example I see:
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.8.1-040801-generic
W: Possible missing firmware /lib/firmware/i915/kbl_dmc_ver1_01.bin for module i915
W: Possible missing firmware /lib/firmware/i915/kbl_guc_ver9_14.bin for module i915
W: Possible missing firmware /lib/firmware/i915/bxt_guc_ver8_7.bin for module i915
W: Possible missing firmware /lib/firmware/i915/skl_guc_ver6_1.bin for module i915

Even when the GPU is released and the binary files are released it still won't make a difference to your platform because it won't have the new GPU anyway.
This question has been asked a few times in AskUbuntu and there are various bug reports floating around the internet but they all answers say it's not a cause for concern.


UNetbootin is stuck in an "Automatic boot in 10 seconds" countdown loop

The "Automatic boot in 10 seconds..." countdown loop is a UNetbootin problem. If the UNetbootin boot menu does not have an entry for the OS you are trying to boot to under the Default boot menu entry, this is another sign that UNetbootin is not working properly. I know that it's a problem with UNetbootin because I have seen it before, and managed to solve it by reformatting the USB flash drive to remove to bootloader and then making the live USB again with Startup Disk Creator. Startup Disk Creator is capable of making both Ubuntu and non-*buntu bootable live USBs.
This wouldn't solve your problem because you are trying to boot Windows 7, so I suggest that you use the WoeUSB application to make the bootable Windows 7 USB flash drive.
First reformat the USB drive as FAT32 to remove whatever obsolete boot information UNetbootin wrote on the USB flash drive. If your computer detects obsolete boot information on the USB flash drive, it may try to boot an operating system that no longer exists on the USB flash drive, and then UNetbootin will get stuck in a repeating countdown.
Then download WoeUSB and install it. Native UEFI booting is supported for Windows 7 and later images (limited to the FAT filesystem as the target device). WoeUSB is an updated fork of the WinUSB project.
Some third-party installers feature Windows installation images (/sources/install.wim) greater than 4GB making FAT32 as target filesystem impossible. NTFS filesystem support has been added to WoeUSB 3.0.0 and later.
Installation
To install WoeUSB (GUI+CLI) in Ubuntu 14.04/16.04/17.10-20.04:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8
sudo apt update
sudo apt install woeusb

This will install the WoeUSB graphical interface and the WoeUSB command line tool. WoeUSB supports both UEFI and BIOS for FAT32/NTFS/ExFAT USB flash drives.
To install the WoeUSB command line tool snap package in all currently supported versions of Ubuntu open the terminal and type:
sudo snap install --edge woe-usb
sudo snap connect woe-usb:removable-media

To launch the woe-usb snap package command line tool run the following command:
/snap/bin/woe-usb.woeusb

If you get a permission denied error click the Permissions button on the woe-usb screen in Ubuntu Software and toggle the permissions options from OFF to ON as shown in the below screenshot.

The WoeUSB GUI is easier to use than the WoeUSB command line tool. Click the radio button to the left of where it says From a disk image (iso), browse to the location of the Windows .iso file, under Target device select a USB flash drive, open Disks application and check that the Device name in Disks matches the Target device in WoeUSB (it should be something like /dev/sdX where X is a letter of the alphabet), and click the Install button to install to create a bootable Windows installation media on the USB flash drive.

Windows USB drive from Ubuntu failing repeatedly
WoeUSB Issues


Dual boot Ubuntu and Windows 8 - no operating system found

Your configuration is very strange, and your Boot Repair outputs indicate that you've omitted many critical details from your summary. Most importantly:

You've converted the system from having a GUID Partition Table (GPT) to having a Master Boot Record (MBR) partition table. (I'm assuming it had GPT initially because you said it's a new computer; almost all computers that ship with Windows 8 or 8.1 use EFI and GPT.) The use of MBR has significant implications for all your OSes. Most importantly, Windows will boot from an MBR disk only in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode.
Sometime between your two Boot Repair runs, you repartitioned and installed the Clover boot loader, and perhaps a Hackintosh setup.
You don't have a proper EFI System Partition (ESP), although your /dev/sda1 is close. To be an ESP, it needs to have an MBR type code of 0xEF, not 0x0B. Even with this change, though, some EFIs might not recognize the ESP as such. (OTOH, some might use it just fine as it is now -- this is an area that's not well-documented or well-tested.)

Basically, a setup like yours is so far from the norm that you can't count on a tool like Boot Repair to handle it properly. You'd need to be an expert to get it to work. In fact, speaking as such an expert (I maintain the rEFInd boot manager), I wouldn't touch that configuration. Instead, what I recommend is:

Wipe the partition table clean and create an empty GPT setup.
Create a 550MiB ESP and whatever other partitions you care to create at this time. (You can instead leave some or all of the remaining partitions to be created by their respective OS installers, though.)
Install Windows in EFI mode.
Install Ubuntu in EFI mode. See my Web page on such installations and the Ubuntu wiki on EFI installations for guidance.
If you want to triple-boot with a Hackintosh, you can set it up at this time, but I can't offer much advice about EFI-mode Hackintosh boot loaders. Ask about this on a Hackintosh site. If you need to use a BIOS-mode Hackintosh boot loader, though, you might find rEFInd useful for launching the Hackintosh boot loader. rEFInd can boot a BIOS-mode boot loader if you uncomment the scanfor option in refind.conf and include hdbios among its options. I'd hope that there'd be a native EFI-mode Hackintosh boot loader by now, but I've not kept up with Hackintosh developments.

Alternatively, you could use a strictly BIOS/CSM/legacy-mode boot with an MBR. This is likely to be more familiar, but the world is moving quickly towards EFI and GPT, and OS X might work a little better with GPT.


I'm assuming that your server (which is also your client in this case) is behind a NAT router from the internet. If this is the case, a firewall on linux is not strictly needed. (There will be tin-foil hatters out there that say everything needs a well configured firewall.)

The output you have shows that there are no rules in effect and so the default is to let everything pass. So the problem likely exists elsewhere. Start by running your server program and then running

lsof | grep IP

and looking for the name of your program or the port 10000. If you don't find it on the list, then your program did not manage to bind a socket to a port. In that case, you need to do more error checking in your C code. If you do see your program, then look into a program called wireshark. Running wireshark while you run the client will allow you to see if your client is sending packets correctly. A filter like (tcp.port == 10000) should yield at least half of the conversation, depending on how your server works.


Add a Bookmark icon to Firefox search bar

It's quite simple.

First right-click on the Pocket icon and select 'Remove from Address Bar'. Then click the 'page actions' (three dots) icon, right-click on 'Bookmark This Page', and select 'Add to Address Bar'.

You can do the same (i.e. add/remove) with other actions that the 'page actions' list provides.


unable to locate pacakge popcorn time through terminal during installation

popcorn-time is not available in default ubuntu repositories however you can use webupd ppa and install it from there

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/popcorntime
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install popcorn-time


How to create a LiveUSB install for Ubuntu 14.04 Server

Have you checked the integrity of the image before and after it was transferred to the USB? (make sure to replace sdx with the correct identifier).

You can compare the output with the hashes listed here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuHashes (it should match exactly both times)

md5sum /path/to/ubuntu.iso

If this first check doesn't match, you must download the file again and check it again (and potentially repeat that process, although its unlikely), until it matches.

md5sum /dev/sdxn

(Note that this is running md5sum on a partition, not a device) If the hash matched above but not once it's on the USB drive, you need to copy the image onto the drive again.

In addition to tool that you used, you can use dd:

dd if=/path/to/ubuntu.iso of=/dev/sdx

Of course, you'll want to be extremely careful you write to the correct device. Also keep in mind that calculating the MD5 will take some time for such a large image, so be patient.


You have to restrict Physical access. If someone has physical access to your computer (hard drive) they have root access, regardless of OS.

This is why they keep servers in locked rooms =)

Second best is an encrypted installation. That will make it difficult or impossible for someone with physical access to access your data, assuming the computer is shut off and they do not install a modified kernel.

To further refine my answer, now that you have asked about setting up a kiosk ..

First, you need root access via some mechanism, sudo or su, take you pick, to perform system administration. Since completely disabling sudo , su, or all root access is unrealistic. With what you have posted, I would look at locking down your kiosk with apparmor (take a look at the apparmor profile for the gurest account as a template).

If you do not know how to use apparmor, use a distro that is built as a kiosk. Why re-creating the wheel?

Options here

1) Use Ubuntu with the guest account. The guest account is confined by apparmor:

http://dangertux.wordpress.com/2011/11/22/341/

2) There are other options

Fedora makes a kiosk spin, locked down with selinux

http://spins.fedoraproject.org/kiosk/#home

3) Other distors

http://webconverger.org/


why pip is not installed but after creating new venv and activating it, pip does work?

Python 2 is finishing its life cycle, that's why it's not getting installed by default in Ubuntu. You can use pip for python3 using pip3, same as with the usual pip command:
pip3 install -U numpy #example

As for which python/pip version is being used whenever you run a command, the which command is useful:
which pip3

Returns:
/home/guille/.local/bin/pip3
In my case. When creating a virtual environment, the pip command is referencing the pip3 executable you have created in the environment, so that which pip is actually a shortcut to the created pip3 executable in the virtual environment, returning:
/home/you/locationOfVenv/NameOfVenvThatWorksWithPython3/bin/pip


I researched my error further and found that it was caused by low disk space. (I was somehow at 100% use and 0 bytes free). I was able to enter the console and delete some files and then everything was working as normal.


No wifi adapter found! Dual boot windows 10 and Ubuntu 17.10

I had the same problem. I resolved it by unchecking the Allow the computer to turn off this device to save power option.
The otpion can be found under Device Manager → Network Adapters → your network adapter → Properties → Power Management. I guess it's more of a Windows problem than Ubuntu.


Installation fails due to unmet dependencies

The first thing you want to try is like the error message says

apt-get -f install

If this doesn't work, then we've got a bigger issue.

See this excellent post for more information.


Dual monitors: auto hide on only main monitor

There is no way to configure the Unity launcher in this manner, no.


Linux use swap partition to increase RAM memory seen from applications - namely, it's the space in hard drive, where unused RAM is stored (if your computer does not have enough RAM).

Swap is also the place, where your RAM is stored during hibernation, ie, if you want to be able to hibernate, your swap partition must be at least as big as your RAM.

Now do some math. 86+34+34=154, while your SSD can only store 128GB. You do not have three partitions as such. You have one primary (the 86GB) partition, where you store your programs, data, boot info and more. You also have one extended (the 34GB) partition, which can be thought of as (virtual) drive having 34GB space to hold things. The installer have chosen to dedicate it for swap space - which may be wise decision, in case you don't have much RAM.

As for your question, removing second partition (virtual drive) would also remove the swap area inside it. Doing so may increase lag (if your computer lacks ram) and will for sure disable hibernation.

You should be free to shrink it, however (34GB swap partition is the largest I've seen or read about). Doing so will increase the space available for you main system.

Press super key (also known as Windows key) and type gparted. This will open the partitioning tool. You will be prompted for your password, type it.
As no system allows shrinking/deleting partitions being used, you need first to unmount it.

Click on your Swap (third) partition, find partition menu, choose Unmount. When you unmount all partitions that are inside extended partition, it is automatically considered as unmounted.

Click on your Swap partition. In Free Space Preceding type how many megabytes do you want to free up for your system. Click Enter. Press >|Resize/Move button.

I'd rather suggest setting up a separate /home partition - a place where users' program settings and data are stored, but doing so isn't an easy task after one already installed Ubuntu.

So, you may simply add it to existing partition which stores everything. Just shrink extended partition in the same way as you just did with swap, and extend your primary partition by going to resize menu and increasing its size.

Check these links for detailed information
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/8208-all-about-linux-swap-space

and these for detailed instructions of how to setup your partition scheme
http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/35676/how-to-choose-a-partition-scheme-for-your-linux-pc/
http://www.howtogeek.com/116742/how-to-create-a-separate-home-partition-after-installing-ubuntu/


Rsync is great utility to do backup and cloning. It is pre installed on Ubuntu.
You can take backup of live server either on local server or on remote server.

For example

rync <source> <destionation>

following command will backup my all Ubuntu root partition to my remote server (192.168.1.55).

rsync root@kk:/  root@192.168.1.55:/backup_kk

Another Technique to clone server is take snapshot of root partition of server with Clonezilla, But it requires to reboot server. Your partition must be unmounted at that time.


Press enter for maintenance (or type control-d to continue)

Probably your file-system is corrupted. Try this:

First identify your partition.

Run the command:

  umount -t /dev/your-partition

Then:

  fsck -y /dev/your-partition

For example, my Linux / directory is at sda3, but my /home directory is at sda5, so when something like this happens to me, I do the following:

Press enter for command line;
Type:

  umount -t /dev/sda3

Hit enter;

  umount -t /dev/sda5

*****DO NOT USE: umount -a*****

Hit enter;
Then:

  fsck -y /dev/sda3

Hit enter;

  fsck -y /dev/sda5

Hit enter;

If you don't know which partition to choose, type umount -t /dev/sd and hit  tab twice for you to see its available partitions.


How to update libsoup to the latest version

You can get it for 13.10 here, needed to be able to add radio stations consistently
(it's also in 14.04 trusty repo which may be usable in 13.10

https://launchpad.net/~mc3man/+archive/rbaudiocd-fix


Unable to run completely sudo apt-get update

You added an unsupported third party repository that is now broken. Disable it.


Missing dependency for Ubuntu 16.04 upgrade

In Ubuntu 14.04, open the terminal and type:

sudo apt-get install --only-upgrade apt

Afterwards running this command in Ubuntu 14.04:

apt-cache policy apt

Should produce these results:

apt:
  Installed: 1.0.1ubuntu2.14
  Candidate: 1.0.1ubuntu2.14

If the first command doesn't work, the long version is:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt full-upgrade # in 14.04 use sudo apt-get dist-upgrade instead
sudo apt-get -f install
sudo apt-get install --only-upgrade apt
sudo do-release-upgrade


Dell Inspiron mini 1018 - Lubuntu Installation please

Perhaps the 1 GB of RAM in the Inspiron Mini 10v 1018 is not adequate to install Lubuntu? It's hard to day, since Lubuntu no longer provides minimum system requirements.

However, you can try the latest version with a download of Lubuntu's 20.04 ISO file at http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/lubuntu/releases/20.04/release/lubuntu-20.04-desktop-amd64.iso

Next, check for download errors by https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/tutorial-how-to-verify-ubuntu

Make a LiveUSB following these instructions on another Linux PC  on a Windows PC  or on a MacOS X machine.

Once you make a LiveUSB, install it following these steps https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/tutorial-install-ubuntu-desktop


@DKBose and other people who need a fix for this. I managed to fix this by installing firefox ubuntu edition. Just uninstall the firefox you had previously and do

sudo apt install firefox

This should work and theme should work with firefox.

Here is mine working:


power-failure during update and now a black screen, won't boot

From what you've described, it appears as if the power outage you experienced happened during an update to some of the system software. The outage essentially "bricked" your computer -- made its operating system completely unusable. You will need to reinstall the operating system.

Small suggestion - if at all possible, try to backup or copy any of your valuable files to an external location (e.g. a USB pen drive), you might not want to lose them when you reinstall.


unable to establish Wi-Fi connection on some wireless networks

I believe the Broadcom STA driver is incorrect for your device 14e4:4727. Please get a temporary wired ethernet connection, open a terminal and do:

sudo -i
apt-get remove --purge bcmwl-kernel-source
apt-get install linux-firmware-nonfree
echo brcmsmac >> /etc/modules
exit

Reboot and your wireless should be operating correctly.


Using the user's input path in a bash script

In your example decide if the path to reach the supplied file will be

relative  ( some/child/dir/some_file )

or absolute ( /a/full/path/to/some_file )

... NOTICE the relative has no leading / whereas the absolute does

Then to determine whether that file exists just do

#!/bin/bash

set -o errexit  # stop execution on error

given_file=$1 # retrieve input parameter and populate a variable

if [ -f given_file  ]; then
     echo do something here file does exist
else
    echo no file
fi

After you have created your file scriptName.sh you need to turn on its execute bit by issuing

chmod +x scriptName.sh

do a file listing to show permissions before and then after issuing above then you are ready to execute it

scriptName.sh  /a/full/path/to/some_file


No, it will not get formated.

Your new partition will be created by free space of your system.

So your system partition will be shrinked and you will get a new empty disk volume.

Then you can use it like a storage drive or to install another OS to dual boot...  :)


Hello I just found this myself in Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS

click on "unity dash" and type in the command line "power"
open power options by clicking on power icon in unity display screen

ensure that lid closed option is set to "nothing"  THEN click on brightness settings link under where it tells you how much your battery is charged.

in the new window called Brightness and LOCK - you can turn off the lock option (which I assume is the suspend since we already set close lid to do nothing in power options

My favorite option in this page though is the check box require password when waking from suspend.  Remove this, and you never get prompted for a silly password after closing the lid on your laptop

Hope this helps


Have a look at the other files in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ .  Files in those folders are also used by apt-get, and it's quite likely that you have two files in that folder referencing the same PPA (or one file in there referencing it twice).