Release upgrade notification after upgrade completed

Your upgrade probably went fine. I got the same problem with the upgrade notification not going away after a successful upgrade too and found out that you have to manually delete the notification.

I posted this response in another question: https://askubuntu.com/a/293730/157588

  The upgrade notification is cached and isn't removed after the upgrade for some reason. You have to manually remove the cached message to force Ubuntu to recheck if you need an upgrade.

  Removed the notification cache with this command and you should be set:

    sudo rm /var/lib/ubuntu-release-upgrader/release-upgrade-available

  The script that checks for release upgrades is located at /usr/lib/ubuntu-release-upgrader/release-upgrade-motd, you can read it for more detail.


How do I get a Brother dcp8070d printer working?

I had a similar problem. There's actually a bundle you can get from the software manager. I forget it's exact name, but it seemed obvious to me. Look for Brother Printer. I'd know for sure if I was at home, but I'm not. I'll reply later if you don't find it.


Unfortunately no, Rhythmbox doesn't support fetching of metadata not even through plugins. But there are better alternatives available in Ubuntu repositories. I would suggest EasyTAG
EasyTAG is an utility for viewing and editing tags for MP3, MP2, FLAC, Ogg
Vorbis, Speex, MP4/AAC, MusePack, Monkey's Audio and WavPack files. Its simple
and nice GTK2 interface makes tagging easier under GNU/Linux or Windows.
You can install it by running the following command in terminal.
sudo apt-get install easytag
or search for "easytag" in Software Center and install in from there.


Icons in GNOME sidebar (dock) won't stop being dragged

As a workaround, this fixes the issue for me:

Open Ubuntu Settings -> Dock.
Toggle the "Position on screen" option to some other value and back.


How to identify and replace broken files in a corrupted Ubuntu ISO?

Actually, I Know Which File Is Corrupted

Trying to combine files from multiple corrupted ISO images into a single, good ISO image is not a good approach to this problem. Here's why.

Almost all the data in the ISO image belongs to just one file, casper/filesystem.squashfs.

On an Ubuntu desktop CD or DVD ISO image, that is. On a server CD image or alternate CD image, it's a different story.

So I can tell you right now what file is almost certainly corrupt on each of the ISO's you downloaded: that file, on all of them. When something is corrupted in an Ubuntu ISO, the bad bytes are almost always somewhere in there.

filesystem.squashfs is itself a disk image; it is mounted as part of booting the system on the live CD. You could potentially extract it from the ISO, then extract its contents, see what's corrupted, and replace the corrupted files. While you can mount or extract a squashfs filesystem on Windows, you'd likely find doing so to be a nontrivial task. And this image is compressed, so there's no guarantee that minor corruption in the containing ISO won't affect multiple files.

Furthermore, if you've tried download the ISO image several times and it's always corrupt, you can be pretty sure it's not just minor corruption. You might have to replace hundreds or thousands of files if you attempted to do it this way.

Instead, you should download the ISO image using a more reliable method.

Conveniently, one of them (zsync) is similar to what you're thinking, except that it will download just the necessary pieces of the ISO files, rather than just the necessary files contained within it.

Make Sure You're Comparing Against the Right MD5 Hash

The first thing to do when your MD5 sum is wrong--especially if it's wrong after you download the file again--is to make sure you're comparing it against the MD5 hash for the correct file.

My guess is that

you have an 12.04 LTS image and you're using an MD5 hash for a 12.04.1 LTS image
(which is not the same file), or
you have a 12.04.1 LTS image and you're using an MD5 hash for a 12.04 LTS image, or
you have a 32-bit ("i386") image and you're using an MD5 hash for a 64-bit image, or
you have a 64-bit ("amd64") image and you're using an MD5 hash for a 32-bit image.

The list of MD5 hashes for each file is here.

In general, if your MD5 hash is wrong but the same for more than one download, usually

you're comparing against the wrong hash, or
the file is corrupted on the server (so if that looks to be the case, download from a different mirror, and, if you are willing, report a bug against ubuntu-website-content so the problem gets fixed), or
you're using a proxy or VPN that caches web content, and it has somehow cached a corrupted copy (downloading from another mirror should fix that too), or
you're downloading via FTP and a problem with the server or with your FTP client is causing the file to transfer in text mode rather than binary mode (this will corrupt it, and usually corrupt it the same way each time), or
your connection is being deliberately intercepted and altered by a malicious third party who is deliberately feeding you the wrong file (this is usually quite unlikely, though).

You can manually select a (different) download mirror at the bottom of this page.

If your ISO image really is corrupted, here are some ways to get a good file.

zsync

zsync (see also here) is a utility that can turn a partially correct file into a totally correct file by downloading just the parts you don't have the right versions of. Its primary application is for downloading slightly updated images, like those from one nightly build to another.

The way zsync works is this: Someone offering the file (like the Ubuntu project) creates a .zsync file which contains many checksums--checksums corresponding to many small parts of the file, rather than just one checksum for the whole file. You start out with anywhere from nothing to the entire file.

With nothing, the whole file is downloaded. With part of the file (that is, a file by the same name that's a different size or the same size with any number of binary differences), it figures out what parts need to be downloaded, and just downloads those parts. With the whole file, it doesn't download anything.

For very unreliable Internet connections, zsync is not much better than a web browser for downloading an entire file from scratch, unless you're willing to run it two or more times, in which case, later runs will correct the problems in earlier runs. For all but the highest error rate Internet connections, running zsync twice or, occasionally, three times on a file should be sufficient.

But you don't have to worry nearly as much about running zsync multiple times. Since you already--presumably--have most of the file, so that shouldn't be a problem. And as always if zsync gives you something corrupted, you can always run zsync again to fix it.

Getting zsync for Windows

zsync traditionally runs on Unix-like system (which doesn't really include Windows). However, recently a native Windows port of zsync has been created, so you can probably use that.

zsync is a command-line program, so in Windows you run it in the Command Prompt. (One way to open the command-prompt is to type cmd.exe into the text box in the Start menu and press Enter. Or, in Windows XP and earlier, Start > Run > cmd.exe.)

Another Way: Getting zsync for Cygwin

If you have any problems with the Windows port of zsync, you can always use the Cygwin version. Cygwin provides a Unix-like environment for Windows. It does not allow compiled executables to be run (for example, you could not use zsync from the Ubuntu package), but uses special versions of programs compiled for it from source. (It is far easier to compile a program written for Unix-like operating systems in Cygwin, than to compile it so it works natively on Windows.)

First, get Cygwin's installer (setup.exe) from here (or use this direct link).
Run it, click Next on the first screen, then select Install from Internet and click Next again.
On the next two screens, put Cygwin and the local package directory wherever you like them (defaults are usually good).
Select your Internet connection type (Direct Connection is usually good), and setup.exe will download a list of mirrors.
Pick any mirror, and it will download a list of available packages. You'll probably be warned about how this version is different from the previous one. That's not a problem, unless you've been using a previous version of Cygwin on the same machine.

Now you can select what packages to install. There is a text box for searching packages by name. Type zsync there (but do not press Enter--if you do, it's like clicking Next). An entry for Net will appear. Expand it by clicking the + to the left of it and you'll see Skip appear under it. That means if you don't change anything, setup.exe will not install zsync.

So click once, where it says Skip. Now it will install the latest available stable version of zsync for Cygwin.

Click Next again to finish the installation. The Cygwin environment, and zsync, will be downloaded and installed. (If you're asked to install packages that are required as dependencies, go ahead and do so.)

Once it's installed, open the Cygwin shell. You can run zsync from there.

  References

  Installing and Updating Cygwin (official site, very general instructions)
  How To Update To The Latest Ubuntu 11.04 ISO Using zsync In Windows (old and unofficial, but still helpful)

  Please note that while you can post on the Cygwin mailing list
  for problems with Cygwin (after reading that and the materials it
  tells you to read), they understandably do not support unofficial
  instructions. cygwin has quite good documentation, so like other
  projects with good centralized documentation (like OpenBSD), they
  expect that people asking for help will have read the documentation
  and are working from (or at least very familiar with) it.

  (Therefore, if you have trouble with my instructions, the best place
  to ask about them is probably here.)

zsync on Ubuntu

This doesn't apply in your specific case, but for folks who want to use zsync on Ubuntu, just install zsync . This can be done in the Software Center or by running this in a Terminal window (Ctrl+Alt+T):

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install zsync

Now you can run it from the Terminal.

Related: How do I update an ISO with zsync?

Using zsync to Fix Your Corrupted ISO Images

In the Command Prompt, go to the directory that contains your corrupted ISO file. (You can use cd to change directory, same as Ubuntu. Use dir to list the contents of a directory.) Make sure the file you have has the same filename as when you got it.

Now run zsync in one of these ways, depending on which Ubuntu ISO image it is:

12.10, 32-bit:

zsync http://releases.ubuntu.com/quantal/ubuntu-12.10-desktop-i386.iso.zsync

12.10, 64-bit:

zsync http://releases.ubuntu.com/quantal/ubuntu-12.10-desktop-amd64.iso.zsync

12.04.1 LTS, 32-bit:

zsync http://releases.ubuntu.com/12.04.1/ubuntu-12.04.1-desktop-i386.iso.zsync

12.04.1 LTS, 64-bit:

zsync http://releases.ubuntu.com/12.04.1/ubuntu-12.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso.zsync

12.04 LTS (before the 12.04.1 point release), 32-bit:

zsync http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/precise/ubuntu-12.04-desktop-i386.iso.zsync

12.04 LTS (before the 12.04.1 point release), 64-bit:

zsync http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/precise/ubuntu-12.04-desktop-amd64.iso.zsync

Once you run one of those commands, zsync will automatically patch your ISO up to the correct version, and you're good to go.

Using zsync for Other Files

The general syntax is that you run zsync followed by a complete URL for the .zsync file on the server that has the same name as the file you have a version of and wish to download (except with .zsync at the end of course).

In case anyone wants to do this for any other Ubuntu releases (or other ISO files for the same release, like the version optimized for booting properly on Macs or the version for ARM-based mobile devices) here's the rule for where the .zsync files are located:

ISO images containing currently supported installers, including ISO's for the latest point release of LTS releases and all ISO's for currently supported LTS releases, are located in:

http://releases.ubuntu.com/
ISO images for end-of-life releases (which you shouldn't use anyway) or previous point releases of supported LTS releases are located in:

http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/

Just click the link for your version and scroll down to see the full file list (or search the page for .zsync). Then copy the URL and paste it in the zsync command.

Use in "Upgrading"

You can also use zsync to "upgrade" one ISO to another. It will probably have to redownload most of the file if you're upgrading from one Ubuntu release to another. But if you're upgrading point releases (like 12.04 LTS to 12.04.1 LTS), it doesn't have to download quite as much. This is an excellent way to get a new point release quickly and efficiently.

Just rename the old file so it has the same name as the new file, then run zsync as above.

BitTorrent

When your Internet connection has a high rate of error, BitTorrent is often one of the best ways to download files reliably. Files are divided into many small pieces, and each piece is downloaded and checked to see if it's the real thing. (The individual pieces can be downloaded from different computers, which is what lets BitTorrent avoid putting load on a central server, and achieve speeds often faster than those possible with web-based downloads.)

Torrents for Ubuntu 12.10 and Ubuntu 12.04.1 can be obtained here.

You'll need a BitTorrent "client" to download it. If you don't already have one that you prefer, for Windows I recommend BitTornado.

After you download, I recommend seeding some if you can, to give back to the community. (With BitTorrent it from people like you.) You don't have to do it right away though--you can go back into your BitTorrent program and seed later. You can even quit it while the download is unfinished, and resume it anytime.

Using BitTorrent to Fix the File You Have

Warning: This subsection is not as well-researched as the rest of the answer. I have not tested the use of BitTorrent to fix corrupted files recently, or on Windows, or with BitTornado. I expect this would work for you, but I cannot be sure.

While BitTorrent is not as commonly used for this purpose as zsync, the BitTorrent protocol itself is just as capable of it.

Some BitTorrent programs will do this--others will refuse to, or download the whole file from scratch--unless the file you start with is exactly the same size. (Conveniently, a corrupted download often is the same size as the correct file.)

Put the old ISO image in the same folder as the .torrent file. Make sure your BitTorrent program downloads the torrent there. It will check to see if your current file is good. When it sees some parts are wrong, it can re-download them.

For some BitTorrent programs, you must import the file as a torrent in progress, or open it for seeding, in order to do this.


is there anything else to fix ext4 14.04 encrypted root? should I stay with ext4 or is another more likely to last longer?

No, the best thing to do 1st is to boot from a live dvd, make sure to un-mount all disks and run:

sudo fsck /dev/sda8

When asked to Force rewrite <y>? type y or yes.

(I assume sda8 by the way as it is in your 2nd message, change to what you need if not sda8; you can add a -y to the command so you do not need to confirm all the questions)

If this does not show any other errors re-do the

sudo fsck.ext4 -v /dev/mapper/vgcrypt-lvroot

as you did. If the 1st commands report any errors or irregulatiries  please add it into the question.

Extra comments:

check the health of the disk. Maybe it is nothing but errors like this make me always suspicious of a failing hard disk.


pavucontrol doesn't show Bluetooth headset

To enable a Bluetooth audio sink in pulseaudio we need to make sure that pulseaudio-module-bluetooth  is installed.

Then we also have to load the pulseaudio module module-bluetooth-discover to enable creating an output sink for pulseaudio. This can be done by adding the following line to our /etc/pulse/default.pa:

load-module module-bluetooth-discover

To switch the output sink to the headset whenever it is present we can also add the following module here:

load-module module-switch-on-connect

Settings take effect after a restart of the pulseaudio server either by log out and log in or with

pulseaudio -k

Switching to the Bluetooth audio sink can also be done with pavucontrol .

How do I switch to another audio output sink in XFCE?


Sorry if this is way too basic and laughably simple, but it always works for me.

I would try this.

sudo apt-get install nvidia-current && sudo apt-get install nvidia-current-updates

Then,

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

Reboot and cross your fingers. When it boots back up just make sure you're using the driver that you want in the device manager.

I usually install manually though. You can go to the Nvidia website and look up your driver. They even have detailed instructions on how to install it manually in Ubuntu. It's pretty easy, but again, if this problem is way out of my league I apologize. Just thought it might be worth a try.


Is there any Graphical Control Panel available for apache2 and MySQL to start and stop them?

LAMP Quicklist

1.Open a new file:

gedit ~/.local/share/applications/lamp.desktop

2. Copy the text below

[Desktop Entry]
Name=LAMP
GenericName=LAMP
X-GNOME-FullName=LAMP
Comment=Open services of your LAMP server
Exec=gksu service apache2 start && gksu service mysql start
Icon=emblem-web
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true

X-Ayatana-Desktop-Shortcuts=Start;Stop;Restart

[Start Shortcut Group]
Name=Start
Exec=gksu service apache2 start && gksu service mysql start
TargetEnvironment=Unity

[Stop Shortcut Group]
Name=Stop
Exec=gksu service apache2 stop && gksu service mysql stop
TargetEnvironment=Unity

[Restart Shortcut Group]
Name=Restart
Exec=gksu service apache2 restart && gksu service mysql restart
TargetEnvironment=Unity

3.Drag and Drop onto the launcher by navigating to ~/.local/share/applications/ in Nautilus. [or you can simply drag drop by searching LAMP in the dash]


Using dpkg -S /bin/ps will tell you that this program is in the procps package. Reinstall it using apt-get install --reinstall procps.


Yes, you are correct that [[ -s ... ] checks whether a file exists. If it does, it will exit with the status 0, and if it doesn't, it will exit as 1 (i.e. fail).

The && command/operator/whatever runs the next command if the command before it succeeded (i.e. the exit status is 0). ||, on the contrary, runs the next command if the command before failed (i.e. not 0).

Having . before the filename (with whitespace in-between) runs the file, but also keeps any environmental variable changes it does. For example, if I make test.sh as this:

#!/bin/bash
FOO=bar
BAR=baz
BAZ=foo
PATH="FOO:$PATH"

and I run . path/to/test.sh, there will be new variables: FOO, BAR, and BAZ, and PATH will be updated. Notice that source, I think, does the same as .. EDIT: Yes, source and . are synonyms in bash.


What's the difference between vanilla Ubuntu and the Dell OEM version?

apparently dell iso image is not really UEFI compatible, the dell windows tool creates a boot partition for UEFI. it's shameful but it is what it is.
dell iso image contains dell-recovery package plus under /installs folder contains the drivers for your laptop, they also contain or set up /etc/apt/sources.d/ with dell apt repo to update packages.
last change is that the executable they run in the ram image is installation script and do not alive "live image" mode where you can play around with it, most chances because they do some setups, the installation is "hands free" but what's not is the regular ubuntu installation and what is is dell setting up drivers and defs for u like the nvidia-intel combo video card driver.
if u have the .iso image, the original one for precision 5520 i'de love to have that.


How do I remove the tool tips on the launch bar?

I am answering it the hard way to remove the tool tip

Tool tips are mentioned in .desktop file located under /usr/share/applications

Sample .desktop file

$cat pidgin.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Pidgin Internet Messenger
GenericName=Internet Messenger
Comment=Chat over IM.  Supports AIM, Google Talk, Jabber/XMPP, MSN, Yahoo and more
Exec=pidgin
Icon=pidgin
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Network;InstantMessaging;
X-Ubuntu-Gettext-Domain=pidgin

Tool tip come from the option Name=Pidgin Internet Messenger . If you make Name to null ("Name=") tool tip will not appear.

Take a backup of all the files under /usr/share/applications

use Perl one-liner to change multiple files.(Recommended to change only the files that are currently in your launcher)

 perl -p -i -e 's/Name=.*/Name=/g' `find . -name *.desktop`

Hope this helps


My answer assumes you did not have fonts like Tahoma, Arial, etc installed before and that this is happening in any browser.

Facebook uses the following fonts mostly:

  'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif

Those are used in the order provided. If Lucida Grande is not available, it will use Tahoma, then Verdana, then Arial, then falls back to a default sans-serif font, most likely DejaVu Sans or Ubuntu. What likely happend was that with installing Windows fonts those became available to your browser for rendering Facebook.

Does it bother you? You could install Lucida Grande to have Facebook show up as intended by Facebook. Alternatively, you could disallow websites from setting their own fonts and have all the sites fall back to Firefox' default fonts (and sizes) in Firefox' settings (contents, advanced in the fonts section, tick the box there)


Evolution mail says I have 700 mails but my inbox is empty

Found the solution,  I turned on "lesser secure" on my gmail account and everything works.

Here is the link:
https://www.google.com/settings/security/lesssecureapps

Simply click activate


Where to find repository for Ubuntu language localization file source code?

The binaries for localization packages are usually named language-pack-*. You can search for them on https://packages.ubuntu.com as for any other package. See search results here.

The source code packages for them are located in translations package section https://packages.ubuntu.com/source/bionic/translations/ . You can download them from http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/l/ .

All these packages are maintained by “Ubuntu language pack builders” team and they have source code repositories.
For example there is a repository for language-pack-fr.

For more common case there are more packages with localizations - you can get full list of them with check-language-support command (see its man-page for details).


Constant Ubuntu crashes. Dualboot Windows/Ubuntu. Lenovo G580

I think you've got two unrelated problems:

A PHY is a type of chip in network hardware. The warnings and errors you've cited related to that are therefore issues with your network hardware. This seems to be your less important problem.
More of your problems refer to ata1.00 or /dev/sda, which is your hard disk. These error messages include phrases such as short read and media error, which generally indicate failing hardware, but can sometimes be caused by buggy drivers, loose cables, etc.

I recommend you focus on the disk issue, since that's clearly the more serious one.

I've found references to the Lenovo G580 dating back to 2012, so this seems to be a rather old computer. As such, a driver bug seems unlikely, but is not impossible -- driver bugs for common devices like disks are most common in really new hardware.

If the computer provides easy access to the hard disk, you might try removing it and plugging it back in. If the problem is caused by a loose connection, this might fix the problem. I wouldn't hold out much hope, though.

The most likely issue is an actual hardware failure -- bad sectors or failing circuitry on the disk, or maybe on the motherboard. Checking the SMART status of the disk makes sense as a first step. That will confirm some types of hardware failures, if that's what's happening. Note, however, that SMART will miss some types of hardware problems, so if the SMART status looks OK, you'll be left with no real new information to help guide you.

If SMART suggests the drive is failing, you should replace the disk ASAP. Some types of disk failures get worse with time, sometimes unpredictably and rapidly, so you could go from a minor annoyance to a modest problem to a show-stopping catastrophe in a matter of minutes. Even if SMART does not return definitive signs of failure, replacing the disk may be in order for the same reason, but there's less guarantee that doing so would fix the problem.

On occasion, problems like this are caused by a failing trace or chip on the motherboard. On a laptop computer, that's essentially Game Over for the computer, since replacing the motherboard is likely to be tedious and expensive. (You might be able to get a replacement motherboard on eBay relatively cheaply, though.) Short of trying another hard disk, I don't know of a way to positively narrow down the problem as being on the motherboard vs. the hard disk -- but if SMART says the hard disk is failing, it almost certainly is on the hard disk, not on the motherboard.


How to trigger an alias over sshpass/ssh?

In my first example, I made it easy by turning the bash session into an interactive shell, which sets the expand_aliases shopt_option. There is also a case-statement at the beginning of .bashrc that disallows sourcing .bashrc in non-interactive shells, which in turn, means your .bash_aliases won't be sourced. Furthermore,  even if ssh will interpret this as a non-interactive session, you may use the -t option to force a pseudo-terminal allocation for menus and screen-based applications to work.
ssh -t user@localhost '/bin/bash -ic update'

It can be accomplished in non-interactive shells, as well, but apt will still need a pseudo-terminal, though (can be solved by changing the frontend used by apt to a non-interactive choice).
ssh -t user@localhost '/bin/bash --init-file ~/.bash_aliases -O expand_aliases -c update'

Next is the use of -p passwords in sshpass that does not seem to die off. sshpass should never be used in this way, ever. I can't see a scenario where this is needed. First, it will end up in your history, i.e., of course, you don't have it turned off. It may also, in some circumstances, end up in the ps tree. sshpass makes very little to hide the pass in this mode. You should at least use the file option or SSHPASS=.
editor .ssh/passwd_credentials && chmod 400 $_

passwd_credentials should only contain the password.
And is used by the -f option.
sshpass -f ~/.ssh/passwd_credentials ssh user@localhost

You may also encapsulate your ssh command in a script file.
#!/bin/sh
SSHPASS='password' sshpass -e ssh user@localhost


Nano by default saves to the current working directory (CWD) or to the relative path from your CWD to the file that is open. If you want to save to another directory you just prepend the filename with the path

For example

Ctrl+O opens the save prompt

File Name to Write: ~/test.txt

Will save test.txt to my home directory

File Name to Write: ../test.txt

Will save test.txt to one directory above my CWD

File Name to Write: /absolute/path/to/file/text.txt

Will save text.txt in /absolute/path/to/file/ directory

After you save a file nano will be using that path in the buffer. To see that path Ctrl+O opens the save prompt with the new relative path Ctrl+C to cancel saving

While in the save prompt Ctrl+T opens a handy file browser you can use


I was able to fix it.

Upon inspecting the output of sudo parted -l and cat /proc/mdstat as well as looking in /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf I noticed that the device labels for the harddisks seem to have changed after I tried adding noatime in /etc/fstab.

My ssd used to have the label /dev/sda this then changed to /dev/sde

So md could not auto assemble the raid array upon boot because it could not add /dev/sde to the raid as this was now the ssd for the boot partition.

Upon updating mdadm.conf and adding the updated disk labels and then running update-initramfs -u I was able to reboot normally and the raid array is assembled and mounted.

I have no idea why simply adding noatime to my ssd entry in /etc/fstab did this.

I have since removed noatime from my /etc/fstab as I am terrified of it happening again.


Change group permission for usb device permanently

I think that the best solution would be to add a rule to etc/udev/rules.d you will find tons of tutorial on how to do it. Use lsusb or dmesg to discover pid and id of your usb than create the file/rule with your text editor and with sudo mv move it in that folder


Still booting from old kernel after upgrade

I finally figured out the issue a few days ago and thought it might be useful to post here as well, in case someone else encounters a similar situation.
I will try to summarize as best as I can as I went through a lot of iterations in figuring it out.

Per my understanding the reason why the machine was booting from an old kernel was because of a previously configured /boot disk which was no longer even mounting (but I realized the bootloader does not really need a mounted disk). At some point in the past an admin had tried to setup a new /boot on a different disk and added it to fstab and removed the old /boot, but I guess things weren't done correctly, hence the problem surfaced.
All the apt-get update/upgrades were correctly trying to modify the new /boot and creating/installing new kernels, etc. but that didn't matter at system startup as it still was booting from the old /boot. I manually mounted the old /boot and verified that it infact had all the boot, grub config that the system was using.

The fdisk command showed an '*' on the old /boot (/dev/sda1) So I first turned off the boot flag and enabled it on the new /boot (/dev/sdb1) but that didn't help. Then when I ran "grub-install /dev/sdb" (note the whole disk and not sdb1) after that magically everything worked correctly.
Since it was a VM, I had the luxury to make one change and test and revert back to the snapshot and start over.


How to automatically opening terminal windows & tabs, ssh and sudo su?

I would use a bash script for each workspace and add the commands there.

that's the basic idea, then you can add commands like this, where you start a new terminal and run some commands.

and just update your bash file which should be like this filename.sh and mark it executable so you can launch it by just double clicking it.

This could help you launch your commands in a new workspace.


The fsck shows error for the mounted root directory, but no error for the unmounted one when executing on a bootable USB stick. How should I fix?

It's good to have some background information on what inodes are and what an orphaned inode is, when you come across a message like this.
At https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/290116/what-is-an-orphaned-inode I read the following explanation by Stephen Kitt:

An orphaned inode is an inode which isn't attached to a directory
entry in the filesystem, which means it can't be reached.
Orphaned inodes can appear for a number of reasons:
temporary files which are deleted but kept open (a common practice)
occupy inodes on the filesystem; if the system reboots without
shutting down properly, these inodes remain and are orphaned
filesystem corruption may corrupt a directory without affecting the
inodes of the files the directory contains; these inodes are then
orphaned fsck creates new directory entries for orphaned inodes in
lost+found.

To understand the inode system, have a look at https://linuxhandbook.com/inode-linux/, by Eric Simard. It's a bit technical, but it makes for an interesting read. In short:

An inode is a data structure … … that stores all the information about
a file except its name and its actual data.

Thanks for your question; it made me understand Linux a bit better!


Enabling camera video capture on Ubuntu 20.04

A partial answer that should get /dev/video0:

Edit the file /boot/firmware/config.txt adding two lines:

     start_x=1
     gpu_mem=128

Save the file and reboot
In a terminal, run   sudo apt-get update
In that same terminal, run sudo apt-get upgrade

This is a partial answer because things like Open CV capture or other methods to read the camera still do not work for me.  I get GStreamer warnings and errors afterwards.


Display brightness and resolution issues with an Nvidia GT520M

Since the PM feature of Ironhide uses ACPI calls, it's possible that the power loss caused some inconsistency in the ACPI state.

Try pulling out the battery and AC adapter and leave it for a few (5?) minutes. After that, the ACPI state should be reset. Then try booting from a Live CD or Live USB. If that works, try to boot into your installation.

If the Live session works, but your installation does not, try to uninstall the nvidia driver:

sudo apt-get purge nvidia-current


Generate powerpoint slides automatically

You can give this extension for Openoffice.org Impress a try, it is very easy to install and use, just follow these instructions. It takes a whole folder of pictures and automatically creates a slide show out of them, Works nicely for me. The pictures on each slide are centred as you wish but most photos vary in their aspect ratios so tall photos are fit by height and wide ones fit by width.

You can then save as Powerpoint, here is a little tip; before saving your slide as Powerpoint, break the links to the photos in OpenOffice.org Impress by clicking the edit menu item then click links, select all the links and then press the break link button, save the slideshow and then save as Microsoft PowerPoint 97/2000/XP (.ppt) this will have the photos embedded in the Powerpoint slide, even though the file size will be large depending on the amount and size of your photos the slide show will be more portable.

While this does not automatically create the Powerpoint slide show, it could be a time saver as it does automatically create the OpenOffice.org Impress slide show which is easy to save as Powerpoint.


Custom keyboard shortucts not working on fresh 14.04 install

On my laptop, they are two ways to bypass :

my custom shortcut works if I use a more simple key binding. For example, CTRL+ALT+ESCAPE does not work, but SUPER+K works.

use an alternative way to create a custom command with the CompizConfig Settings Manager launched with ccsm > Commands. Then create your key binding.

Remark in the both solution, my key binding CTRL+ALT+ESCAPE doest not work, but SUPER+K works. I think some key binding can not be used anymore.


How do I recreate a deleted '/var/lib/dpkg' directory?

Okay I haven't tried this, but it should work I think.

First boot from a live CD.

Next open a terminal and type

sudo fdisk -l

From this you want to determine the partition that your Ubuntu installation is on.  If you have only one hard drive it will be /dev/sdaX, where X is the partition number.

Next mount the Ubuntu installation's partition replacing X with the correct partition number.

sudo mount /dev/sdaX /mnt

Next navigate to the directory where dpkg_1.16.1.2ubuntu7_amd64.deb is and use this command:

sudo dpkg --root=/mnt -i dpkg_1.16.1.2ubuntu7_amd64.deb

Hopefully this will work, and you can reboot into your Ubuntu installation and find that dpkg has been reinstalled.  If there are any errors let me know and I will try to help you.

edit:

I've been reading through the dpkg manpage and I think the command I suggested above might not work.  Here are the relevant sections of the manpage for reference.

   --admindir=dir
          Change default administrative directory,  which  contains
          many   files   that  give  information  about  status  of
          installed or uninstalled  packages,  etc.   (Defaults  to
          /var/lib/dpkg)

   --instdir=dir
          Change default installation directory which refers to the
          directory where packages are to be installed. instdir  is
          also  the  directory  passed  to chroot(2) before running
          package's installation  scripts,  which  means  that  the
          scripts see instdir as a root directory.  (Defaults to /)

   --root=dir
          Changing  root  changes  instdir  to  dir and admindir to
          dir/var/lib/dpkg.

using --root=dir as I suggested would set the admin folder to /mnt/var/lib/dpkg--the folder that you deleted.

Instead try this:

sudo dpkg --force-overwrite --instdir=/mnt -i dpkg_1.16.1.2ubuntu7_amd64.deb

This will use the liveCD's /var/lib/dpkg folder, but the --force-overwrite flag should make it install even though it thinks the package is already installed.

Good luck!

edit2

While this should work to reinstall dpkg I don't think it will rebuild the package lists that are in /var/lib/dpkg.  Following the advice in izx's comment to copy the directories/file from a liveCD and go from their is probably your best bet.


Dual boot ubunuty/windows 10 partition on Dell xps 13

Dual booting with Windows is a bit tricky, but it can be done. Lost a day to do it :)

Here are several resources that helped me:

http://hgdev.co/installing-ubuntu-15-04-on-the-xps-13-9343-2015-a-complete-guide/
http://www.aconvolutedlife.com/articles/6
http://www.dell.com/support/article/us/en/19/SLN297060/EN
http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows

I resized Window's partition using Window's disk utility.

Check that you have an up-to-date BIOS. I have A05. Version A06 is imminent and will be a very welcome upgrade (solves a keyboard problem which triggers repeaded keys).

I decided to encrypt the ubuntu installation, so I created one partition for boot and a physical space for encryption with a '/' partition over it. No swap: I added it later as a swapfile, instead of a dedicated partition.

I recommend Ubuntu 15.04 instead of 14.10, because the kernel is newer and wireless works out of the box (it will send your kernel to panic from time to time though... the dreaded caps lock led flash! UPDATE: fix available here https://launchpad.net/~inaddy/+archive/ubuntu/lp1415880).

I found the kubuntu installer would not handle full disk encryption correctly, so I installed with Ubuntu installer, and added the kubuntu-desktop package later. I had serious problems with LightDM (it would appear and immediately disappear after boot, also it would not allow me to switch VTs), so I switched to KDE's sddm and its login manager (hint: sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm).

Sound may not work work: you need to cold-boot TWICE (turn off and turn on again, reboot will not work!) every time you return from Windows. Same thing goes the other way (when returning from Linux to Windows). I believe this will be fixed in a future kernel upgrade.

Good luck with tiny fonts. But it can be fixed.

I am writing this from Kubuntu on XPS 13 which I use 12 hours a day for work. After a few days of panicking about supposedly broken things, I managed to have everything working and I am very happy with the purchase :)


WLAN connection lost every 5 minutes RTL8188EUS Lubuntu 20.4

First of all, we see that your router is set to use WEP encryption, proven to be the least effective and easiest to hack of any encryption method. You might just as well leave a list of all your passwords and banking details on a list taped to your front door!
Please stop now and make changes to your router:
WPA2-AES is preferred; not any WPA and WPA2 mixed mode and certainly not TKIP. Second, if your router is capable of N speeds, you may have better connectivity with a channel width of 20 MHz in the 2.4 GHz band instead of automatic 20/40 MHz, although it is likely to affect N speeds. I recommend a fixed channel, either 1, 6 or 11, rather than automatic channel selection. Also, be certain the router is not set to use N speeds only; auto B, G and N is preferred. After making these changes, reboot the router.
Next, I recommend that your regulatory domain be set explicitly. Check yours:
sudo iw reg get

If you get 00, that is a one-size-maybe-fits-all setting. Find yours here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 Then set it temporarily:
sudo iw reg set IS

Of course, substitute your country code if not Iceland. Set it permanently:
sudo nano /etc/default/crda

Change the last line to read:
REGDOMAIN=IS

Proofread carefully, save and close the text editor.
Your wireless may be dropping because of power management; that is, the feature where the card partially powers down to save battery power during periods of inactivity and then, ideally, powers back up seamlessly when activity resumes. Let's disable power saving to see if it helps. From the terminal:
sudo sed -i 's/3/2/' /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/*

Finally, the driver for the internal device is still active. Let’s fix it:
sudo -i
modprobe -r rt2800pci
echo “blacklist rt2800pci”  >>  /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
exit


How can I install Nvidia drivers on Ubuntu 18.04 with secure boot?

My steps to make it work with secure boot were as follows:

When I was installing Ubuntu 18.04.1, when I reached the "updates and other software stage" in the installation, there was an option to set a password for secure boot, so I went ahead and enabled the check box and entered a new password for secure boot.

Later on after the installation, when I wanted to install Nvidia drivers, I did the following:

Standard Ubuntu procedure:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

Add the Official Nvidia PPA to Ubuntu

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa

Update and upgrade again

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

I checked which was the recommended driver for my GPU via the command:

ubuntu-drivers devices

I opened "Software & Updates" and clicked the "Additional Drivers" tab, I then chose the recommended driver and clicked "Apply Changes", while the driver was installing somewhere in the middle it prompted me for secure boot password, that it when I entered the password I set up when I was installing Ubuntu, after it finished applying I restarted my device, when it was rebooting a blue menu appeared asking to press any key, I pressed then a menu labeled as "Perform MOK Management" appeared, there were the following four options:

Continue boot
Enroll Key
Enroll Key from Disk
Enroll Key from Hash

I chose option number 2, then I continued to boot, it finally worked, I went to Ubuntu settings->Details and my Graphic Card name was shown correctly.


Make grub run before Windows boot loader

In a terminal, try sudo grub-install /dev/sda, replace /dev/sda if applicable.


Ubuntu Touch extracting binary blob files

I'm also trying to port i9001. I have a flashed CyanogenMod on my device, currently EhndroixIII. I tryed to follow the guide but the file tree seems very different, for example, I can't find the 'device' folder. Anyway you can also find the blobs in the zip rom. If you find a CM rom where the file three is correct, or at least you think it should, post that link and I'll try that for you.


The "damaged link" warnings are not dangerous. They appear because you manually removed the older kernel version they pointed at, so now the links have no target any more. Their only purpose is to allow the system to fall back to the previous kernel version automatically if the last update failed or is not compatible. But as the linked files got deleted by your autoremove, it is right that the links got deleted.

When you run sudo update-grub now again, you will see that there is no warning any more.

The kernel message is unrelated and is another question altogether.


How can I get the latest version of Ubuntu for my 32bit desktop?

Since Ubuntu 17.10, Canonical has stopped offering i386 (32-bit only) versions of the main fork of the Ubuntu Desktop due to the increased hardware requirements for the GNOME3 Desktop. It also stopped offering 32-bit alternate flavors, except for Lubuntu, after the April 2018 release of 18.04 LTS.

LTS versions are the only versions which are offered for more than nine months, so now the only non-LTS version is the Lubuntu flavor with the LxQt Desktop.


NVIDIA drivers for Ubuntu 15.04 GTX 970 black loading screen

Let me tell you this. I have tried even more than you have, I have even visited Linux forums and requeted for support, searched entire internet, asked dozens of people in IT and I never got it work...Same thing. I have NVIDIA GeForce GTX 970 graphic card and it looks like our card can't seem to be able to communicate well with Linux system. I have tried installing various distributions of Linux like Centos, Scientific Linux, Ubuntu (latest versions) and I can't install them, all I get is a black screen so unfortunately there is no solution for that. The only thing we can do at the moment is to wait until they add support for latest NVIDIA GeForce graphic cards.


How to find the mail server's database which stores usernames and passwds?

dovecot-sql.conf  should be the file that holds host, username and password.


Difference between lutris, winetricks, and playonlinux?

Lutris and Playonlinux basically do the same thing. They give you install scripts for windows games and those scripts install a validated combination of wine version, modules and parameters so that the windows app run with this configuration.


sudoers file: allow sudo group execution of only certain binaries

As you found, a shell alias made it so every command you ran with sudo ran the command through env, rather than directly.

After you edited /etc/sudoers to restrict what commands members of the sudo group could run, all sudo commands reported that you were not allowed to run env. So for some reason, every time you ran sudo command, it attempted to run the command with env. Furthermore, the error message always took this exact form:

Sorry, user ubuntuuser is not allowed to execute '/usr/bin/env PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin command' as root on Ubuntumachine.

Using env in this way is a common technique for making sudo use your $PATH rather than the value of its secure_path option. Some users define a shell alias or shell function called sudo to make sudo command run something like that. In Bash, running type -a sudo would show everything the sudo command might mean, with the meaning the shell chooses shown first. (type sudo would show just that one.)

Having recalled the alias you defined, you were able to solve the problem by changing the alias not to use env. Removing the alias altogether would, of course, also work.

With that said, I encourage you to consider not using this sudoers configuration, because it has no security benefit compared to the default configuration. Actually it is somewhat less secure than the default configuration.

The main problem is that, while you appear to intend the line

%sudo   ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/apt,/usr/bin/apt-key,/usr/bin/apt-add-repository,/usr/bin/make

to constrain what commands members of the sudo group can run, access to those commands is sufficient to perform any action whatsoever. As an example of how this is so--and this is just one example--a member of the sudo group could create the following Makefile:

.PHONY: elevate
elevate:
    su -

Then running sudo make gives a root shell with the same effect as successfully logging in as root. (Or su - could be replaced with another command, such as visudo to facilitate editing the sudoers file back. Or they could run visudo from the root shell given by su -.)

This cannot be solved by restricting what arguments are passed. In this case, make itself receives no command-line arguments.

The other commands you're allowing members of the sudo group to run are also sufficient to gain full access to the system. Even apt alone is enough to let users install whatever software they want, including software that is not from any configured repository (apt install ./package.deb). It is not hard to make one's own .deb package, and (among other lines of attack) .deb packages can include scripts that run as root at the time installation is performed.

And then there is Polkit. If this is a desktop system, Polkit in Ubuntu is configured to allow members of the sudo group to run arbitrary commands as root:

pkexec command

Even though it is configured by default to confer abilities to members of the sudo group, pkexec is unaffected by the contents of sudoers files.

This is less of a problem, at least in theory, in that you could reconfigure Polkit.

The reason I say your configuration is less secure than the default is that you are using NOPASSWD. This means that any program running as a member of the sudo group can perform any action whatsoever as root, without requiring any user interaction.

The security implications of NOPASSWD, though considerable, are sometimes overstated. After all, an attacker who gains control of a program run by a member of the sudo group can already put a fake sudo utility in place (for example, with the aid of an alias or shell function) and capture the user's password. That is likely to succeed. But it's a hassle, and it is not instant. NOPASSWD removes this hassle. You may decide you want to do that, but I recommend considering the risks carefully, especially if this is a multi-user system (which it sounds like it is).

From the commands you want to allow members of the sudo group to run, it sounds like those users really do serve roles in administering the system. That makes sense--after all, if they didn't, they would presumably not be members of the sudo group. Even within the "spirit" of your sudoers configuration, they can enable arbitrary repositories, install arbitrary software from them systemwide, and I presume letting them run make as root is so they can do the same with software they compile from source with commands like sudo make install.

If you fully trust the members of the sudo group (or perhaps it's just you) but just want to make it harder for them to do wrong things by accident, then one approach might be to give them separate accounts that are not in the sudo group, for tasks that don't require that they sudo to root.

If you don't trust them, then it is unlikely that there is a technical solution. Even if you were to lock down their abilities far more, it wouldn't be enough. The ability to control what software exists on the whole system, for use by all users, is always equivalent to the ability to perform arbitrary actions as root.


Is it possible to update ubuntu to 16.04 without updating the kernel?

No. The kernel is part of the 16.04 update so it will always get installed during the update.

But the old kernels you can pick from the grub prompt after upgrading to 16.04.


You can install specific old version in snap that is not the problem.
Take a look at this answer for detailed instructions.
Your real problem is that snap repo for Visual studio Code has no old versions, just one latest version:
snap info code


Just installed 11.10 and Windows 7 is now Missing

In Ubuntu, I suggest using GParted to have a look at your actual partition table to see if Windows is still hanging around. It'll be easy to see since it'll likely be the only partition running NTFS as a file system.

If you see your Windows partition, then as other answers mention, just use a Windows 7 startup repair disk and repair the MBR. I had a similar answer for this type of thing earlier here.

If its gone, well then, you can always re-install as long as your Ubuntu install isn't sitting on the 1st primary partition of your hard disk (it may be if you inadvertently wiped Windows out while installing). Windows needs to be installed on that specific partition, so if you still want to dual boot, back up any files in Ubuntu, then start over by re-installing Windows 7 first (and wiping the entire disk in the process), and following that up by installing Ubuntu once again.

Best of luck!


What is the meaning of manual in /etc/network/interfaces

"Manual" means that the interface will not get started automatically. You will need to run ifup to get it up. ;-)


17.10.1 (VirtualBox) dual monitors not being detected

I applied the Guest Additions within the virtual client.  Then selected "seamless mode".  All is as I had expected.


Syslog flooded with systemd-resolved messages "Using degraded feature set"

I had an old record lying in my /etc/resolvconf.conf that injected 127.0.0.1 whenever network went up:

# /etc/resolvconf.conf
# Configuration for resolvconf(8)
# See resolvconf.conf(5) for details

resolv_conf=/etc/resolv.conf
# If you run a local name server, you should uncomment the below line and
# configure your subscribers configuration files below.
name_servers=127.0.0.1

So commented it out, then ran resolvconf -u and my issue was fixed. Currently using systemd-networkd, so dont't know for sure if this will help OP's specific case.

However, NetworkManager has a setting to make it stop updating resolv.conf:

[main]
dns=none

More information in another question at network manager: how to stop nm updating /etc/resolv.conf

Update:
The same kind of message appears when my upstream DNS servers are down/not responding. However, containing the upstream IP addresses on a round-robin basis between the server alternatives.

Update #2:
When using systemd-networkd, if you've opted to use the following DNS settings for your interface in /etc/systemd/network/<iface>.network:

[DHCP]
UseDNS=true

which is the default setting, then it will not be using your local systemd-resolved instance, but instead use the a server from DHCP. Set UseDNS=false to use your systemd-resolver. Read man systemd.network for detailed information.


Ubuntu won't save my settings for thinkpad trackpoint

I finally found a working solution:

1. Find the device path of your trackpoint

Run the following in a gnome-terminal (can be opened with Ctrl+Alt+t):

find /sys/devices/platform/i8042 -name name | xargs grep -Fl TrackPoint | sed 's/\/input\/input[0-9]*\/name$//'

It will return something like

/sys/devices/platform/i8042/serio1/serio2

change to whatever it returns for you in the following step.

2. Create a new upstart-job

Still in the terminal type:

sudo gedit /etc/init/trackpoint.conf

A text editor will pop up. Paste the following code in it:

description "Trackpoint-Settings"
env TPDIR=/sys/devices/platform/i8042/serio1/serio2
start on virtual-filesystems
script
  while [ ! -f $TPDIR/sensitivity ]; do
        sleep 2
  done
  echo -n 200 > $TPDIR/sensitivity
  echo -n 150 > $TPDIR/speed
  echo -n 1 > $TPDIR/press_to_select
end script

Don' forget to edit the second line if needed (see step 1).

You can edit the numbers in line eight and nine (representing sensitivity and speed) to whatever you prefer. Both can be set in a range from 0 to 255. Leaving them at 200 and 150 works good for me.

Save and exit.

That's it.


Problem with Ubuntu 14.04 - gnome tweak tool

Well, as the screenshot shows, you are running the Unity desktop environment. To tweak this you need the Unity Tweak Tool. GNOME Extensions and the GNOME Tweak Tool are for the GNOME desktop environment ... so - if you want to see and use GNOME Extensions you will have to install the GNOME desktop environment first. Alternatively you can install the Ubuntu GNOME edition. To install the GNOME desktop environment  - open a terminal - execute the following command :

sudo apt-get install gnome


I found that the API still supports this, I managed to exclude/reserve subnet ip's with the cli tool

maas my-maas ipaddresses reserve ip_address=192.168.0.4


Why won't my BIND / Apache configuration work?

I needed to add my NS to the NetworkManager as well.

sudo nano /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/Wired\ Connection\ 1

To the bottom of the file, add this line:

dns=<your NS' ip address>;


Luarocks is part of the universe repository - from the Dash, open Software & Updates, then in the Ubuntu tab, make sure the Universe repository is selected (see picture below).  To install from the terminal, execute sudo apt-get update then sudo apt-get install luarocks, or install from the Ubuntu Software Center, by searching for luarocks


can't delete or use unallocated partition

Those little gaps of unused space on your HDD could be because you used a Windows partition program at some point; Windows partition editors often use different HDD geometries than the standard that Linux uses, and because partitions typically end and start at cylinder boundaries, you can end up with little gaps of unused space if you use a Windows partition editor and Linux partition editor on the same drive.

I would suggest leaving them as is. If you have Windows on your sda1 NTFS partition, and if you try to move the beginning of that partition to claim the 1 MB of unallocated space at the beginning of the drive, doing that will make Windows unbootable. Source.

If you do want to get rid of these you probably need to umount the partition next to it and use the "round to cylinder" option in gparted:


unable to perform an Ubuntu 16.04 update

Try this, I hope it works:

Make a backup of /var/lib/dpkg/status:

sudo cp /var/lib/dpkg/status /var/lib/dpkg/status.bkup

Open /var/lib/dpkg/status:

sudo nano /var/lib/dpkg/status

Search through the file for any reference to that package name (i.e.  linux-headers-4.8.0-54) and CAREFULLY delete that entry. Don't delete anything else. Save the file and quit.

Do sudo apt-get update.

This should probably solve the problem.


Installing Ubuntu server alongside Ubuntu Desktop 14.04.1 LTS

Once you are dualbooting adding another install should be straightforward. Ubuntu server shouldn't be any different in terms of installing to the versions you have already installed.

All entries should show up on the grub menu.


Python script in CRON is not running in AWS ubuntu 14.04 instance

To set up the cronjob for the user you have logged in for follow this steps

log into the ssh console
Open the crontab file by typing crontab -e
close the file with changes you want to make. In your case the syntax is right.
Once you close the file you can see that 'new crontab is installing' message
you are done.


How do I correctly enable PHP 5.5's OPCache in Ubuntu 14.04?

For some reason, setting fast_shutdown=1 was causing problems and preventing OPCache from starting. Once this was set to 0, OPCache is successfully up and running (possibly related to this bug?).

All that is needed therefore to enable OPCache is to set

; Determines if Zend OPCache is enabled
opcache.enable=1

in Apache's php.ini followed by a server restart

service apache2 restart

Side note: php -i tends to use a different php.ini from Apache (e.g. /etc/php5/cli/php.ini), hence the confusing discrepancy in the original question.


My suggestion would be to solve the problem of the dynamic IP (most routers have the concept of address reservation, that you can use to "fix" the IP of your computer). After that, you can use the command line version of unison:

unison -auto -batch profilename

and you can add it to your login/logout scripts or as a cron job.

If you still need to change the ip, you can use sed in a script:

create a template file in ~/.unison, newprof.tmpl,  like this:

root = /home/romano/
root = ssh://romano@MYIPHERE//home/romano/

path = education
path = research

create the following script, call it sync_newprof:

#!/bin/bash
#
cd $HOME/.unison
cat newprof.tmpl | sed s/MYIPHERE/$1 >! newprof.prf
unison -auto -batch profilename

basically, we create a profile file changing the MYIPHERE word with the script first argument
now you can call it as

sync_newprof 1.1.1.1

and it will create the profile with the given IP and sync.


The terminal is shown when shutting down or logging out

The screen you see is because the xorg server is being shut down and reloaded (in the case of logging off) and shut down for good in the case of shutting down. there isn't really any technical problem, it's just how the system works at the moment.

Perhaps it will improve with wayland.


Interrupted release upgrade (14.04 to 15.10) and now system only boots to command line

You could also reinstall your Ubuntu operating system, keeping your personal files intact:

Boot from an Ubuntu 15.10 live USB drive or DVD. When asked, chose the option to reinstall:

This should keep personal files untouched.

However, it is always recommended to have an up-to-date backup of all important files - just to be prepared for any accidents!


You may use dd to write to an offset equal to "A"'s dimension in bytes.

Assuming "C" = 5KB ("A" = 1KB and "B" = 4KB);

To zero out "B":

dd if=/dev/zero of=C iflag=fullblock oflag=seek_bytes seek=1000 bs=1000 count=4

To substitute "B" with another file "new_B" (if "new_B" is bigger than "B" "C" will grow of a size equal to the difference of "new_B" and "B"):

dd if=new_B of=C oflag=seek_bytes seek=1000

If the data to be written are the output of another command, another option is to pipe the data directly to dd:

[...] | dd of=C oflag=seek_bytes seek=1000


Wi-Fi disabled after suspend/restart in Ubuntu 14.04

I had the sme problem on ubuntu 15 I fixed it this way

sudo gedit /lib/systemd/system-sleep/wifi-restart

then paste

#!/bin/sh

case "${1}" in
    resume|thaw)
        service network-manager restart;;
esac

Save the file and close it


try a sudo unity --reset if you have admin priv then do without the sudo command this will attemp to reset unity and may help this particular problem try it see if it works will reset unity


Can't boot into WIndows 10 after installing Ubuntu 18.04

you may have damaged your windows partition
do you have a repair disk
if not you may want to reinstall windows but that requires a full format of the old windows partition


Right alt works as some kind of shortcut

I guess your AltrGr-key is configured as a compose-key, this enables you to use multiple keystrokes to compose your characer.

eg. the compose-key, ' and e will output é


Installing Ubuntu dual boot on Acer Aspire E1 522 Notebook

When the installer asks whether you’d like to Install Ubuntu alongside another operating system, OR delete your existing operating system and replace it with Ubuntu, choose the Something else option.

Create partitions using the Ubuntu Installer

Dual Boot Partioning Guide

  In general, a Windows 'should' be installed first, because it tends to
  ignore other operating systems and does not include them in it's
  boot-menu. Also Windows installers tend to overwrite the entire
  hard-drive (potentially wiping out any other data stored on it).

Here's my dual boot setup. Though I've never had a reason to install Windows.


Software center download won't stop/cancel

You can kill the process that using the software center

usually use these commands:

sudo killall apt-get dpkg software-center


How can I find out what version of an application will be in 12.04?

Version 3.5.2.

You can see package versions on launchpad - for example, here: https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/libreoffice

On the command line:

rmadison -u ubuntu -s precise [packagename]

for example

 rmadison -u ubuntu -s precise libreoffice

will output

libreoffice | 1:3.5.2-2ubuntu1 |       precise | source, amd64, armel, armhf, i386, powerpc

Or from a precise install - look at the applications Help - About

for example:


How to upgrade 14.04 to 16 without internet and access to bios?

Source: debian administration site

Main requirements include:

usb
another pc with connection to internet

So eventually an internet connection is needed but since you're just using the usb on it it gives you less hassles as you can use another pc with better internet connection than yours.

I haven't done this before but you may try this and see if it goes well, read the information the link given above before moving forward.

First off you need to install opt-offline as its needed to do an offline upgrade.

sudo apt-get install apt-offline

Steps:

generate the apt signature file used for searching for needed packages from source:

sudo apt-offline set ~/apt.sig
incase you need any extra packages then do:

sudo apt-offline --update --upgrade --install-package package_to_install -- ~/apt.sig

Copy the apt.sig file generated and put that on a USB and take that to where you can get internet access.
On new pc (with internet) run this command from the terminal after inserting the usb:

apt-offline get -d /path/to/download/directory /path/to/apt.sig
for windows: apt-offline get C:\apt-offline.sig --threads 5

Note: the --thread creates 5 download threads to speed up the download

Or use the --bundle option and run same as step 3

apt-offline get --bundle /download/path/aptbundle.zip /path/to/apt.sig

Take the USB back to your Ubuntu and plug USb and run command:

sudo apt-offline install /path/to/aptbundle.zip

Now upgrade your Ubuntu.


The OP posted the following as an edit to their question. I am reproducing it as an answer.

I was able to fix my issue by force installing the version of pulseaudio-equalizer in the webupd8 ppa. Here's what I did:

1 - Install webupd8 ppa

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8
sudo apt-get update

2 - Using Synaptic Package Manager I searched for and selected "pulseaudio-equalizer". From the "Package" menu I chose "Force Version" then I selected 2.7.0.2-5~webupd8~xenial0 . This also installs a bunch of dependencies.

Now it works just as before. I guess this is technically a "downgrade" but I'll gladly take a functional downgrade over a non-functioning upgrade.


Brightness and actual backlight mismatch after reboot

The solution is updating grub such this:

Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and enter:

sudo gedit /etc/default/grub

Then find the line GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quite splash" and add "acpi_osi=Linux acpi_backlight=vendor" like this:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_osi=Linux acpi_backlight=vendor"

Save and exit the file, and run:

sudo update-grub

Now the brightness level stays equal to the actual backlight level after reboot, and brightness hotkeys remain working. All other hotkeys which were working before grub changed are working now, but the hotkey for enabling/disabling touchpad.


What are the applications available to monitor a user screen activity?

Epoptes  is an open source computer lab management and monitoring tool. It allows for screen broadcasting and monitoring, remote command execution, message sending, imposing restrictions like screen locking or sound muting the clients and much more!

It can be installed in Ubuntu, Debian and openSUSE based labs that may contain any combination of the following: LTSP servers, thin and fat clients, non LTSP servers, standalone workstations, NX or XDMCP clients et

You can find also some specialized software such as :

School Calendar:  School Calendar is a universal calendar for teachers and pupils from high-schools and colleges, letting them track lessons and tasks to do, organize the studies more effectively than before.

Educator: Educator is software for classroom management. It enables teachers to present their work to all students in classroom without using projector. With Educator, teacher can take full control over student


I can't install packages on ubuntu 12.04

Try running the following commands in a terminal,

sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -f install php5-cli


Regain root access to MySQL server on Ubuntu

SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('MyNewPass');

... is the wrong command. In 2015 that column was deprecated and replaced by a column "authentication_string".

It should be

UPDATE user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') where USER='root';


How do I ask for new features in Ubuntu?

Visit the Ubuntu Wishlist Wiki or Ubuntu Brainstorm and suggest away!!


If you have nvidia card, install drivers and vdpau files and you will have h/w with flash.


You can see resources utilization of CPU and RAM for each process by running on a terminal the command :

  top

You can also check the RAM actually in use with this command :

  free -tm

If when your computer freeze you can't check which process cause the problem  with top you can according to this check the log with :

In a terminal :

  tail -f /var/log/syslog

If you are running gnome, then you can check the logs using "gnome-system-log"

To launch a terminal according to this you can do :

If you're running Unity: open the dash, type terminal, hit Return.
If you're on the old style menus, Applications → Accessories →
Terminal.
Control + Alt + T.
Alt + F2, gnome-terminal, Return.

After that you just had to type the command and hit enter.

When you run top there a 3 important column for you, each line in top represent a process .

At the middle you can see behind the %CPU the % of CPU in use for a process.
At the right of the %CPU you have %MEM which represent the ram.
And at the just right you have command which is the process name corresponding to the use of CPU and MEM .


Try purging before install:

sudo apt-get purge openssh-server
sudo apt-get install openssh-server


Is the RTL8169 PCI Gigabit Ethernet Controller supported?

It's well known that the r8169 driver is flawed. This is a fix for that, but I don't know if it'll solve your problem... until we try. Lets install the driver that works...
In the terminal application...
Type the following commands, one at a time:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install dkms
sudo apt-get install r8168-dkms
sudo ifconfig enp16s0 up

Then reboot your computer.
If that doesn't fix the problem, check that you've got a good CAT6 ethernet cable. You should probably see a blinking green or yellow LED near where the cable plugs into the card. If you need to troubleshoot further, plug a new/different ethernet cable directly from the new ethernet card, directly to the router or dsl/cable modem (bypassing all other wiring and switches/hubs).


Computer will not stay connected to wifi

I had a similar problem. It solved when I restarted the NetworkManager.

In my system:

systemctl restart NetworkManager

Maybe it's some kind of password caching. I hope it helps


Steelseries arctis 5 only properly detected on reboot

Indeed force installing the deb package from https://github.com/DemonTPx/steelseries-arctis-5-pulseaudio-profile did the trick it seems, thank you @Rinzwind


Netspeed Indicator could help you. And System Load Indicator shows it as graph, and by clicking this you can read it as value. Not least you could customize indicator-sysmonitor.


I'm assuming you're using version 2.77 of Transmission. I had the exact same problem. Transmission was losing preferences everytime I started it. I am NOT using any extensions, however. I managed to work around losing the preferences by going to ~/.config/Transmission and actually editing the settings.json file manually. I simply opened up my file using gedit and changed my settings there and saved it. After doing this, when I open up Transmission, all my settings are saved. Hopefully that works for you. I suspect this is a bug of some sort...


Update Manger in 11.10 does not show Ubuntu 12.04 as available for update

Run this command in terminal: update-manager -d and you'll be ok.


My laptop shuts down when I close the lid even though it's set to hibernate

With sudo powers open up /etc/systemd/logind.conf and look for the following two lines:
#HandleLidSwitch=suspend
#HandleLidSwitchDocked=suspend

If they begin with a hash tag (#) remove it and set your option to ignore, poweroff, reboot, halt, suspend, hibernate, hybrid-sleep, lock or kexec. More details can be found at Power Management
This worked for me and hopefully works for you too.

Bug Reports
There are many bug reports starting in August 2016 with Linux Suspend / Resume issues. This bug report has lots of solutions. One comment #140 has grub command line changes that are confirmed to work:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_backlight=vendor acpi_osi='!Windows 2013' acpi_osi='!Windows 2012'"

If this doesn't work, by all means check out the other solutions in this bug report. Also check out other bug reports using google search string: "Resume shuts down 16.04"


Ubuntu 18.04 updates blocked by Nvidia 340 driver problems "trying to overwrite file which is also in package"

So I went back to the bug and read the later comments and eventually found someone who seemed to know what he was doing but was installing the proposed release candidate. I followed his/her lead and did the same but left off the candidate bit and lo it worked. Here it is:

sudo apt download nvidia-340
sudo dpkg -i nvidia-340_340.107-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_i386.deb

(You can type to nvidia-340_340 then hit tab to complete)

sudo apt-get install -f
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

The last bit is just common sense but for completeness. If you are following this don't type the full file name as it may have been updated. My machine is now back to normal thank you.


Preventing DPKG from upgrading package being installed

Since there are not any missing depends, sudo apt-get install -f is unnecessary.

The following command will prevent changes to the package:

sudo apt-mark hold virtualbox-5.1


Is the Ubuntu Mobile SDK available for Mac OS X or Windows?

There is no SDK preview available for other platforms other than Ubuntu at this point.

However, you can either:

Install Ubuntu on a virtual machine and try the preview, or
Manually install the Ubuntu QML components on another platform

The first should be relatively trivial to set up, whereas the second should in theory work, but it's not been tested and obviously not supported.


Convert emf to PNG image using command line

(Found in https://stackoverflow.com/a/28749719)

Use LibreOffice:

libreoffice --headless --convert-to png image.emf


The nano /etc/clamav/freshclam.conf must be preceded by sudo to save the file to config
eg.: sudo nano /etc/clamav/freshclam.conf


Dual booting windows 8/Ubuntu 12.04.2, GRUB doesn't appear and Ubuntu never boots

Try using Boot Repair in Ubuntu.

Installing Boot Repair

Open the Terminal, then type:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair && sudo apt-get update
Press Enter.
Then type:

sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && (boot-repair &)
Press Enter

Using Boot Repair

Search for Boot Repair in the dash and launch it. Then click the "Recommended Repair" button and wait until it's finished.

Reboot. It should work now, although your GRUB is probably littered with useless entries.


There's a folder called "C:" in my wordpress root that cannot be deleted over SSH

Linux filesystems are case-sensitive. There is no c: directory, only a C: one. So, try removing it using the right name:

rm -rf C:


How to edit files in GUI text editors as root?

1. The admin:// URI
In Ubuntu, the official way to edit system files as root with a graphical editor is to use the admin:// URI. For example, to edit /etc/fstab, issue the following command in the run dialog you obtain after pressing Alt+F2 or on the terminal:
gedit admin:///etc/fstab

In older Ubuntu versions (prior to 20.10), the very first time you do this, you need to supply your user password two times in a row. This has been fixed in 20.10.
Of course, your user needs to belong to the root group in order to edit system files.
2. Using sudoedit
An approach valid for any desktop environment with any editor would be to use sudoedit. Setup the SUDO_EDITOR environment variable to point to the binary of your graphical editor, for example: export SUDO_EDITOR="/usr/bin/gedit". Then, you can use the command sudoedit <file> or sudo -e <file> to open a system file in your graphical editor. Much the way the admin:// URI does, this will create a temporary copy, which you edit as a normal user. Once the editor is closed, the modified temporary copy is copied back over the system file.
This can actually be combined in a single command:
env SUDO_EDITOR="/usr/bin/gedit" sudoedit <file>

Thus, the environment is changed only when you explicitly want to use the graphical editor. You create an alias or create a small script to edit system text files in a graphical editor with a single command.
3. Discouraged: using pkexec
These two options do not at any time run your graphical editor as root, which is preferred. Still, it is possible to run a graphical editor as root using pkexec. You can install a PolicyKit file, but you also may run it with some environment variables. For nautilus users, the package nautilus-admin installs a PolicyKit file for gedit and provides a right-click menu option in nautilus to launch a text file in gedit with root permissions. However, these options, where a graphical application is run as root are, according to man pkexec, discouraged:

As a result, pkexec will not allow you to run X11 applications
as another user since the $DISPLAY and $XAUTHORITY environment
variables are not set. These two variables will be retained if the
org.freedesktop.policykit.exec.allow_gui annotation on an action is set
to a nonempty value; this is discouraged, though, and should only be
used for legacy programs.


Attempted to upgrade to 16.04 and can now only reach GRUB command line

One thing you could try is to repair your grub with the boot-repair-disk utility:

download boot-repair-disk .iso file from here
burn it on a DVD or USB stick
boot your PC from it
Select "Recommended repair" that solves the majority of bootsector/GRUB/MBR problems

more information on : https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1831869


Location of default Lubuntu desktop images

In Lubuntu you can find default wallpapers at /usr/share/lubuntu/wallpapers.


Viber doesn't load anymore after upgrade to 6.5.5

i had same issue- workaround , run it with param :

env QT_AUTO_SCREEN_SCALE_FACTOR=0 /opt/viber/Viber

From https://askubuntu.com/a/923652/706830


I don't know of any utility for colored printing itself, but you can do it easily with a shell function like this:

# colorize stdin according to parameter passed (GREEN, CYAN, BLUE, YELLOW)
colorize(){
    GREEN="\033[0;32m"
    CYAN="\033[0;36m"
    GRAY="\033[0;37m"
    BLUE="\033[0;34m"
    YELLOW="\033[0;33m"
    NORMAL="\033[m"
    color=\$${1:-NORMAL}
    # activate color passed as argument
    echo -ne "`eval echo ${color}`"
    # read stdin (pipe) and print from it:
    cat
    # Note: if instead of reading from the pipe, you wanted to print
    # the additional parameters of the function, you could do:
    # shift; echo $*
    # back to normal (no color)
    echo -ne "${NORMAL}"
}
echo hi | colorize GREEN

If you want to check other colors, take a look at this list.
You can add support for any color from there, simply creating an additional variable at this function with the correct name and value.


You can automatically import all missing GPG keys using:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install launchpad-getkeys
sudo launchpad-getkeys


How to get number of phy / logical cores?

Physical cores:
egrep '^core id' /proc/cpuinfo | sort -u | wc -l

Logical cores:
egrep '^processor' /proc/cpuinfo | sort -u | wc -l

Physical cpus (separate chips):
egrep '^physical id' /proc/cpuinfo | sort -u | wc -l


If you can see the drive under Disk Utility, you should be able to find the Windows partition and click the button that looks like a play button. From there, you should be able to mount the drive or get a specific error message we can work with.


Ubuntu for unknown reasons suddenly switches into a slightly zoomed view; how to avoid this, and how to turn it off if it happened?

By accident, I today found a solution (for my very particular issue).

This might be useful to someone else (for this zooming-feature can be almost crippling to your work-flow when you don't know how to turn it off again). The solution was found randomly: today I accidentally but consciously did the hand-move which triggers the zooming, and I had the presence of mind of stopping to think of what I did and how to reverse it, and will describe it now.

The facts of the matter are the following:

In Ubuntu Version

  Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS

release 16.04, Codename xenial, on my system, the following is true:

  if I hold down the Alt key and simultaneously put exactly two fingers on the touchpad, then sliding the fingers towards the keyboard results in a zoom-in effect, while sliding the fingers away from the keyboard results in a zoom-out effect. The zoom-effect persists after taking all fingers away from the machine (this is the reason why this feature can be crippling: if you do this zooming-in move accidentally, and don't know how to reverse it, then you'll have to work with a heavily zoomed view, which slows you down significantly).

Notably, I tried this on another machine having Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS installed; there, nothing happens if I do the above-mentioned moves. The versions differ by 1 only, and it seems that in the newer version this interesting though dangerous feature was removed.


Touchpad not working on Acer Travelmate 4740 after applying recent updates in Ubuntu 12.04

This exact thing append to me to after upgrading to ubuntu 12.04 from 12.04 beta
and i found a working solution here.

sudo apt-get install dconf-tools
press alt+f2 or open terminal and launch dconf-editor
go to /org/gnome/settings-daemon/peripherals/touchpad and check touchpad-enable


Extract Error Which Is About Installing Pear Email Packages On Ubuntu 14.04

You can install PEAR package easily with

sudo apt-get install debpear


You can set fish as your default shell by running

chsh -s `which fish`

To do so for another user, just add the username at the end of the command, and use sudo.

Then log out and back in.

(To set it back to bash, you need to use Fish syntax of course, like this chsh -s (which bash))


Cannot install the package ttf-mscorefonts-installer

The one that SOLVED the problem was a manual install (@rag2):

wget http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/pool/contrib/m/msttcorefonts/ttf-mscorefonts-installer_3.6_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i ttf-mscorefonts-installer_3.6_all.deb

Details:
https://gist.github.com/melvincabatuan/26f3ac4ace4be3a8b48d85a1b3250982

Unfortunately, the following answer didn't work for me (in Ubuntu 16.04).

sudo rm -rf /var/lib/update-notifier/package-data-downloads/partial/*
sudo apt-get --purge --reinstall install ttf-mscorefonts-installer

Result:

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
  ubuntu-core-launcher
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 34 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/29.5 kB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Preconfiguring packages ...
(Reading database ... 286132 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../ttf-mscorefonts-installer_3.4+nmu1ubuntu2_all.deb ...
mscorefonts-eula license has already been accepted
Unpacking ttf-mscorefonts-installer (3.4+nmu1ubuntu2) over (3.4+nmu1ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for fontconfig (2.11.94-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Processing triggers for update-notifier-common (3.168.3) ...
ttf-mscorefonts-installer: processing...
ttf-mscorefonts-installer: downloading http://downloads.sourceforge.net/corefonts/andale32.exe
Get:1 http://downloads.sourceforge.net/corefonts/andale32.exe [361 B]
Err:1 http://downloads.sourceforge.net/corefonts/andale32.exe
  404  Not Found
W: Can't drop privileges for downloading as file '/var/lib/update-notifier/package-data-downloads/partial/andale32.exe' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)
E: Failed to fetch https://ncu.dl.sourceforge.net/project/corefonts/the fonts/final/andale32.exe  404  Not Found

E: Download Failed
Setting up ttf-mscorefonts-installer (3.4+nmu1ubuntu2) ...


You probably mean ureadahead.

If so, remove any pack files in the /var/lib/ureadahead directory.


Can't receive my gmail emails through the command line

Either

1) Enable two-step authentication in Gmail, and you add an application specific password for S-nail, then use that password rather than your regular Gmail password

or

2) Enable the otherwise necessary "less secure apps" in Gmail

a) Open your Google Admin console

b) Click Security > Basic settings

c) Under Less secure apps, select Go to settings for less secure apps

d) In the subwindow, click Enforce access to less secure apps for all users radio button

e) Click the Save button.


Mouse will not double click, Ubuntu 14.04

Let's start with the simplest answer possibility first:
Go into System Settings>Mouse and Touchpad> and under "double click" try dragging the speed down to low and see if that helps. For some reason my Steel-Series mouse needed some adjusting unless I doubleclicked extremely fast.

Hope this helps.


You need to add the following line after the Device section where the driver is listed as "nvidia" in your xorg.conf file

Option "RandRRotation" "on"

Example:

Section "Device"
    Identifier  "Default Device"
    Driver  "nvidia"
    Option  "RandRRotation" "on"
EndSection

Save the file then log out and log back in to restart the Xserver.

Use the following xrandr commands to rotate the screen;

xrandr -o left to rotate to the left,
xrandr -o right to rotate to the right,
xrandr -o normal to go back to a normal screen,
xrandr -o inverted to flip the screen upside down.

Reference


How can I change the default location of content directories (eg Pictures, Templates, Music)  in my home folder?

Yes to do what you need you simply need to change the xdg configuration for each existing user like so:

~/.config/user-dirs.dirs

XDG_DESKTOP_DIR="$HOME/Desktop"
...
XDG_MUSIC_DIR="/home/common/Music"
XDG_VIDEOS_DIR="$HOME/Movies"

And to make this something available to all users created simply edit this:

/etc/xdg/user-dirs.defaults

DESKTOP=Desktop
...
MUSIC=../common/Music
VIDEOS=Videos

To modify the permissions, this bit is tricky because you need to make sure that all files created in these directories remain editable by everyone. I found this interesting guide on the subject:

http://www.centos.org/docs/2/rhl-rg-en-7.2/s1-users-groups-private-groups.html

Which suggests doing the following to make the permissions sticky as well as adding the users all to a common group:

chown nobody:users /home/common
chmod 2775 /home/common
usermod -a -G users user1

You may want to change the umask setting to allow all files created to be modifiable by the anyone in the users group in that directory, edit /etc/profile and go to the bottom and change umask 022 to umask 002 This is considered secure since all users have their own primary user and really only effects shared directories like this one you want to make.

Let us know if it works well enough.


How do I completely clear a terminal window

If you type reset it'll totally reinitialize your terminal instead of clearing your screen. You can setup a keyboard shortcut for that.

printf "\033c" also work well and takes less time.
You can alias it by alias cls='printf "\033c"' too. Now when you type cls terminal should get cleared.

For more detailed explaination take a look at this Stack Overflow question.


Libreoffice on multiple monitors. Menus open in wrong monitor

The LibreOffice bug report hasn't received any official updates for a while so I've done some tinkering.  It turns out that uninstalling "libreoffice-gtk" fixes the menu problem for me (but LibreOffice looks rather ugly without GTK+ integration so this should be viewed as an ugly hack rather than a satisfactory fix... but at least it works)


The most, if not all current remote desktop tools wont work with Wayland, to mitigate this I'd suggest switching back to Xorg. You can do that by simply logging out and when logging back in clicking that small cogwheel icon and choose 'Ubuntu on Xorg' (see screen-shot).

To make Wayland completely unavailable you can even go further and disable it system wide by editing /etc/gdm3/custom.conf and change the following line:

#WaylandEnable=false

into:

WaylandEnable=false

This will disable the usage of Wayland on your system even for the login screen. After that X11 is being used again and the most common screen-sharing/remote access programs should work again.


Wow, that is a generaly ultra wide question :)  I'd go along with minimal deployment:

https://docs.openstack.org/install-guide/openstack-services.html

Such that all-in-one (according to the minimal install) PLUS several controller nodes at each additional machine.


How can I use apt-get to list all packages written in C?

The debtags  package could be useful for this.

debtags search devel::lang:c

This will list all packages which have been tagged as written in C.

apt-cache rdepends libc6 will show you all packages that depend on libc6.


Why do I have different IP addresses on bond0, en01 and enp2s0?

Minor edits... watch the indents, spacing, and no tabs...

network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eno1:
      optional: true
    enp2s0:
      optional: true
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces: [en01, enp2s0]
      addresses: [192.168.3.5/24]
      gateway4: 192.168.3.253 # are you sure it's .253?
      nameservers:
        addresses: [208.67.222.222, 208.67.220.220, 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        primary: eno1

sudo netplan --debug generate # generate config files

sudo netplan apply # apply configuration

reboot # insure proper operation


In it's current state, you question is unclear as to whether the local machine or the remote machine is the "client." Assuming you're looking for connections to port 80 on remote machines, the following should get you what you want. Just be sure the set port=port-number-to-search before running the commands or replace $port in the commands with the port you want to filter on.

Simple one-liner:

netstat -an | awk '{print $5}' | grep :$port | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -nr

and the output looks like this:

      7 198.252.206.25:443
      4 74.125.28.189:443
      2 74.126.144.69:443
      2 65.55.252.167:443
      2 52.112.66.238:443

The number if front is the connection count for that IP on port 80.

Pretty print one-liner:

netstat -an | awk '{print $5}' | grep :$port | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -nr | tr ':' ' ' | awk '{printf "client IP: %-15s  Port: %-5s  Occurred: %s time(s)\n", $2, $3, $1}'

and the output looks like this:

client IP: 198.252.206.25   Port: 443    Occurred: 9 time(s)
client IP: 74.126.144.69    Port: 443    Occurred: 2 time(s)
client IP: 74.125.28.189    Port: 443    Occurred: 2 time(s)
client IP: 34.210.168.7     Port: 443    Occurred: 2 time(s)
client IP: 216.58.217.195   Port: 443    Occurred: 2 time(s)
client IP: 192.0.73.2       Port: 443    Occurred: 2 time(s)

Edit 2017-06-26
Initially I wrote my commands such that they sort by IP. The OP said he/she was interested in sorting by frequency, so I made some changes to that effect. You may notice that the sort command is used before and after the uniq command. This is not a mistake. The first sort ensures that uniq command will be able to perform it's job. The second sort, is what actually does the sorting by frequency.


Problem to install kdenlive 0.9.10 : ubuntu 14.04

I Have solved this problem using aptitude.

  sudo aptitude install kdenlive

Depending on your systems and kde version and configuration, this command gives you possible solutions.

It worked for me.


This ishad to run off and double check what you where going to need to look for.

Your personal gnome settings are located in 'hidden' directories in you home drive.
They are as follows:
~/.gnome
~/.gnome2
~/.nautilus
~/.gconf

The ~ indicates the users home drive.

So now you know where the settings are you have 2 options.

If yo have a separate partition on one of your 2 drives you should migrate your home drive to it.
Then on each of the versions you need to point the system to this part it on (read up on the config file /etc/fstab).
Copy the above files to alocation that is accessible from distros, and then create links to them from you home directory on each instance.

The first option is going to be better long term, as it will enable you to keep all your files and config intact between upgrades, and with your current setup you will be able to test o the new version to ensure that no 'essential' stuff is broken before you do a full migration.

The second method is good if you are using multiple versions of something, it will enable you to easily switch between old and new forms of acceptable config. So better if you are interested in developing or testing.

References.

This thread on the Ubuntu forum for the reminder of where gnome keeps its config.
See the Ubuntu Fstab wiki page for more info.
The how to auto mount partitions on the Ubuntu wiki may also be useful reading.

Hope that helps.

David.


Did you md5sum check the downloaded ISO file?
See https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToMD5SUM
Check the number against the listing in the link for your release listed at
http://releases.ubuntu.com under the MD5SUMS link.
If using a CD/DVD, did you burn the disc as slowly as possible?
See https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto
Did you select the media check before trying to install?
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/CDIntegrityCheck
Did you ever do a "memory check" (perhaps another live-media menu choice) on your PC?

Doing the above can save you a lot of time struggling with a bad install media.


Locale reverts to old locale after exiting root?

Your locale is a complete mess.

Please go to "System Settings -> Language Support".
Drag the language of your choice to the top, and click "Apply system-wide".
Move to the "Regional Formats" tab, select the region of your choice, and click "Apply system-wide".
Reboot.

Hopefully that does it.


drivers ATI Radeon HD 4550 no Ubuntu 12.04 LTS

You can find AMD proprietary driver for HD4550 here :

http://support.amd.com/fr-fr/download/desktop/legacy?product=Legacy2&os=Linux%20x86_64

Unfortunately they are not compatible with kernel version > 3.4
(12.04 LTS is now 3.8)
I tried myself last year  and was forced to renounce because there was something missing in the kernel and I couldn't compile the module (I don't remember what was missing, something about memory mapping if I remember).

Now I found that thread :

https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/fglrx-installer/+bug/993427

looks at the patch in comment #14.
So it seems that in between someone managed to patch the drivers.

I am trying to rewrite the patch for that new version version,  for the moment it is not too difficult I will let you know about my progress
(Don't thanks me I do it  for myself :) ).

If someone has already managed to patch the legacy driver he is welcome here.


Can't figure out apache2 web server conf issues

It looks the problem is wrong name of your configuration file. It must be chefceric.com.conf, because these configuration files are involved into the Apache's configuration by the next directive in apache2.conf:

# Include the virtual host configurations:
IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf

So, if this is the case, the steps should be:

a2dissite chefceric.com
mv /etc/apache2/sites-available/chefceric.com /etc/apache2/sites-available/chefceric.com.conf
a2ensite chefceric.com.conf
systemctl restart apache2.service


Newly installed Kubuntu does't have start menu

Try right mouse clicking on desktop and choosing "Add Panel" > "Default Panel". It should work.


How do I install gcc-4.6 on Ubuntu 15.10 (32bit edition)

I added 2 lines in /etc/apt/sources.list:

deb     http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe

It seems to work fine.
Solved.


Disable Ubuntu 16.04 boot on internal HD

OK finally sorted it - delete Fat32 system partition from internal drive, data still intact and external is only bootable device so always boots from there - phew - long debates but simple answer - thanks for your input especially sudodus and Lew Rockwell Fan


Using Wine for Windows printer driver on Linux

No, you can't use printer drivers designed for Windows on Linux. Wine doesn't help either because it doesn't emulate the hardware interfaces on which device drivers rely. (Wine aims to emulate the programming interfaces used by Windows applications only.)

If you want to print from an application executed through Wine, the latter still requires a working Linux printer driver since all Wine does is to translate the application’s printing instructions to equivalent instructions understood by Linux’ printing subsystem (which is almost always CUPS these days).


Tried everything to get WIFI working Ubuntu 18.04

Disable Fast Boot in Windows.
Windows doesn't shut down with Fast Boot enabled but hibernates.
That leads to problems with hardware on Ubuntu.


Connect java with mysql in ubuntu server

The exception occurs when there is no running or listening mysql service:

Start the MySQL server
Check the port number, you use the standard port 3306 in your code

private static final String dbClassName = "jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:<your_port_number>/demodb";

Use the IP address of your Virtual Machine

private static final String dbClassName = "jdbc:mysql://<host_name_or_ip_address_of_the_database_server>:<your_port_number>/demodb";

Check the firewall on both machines
Ping the host of the MySQL server to check the connection
Check the bind-address in /etc/mysql/my.cnf

Since you ask another question in your comments

  Exception in thread "main" java.sql.SQLException: null, message from
  server: "Host '192.168.1.7' is not allowed to connect to this MySQL
  server

here's the answer.

Check the entries in the MySQL table mysql.user in the column Host

SELECT * FROM mysql.user;


Turn off laptop display and have monitor

Try installing arandr ,in your system as it gives you gui , which is easy to mange

.

In the outputs tab you can easily turnoff your laptop's display (LVDS) and keep your monitor's one (VGA or in your scenario it might be HDMI1) as your primary display and save the layout. Add the following layout script into your startup menu, so when next time you login to your desktop it works without any extra inconvenience.