File Cleaning / Space Saving / Privacy

Just to give an idea, taking Windows as base. In windows you need to do a cleanup mostly every week if not every day (I use as an example the fact that I worked in over 30 cyber cafes which are in total more than 500+ PCs. The work the got from users made having to cleanup everyday a typical job.). In Ubuntu, this cleanup is actually not needed so often, but if you actually need to do it you have several command line tools like apt-get or aptitude that do a nice cleaning and GUI tools like ubuntu tweak that also do this. The cleanup for Ubuntu can be done every 6 to 12 months. Yes that is right, every so many months you can do it or in my case every 2 or 3 years.

This really depends on the amount of work you put the PC through. When I say work I mean, downloading files, moving files, creating files, deleting or copying files. All of this on a daily basis. Most Windows users know that the performance of any Windows degrades really fast if no optimizations are done. I have had cases where the user has gone a full year with no need to optimize anything and had other cases where the user had to literally format the PC after a month. It depends on the computer usage. The 1 year guy used the computer for word processing and internet only. The 1 month used it to download a lot of stuff, music, videos, games, deleted some, moved some, etc.. In all of this time, both did not do any optimizations.

In Ubuntu you do get a performance degradation, but from experience you need to:

Install many services that also create many files (LAMP Server, Mail Server, FTP Server, etc..). The performance will go down for about 5%. At least for a full year, that is all that will happen. You might see more performance lose but you need to wait a lot (Like a 3 to 5 year wait).  The immediate downside is the booting time and shutting time since you have services running that need to close client connections and such. Apart from that, there won't be a slowness as known in Windows.
Install many programs (Video Editors, Sound Editors, Games, etc..). Similar to the performance drop when installing services but not so much so. You can even install programs up to a point of using 99.99% of the hard drive space and Ubuntu will not create a performance drop. At least I tested this with Wine games and OpenGL games to see if they got hit with a performance drop using an HDD almost full.

If by performance and space wasted you are worry, then you can do the check every year or two since you will not be wasting a lot of space. Performance wise, Ubuntu (or any other distro for that matter) is not influence in performance by the amount of garbage left behind in the system that fills the HDD. That is a Windows problem not a Linux one where, if you get around 25% to 35% of the space left, the system starts slowing down (Shown more in Windows XP than in Vista or 7/8). Anyway, like I said before, having a 99.99% hard drive full of stuff will not slow you down. The only thing is you would need to clean your logs which are found in /var/log. This will increase overtime and the folder will hold many Megabytes or Gigabytes of information depending on the amount of time and the services installed. For a 6 month cycle, I get around 20MB in the log folder.

If you are really paranoid you have this command:

(Only if you have aptitude installed)

sudo aptitude clean - Will erase downloaded packages from cache
sudo aptitude autoclean - Will erase old downloaded packages from cache

(Use apt-get which already comes by default)

sudo apt-get clean - Will erase downloaded packages from cache
sudo apt-get autoclean - Will erase old downloaded packages from cache

For GUI based

Ubuntu Tweak

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/next
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak

and then run ubuntu-tweak and there is an option called Janitor which is used for spring cleaning as seen in the picture:

You can also remove old compress log files from the system

sudo rm -v /var/log/*.gz

Lastly there is a GUI Tool (Thank Uri in the comment for this. I forgot):

BleachBit

BleachBit is an advance cleaning utility for Ubuntu (Similar to CCleaner) and other distros that really, REALLY cleans the system. You can find it in the Software Center just by searching for bleach. What makes it different from the Ubuntu Tweak is that it searches for many common folders that many apps use to store cache/temp files. Apart from that improves a little bit the performance of browsers (since it cleans them out too) and libreoffice. There are a lot of more stuff BleachBit does but go to the site for more info. +1 Uri for the reminder.

Note that this is usually done every so many months or years, not everyday or every week like in Windows. Linux and Ubuntu have a unique way of always been optimized for this type of "problems". And before you ask, Fragmentation in Ubuntu is a very hard thing to do. Fragmentation at the level we see in Windows takes many months, even years so a fragmentation of 2 months in Windows (And the slowness that comes with it) is roughly like 2 or 3 years in Linux (and even then is not slowed down like in Windows).

For a general check I have 2 1TB hard drives, one is 0.91% non-contiguous and the other is OMG!! 1.2% non-contiguous... after 2 years of everyday, constant use. So am guessing in 2050 I will eventually have to "defragment" the hard drive, unless I bought a new one or formatted the existing one ;).

For Energy Efficiency

For battery performance, it is known that the following tools do help:

Powertop

It can save several minutes/hours of battery usage, increasing life of battery and performance of it.

To install: sudo apt-get install powertop

To run: sudo powertop

Jupiter

(NOT available/needed since 13.04)
Recommended reading Is there a power saving application similar to Jupiter?
It manages much better the battery usage and it gives longer battery time.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/jupiter
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install jupiter

To run: Type jupiter in Dash or use the Jupiter Applet icon in the top panel.

TLP

It is a good power management tool to monitor Watt usage:

To install:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install tlp

To run: Just reboot, it will start as a service.

The only downside is that you need to tweak the configuration file in order to get the most out of your battery, but using tools like powerstat can let you know easily if you are optimizing it right or wrong.


Is it possible to install themes on Ubuntu 16.04.1 without any third party software?

Yes, it is.  All the themes that are to be used by all users in a system are placed in the /usr/share/themes folder as subfolders.  So, the only thing you have to do is copy the theme folder in there as root.  The folder name will be the theme name you see in Appearance.

In case you don't see it in Appearance, make sure the correct permissions are given in that theme folder and mainly that it's readable by others.

Alternatively, if you want the themes you extract or copy to be available to your account only, you can create a folder named .themes in your home folder and copy the theme folders in there.  The dot in the beginning of the name is essential.  One way to create it is to open a terminal window and type:

mkdir ~/.themes.


Kubuntu won't boot after I interrupted Update

I would do the following:

When starting your PC, go into the grub menu. If that doesn't happen automatically because of dual boot, you can do it by holding SHIFT. Once you are in the grub GUI menu, select an older kernel than the one you were using to boot.

If 1 doesn't work:

Boot your system with a live USB.
Back up up all your data. You can move them to another partition, or - better - to an external hard drive.

After backing up all your data you have two options:

Reinstall the OS.
Try to repair your package installation.

Edit: Adding Hi-Angel's suggestion.

You can also try to repair your installation from a live USB. After booting, you will need to mount the drive where Kubuntu is located. The below is written assuming it's mounted at /dev/media. If not, change the below lines appropriately.

sudo -s
mkdir /media/Ubuntu
mount /dev/media /media/Ubuntu
cd /media/Ubuntu
mount -t proc /proc proc
mount --rbind /sys sys
mount --rbind /dev dev
mount --rbind /run run
chroot /media/Ubuntu /bin/bash

After that, proceed as if you had booted from old kernel.

You can try to repair (assuming you managed to boot from an older kernel) with:

sudo -s # If you haven't already from live usb
dpkg --configure -a
dpkg-reconfigure -phigh -a

See here to read what these commands do.

For good measure you can also run these:

apt-get update
apt-get install -f
apt-get autoclean
apt-get autoremove

If everything worked, reboot and load the latest kernel.

If something goes wrong and assuming you want to rescue your system instead of re-installing you can then remove the offending kernel following suggestions from this answer. Reboot after removing and then run the update process normally to re-install it.


file changed as we read it, Exiting with failure status due to previous errors

I would run into the same error when trying to back up my entire $HOME.

It comes as no surprise that some files in my $HOME (or, in your case, on the entire system) would undergo changes at some point during the lengthy processing of archiving everything... The output message is helpful and explanatory.

In the end, I only backed up the content of my ~/Documents! The rest either lives online or I consider I should not depend on.

Alternatively, you may not care about the inconsistencies due to file differences between start and end (of the archiving process)...  Not sure whether the rest of the archiving continues smoothly after hitting a changed file.  At some point, I believe you have to try and break things.  Have you tried restoring that backup, in spite of the error message?  How did it go?  I'm sure you've learnt a lot!


I had exactly the same problem. It worked after I disabled the < auto-Mute > option in the alsamixer. It is shown on your picture on the right side.
Have also a look here (second answer)


How do I stop BitTorrent Sync (Resilio) service?

From "Running Sync in configuration mode – Sync"

pkill btsync

Alternatively, from Installing Sync on Linux

sudo service btsync stop


Apps launch but are not visible and desktop freezes

So... I found someone with a similar issue.
Using dmesg | grep GPU I confirmed my issue is indeed a GPU hang.
[  980.100449] i915 0000:00:02.0: [drm] GPU HANG: ecode 7:1:85ddfffd, in Xorg [3664]
[  980.204709] i915 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Xorg[3664] context reset due to GPU hang

As a temporary solution, until the Intel drivers have been updated, I've added nomodeset to my Grub configuration. Relevant instructions.


The Yubico Auth App (Snap) came back to work after updating the Nvidia driver
sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall
sudo reboot

The problem was on the Nvidia driver. Still trying to find how to get Kleopatra (PGP) work again.


How can I find the total size of the contents of my Trash folder?

From a terminal:

du -hs ~/.local/share/Trash


Using part of an external hard drive for ubuntu and another part for windows

Windows will still recognize the disk drive. It will recognize the partitions you already have on the drive, but will be unable to allow you to do anything with them, or tell you anything about them other than that they're there. You will still be able to partition the remaining space. You can also make a Windows partition in Ubuntu on the drive: How to make a partition windows can read?


You can open the default email client, but with a new message window open with this commands:

xdg-email

or

xdg-open mailto://

Both support some options to compose the new message or a standard mailto url. xdg-email also supports attachments, cc and bcc fields.

gnome-open mailto://

Will also work, but it's only supported under gnome.


Where do browsers save cookies and data?

Chromium cache is kept under ~/.cache/chromium/Default/Cache.

Firefox cache is kept under ~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/Cache.

You can navigate to those using Nautilus and selecting View > Show Hidden Files (or press Ctrl+H on a nautilus window).

The user's profile for Firefox is kept under ~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/. It contains cache, addons, user settings, etc.

The user's profile for Chromium is kept under ~/.cache/chromium/Default, also contains all the files related to the user: cache, settings, addons, etc.


According to this install guide, the latest version (16.04) has support for WiFi on the 7,2.

You may need run sudo apt-get install bcmwl-kernel-source to install it.

There are also now drivers for the webcam.


How to enable RPC in aria2c download manager?

As aria says unrecognized option your aria maybe too old and doesn't support JSON-RPC or RPC at all. See man page by typing man aria2c and search for rpc. In some old version xml RPC is available, but advance features such as pause & resume *adding file* will not available.
 Try aria2c --enable-xml-rpc=true for xml rpc. For enabled features: aria2c -v


Wunderlist 1.2.4 doesn't work even through terminal

The solution is here:

Wunderlist | Portal

...and it works.


Yes, Partially.....

From previous Q&A
 How can I use a .html file as desktop background/wallpaper?

I'd like to add a neat trick to Sabacon's answer about using Prism...
You can turn Prism into a sort of widget by removing the windowframe. Add this line in Compiz - Extras/Windows Decorations on the Decorations Windows line add this to the end & !(class=Prism) This removes the windowframe for all Prism windows. You can do this trick for almost any window/Application.
Make sure there is a space before the & if there is anything else there.If not exclude the &.

This is what I use to remove the windowframe on all maximized windows and all prism windows (!state=maxvert) & (!class=Prism)


How to get bearable 2D and 3D performance on AMD Radeon HD 6950?

The best and most stable performance I have managed from my Radeon 5450 has been achieved by adding the xorg-edgers ppa found here

Having spent an age experimenting between fglrx proprietary drivers and AMD Catalyst drivers this has been one ppa I have no hesitation in adding.


Ubuntu 15.10 - Crashes when plugging external monitor (Asus ux501jw-dh71)

After digging around - having this same issue on 14.04 on my Asus UX303LA(B) -- The workaround posted here: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1188772  -- appears to have worked for me.

 (Switching to 'uxa' for the AccelMethod in xorg.conf/20-intel.conf) --  I will update here in a few days to see if it resolved permanently.

   Edit:     /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-intel.conf

Section "Device"
    Identifier  "Intel Graphics"
    Driver      "intel"
    Option     "AccelMethod"  "uxa"
EndSection

Section "ServerFlags"
    Option      "AIGLX" "on"
EndSection

Section "Extensions"
        Option      "Composite" "Enable"
EndSection

root@lappy ~ # cat /etc/issue
Ubuntu 14.04.4 LTS \n \l

root@lappy ~ # uname -a
Linux lappy 4.2.0-34-generic #39~14.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Mar 11 11:38:02 UTC 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Lots of other references to the actual error in Dmesg:

[14257.151579] WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 27541 at /build/linux-lts-wily-MVxxD8/linux-lts-wily-4.2.0/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_display.c:1365 assert_plane.constprop.96+0x73/0xa0 [i915]()
[14257.151581] plane A assertion failure (expected on, current off)

Other Similar / Possible dupes:

on kernel.org bugzilla -- bug:  103771
on launchpad -- xserver-xorg-video-intel/+bug/1436590
on launchpad -- linux/+bug/1465506


Can't log in my ubuntu laptop, login loop

Solution

You have altered permissions to your home folder. To change the permissions back, login into the text console ,Ctrl+Alt+F2 (or any other F key from 1 to 6 ), then loginn as root with sudo su and do chmod 755 ~/

Explanation

In the original command that you ran there is space between ~/ and /Amazon/qwiklab-133-5018.pem. Shell treats them at two separate arguments to chmod command. You have effectively changed permissions on your home folder to 600, which is read/write permissions to only yourself. You can confirm the permissions to your home folder by loging in with sudo su and doing ls -l /home/yourusername. Replace yourusername with your actual user name. you should see line like this -rw------- there.

The reason why you couldn't log in graphically, is because the graphical log-in screen, the greeter, would need to read configs in your home folder, to set up the graphical environment. Ctrl+Alt+F4 , which is just text interface environment, doesn't need such configs. That's why you are able to login there.


How do I get Ubuntu Linux 14.04 to recognize my Kindle Fire HD?

There're 2/3 sides to this, getting the device recognized by the system, mounting the filesystem to transfer files, automounting. For the first, follow the instructions here:

http://www.davidcraddock.net/2014/02/10/kindlefire-hdx-under-ubuntu-12-04/

For the second, to mount, create a mount point (/mnt/kindle) with the right permissions. Mount available mtp devices with "sudo mtpfs /mnt/mtp".

Tell me how you manage the third :) I got it to work on one of my laptops but I forget the method.

https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/MTP


How can I open .rar archives in lubuntu's built-in file manager?

Open a terminal (named LXTerminal in lubuntu), enter the command

sudo apt-get install unrar

and follow the instructions. PCManFM should now handle .rar archives just like normal directories.

Note that the unrar unpacker is free of charge, even though all packages able to create .rar archives require buying a licence.


How do I get the bleeding edge Chromium?

Alternative Chromium PPA
The PPAs above are not being updated at all. Alex Shkop has taken up responsibility to keep a better, more updated PPA set for chromium. They include:

Chromium Stable (currently at 21.0.1180.79)
Chromium Dev (currently at 23.0.1246)

Note: The above PPAs are only for 12.04 at the moment.
Bleeding Edge Chromium Binaries
You can download the continuous builds from here. This will get you the last bleeding-edge chromium revision which passed the test suite.
To install them, just extract the zip file somewhere (I use ~/apps/) and run the chrome binary inside.


Their website says the plugin is only available for Windows and MacOS X:

  Unity Web Player

  The Unity Web Player is not currently compatible with the operating
  system that you appear to be using.

  Unity Web Player for Windows
  Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Opera

  Requirements: Windows XP/Vista/7

  Unity Web Player for Mac OS X
  Safari, Firefox, Chrome

  Requirements: Mac OS X 10.5 or newer

Your best option would be to install Windows in a VirtualBox and use it to view those sites.


i want install wine 2.0 stable (package standard) on a live usb lubuntu 16.10 .Is it compatible

If you really want to know, then here you go.

To add the software repository: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:wine/wine-builds
To install: sudo apt update && sudo apt install winehq-devel Do keep in mind that ANYTHING you "install" on this live usb will be lost when you shutdown. If you are looking to use Ubuntu off of a usb then you need to install Ubuntu on the usb. (aka make it persistant)


Does a Samba workgroup with spaces need quotes around it?

Apparently not. See man smb.conf - one of the first sections, FILE FORMAT, tells you:

   The values following the equals sign in parameters are all either a
   string (no quotes needed) or a boolean, which may be given as yes/no,
   1/0 or true/false.

So there you go - no you don't have to quote in smb.conf.


No. You will only be able to run one OS at the time... Your CPU will be just fine. I'm currently dual booting my Centrino dual- core with no problems at all.

This all only counts if your not using VMWare or other Virtual machines... Running two OSs with the second OS running in a VM will certainly affect your CPU speed...


Dell 7378 with 7th generation Intel cannot produce sound

Just simply upgrade your kernel to 4.8.12

You could do this by typing the following in your terminal:

wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.8.12/linux-image-4.8.12-040812-generic_4.8.12-040812.201612020431_amd64.deb
wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.8.12/linux-headers-4.8.12-040812-generic_4.8.12-040812.201612020431_amd64.deb
wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.8.12/linux-headers-4.8.12-040812_4.8.12-040812.201612020431_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i linux*.deb
sudo reboot


To compile C++ on a freshly installed ubuntu system one would need the package 'build-essential'.

$sudo apt install build-essential


"Hardware Disabled" after RealTek RTL8188CE wireless driver install

I searched the forums trying to find hints as to what was going on.  It looked like my wireless capability was shut off - rfkill list all was showing
phy0: Wireless LAN Hard blocked yes

and there was nothing I could do to get it to go to Hard blocked no.

The function key to enable/disable the wireless was not working (fn+F5).

I loaded Ubuntu Gnome 14.04 and updated the rtl8188ce driver, no luck, even tried mint 17.2,, same thing, no luck.

Finally what I did was used a clonezilla copy of a windows 7 image I saved off, reloaded the ThinkPad x120e, saw that the wireless was disabled, used the fn+F5 to bring up the gui to enable the wireless,the wireless came up.

So I then used the USB live (no CD on the netbook) Ubuntu install stick to bring up the "live" version (running ubuntu from the usb drive) and saw the wireless was enabled (rfkill list all showed phy0: Wireless LAN Hard blocked no as well as the Soft blocked set to no).

Yea!!  I then proceeded to reinstall Ubuntu Gnome 14.04 and when it came up, the wireless was working! Not going to touch the fn+F5!!  Success!


xubuntu 14.04 - when login icons and wallpaper dissapears [solved]

What's important is that in xubuntu the xfdesktop is responsible for displaying desktop, its icons and wallpaper so I tried many settings and finally came up with a solution.

I did login many times till the desktop was displayed properly with my icons and wallpaper, then I went to Settings and Saved Session:

Settings > Session and Startup > Session - Save Session

Now everything is back to normal, my icons and wallpaper displays each time I'm loggin in.


The error message you give would appear if you run this command:

$ sudo systemctl start reload
Failed to start reload.service: Unit reload.service not found.

Check that you are indeed running the correct command for starting tomcat, which would be:

$ sudo systemctl start tomcat


Locked/stuck up screensaver after monitor turns off

I have the same problem on mine... does the same thing with GLMatrix.

At first I thought the problem was maybe due to using encrypted home directory, and since that was causing me grief in other ways I re-installed sans encryption.  Still have the same problem.

Only fix so far that I've found is to turn off the screensaver.


how to block outgoing emails from gmail in ubuntu 12.04

One method to prevent any access to gmail.com is to reroute it in your hosts file. This will redirect any requests to gmail.com to resolve to your local machine and not the external internet.

The method is reversible, so that you can toggle the setting when you need to use Gmail yourself.

Edit the file located at /etc/hosts
Add 2 new lines as below:

127.0.0.1    gmail.com

127.0.0.1    mail.google.com

Save and close the file
Restart the networking service by running the following in your terminal:

sudo service networking restart

If you now try to access gmail.com in your browser, you will find it does not load.

To disable this routing rule, so that you can access Gmail yourself, follow the same directions as above, but simply prefix the custom rules you added previously with a # character as below:

#127.0.0.1    gmail.com
#127.0.0.1    mail.google.com

Adding or removing the # character at the front of those lines will then enable or disable the blocking of Gmail. The same technique may be used for any other domains you want to block access to.

*help on editing your hosts file in Ubuntu and other OS's may be found here


How can I debug what's failing in a Wine application?

As it turns out, winetricks nocrashdialog fixes it. For the win.


Solution:
After an investigation, it seems that there were two packages causing the problems: Pinta and some other unknown packages of Kodi. Simply, the system is not able to upgrade them or the repositories are not reachable. The two useful links I have read are this and this other one. It is true that I did not think that these packages were crucial for the system to complete the process. Howerever they were.
So I simply uninstall them with sudo apt-get autoremove --purge <package_name> and the process sudo do-release-upgrade continues with no problems anymore.

General Solution: if you have similar errors/problems, try to solve all the update/upgrade one by one before the sudo do-release-upgrade.

In my case, it automatically and autonomously passed from 16.04 to 18.04 and, then, from 18.04 to 20.04.


Ubuntu virtual machine to act as development server in Windows

Certainly possible. I actually created a small script which sets up a virtual environment like you describe (although I use it purely as a server, I develop on my local machine). I put it on Github if you're interested:

https://github.com/Bartwillemsen/virtual-devbox

Basically what you need to do on your Ubuntu guest settings is create a second Network adapter and make it "host-only".

Then, on the first adapter (which is NAT by default, you can set some port redirections. I set mine up like this:

So with this, you can set up name based hosting with Apache. If you add the name of your website on you local computer's hostfile, you can access it with the url and portnumber like this: yourwebsite.local:8000 (in my case).

EDIT: You can define your shared folders in this screen:


Why is the command in /etc/rc.local not executed during startup?

rc.local script exits if any error occurs while executing any of its commands (mention the -e flag in #!/bin/sh -e).

It is possible that some prerequisites are not met when you try to run your commands when rc.local execution takes place, so your command execution fails.

I encountered the same thing while manually setting cpu governor and failing to do so in rc.local. Here's my custom workaround, which uses update-rc.d to make your commands run on startup:

Create a file myscript.sh in directory /etc/init.d with a heading: #!/bin/sh
Put your custom commands as the content
Make it executable: sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/myscript.sh
Create symlinks for your script for various runlevels: sudo update-rc.d myscript.sh defaults

Also, you could check /etc/network/if-up.d scripts and see if you could trigger your commands when networking starts.


Ubuntu GNOME is an official Ubuntu flavour, which means the operating system is all Ubuntu and only the desktop environment has been changed from Unity to GNOME.

Thus all you need to do is install Unity, log out, select Unity as your desktop environment and log back in.

Install Unity via

sudo apt-get install unity

or via the software center.


Expand window to free space on screen in KDE

So, I wanted to avoid the classic "someone else had this problem but no one has answered this" google result. I'm not an Ubuntu/Kubuntu user but I found that the behaviour you desire has been in the bug reports for almost 9 years for KDE. It turns out that with the way KWin is written it would be very difficult to implement (or perhaps no devs want to tackle it).

Anyway. Here's the bug report for any future googlers who come by:

https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=78984


Only users in the sudo group may use the sudo command. To remove the user jdoe from the group sudo type (as root):

deluser jdoe sudo

If you are not root, type

sudo deluser jdoe sudo

Reference: How to remove a user from a group?

Update

As pointed out by @Aleks G in a comment the above is only half the truth:

By default only members of the sudo group may run commands with sudo <command>. This is accomplished by the line

#  who  where    as-whom  what
  %sudo  ALL  = (ALL:ALL) ALL

in the /etc/sudoers file. It means:

members of the group sudo (who) may run
on any computer (where)
as any user and any group (as-whom)
any command (what)

This is the default setup on Ubuntu and hence adding or removing a user to/from the group sudo gives or revokes the privilege to run commands with sudo <command>.

But it is also possible to add other groups and/or users to the /etc/sudoers file (or below /etc/sudoers.d/) like so:

alice  myhost  = (bob) /bin/ls

This means: user alice may run /bin/ls as user bob but only on host myhost.

alice could now do sudo -u bob ls /home/bob. This is independant of a membership in the sudo group. If you have such a setup, then it is not sufficient to remove alice from the sudo group. Instead you need to remove the alice line from the /etc/sudoers file.

The where part is only relevant if you share the sudoers file across different computers and want to keep it the same on every computer.


What is the difference between hosts and hosts.deny?

They're used by different tools. See man hosts;man tcpd.

/etc/hosts.deny is part of the TCP Wrappers package tcpd (see Wikipedia), and acts as an intermediary between an inetd-like daemon, and the target TCP service, and is used as an access control mechanism for Incoming TCP connections.

/etc/hosts is part of how your system looks up URIs and translates hostnames to IP addresses, and is used for Outgoing TCP/IP requests.


The disk drive for /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 is not ready yet or not present

The error message indicates that the system was not able to mount the encrypted swap partition.

EDIT -

This question is a possible duplicate of What to do about "the disk drive for /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 is not ready yet or not present"?

Kindly refer to the particular question for the solution.


Not asked for credentials when connecting to Samba share from Windows 10

Unlike Linux and macOS clients that will always offer an opportunity to pass credentials when accessing a share through their file managers Windows will always see your share as guest access only. The usual remedies are:

[1] "map" the share in Windows. That is the closest thing you have in Windows to Connect-to-Server and allows you to pass credentials for "username"

[2] OR Force all users to pass credentials:

** Make your share:

[Share]
  path = /path/to/folder
  guest ok = no
  read only = yes
  write list = username

** Create a Linux user named smbguest, make his samba password simple like "smbguestpw", and have the "read only " clients use that to gain access to the guest share. smbguest can access the share but in read only mode whereas "username" will have write access.

[3] OR Create 2 shares to the same location but with different share names. One for guests:

[Share]
  path = /path/to/folder
  guest ok = yes
  read only = yes

And one for "username":

[ShareADM]
  path = /path/to/folder
  valid users = username
  read only = no


Since I haven't found any matching PPA I did it just manually:

$ cd ~
$ wget http://archive.apache.org/dist/ant/binaries/apache-ant-1.8.4-bin.tar.gz
$ tar xvfvz apache-ant-1.8.4-bin.tar.gz
$ sudo mv apache-ant-1.8.4-bin /opt/ant
$ sudo sh -c 'echo ANT_HOME=/opt/ant >> /etc/environment'
$ sudo ln -s /opt/ant/bin/ant /usr/bin/ant


No WiFi option in Ubuntu 16 in HP probook 450 G3

input the command below in the terminal to check whether is because the network manager is closed.

  sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager start

If this doesn't work,

when booting the computer, enter BIOS, close the secure boot. Then, install your wireless card driver.
As for how to install, you can see this

Hope it can help you.


How do I prevent others from resetting my admin password in (X)ubuntu 14.04?

Does that mean anybody with physical access to my machine could reset the password and read the encrypted contents of my home folder?

No, home encryption is linked to that password so if I stole your computer and changed the user password, I wouldn't be able to easily (more on that later) decrypt the data.

That said, access to recovery mode means getting root on the disk and as root I can script anything to run in the background... I could implement a key-logger or other nastiness to sniff out your password as you entered it, or access the data once decrypted without you knowing.

You can disable recovery mode or set a password on grub to prompt the user if they want anything but the standard option. Of course somebody could slip a bootable USB stick or DVD in and mount the disk externally so you should also change the boot order (and password protect BIOS) to only boot to the first harddisk.

That stops the laziest hackers. If somebody has a screwdriver with them, a laptop and a SATA→USB bus, they can just pop the drive out and mount it on their laptop, change your password and put everything back. I reckon I could do the whole thing in well under five minutes. Even less on a laptop as their drives are often more accessible.

If you want to defeat me, you'll need to encrypt the whole thing at install-time. That means a reinstall and you needing to enter your password in each time.

But even then, as dobey says, if I really want the data, I'll clone the disk as a raw image file (~20minutes), and use an EC2 cluster to crack it (hours, days, weeks)... Or a $5 wrench and your fingers (seconds)...


Firstly the Linux equivalent of WAMP is LAMP (though its more accurate the other way :) ) Unlike in windows most server software in Linux doesn't have GUIs by default; this is true for LAMP. To install make sure you have tasksel installed. at a terminal run:

sudo apt-get install tasksel

Once complete then run sudo tasksel install lamp-server.

This will create the folder www in /var/, so you should see it in /var/www this will be your web root. (For 14.04 and above, it would /var/www/html.)

You can now unzip wordpress into that folder. Once complete, in a web browser go to localhost/wordpress (In your URL using Firefox/Chrome for example type localhost/wordpress, this will lead you to your wordpress installer) and follow the instructions there. If you want a GUI for database management I've always used phpmyadmin. To install it run:

sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin

then in a browser go to http://localhost/phpmyadmin (As mentioned above, use the URL in your browser to go to http://localhost/phpmyadmin)

Note that if you're running this server remotely then replace localhost with the remote IP you can have access to.


Hi I would strongly suggest using the Compat Drivers Latest releases are available that might support packet injection, and the irc can give you excellent support if you need to apply patches.


Is possible to split an nautilus window in horizontal?

No, this is not possible, and in 13.04 the split window feature has been removed entirely, in favour of Tabs and side-by-side windows.  Here's the commit that removed them.

Others have suggested similar functionality, but since this feature has been retired from Nautilus, you might be looking for alternate file managers.


Launcher applications "shadow" remains where it was when mouse hovered over it

Thanks everyone, I could just figure out what was wrong. I had just messed with my wallpaper, which had the Launcher to its left, which caused the "shadow". I changed the wallpaper which made me realize my stupidity. Wish I could just delete this question, but just in case, someone else may find himself/herself in this situation again. The Launcher is fine now! :)


BASH: How to set a function parameter uniquely ... prior to calling that function ... within the bash script ... (not using command line parameters)

Shell functions take positional parameters in an analogous way to shell scripts:
#!/bin/bash

myString="string"

myfunc () {
  echo "$1"
}

myfunc "$myString"


Kernel error on VMWare after upgrading to 12.10 from 12.04

EDIT:
This problem may not be related to 12.10, bur rather to 3.5/3.6 kernels (I'm using mainline 3.6.2, because I understand it has better support for my ATI video card...)

The problem seems to be VMWare side, rather than ubuntu side.

I have successfully solved this problem by applying the patch found here (direct download link: vmware9_kernel35_patch.tar.bz2).
The patched is for kernel 3.5, but I'm using 3.6 and it still fixed my problem. Note, the patch's name indicates it's for Workstation 9, but it is also for Player 5.0.0

Uninstalling

Some people in the thread linked above suggest uninstalling BEFORE upgrading to 12.10. My exact process was somewhat convoluted and may be a bit of an exception, so I am unclear if you need to uninstall or not. It may work installed the patch after upgrading. Should you want to, here are the instructions:

sudo vmware-installer -u vmware-player
sudo rm  /usr/lib/vmware/modules/source/.patched

or a much more involved uninstall like this:

sudo -i

/usr/bin/vmware-installer -u vmware-workstation

/etc/init.d/vmware stop
lsmod | grep vm

cd /lib/modules/kernel_version/miscmv vm* /tmp

rmmod vmnet.o
rmmod vmmon.o
rmmod vmci.o
rmmod vmblock.o
rmmod vmppuser.o

rm /etc/rc.d/init.d/rc2.d/*vmware*
rm /etc/rc.d/init.d/rc3.d/*vmware*
rm /etc/rc.d/init.d/rc5.d/*vmware*
rm /etc/rc.d/init.d/rc6.d/*vmware*

rm -rf /etc/vmware*
rm /usr/bin/vmware-usbarbitrator
rm /usr/bin/vmnet*
rm -r /usr/lib/vmware*
rm -r /usr/share/doc/vmware*
rm -fr /var/run/vm*`

Applying the Patch

The zip contains a .sh script. Run it. Very simple.

For me, the patch didn't properly detect my VMPlayer 5 version (perhaps due to a botched uninstall, careful copying and pasting the contents of the uninstall process above and pasting it into the console... like I said, my process was convoluted), so commented the error text, applied the patch, and it worked.


Let me show you how to make that awk solution more idiomatic (refer to the awk info page on stackoverflow).
Starting with:
$ seq 10 20 | awk '{if ($0 ~ /11/) {n=NR+6}; if (NR<n) next; print $0}'
10
17
18
19
20

First, we'll take the if statements, and turn them into condition {action} lines
awk '
    $0 ~ /11/ {n=NR+6}
    NR < n {next}
    {print $0}
'

Then, we'll use $0 as the default value for some things:
awk '
    /11/ {n=NR+6}
    NR < n {next}
    {print}
'

Then, we'll take {print} as the default action if the condition is true
awk '
    /11/ {n=NR+6}
    NR < n {next}
    1
'

Then, we'll invert the NR < n condition to remove the next
awk '
    /11/ {n=NR+6}
    NR >= n
'

And we can one-liner-ize it:
awk '/11/ {n=NR+6} NR >= n'

This produces the same output
$ seq 10 20 | awk '/11/ {n=NR+6} NR >= n'
10
17
18
19
20

Comparing:
awk '{if ($0 ~ /11/) {n=NR+6}; if (NR<n) next; print $0}'
awk '/11/ {n=NR+6} NR >= n'

As a last step, you might want to pass the pattern and the value of N as parameters into awk, so they don't have to be hardcoded. This inflates the awk call but might be more flexible for you:
awk -v patt="11" -v N=6 '$0 ~ patt {n = NR + N} NR >= n'

By placing the parameters after the awk script, -v can  be dropped, making the command a bit shorter:
awk '$0 ~ patt {n = NR + N} NR >= n' patt=11 N=6

One advantage to putting the variables after the awk body is they can get different values for each file:
awk '$0 ~ patt {n = NR + N} NR >= n' patt=11 N=6 file1 N=10 file2


How to shutdown graphical interface on Ubuntu 17.04?

This is usually because you didn't activate the terminal interface before shutting down the x server. Try pressing CtrlAltF1 to enter it or modifying the /etc/default/grub GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" => GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="text" before sudo update-grub and reboot. Also, try sudo systemctl stop lightdm if sudo service lightdm stop doesn't work.


The boot selection key might be different. Mine will be a wild guess since I don't know the exact version of your computer. F8 and F9 (not simultaneously, but you can just mash them.) are the most preferred keys.

Make sure that the USB stick is connected to your PC. Restart it. While it's opening, start pressing F8 and F9. It should bring you a black/blue screen to choose a device from.

Select your USB stick and DON'T pull it until installation completely finishes and your computer restarts. After that it's safe to pull.

Enjoy your fresh install.

Edit: According to this link for your pc it might be ALT + F2.


Those websites use camera with Flash. You can try installing Flash, if it's not yet installed. However, it's not guaranteed that camera works in Ubuntu with Flash. There have been multiple problems with that earlier.

Also, check out Flash settings. You can add exceptions for specific sites to allow using camera (it's security feature that camera usage is restricted; otherwise Flash add could use your video camera).


You used get-apt instead of apt-get.

rm is for removing files, not packages.


You've got a fundamental misunderstanding of the router's purpose in the network, and with networking in general.  The router takes a single IP address or a very small set of IP addresses and routes traffic to other subnets and networks.

That is, if your IP address is 74.221.10.25, your router gets assigned 74.221.10.25, your server gets assigned a private IP address (in the 192.168.0.0/16 range likely, but with a /24 CIDR range).  Your router, then, would be set to port-forward (this is called NAT) traffic coming in to be routed to your server.  This way, all your devices can go out over the one IP, and still communicate with the network.

If you want to route the IP address on the public area directly to the server, you have to plug the server into the data feed from the ISP - if they don't give you an IP range of addresses (like a /28 with 5 IP addresses) then you are going to have to settle for NAT, and not public IP routing/addressing to the server itself.


1Up Industries's Bins-like for Unity Launcher?

"Drawers" might be what you are looking for:
http://www.noobslab.com/2013/03/unity-launcher-drawers-for-ubuntu.html


Log on with two accounts on SSH with one port?

No, it will not cause an issue.  This issue was caused by the VPS host having changed my password without my knowledge.


Boot repair doesn't work, and cannot work via grub rescue mode

Basically, you've done what I did to my external Ubuntu installation when messing with dpkg. It looks like you may have deleted the kernel, to which the only fast fix is to backup your /home directory and reinstall ubuntu. This is what I've done to fix it, as boot-repair does not have a copy of the proper linux-kernel on it.

I hope this helps!


sudo -l is the command to list allowed and forbidden commands. From man sudo:

 -l, --list  If no command is specified, list the allowed (and forbidden)
             commands for the invoking user (or the user specified by the
             -U option) on the current host.

You my be confusing -l with -i or --login:

 -i, --login
             Run the shell specified by the target user's password data‐
             base entry as a login shell.

or with su -l:

   -, -l, --login
       Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had
       the user logged in directly.


Ethernet connection is not working but wireless adaptor is

Windows can disable the Ethernet adapter when it shuts down as answered in this Q&A: (Ubuntu (dual boot Windows) Ethernet Not Connecting/Detecting). If this is the case then (under Windows XP) follow these steps:

Right click my computer and choose "Properties"
--> "Hardware" tab   --> Device Manager
 --> Network Adapters
  --> "double click" Realtek ...
   --> Advanced tab
    --> Wake-On-Lan After Shutdown
     --> Enable

Sorry I don't have Windows 7 handy to list the detailed steps for it but you should be able to figure them out with the steps listed above and a little google if necessary.


Problems opening Spotify on Ubuntu 14.04

Maybe it's the issue with NSS version.

Try this one:

sudo apt-get install --reinstall libnss3

It works for me.


How to find a keyword in "nano" editor in Ubuntu?

Open the configuration file through nano editor. Press ctrl+W and then enter the string you want to search. It will search for the string inside the file.

^W      (F6)            Search for a string or a regular expression


Make sure to install the Backports:

Backports were not enabled by default for all releases before (but not including) Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot). On these releases, backports must be manually enabled before you can install packages from Backports.

Enabling Backports on Ubuntu Desktop

Open the Software Sources control applet. On Ubuntu 10.10 and earlier, click System -> Administration -> Software Sources. On Ubuntu 11.04 and later, search for Software Sources in the Dash.

You will be asked to enter your password. Once you have done that, switch to the Updates tab.

Make sure Unsupported updates is checked.

Open a terminal and sudo apt-get update && apt-get upgrade


Can I use my VirtualBox 3.* VMs with VirtualBox 4.0? If so, how come the repository doesn't have it?

Virtual Box 4.0 is a major update. The previous version still needs to be supported. To acchieve this the Virtual Box repository will be available for both, the 3.x and the 4.x version.

If you want to run the latest version you need to add the 4.x repository to your sources. This is perfectly explained on the Virtual Box download page.

Before installing Virtual Box 4.0. you need to remove the previous version. Your private virtual machines will not be affected. However you will need to reinstall the newer Guest Additions, and if you need RDP or USB support you will also need to install the Oracle Vitual Box Extension Pack.


I had the same issue.  tried what user535733 recommended, but received an error.  I did not have nvidia-cuda-dev installed, so I could not remove it.  However, nvidia-cuda-toolkit was a dependency, so I removed that.  That seems to have cleared up my issue, but now I do not have nvidia-cuda-toolkit!  So that's no good for me but seems to be what @itamar-rocha was looking for.  I was then able to sudo apt autoremove and clear up about 5GB of space.

I just wish nvidia-toolkit would install without conflicts and without over-writing other packages.


psqlodbca.so: Unable to open shared object file: File or directory not found

Run this command as root to install dependency:

apt install odbc-postgresql-dbg


Boot from USB if connected, else boot from Hard disk

Your problem is that your Kali USB stick is not UEFI compatible. Make a UEFI compatible bootable USB (I personally suggest you use Rufus for this), then change your Boot Order in BIOS so that the USB is at the top, followed by your HDD. Then i should work the way you want.


Can't continue after filling the "Who are You" password window

Your question may be a possible duplicate to this:

Installer gets stuck with a grayed out forward button

See if it answers your question.


I suppose it depends on what you mean by "an extended amount of time".

Suspending your computer puts it in a low-power mode, but not a no-power mode. The low-power is used to keep the contents of your RAM memory intact.

On my computer I can suspend for about a day and a half. The lights on my computer are different from when the computer is on or off.

If I need to put the computer to sleep for a day or more I can use hibernate instead. It writes the contents of RAM to your swap partition (assuming you have one) and then turns the computer off completely. It takes a long time to write everything to disk and to boot and recover from disk so it might not be worth the time and effort over saving everything and shutting down. I don't do it often.

sudo pm-hibernate

will attempt to hibernate your computer.

Hibernation is harder for Linux to do on some computers so it no longer appears in the menus for 12.04, but if it works for you consistently it can be reenabled. See How to enable hibernation? for instructions.


Ubuntu 11.10 Sound Stopped Working (Speakers and Headphones)

Update ubuntu using the following command:

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

worked for me after restarting.

Note: My keyboard shortcuts were reset as a result, and my touchpad didn't work for one boot cycle, but it all works perfectly for me now. I hope this command can help someone else!


Annoying that the GUI updater didnt indicate an upgrade availabe after checking twice thismorning, so going through the terminal sudo do-release-upgrade -d


Does removing an application from Software Center do a remove or a purge


How can I see a list of all my shared folders?

go to list folder

  /var/lib/samba/usershares

check the path


Are there any hardware diagnostic tools?

I like System Profiler and Benchmark found in the software center. Project homepage is here.


Original Source of this answer : Steps to build driver from sources

(Including the essential parts of the answer just in case if the source link changes)

Download the driver from here

  Steps:

  Unplug Wifi dongle from USB
  update your sources and upgrade if any      sudo apt-get update     sudo apt-get upgrade
  install gnu compiler collection     sudo apt-get install build-essential
  lets install git

sudo apt-get install git

  get sources

git clone https://sanrath@bitbucket.org/sanrath/mediatek_mt7610u_sta_driver_linux-64bit.git

  if you have cloned already

cd mediatek_mt7610u_sta_driver_linux-64bit    git pull

  build driver

cd mediatek_mt7610u_sta_driver_linux-64bit
make clean
make
sudo make install

  There should not be any errors in last commands
  After the last command connect your USB Wifi adapter to any USB port. Now it must have listed all visible wifi signals(SSIDs). Connect
  to internet
  open a browser and test internet !!


Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS does not recognise wireless ethernet card

Your PCI(e) wireless device will not be recognized and used in a virtual machine. Networking is by a bridged virtual interface to the hosts system networking device; wired or wireless. For an example, please see here: http://pubs.vmware.com/ws8/wwhelp/wwhimpl/js/html/wwhelp.htm#href=using_ws/GUID-BAFA66C3-81F0-4FCA-84C4-D9F7D258A60A.html#1_14_9_1

With bridged networking, the virtual network adapter in the virtual machine
connects to a physical network adapter in the host system. The host network
adapter enables the virtual machine to connect to the LAN that the host system
uses. Bridged networking works with both wired and wireless host network adapters.


Facing some problem with GNOME Dash to Dock Extension in Ubuntu 20.04

The below will disable the default ubuntu dock this should resolve the issue.

gnome-extensions disable ubuntu-dock@ubuntu.com


Why won't my Broadcom BCM4312 LP-PHY work with the STA driver?

According to this page you can use the STA driver or the b43 driver for your card.

But there is a special driver for the LP-PHY version.

So I would first remove the STA driver then in a terminal type:

sudo apt-get install firmware-b43-lpphy-installer

and restart your computer.


I want to format my hard drive and install Lubuntu from DVD- Where do I start?

That machine should run Lubuntu alright.  You might want to get the alternate installer which is text based however if you've already run "Try Lubuntu" then it should be fine, if a little slow.  You can just select Install from the first menu, or there should be a selection for it after you boot to the desktop.

You've already done the hardest part (getting the machine to boot the LiveCD/USB) and now all you need to do is install.  The defaults will most likely work fine if you are formating the entire drive for use with Lubuntu.  There are some step-by-step instructions here.


How to enable file creation from nautilus right-click menu on Gnome?

Create a new (empty) file with the file type of your choice in ~/Templates, eg a simple (txt) file:

touch ~/Templates/empty.txt

After that you can create a new file with a right click in Nautilus.

Example screenshot


I had similar issue just 1 hour ago. I've just disconnected LAN wire and everything went OK.
IMPORTANT: It was an old notebook and wifi also didn't work during installation, in your case you might have to disable it somehow.


AC600 wifi 5ghz dongle or Realtek Semiconductor Corp. 802.11ac NIC on Ubuntu

That's a BlueShadow AC600, which uses an RTL8812AU. There's a pretty decent driver available for this from the aircrack-ng team available on GitHub, and it's not too difficult to get it going.
From a terminal, if you don't already have dkms on your machine:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install dkms

Now we can clone the 5.6.4.2 branch, which is one of the more stable versions:
git clone -b v5.6.4.2 https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8812au.git
cd rtl8812au
sudo ./dkms-install.sh

From here the driver will install and your WiFi dongle should be picked up.


Testdisk works great. You could boot from a LiveCD, point testdisk at your drive, navigate to where the deleted files were, and copy them off.


Default Ubuntu Desktop with TightVnc and Windows Linux Subsystem

According to Microsoft WSL is designed only for developers who want to run Linux terminal utilities. This is indicated in this similar question.

It's been reported that you can obtain possibly successful results by

1) Installing an Xserver like Xming or VcXsrv.

2) Installing the graphical software you wish to run under WSL via apt-get or apt

3) Exporting your display environment variable with export DISPLAY=:0 every time you want to run a graphical application.

4) launch a graphical application by typing the name of its executable

Note:
This subsystem (WSL) is not capable of running all Linux software, such as 32-bit binaries, or those that require specific Linux kernel services not implemented in WSL.

It is possible to run some graphical (GUI) applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) by installing an X11 server within the Windows (host) environment (such as VcXsrv or Xming), as mentioned above although not without caveats, such as the lack of audio support or hardware acceleration (resulting in poor graphics performance). Support for OpenCL and CUDA is also not being implemented currently, although it may be implemented in future releases.

IMHO this exercise is more work than it's worth. The end result suffers from poor graphics performance and I/O bottlenecks. It's far prefereable to simply run Ubuntu on a VM or dual-boot than to deal with the possibility that the Linux system calls an application requires may not be fully supported by the Windows Subsystem for Linux.

Sources:

What's the easiest way to run GUI apps on Windows Subsystem for Linux as of 2018?

How do I install Ubuntu alongside a pre-installed Windows with UEFI?

https://www.howtogeek.com/261575/how-to-run-graphical-linux-desktop-applications-from-windows-10s-bash-shell/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux

https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/wsl/2016/06/08/wsl-system-calls/


Some windows 'visually freezing' in Ubuntu 18.04

This turned out to be much easier to solve than I thought. A simple Alt+F2 and 'r' command restarted the gnome shell and all the problems were gone, while keeping the TeamViewer session on.  However I am still a bit curious why the weird 'visual-only' freezing took place, so if anybody ever bothers to provide some insight I will be very grateful.


I suggest you to change your CMOS battery.


Add output of script to file after it has run

Bash only keeps a history of the commands you entered. You can retrieve it by entering history Bash never stores the output of these commands , so the copy/paste option is the only hope for you.


How to enter alternative characters from extended keyboard

Most keyboard layouts with 3rd and 4th level symbols include this line:
include "level3(ralt_switch)"

which by default makes Right Alt or AltGr a key for accessing such symbols as soon as the user switches to the layout.
The Russian (Kazakhstan, with Kazakh) keyboard layout uses a different method, which may make it necessary to define a 3rd level key explicitly. To do that:

Install the gnome-tweaks package (if not already installed)
Open Tweaks, navigate to Keyboard & Mouse -> Additional Layout Options -> Key to choose the 3rd level, and select a key of your choice.


14.10 won't boot on Samsung Series 9 NPX9003D

this might be related to this bug on launchpad. If yes, you could fix it by

booting with refind
installing an older version of efibootmgr (or compile & install the latest).
re-create the bios entries with sudo update-grub
examine bios entries with efibootmgr -v. Assure, that there are no entries with the same key.

Hope, that helps!


How can you add multiple outputs from a pipe to a file as you go?

Don't make it one big pipeline: it looks like 4 separate operations all on the same file.  Each operation needs access to the original file contents.

wc   -l text.txt >processed.txt
sort -r text.txt | tail -1 >>processed.txt
head -1 text.txt >>processed.txt
tail -5 text.txt | head -1 >>processed.txt

Or, group the commands together and have 1 redirection:

{
    wc   -l text.txt
    sort -r text.txt | tail -1
    head -1 text.txt
    tail -5 text.txt | head -1
} >processed.txt

If, as you write, it somehow needs to be on one line, add some semicolons:

{ wc -l text.txt; sort -r text.txt | tail -1; head -1 text.txt; tail -5 text.txt | head -1; } >processed.txt


Providing HTTPS access to multi-user SFTP server

You need Apache to integrate with PAM for its authentication. This is fairly easily done through pwauth and mod_authnz_external. You can read more on the details here:

http://icephoenix.us/linuxunix/apache-and-http-authentication-with-pam/

The problem is I can't see any way to hook that into the userdir module. pwauth will let you specify requires user <username> but I can't see how to combine the two. And trust me when I say I've searched.

I think the easiest method for this would be to manually hold an entry for each and every user:

<Directory /users/abed/>
    DocumentRoot /home/abed/public_html/
    AuthType Basic
    AuthName "Restricted Area"
    AuthBasicProvider external
    AuthExternal pwauth
    Require user abed
</Directory>

<Directory /users/britta/>
    DocumentRoot /home/britta/public_html/
    AuthType Basic
    AuthName "Restricted Area"
    AuthBasicProvider external
    AuthExternal pwauth
    Require user britta
</Directory>

And so on. You could even script something to regenerate this on a periodic basis. It's not a hard template structure to follow.


sudo apt-get remove unity-scope-gdrive && sudo apt-get autoremove

Restart your computer.

This will remove the Google Drive Scope/Lens/Plug-in (whatever it's called) from your computer.


How to uninstall Ubuntu without replacing it with something else?

The simplest way would be use a liveCD and format the drive without reinstalling. You can do that with a normal Ubuntu Live CD just boot from it, then open a terminal and run

sudo gparted

Then delete the partitions you have defined and shutdown without installing. There you go, you now have an unpartitioned disk and a computer returned to a pristine state.

Important: If your objective is to stop anyone from gaining access to your files, you might want to go further than that. The above will make it hard for your data to be restored but not impossible. If you have nothing to hide and HR have no reason to spend hours and $$ looking into your data, this will be enough. If you are in paranoid mode and want to be really sure that the data are gone, you can use a program like shred. So, to shred all data on /dev/sda1, do:

shred -n 10 -vz /dev/sda1

For more details on shred, see here.


A good screen mirroring app for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS

In that case, consider try SevenSquare. A tool used to view a mirror screen of your Android device on the PC, used for demostration, debuging, and so on. even you can click on the mirror screen as you touch on the device panel.

Major:

Click and swipe on the screen (so you can unlock screen by swipe)
Virtual menu/home/back key on the UI
QWERTY key support (just type via your keyboard)
Auto connect to your device when plug in
Click on window to wakeup the device (emulate power key press event)
Support both Android ICS and Jelly Bean. Froyo not full tested
Wrote in Qt 4.x, easily port to different desktop environment

Minor:

Rotate view windows on demand (Press F12)
Virtual cursor (pointer anchor) on the UI
Auto resize to fit the screen resolution of the device
Zoom window as your wish and keep the ratio
Support customized 'screencap' for speeding up (RGBA32, RGB888, RGB565)
Auto enable compressed data transfer if 'minigzip' found on the host
1~2FPS on MSM8625 device (1.2G dual core, 512M memory, 800x480)

Non-feature:

Not support multi devices pluged in at the same time.
Not support screen recording as video
Not support screen shot as picture

Source

According to its GitHub page, SevenSquare has been reportedly working on both Linux and Windows system.
Installing SevenSquare
Make sure you have ADB (Android Debug Bridge) tools installed on your system in order to install SevenSquare:
sudo apt-get install android-tools-adb

SevenSquare based on QT, therefore you need to install these dependencies:
sudo apt-get install qt4-qmake libqt4-dev libqtcore4 libqtgui4

Now you can finally install SevenSquare:
wget https://github.com/yangh/sevensquare/archive/master.zip
unzip master.zip && cd sevensquare-master
make && sudo make install

Make sure you have enabled USB debugging on your android device, otherwise navigate to Settings > Developer Tools > and enable USB debugging, then connect your android device to computer via USB cable.
To launch SevenSquare, run following command:
seven-square &

Image taken from www.upubuntu.com


Unable to connect to Internet on Desktop via Ethernet

check your router.
on my system (amd dual core 64 bit, running Ubuntu 14.04) when that happens my router is flagging an attempt to sign on. at that moment if i go push the allow button on the router (linksys wifi) then it resolves.


How to write Czech letters on Ubuntu Touch with hardware keyboard?

You want to define a compose key. I use Caps Lock for that.

In preferences, go to

  Keyboard » Shortcut » Typing

and change the Compose Key entry with any key you'd like. I suggest Caps Lock unless you use it often to write in capitals?

Once that is setup you do:

Compose Key + < + C → Č

Compose Key + ' + o → ó

Compose Key + ' + e → é

In most cases, the order in which you enter the characters does not matter. So ' + o or o + ' gives you the same thing. However < + - gives you an arrow ← and - + < gives you nothing...

If you have a hard time find the combo keys to generate this or that, you may check out my reference about the X11 Compose Key.


I can't install Ubuntu 12.04.1 on iMac G5

I changed the cd slim drive with my dad's laptop slim drive and the CDs booted just fine.

Have been able to install after that.


No, that's not possible. At least, not in an easy and user friendly way. It's actually never been possible. You're probably thinking of the Gnome Panel that was used by default in the past. It's a different program, and though they look similar, they're rather different.

I understand your use case, and it might be nice to be able to reorganize the indicators. One thing that needs to be considered in this particular case, is that the weather indicator is an "app", whereas the message, network, sound and calendar (datetime) are all system indicators. I don't know if they should be mixed, since that would create inconsistencies.

For now, the answer is no, you can't. I'll bring it up for discussion in the Unity design list, and update this answer when it's been discussed.


Lock screen doesn't lock (plain Ubuntu & gnome-screensaver)

I got it working.

I believe this fixed it:

sudo apt-get upgrade ubuntu-core-launcher

For some reason the core launcher didn't upgrade with everything else and was somehow out of sync with the rest of the OS.


How can I change the number of workspaces in workspace switcher?

You can install and launch the Compiz Config Settings Manager (if you do this from the terminal, the command is ccsm).

The english version of the button you have to click will probably be called "General Options":

There is a tab probably called "Desktop Size". There you can change the number of rows and columns of the workspaces.

Changing those value to 4 / 2 instead of 2 / 2 results in this:


Burning Blueray disk with growisofs stopped at 'WRITE@LBA=b02ea0h Error'

Try growisofs -use-the-force-luke=spare:none -dvd-compat -overburn -Z /dev/sr0=/path/to/file.iso

You may also have to include the -iso-level 3 switch according to man genisoimage
With  level  3,  no  restrictions  (other than ISO-9660:1988) do apply

You may also have to include the -UDF switch which according to man genisoimage:

Include  UDF  filesystem  support  in  the  generated filesystem image.     UDF support is currently in alpha status  and  for  this  reason,  it is not possible to create UDF-only images.  UDF data structures are currently coupled to the  Joliet  structures,  so there  are  many pitfalls with the current implementation. There is no UID/GID support, there is  no  POSIX  permission  support, there  is  no  support  for  symlinks.  Note that UDF wastes the space from sector ~20 to sector 256 at the beginning of the disc in addition to the space needed for real UDF data structures.

However the -dvd-compat switch should do the trick here.

The -overburn parameter may not be necessary, but I cannot tell that for certain. The -dvd-compat parameter makes growisofs close track/session/disc to make it more compatible with some Blu-ray players that do not like multisession discs.

The poorly documented -use-the-force-luke=spare:none parameter appears to be the key parameter to solve the problem. It instructs growisofs to not pre-format the blank BD-R media. Pre-formatting the media instantly takes up 256MB of disc space for defect management.

Source: https://superuser.com/questions/462782/growisofs-warnings-when-writing-to-blu-ray-dual-layer-discs


Files/folders as group-owner www-data and SFTP as a different user

To delete or create files in a directory you need write permission on the directory which you don't have (chmod 2750 /var/www/html/folder/, you are in the group but not the owner of the directory).

sudo chmod 2770 /var/www/html/folder/

will enable users who belong to the group www-data to create or delete files.

The ability to edit existing files in a directory depends on the file-permissions itself but the execute permission in all the parent directories is needed. This explains why you've been able to edit some of the files.

The already existing files in your directory /var/www/html/folder/ might still have wrong permissions and you can edit only files you own. This indicates that the group permissions are not suffcient and you may want to  run

sudo chmod -R g+w /var/www/html/folder/

to grant write permission for all users who are member of www-data.

But what happens with newly created files? Newly created files will come with the wrong set of permissions (probably depending on the umask-value or controlled by an application which bypasses the umask-value and set it's own permissions. One way to go around that is to use an ACL (Access Control List)

setfacl -m g:www-data:rwx /var/www/html/folder/

should be sufficient.
Here are some links how to use ACL's:

  https://linuxconfig.org/how-to-manage-acls-on-linux

  https://bencane.com/2012/05/27/acl-using-access-control-lists-on-linux/


After several trials I finally found the solution. Installation of CUDA is a pain, for which keeps corrupting my system configuration that I have no way to revert.

The solution for the installation must be done in tty1 (the command line) mode, because it needs to kill GUI service before installing NVIDIA drivers, or it will refuse to work. And we need .run file. With reasons I can't know the .deb files never correctly configure themselves, and I never got them work. look Installing and testing CUDA in Ubuntu 14.04 for a similar solution.

Need to mention, according to my trails:

installation via apt cannot succeed.
installation via deb files cannot succeed.


Please open a terminal and do:

sudo su
echo brcmsmac >> /etc/modules
echo bcma >> /etc/modules
exit

I suspect you'll be all set.


How can I change the webcam that MPlayer uses?

If it's not already installed, install the v4l-utils package
sudo apt install v4l-utils

Run v4l2-ctl --list-devices to see the webcam device e.g. /dev/video2. Here's my output (I have two web cameras):
$ v4l2-ctl --list-devices
Cisco VTCamera3 (usb-0000:00:1d.0-1.2):
    /dev/video0
    /dev/video1

Integrated Camera: Integrated C (usb-0000:00:1d.0-1.4):
    /dev/video2
    /dev/video3

Then run v4l2-ctl --list-formats-ext so that you can choose a supported resolution and frame-rate e.g. width=640:height=360:fps=15
mplayer tv:// -tv driver=v4l2:device=/dev/video2:width=640:height=360:fps=15:outfmt=mjpeg -ontop -vf screenshot - geometry "99%:95%"


18.04 clean install GRUB installation failed

I had this when I installed using manual partitioning with root, /swap and /home partitions.

I succeeded when I also created an EFI partition (500MB at the start of the disk), following advice gleaned from this tutorial


How can I connect Ubuntu 14.04 to my wireless printer canon mp620

Find IP

Make sure the wireless printer is connected in same network segment as your computer
Use nmap or zenmap to find the IP of the printer
I used
nmap -T4 -F 192.168.1.1-254
and got output as

Nmap scan report for new-host-2.home (192.168.1.8)
Host is up (0.054s latency).
Not shown: 98 closed ports
PORT    STATE SERVICE
80/tcp  open  http
515/tcp open  printer

Look for the printer serviec with state open and then find the corresponding IP, and use in next step.

Add printer

Then launch printers -> New -> Enter URI (I entered http://192.168.1.8) -> Click Forward -> "Select printer from database" radio option -> Canon on list -> click Forward -> Select from the Model -> click Forward -> give a short name and description -> Click Apply


How to run Ubuntu after extracting the zip file to USB pen drive

Okay I did it.The problem was my computer will not automatically boot from pendrive. I should press the f5 button to boot. It is usually f10 or del. I got ubuntu installed. Now I want to get my modem installed in ubuntu.http://askubuntu.com/questions/227496/how-to-install-wvdial-without-getting-the-following-error


Plymouth ugly with nvidia driver (fix tuto don't support my resolution)

These two solutions to this similar question rely on hardware support.  Specifically, they rely on the VESA modes available in your video BIOS.  This should always contain the default VESA resolutions but it's also possible for the laptop or video card manufacturer to add extra resolutions - such as 1366x768 - to this table.  Sometimes manufacturers don't add any extra resolutions here, as it's only useful for really old applications that want to use the VESA system or when proper drivers aren't installed.

Since at boot time we have no video driver available, just the VESA calls, we're limited to the resolutions in the VBIOS.  Anything else needs to wait until a hardware driver is loaded which can do proper resolution setting.

For the open-source drivers which support KMS we can load these early during startup, so we get a proper resolution quickly.  The nvidia and fglrx drivers need to wait until X is started, by which time there's no need for a splash screen.


It appears your computer is officially Ubuntu certified hardware for Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. This means that it has been tested and should work out of the box with Ubuntu. You still may want to boot into a Ubuntu Live before installing to make sure everything works.


The steps you should follow are:

Backup your previous install,
Insert cd or dvd and reboot system
You should see this image:

src: https://sites.google.com/site/easylinuxtipsproject/upgrade

--NOTE: Please don't choose the second option, i.e. the option crossed out in the image.

The first option is the right one.

Another method would be to run this from the terminal sudo update-manager -d enter password when asked, and hit return. Your will be checked for its readiness to upgrade and if all goes well a dialog box will appear asking to proceed with the upgrade. Click upgrade.

On Ubuntu Xenial Xerus the .deb packages currently do not launch so install gdebi package manager that would help.

Go here for further instructions on what has changed, might be worth reading first before upgrading. Most of your programs still work but some won't so read the changes here first before upgrading.
Hope this helps.


Why is Glade 3.19 missing in xUbuntu Wily?

That's because Ubuntu is not a rolling distro.

Xenail would not help, since Glade is at version 3.18.3-1 there.

Please note that Glade 3.19 is not stable, it is a development version, as you can see in the announcement.

EDIT: please note also that, if their release cycle follows Gnome standards, then the stable versions are with even numbers (3.14, 3.16, 3.18) while development versions are with odd numbers (3.17, 3.19, ...) so probably 3.19 will never see the light in Ubuntu; the next one will be 3.20.


Problem with installing texlive 2017 on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

Usually it is not recommeded, but you can force file overwrite with

sudo dpkg -i --force-all /var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-fonts-extra-doc_2017.20170619-1~16.04.york0_all.deb

and then

sudo apt-get install -f
sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade


use sshfs (ssh as a file system)

sudo  apt install sshfs
mkdir /mnt/server
sshfs  servername:/  /mnt/server

and try to access /mnt/server with Dolphin or any other program


rfkill shows wifi is hard blocked, but there is no way to unlock it

The issue of HP wireless being inoperable because of a hard block and therefore the usual wireless key not toggling wireless on and off is long-standing. There are only a few things you can try.

First, try removing the helper module hp_wireless and then try to switch the wireless on with the key combination.

You could also try:

sudo modprobe -r hp_wireless
sudo rfkill unblock all
rfkill list all

Second, check the user guide for your HP laptop and be certain that the wireless key combination you are using is correct. Be certain that you are not using Fn+F12, for example, if the user guide says it is simply F12. On the other hand, if you are certain you are using the correct sequence, try the wrong sequence as an experiment; i.e., use Fn+F12 (or whatever your sequence is) if the user guide says it’s F12 and vice versa.

Next, you can remove the card, tape off pin 20 and re-insert it: https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2150597

You can, if all these steps fail, file a bug report against the module hp_wireless: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/

Finally, in many, but not every case, a USB wireless will also be hard blocked for the same reasons. If you want to try one, be certain to try it within a return period.

I regret that there isn’t a better answer for HP laptops.

Possibly related: Why does "Airplane Mode" keep toggling on my HP laptop in Ubuntu 18.04?


nohup command not able print the output to nohup.out

Unless you have exported the value of nohup into the script's environment (e.g. export nohup=/usr/bin/nohup) then $nohup will evaluate to the empty string - hence your command

$nohup java -jar /home/chikin/Downloads/hardcoded.jar

becomes plain

java -jar /home/chikin/Downloads/hardcoded.jar

so nohup is not being invoked at all. You probably want

nohup java -jar /home/chikin/Downloads/hardcoded.jar & tail -f nohup.out

(without the $).

Probably it's better to make the output file explicit:

nohup java -jar /home/chikin/Downloads/hardcoded.jar > nohup.out & tail -f nohup.out

since as noted in the manpage, the rules for the output file depend on whether standard output is a terminal or not:

If standard output is a terminal, append output to 'nohup.out' if  pos‐
sible,  '$HOME/nohup.out'  otherwise.  If standard error is a terminal,
redirect it to standard output.  To save output  to  FILE,  use  'nohup
COMMAND > FILE'.


how to uninstall all packages installed by "aptitude build-dep"

For the future, I highly recommend using mk-build-deps -i instead of aptitude build-dep. That leaves a package installed in your system, depending on the build-deps, that you can easily uninstall later.


Well your cpu is not the best, try upgrading to 14.04 and see how it works. Try to install 2GB more of ram and go for the 64bit if your cpu support it.
Install Psensor and see what you cpu usage is.

What is your graphic card?


Eclipse doesn't work correctly when not run as super user

Possibly the permissions on your workspace are messed up?  Usually that's in ~/workspaces, so if you do a chown -R on that tree, it might help.


Only evolution-data-server is a dependency of the Gnome Desktop. You can run Gnome Shell without having Evolution.

To install only core Gnome Shell components in Ubuntu, install gnome-session.

sudo apt install gnome-session

Once installed, you will be able to select either "Gnome Shell", a session that runs on Wayland, or "Gnome Shell on xorg". The latter runs on the traditional X server, as does the default Ubuntu desktop, which uses a customized Gnome Shell.


How to fix "could not retrieve the required disk image files" error?

Yes. It's available here: http://people.canonical.com/~evand/wubi/precise/wubi-r273-signed.exe

It's been fixed for the bug you are experiencing, but not yet released. See Wubi fails to detect 12.04.2 and 13.04 AMD64 ISO


Ubuntu and kubuntu installations failing

This maybe is happening because of legacy/uefi settigs in your Bios setup. You are probably installing your Ubuntu in BIOS mode(Legacy).
But it may be disabled in your BIOS setup.

So either enable it from bios settings.
Or in my opinion Install ubuntu in uefi mode by Making an extra 500 mb partition(Primary) and under file system chose "ESP" EFI System Partition.

*if you have any data on hard disk go with option 1. if no data issues then go with 2 cuz GPT(uefi) and MBR(legacy) partition styles dont work together. *

This 2nd option will install your ubuntu/kubuntu in  uefi mode which is also preferred a lot these days and it will reboot to the system easily after installation completes!!


Ubuntu installation does not respond after rebooting

In the case of the important data you can always run your live cd and access the external hd. Copy whatever you need to your windows partition and work there or etc etc etc

My recommendation is to try to reinstall ubuntu altogether, it doesn't seem like you had a previous installation of it anyway.


Help setting up a home Media + File server

To share files only inside your home network, "samba" will do the job. This link explains how to set it up: https://help.ubuntu.com/14.04/serverguide/samba-fileserver.html. It works with both Windows and Linux clients, and there a ton of configuration possibilities (permissions, guest access, user-only editing permission, ...).

If you want to access this files remotely, one solution would be to configure a SSH server. I think that is the safest solution, once it uses encrypted keys to control the access. You can configure a special user to store the files, and configure it to be accessible through SSH connections. This way you avoid that system files to be accessible through these connections. And you can also use GUI interfaces to access it, like Nautilus, even if the server is command-line only.


sudo useradd test -m -d /home/test -s /bin/bash

According to the manpage

  -m, --create-home
             Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory
             (which can be defined with the -k option) will be copied to the home directory.

option -d says take the existing /home/test.

But it is better to use adduser as  Soren A linkt.


Booting Ubuntu from USB - don't see where I can choose USB over my hard drive

That does not have to do anything with ubuntu itself, that means that your usb stick is not properly attached, or not recognized by bios.

Problem caused by ubuntu could be, that usb is not bootable, and it then automatically switches to boot from hard disk, but it is recognized by boot menu.


Maybe the Script to Configure Proper WordPress Permissions will be useful in your case.

Update1: If you looking for more general solution to setup your virtual hosts from template consider control panels like http://www.virtualmin.com/demo

The Virtualmin automatically will setup group for domain, virtual host and file permissions on root folder.
When you finish with development stage, you can backup and migrate a domain with ease to production server.


"unmet dependencies: python3-click-package" when attempting click install

As told here 16.04 click unmet dependancies execute the command.

sudo apt install python3-click-package=0.4.43+16.04.20160203-0ubuntu2 gir1.2-click-0.4=0.4.43+16.04.20160203-0ubuntu2 libclick-0.4-0=0.4.43+16.04.20160203-0ubuntu2


Ubuntu 18.04 keyboard and mouse not working at login screen

this is now i solved my issue.

reached the root shell and logged in by pressing shift key then selecting advanced option.
pressed ctrl + alt + f2/f3/f4/f5 .it asked for login details but nothing worked.
gave me this error:
ERROR : ****** incorrect details. pam_nologin(8)
ctrl + d to close root shell and then click clean then dpkg then network and back to root . this time it worked ctrl + alt + f3.
asked for login details and this time it did not give me this error:
ERROR : pam_nologin(8) kind of error. i was able to login to user terminal.
as i had purged my nvidia drivers. i did these things :

6.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa
sudo ubuntu-drivers devices
sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall #this installed nvidia-418 for me on its own.
sudo apt-get update --fix-missing
sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-all
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade -y
sudo shutdown -r now this is to shutdown and restart.

IT WORKED. i was able to login to my system and then still the keyboard and mouse was working and i checked the graphics card info. it was the latest driver. dont know what had happened before. but this small weird error took my three days and good two nights.


How do I configure my Upstart scripts to take dependencies into account?

Try:

Crowd

start on (net-device-up and started postgresql)
stop on stopping postgresql

Confluence

start on started crowd
stop on stopping crowd

Stash

start on started crowd
stop on stopping crowd

JIRA

start on started crowd
stop on stopping crowd

Reference: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/cookbook/

6.32.2   Start depends on another service
6.33.2   Stop before depended-upon service


Acer Aspire 4349 backlight unable to dim, slider moves only with no effect, NON-BIOS controlled

sudo sed -i.backup -r '/^GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=/ s/=.*/="quiet splash pcie_aspm=force acpi_backlight=vendor"/g'  /etc/default/grub
sudo grub-update

Note that we have made a backup in the sed command, which ensures a recovery on error


How do I enable search for package with missing command

I found that what I had to do was to install the command-not-found package:

apt-get install command-not-found

After running this command and restarting the shell, I got the behavior I liked from earlier Ubuntu versions.


Looking for ANY Linux version with 32 bit ISO to make a LiveUSB

I use Folding@Home on a number of different Ubuntu releases; 11.04 is by no means required, which is fortunate, since this Q&A site only supports Ubuntu releases which have not reached End-Of-Community-Support/EndOf-Life, as per https://askubuntu.com/help/on-topic (see Questions You Should Avoid).

Those versions are Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04, 19.10, and 20.04; supported flavours are 18.04, 19.10, and 20.04 as flavours of Ubuntu (such as Lubuntu) do not have the full five year community support life.

Only one Ubuntu release has a complete desktop 32-bit image, 16.04: https://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/ubuntu-16.04.6-desktop-i386.iso

Once saved on a PC, check for download errors by https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/tutorial-how-to-verify-ubuntu .

Make a LiveUSB following these instructions on another Linux PC,  on a Windows PC, or on a Mac.

Once you make a LiveUSB, install it following these steps https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/tutorial-install-ubuntu-desktop

Once installed, you can remove the Unity Desktop and replace it with a lighter desktop environment or window manager such as fvwm2 which consumes less space, CPU, and memory.

Note: Other, non-Ubuntu 32-bit releases are the province of https://unix.stackexchange.com and you may find this discussion relevant.


The zfsutils-linux uses mountall to mount the pool, but mountall uses Upstart, which is not default for Vivid and Wily; systemd is.

To make it work properly you can add the correct systemd init scripts for ZFS. Put them in /etc/systemd/ and don't forget to edit the files: the directories in there are not correct.


How do I access iOS camera pictures on Ubuntu?

Ubuntu 18.04 and later

Tested on Ubuntu 20.10 and iOS 14.5

This version of Ubuntu has the latest libimobiledevice (at the time of release) so it supports iOS 11.4. There is a propblem with the Gnome integration, though. It shows the Documents folder (app folders). In addition to the tip below by @diego, here's a simple way to get to the pictures folder (this works if the iOS Documents show up for you but not the pictures):

Open the iDevices Documents folder in Nautilus.
Press CTRL+L to get the real address which will look like afc://YOURSERIAL:3/
Remove trailing colon and number and press ENTER (i.e. it should just read afc://YOURSERIAL)

You should now see your iDevices system folders, including DCIM.
Historical workaround
As a workaround, you can mount your iOS device with ifuse.
sudo apt install ifuse

Now connect your device and make sure it is paired with your computer.
idevicepair validate

If you get a SUCCESS message, you are good, if not run idevicepair pair. Now you can use ifuse to mount your iOS images folder:
mkdir ~/pics && ifuse ~/pics

The images are now available in your $HOME folder under pics. Ready to be synced with Shotwell. To unmount the folder, use fusermount:
fusermount -u ~/pics && rmdir ~/pics

Note: in this example I create a pics folder and remove it afterwards. If you already have a folder named like this, choose a different name.


On the Launchpad page for that PPA, under Overview of published packages, the most recent release the PPA contains packages for is Bionic, which is the codename for Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. So Orhan G. Hafif is correct that the PPA doesn't currently support 19.04 and that you should follow the official Atom installation instructions instead. Also, the PPA's own description on that Launchpad page advises:

  Please use the official repository instead: https://flight-manual.atom.io/getting-started/sections/installing-atom/#platform-linux

Since the PPA maintainers no longer recommend people use the PPA, it seems likely that they won't add packages to it for newer Ubuntu releases.

To summarize the first recommended approach in the official instructions (with some minor changes that are effectively stylistic):

Add the signing key so APT will know to trust the repository:

wget -qO - https://packagecloud.io/AtomEditor/atom/gpgkey | sudo apt-key add -

Add the repository:

sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://packagecloud.io/AtomEditor/atom/any/ any main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/atom.list'

Update the information APT stores about what packages are available from what repositories and, assuming that succeeds, install the atom package:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install atom

If you want the beta version of Atom, then install the atom-beta package instead of the atom package.

I suggest taking a look at the official instructions and not merely working from this post (though it should be fine either way).

If for some reason you don't want to do that and also don't want to use the snap package, you can search Launchpad for other PPAs; just keep in mind that not every package with atom in its name is related to the Atom text editor. But you might not find a PPA that is current, that you trust, and that supports your Ubuntu release.

Though I don't especially recommend this, you can attempt to install Atom from the .deb file provided on the website, atom.io. It can be downloaded from the link there or on this page, where the file you want is atom-amd64.deb. This will only work if you're running a PC or Mac with a 64-bit processor. (It does not need to be an AMD processor, though.) Note also that, if you install it this way, you won't get automatic updates to newer versions of Atom.

If you do manually install from a downloaded .deb file, one good way is to use gdebi, which takes care of installing any missing dependencies. You'd do that by running sudo gdebi atom-amd64.deb in the directory where you downloaded atom-amd64.deb. But again, this is probably not the best way.