Where is the terminal on my Ubuntu 14.10? How else can I input commands?

By default, standard Ubuntu with Unity Desktop comes with the terminal emulators gnome-terminal and the more basic xterm.

Normally the shortcut Ctrl+Alt+T should bring up one, usually the gnome-terminal.
You can also search in the Dash's application lens for terminal emulators:

No idea why it shows the Sudoku there... :D

In case you (or anybody else) had uninstalled both of them for whatever reason, you can still always open a "real" terminal by accessing one of the TTYs ("TeleTYpewriters") 1-6.

You get there by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F x, with x in range 1-6, e.g. F1, and will see a login mask like the one below:

Ubuntu 14.10 COMPUTERNAME tty1
COMPUTERNAME login: [ENTER YOUR USERNAME HERE]
Password: [ENTER YOUR PASSWORD HERE]

Enter your user name (not the display name! If your display name is John Smith, the user name is probably johnsmith), then enter your password. Note that the password gets not echoed while you type it, not even with asterisks.

After the login, you have a terminal. To install the two default terminal emulators again, run the following command (assuming you are an admin user with sudo privileges):

sudo apt-get install gnome-terminal xterm

You will be prompted for your password again, then the installation should start.

After it finished, you can log out of the shell session using the command exit or the shortcut Ctrl+D.

Once you're logged out, leave the TTY1 (or 2-6) and go back to TTY7, where the GUI desktop is. You get there by simply pressing Ctrl+Alt+F7.

Now you should be able to enjoy a working terminal emulator again!


tunneling x11vnc through ssh on a non standard port to ubuntu computer tightvnc

I figured it out. for the x11vnc command I typed -nevershared -forever instead of -once -shared did not do the export command and just typed

vncviewer -encodings tight localhost::5904

and that did it but no password (strange -rfbauth).


In short: if you have 1 million clients, you can recycle the oldest PCs in your desktop fleet as dedicated NTP servers, and they'll probably be fine.
NTP puts minimal load on a system, and you can run millions of clients on a fairly low-spec machine.  See this post for some example stats of a VM I used ran in the public pool.  It normally served around 1.5 M unique clients per day, and during the Great Snapchat Surge of 2016, it easily handled double that (see graph below).

A couple of other notes on your post:

You should not use the local clock as a fallback.  This has been deprecated for many years; orphan mode is preferred.
You should never plan to provide just one NTP server.  Four is a useful working minimum.  See my blog post for some specific recommendations on configuration.


A complex problem regarding virtual machines

I'll give you a few hints. I assume that you are using VBox as your virtual machine. I also assume that you have created your Windows virtual machine somewhere.

First make sure that you are able to start a vbox machine with a script. The key here is the VBoxManage command that you can use to start windows using a command line. If the name of the virtual machine I want to start is, for example, "Windows", here is what I do to start it from the command line:

VBoxManage startvm Windows

Next, you need to create a script with this command line. Something like

#!/bin/bash
/usr/bin/VBoxManage startvm Windows

Save it somewhere and make it executable (chmod a+x /your/script/name). Try to run it: did it start Windows?

Second step. You need to create a session in your login manager, which will use your script as the desktop to run. Creating a session is easy -- it is just a text file sitting in /usr/share/xsessions directory that holds the parameters of your session; for example, look at this answer. You will have to name your session somehow (say, "windows"). In the Exec line you need to enter your script with the full path. That way, when this session is selected, your script will be run as the session manager.

Your session file could look like that:

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Windows shell
Comment=This session starts the Windows virtual machine
Exec=/your/script/name
TryExec=
Icon=
Type=Application

Now is the time to test whether your session works. You still have your lightdm login manager, you still have the other sessions in case something goes wrong. Log out, and login selecting "windows". Did it work? What happens when you quit windows? Everything oK? Proceed to next step.

Finally, you must ensure that the session is automatically selected. See here for details. For this, you will modify /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf. You need to tell lightdm (1) which user should auto-login (autologin-user=), (2) that the auto-login should start immediately (autologin-user-timeout=0) and (3) that the session to run is the same session you have created in the previous step.

Hope this is enough to help you.


Create a separate partition like D:\ (of windows) in Ubuntu

You should separate a couple of things

Losing data

You can lose data if you format your drive, or if it breaks.
Only seperate drives can protect you from hardware failure, partitions don't.
You can break the filesystem on a partition, but this not very likely. If you do this, only the partition, not the complete disk is affected

Broken OS

If your OS is broken, it can be a really good thing to have your data (like /home, or /movies) on seperate paritions, like you are suggesting. Please do so! This way you can fill up your disc with movies while your OS remains save from having no space at all, and much more of that stuff!

As I read in the comments on one of the other answers, you are doing this. That is good!

Ubuntu file structure

Where windows shows your filesystems with a letter ( Like C: or D:), linux doesn't do this, linux just calls everything a directory.

So you'd have /, and a bit further on you mount the partition home on /home. This looks like it's one big thing, but this doens't mean that if your OS gets 'broken', your /home is gone. You just format your main partition (this will NOT affect your /home. This is a bit tricky, but while it looks like some sort of subdir, it is "mounted", so it's only having some sort of shortcut in that spot. your data is safe!).
After you have choosen your borked partition for a new os, you can choose the partition you use for your home files as mountpoint for the /home directory in your new os, and presto!


It's possible that you modified the $PATH in Guake. If you're able to run the program from Guake, copy $PATH and then use the following command in gnome-terminal:

export PATH=<path copied from Guake>

Now try to run the program. If you want it to remain the same permanently, put the above line in your ~/.bashrc file.


Trying different flavors of Ubuntu from a USB drive

There's "MultiSystem – Create a MultiBoot USB from Linux" The main page is in French so look here: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/multiboot-create-a-multiboot-usb-from-linux/


Dual booted Ubuntu 12.04 with Windows 7. Question about boot order and where exactly Ubuntu has been installed

If this is not a Wubi installation...

Linux generally requires 2 partitions, a root partition and a swap drive, so the two partitions make sense.  You actually would have had a lot of choices about where to put the installation and what partitions to use, but you probably chose a default, which may have worked out.

Whatever Linux installation you install last will be the default OS to boot, so reinstalling will not help.  If you reinstall Windows, it will wipe out Grub completely, and you will not be able to boot Ubuntu, but it will still be on the disk.

You can set the amount of delay before booting, and also the default OS that boots.  You can also set it so it boots the last OS you chose, until you boot a new one.

The default entry is determined by the GRUB_DEFAULT= setting in /etc/default/grub; the first "menuentry" has a value of "0".  It can be changed to the number of the Windows entry in the menu, probably "3".  Or, it can be changed to the full, exact name of the Windows entry, which is useful if you change things very much. To edit this file, you would enter at a command prompt: gksu gedit /etc/default/grub.  Be careful not to change anything you don't understand, as this is an important file.

If you want to change the timeout that grub waits until booting the default, you can change the value for GRUB_TIMEOUT, which defaults to 10.

Note instructions at the top of the file about running "update-grub" after any changes to actually change the menu file at /boot/grub/grub.cfg.  This file could also be edited to make the changes, but they will get overwritten on certain occasions.

More information can be found here.


I had a similar problem.

It seems that having a blank 'abbreviation' enabled will cause autokey to behave erratically.

Deleting this extra blank 'abbreviation' seems to restore Autokey to an operable state.


fsck results in a lost+found file that causes fsck to fail and cannot be removed

Signal 9 implies that you killed the process with kill -9.   Did you do that?

It would be useful for you to save a raw, compressed e2image (see the e2image man page) and also save a complete set of messages from running "e2fsck -fn /dev/sda2" so you can use it for sending a bug report to linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org.

If you want to clear inode #18, you can do this using the debugfs command:

# debugfs -w /dev/sda2
debugfs: clri <18>
debugfs: quit


How to disable alt+middle mouse button alternating windows?

So, I found a quick solution for that:

Open Terminal (press ctrl+alt+T) and use this code:

xfce4-settings-manager

Now go to Settings Editor, and under xfwm4 go to easy_click and set the value from Alt to 0.


Unity 3D does not work on Dell system with a AMD Radeon HD 6470M

Finally got this resolved myself.

Firstly, I've removed all traces previously installed graphic drivers/fglrx drivers provided by Ubuntu. After doing so, I've re-installed open source graphic drivers instead. Everything is back to normal.

Just in case if anyone else is experiencing the same headache, you can take a look at the below link. I've described in detail, the complete struggle and the steps to resolve it in this blog post.

http://nerdysermons.blogspot.com/2011/11/solve-graphic-driver-errors-unity-3d.html


You must replace hdx with the partition that contain the file.
Eg: hd0 if the file is in the first partition. Replace x with 0,1,2,3 to match the partition that contain the iso file

(hd0)   /dev/sda
(hd1)   /dev/sdb
(hd2)   /dev/sdc

And for msdosx, replace it with msdos1, it should work.

Last, you must copy the iso to the root of the device and rename it to ubuntu.iso


Possible candidates
“Dummy Output” sound in Ubuntu 14.04
How to create a dummy sound card device in Linux server?
Detailed guide:
ALSA - Matrix:Module-dummy


When a .deb package is retrieved to be installed (either as a new package or to upgrade the current version), it is stored in /var/cache/apt/archives. These packages are not needed after installation, but if you keep them, and you need to reinstall a package, then it doesn't have to be retrieved again.

You can delete these files manually but there is very little reason to do so, as there are better, automatic ways to do it.

If you want to delete all of them, run:

sudo apt-get clean

If you want to delete just the ones that are quite unlikely to be needed again, run:

sudo apt-get autoclean

Specifically, what autoclean does is to delete just the ones that are no longer provided for download. These versions are, generally speaking, sufficiently old and not recommended for use, that you usually won't want to reinstall to them.

Since the effect of autoclean depends on what packages are available for installation, you may want to update your local information about that first:

sudo apt-get update

If you want to delete specific ones, then it would make sense to manually remove the ones you don't want. You can do that with this method, though if you're comfortable with the command line then this would probably be faster, easier, and (since you don't have to worry about a root Nautilus window you might forget to close, or in which you might make a mistake with the mouse) less daunting:

cd /var/cache/apt/archives
sudo rm file1 file2 ...


http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=149

That might help.  Go down the page to the multiplayer how to.


Top right of the panel there is power-logo button, click it and the power-off symbol will appear.  When you press & hold the  key, the power-off button will change to a PAUSE symbol. The PAUSE option is suspend, so you can now click the pause button and your machine will suspend.

(sorry this is a little vague, I'm running Xubuntu or XFCE desktop so its from memory)


Activate window only if it's on the current workspace

This is very easy, you don't even have to set up anything!
Using the keyboard:
To switch between windows on the current workspace only, use Alt+Tab.
If you wanted to switch between windows on all workspaces instead, you would have used Ctrl+Alt+Tab instead.
Using the mouse:
Normally you would left-click on the launcher icons to focus an already opened window on any workspace.
But to only focus windows on the current workspace instead, don't click its icon with the left mouse button, but move the mouse wheel up or down when pointing at its icon with the mouse cursor.


How to Decrypt a Windows folder in Ubuntu

From wikipedia:

  Files encrypted with EFS can only be decrypted by using the RSA private key(s) matching the previously-used public key(s). The stored copy of the user's private key is ultimately protected by the user's logon password. Accessing encrypted files from outside Windows with other operating systems (Linux, for example) is not possible — not least of which because there is currently no third party EFS component driver.

EFS - Encrypting File System - is native to Windows & Microsoft.  Microsoft have not released this as opensource - and no-one (as yet) has clean reversed engineered this.

I'm afraid - the only way you will be to decrypt a windows 7 file and folder encrypted using native windows encryption is via windows itself.


Minimal BASH-like editing is supported, nothing seems to fix it

My initial guess seems to be correct. Your partition table suggests that Ubuntu is installed to /dev/sda6; that's the only Linux data partition:

Partition    Start Sector    End Sector  # of Sectors System
/dev/sda1           2,048     2,050,047     2,048,000 Windows Recovery Environment (Windows)
/dev/sda2       2,050,048     2,582,527       532,480 EFI System partition
/dev/sda3       2,582,528     2,844,671       262,144 Microsoft Reserved Partition (Windows)
/dev/sda4       2,844,672   699,840,511   696,995,840 Data partition (Windows/Linux)
/dev/sda5     945,602,560   976,773,119    31,170,560 Windows Recovery Environment (Windows)
/dev/sda6     699,840,512   924,450,815   224,610,304 Data partition (Linux)
/dev/sda7     924,450,816   940,075,007    15,624,192 Swap partition (Linux)

Unfortunately, Boot Repair can't figure out what filesystem /dev/sda6 contains:

sda6: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:
    Boot sector type:  Unknown
    Boot sector info:
    Mounting failed:   mount: unknown filesystem type ''
mount: unknown filesystem type ''

This is Very Bad. It's possible that running fsck on /dev/sda6 will fix the problem; however, that could make matters worse, too. As a safety measure, you might want to do a low-level backup of it before you do anything else, as in:

sudo dd if=/dev/sda6 of=/path/to/lots/of/space/sda6.img

That way, if you try a repair and it doesn't work, you'll at least be able to restore the backup. Note that you must have a disk with lots of free space on it, and you'd point the of= option to store the backup in a file there. By "lots of free space," I mean at least as much space as the partition you're backing up, or 107.11 GiB.


xrandr missing default screen resolution on kubuntu 16.04 for external video card

wow , nice graphics card !

its supported by the 367.27 which is supposed to be stable on day one according to phoronix.

http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=nv-linux-gtx1060&num=1

heres the nvidia driver ,

http://www.nvidia.com/download/driverresults.aspx/104284/en-us

but i'd recommend using the graphics-drivers-ppa version as it will be less fiddly to install and upgrade.

https://launchpad.net/~graphics-drivers/+archive/ubuntu/ppa

There instructions on how to install on that page.


Note: This answer is obsolete. The bug was fixed on August 7, 2012, and can/should be fixed with the regular Update Manager updates. See this answer if you would like to install it manually.

This bug is special in two ways from a lot of other garden-variety bugs ;)

It's a regression (when an update causes something that was working just fine earlier to stop working)
It's "critical" importance (anything that causes most Canon printers to print out half-pages should!)

So, it will definitely show up in 12.04 updates soon, considering that it took 3 days to fix it for Quantal.

I strongly advise waiting for the above. In theory, you can install the Quantal debs, but CUPS is not a solitary package -- it has tons of dependencies which you'd also need to install manually. In short, this route can get VERY messy.

In the meanwhile, the more practical option is to downgrade to the previous CUPS version which works just fine. Do this with:

sudo apt-get install cups=1.5.2-9ubuntu1

To prevent upgrading it until a fixed version is released, hold it with:

sudo sh -c "echo cups hold | dpkg --set-selections"

and keep an eye on the bug report page. When a fix is available, you can install it and release the hold with:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install cups


I used official graphics PPA to get the new drivers.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa
sudo apt-get update


Canon Pixma MP495 scanner not working on 16.04

I have this same problem, however if you go to canon website and download the driver and install it for both the printer and the scanner, you will need libtiff4 library (which you can install from the web as a .deb) then you can run 'scangearmp' in terminal, it will allow you to scan.  Note simplescan still doesn't work


Whenever i suspend when i resume my screen is just black

happens to me to. is said to be becuase you changed power settings from default. For me the black screen goes away when i move the mouse or press a button. Does this work for you too?


Can't resolve domain names starting with a dash

There is a Launchpad Bug (#668926) on the subject. A similar case (just the name starts with the hyphen).

Following the discussion the problem seems to be rooted in different levels of standards compliance.

Linux seems to follow strictly RFC 952:

  A "name" (Net, Host, Gateway, or Domain name) is a text string up to
  24 characters drawn from the alphabet (A-Z), digits (0-9), minus sign
  (-), and period (.).  Note that periods are only allowed when they
  serve to delimit components of "domain style names". [...] No blank or
  space characters are permitted as part of a name. No distinction is
  made between upper and lower case.  The first character must be an
  alpha character.  The last character must not be a minus sign or
  period.

Whereas there are standards that are more relaxed about the domain naming conventions. In Comment #7 further RFCs are listed, that contain rules more loose than 952 (and some seem to contradict each other).

It's strange while you can nslookup such names, you cannot ping or wget them.

The next surprising thing is if you add this host name to /etc/hosts/ you can ping it, even browse the website. Add the following line to /etc/hosts (sudo YOUR-FAVOURITE-TEXT-EDITOR /etc/hosts, but be careful, create a backup first.):

199.15.160.100  fragmented---.deviantart.com

Now fire up your favourite browser and follow http://fragmented---.deviantart.com/.


How can I fix this error to update ubuntu 10.04 lts

sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/status /var/lib/dpkg/status.broken
sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/status-old /var/lib/dpkg/status
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

Source


How to change desktop background colour in GNOME?

Use gsettings to set the color white (#FFFFFF) and a solid fill.

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.background primary-color "#FFFFFF"
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.background secondary-color "#FFFFFF"
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.background color-shading-type "solid"


VirtualHosts using additional ports, Apache returns a 403?

cd /home/devon; find -type d -exec chmod 0755 {} \;


follow this steps :

boot with the live cd of ubuntu.
choose "try ubuntu".
use this command in a terminal to install an application named "boot-repair" sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair -y && sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && boot-repair
after this command finish her work you will see that an application just started in your pc.
now in this application, clique on "recommended reparation" and wait for it to finish her work.
reboot now and see if ubuntu is back on the boot list, if he isn't you can try to recover your data then install ubuntu again.


lubuntu firefox toggle fullscreen - the menu bar will not come back

I just tested with Ubuntu and I have the same issue.  I tested with windows, and no problem, so I would think it a bug.  there is 2 ways that you can use as a workaround:

1) Type about:config in the address bar and look for:

browser.fullscreen.autohide;false

what that will do is keep the firefox button and tabs visible

2) Take a look at this

Hope that this helps


All OS (Pre-installed window 8) gone after installing ubuntu 12.10 (partially installed)

If you started installed Ubuntu on the same partition that had windows 8 installed, and then aborted the installation, I suspect it will be very difficult to recover directly - the Ubuntu install would start by reformating the partition, which would wipe out the windows 8 install.  I think you'll need to reinstall windows 8 from scratch, and then restart the Ubuntu install.

I've never installed windows 8, so not completely sure of the process - but if Toshiba provided a win 8 DVD with the laptop, you might be able to do that.  I know some vendors provide the win 8 media as a separate partition on the HD, so you might be able to boot from that partition to reinstall.

It might help to indicate exactly which installer options you selected before aborting - this is assuming that you selected the option to install ubuntu on the entire hard drive - if you choose to share the drive, there might be other options available.


how can I put a button on the desktop to shutdown pc?

Ctrl+Alt+T - Opens the terminal

touch ~/Desktop/Shutdown.sh && chmod 755 ~/Desktop/Shutdown.sh - Creates Shutdown.sh and sets execute permission

gedit ~/Desktop/Shutdown.sh - Opens the file in gedit.

Copy and Paste the following line in gedit
pkexec shutdown -P -h now

Save the file and close gedit.

As per this Answer, make sure that you can execute executable files.

Now double click on Shutdown.sh file in the desktop. It would show something like this and enter the password.

It should shutdown your machine now.


Toshiba 2800-200 lubuntu installation failure

Maybe this will help? You can try the minimal installer or the other options explained here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/LowMemorySystems


64bit Failed to execute init when booting from PAE kernel, 32bit works fine

What CPU? Does the CPU support PAE? It seems like it doesn't. If you installed 64-bit already, why are you trying to make a 32-bit kernel work? The 64-bit kernel should see the full 6GB of RAM. You don't need PAE with a 64-bit kernel.


Change swap memory size after adding RAM?

The swap partition is used to

move temporarily running programs that are not active,so that to make space for the programs being used.
for hibernation, where your entire RAM is copied to the swap partition.

Therefore, if you will be using hibernation, you should have a swap at least as big as your RAM, and a bit more just in case.

A rule of thumb is to make a swap partition as big as twice your RAM but not go over 3GB (because you will be wasting space).

It is OK to create a second swap partition and have them both active. Linux uses them as if they were a continuous swap partition, so it is fine.

Typically, if you have over 3GB of RAM, then you will notice that Ubuntu will not have a use of your swap. Run the free command and notice the value for Swap: + used. In most cases it just stays to 0.


Google Accounts has listed my device twice due to switching to Ubuntu. How do I fix it?

Google is not able to discern between different OSes and devices as the same device.  This is due to browser and OS fingerprinting, which says to Google that it's a different device.
Removing the Windows entry won't break your Linux system's Google login.  It will only remove the Windows login.  (You should NOT do this if you use a dual boot - OP of this post is simply 'done' with windows, but for dualboot you should not remove either device)
Unfortunately, Google doesn't have hardware fingerprinting added as well, which means that it doesn't have the ability to fingerprint the hardware and ID both Windows and Linux as the same system - hence why it shows them as two distinct devices.  You can remove the Windows entry safely.


How to use grep to match a string with spaces in it?

The spaces are not the problem here, it should work fine.
But the brackets [ need to be escaped in regex. So write:

grep 'Starting    \[1] TaskInit' process.log

In your case, as you want to match a fixed string and not a regex, you should use grep -F instead. Then you don't need to escape:

grep -F 'Starting    [1] TaskInit' process.log


I've finally deleted it -> my 800 active torrents gone ^_^

Answer: don't delete *.dnd files if you don't want all your torrents to be deleted


Hibernation disappeared in Ubuntu 16.04 after a kernel upgrade

After some effort to get a solution I recalled that recently I activated Secure Boot in UEFI for testing purposes.

It was enabled before, but it was not active because I did not enroll the keys.

After that the "Hibernate" menu item disappeared.

I have no idea how Secure Boot is related to the hibernation option, but after I disabled Secure Boot, it works again.


Ubuntu boot error premature end /casper/vmlinuz.efi

The file casper/vmlinuz.efi is the Linux kernel on the installation medium. So if you're getting this error, it's a problem with your USB flash drive.

To fix it, I formatted my USB flash drive and copied my Live CD back onto it. That fixed it for me and, if that helps you, please mark this answer as correct. Thank you!


What ubuntu/linux version of software can i use?

I think that a good choice to start as new working with Linux, is a Long Term Support (LTS) release of Ubuntu. The main reason to use a LTS release is you will have support for 5 years from the launch time. And Ubuntu is nice because it is based on Debian architecture, and is more comfortable to use for people that are used to working on Windows.

So, my advice for you is:
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS


Grub doesn't load with dual-boot installation windows 10 and ubuntu 16.04

I've had the same exact problem 3 days ago and I just solved it. But, it can happen due to many different reasons:

The Secure Boot option is enabled on your BIOS Setup menu. Dual boot usually doesn't work with secure boot. To disable it, you need to access your BIOS Setup menu by restarting you computer and pressing the F2 key when it starts again (every computer works differently so you can find details on your computers manufacturer's website), look for the Boot configuration (it's usually on a separate tab), find the Secure Boot option and set it to "disabled".

 OBS 1: It's usually better to install the second OS with Secure Boot already disabled.

If your Ubuntu boot loader was successfully installed, disabling the secure boot will probably be enough to start your computer and access GRUB (the Ubuntu boot manager). But, if that does not work, you can access your BIOS Setup menu once again and change the boot priority with Ubuntu on top. This way, the computer loads Ubuntu first, which recognizes Windows so you can choose which one to use.
The code you used works when you have Secure Boot disabled. Personally, I think it's not the best option to change the boot manager of Windows in order to access the Ubuntu boot loader, but if you still wanna do it, you can disable the Secure Boot and use the code you used, OR use this with on your Windows prompt command (privilege access required): bcdedit /set {bootmgr} path \EFI\ubuntu\shimx64.efi
some other reason like installing Ubuntu in UEFI mode with the pre-installed Windows in legacy mode, or another reason.

If you are still having problems, you might have a problem with the boot loader or even need to reinstall the whole system.
This post was extremely helpful to me, so you might wanna check it out: Installing Ubuntu Alongside a Pre-Installed Windows with UEFI


How do I replace (NOT dual-boot) Windows XP with Lubuntu?

It's easy to install *buntu series operating system, go to official website (Lubuntu = http://lubuntu.net ) and go to download section, check your pc architecture (32 or 64 bit).

You can download directly or via torrent. After you finished download the installer (have *.iso extension) You can burn it to bootable live CD or use flash drive. If you want to use flash drive you can download UNetbootin (Have Windows or Linux version) or Universal USB installer (Windows only), then open it and choose your linux distribution and locate your Lubuntu installer. Then click Create and wait until finished.

Reboot your PC and go to BIOS (try to press f2, f10, f12. Usually written on the screen), then make first boot order is your flash drive or Bootable CD.

If you download Lubuntu in the first time choose your language. then choose try Lubuntu if you want to test Lubuntu without install it or Install Lubuntu.

You can install Lubuntu beside your WinXP or use entire disk, if you want to dual boot with WinXP you must specify how much storage will be allocated for your Lubuntu. then click next or install (I'm forget). Set your keyboard bla bla bla, next you need to fill some basic information like your computer name, your name, username, and password. click install and wait until finish and unplug your flash drive or remove your CD. Reboot


Black screen while installing Ubuntu 12.04.3 on Dell Precision M4800

I finally have been able to correctly boot my USB key with option "nomodeset" at boot time and managed to install Ubuntu 12.04.3


after instalation SML/NJ - No command 'sml' found on ubuntu 12.04 at terminal

If sml is in /usr/local/SML directory, you should use it's relative path:

cd /usr/local/SML/bin
./sml

or absolute path:

/usr/local/SML/bin/sml

Or add /usr/local/SML/bin directory to your PATH.

More about: About the Use of Dot-Slash in Commands.


13.04 doesn't seem to install grub correctly. 12.04 works perfectly

I was trying to customize my partition layout using the MBR layout (ie, no special partitions for UEFI boot information/grub).

That doesn't work.

I installed without specifying a partition layout (just let it have it's way with the disk) and now everything seems to work fine. In fact, my UEFI says "ubuntu" as a boot option now.

Thanks for trying to save me from myself.


If you have internet acces you can fix this using compiz-config-settings-manager.
Unfortuantely you are unable to login in your normal enviroment. So in order to fix that we need to install the gnome-session-flashback.

Step 1:Installing Gnome Desktop

Make sure that you have internet acces for this step!

Boot up your pc
When you get to the login screen, press ctrl-alt-f2
You are now in tty
Log-on with your username and password
As soon as you are logged on execute the following command: sudo apt-get install gnome-session-flashback, this will install two old gnome versions, Compiz and Metacity.
After installing gnome-session-flashback logout.
After logging out, press ctrl-alt-f7.
At this point you will notice a button on your login screen on the top right, click it.
Here you can choose your session manager. I think you have to choose metacity, but don´t count me on that one.
After logging in, you can open a terminal by pressing ctrl-alt-t

Step 2: Fixing the system

When in your working terminal session, execute sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager.
After the command executes, run ccsm.
When it opens up, read the warning,
In the section 'General' there is a button with OpenGl next to it. Click the button to re-enable OpenGL again.

A completely different way

After you login in tty, you can also install compiz-config-settings-manager straight away, but then you will be unable to execute it, as your session manager (Unity, I assume?) doesn't work with the tty terminal. The tty terminal, as such doesn't know which screen to output it to.

However if you execute the following commands:

set display=:0
ccsm

You will get the same window as in step two.

After you are done with repairing, reboot your computer.


FIrefox and Chromium use all RAM and pc freezes

What you're running into is called swapping: You're out of RAM and the kernel swaps unused programs to disk. Setting swappiness to 10 just means the kernel is swapping later rather than earlier (as the default is 60).

As swapping to disk is 1000 times slower than using RAM it just looks like your PC is freezing, but it's not.

You have a few options:

Don't use Chromium: that's a real memory hog; stick to Firefox only!
Use AdBlock+ (advertisements eat memory too)
Use NoScript (only allow the scripts you need on the pages you need)
Use fewer tabs
set swappiness back to 60 and be patient when swapping

and the easiest solution of all:

Buy more RAM

(also the most expensive)


PC stuck on upgrading Ubuntu 14.04 to 16.04

Never do a "dirty upgrade" (upgrading the OS version over the old one using the update manager or command line), always do a fresh install. 90% of the time, dirty upgrades screw something up. Sometimes minor, usually major. Sometimes I get lazy and try a dirty upgrade, hoping they fixed this, I always end up backing up my data, wiping my drive and doing a fresh installing of the  new version.


Moving Windows from left to right screen in Unity

CCSM answer for 11.04

On Ubuntu 11.04, the compizconfig-settings-manager (CCSM) "Put" plugin can be used to set a shortcut for moving the active window to the next output or monitor in a multiple monitor system.  In the Bindings tab of the Put module under Window Management, set Ctrl+Alt+z (or other if this does not work) as the shortcut for "Put to Next Output"

If Compiz sees your setup as a single monitor, use "Put Within Viewport" Left/Right instead (forum thread 1588821)

Warning about CCSM on 11.10

CCSM is broken on Ubuntu 11.10, in part because it uses gconf2 backend, in part because it disables Unity plugin due to keybinding conflicts with its own plugins.  As a result, the unity launcher disappears.

To get the launcher back, remove the ~/.config/compiz-1 directory.   You can obtain a terminal with Ctrl+Alt+F2, or a Nautilus window with Ctrl+N from the desktop (from where you can run /usr/bin/xterm), or Ctrl+Alt+T to launch Terminal.  For ccsm config purge, remove .gconf/apps/compiz-1/ and .gconf/apps/compizconfig-1/ and ~/.compiz-1, and then run unity --reset for unity defaults.

Way forward: Using dconf and dconf-tools it may be possible to configure a shortcut by directly modifying the config tree.

Postscript by @DrSAR: The CCSM steps did not work for the OP (even though others have benefited from it). This might be related to the problem of compiz seeing only one monitor.

PS: Use at your own risk since somehow installing and using compizconfig-settings-manager eventually disabled unity for the OP to the point of a seemingly irretrievable launcher and panel.


I believe this is intended behavior. The Display manager (in this case, lightdm) creates and manages the login/x session. When you restart the display manager, you kill the x session and the currently logged in session and must log back in and establish a new session.

Someone more knowledgeable correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe this is the case.


Keyboard Shortcuts not working in Ubuntu 14.04

You can fix this bug by package attached in this post:

read , download and install

In the Persian and English.


GIMP Package dependencies cannot be resolved

Try sudo apt-get autoremove into the terminal(if u deleted correctly the PPA, this one should work).
Then make a sudo apt-get update
and then sudo apt-get install gimp -y


Where can I find Ubuntu .img file to use on Android?

Sometimes you can just rename the .iso to .img.

Otherwise open a burning program like Brasero and create it from the .iso. Or any other burning programs (to name a few: k3b, gnomebaker, Nero).


Dell XPS 13 9333, touchpad not working with kernel 3.16 in Utopic Unicorn

My solution was here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2249625
sudo rm /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist_i2c_hid.conf did the job


Dual boot with two separate Ubuntu installation on two separate hard drives on the same physical machine

I would recommend rEFInd:

https://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/

Trying to use two different GUID's can be complicated, because you have to manually edit and configure grub.


When your e-mail client starts a session, it is permitted as an outgoing initiated session. You have a rule to allow in packets that are ESTABLISHED,RELATED, which replies to your e-mail client would be.
Your tcpdump catpure is incomplete, not showing the TCP session initiating SYN and SYN ACK packets between you and upstream.


open or create any file with name .py for example

gedit test.py

write code to this file

print('Hello, world!')

save and close file and execute code like:

python3 test.py


Wake me up when a [slow] command line process wants my attention?

Monitoring the dialogue of a program and send an alert

You can monitor the activity of

a fifo using the shellscript viafifo or
an xterm log file using the shellscript vialog

and let it start a zenity info message, when there is input from the monitored program. If you wish, you can also install espeak and let it send an audio message.

1. Start a zenity info message, when there is input from a monitored program using a fifo using viafifo.

The following shellscript can monitor the output dialogue from a program and send an alert. It needs espeak and script (and script need not be installed in Ubuntu).

sudo apt update
sudo apt install espeak

assuming a graphical desktop environment
start a shellscript in a terminal window, let us call it viafifo.
starting the program to be monitored 'in viafifo'
running the dialogue in the terminal window (that is where you write your input)
using a fifo to get access to the output of the program to be monitored, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout and dev/stderr. The main task in the shellscript is the line with the program script, that is monitoring the activity in the terminal window and writing to the fifo.
running a while loop

testing if the fifo has been modified and in that case

starting a zenity info message window and a correspoding spoken message with espeak.
short delays are allowed during typing the input (8 seconds; you can edit the script file to change the delay time).

You are expected to close the zenity window (can work with 'Enter') to get back to the xterm window, where you write your input.

Type exit to leave script and viafifo. After that you can get a log file with the whole dialogue.

#!/bin/bash

# date        editor   comment
# 2019-01-01  sudodus  version 1.0
# 2019-01-05  sudodus  fixed output of version
# 2019-01-05  sudodus  version 1.1

version=1.1

name=${0##*/}

# Usage

if [ "$1" == "-h" ] || [ "$1" == "--help" ]
then
 echo "'$name' is a wrapper, that sends a notification, when the wrapped program
has written to standard input and standard error and may be waiting for input.
---
Usage:   $name <options>
Example: $name
         $name -h       # this help text
         $name -v       # show version"
 exit
elif [ "$1" == "-v" ]
then
 echo "$name version $version"
 exit
fi

# Preparation

message="Check, if the monitored program asks for input"

inversvid="\0033[7m"
resetvid="\0033[0m"
tmpdir=$(mktemp -d)
tmpfifo=$(mktemp --tmpdir=$tmpdir)
rm "$tmpfifo"
mkfifo "$tmpfifo"
#ls -l "$tmpdir"
sleep 1
cnt1=$(stat --printf "%Y" "$tmpfifo")

< "$tmpfifo" cat >> $tmpdir/${name}.log  &

# Monitor the output from program with a while loop

while true
do
  if test -f $tmpdir/stop
  then
   break
  fi
  cnt0=$cnt1
  sleep 0.5
  cnt1=$(stat --printf "%Y" "$tmpfifo")

  if [ $cnt1 -gt $((cnt0+8)) ]
  then
#   zenity --notification --text="$message" 2> /dev/null
   espeak "$message" &
   zenity --info --title="${0##*/} ${1##*/} $2 ..." \
    --text="$message" --width=500  2> /dev/null
   sleep 0.5
   cnt1=$(stat --printf "%Y" "$tmpfifo")
  fi
  sleep 1
done &

# Prepare for the monitoring

echo -en "\0033]0;$name: 'exit' to leave subshell\0007"
echo -en "\0033]1;$name\0007"
ncol=$(tput cols)
nfill=$((ncol -13 -${#name}))
hyphs=$(for ((i=1;i<=nfill;i++));do echo -n '-';done;echo '')
echo -e "$inversvid----- Start $name $hyphs$resetvid"
tstart=$(date '+%s')

# Monitoring

script -fq $tmpfifo

# Finish writing after monitoring

tend=$(date '+%s')
tuse=$((tend-tstart))
winttl=$(pwd)
echo -en "\0033]0;$winttl\0007"
echo -en "\0033]1;$winttl\0007"
ncol=$(tput cols)
nfill=$((ncol -11 -${#name}))
hyphs=$(for ((i=1;i<=nfill;i++));do echo -n '-';done;echo '')
echo -e "$inversvid----- End $name $hyphs$resetvid"

touch $tmpdir/stop  # to break the while loop
sleep 3

savlog="Finished. Save the log '${name}.log'?"

espeak "$savlog" &
zenity --question --title="${0##*/} ${1##*/} $2 ..." \
    --text="$savlog" --width=500  2> /dev/null
if [ $? = 0 ]
then
 echo "$name used $tuse seconds" >> $tmpdir/${name}.log
 mv $tmpdir/${name}.log . && echo "See '${name}.log'" || echo "Failed to save the log file"
fi
echo "$name used $tuse seconds plus a few (5-10) seconds for preparing and finishing"

# Clean up

rm -r "$tmpdir"

2. Start a zenity info message, when something is written to an xterm window (from the monitored program or from the user) using vialog.

The following shellscript can monitor the dialogue with a program and send an alert. It needs espeak and xterm.

sudo apt update
sudo apt install espeak xterm

assuming a graphical desktop environment
start a shellscript in a terminal window, which is used like a 'console' for vialog
starting the program to be monitored in an xterm window
running the dialogue in the xterm window (that is where you write your input)
using a log file of xterm to get access to the output from and input to the program to be monitored
running a while loop

testing if the log file has been modified and in that case

starting a zenity info message window and a correspondig spoken message with espeak.
short delays are allowed during typing the input (8 seconds; you can edit the script file to change the delay time).

You are expected to close the zenity window (can work with 'Enter') to get back to the xterm window, where you write your input.

Close the xterm window to stop monitoring.

#!/bin/bash

# date        editor   comment
# 2018-12-31  sudodus  version 1.0

version=1.0

name="${0##*/}"
if [ "$1" == "-h" ] || [ "$1" == "--help" ]
then
 echo "'$name' is a wrapper, that sends a notification, when the wrapped program
has written to standard input and standard error and may be waiting for input.
---
Usage:    $name [program name] [parameters]
Examples: $name          # to run program(s) interactively in an xterm window
          $name program
          $name -h       # to get help (this text)
          $name -v       # show version"
 exit
elif [ "$1" == "-v" ]
then
 echo "$name version $version"
 exit
fi
tstart=$(date '+%s')
echo "----- start $name at $(date '+%F %T') ----------------------------"
tmpstr="${1##*/}"
xtermlog=$(mktemp -u)

if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
 mess_zenity="Check, if the monitored program asks for input"
 mess_espeak="${mess_zenity/program/, Program,}"
 xterm -title "monitored by ${0##*/}" -fa default -fs 11 -bg '#2c2b2a' \
 -l -lf "$xtermlog" -sb -rightbar 2> /dev/null & pid=$!
else
 mess_espeak="Check if '${tmpstr^} ${2##*/} ${3##*/} ...' asks for input"
 mess_zenity="Check if '$tmpstr $2 $3 ...' asks for input"
 xterm -title "${1##*/} $2 $3 ..." -fa default -fs 11 -bg '#2c2b2a' \
 -l -lf "$xtermlog" -e "$@" 2> /dev/null & pid=$!
fi
sleep 0.5
sync
cnt1=$(stat --printf "%Y" "$xtermlog")
tail -f "$xtermlog" & ptail=$!

cont=true
while $cont
do
 sleep 1
 cnt0=$cnt1
 tmpstr=$(ps -Af |sed "s/grep $pid//"|grep "$pid")
# echo "$tmpstr"
 if [ "$tmpstr" != "" ]
 then
  cnt1=$(stat --printf "%Y" "$xtermlog")
  if [ $cnt1 -gt $((cnt0 + 8)) ]
  then
#   zenity --notification --text="$message" 2> /dev/null
   espeak "$mess_espeak" &
   zenity --info --title="${0##*/} ${1##*/} $2 ..." \
    --text="$mess_zenity" --width=500  2> /dev/null
   touch "$xtermlog"
   cnt1=$(stat --printf "%Y" "$xtermlog")
  fi
  sleep 1
  else
  sleep .2
  # echo "process $pid has finished"
  cont=false
 fi
done

# clean up
tmpstr="$(tail -n1 "$xtermlog" | sed 's/.*exit.*/exit/')"
if [ "$tmpstr" != "exit" ]
then
 echo ""
fi
rm -r "$xtermlog"
kill $ptail
tend=$(date '+%s')
tuse=$((tend-tstart))
echo "------- end $name at $(date '+%F %T') --- used $tuse seconds"

3. Ubuntu Server monitored remotely via ssh

  A special version might be made for Ubuntu Server that works in text mode
  unless the GUI tool works via a terminal window and via ssh.

I checked, and these tools work with a server via a text mode connection via ssh to a computer with a graphical desktop environment.

The following screenshot illustrates how vialog is started in the client (a laptop with Ubuntu persistent live).
Then ssh connects to the server and performs some time-consuming task (here illustrated by copying a couple of big iso files.
It takes enough time to copy the Ubuntu Studio iso file for the alert to be activated, when the command wants a decision from me in the middle of the process (overwrite or not).


Does dm-crypt have a GUI for creating encrypted containers?

There is zuluCrypt, but I haven't tried it yet and it doesn't come with ubuntu.
Unfortunately I don't know an english tutorial, but the german ubuntuusers wiki has a really good one.


How to set the scroll speed of apple magic mouse?

At the moment only way is setup it directly in hid_magicmouse driver.

For testing run:

sudo rmmod hid_magicmouse
# scroll-speed value from 0 (slow) to 63 (fast):
sudo modprobe hid_magicmouse scroll-speed=45 scroll-acceleration=1

For permanent settings put to the /etc/modprobe.d/magicmouse.conf this:

options hid_magicmouse scroll-speed=45 scroll-acceleration=1


How to specific "alert" or "info" with logger command in Ubuntu 16.04?

You are looking for the -p (--priority) option, regardless of the name it supports specifying both facility and priority separated by . (by default it uses user.notice).

For example, for logging a message with auth facility and crit priority:

logger -p 'auth.crit' 'Whatever ...'

then check in /var/log/auth.log (default location for logs belonging to the auth facility).

Similar goes for others. For example, for user facility and info priority:

logger -p 'user.info' 'Whatever ...'


Need advice for linking with shared library

On Linux Wheezy 32bit you need to install libjpeg62:

apt-get install libjpeg62

This will fix the problem!


when parent directory is mounted on to new volume, i cannot see the sub directory which was existing earlier

You can use mount --bind for seeing old mount you have on same mount point.

Create any directory in your filesystem, ex: /mnt/data001, then

command: mount --bind /yesh/data001 /mnt/data001

This is tricky case, you cannot see old mount and you cant umount your old mount. Generally restart is kind of solution but with out restart if you want to access /yesh/data001 I believe you can achieve via above command.


If you have guest account you should be able to log on as guest (or another account) and copy the file from there to your account.
Another possible solution:  I know that if you delete an application config file in your home folder and then restart, a new config file will be created and it is supposed to be the default file.  At least that worked for me.  I am not sure if that will apply to the entire main menu, so be careful.


svn: Unable to connect / No repository found

another thing to check:

I setup a new svnserve and was connecting for the first time, but I got an error:

svn: E170013: Unable to connect to a repository at URL 'svn://host/path'
svn: E210005: No repository found in 'svn://host/path'

(aside normal client nmap -Pn host -p3690 being open, the server itself gave same error with svn list -v file:///path, where it should list at least a revision zero)

SO, for me, turned out to be a leading whitespace in my /path/conf/svnserve.conf (i.e. I only removed the pound sign, and left a single space before anon-access and auth-access); and sorry, I forget which command gave me the clue, but I got an error

svn: E200002: line 20: Option expected

which was the anon-access line in svnserve.conf.


Unity 11.10 and VGA output to flat screen TV

Sharing a screen with TV's on Ubuntu has always proven to be a bit problematic with me. Most LCD/LED TVs tend to have a auto-detect or auto-adapt setting built into the Menu GUI or remote, this is where I recommend you start. If you do not have any luck with this; I would suggest that you attempt to increase the resolution. For a 40" screen television, the native resolution is certainly going to be something closer to 1920 x 1080 pixels; most HD televisions are like this. If you change your television to the primary monitor you will find you have many more resolution options in the 16:9 display ratio.

If you go and run the program Displays, you will see a screen very familiar to Windows; here you can enable and disable you native screen, screen sharing, desktop resolution, and set mirror displays. Good luck!


External HDD fails to mount "exit status 13: `$MFTMirr does not match $MFT (record 0)"

If the NTFS drives are mounting as read-only, its probably because Ubuntu thinks their filesystems are unclean, probably due to hibernation, or a damaged file system. Do this...

In Windows

boot into Windows
open the Power control panel
choose change what the power buttons do
choose change options that are unavailable
uncheck fast startup
close the Power control panel
open an administrative command prompt window
type powercfg /h off
type chkdsk /f c:
approve to run chkdsk at next reboot
type chkdsk /f x: (replacing "x" with drive letters of other visible NTFS partitions)
reboot into Windows to let chkdsk run on drive C:


I realize I am quite late to the party but here is what worked for me if anyone needs it. Ubuntu 14.04 64-bit with Anaconda 2.3.0 installed.

Install binstar:

conda install binstar

You get a response like: The 'binstar' conda package has been renamed to 'anaconda-client'. Please run: conda install anaconda-client.
So run:

conda install anaconda-client

Then search for the pygame package on anaconda.org:

anaconda search -t conda pygame

You get a list of pygame packages available at anaconda.org. Select a package for your distribution e.g. tlatorre/pygame is for Linux 64-bit.
To install it use:

conda install -c https://conda.binstar.org/tlatorre pygame

Once done, import pygame should work.

Credit: Answer by cohdez on
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29137369/installing-pygame-module-in-anaconda-mac


I was missing an apt-get update!
I manually added the deb-src lines and I did not realize that I need to update the package list


How do I recover Windows from a lost partition?

Update: If boot-repair fails and you want to reinstall the system to make a the dual boot work, you can follow this steps or look at the official guide here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WindowsDualBoot

Run Ubuntu and backup your files from the NTFS partition.
Download the GParted Live ISO.  Architecture dependant.
Burn the ISO from 1, using a burning tool or create a bootable usb drive (http://gparted.org/liveusb.php)
Boot the CD or USB drive
Delete the Entire Disk Partition.
Create A Windows Partition, of desired size, type NTFS, and Label it windows (be sure that it is primary partition because the windows boot-loader need this).
Create an ext4 partition of at least 100MB for /boot, and label it boot.
Subtract your RAM from the amount left.
Create an ext4 partition of size (Total Size - Amount in step 8), label it root.
Create a Swap Partition, size should be at least size of your pc memory (RAM).

After Partitioning the Disk, reinstall Windows, using the NTFS Partition created in Step 7, making sure to use the option to preserve the existing disk format.
After the Windows Install completes, reboot the computer with a Ubuntu ISO, click install, and choose something Else.  Make sure to follow your labeling scheme, i.e. mount / on the partition labeled root, mount /boot on the partition labeled boot, mount windows on the mountpoint named /windows and mount swap.  Make sure not to format the partitions

Save the custom layout, and continue the installer.  When asked to install GRUB install it in the partition mounted as /boot.  The installer will detect the Windows Install using os-prober, and add it to your GRUB Menu.

Lastly, Do not use WUBI


How to configure GnuPG's S.gpg-agent socket location?

Since GnuPG Version 2.1.1 there exists a solution:
Place a simple text-file S.gpg-agent in the gpg-homedir with following content:

%Assuan%
socket=/path/to/where/ever/you/want/S.gpg-agent

It replaces some evnvars like ${HOME} or ${HOSTNAME}

Be careful, when using a subdirectory of /tmp, because gpg-agent will not create  needed directories.

Further reading at:
https://dev.gnupg.org/T1752


How to upgrade ubuntu-13.04 using a downloaded iso without burning cd or liveusb within ubuntu 13.04?

You may simply use the terminal commands to upgrade via internet.

sudo do-release-upgrade

For a development version, use

do-release-upgrade -d

Refer the following link.

http://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/installing-upgrading.html


The PPA does not work, so I downloaded the x64 .tar.xz. 32bit version here.


How to download the source code of an Ubuntu package on a non Ubuntu machine?

All the packages for all the current versions are kept at https://packages.ubuntu.com/ for downloading.

The list for 12.04 still exists but the packages have been removed (ubuntuupdates) so there is no 12.04 openssh server package available. The oldest available version is from 14.04. Or find an not-official source.


When booting up, hold the Shift key, which brings you to the grub menu.

In grub go to Ubuntu Advanced Options and select the kernel you want.


Ubuntu 15.04 Wacom Intuos Draw not workig, any help?

You might need to update libwacom:

http://linuxwacom.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Downloads

Or you might need to update your kernel driver (same link)
Quite possibly both


If you are referring to having admin access through sudo here are some pointers:

The file /etc/sudoers contains the rules of when some user can use sudo and when not.
An important point highlighted by 0xc0000022l is that you shouldn't edit /etc/sudoers directly but should use sudo visudo instead. That and more, useful information can be found on the man page:

man sudoers

On standard installs, membership of group admin will get you admin access. You can find out your group membership on the commandline by issuing id (or using a GUI 'user management' to see what groups you belong to).

Since you are talking about the 'incessant prompts', I would suggest to get used to them. Attempts to disable them is typically not a good idea. You can lengthen the time you will be allowed to use sudo for. I suggest to only use sudo form one terminal and not from several (since you would have to type in your password in all of those terminals).
If you are undertaking some more involved administration requiring you to be root for many things, I suggest you switch users:

sudo su -

This will make you root in that session. Whatever you do, I recommend you do not make yourself root by default. This will just results in more headache down the road (including the security holes associated with it).


List of wireless adapters that work with Linux : who maintains the list?

If you look at that page's editing history, this shows the users who have edited the page.

It's a wiki. You can edit it yourself. I believe you have to register and log in. Then you can simply add the information on the adapter you're using. Please don't remove entries for adapters that are "no longer available" though--people still have them, and people still obtain them, used.


Why inside each dir there is a link to this dir itself?

You will use . for the current directory when you issue a command, which takes the path to the directory as an argument. This way you can give its relative location instead of full path. An example of such command would be moving a file from another directory to the current directory:
mv ../file1 .

Also, if the program is not in your $PATH, you will need to specify its location to run it, even if you navigated to its directory, as Quasimodo pointed in the comment above:
./foo


What's going to happen to the Unity desktop environment and default Ubuntu version?

Unity will eventually be removed from the archives. The default experience on Ubuntu is moving to GNOME. There is no more "Ubuntu GNOME" flavor of Ubuntu. You can either upgrade from 17.04 to 17.10, install 17.10 from scratch, or if you run LTS, stick to 16.04 and upgrade when 18.04 is ready.

You can install GNOME directly from the archive already, with no need to re-install your system. You can simply install the ubuntu-gnome-desktop package on 16.04, to get the standard Ubuntu GNOME install in 16.04.

Ubuntu 16.04 is an LTS and will continue to receive updates until May 2021, when it will be End of Life. However, unless there is a major bug affecting the Unity software, it's unlikely there will be many updates for it.


Try this:

rsync -ave 'ssh -p 456' /home/cavo/python/ wolfy@123.123.123.123:/home/wolfy/py/

Note that the trailing slashes on the paths are very important, they signal that you are syncing a directory to a directory. The -e switch helps rsync know it is going to be using ssh transport, and while we are specifying the transport we also tell ssh what port it's going to have to use to talk to the remote site. Then the username and remote host ip are specified as part of the target.


Why does the system display this printer twice after I removed it?

I have that exact same problem -- exactly as you show it in the screenshot.  I have not attempted to delete/purge cups.

Using Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (minimal installation) I set up a brand new (out of the box) HP laserjet, got it up and running, and booted up my PC.  And the printer was right there where I expected it to be. However I couldn't print a test page ("file corrupted" says the printer). A little investigation showed that the printer actually worked (I could print up docs with no problem.) Then I noticed the duplicate printer entries (I have only one printer) and I noticed the odd "print" printer that was "rejecting jobs."

I spend a couple of hours trying to figure it out, and didn't find any answers that I understood or thought would work.

But I did notice that when I switched OS to Ubuntu 19.x, that version of Ubuntu didn't exhibit the problem (it worked perfectly).  So that's my answer:

switch to Ubuntu 19.x ("disco dingo.")

(I also have been wondering why Libreoffice Ubuntu 18.04 LTS can't access docs on a shared drive unless I mount the drive locally, but that's another question.)


Lost network device on upgrade to 15.10 on test VM

The network adapter was renamed from eth0 to enp0s3.

I found this out by using dmesg | grep eth0.

I then updated the file /etc/network/interfaces by changing eth0 to enp0s3.


I don't see any errors? Where are they? There are warnings telling you about some modules expecting another node version then you have installed.

Or am i missing something?

Look here...

npm WARN engine cryptiles@0.1.3: wanted: {"node":"0.8.x"} (current: {"node":"v0.10.24","npm":"1.3.21"})

Please try the follwing

sudo -i
aptitude update && aptitude -y upgrade
aptitude install nodejs
aptitude install npm
aptitude install nodejs-legacy
npm install -g forever


Clients of Bind Ubuntu Server Not Finding Sites After Update

So, I did some more digging, and found a fix.

Maybe someone can comment why this all of a sudden needed added, but I noticed in my names.conf.options file (etc/bind/named.conf.options), in my trusted acl I only had localhost, and for allow-recursion I had {trusted}.

Everything was working fine before, but after updating, I needed to add my local and vpn subnets (x.x.x.0 \24 for both) into the trusted list.

Hopefully this can help someone else!


Audio not working on Sony Vaio Pro 13. HDA Intel PCH. Ubuntu 12.04

following are steps I followed and it worked in my  Laptop OS ubuntu 12.04

sudo vi /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf
add a line here

options snd-hda-intel probe_mask=0xffff,0xfff2
sudo vi /etc/modules
add a line i.e

audio driver name

in my case it was

snd_hda_intel

now reboot the system


embedded pdf readers don't recognise keyboard input

Are you using mozplugger to embed a PDF reader into Firefox? In that case, you can change which PDF program gets embedded by creating a local mozpluggerrc in ~/.mozilla/, e.g.:

cp /etc/mozplugger ~/.mozilla/

(Your "base" mozplugger may not be there. That's where it is for me on Arch.)

And then edit the part that has to do with PDFs so it only contains what you want.

application/pdf:pdf:PDF file
application/x-pdf:pdf:PDF file
text/pdf:pdf:PDF file
text/x-pdf:pdf:PDF file
       repeat noisy swallow(okular) fill: okular "$file"
       repeat noisy swallow(evince) fill: evince "$file"
       repeat noisy swallow(Xpdf) fill: xpdf -g +9000+9000 "$file"
       repeat swallow(acroread) fill: acroread7 -openInNewWindow "$file"
       GV()

Delete the lines having to do with PDF viewers you don't want. (It's not Ubuntu that's making it default to Okular, it's the mozplugger devs.)

Try evince, okular, mupdf, epdfviewer and see if any of them work.

I can't replicate it, so I don't really know how to solve the problem with the keys, but suffice it to say, you're not the only one having the problem. Some bug reports to read:

http://bugreports.qt.nokia.com/browse/QTBUG-3814

https://www.mozdev.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=22359

https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=560501

http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=519832

EDIT: After poking around a bit more, I found the following note on the Ubuntu manpage about mozplugger:

   needs_xembed
          Some applications when embedded requires  the  Xembed  protocol,
          other applications don’t want the Xembed protocol. Add or remove
          this flag if you find that you cannot move keyboard focus to the
          embedded  window.  Currently  it  appears QT4 based applications
          require this flag.

So try, chaging the line in mozplugger:

 repeat noisy swallow(evince) fill: evince "$file"

to

 repeat noisy needs_xembed swallow(evince) fill: evince "$file"


How can I create an animated GIF in Ubuntu using a set of images?

The following procedure prevents ImageMagick from consuming excessive system resources. It has been tested with ImageMagick 6.8.9-9 on Ubuntu 15.04. To illustrate the procedure, I use the example of converting a video to an animated GIF.

Set up ImageMagick such that it doesn't consume excessive system resources:

export MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT=1024
export MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT=1024
export MAGICK_AREA_LIMIT=4096
export MAGICK_FILES_LIMIT=1024
export MAGICK_THREAD_LIMIT=1
export MAGICK_TMPDIR=/home/user/tmp

The environment variable MAGICK_THREAD_LIMIT limits the number of threads used by ImageMagick (when it is built with OpenMP enabled). The environment variable MAGICK_TMPDIR is a path to a directory at which ImageMagick can store temporary files. It is particularly useful for frame images of relatively large size because it avoids excessive RAM memory usage.

Prepare the input filename, the output filename and the directory at which frame images are to be stored.

filename1=2015-11-09T1300Z.mp4
filename2=2015-11-09T1300Z.gif
directoryName1="tmp_images"

Convert the video to a number of frame images (setting the time limits as appropriate; in this example, from 0 seconds to 30 seconds).

mplayer -ao null -ss 0:00:00 -endpos 30 "${filename1}" -vo jpeg:outdir="${directoryName1}":quality=100

If reasonable for output file size constraints, reduce the size of the video frames (in this example, by 50%).

mogrify -resize 50% "${directoryName1}"/*.jpg

Use ImageMagick to convert the frame images to an animated GIF.

convert -delay 5 -loop 0 -layers optimize -limit memory 64 "${directoryName1}"/*.jpg "${filename2}"


Debugging RPC Authentication Error from showmount

It appears that the debian testing main package updated or installed another package which conflicted with RPC in some way or another. I fixed the problem by removing the package from my sources.list, then apt-get update && apt-get autoremove. Unfortunately, I don't have any more information about what was causing the error; in hindsight, I guess that's why it's the "testing" package.


As the messages already say, try to reinstall them.
This can easily be done by just running

  sudo apt install --reinstall [package name]

apt will then reinstall the packages, which should lead to dpkg not showing the packages in audit.


There is no pagckage for Ubuntu 16.10 (Yakkety). Check openjdk-r/ppa/ubuntu/dists/ .
Try to install openjdk9 instead

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openjdk-9-jdk


Where does GNOME Disks store standby settings?

Ah, found it! They are in /etc/udisks2. Need sudo/admin rights to open the files.


Cant boot Ubuntu Server 18.04 on HP 4530s after successful installation

Check for the boot flag using Gparted or any other partition manager using Live Boot USB. You system is unable to find the boot flag on any partition on the hard disk to boot from.

PS: Since I was unable to comment, I am writing here. Will improve it later.


How to install antlr3 python module on Ubuntu?

sudo apt-get install python-setuptools
pip install http://www.antlr3.org/download/Python/antlr_python_runtime-3.1.2.tar.gz
wget http://www.antlr3.org/download/antlr-3.1.2.jar
java -classpath "antlr-3.1.2.jar" org.antlr.Tool *.g


12.04 doesn't recocognize WIFI on Acer Extensa 5620Z

disable the preinstalled driver and

sudo apt-get install firmware-b43-installer

http://www.linuxwireless.org/en/users/Drivers/b43#Supported_devices


Auto answer:

I can find a solution in Arch Wiki, it's creating a script at yakuake's start.

yakuake start


ip neigh display a mac address at a coffee store

Yes, this command basically outputs the table your PC uses to match IP addresses to physical addresses (MAC address) accessible from your node on the network (i.e. your immediate LAN network only, including any switches/hubs, but not beyond any routers).

If you know that *.1.1 address is your router, then 5c:dd:70:96:80:52 is its MAC address, at least on its local interface. It will have a different MAC address on its external interface (the one that your ISP sees).


Unable to disable apparmor in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS

You can execute command sudo aa-teardown.
Here works like a charm.


Unmet depencies after messing around with gcc symbolic links

I am not sure if this will fix your problem but try the commands below it may fix your problem. After running these commands try to install gcc again.

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get autoremove

sudo apt-get -f install


How to open a text file in current working directory with `gedit admin://`?

Unfortunately, no, it is not possible to pass a relative path with this admin:// URI. This answer may be disappointing, but that is how it currently (Ubuntu 18.04, Ubuntu 19.10) works.

Using a short wrapper script

You can, however, very conveniently work around the issue with a wrapper script. With the script sedit, you edit a file correctly with administrator privileges, just by typing the command and a filename, as in sedit ubuntu.css.

sedit):

```bash
#!/bin/bash
gedit admin://$(readlink -f "$1")
```

If you place that in a folder in your path, the command sedit ubuntu.css will open the file using the admin URI. Also providing the full path, or any valid path, will work.

Other options

Other, more standard options to not to have to type the pathname are:

You can use Tab expansion once you typed the three slashes of the URI.
You could drag the file from Files (nautilus) into the terminal. Thus, you could type "gedit admin://' in the terminal, find the file in Files, and then drag the file from Files into the terminal. This can make it easier to enter the URI in the terminal.
You could avoid typing the path using $(pwd)filename or $(readlink -f filename).

gedit admin://$(pwd)/ubuntu.css

or

gedit admin://$(readlink -f ubuntu.css)`

You can install the nautilus python extension, nautilus-admin. Install it with the command sudo apt install nautilus-admin or using Synaptic Package manager (unfortunatelly, you cannot find it using Software). This small python extension integrates in the right-click menu, and converts the selected file to an 'admin://' URI for editing with root permissions.


Import from Powerpoint to Impress: font size always too large

It is not font size that is affected. If you do not have the font installed that was used for the presentation, then it is a matter of setting a substitute font that has similar metrics as the original font. Indeed, depending on the metrics of the font, one font may take substantially more place than another font, and even look larger, at the same font size.

Under Options, LibreOffice - Fonts, you can define which fonts should be substituted for a font that you do not have. To activate the Replacement Table, check "Apply replacement table". From then on, you can define fonts, indicate replacement fonts and add these to the table.

Each font is unique, and therefore, the most suitable substitute font depends on each individual font. There is "general" way to automatically set the best substitute font (which, moreover, depends on the fonts you have on your system.

Substituting two common Microsoft fonts

If you have to work with documents coming from a Microsoft Office product, changes are high that it uses either the Calibri or Cambria fonts. These are the regular sans-serif and serif fonts of MS Office, introduced in 2007. In contrast to the previous "generation" of Microsoft fonts, that included "Arial" and "Times New Roman", the license of these newer fonts is more restricted. Therefore, these fonts cannot be used freely on Linux. Google produced two fonts, Carlito and Caladea, that have similar metrics of the two commonly used Microsoft fonts, and therefore can be used as substitutes for these. They can be installed on Ubuntu with the command sudo apt install fonts-crosextra-carlito fonts-crosextra-caladea. (Thanks to user alci to point this out)


Ubuntu 13.04 released with Linux 3.8.0-19 but it's now on 3.8.0-21, could that be the problem here? They should be in the /boot directory.

When installing Ubuntu with the standard options, /boot is a directory on the root partition. Some have a separate partition for the boot directory, this is then mounted on / on start-up and is specified in /etc/fstab.


Use Intel GPU + NVidia with 1 monitor on a desktop system

I just want to close this question by adding what happened in the end.

I installed the nvidia driver using the additional drivers configuration option, to make sure any voodoo that might be doing gets done. Then I installed bumblebee and nvidia-prime. I started out with nvidia-361 on 16.04, but am using nvidia-367 on 16.10 at the moment.

The config files need to be adapted manually in /etc/bumblebee. I am using the following for the nvidia driver:

In bumblebee.conf:

[driver-nvidia]
# Module name to load, defaults to Driver if empty or unset
KernelDriver=nvidia-367
PMMethod=auto
# colon-separated path to the nvidia libraries
LibraryPath=/usr/lib/nvidia-367:/usr/lib32/nvidia-367
# comma-separated path of the directory containing nvidia_drv.so and the
# default Xorg modules path
XorgModulePath=/usr/lib/nvidia-367/xorg,/usr/lib/xorg/modules
XorgConfFile=/etc/bumblebee/xorg.conf.nvidia

The xorg.conf.nvidia file:

xorg.conf.nvidia
Section "ServerLayout"
    Identifier  "Layout0"
    Option      "AutoAddDevices" "false"
    Option      "AutoAddGPU" "false"
EndSection

Section "Device"
    Identifier  "DiscreteNvidia"
    Driver      "nvidia"
    VendorName  "NVIDIA Corporation"

#   If the X server does not automatically detect your VGA device,
#   you can manually set it here.
#   To get the BusID prop, run `lspci | egrep 'VGA|3D'` and input the data
#   as you see in the commented example.
#   This Setting may be needed in some platforms with more than one
#   nvidia card, which may confuse the proprietary driver (e.g.,
#   trying to take ownership of the wrong device). Also needed on Ubuntu 13.04.
    BusID "PCI:01:00:0"

#   Setting ProbeAllGpus to false prevents the new proprietary driver
#   instance spawned to try to control the integrated graphics card,
#   which is already being managed outside bumblebee.
#   This option doesn't hurt and it is required on platforms running
#   more than one nvidia graphics card with the proprietary driver.
#   (E.g. Macbook Pro pre-2010 with nVidia 9400M + 9600M GT).
#   If this option is not set, the new Xorg may blacken the screen and
#   render it unusable (unless you have some way to run killall Xorg).
    Option "ProbeAllGpus" "false"

    Option "NoLogo" "true"
    Option "UseEDID" "false"
    Option "UseDisplayDevice" "none"
EndSection

You need to make sure that the driver version matches what you have, and the BusID is important as well.

This basically allows me to switch the GPU using the nvidia settings app (requires logging out and back in) or launching apps on a specific GPU using "optirun -b primus", which I add to Steam games in the launch settings and has worked flawlessly for me ever since.


Poor battery life in Ubuntu 12.10 on Toshiba p755-s5215, how can i manage background applications?

These tools you have installed are not applications with Graphical User Interface (GUI). These are meant to run in the Terminal.

You can open the Terminal by searching for it in Dash (Super -> "Terminal") or by using the following shortcut "CTRL+ALT+T"

You can start these applications from here by typing in their name like so:
"powertop"


Nginx and pagespeed installation issues in ubuntu

There is no "pagespeed module", did you mean the source code? nginx does not have a notion of dynamically loadable modules. Every module you enable is added to the main executable (/usr/sbin/nginx).

configure is a script in the source distribution of nginx, you won't find it anywhere on your filesystem unless you downloaded it. Remove your existing nginx binary and proceed with the mentioned instructions. Note that you are then fully responsible for any (security) updates.


TP-Link AC600 Archer T2U Nano USB wifi adapter not working after upgrade from Ubuntu 19.04 to 19.10

This version compiles perfectly on my 19.10 machine using kernel version 5.3.0-23. The compiled driver covers your device:

$ modinfo 88XXau.ko | grep 011E
alias:          usb:v2357p011Ed*dc*dsc*dp*ic*isc*ip*in*

Please do:

git clone https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8812au.git
cd rtl8812au
sudo ./dkms-install.sh
sudo modprobe 88XXau

Your wireless should now be working.


When exactly does SSH-agent use my private_key to connect to a remote server?

To "explore" how ssh is working, you can use the verbose flags. For example,

ssh -v ...

will give information on the handshake. You can use multiple v, with a maximum of three, to have even more debugging info:

ssh -vvv ...

Nevertheless, the link of the wikipedia page posted by @darent is worth reading to understand the asymmetric key encryption. A lot of useful links on the details can be found in this question on SuperUser.


Why are some commands not working in the terminal of Ubuntu on my Chromebook?

add-apt-repository is part of the package software-properties-common, therefore install the package first:

sudo apt-get install software-properties-common

To find other packages, use the Ubuntu Package Search, the preinstalled Ubuntu Software Center or the Ubuntu app directory.


How can I mount a network share from a computer that isn't always on?

To mount your share with Linux

First of all, you can add the nofail option in your fstab line, so that the system does not complain if it does not find your network share. If that happens, you will have to manually mount after booting your windows machine, for example with a sudo mount -a.

But there is another approach that I tend to advise in such cases : use autofs. Instead of mounting your shares at boot-time, it mounts them when you try to use them, and unmounts them when you don't.

The following should work in your case. Please note that I chose to mount everything under /mnt instead of /media, because /media is usually used for dynamic mounts (I would not advise to use it for permanent mounts or autofs).

First remove (or comment) your line in fstab, then install autofs :

sudo apt-get install autofs

Create your parent directory :

sudo mkdir /mnt/smb

then modify /etc/auto.master to add a line like this one :

/mnt/smb /etc/smb.auto --ghost

And create a file /etc/smb.auto with a content like this one :

windowsserver -fstype=cifs,rw,username=myuser,password=mypass ://windowsserver/share

Then restart autofs

sudo service autofs restart

And try to browse the content :

ls -al /mnt/smb/windowsserver

It should mount the share automatically at the moment you try to use it. If mounting fails (for example because your server is off), you will see an empty directory (and "Host is down" error messages, at least on command-line). Then, if you start your server you should be able to access your files automatically (without the need to ssh on your kodibuntu).

See https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Autofs for more details.

To mount your share with Kodi

If you're using Kodibuntu, there is another option, which seems a lot easier, and probably more suitable : instead of mounting your share at the OS level, Kodi is able to access network shares by itself.

This can be done through the user-interface of Kodi : see http://kodi.wiki/view/Adding_video_sources#Adding_Remote_sources


Welcome to Ask Ubuntu.

If you've installed Crashplan and their documentation refers to the location of /opt/proserver as where Crashplan should already be installed, then Crashplan's documentation is not accurate and should contact them for support.

You could run:

ls /opt

To see if Crashplan was installed in another directory below /opt. If you find it, you could adjust the paths in the systemd files accordingly.


Kate autoindent is off, but it keeps autoindenting

Under Open/Save → Modes & Filetypes you'll find that the Markup/CSS filetype has an indentation profile assigned.

All filetypes that don't follow the system default will use their indentation mode no matter what you set in the preferences. Fortunately you can just change it to whatever you like (e.g., None).


Ubuntu Update Manager fails to install upates (Version 12.04 LTS)

Try this first:

sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

If that doesn't work, you might need to follow the instructions in the topic here: http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-1232143.html . The post by gartss might be useful to you.


See the SpamapS's answer in your another question in With Upstart what does it mean in terms of performance to have a "initramfs-less boot support"
They are not managed any differently. 1.6 does not change any part of the process handling. It does add stateful re-exec, but it is invisible to the processes.


You cannot run Minecraft on VPS servers before they don't have any graphic card.


Possibly - but be careful.  Make sure before you try anything that everything is backed up and you have the means to re-install Windows if all else fails.  My advice woud be to download the 12.04 DVD and boot from it.  Use the 'Try Ubuntu' option and make sure everything works OK.  If it does, you have to consider whether you are ready to do a full installation, or whether you want to stay with wubi.  If you want to move from wubi that could be the better option.


You have to remove problematic PPA with commands below:
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
sudo ppa-purge ppa:freecad-maintainers/freecad-stable

and use FreeCAD from the official repository by
sudo apt-get install freecad


The 02Micro SD card reader is not recognised by Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

Run into the same problem today – and found the solution on another page.

There was a Kernel-change, that opened a Bug with the SD Module. To fix it, it is necessary to change some options of the Kernel Module. First of all, test the setting by executing these commands on the terminal:

sudo rmmod sdhci_pci sdhci_acpi sdhci
sudo modprobe sdhci debug_quirks2="0x10000"
sudo modprobe sdhci_pci

First line unloads the sdhci module and dependents, the second line is setting the needed option and the third line reloads the modules.

Now test, if your system recognizes inserted SD cards. My system instantly did.

If all succeeded till now, we have to push the option as a default – therefor execute this command as su:

echo "options sdhci debug_quirks2=0x10000" >> /etc/modprobe.d/sdhci.conf

Cheers =)


what version of lm-sensors are you using? what kind of chipset/board are you using? If I had to guess I would say the version of lm-sensors you have does not fully support your board, if you are not running the latest version, remove current version, install latest, and redo sensors-detect, then reboot (I know you can just restart service but it's less complicated just to tell a user to reboot, leaves less room for user error). If you are not running the latest chances are the newest version will improve on your current situation, but that does not mean its fully supported.

Here is latest version as of 09/18/2014 3.3.5 also 2 recomended patches for the release, r6216, and r6237.


MDADM RAID1 Home Server System disk error: incrementally starting raid arrays mdadm: Create user root not found

I just had this problem too.  I noticed that your md is numbered md126  which is usually a random number made up at boot time, not the number from mdadm.conf
In /boot/grub/grub.cfg, various things refer to both /dev/md?? and UUID=.....
Both are needed.  If the machine is booting up with a random md??? number every time, initrd will struggle to find the raid and go in an endless loop.
I had to change these numbers because I re-created my md device.
update-grub grabs the md? number from what's currently running in /proc/mdstats and puts it into /boot/grub/grub.cfg
update-initramfs grabs the md? number from the /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf file and puts it into /boot/initrd___  Both have to match.
When you boot via a rescue disk, /dev/md... is just whatever random number the rescue disk makes up.  This is different to the md... number in /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
What I did was run  mdadm --stop /dev/md... on all the disks.  Then ran...
mdadm --assemble --config=/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf --run
cat /proc/mdstat   # To check that the numbers are correct.
update-grub

If you needed to change /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf, also run update-initramfs
Looks like your fstab says / was on /dev/md1 during installation;  that's the number that may be in /boot/grub/grub.cfg and /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf.


In relation to filesystems or drives, root is usually the topmost directory on the drive, or / - the root file system. Your applications should not have roots. ;)

PS: Wikipedia has a better explanation:

https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Root_directory


How do I configure which programs go through the OpenVPN tunnel?

You have to manually define the routes. The exact syntax of the command is going to vary with you interfaces, gateway, and what traffic you wish to route where. Web traffic (chrome) is on ports 80 (http) and 443 (https) by default.

Here are 2 explanations of how to route your traffic.

http://kindlund.wordpress.com/2007/11/19/configuring-multiple-default-routes-in-linux/

http://www.rjsystems.nl/en/2100-adv-routing.php


How can I set up GUFW so that only firefox connects to the internet

You will have to change the policy to first deny out going , then allow the ports you want.

gksu gufw

When you open gufw, it will look like this

Enable the firewall by clicking the "Enabled" box

Deny Incoming and Outgoing.

Add a rule for the ports you wish to allow (80,443,53)

You can add a simple rule, and list your ports, it will look like this

Final result

See the firweall section of This guide or The ubuntu wiki GUFW for additional details.


As far as I could test ecryptfs does not support a feature as encfs does: Filesystem that gives an encrypted view of a directory—the inverse of EncFS still seems to be the way to go.

I wanted to "avoid" encfs because of some security fuzz around it, but I assume it is better than plain data anyway.


Ubuntu 12.04 Mysql doesn't start on reboot; starts ok later manually

I think I know what the problem was....
my dodgy router...

Our modem/router as a bad FW build on it (which I'm working on separately) which requires rebooting several times a day.  This meant that often at bootup in the morning, the router would be "down", and the computer wouldn't even be able to get an IP address.

That IP address is a fixed address assigned by the router, and is set as the "bind address" in mysql configuration file ("my.cnf")

I haven't tested my theory properly, but I have noticed that sometimes it works at bootup and sometimes not.  And I definitely know that it fails to start if the bind address is wrong - exhibiting the same sorts of failure messages in dmesg.

Thanks all for responding!


Try opening a terminal and issuing the command:

alsamixer

Then make sure Master and PCM are up, then you can more finely control volume with gui controls.


Atheros AR9285 wireless hard blocked on Lenovo G570

Wow, this is a fast answer to myself  The related links pointed me to an answer I didn't find while searching.

So, the G570 has two kill-switches: Fn-F5 and a stupid little hardware switch, that I had to squint my eyes hard to see. Jeez.

But happy that it wasn't worse - only 6-7 hours ;)


why are there two snap folders for chromium?

Use snap list --all to list all versions including old ones. Old versions will be listed as "disabled"
You can use snap remove chromium --revision=920 to remove the old one.
You could use the following script to remove all old snaps.

#!/bin/bash
# Removes old revisions of snaps
# CLOSE ALL SNAPS BEFORE RUNNING THIS
set -eu

LANG=C snap list --all | awk '/disabled/{print $1, $3}' |
    while read snapname revision; do
        snap remove "$snapname" --revision="$revision"
    done

Or, just ignore it since snap will only keep the 3 most recent versions.


"build-essential" package needs "sudo apt upgrade" command execution?

Here is the answer they told me:

  Yes, while the second command not may be needed, it's wise (in order to prevent dependency issues) to run it before installing new packages.

So it is just for a wise reason.


"Keyboard" > Typing:

Set value of "Alternative Characters Key" to "Caps Lock"


Unity doesn't load, no Launcher, no Dash appears

This answer applies to versions of Ubuntu running Compiz.

  This answer assumes Unity is being run through Compiz. If you don't have compiz installed (ex: on non-Unity versions of Ubuntu, such as the Gnome-based Ubuntu 18.04 and later) this answer doesn't apply to you.

You just need to turn the Unity plugin back on. The problem is this is a pain in the bottom because you've now got no graphical method to do this. So:

Try to open a terminal with Ctrl+Alt+T.
This may not work but you can try right clicking on the desktop and selecting "Open terminal here." Otherwise, you may need to change to a "hard" terminal by pressing
Ctrl+Alt+F1 and log in.
Install compizconfig-settings-manager by running

sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager

Then run it with this:

DISPLAY=:0 ccsm &

The first part tells the terminal which display you want it to load on (otherwise it won't have a clue).
If you switched to a TTY in step 1, switch back to the graphical server by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F7 (or Ctrl+Alt+F8 sometimes).
There there should be a CompizConfig Settings Manager waiting for you.
Find the Unity plugin. Enable it (detailed instructions just below). You will be asked "Ubuntu Unity Plugin requires the plugin OpenGL. Enable Ubuntu Unity Plugin / Enable OpenGL"

1) To enable the Unity Plugin: Click "Desktop" (left side) --> Ubuntu Unity Plugin. You can also type "unity plugin" into the "Filter" search box. Screenshot:

From here, click the checkbox for "Enable Ubuntu Unity Plugin":

2) To enable OpenGL: click "General" (left side) --> then check the box for "OpenGL", as shown below. You can also type "opengl" into the "Filter" search box to bring it up.

Everything should spring into life but if it doesn't, you might have to restart. You can do that by going back to the terminal and running sudo reboot.


Remove/hide grub menu and decrease boot time

You can use efibootmgr to make grub the default boot target to avoid seeing the Windows boot manager. E.g.,

$ sudo efibootmgr

BootCurrent: 0000
Timeout: 10 seconds
BootOrder: 0004,0000,2001,2002,2003
Boot0000* ubuntu
Boot0003* Windows Boot Manager
Boot0004* Windows Boot Manager
Boot2001* EFI USB Device
Boot2002* EFI DVD/CDROM
Boot2003* EFI Network

To make Ubuntu the default, modify the order of the list.

$ sudo efibootmgr -o 0,4,2001,2002,2003

BootCurrent: 0000
Timeout: 10 seconds
BootOrder: 0000,0004,2001,2002,2003
Boot0000* ubuntu
Boot0003* Windows Boot Manager
Boot0004* Windows Boot Manager
Boot2001* EFI USB Device
Boot2002* EFI DVD/CDROM
Boot2003* EFI Network

Now to reduce the boot timeout in grub, modify the /etc/default/grub and set GRUB_TIMEOUT to a smaller value.

sudo nano /etc/default/grub

Modify GRUB_TIMEOUT=1

sudo update-grub

Update: Note that for the boot manager order list, make sure you modify the list you have and not use my example directly. You can also reduce normal efi bootmanager timeout by changing it, e.g.,

sudo efibootmgr -t 1


You need root privileges to install new packages.  Try the following commands:

sudo apt install -f
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install wine64 wine32

Hope I've helped you.


This bug, which I confirmed in Ubuntu 18.04, is probably the reason why python3-kivy was dropped from the default Ubuntu repositories in Ubuntu 19.04. This bug has been fixed and python3-kivy has been restored to the default Ubuntu repositories in Ubuntu 19.10 and later.

A later version of Kivy 1.11.1 (instead of 1.9.1) can be installed with pip3 install kivy in a Python virtual environment using Python 3 virtual environment creator (python3-virtualenv) from the default Ubuntu repositories. Try running python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip before pip3 install kivy to upgrade your pip3 to the latest version as I did.

Below are the results of running the Hello World test program from the link in your question with Kivy 1.11.1 in a Python 3 virtual environment. The Python 3 code ran without any errors, detected OpenGL and my NVIDIA proprietary graphics driver, and output this window:


Ubuntu 14.04, Docker(left sidebar) does not show in auto hide mode on Virtual Box

Launcher bar "auto hide" option does not work on VirtualBox.

Auto hide option is  running perfectly and it's smooth when Ubuntu is installed on a PC(at least for me), instead on virtual machine.


how to include an environment variable in the launcher?

Starter commands usually aren't evaluated by a shell so environment variable don't get evaluated.

Use

 sh -c '$HOME/Desktop/firefox_test.bash'

or

 sh -c 'xdg-open /home/$LOGNAME/Desktop/firefox_test.html'


How to set up device at Ubuntu 18.04 Bluetooth Settings?

I had a lot of problems with bluetooth, and navigating the array of settings was problematic. I found that blueman was a really handy interface for setting up devices.

sudo apt-get install blueman
blueman-manager

And try pairing and connecting the devices through this tool?

I found that this tool displayed an error message when pairing a device that I hadn't managed to surface through other approaches.


Do I need to install a bootloader while upgrading a virtual machine?

This depends on how the machine boots. You'll need a boot loader if your machine is not set up for 'direct kernel boot'

You can check this by opening virt-manager, looking at the properties for the virtual machine, and selecting the 'boot options' configuration panel. If the 'Kernel path' setting is set (it's under the 'Direct kernel boot' drop-down), then the OS will be loaded by KVM, and you don't need a bootloader.

If this is empty, then you will need a bootloader to load the kernel from the virtual disk.

You can also check this parameter with virsh:

virsh dumpxml <virtual-machine>

this will dump the KVM configuration data for the machine. Look for the <os> tag. If it has a <kernel> tag, like this:

    <os>
     <type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-0.11'>hvm</type>
     <kernel>/var/lib/libvirt/images/vmlinuz-2.6.32-29-server</kernel>
     <initrd>/var/lib/libvirt/images/initrd.img-2.6.32-29-server</initrd>
     <cmdline>root=/dev/vda console=ttyS0 ro debug nosplash</cmdline>
     <boot dev='hd'/>
    </os>

Then the kernel will be loaded with KVM, and no bootloader is required. If there is no <kernel> tag, you need a bootloader.


Yes, but you must upgrade to 17.04 first and then to 17.10.  Otherwise, you can wait for 18.04 which will have an upgrade path directly from 16.04.  Given that 18.04 will be released this month, I would wait a bit and upgrade to 18.04.


SD card insert/remove behaviors not detected until running lspci command

A lengthy Q&A on Unix & Linux addresses this issue:

Udev triggers are not firing on insert of CF card into USB card reader (anymore)

After many pages of scrolling the solution is a new udev rule:

# enable in-kernel media-presence polling
ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="module", KERNEL=="block", ATTR{parameters/events_dfl_poll_msecs}=="0", ATTR{parameters/events_dfl_poll_msecs}="2000"
ACTION=="add", ATTR{removable}=="1", ATTR{events_poll_msecs}=="-1", ATTR{events_poll_msecs}="2000"

The Q&A is far too long to repost here, but please read the entire link to learn more.


Login with command line and delete your .gconf directory. just type rm ~/.gconf

.gconf is used to store user preferences. Deletion this directory will flush gconf caches and will apply your settings right away.


How can I switch between all windows of my host and VirtualBox guest system using Alt+Tab?

With VirtualBox’s Seamless Mode you can Combine Two Operating Systems Into One Desktop. This feature turns on with keys ctrl+L


What are ECRYPTFS_FNEK_ENCRYPTED files and folders for?

The files are files from your old encrypted home directory. If you mount the directory containing those encrypted files without encryption enabled or with a different key/passphrase they will fail decryption and show up as ECRYPTFS_FNEK_ENCRYPTED.... To fix that you have to mount the directory with the proper key/passphrase that was originally used to encrypt them.


Linux kernel header files to match the current kernel

Should either of the linux-headers-generic packages have been there by default? Which one?

No. Neither.

  Do I need to install either of them in my case?

From the kernel versions, it looks like you are using the hardware-enablement-stack (HWE) kernel. So you should install the headers for those: linux-headers-generic-hwe-16.04, the meta-package that should depend on the correct header package for your HWE kernel (4.13).

  If I install the necessary linux-headers-4.13.0-43-generic package directly, what happens when the kernel is upgraded?

You'd have to again manually install the relevant headers. It's better to use linux-headers-generic-hwe-16.04.


With which command in "Terminal" can I connect to internet?

Hit alt+ctrl+f1 and login to your system with your existing account.

All terminals are by default can access to the internet if your pc is connected. for your confirmation you can ping any server like

ping google.com

if  you get some response then you are connected to the internet. now you can download and install your required software.


If you completely want to remove Windows, then I would recommend using GParted. It is a very comprehensive partitioning tool.

Here are the steps I would take:

Take a backup of all files you don't want to lose
Boot from your bootable ubuntu usb
Try to only have your OS-drive be attached (e.g. no extra usb or external hdd), to minimise chance to do something wrong
Open GParted, let it scan your disks
Remove the windows partition(s), this can be done by selecting the partition and clicking the trashcan in the top bar
Resize the extended partition that contains the main ext4 file system and the swap partition so it fills the entire disk. This can be done by right-clicking on the partition and choosing the resize/move tool
Move the swap partition to the end, also done with the resize/move-tool. At this point, there may be a warning telling you that moving partitions may cause your OS to fail to boot. Should your system fail to boot after the fact, take a look at this thread.
enlarge the main file system (ext4 partition) to fill the entire extended partition (the box around the ext4 and swap partitions)
Apply the operations via the top bar

The first step is the most important one, do not try to skip it

It might take a couple of hours to move partitions, depending on the size of the partition. To be clear, this will destroy your windows-partition, you will lose all files from this partition.

If you have any more questions, ask them in the comments.


Use the following command:

sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:wallch/wallch-daily

Then run:

apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade