The best choice of linux file system and software that can be accesed from Windows

Because no single file system is the best in all situations, determining which file system is the best for your application is not always easy.  However, as you will see for yourself, picking the right file system can offer performance gains in excess of 95%.

Linux File Systems. Why so many?

There are three main reasons why there are so many File Systems on Linux:

* It's open source: effectively everyone owns it.
* File Systems competing for better performance and or scalability.
* File Systems allowing for compatibility/portability of existing data (migrations from other systems).

File System Comparison

The following list describes the Linux file system characteristics and indicates when this file system is best used. This list is not exhaustive of all the file systems available in the world, but focuses on those which have appreciable market share or attention in the market today. A detailed comparison of file system features can be found at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems

EXT2

* Recommended to move to EXT3
* Not Journaled
* POSIX access control

EXT2 file system is the predecessor to the EXT3 file system. EXT2 is not journaled, and hence is not recommended any longer (customers should move to EXT3).

Recommended Use: USB/Solid State Drives, or any cause where you need high stability with minimal reads/writes.

EXT3

* Most popular Linux file system, limited scalability in size and number of files
* Journaled
* POSIX extended access control

EXT3 file system is a journaled file system that has the greatest use in Linux today. It is the "Linux" File system. It is quite robust and quick, although it does not scale well to large volumes nor a great number of files. Recently a scalability feature was added called htrees, which significantly improved EXT3's scalability. However it is still not as scalable as some of the other file systems listed even with htrees. It scales similar to NTFS with htrees. Without htrees, EXT3 does not handle more than about 5,000 files in a directory.

Recommended Use: If you have no specific reason for another filesystem, ext3 is an excellent default.

Ext4

The most recent in the ext filesystem line, ext4 includes many major improvements over ext3 like larger filesystem support, faster checking, nanosecond timestamps, and verification of the journal through checksums. It’s backward and forward compatible with versions 2 and 3, so you can mount a ext2 or ext3 filesystem as ext4, and the other way around. You may however lose some of the benefits of the newer versions when mounting as the older. Many of the modern Linux distributions now offer ext4 during the install, and some are using it as the default.

Recommended Use: Ext4 should be stable enough for desktop and server needs. If your distribution offers it as an install choice, it should be a good choice for nearly any usage needs.

FAT32

* Most limited file system, but most ubiquitous
* Not Journaled
* No access controls

FAT32 is the crudest of the file systems listed. It's popularity is with its widespread use and popularity in the Windows desktop world and that it has made its way into being the file system in flash RAM devices (digital cameras, USB memory sticks, etc.). It has no built in security access control, so is small and works well in these portable and embedded applications. It scales the least of the file systems listed. Most systems have FAT32 compatibility support due to its ubiquity.

NTFS

* The Windows file system, best for workgroup shared LAN file serving
* Journaled
* Windows access controls (richer than POSIX)

The Microsoft Windows file system for the Windows NT kernel (Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows 2003). The Linux OpenSource version of this filesystem is only capable of read-only of existing NTFS data. This allows for migration from Windows and access to Windows disks. NTFS includes an ACL model which is not POSIX. The NTFS ACL model is unique to Microsoft, but is a derivative of the Novell NetWare 2.x ACL model. NTFS is the default (and virtually only option) on Windows servers. It includes rich metadata and attribute features. NTFS also supports multiple data streams and ACL rights inheritance since its Windows 2000 implementation. In Windows 2003 R2, Microsoft included a feature called "Access Based Enumeration". This is similar to visibility in NSS and NWFS, but is not implemented in the file system layer, but rather as a feature of the CIFS protocol engine in Windows 2003 R2, so this feature is only available when accessing Windows 2003 via the CIFS protocol.

ReiserFS

* Best performance and scalability when number of files is great and/or files are small
* Journaled
* POSIX extended access controls

The Reiser File System is the default file system in SUSE Linux distributions. Reiser FS was designed to remove the scalability and performance limitations that exist in EXT2 and EXT3 file systems. It scales and performs extremely well on Linux, outscaling EXT3 with htrees. In addition, Reiser was designed to very efficiently use disk space. As a result, it is the best file system on Linux where there are a great number of small files in the file system. As collaboration (email) and many web serving applications have lots of small files, Reiser is best suited for these types of workloads.

Recommended Use: Interacting with small files on a single core system.


Why doesn't apt install packages as they're downloaded?

If something looks weird and illogical always ask 2 questions:

Where is the lover?
Where is the money?

Answers:

Nowhere! ;-)
Canonical (the company behind Ubuntu) makes its money by selling support contracts.

Companies take support contracts.
Companies have big Internet pipes
Canonical and its customers want as little problems as possible ("Stable")

So although it would be more efficient to download-install in parallel, it's more robust to download first and then install.


How do I download Ubuntu and get rid of my old os?

Well, you would just do a normal USB boot and then there is an option when installing ubuntu to either do a dual boot or delete the other OS completely.


I would keep using it as a virtual machine until you get more confident within the OS.

A longer but easier/safer method of installation is to install Bootcamp then Windows, then use the Ubuntu installer in windows to share the Bootcamp space. You could also then delete the windows data and reclaim the space.

Here is a guide after getting windows into to install ubuntu:
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-safely-dual-boot-windows-and-linux-with-wubi-installer/
Its for an older version but should still apply

If you want to go the true dual boot method on OSX, read up:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MactelSupportTeam/AppleIntelInstallation
AND BACKUP, especially when messing with EFI


Login loop on 16.04 and no access to console

When you boot and the BIOS has done its work, press shift (might need a few tries to get the timing right) to open the Grub boot menu. There choose the advanced options for ubuntu. There choose the most actual kernel and recovery.

This will lead you into the recovery menu, where you can choose to be root, voila youre in a TTY now, but be careful what youre doing there is no safety net there.

Regarding that login loop you might want to take a look here since i suspect it to be the Graphics driver to cause this. (link)


How can I start a nsca server on Ubuntu 14.04?

It is not an elegant solution from the system point of view. But it is a simple, secure, fast method. It uses upstart config, instead of "deprecated" init.d script.

Since Ubuntu 14.04 you must override default startup settings for nsca daemon. This is because the /etc/init.d/nsca script cannot create a pid file in /run. Since 14.04 release this directory is writable only by root. Therefore we can create a separate init config file for starting up nsca server.

Create an init startup script, in /etc/init/nsca.conf:

#!upstart
description "NSCA Nagios Server"

env DAEMON=/usr/sbin/nsca
env USER=nagios
env PIDFILE=/var/run/nsca.pid
env CONF=/etc/nsca.cfg

start on runlevel [2345]
stop on shutdown

respawn
expect fork

# log by default - syslog
exec start-stop-daemon --start --exec $DAEMON --make-pidfile --pidfile $PIDFILE --chuid $USER -- -c $CONF

Remove links for starting up:

update-rc.d -f nsca remove

Remove old startup script.

rm /etc/init.d/nsca

Create symlink for working autocomplete:

ln -s /lib/init/upstart-job /etc/init.d/nsca

Reload init:

sudo initctl reload-configuration


Is there any operation manual about Ubuntu18.04 system?

Check this guide
Official Ubuntu Documentation


How do I run a command automatically upon boot?

It sounds like you don't have a display manager installed. This is what would normally start up X (the graphical server) and get you into a position where you can log in. The confiusing thing is how you ended up without gdm or lightdm in the first place.

If you're using 11.10, I suggest you run

sudo apt-get install lightdm

That should install everything it needs in terms of start up scripts and should display something fancy for you on boot.

If you're on something before 11.10, swap out lightdm for gdm.

If you did this on purpose and you don't want a display manager and only want a single-user system without login protection, look into nodm which is a display manager that just spits you out on a desktop as a user. It's a bit more manual to set up though.


Trying to run rubymine but getting error no JDK found

Please check this answer at StackOverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/a/8384111/104891.

Instructions for RubyMine would be the same, the only difference is the startup script, use bin/rubymine.sh instead of bin/idea.sh.


So yeah, the only was I could get around this for the time being was to use ifconfig to manually bring the interface up. Not ideal but necessary.

ifconfig  up

and then using ifconfig I needed to assign an IP address to it

ifconfig   netmask

then it works... just udev still confused and I'm unable to resolve it.

!!!!!


Manage configured ipsec VPN with NetworkManager

strongSwan's NetworkManager plugin uses a completely different daemon (charon-nm) and configuration backend. There is no relationship between ipsec.conf or swanctl.conf based configurations (they could even be used concurrently).

So until somebody implements support EAP-TLS in the NetworkManager plugin/backend (see #2097 on the strongSwan issue tracker) you will have to continue to use the command line tools.


HDDs commonly fail. I would recommend being gentle with them while they are spinning, and ensuring they're shut down (or asleep) before moving them around. Also, check out the SMART tools to detect when something is going wrong.

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Smartmontools


Use command:

First change directory to the folder where the "es-ES.dic" is by using:

$ cd /path

Then copy using:

$ sudo cp -R es-ES.dic /usr/share/myspell/dicts


When I use the text command line interface it says my login is incorect

Make sure

You are entering your login user name first (many type password on first line)
Login user Case are correct (say your user id is WebE but you are providing webe)

You can not use drag n drop in this interface. You need to use cd. You can press Tab for auto complete


How can one disable shortcuts of chrome?

Go to chrome://extensions
In the very bottom right, click keyboard shortcuts

Rebind Ctrl + Shift + Q to something less annoying. In my case I bound it to open lastpass extension.


How well does a HP Pavilion dm1-4013nr work?

I just installed Ubuntu Oneiric on the dm1-4142nr.

Everything worked out of the box except for the WiFi. I needed to compile the Broadcom driver manually to get the WiFi working at the correct speed.

Ubuntu 12.04 should fix the WiFi problem as it has the newer Linux kernel 3.2.


It was an issue for a long time on my Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. It was enabled, but inactive, so I'd had to start it manually after every reboot.

$ sudo systemctl status ntp.service

● ntp.service - Network Time Service
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/ntp.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:ntpd(8)

The reason was in conflict with service systemd-timesyncd.service, and it's a part of systemd. After I disabled it ntp.service began to start successfully.

$ sudo systemctl show ntp.service | grep Conflicts
Conflicts=shutdown.target systemd-timesyncd.service
$ sudo systemctl status  systemd-timesyncd.service
● systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-07-12 05:17:21 UTC; 18min ago
$ dpkg -S /lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service
systemd: /lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service
$ sudo systemctl disable systemd-timesyncd.service
Removed /etc/systemd/system/sysinit.target.wants/systemd-timesyncd.service.


Failed to get D-BUS connection (systemctl, pulse) after upgrade to 15.04

Installing systemd-sysv package fixed this problem for me.


You can try following steps:

make a copy of abook.mab.bak and call it, for example, myaddbook.mab, then save it wherever you want
install this extension --> http://nic-nac-project.org/~kaosmos/morecols-en.html
once installed, open addressbook, go in Tools --> Actions for addressbook --> Import mab and import myaddbook.mab
now you should have a new addressbook, but probably you don't see nothing inside
select it right-clicking and choose "Restore/Recover"
you'll have another new addressbook that could have your addresses

Please check also permission for that folder/subfolder should read/write access.


Help restore audio for another user after pulseaudio is killed

After 'pulseaudio --kill' command Pulseaudio will respawn in a different state:

Systemd pulseaudio.service fails (see systemctl --user status pulseaudio)
Server changes from unix:/run/user/1000/pulse/native to just username
Pulseaudio modules 'module-x11-publish' and 'module-x11-xsmp'

Changes to server and modules can be seen in Pulseaudio System Tray - pasystray

to restart Pulseaudio use:

systemctl --user restart pulseaudio


OS selection option in grub goes in a flash

You can try the application Grub Bootloader (available in the Ubuntu Software Centre.  This will allow you to set  how long the computer waits before booting into the selected OS, as well as choosing which OS is highlighted by default at startup


xkbcomp Command at Startup using .xinitrc

I do not think that .xinitrc is executed by the display manager. Have you tried with .xprofile? It is cited here about a different issue:
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/Config/Resolution

I often use a small zenity command in these kind of files to confirm they are effectively run, like

zenity --warning --text "I am in .xprofile and I RUN\! " &


If seeing these symptoms with Totem the 1st. thing to check is whether gstreamer1.0-vaapi package is installed. If so removing it can take care of the problem.
This command will suffice to check & if installed remove.

sudo apt-get purge gstreamer1.0-vaapi

There have been continuing issues regarding that plugin since 14.04, for the most part they've been resolved in 18.04 though some hardware could  still experience the video degradation.


I doubt it's wpa_supplicant itself. You probably have an issue with your CPU getting too hot if it runs too long at the 4.6Ghz Turboboost speed. You could check on the temperature development during a stress test and see if it freezes because of that.

You then might want to try changing to the powersave CPU governor if not already or limit the maximum Turbo boost speed to something less than 4.6 Ghz. Check out man cpupower, you could for instance try out "cpupower frequency-set --max 3 Ghz" and see if that runs reliably during a stress test.

You could also try cleaning the vents and see if that causes the temperature buildup.


Skype loses focus when changing keyboard layout with ALT+SHIFT

I guess the way you have set-up your ALT+SHIFT shortcut is via gnome-tweak-tool?

If that's the case - I have the same issue with slack, after some digging found out that there is another way to change the keyboard layout w/o using gnome-tweak-tool which wont cause this side effect of losing the focus.

The solution is to use gsettings as explained here

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings switch-input-source "['<Shift>Alt_L']"
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings switch-input-source-backward "['<Alt>Shift_L']"

UPDATE: As mentioned in the comments, make sure to also uncheck the ALT+SHIFT shortcut from gnome-tweak-tool.


how to execute for loop with sed in terminal

This should work.

for i in <space-delimited server name list>;
do
sed '/^$/d' /home/nextag/instance.properties | grep -vc '^\s*#';
echo $i;
done

Below line is used to remove all the empty lines.

'/^$/d'

grep -vc '^\s*#' will ignore the lines starting with # and gives the count of other lines.

Hope this helps.


Separate SSD exclusively for Ubuntu on a Windows Machine

You can choose both Erase Disk and install ubuntu and Something else.
"Erase Disk and install ubuntu" is an easy step where you don't have to define filetypes and partion.
"Something Else"=> if you choose this option you have to define partition yourself and filesystem to.
I prefer you to install using "Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu". You can choose the drive like this:


Cannot ssh to server even though rsa_id.pub has been inserted to authorized keys

I had to change the permissions of id_rsa and id_rsa.pub:
chmod 700 id_rsa*


What is the preferred way to setup resolvconf on Ubuntu in ec2?

Make /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base empty. The information in it is provided dynamically by dhclient to resolvconf.
If you don't need to be running named locally, uninstall the bind9 package.
If you need to run named locally and you don't want to use it to resolve names locally, set RESOLVCONF=no in /etc/default/bind9 and then reboot. Setting RESOLVCONF=no causes bind9 not to register address 127.0.0.1 with resolvconf when named starts.

Ref: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bind9/+bug/933723


Fresh Install of 20.04: Canon Pixma MG2522 Cant Print from GUI or Terminal

I was able to solve this by installing cups-backend-bjnp
$ sudo apt-get install cups-backend-bjnp
I then deleted the printer and re-added it.
Before I installed that package, it first called the MG2522 a "Generic Text Only Printer", but it would just freeze up when it tried to search for drivers.
Props to @Niols for his answer here - How to install a Canon PIXMA IP 3300?


How does ecrypt handles symlinks to unencrypted files?

It won't try to encrypt them or anything.

Just do a normal symlink (like ln -s /opt/jrg-stuff/ ~/MyVMs) and it will be fine. It won't try and encrypt them (from what I see), it will just link them.


Tool for merging conf files in /etc during upgrade?

While upgrading via apt-get, one usually gets a prompt of what to do with the config file (Install new version, Keep the old version, etc).

If we choose to keep the current version, the new config files get stored with an extension (.dpkg-dist).

The following command can be used to list the new files:

find /etc -type f -name "*.dpkg-dist"

And to take action on these config files, we can use the provided ucf tool. Its syntax is:

ucf <new-file> <old-file>

For example,

ucf /etc/sysctl.conf.dpkg-dist /etc/sysctl.conf

See also,

https://raphaelhertzog.com/2010/09/21/debian-conffile-configuration-file-managed-by-dpkg/


Will Ubuntu 18.04 run on i3-4th gen, 1.7ghz with dual core system?

Have you considered Xubuntu? The system requirements are very minimal (Xfce is very light) and it is basically Ubuntu behind the scenes. It is recommended to have 1 GB of ram and a dual core processor for Xubuntu.

As previously mentioned, you could make a bootable Ubuntu USB and try it out first before installing.


First, the question should be put as follows: "Why Canonical maintaining two website for the same purpose". As you can check at http://whois.net/, Canonical Ltd is the registrant of both domains, not Ubuntu.

Second, http://design.ubuntu.com is about what is specified in this section and http://design.canonical.com is just a blog about Ubuntu design.


Can you recommend a fullscreen images viewer that can save an image with the press of a single key?

Geeqie will do this in 2 keystrokes. Rather than save, use copy, same result I believe. After you are in full screen mode, press "ctrl c".  The first time you do this you will have to select the folder to copy to, after the first copy the folder you selected will be the default.  So all you would have to do is press "ctrl c"  then "enter" and continue.


If Deploying with the bundle, you can do the following:

juju set apache2 servername=<hostname-you-want>

This should in turn set the root_url correctly in landscape (monitor juju debug-log after you do that to see the results).

If installing the landscape-server-quickstart package directly, it's a bit more involved, and will mean you need to visit the settings page on your account.  Try browswing to something like:

https://<server>/account/standalone/standalone-settings

directly and enter in the correct URL for your site.


The following methods will often solve the problem and let you write to the pendrive.

Change the ownership of the mounted partition (if possible) or
re-mount the partition with changed ownership or permissions described in the following link

Mount a FAT32 partition in an SD card with write permissions for everybody,

If it does not work, there might be another problem, which can be analyzed as described in the following links

Can't format my usb drive. I have already tried with mkdosfs and gparted: Analysis of the problem
Repair the partition table and file system of a pendrive


You can add a custom launcher in Ubuntu 11.10 by typing this in a Terminal

gnome-desktop-item-edit ~/Desktop/ --create-new

Once you have customized the item on your Desktop, drag it to the Launcher.


How can I see a wireless network's frequency and/or channel?

You can just use the nm-tool command, it shows the information from NetworkManager it self.

nm-tool will list all of the visible wifi networks' frequencies.  The command sudo iwlist frequency will give you a list of their corresponding wifi channel numbers.


USB Speakers are recognised, but can't be selected in sound menu

try this..

open youe terminal and type

   sudo apt-get install --reinstall gnome-sound-applet

it will uninstall the gnome-sound-applet and reinstall it .


$HOME/.local/bin not in PATH for Ubuntu 19.04

Ah I see what's going on. It is added to the path by $HOME/.profile provided it exists, which it doesn't on a fresh install. pip creates it when it installs a package, but the PATH is not modified until $HOME/.profile is reloaded.

So the fix is either, after installing a pip package for the first time,

source ~/.profile, or
logout and log back in again.


OS: Ubuntu 18.04.3
VLC: snap install

Please note that, for clarity purpose I have deleted all the default icon themes every where and used Only Papirus Icon theme.

Workaround

seems to be gschemas compiled in both ~/snap/vlc/1049/.local/share/... and in /snap/vlc/1049/usr/share... directorys are for Adwaita Icon theme.

I have made several trails for almost 4 days and found that below workaround may be useful.

Create a Directory Adwaita with index.theme file in it, containing below data in $HOME/snap/vlc/1049/.local/share/ Directory.

Content:

[Icon Theme]
Name=Adwaita

Place your Papirus Icon-theme folder under /var/lib/snapd/desktop/icons/ directory.

for clear understanding I have deleted every icon named vlc-panel.* in Papirus theme and placed my custom svg icon with name vlc-panel.svg under /var/lib/snapd/desktop/icons/Papirus/symbolic/status/


How to set up mulitple signatures for one account in Claws-Mail

Just looked for the same thing and couldn't find it. I think the next best thing is to have multiple (almost) identical accounts with different signature settings.


After upgrade 10.10 -> 11.04 in Vbox, VM will not boot

Much simpler/less time-consuming solution:

I solved the problem by getting into the console mode (Ctrl-Alt-F1) and logging into Ubuntu from that console, then I manually created a mount point for the cdrom and mounted the Guest Additions cdrom, and finally did run the Guest additions script. That solved the problem.

sudo mkdir /media/cdrom
sudo mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom/
sudo /media/cdrom/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run

So, it might be advisable to uninstall Guest Additions before the upgrade from 10.10 to 11.04, as the old version might prevent the upgraded system to boot properly into desktop.


E: Type '“ndeb' is not known on line 7 in source list /etc/apt/sources.list

Those quotes (“\ndeb...) are Unicode "pretty" quotes, not the normal "". Therefore, echo -e didn't work as expected, since bash, without quotes, took \n and converted it to n, which echo printed as-is.

Delete that line:

sed -i '/mozilla/d' /etc/apt/sources.list

And now run that command with normal quotes:

echo -e "\ndeb http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/ubuntuzilla/mozilla/apt all main" | tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list > /dev/null

Though I don't know why you want do this. Firefox is installed by default, and even if it wasn't, is available in the official repositories, and well-updated. Just do sudo apt-get install firefox.


Possible to get Ubuntu to see Fujitsu SAS controller (LSI Logic SAS1068E)?

Actually it seems that the driver for this was already included in Ubuntu.

As I speculated that it should be, if the hardware is seen by lspci.

The problem was that I was using the wrong port. The card has two ports that each split to 4x SCSI. And it seems as if the other one is treated as "primary" by the driver. I.e. if one uses only one of the ports, then it must be the primary one and not the other one.


How to unzip and display as plain text .foo.gz files in Firefox?

Firefox does this already for file types that are plain text when decompressed, it knows about, and when the server is correctly configured.

Opening this diff of changes to a package on Launchpad for example, works just fine. If you want to open other file types, such as .tar.gz or some other type which Firefox (and probably the local system in general) doesn't know how to deal with, you'll have to open it in an external application, which Firefox will do by downloading the file to a temporary location, and running the app with that file name as the argument to open.


Which US international keyboard layout gives me all umlauts and sharp S?

I use a regular US keyboard layout, but for all extended characters I mapped the print screen key or the right Windows/Super key to be the compose key. So now when I need a ç I type PrtSc followed by the c and , keys. Similarly for characters like ß (PrtScss) or © (PrtScOc).

See the Wikipedia entry on the compose key for more information. To set the Compose key (in Gnome), you can try Settings → keyboard → Shortcuts tab → compose key option, but that doesn't list the PrtSc key I want, so I did the following:

Install dconf-editor: sudo apt-get install dconf-tools
Open dconf-editor and go to org → gnome → desktop → input-sources and change xkb-options to ['compose:prsc']


Can't create Windows 7 install bootable USB

With Gparted, format flash drive to NTFS and set boot flag.
With Archive manager, extract all files from .iso file to flash drive.
That's it.

Edit:
If you have the Win7 DVD you can just copy the files to the NTFS flash drive.


Somehow, I had managed to turn on SlowKeys (Login Screen -> Universal Access Preferences).

The result was that I had to hold keys for very long periods of time for them to work.  Turning it off fixed it.


How to get non-delayed sound and VOIP working in ETQW?

I realize I am late on this, but hopefully it will help those who come here by a generic search.

As an alternative you can use the PulseAudio suspend command which is a little more convenient once you get it going but takes a little bit of set-up.

Install alsa-oss if you have not already done so.
Then in the ETQW configuration file called etqwconfig.cfg (~/.etqwcl/base/etqwconfig.cfg) you need to make small changes.

Note that it is inside a hidden directory, as indicated by the dot in front of the name. You need to show hidden files in your file browser in order to find it. .etqwcl should be inside your home directory. The file contains a note not to modify it directly, but I think that may be a Windows only thing.
Find the lines that begin with:

seta s_alsa_lib
seta s_alsa_pcm

Change them to:

seta s_alsa_lib "libasound.so.2"
seta s_alsa_pcm "hw:0,0"

"hw:0,0" refers to my sound card and the fact that the system calls it card 0, device 0. On a command line, type aplay -l to see your sound devices and to find out the number of your card. If you only have one sound device (such as on board sound), it will probably be 0,0.

My config also has the following line, but I believe it to only be related to using my USB boom microphone.

seta s_alsa_mic "plughw:1"

So you installed alsa-oss and changed the two lines in etqwconfig.cfg, now you can set the launcher to not use PulseAudio.
Edit your launcher menu entry for Quake Wars so it has pasuspender in front of it. As an example, here is the command on my menu:

pasuspender /usr/local/games/etqw/etqw +set r_useThreadedRenderer "4"

The +set r_useThreadedRenderer "4" part is not necessary, it just tells the game to use 4 CPU cores, which my system has.

With this setup, you will not need to type extra PulseAudio related commands each time you want to play the game, and it should automatically turn PulseAudio back on when you quit the game.


The dash home is very slow (ubuntu 13.04)

You are using the Nouveau driver for the graphics card which probably doesn't support sufficient 3D acceleration for Unity.  If you are able to install the proprietary nVidia drivers, it would certainly improve performance.

Open System Settings and select Software and Updates.  There is an Additional Drivers tab which will show you if any alternative drivers are available.

You can also run the following command which will show you whether your current driver supports Unity 3D:

/usr/lib/nux/unity_support_test -p

Check the lines that say "Not blacklisted" and "Unity 3D supported"

Hope that helps.


Sound card problem after upgrading to 13.04

check this :

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-audio-dev/alsa-daily

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade


Script Intro

This script allows choosing a file, selecting an application from file selection dialog, open user selected file with that application, and optionally setting that same application as default.

Since the script uses file dialog , you can select a .desktop file of an application from anywhere in the filesystem. For instance, if you have one in /opt directory, you can easily navigate there. By default , dialog starts out in /usr/share/applications since that's where most applications place their .desktop files.

This script is meant to be added to Nautilus as right click option.

Installation

The script is posted here and on my personal github repository. Simplest way would be via wget command :

   cd $HOME/.local/share/nautilus/scripts/ && wget -O select_application.py  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SergKolo/sergrep/master/select_application.py  && chmod +x select_application.py

If you have git installed , you can install it via the following steps.

cd /tmp
git clone https://github.com/SergKolo/sergrep.git
mv /tmp/sergrep/select_application.py $HOME/.local/share/nautilus/scripts
chmod +x $HOME/.local/share/nautilus/scripts/select_application.py

How it works:

After installation, user can right click on a file

Choosing the select_application.py will bring up the following dialog. ( Note: typing in the initial few letters of a program does allow for auto-focus of specific file. )

Choose the application which you want to open your file. Finally you will be asked to set that application as default or not:

Script source code

#!/usr/bin/env python
#
###########################################################
# Author: Serg Kolo , contact: 1047481448@qq.com
# Date: July 11, 2016
# Purpose: Alternative "Open With" software for Nautilus
#          filemanager
#
# Written for: http://askubuntu.com/q/797571/295286
# Tested on: Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
###########################################################
# Copyright: Serg Kolo , 2016
#
#     Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software is
#     hereby granted without fee, provided that  the copyright notice
#     above and this permission statement appear in all copies.
#
#     THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
#     EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
#     MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
#     IN NO EVENT SHALL  THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
#     CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
#     TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
#     SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

import subprocess
import sys
import os
import getpass

def run_sh(cmd):
    # run shell commands, return stdout
    p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    out = p.stdout.read().strip()
    return out

def extract_command(desktop_file):
    # read .desktop file , return command it  runs
    command=""
    with open(desktop_file) as file:
        for line in file:
            if "Exec=" in line:
                for string in  line.split('Exec=')[1].split():
                    if "%" not in string:
                      command = command + string + " "
                break
    return  command

def set_as_default( mime , desk_file  ):
    # add the .desktop file to list of apps assigned to
    # mime types in mimeapps.list file
    # TODO : find out if Nautilus automatically creates this file
    #        or do we need to ensure that it exists ?
    defaults_file = '/home/' + getpass.getuser() \
                    + '/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list'
    temp_file = '/tmp/new_files'
    write_file = open(temp_file,'w')

    defaults_found = False
    mime_found = False
    with open(defaults_file) as read_file:
        for line in read_file:
            if '[Default Applications]' in line:
                defaults_found = True
            if defaults_found and mime in line:
                write_file.write( mime + '=' + desk_file + "\n" )
                mime_found = True
            else:
                write_file.write( line.strip() + "\n" )

    if not mime_found :
       write_file.write( mime_type + '=' + desktop_file + "\n" )

    write_file.close()
    os.rename(temp_file,defaults_file)

#--------------

def main():

    # Open file dialog, let user choose program by its .desktop file
    filepath = run_sh('zenity --file-selection --file-filter="*.desktop" \
                              --filename="/usr/share/applications/" ')
    if filepath == "" :
       sys.exit(1)

    # Get the program user wants to run
    program = extract_command(filepath)

    # Find out the mimetype of the file user wants opened
    mime_type = run_sh("file --mime-type " \
                       + sys.argv[1]  ).split(':')[1].strip()

    # Extract just the .desktop filename itself
    desktop_file = filepath.split('/')[-1]

    # Check if user wants this program as default
    return_code = subprocess.call( [ 'zenity', '--question', '--title=""',
                      '--text="Would you like to set this app as' + \
                       ' default for this filetype?"'])

    if return_code == 0 :
       set_as_default( mime_type , desktop_file )

    # Finally, launch the program with file user chose
    # Can't use run_sh() because it expects stdout
    proc = subprocess.Popen( "nohup " + program + " " + sys.argv[1] \
                             + " &> /dev/null &" , shell=True)

if __name__ == "__main__" :
    main()


How do I know the persistent file size for storing changes of a bootable USB stick?

Open a terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) and type the following command:

df . -h

Output can look like:

Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/cow                   14G   74M   13G   1% /

And in case you like to change the size of the persistent file you can take a look at:

http://ubuntu-usb-large-persistent-storage.blogspot.nl/

Have Fun

Ronald


What does the kernel boot parameter "set acpi_osi=Linux" do?

I think you mean =Windows, not Linux.
  The argument tells the kernel to lie
  to the ACPI BIOS and tell it that it
  is something other than Linux (which
  is why specifying Linux is silly).

I'm sure he means what he wrote. Yes, BIOS's usually disable functionality if Windows is not detected, but specifying Linux is not silly because by default the kernel responds false when asked if Linux is running. acpi_osi=Linux tells the kernel to respond true.(see drivers/acpi/osl.c) It seems that you need to tell the BIOS the truth.

It's either a driver problem or incorrect ACPI implementation. You'd have to take out your dsdt and disassemble it to review the code and get a better understanding of what is broke or disabled under the Linux OSI.

Reference

Why Linux ACPI driver pretends to be Windows and disables OSI(Linux) by default
ACPI/Fix common problems - Gentoo Linux Wiki
How do I add a kernel boot parameter?


Need to update to latest supported kernel version in Ubuntu 12.04

Your kernel is not completely up to date - the newest version should be available if you upgrade to 13.10 from 13.04 which is possible with do-release-upgrade or software updater. Then your kernel can automatically be updated.


Wireless on an Atheros AR9285 is slow and disconnects

Kernel 2.6.39 completely fixed the issues with the ath9x driver for me in 11.04 (Natty). I can do high-load transfers without issue. Comment #8 on "wlan (AR928X, ath9k) slow since upgrade to natty" contains instructions on how to get this kernel from a PPA. I did an apt-get install rather than a dist-upgrade, but either one should get you the new kernel. Here's what I did:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kernel-ppa/ppa
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install linux-generic-pae

If you're using a 64-bit kernel, I think the package to install is just "linux-generic". Or just follow the instructions right in the bug (use apt-get dist-upgrade -y).

Also possibly related:

UNR Ath9K unstable connection

After upgrading to linux 2.6.39, changing the ath9k driver config (as suggested in Why is my internet so slow with an Atheros wireless card?) is not necessary.

Hope this helps!


What can I use to download YouTube videos?

I've used Clipgrab and I'm not much impressed with it as it don't show download speed.

I prefer youtube-dl. It is a console application and thus light weight and bundled with lots of features. One of my favorite feature of youtube-dl is it can download youtube playlists.

To install youtube-dl

        sudo apt-get install youtube-dl

Don't forget to see it's man page and help.

         man youtube-dl
         youtube-dl -h


How to resolve dpkg errors after upgrading from 18.10 to 19.04?

Try these commands below

$ apt-get install sendmail

$ apt-get -f install

$ apt-get install sendmail


Run the command

sudo apt-get install lubuntu-desktop

then at login click the little ubuntu icon next to your name.
It'll take you to a menu like this:

Click LXDE.


Installing and using ActivePresenter with Wine

ActivePresenter 7.x requires Platform Update to run properly because it uses Direct2D for recording and rendering, that's why it runs fine after you run Windows Updates.

ActivePresenter 6 doesn't require that and run fine without Platform Update. It's still available at https://atomisystems.com/download/


Ubuntu freezes at installation-dialog and at live-boot

You should not use ancient Ubuntu. Use modern Xubuntu or Lubuntu instead. Unity will not run on this revered veteran even if you manage to install it. I have Zenwalk Linux running on such machines OK.


How do I remove my old ubuntu installation and install a new install without affecting my Windows 8 install

If you boot the live CD of 12.04 and then start the install.  It will scan your disks and then should find 13.04 and then ask you if you want to "Replace 13.04" or do "Something Else".

Selecting to replace 13.04 will only affect the partition with Ubuntu already installed but.....
IT WILL ERASE ALL FILES IN THE UBUNTU INSTALL!!!  If you want to keep any of these files you will need to back them up to another location BEFORE installing 12.04.

If you have installed 13.04 as encrypted, I'm not sure that it will be found. If that is the case you will(likely) need to delete the 13.04 partition manually and then try to install 12.04 from scratch with the liveCD installer.
The easiest way to do that is with OS-uninstaller This will need to be done with the liveCD/USB, if needed the community wiki page is here...   I will refer you to that page rather than just give you the instructions, the ones there are excellent and include screenshots as well.

Just remember using either method will delete all the files on the Ubuntu partition so back them up first if you want to save them.  Neither will affect your Windows partition.

NOTE:   if you are confused by the screen or you do not get the option to replace Ubuntu 13.04 with 12.04 Please do not do anything, just press cancel and then seek further help while the installer is pretty safe there are sometimes errors that usually come down to the operator not paying attention or being in a hurry and pressing buttons without reading them.


How to open kcrash files and/or launch drkonqi manually?

Bugs and reports

The KDE has a good debugging page /1/. It has useful information how to make useful crash reports:

"many distros choose to install stripped files, which results in useless backtraces".."If your distribution has debugging-enabled packages, install them."
The Ubuntu family makes things quite easy. Every official KDE module has an additional package in the repository, suffixed with -dbg. Always install kdelibs5-dbg, because all KDE applications use kdelibs...
etc...

The Kubuntu wiki has a bug section /2/.

The kcrash files

The kcrash files should be text files. At here:

The file command /3/ is telling:

:~$ file /home/rog131/Documents/dolphin-20111014-113228.kcrash
/home/rog131/Documents/dolphin-20111014-113228.kcrash: ASCII text

and/or the mimetype command /4/ is telling:

:~$ mimetype /home/rog131/Documents/dolphin-20111014-113228.kcrash
/home/rog131/Documents/dolphin-20111014-113228.kcrash: text/plain

Here the dedicated text editor is opening the kcrash file when left clicking the file in the file manager.

DrKonqi

The drkonqi should start automatically when there is a KDE related crash. You could see the options with the command:

:~$ /usr/lib/kde4/libexec/drkonqi --help

Links & notes:

https://community.kde.org/Guidelines_and_HOWTOs/Debugging/How_to_create_useful_crash_reports
https://wiki.kubuntu.org/Kubuntu/Bugs/Reporting
:~$ man file:

NAME
     file — determine file type

:~$ man mimetype

NAME
       mimetype - Determine file type


For the people that don't know, MEGA is a Dropbox alternative, with 50GB of free storage, available for Mac, Windows and Linux, created by Kim Dotcom.

I have been using Mega for months now, and it has turned into my new default Cloud Storage Service.

Although some features are not present, such as, file previewer for Document files(.doc/.pdf/.txt). Image previewer works just fine.

Features

Here are some features that are touted by Mega:

Secure:

Your data is encrypted end to end. Nobody can intercept it while in storage or in transit.

Flexible:

Sync any folder from your PC to any folder in the cloud. Sync any number of folders in parallel.

Fast:

Take advantage of MEGA's high-powered infrastructure and multi-connection transfers.

Generous:

Store up to 50 GB for free!

  All encryption is end-to-end. Data uploaded is encrypted on the
  uploading device before it is sent out to the Internet, and data
  downloaded is decrypted only after it has arrived on the downloading
  device. The client machines are responsible for generating, exchanging
  and managing the encryption keys. No usable encryption keys ever leave
  the client computers (with the exception of RSA public keys). - MEGA
  from MEGA - Help - Security

Installation

Download the Mega Sync Client for Linux. Open the terminal in the directory you downloaded the deb file, then Copy/Paste the following code: sudo dpkg -i megasync-xUbuntu_14.04_amd64.deb. After that start mega from the Dash, from there one it will start up at login.

Note:

The deb file also adds a ppa in your sources list. Meaning future updates, you will get via your Software Updater.

For the people that don't trust any type of PPA, but still want mega, I uploaded the binary: megasync-gui to virustotal.

Mega sync will start automatically: In the unity panel you will see a MEGA icon which gives you multiple options to choose from.

Screenshots

For any help with Mega, see there Mega Sync Client help page.

Source:

Excerpt from:

Mega Sync Client For Linux - EuroBytes

which I am the author of.


Problem with pdf file opening in terminal

This is a reported bug on https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xpdf/+bug/1056361.

Anyway, you can try this method to solve your problem. In terminal run the following commands:

sudo apt-get install libfreetype6-dev libmotif-dev
wget ftp://ftp.foolabs.com/pub/xpdf/xpdf-3.03.tar.gz
tar xzpf xpdf-3.03.tar.gz
cd xpdf-3.03
./configure -with-freetype2-library=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu -with-freetype2-includes=/usr/include/freetype2 -with-Xm-library=/usr/lib -with-Xm-includes=/usr/include/Xm
make
sudo make install

Source: http://linuxtricksandubuntraps.tumblr.com/post/45909461325/ubuntu-segmentation-fault-when-xpdf-is-launched


source $HOME/.bashrc conflicts with zsh?

Before you begin, exit out of zsh and then run the zsh command. You should get a prompt that asks you to make a selection. Press 2. This will create a default ~/.zshrc file.

Files with the "rc" suffix are called run-control files¹.

bash uses a ~/.bashrc file for configuring your bash session and zsh uses a ~/.zshrc file.

The ls configuration in your bashrc file uses "aliases". Run the following command to show all of your ls aliases:

cat ~/.bashrc | grep "alias.*ls"

Now, to transfer those aliases to your ~/.zshrc file, run the following commands:

cat ~/.bashrc | grep "alias.*ls" >> ~/.zshrc
. ~/.zshrc

Note: . ~/.zshrc is the same as source ~/.zshrc but with less typing.

You can do the same thing for grep:

cat ~/.bashrc | grep "alias.*grep" >> ~/.zshrc
. ~/.zshrc

¹inherited from "rc file" used on older Unix systems


How do I put Ubuntu on a NON-flash external USB hard-drive?

There's no difference between a flash drive and a usb hard drive. Both can be used as a boot medium, and in the same way.

If you want to put the live system (installer) on the disk, the partition needs to be FAT32. NTFS cannot be read at this stage. So the partition you boot from (where the live cd contents are put) needs to be formatted as FAT32.

You can also install Ubuntu to the external hard drive, of course, just as you could with a flash drive. That's a different operation from using the drive as a live cd boot medium.


How to Install 64-bit Adobe Photoshop CC in Ubuntu?

run WINEARCH=win64 WINEPREFIX=~/.wine64 winecfg
set up wine how you like, version, etc. then run WINEPREFIX=~/.wine64 wine 64bitprogramsetup.exe to install your 64 bit program


Can't find "Spellchecking and Writing Aids"setting?

For system wide language go to "system settings > Language Support". For individual programs like libreoffice, open libreoffice and go to "tools > options" which brings up a window and under libreoffice "Language settings > Writing Aids" it has a checkbox for checking while you type.


OS taking longer boot time, held for a longer duration at the splash screen

There is a problem with your network drivers.

I believe r8169 is a Realtek network driver. A quick search of r8169 driver rtl_counters_cond led me to this GitHub commit which contains a fix for the issue (the fix is for Raspberry Pi. I mentioned it for reference purposes only).

The most likely cause is outdated drivers. Assuming you have sudo privileges, a simple sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade should suffice. Depending on what version of Ubuntu you have, you may be required to either use the backports repo or upgrade to yakkety.


Some programs will call on the root password during the install process.  By default, Ubuntu doesn't have a root password so you won't be able to type in the correct password.

If the install program is a commanline from the terminal you can prefix the command with sudo.  If you have sudo access, it would then prompt you for the same password that you used for logging in to your account.


Booting problem In Dell Vostro 3480 with Ubuntu 18.04

I would suggest to try to see if secure boot is disabled. Turn on your laptop and press f2 continuously to enter into BIOS. Then check if secure boot is disabled.
If the problem still persists then reinstall Ubuntu only as it is open-source and free to use. Don't install Windows since installing a licensed version will cost you upwards of Rs 7000.


How do I clean or disable the memory cache?

Note: Linux is NOT "eating" your RAM! Please take a look at Geirha's excellent answer below to understand why...

After the above note, if you still feel "cleaning" the cache could help, you can certainly try: it's a one-liner from the terminal:
sync && echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

There's no easy way to disable the cache, but you can achieve the same effect by cleaning it as often as every minute, if you want to:

Make it a cron-job

Press Alt-F2, type gksudo gedit /etc/crontab, and add this line near the bottom:
*/15 *    * * *   root    sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

This cleans every 15 minutes. You can set to 1 or 5 minutes if you really want to  by changing the first parameter to * or */5 instead of */15

One liner to know REAL free RAM, excepting cache
Geirha's answer explains the details, but in short, you get the number of free megabytes with:
free -m | sed -n -e '3p' | grep -Po "\d+$"

which on my 2GB command-line server returns an extremely health 1835.


After the upgrade to 15.10 Conky disappears when I click desktop

My working settings on 14.04, on which I used to have the same problem:

own_window yes
own_window_type normal
own_window_class conky
own_window_hints undecorated,skip_taskbar,skip_pager,sticky,below
own_window_argb_visual yes
own_window_transparent yes

I think the key is own_window_type set to normal instead of desktop.


How can I create an alias for a file in bash.script and then redirect info to it?

In your script, file is a variable, not an alias. Then, you have to write "$file".


Dual Boot problems (Win 8.1 and Ubuntu 13.10), Boot-repair didnt work

Best is to reïnstall Grub with an live-cd.

Step 1)
From a live cd open an terminal

Step 2)
sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt (sdXY should by your root Example /dev/sda5)

Step 3)
sudo mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev && sudo mount --bind /dev/pts /mnt/dev/pts && sudo mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc && sudo mount --bind /sys /mnt/sys

Step 4)
sudo chroot /mnt

Step 5
grub-install /dev/sdX && update-grub

Step 6
exit && sudo umount /mnt/dev && sudo umount /mnt/dev/pts && sudo umount /mnt/proc && sudo umount /mnt/sys && sudo umount /mnt

Reboot and here you go.


On Linux, for installations performed using a MySQL repository or RPM packages, the MySQL server mysqld should be started by the local mysql operating system user. Starting by another operating system user is not supported by the init scripts that are included as part of the MySQL repositories.

On Unix (or Linux for installations performed using tar.gz packages) , the MySQL server mysqld can be started and run by any user. However, you should avoid running the server as the Unix root user for security reasons. To change mysqld to run as a normal unprivileged Unix user user_name, you must do the following:

Stop the server if it is running (use mysqladmin shutdown).
Change the database directories and files so that user_name has privileges to read and write files in them (you might need to do this as the Unix root user):

shell> chown -R user_name /path/to/mysql/datadir

If you do not do this, the server will not be able to access databases or tables when it runs as user_name.

If directories or files within the MySQL data directory are symbolic links, chown -R might not follow symbolic links for you. If it does not, you will also need to follow those links and change the directories and files they point to.

Start the server as user user_name. Another alternative is to start mysqld as the Unix root user and use the --user=user_name option. mysqld starts, then switches to run as the Unix user user_name before accepting any connections.

To start the server as the given user automatically at system startup time, specify the user name by adding a user option to the [mysqld] group of the /etc/my.cnf option file or the my.cnf option file in the server's data directory. For example:

[mysqld]
user=user_name

If your Unix machine itself is not secured, you should assign passwords to the MySQL root account in the grant tables. Otherwise, any user with a login account on that machine can run the mysql client with a --user=root option and perform any operation. (It is a good idea to assign passwords to MySQL accounts in any case, but especially so when other login accounts exist on the server host.)

Text comes from https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/changing-mysql-user.html. I'm not sure if this is referring to MySQL users or Ubuntu users. I hope this at least helps


How to solve dpkg-source source problem when building a package?

Avoid the Debian bureaucracy by just building the binary: dpkg-buildpackage -b


Creating a VPN without a router for gaming

PPTP VPN

Run this command to install the needed packages:

sudo apt-get install ppp pptpd

Configure the ip range:

sudo nano /etc/pptpd.conf

Add these lines:

localip 10.89.64.1
remoteip 10.89.64.100-150

Server is set up to use IP 10.89.64.1 and distributing the IP range 10.89.64.100 to 10.89.64.150 to PPTP clients.
Change these as you wish as long as they are private IP addresses and do not conflict with IP addresses already used by your server.

Configure DNS - this is what clients use for a DNS server.

Edit /etc/ppp/pptpd-options:

sudo nano /etc/ppp/pptpd-options

Add or edit these lines:

ms-dns 8.8.8.8
ms-dns 8.8.4.4

Create a PPTP User.

Edit /etc/ppp/chap-secrets:

sudo nano /etc/ppp/chap-secrets

Append a line at the bottom so that your file looks something like:

# client    server  secret          IP addresses
test        pptpd   abcd1234        *

Configure NAT - you have to do this, if you want clients to have internet connection.

Edit /etc/rc.local:

sudo nano /etc/rc.local

Add the following to the bottom right before “exit 0” line:

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

Enable IPv4 forwading:

Edit /etc/sysctl.conf:

sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf

Uncomment the following line:

net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

Run this command to reload changes:

sudo sysctl -p

Reboot the server.

Client side configuration:

Linux

Windows


I had to remove my current playlists and add them again.

There are no song duplications after this.


You can use graphical UI tool for making bootable USB flash drives as well as format to FAT32 EXT4 or NTFS, You will get "USB Image writer" & "USB Stick Formatter" just download  from Mint repositroy and install. Link below
http://packages.linuxmint.com/pool/main/m/mintstick/


What file system to select to run Photorec

The one you used when using Windows.  The only one that knows that would be you. Most of us would guess NTFS.


Ubuntu 14.04 Startup application command for Indicator Application

This is indicator application command (for 64 bit ubuntu):
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/indicator-application/indicator-application-service


Unable to Delete Email Messages in Thunderbird

I finally resolved the issue.

I started Thunderbird from the command line and noticed it was complaining about not being able to open the local message store every time I tried to delete a message.

To fix the problem I just deleted the following files:

~/.thunderbird/[profile_folder]/Mail/Local Folders/Trash
~/.thunderbird/[profile_folder]/Mail/Local Folders/Trash.msf

When Thunderbird restarted it recreated them and delete now works.


Skype complains about being too old version, but no newer exists?

Microsoft no longer updates the version of Skype for Linux with new features (because they put all the new features in the Windows version because they want you to install Windows), and as that is a reasonably recently implemented feature the Skype version for Linux does not support it.

So your best bet is to either:

1. Click the link it provides you in the first message in order to view the image online.

2. Use the web version of Skype.

3. Get the other person to send it as just regular file (if there is no option to do so either get them to change the extension to something which won't be recognized as an image or get them to convert the image contents to hex or something and just shove that in a txt file so that when you receive it you can convert it back to an image and view it - it will all depend on how Skype determines on whether or not it is an image).

4. Use WINE or PlayOnLinux to run the latest version of Skype (I tried this before and could never get this to work though - if you do it with WINE it doesn't have the necessary fonts, and if you do it with PoL, the installer just fails).

5. Switch from Skype to a different program which does still properly support Linux (personally I would highly recommend that you switch to Tox which is a great new privacy focused program with many different clients for many different devices. You can install Tox (I would personally recommend qTox (GUI) or Toxic (CLI) as they are great clients) by following the appropriate instructions for your OS here).

But I don't think there's much else you can do about it other than install Windows and view it in the latest version of Skype there (queue "BOO")...


Warning on installing CUTORCH about missing dependency files that are there

In case someone comes across this:

luarocks install FindCUDA

then reinstall cutorch and cunn.


Is executable permission mode S used for anything?

The output displays S if setuid is set, but user permissions do not include execute. However, as long as group or other can execute, the setuid bit has meaning: if somebody other than the owner executes the file, it will run as the owner, which is the intended purpose of setuid. If the owner could execute the file, it would run as their user anyway, so setuid is irrelevant to the owner.

Here's a simple illustration:

$ cp $(which whoami) foo
$ sudo chmod u=rs,go+x foo
$ stat -c %A foo
-r-Sr-xr-x
$ ./foo
zsh: permission denied: ./foo
$ sudo -u www-data whoami
www-data
$ sudo -u www-data ./foo
muru


Fan running at maximum speed on Asus UX32A since last update on Ubuntu 14.04

You can try to install (or check if it is already installed) thermald. It is a daemon that prevent your PC from overheating. To install run the following command:

sudo apt-get install thermald

I also suggest to enable Intel P-State frequency governor that manage how your CPU change working frequency. To do this edit grub configuration file

sudo nano /etc/default/grub

and add intel_pstate=enable to the following line as showed below

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash intel_pstate=enable"

Now you have to run

sudo update-grub

to apply changes and then reboot your system to start Intel P-state driver.

If this solution is not enough or you want finer fan control you can read this post where you can find a briefly explanation about lm-sensors (cpu sensors monitor) and fancontrol (let you manage fan settings) programs.

I hope this will help you.


ubuntu no longer starting in secure mode

Some computers have EFIs that don't accept the Secure Boot signatures on some EFI binaries. I've seen this problem on my ASUS P8H77-I motherboard. Basically, take two signed binaries (say, shim1.efi and shim2.efi), both of which are recognized as properly signed by another motherboard. On my ASUS, just one of those binaries may be recognized as valid; the other may be rejected. Needless to say, this is extremely frustrating. I don't know for certain if it's a bug in the firmware or if there's something wrong in the way the binaries are built or signed and that some EFIs are letting bad signatures past. I've not yet seen the problem with binaries built with the TianoCore EDK2 toolkit, but I have seen it with binaries built with GNU-EFI. (To the best of my knowledge, Shim is always built with GNU-EFI.)

In any event, if this is the problem, the solution is to revert to a known-working Shim binary. If you don't have a copy of your old Shim, try this one:

http://www.codon.org.uk/~mjg59/shim-signed/

It's old, but it's proven to be reliable for me. If you use it, you'll probably have to register Ubuntu's key via MokManager. The key is available in an Ubuntu package, but I don't recall which one offhand. I've collected a bunch of keys in my rEFInd project; you can download them piecemeal here:

https://sourceforge.net/p/refind/code/ci/master/tree/keys/

You'll need the canonical-uefi-ca.der file to boot Ubuntu's version of GRUB.

If you try replacing your Shim, I recommend you back up your old one and the associated MokManager binary and then copy the new one and its associated MokManager binary over the original filenames. (This may involve renaming shimx64.efi to shim.efi or vice-versa.) Ordinarily, an Ubuntu installation's Shim will be in /boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/.

All this said, it's conceivable that something else is wrong, especially if you're certain your system hasn't upgraded Shim recently. An unsigned GRUB might be to blame, for instance.


This happened to me also on Ubuntu.

To fix I first cleaned / reinstalled tomcat6 using apt

sudo apt-get --purge remove tomcat6 tomcat6-common tomcat6-admin
sudo apt-get install tomcat6 tomcat6-common tomcat6-admin

Then launched using:

sudo /etc/init.d/tomcat6 restart

Then check the error log when the fail message appears:

tail /var/log/tomcat6/catalina.2013-05-03.log

Got a few missing directory issues so fixed those, restarting each time until no more errors appear here.

Then check the out log:

tail /var/log/tomcat6/catalina.out

This showed some java errors (missing classes).

After some searching found env variables not being set can cause issues, fixed by adding these two lines to /etc/environment:

CATALINA_HOME=/usr/share/tomcat6
CATALINA_BASE=/var/lib/tomcat6

Then imported these / checked with:

source /etc/environment
echo $CATALINA_HOME

Also fixed lib symlink using:

cd /var/lib/tomcat6
sudo ln -s /usr/share/java lib

After doing all of that the next restart worked and I am now able to see the "It Works!" page by navigating to:

http://localhost:8080/


Having trouble with HighPoint RAID Drivers on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS

The latest versions of the source code and web management tool seem to "just work" on Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.5.0-23-generic x86_64), which is wonderful news as far as I'm concerned. Steps are below, but all are trivial. The below would need to be tweaked slightly if installing on a 32 bit platform, because all of the below filenames are the 64 bit versions.

This still doesn't fix the SATA controller point though. The only way to have the card do that which I've found is to create a single-disk JBOD on each disk (which can be done in the BIOS tool). Not very elegant, but kind of works at least.

Steps to install drivers (don't forget to put in your username in the second-last step instead of the square brackets bit):

    !#/bin/bash
    wget http://www.highpoint-tech.com/BIOS_Driver/HRM/Linux/WebGUI-Linux-v2.1.5-130409.tgz
    wget http://www.highpoint-tech.com/BIOS_Driver/rr26xx/RR268x/Linux/v1.8.12.0823/RR268x-Linux-Src-v1.9-120817-1639.tar.gz
    tar -zxf RR268x-Linux-Src-v1.9-120817-1639.tar.gz
    cd rr268x-linux-src-v1.9/product/rr2680/linux/
    make
    sudo make install
    cd ../../../..
    tar -zxf WebGUI-Linux-v2.1.5-130409.tgz
    sudo apt-get install alien
    sudo alien --script hptsvr-https-2.1.5-13.0409.x86_64.rpm #obviously use the i386 version if you're on 32 bit
    sudo dpkg -r hptsvr-https
    sudo dpkg -i hptsvr-https_2.1.5-14.0409_amd64.deb
    cd ~/Desktop/
    sudo chown [username] hptwebraid.desktop
    sudo chmod a+x hptwebraid.desktop


Assuming you have physical access you can boot into single user mode. In ubuntu, this is very conviniently called "recovery mode". If you lack this, go into edit mode in grub go to your user boot option and add the word single at the end

The 'proper' way to look up your username (and password, of sorts) is to look in /etc/shadow - cat /etc/shadow should spit out all that, and you'll see the usernames of all your accounts there.

You'll see something like geek:$fhgbesft7y842387ty884yg87.:16026:0:99999:7::: - First 'field' before the colon is your username, then a hash of a password (I've replaced mine with key mashing) and so on. There's a more complete writeup here.

You will then be able to change your password with passwd username as per your username on /etc/shadow


I too am experiencing this, but on 14.04 LTS.

I've raised this with Chromium as a bug, as appears connected to the v38 upgrade of Chromium that appeared in the Ubuntu repos on 10th/11th November.

See https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=432488

Maybe add your details to that bug report, to see where our configurations match.

(To comply with Chromium bug reporting requirements, you should also verify that it's not an issue with an existing extension, or corrupt profile data, by starting Chromium with a blank profile and seeing if the problem still persists)

UPDATE
Appears fixed now in Version 40.0.2214.94 (I'm now on 14.10, but I think the same version is now in the official release for 14.04)

The Chromium bug is still active as there are other issues, but majority of causes seem cured.


Errors in APT output after installing Python packages and running update-alternatives

I think you need to change the default version if your python default version to python2.
do:

ls /usr/bin/python*

check your current default python by:

python --version

Then to check the list of python version

 update-alternatives --list python

Then do:

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 1

Then do:

 update-alternatives --list python

Then do:

sudo update-alternatives --config python

Then select the python version 2 and then do:

sudo apt-get install -f


How to choose in which display the login box will appear?

Have you tried to configure it with the default Ubuntu "Monitor" tool or with the ATI Catalyst Control Center?
Last week I had the same problem and I solved everything installing the last driver from ATI and working with the configuration.
Here you can find the link to driver for linux

http://support.amd.com/us/gpudownload/Pages/index.aspx

After you downloaded it you have install and open this program with root access.
In the "Display Manager" menu configure your monitors selecting the option "Multi-diplay desktop with display(s) 2" on your first monitor and "Multi-display with display(s) 1" on your second monitor. Apply the changes, log off and log in again. In every step of your configuration you find the id of your monitor in the left top corner of your display.

I tried also all the other options and I find out that "Multi-display with display...)" is the only one that suits my needs. Infact I tried also to option for two different monitors but I was not able to run an application in my main monitor. I tried also "two different monitor" + Xinerama and I had a lot of problems with application not running and so on. So I think that is the only option suitable for me. Let me know if you solve the problem with another option or configuration.


what is the command to open encryped file of image, mp3,mp4 in terminal?

To mount existing EncFS directories for use, repeat the command used to create them:
encfs ~/ENCRYPTED-DIRECTORY~/UNENCRYPTED-DIRECTORY

At this point, you will be prompted for the password.
For most users, no additional options are likely required.
However, EncFS does have a small set of options, which are described thoroughly in the man page.


Fails to boot Kernels newer than 4.15: LSB: QEMU KVM module loading script

I found a temporary(?) fix! I disabled QEMU KVM from booting at start using the instructions found here at AskUbuntu.
My command was

sudo systemctl disable qemu-kvm

and it WORKED.

I can boot now and Polo File Manager works just fine, although I haven't tested its KVM capabilities.


Mounting the pen drive

Usually pen drives are recognized on the scsi-bus, that means they can be found at /dev/sd*.
If you have one physical hard disk (sda) the usb drive tends to be sdb. If you have two physical hard disks (sda, sdb) the usb drive usually is called sdc.
You may try dmesg | grep "removable disk" to make sure.

Once you know the name, use the 'mount'-command to mount the drive (lets assume its sdb):

sudo mount /dev/sdb /mnt

For FAT formatted drives try:

sudo mount -t vfat /dav/sdb /mnt

Now the drive is mounted at /mnt

Installing the driver

First cd to /mnt, then execute the file:

cd /mnt
sudo ./ati-driver-installer-11-12-x86.x86_64.run

Additional Information

sudo is only necessary if you are not root (antony@antony --> sudo; root@antony --> no sudo)
Installing the driver from within the running operating system may fail. In that case you would have to drop to a shell before booting the os or trying a live cd.


I failed to safely eject my USB drive and lost data...how do I get it back?

Ubuntu doesn't "randomly format" drives, so you could make your question a bit less dramatic...

Unplugging a device with a file system on it without unmounting it is guaranteed to cause problems sooner or later, and if you are using a FAT filesystem on it, it won't easily "repair" itself like ext4 or NTFS would.  But we don't know what the exact cause of your problem is in this case.

It might be useful to look in your log files (dmesg, syslog, etc.) to see if there are any error messages when you plug in the USB memory stick.

If you see read errors, then probably something is wrong with the hardware, and you want to use something like ddrescue or gddrescue to make an as-good-as-possible image of the flash drive.

If there are no read errors, it's probably "only" the filesystem that got corrupted.  You can use a simple dd to make an image then.  After making a backup image, you can try to fix the filesystem with fsck and see if that brings back all the files you need.

In case there are hardware problems, or a simple fsck doesn't solve the problem, you can try using tools like photorec on a disk image (which can recover not only graphics files but also a lot of other document formats).


What is the key combination for alphabet 'ज्ञ' on Hindi Bolnagari Key Board?

It is as per Sanskrit Varnamala (alphabets) rules -

In "Bolnagri" -
ज (j) +  ् (x) + ञ (Shift + y) = ज्ञ

In "Indian" (which is closer to "Mangal" in Windows which most of the professionals are used to) -
ज (p) +  ् (d) + ञ (Shift + ]) = ज्ञ

Hope you already know -
क (k) +  ् (d) + ष (Shift + ,) = क्ष
In "Bolnagri"
क (k) +  ् (d) + ष (Shift + s) = क्ष


Used purge command to remove java, it removed a lot more than java

Going from the APT history log, the problem wasn't apt-get purge openJDK7*, which uninstalled openjdk, but apt-get purge java* which removed ubuntu-desktop.

The problem is that java* matches javascript :)

To get back to a usable system, apt-get install ubuntu-desktop.

To get everything you had installed back, install everything you can see that APT removed when you told it to purge java*.


It seems rhythmbox does not support cue lists )=
Hope it will in future.
Now you can use Clementine player for such files. It does support them!
After googling it seems only Clementine and audacious have .cue support in linux world...
But those two work for sure (checked).


I completely messed up my entire file system permissions. I recovered, but how can I make sure my system is correct throughout?

The only sure method is to re-install. If you make a backup you could do a re-install without formatting /. That would overwrite all system files with their correct permissions.

  I just chmod 755 all directories, 644 to all files

That is not correct for all the files on your system. It might make your system use able though.

Examples:

/tmp/ needs 777 and sticky bit set.
Logfiles in /var/log/, some should be 640 (like syslog) to prevent "others" looking at your log files.


How to change default interface for internet?

You can set that up via the /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml configuration file. Steps:

Edit that file but make a backup first:

sudo nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
Add or change the file to this:

network:
   version: 2
   renderer: networkd
   ethernets:
        enp0s29f7u8:
           dhcp4: true

Apply the changes:

sudo netplan apply
# Debug with
sudo netplan --debug apply

Or in your case use bonding:

bonds:
    bond0:
        dhcp4: yes
        interfaces:
            - enp0s29f7u8
            - enp2s0
        parameters:
            mode: active-backup
            primary: enp0s29f7u8

Note: Take note of the indentations.

Excerpt:

  Bonding, also called port trunking or link aggregation means combining several network interfaces (NICs) to a single link, providing either high-availability, load-balancing, maximum throughput, or a combination of these. See Wikipedia for details.

Sources:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBonding?&_ga=2.4304755.1589454052.1542970542-1686101836.1542733354#Descriptions_of_bonding_modes

https://linuxconfig.org/how-to-configure-static-ip-address-on-ubuntu-18-04-bionic-beaver-linux

https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/12/01/ubuntu-bionic-netplan


Can selected text be wrapped in quotes/brackets?

You can emulate this functionality using the tools xsel and xvkbd. They allow you to create a shortcut that simulates typing the last selected string enclosed with double quotes.

First, install them:

sudo apt-get install xsel xvkbd

Then assign this command below to a custom keyboard shortcut, like Ctrl+2:

bash -c 'xvkbd -file <(printf "\"%s\"" "$(xsel)")'

If you don't know how to create custom shortcuts, take a look at How to add keyboard shortcuts?


So I came back around and looked at what was happening on the system using grep sleep /var/log/syslog
It looks like even though sleep and suspend settings had been turned off, another service was putting the system into a suspend state.
I used this article to resolve the issue.
The issue seems to be resolved BUT I'm now having trouble with the touchpad. A minor issue overall if the computer continues to work as expected.


Brightness Resets on Boot/Reboot in Ubuntu 14.04

Go to terminal and type sudo nano /etc/rc.local . A window will pop out, and add echo 5 > /sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness before the last line “exit 0″. Number 5 is the value of your screen brightness. With cat /sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0/max_brightness command you can check the maximum. This might work for you, Have fun.


First: Answering the Phone - Swipe right instead of pressing button. Make sure you do not need a pass code or phrase to wake up the phone.
Second:eMail - Dekko is a work in progress. Wait for fix.
Third: Video Playback - Bug report filed for video play-back on phone. Work-around = Copy mp4 file onto your PC and watch it there. ALSO:Take video in Wide Screen,horizontal mode only.


I am unable to comment due to insufficient reputation however @Edwin Hernandez crontab example of */15, *, *, *, * sudo bash -c "sleep 1h; pm-suspend" is incorrect as there should not be commas between the fields (each of the stars are a separate field).  @Mitch♦ has the correct format.

cron's format is:

m h dom mon dow command

m is the minute, h is the hour, dom is day of month, mon is the month, and dow is day of week.

In your comment you ask a supplementary question about running every day and every week.

14 04 * * * command is every day at 04:14am

39 06 * * 3 command is every Wednesday at 6:39am (0 = Sun, 1 = Mon, etc...)

39 06 * * wed command as previous line

Caution #1:  If you use * * * * wed command then it will run every minute of every hour every Wednesday.  If you only want it to run once a day then you need to specify the minutes and hours of the day you want it to run. I've been bitten by this on more than one occasion. It can be very frustrating.

Caution #2:  If the command you want to run is the pm-suspend command then I would suggest that you look at all crontab files for all users to find a suitable time after they have finished processing any commands you feel are important.  e.g. if you are running a backup starting at 05:44 and then set your pm-suspend to run at 05:50 there is a possibility that the backup will not have finished before suspending which is probably not a helpful state of affairs.

The reason that the "random" times are used in the example is that crontabs often set off their commands at these "random" times to spread the load so that a lot of processes are not all starting at once

It should be noted that any output of cron is emailed to the user if email is set up.  You will not see any output on the screen/terminal.

An aside

If you ever need to watch something change over a shorter time frame (the default is 2 secs) then watch is a useful command.  Finding this command was a godsend!

Other reading

On SO How can I make a bash command run periodically? has lots of links in that might help explain things in alternative ways.

Or if you can cope with the somewhat meaty man pages:

man 8 cron

man 1 crontab

man 5 crontab


right click on the top bar with "close maximize minimize" buttons and select always on top.

or

right click on the terminal tab in your panel's window list, and select always on top.

if you wan to make it permanent you have to edit the windows property in Compiz Config Setting Manager, goto Window Management click on the Window Rules option, then in the above part enter gnome-terminal.

or you can mess with metacity settings.

or you can also get CairoDock or Screenlet's terminal application and make it stay on top.


You can use Python to parse the JSON and run wget:

#! /usr/bin/python3
import json, sys, subprocess

for k in json.load(sys.stdin):
    cmd = ["echo", "wget", k["url"], "-O", '{:s}/{:s}.{:s}'.format(k["folder__relative_path"], k["title"], k["extension"])]
    subprocess.run(cmd)

With the sample input:

$ python3 f.py < foo.txt
wget http://zzz.com/asd/what.mp4 -O tutorial/node/How to download File From Node Js.mp4
wget http://asdz.com/asd/dsa.mp4 -O another_folder/hello/tutorial/Guitar/How to play Guitar.mp4

Remove "echo", to actually execute the wget commands after you verify the output.


Ubuntu 18.04 lags and hangs even with powerful hardware

HiDPI is supported by default in Ubuntu MATE 18.04 and later. Every aspect of Ubuntu MATE 18.04, its themes, its applications, its icons and its toolkit assets have been updated to take advantage of HiDPI. The default GNOME desktop environment in Ubuntu 18.04 has still not caught up with MATE desktop environment when it comes to HiDPI support. I suggest that you stick to MATE for now and lesson learned.


What does it mean when a logon/username ends in a $

If you are running Samba in domain controller mode (NT4), usernames ending with a "$" usually mean a (Windows) machine account joined to the domain.

Samba uses this to distinguish machine accounts from user accounts.

http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/using_samba/ch04.html#FNPTR-2


Display NotifyOSD Notifcations in Conky?

As you pointed out:

  I sorted the problem by using this

  ${execi 30 cat
  ~/.cache/notify-osd.log| tail -4}

  which works perfectly

  (source)


When you are starting the computer , choose the Ubuntu Recovery mode instead of the usual "Ubuntu" you used to choose.
Then choose Repair broken packages and follow it until the end


I use this guide
http://blog.sumostyle.net/2009/11/ubuntu-tethering-via-bluetooth-pan/

to connect my Ubuntu 12.10 laptop to my iPhone 3Gs iOS 6.1 personal hotspot.

UPDATE:
Since the original link has been dead, here I found the snapshot in the wayback machine. I also copied and pasted the article into this answer.

https://web.archive.org/web/20130911035616/http://blog.sumostyle.net/2009/11/ubuntu-tethering-via-bluetooth-pan/

Ubuntu tethering via Bluetooth PAN

I have been attmepting to tether my iPhone to my computer using bluetooth in Karmic.

Supposedy blueman can do this very easily (www.blueman-project.org). To install blueman just run:
$ sudo aptitude install blueman.

My experience with blueman has been very hit and miss however, the connection appears to be made via bluetooth but I can rarely seem to get NetworkManager to make a network connection. Sometimes I have success pairing the devices again.

Using the older pand binary I have had a lot more success. If you are not scared of the terminal, it isn’t difficult and appears far more reliable

Install the older bluez tools:

$ sudo aptitude install bluez-compat

$ hcitool scan

Find the address of your phone from the list

$ sudo pand --connect 00:25:00:96:13:BB -n

This command will pair you phone to your computer and create a pan device. Of course replacing the MAC address with the address of your phone. This command will re-pair you devices each time it is run. If, like me you have an iPhone, you need to have you iPhone in the Bluetooth System Preference app to accept the pairing.

$ sudo dhclient bnep0

You are now tethered.

To kill the tether:

$ sudo pand -K


The settings depend on which FTP client you are using.  Also to some extent the FTP server you are connecting to.

Usually, from the ftp command line,you can

set your umask for the session, or
change the permissions on files/directories that you own.

If you want to be sure that the website sees your files, make sure they are WORLD readable (and directories have RX bits set).


Using "dd" in Vi (delete multi lines) not accepted if number of lines > file length

@javadba, try :set nocompatible

The difference between these two behaviors seems to depend on whether I have :set nocompatible in my ~/.vimrc or in /etc/vim/vimrc or wherever the global one is.

If I :set nocompatible then I can use :9999 rather than :$ to jump to the bottom of a small file, and I can get away with things like 9999dd.  If I have not :set nocompatible then nothing happens when I try 9999dd, and I get an error E16: Invalid range  when I try :9999 to jump to the end of the file.


How do I get help for "echo" or other bash commands?

Assuming you are using bash, echo is a shell builtin (which you can see by running type echo). That means the man-page you want to read is man bash. Or you can get help on bash builtins and keywords with the help builtin, e.g. help echo.

The information you see when you run man echo, is for the external echo command, installed by GNU coreutils. (type -a echo).

To learn bash, read http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide


Access C: Drive in Ubuntu after wubi install

your C:/ drive should show at the bottem of the sidebar along with any USB storage devices/ HDDS.  It may be listed as SGxxxxxxxxxxxx or WDxxxxxxxxxxxx (seagate or western digital)


Untar files to destination directories based on tar file names

I came up with this set of bash commands:

[sudo] find * -type f -name "SPECIFY THE FILE NAME"|
    while read FILE ; do       # read the files
        destpath="$(echo "$FILE"| sed 's/_/\//g;s/.tar//')"; #rerplace all _s with /s and drop the .tar ext to achive destpath
        mkdir -p "$destpath";  #create the directory path of despath
        tar xzf "$FILE" -C "$destpath" ;  #untar the file to destpath
    done


Show custom message after booting process finishes and displays boot log instead of Ubuntu logo

What you're asking for is to put as the last line in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file ECHO Booting finished.  On a single-user, single-tasking OS, this is quite simple.  On a multi-user, multi-tasking OS this just doesn't make sense as multiple processes are still being executed when the Linux init process (aka "boot process" in other OSes) will come to the last command to start.

But, you're asking, we're answering:

Go to the /etc/rc6.d  and create a shell script with a file name higher in alphabetical order then the last one you find and put the following lines in it:

#!/bin/sh
echo Hello Dipesh, Ubuntu start has probably not finished yet, but here you are...

P.S. Don't forget to read /etc/rc6.d/README as to why it doesn't make sense.


ubuntu 12.04 LTS 64-bit for Intel Core 2 Duo laptop?

All Intel Core 2 Duo and Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 support either 32 Bit or 64 bit. You will not have a problem with this. With what you might have a problem is with the amount of memory you need. For 32 Bit the minimum for a good running system is 512MB, the maximum is 4GB. For 64Bit the minimum recommended is 2GB and the maximum is "let your imagination fly!!!". I have tested 64Bit versions on 1GB and they can run very slow sometimes. The more memory the better.

If your Core 2 Duo laptop has at least 4 GB of ram I would recommend 64 bit but since it is a laptop and the more memory you have in a 64 bit the better, I would recommend sticking with the 32 Bit version. You actually don't loose to try both but for your case I would go more with the 32 Bit version (Except if it is some kind of 4GB+ Ram Laptop).


How to create appmenu in using python3 and PyQt?

Short: Ubuntu 11.10 ships a patched QT that will make a QSystemTrayIcon create an indicator if possible. In older Ubuntu versions you will need a patched version of Qt, and this will make your program a pain to distribute.

Long: There is a patch provided by Canonical to use indicators in Qt, but it's not yet integrated in the official Qt release and it's not likely to happen before Qt 5. Sources: The author blog, an post in the Qt forum from a Nokia/Trolltech developer.

Ubuntu 11.10 ships with this patch enabled, so a code like this will create an indicator if used in 11.10

import sys
from PyQt4 import QtGui

app = QtGui.QApplication([])
icon = QtGui.QSystemTrayIcon(QtGui.QIcon("test.png"), app)
menu = QtGui.QMenu()
menu.addAction("Quit", QtGui.qApp.quit)
icon.setContextMenu(menu)
icon.show()
app.exec_()

You will need a suitable icon in test.png.

Note that KDE (not plain QT) apps already support indicator by using kdelibs.

There is also the libindicate-qt project, but I can't find python biddings for it nor any documentation.


how to encapsulate HTTP in a HTTPS session

You should be able to use STunnel to do that.

https://www.stunnel.org


What does "blk_update_request: I/O error" mean?

sd 12:0:0:0: [sde] tag#0 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00

The initial error indicates SCSI command 0x8a (write) has failed and you get errno 5, EIO Input/output error.  A failure of this kind on the physical write to the media indicates either a physical error on the media (or less likely perhaps you should double check the interconnect cable between the driver and the controller (e.g. SATA cable)).

The subsequent SCSI command errors 0x88 are read failures. Sounds like you need to monitor your S.M.A.R.T. data; perhaps the media needs replacing.


Go to recover mode.
Select resume, press enter.
Select root, press enter.
Type command
sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target

control-d exit
Then select resume, press enter.
Maybe this process solved my problem.
Or
After login, if the monitor turns black,
try the magic key combination, press them in order:
R-1s, E-30s, I-10s, S-5s, U-5s, B
This also probably can solve the problem once.


One simple step
sudo nano /etc/udev/rules.d/personal-udisks2.rules

and then type into there (or copy-paste)
ENV{ID_FS_USAGE}=="filesystem", ENV{UDISKS_FILESYSTEM_SHARED}="1"

Be aware that the removable media will now be shared with all users on the system - which in my case was desirable, but not necessarily in yours.


How to Make a Bit Copy of my Internal HD to an Extneral HD?

if your external harddrive is larger than your internal i would use

sudo ddrescue /dev/sda /dev/sdb logfile

note: sda is your source disk sdb is your destination drive (external).
 this will also overwrite any data on your external drive

you can install ddrescue via sudo apt-get install ddrescue

i prefer ddrescue over normal dd becasue it gives you a nice progress bar and it will log i/o errors


OpenSuse uses the Grub BootLoader. (A Boot Loader is a program that the BIOS looks for when the computer turns on, it is always located in the first 446 bytes of the hard drive). Grub then makes the filesystems of Ubuntu, OpenSuse, and Windows 7 available and looks to a file called /boot/grub/grub.cfg which tells it what operating systems are on the computer and how to boot them.
The Complex answer
Here is and example of a grub.cfg file. This is what an entry for Ubuntu looks like:
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/12_os-prober ###
menuentry "Ubuntu 11.10 (11.10) (on /dev/sda2)" --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 3582d70f-f4a5-484c-b14c-45cd740346b9
    linux /vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic root=/dev/sda2
    initrd /initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic
}

The insmod part_msdos line tells grub to learn how to read MBR partition tables
The insmod ext2 line tells grub to learn how to read ext2/3/4 filesystems
The set root='(hd0,msdos1)' line tells grub that /boot is located on HDD #0, Partition 1
The search ... line tells grub to look at Ubuntu's partition for files
The linux /vmlinuz-3.... line tells grub that the Ubuntu Kernel is named that, on /dev/sda2
The initrd ... line tells grub where to look for the boot image.
The Simple Answer
Boot into OpenSuse and run the following:
sudo find / -name "grub.cfg"
sudo grub-mkconfig -o /file/found/in/above/command/grub.cfg

The first command will find the grub.cfg on your drive, probably at /boot. The second tells grub to look around for new operating systems and install them to the file you found above.


update-java-alternatives vs update-alternatives --config java

sudo update-alternatives --config java

Configures the default for the program "java". That's the Java VM.

sudo update-alternatives --config javac

Configures the default Java compiler.

You can also see that, because the first command lists a lot of "JRE" (Java Runtime Environment) folders and the Program is just called "java".

If I check which version is being used by issuing the command
java -version
or
javac -version,
I can see, that each command changes the program being used.

However, using update-java-alternatives with a JDK Version changes both programs for me. Using the first commands, you can use a Java VM and Java Compiler from different JDKs.

update-java-alternatives requires presence of a file with extension .jinfo in directory /usr/lib/jvm. The opendjk package is shipped with a .jinfo file, the jdk of Oracle (formerly Sun) is not. As alternative, you configure alternatives without update-java-alternatives:

For example, to add java from jvm-directory /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-12.0.1 (default directory of Debian package of Oracle) with priority 2082, use the following command:

sudo update-alternatives  --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-12.0.1/bin/java 2082

As for switching for different development environments:

Are you talking about starting the IDE itself with different Java versions or using different versions in the IDE for compilation and running your app?

For 1.: You can specify which JVM to use in the eclipse.ini, as described here. I don't know how to do that for the Arduino IDE.

For 2.: In Eclipse you can select the JRE/JDK to be used in Window -> Preferences -> Java -> Installed JREs. And under Java -> Compiler you could choose an older Java compliance if you wish.

EDIT:
This DigitalOcean page also has a very nice explanation of everything related to Java on Ubuntu.


You can add new menu entry to  /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default and Change DEFAULT to point to the new kernel entry.

DEFAULT partmagic

LABEL partmagic
    MENU LABEL PartMagic 4.5
    KERNEL pmagic/bzimage
    APPEND initrd=pmagic/initramfs edd=off noapic load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 rw vga=791 sleep=10 loglevel=0 keymap=us livemedia

If you are using a complicated menu template, try search for menu text:

grep -nir `LABEL` /var/lib/tftpboot/

Then append the new menu entry where you find the old one.
Concerning manual, see /usr/share/doc/syslinux-common/txt/menu.txt.gz.

There are many other manuals with nice examples in /usr/share/doc/syslinux-common/.


Use BootCamp Assistant to create new partition, then remove Windows partition leaving free space for Ubuntu.  It's described in detail here:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MactelSupportTeam/AppleIntelInstallation#Dual-Boot:%20Mac%20OSX%20and%20Ubuntu


Is there any software which is tender on RAM, and can remotely shut down my PC?

Of course there is, but you will need an active daemon (it's like a Windows service) in your controllable machine.
It can require time, i'm writing to you a brief explanation:

A discrete solution for experienced users is the Knockd daemon, which can be used to elaborate the probes sent to your computer. You should associate the shutdown -hP now command in the config file (command = shutdown -hP now OR command = /usr/bin/shutdown -hP now).
Be aware that this can also allow an attacker to shutdown/attack your machine if you don't change the default knocks in the config file. Read the manual on the website before installing this software. You can install it by writing in a terminal (xterm is OK) apt-get install knockd or with your packed manager (search knockd or 'knockd daemon').
An more obvious solution is to use an ssh server software.
This is a secure, well tested and common solution; you'll find hundred of guides about openssh-server.
If it isn't already installed, on a terminal (xterm is OK) execute: sudo apt-get install openssh-server.
If the installation fails, check your connection or use Synaptics (or your preferred packet manager) to find a different ssh server in the repository.
After the installation, reboot and execute in the term pa -A|grep ss to know if ssh is active, if not let us know and we'll solve.
In the remote computer (the client) install PuTTY (suggested for Windows/NT users) or one of those ssh client and obtain the IP of the controllable computer (the active server) by visiting a specialized website from it (you can use the no-IP service with the apposite software to obtain a dynamic domain; you can use it like an IP, but you'll need to keep it updated).
After this procedure connect with your client software and issue the shutdown command. If it doesn't shutdown let us know and we'll solve.
Be aware that you must keep the ssh server updated (always do the distro security updates!) and well protected with a password/certificate.
If you can't use one of the above methods and you want an easy solution, use the common RealVNC or an equivalent proprietary software. Please note that there are also many easy-to-use but less common open source software for remote controlling a PC.
Those software will consume more resources, more bandwidth and have more security vulnerabilities than the softwares suggested in the first two points, because are remote controlling software.

Remember: there is no pre-installed/pre-configured remote control software to do what you ask to do, because any control software can weak the system security if not used properly.

I hope I'm usefull, but this is not the place to insert a full guide.
If you need help with one of the methods comment down here and you'll be helped.

Have a nice experience.


This is a known bug with Unity 7.1. It occurs when you drag an app from Dash and try to drop on Desktop.
You can use alternate method(s) to create a desktop shortcut. You can try this,

 Go to the folder /usr/share/applications.
 Find the program you want.
Then right click on it and copy.
Now go to your home folder and open up the Desktop folder.
Right click and then select paste.


places dropdown>network>ftp= opens in firefox not nautilius

Perhaps Nautilus is not set as your default application to open FTP links. To set this, you can edit manually the /etc/gnome/defaults.list file. You can also use Ubuntu Tweak that can help you to set defalut programs. For this, go to Admins > System > File Type Manager.