How to assign (set) a MIME type to a file?

Question is already answered by @PHPLearner in a comment. However, here is a longer answer.
There is no particular command like mime as asked in the question, and no doubt one such command can be created. For adding a new MIME type, all it takes is editing the /etc/mime.types file.
Let's say you want to add MIME type with extension .btc, then
1. Check If MIME type already exists
Open a command line and enter the line below (replace btc with your extension)
grep 'btc' /etc/mime.types

Now, this command will output a line, If that MIME type is already added. It looks like this for particular MIME searches
$ grep 'cpp' /etc/mime.types
text/x-c++src                        c++ cpp cxx cc

$ grep 'py' /etc/mime.types
application/x-python-code                       pyc pyo
text/vnd.debian.copyright
text/x-python                                   py

$ grep 'btc' /etc/mime.types

If your extension does not output any lines (as for btc in this case), or if the lines outputed do not include your extension, you must create a new MIME type. Otherwise your extension already has a MIME type included in the file /etc/mime.types.
2.1 Creating the MIME type (IF needed)
If there was no output, or the output given did not include your extension, we must add a MIME type. For that type at command line
gksudo gedit /etc/mime.types

Modify the following text so that the word "extension" is replaced with your file extension (no period mark), add the line to the end of the mime.types file, and save. Here our extension is bitcoin and we write btc (NOT .btc) that will be seen as an extension for the bitcoin files.
text/extension                   extension

And copy the modified 'text/extension' part.
In our case it will look like
text/bitcoin-text                btc

Save the file and exit.
2.2 Adding MIME type using .xml file and update-mime-database
If editing /etc/mime.types file doesn't works for your extension, then you can try this workaround.
Create a new .xml file that describes your extension like this & Save it.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<mime-type xmlns="http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info" type="text/bitcoin-text">
<glob pattern="*.btc"/>
</mime-type>

Now add this file into /usr/share/mime/packages folder (ref).After you've added or modified whatever you need, run the command
sudo update-mime-database /usr/share/mime

3. Adding an Icon to MIME type
Now we need to associate an icon with the MIME type. Get an SVG icon and name it "text-extension.svg", or whatever your modified MIME type is named; this will be the icon to represent all instances of the MIME type on your system.
So, We rename the .svg file so that the it matches bitcoin-text.svg (or "insertYourMIMEtype.svg") so that the slashes are replaced with "-" and there are no capital letters.
Then simply run the following commands, with 'bitcoin-text' replaced with your MIME type.
 sudo cp bitcoin-text.svg /usr/share/icons/gnome/scalable/mimetypes
 sudo gtk-update-icon-cache /usr/share/icons/gnome/ -f

Relogin and all files ending in the MIME extension will display with that icon.


usb wifi adapter "lsusb" 0e8d:7610 Mediatek

I am not running Ubuntu 16.04 nor do I have the device, so I don't know for certain. However, you can find out yourself easy enough. Follow the steps up through make and stop. Did the process end in an error or did it compile the driver module and end in MODPOST? If the latter, just continue and you're all set.

If the process ends in an error, then we can conclude that the circa-2013 package is too old for your 4.4.0-xx kernel version. Then ask a new question and ask if there IS a method to make it work in 4.4.0-xx and later. Until I learn more, my answer is that there is not.


CORE, quagga, zebra daemon - issue with autostart router OS

OK, after few long days I find resolution.

Firstly I was fixed links from defaulted installed in zebra.service witch we can find on /lib/systemd/system/. Run zebra.service on some text editor and change lines 4, 10, 11, 13. Write directory:

/usr/lib/quagga/zebra.conf instead /etc/quagga/zebra.conf

The ultimately file should looks:

 1 [Unit]
 2 Description=GNU Zebra routing manager
 3 After=network.target
 4 ConditionPathExists=/usr/lib/quagga/zebra.conf
 5 Documentation=man:zebra
 6
 7 [Service]
 8 Type=forking
 9 ExecStartPre=/sbin/ip route flush proto zebra
10 ExecStartPre=-/bin/chmod -f 640 /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf /usr/lib/quagga/zebra.conf
11 ExecStartPre=-/bin/chown -f quagga:quagga /run/quagga /usr/lib/quagga/zebra.conf
12 ExecStartPre=-/bin/chown -f quagga:quaggavty /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf
13 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/zebra -d -A 127.0.0.1 -f /usr/lib/quagga/zebra.conf
14 Restart=on-abort
15 RuntimeDirectory=quagga
16
17 [Install]
18 WantedBy=network.target

Save file and restart system daemons using systemctl daemon-reload. Start zebra service using system zebra start.

Another way for it is create of symlink looking on zebra.conf. To do this use:

ln -s /usr/lib/quagga/zebra.conf /etc/quagga/zebra.conf

Now you was fixed wrong implemented package repository from Ubuntu 16.04 to now.

On the second step we need to fix a CORE installation. Exactly few stuff what doesn't configured by default.
I noticed problem with group access. CORE don't want to start zebra.service automatically, because root user haven't access to specific temporary folder. As I saw root user wasn't a member of 'quaggavty' group.

To change this situation just add root to group:
usermod -a -G  quaggavt root

Restart CORE and enjoy property working program.


Magic Lantern Video (mlv) is an obscure raw video format and is not going to be natively supported in most applications. Generally you'll have to convert it to another format like dv to have players like VLC support it.


setting up anacron for version control update

OK, first things first. You don't see what went wrong because cron could not mail you the output. Instead, however, of configuring your sendmail, modify your script such that it stores the output of your commands:

#!/bin/sh

export workdir=/home/dell
export logfile=$workdir/dot-files.log
export errfile=$workdir/dot-files.err
date >> $logfile
date >> $errfile

{ cd $workdir/dot-files && /usr/bin/git add . && /usr/bin/git commit -a -m 'daily update' && /usr/bin/git push -u origin master ; } >> $logfile 2>> $errfile

Furthermore, you do not need to put it into the cron directly as root, you can run crontab as user.

man crontab

P.S. What happens when you run that script manually?


How to config ~/.ssh/config file to remotely access server inside domain

Try this:

Host: company.dns.domain
User: root@server.ip

because ssh root@server.ip@company.dns.domain is recognized by ssh as user root@server.ip at host company.dns.domain.


Why does my PC restart when trying to use a live CD and flash drive?

It would help knowing whether this a laptop or desktop If it's a laptop, it would be helpful to know what the laptop model is. If you've gotten to the purple screen that means you've gone past the BIOS meaning you're able to boot from CD/USB...I recommend selecting install Ubuntu instead of trying it in a live session and see what happens (selecting install Ubuntu will not format your HDD right away, you have to accept partitioning first, just wondering if it would let you install). Other work-arounds include installing to your hard drive in another computer, then putting it back into your machine.


How to control Kodi with the command line or media controls?

You can use the built-in RPC api

See the Official documentation : https://kodi.wiki/view/JSON-RPC_API

Enable http remote control (kodi system settings)
Write some script for your need
An exemple : clean video database

#!/bin/bash
## Configure your XBMC RPC details here
XBMC_HOST=192.168.0.200
XBMC_PORT=80
XBMC_USER=osmc
XBMC_PASS=osmc

function xbmc_req {
curl -s -i -X POST --header "Content-Type: application/json" -d "$1" http://$XBMC_USER:$XBMC_PASS@$XBMC_HOST:$XBMC_PORT/jsonrpc
}

# Clean
xbmc_req '{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": "VideoLibrary.Clean", "id": "mybash"}';


Issue with linux-image-3.13.0-44-generic & linux-image-extra-3.13.0-44-generic

This was fixed due to the help of @g_p and @muru, who pointed out the low disk space issue. Specifically @muru's link helped a lot. Be careful though, that you don't do what I did, and end up removing files that are actually important to the running of the PC (like the network). :)


GtkPod works for adding music to iPods (confirmed with iPod Nano 4th Gen), so it might work with iPads as well.

Depending on the version of iTunes, it is possible to install it through Wine. I can confirm through experience that iTunes 8 will install, and works pretty well, under Wine 1.4, but I haven't had a chance to test syncing since my iPod is currently not working.

In my opinion, its worth a shot.


How do I change the location in the terminal with a custom string?

Switch to a bash function:

function changelc {
    export PS1="$1"
}

And then, when tested:

$ changelc "rawr: "
rawr:


First of all, Ubuntu 10.10 is entirely unsupported these days. It's an old version of Ubuntu you preferably shouldn't be using - you won't get any security updates anymore.

Second of all

sudo apt-get install update

Will indeed give you an error (because you're telling apt to INSTALL package 'update', which doesn't exist). What you want to be doing is

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

This will update the package list from the repositories (but since Ubuntu 10.10 is outdated, there probably won't be much to update anyway), and will install any updates found for your system.

You might also want to look at in Synaptic for any packages to install. If it doesn't work, you might want to change your download mirror. To do that, go to the Update Manager, hit "Settings", then go to tab "Ubuntu software" and change the box at "Download from". If you then click "Other", you can select any server in the planet.


How to add my Windows 8 partition into Ubuntu 12.04 partition

Simply delete Windows partition and then extend Ubuntu partition to free space using PartEd. Be sure to save important data before first operation.


I  installed python 3.7 and then:

sudo update-alternatives --config python3

See what is there, normally it will be an error, then:

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.6 1

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.7 2

sudo update-alternatives --config python3

Choose 2 and you are done.


WINE hh.exe (chm viewer) blocking external CHMs

problem is well documented here:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11438634/opening-a-chm-file-produces-navigation-to-the-webpage-was-canceled

I cannot resolve issue using regedit tricks ..neither by using application HHReg

@wine 1.8 & wine-staging 1.9.1

Solution:

1] wine regedit HKLM>Software>Microsoft>HTMLHelp ..delete 1.0 folder

2] killall wineserver ..ends wine session

3] Browse to Autocad2008 install dir, launch in using wine-staging
 /opt/wine-staging/bin/wine acad.exe  ..updates wine settings to wine-staging session..check help chms will be working

4] exit AutoCAD & via terminal end wine-staging session via killall wineserver

5] run wine winecfg ..restores original wine settings ..all dlls remain intact but this hh.exe issue reolved


Please excuse the generic nature of this reply. I have seen similar questions all over the Web and decided to write one answer for all. As for the 2510, that is the computer I used for testing.
The details I'm providing here are based on Ubuntu but the problem and its remedy generally apply to all distros.

Some older computers updated with new Linux systems experience boot problems. They may not boot at all or they may take as long as three minutes to boot. Coincidentally, they either fail to hibernate or take so long to hibernate and dehibernate that the capability is useless. Often this is not because old computers are simply slow but because of a change introduced in the 4.8 Linux kernel, causing a problem with a very common Intel chipset, which includes svideo output. Beginning with this kernel, any computer with this chipset will experience boot problems unless the Linux command line argument "video=SVIDEO-1:d" is included in GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX. This will significantly shorten both 64-bit and 32-bit boot times but fixes hibernate problems only for 64-bit. No 32-bit system supports hibernate after this point. Further, the boot times for all 4.8 and 4.9 kernel versions are bad (except 4.8.rc1-7). This is finally resolved in 4.10. Kernels 4.8 and 4.9 should just be avoided (they are obsolete anyway).

If you want the fastest boot times, use a pre-4.8 kernel. I would use Ubuntu-desktop 15.04 with kernel updated to 4.7.10. This is the only way to get hibernation in a 32-system. The 64-bit system boots 7% slower than the 32-bit but it is still faster than any later version. If you want a currently supported 32-bit system and are willing to forego hibernation, use any that either are released or updated to a 4.10 or later kernel. Any 64-bit version works after 4.8 with the video fix but for best performance avoid 4.8 and 4.9.

To add the video fix do sudo nano /etc/default/grub. After closing nano do sudo update-grub. Unless GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT, which is inserted after GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX, is blank, "video=SVIDEO-1:d" will not be the last Linux command line argument, which some people say is necessary. It actually can be anywhere.

You can always invoke hibernate with the pm-hibernate command in a terminal (or tty) but to have it an available GUI option you need to create or add to the policy file /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/ com.ubuntu.enable-hibernate.pkla (obviously distro-specific) the following text:

[Re-enable hibernate by default for login1]
    Identity=unix-user:*
    Action=org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate
    ResultActive=yes
[Re-enable hibernate for multiple users by default in logind]
    Identity=unix-user:*
    Action=org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate-multiple-sessions
    ResultActive=yes


During user setup, make sure that "Encrypt my home folder" is unchecked.
You can't install Ubuntu without a password, but during user setup, you can select the option to automatically log in. Then, you will not be prompted for a password when the computer starts up and will be taken directly to a desktop. You will be asked for a password for administrative tasks, sometimes, but this feature is useful because it will make you think twice and make sure you know what you are doing before continuing on. It is important, in Linux, to distinguish between ordinary user tasks and administrative tasks that may make large or harmful changes to the system.
When you get to the step where it asks you for an Ubuntu One account, you can either skip the step and click "Log in Later", or follow these steps to create the account but skip the login keyring that would appear since you have automatic log in enabled.

Related question:

Can I set my user account to have no password?


You do it the other way round:

Host TargetHost
  HostName It's IP
  User It's User
  ProxyCommand ssh GateWayUser@GatWayHost nc HostA 22

Host GatWayHost
  HostName It's IP
  User It's User

You put the proxy command to the match block of respective target host and not vice versa. But you can simplify the command significantly to:

ProxyCommand ssh GatWayHost nc %h %p

Or just use the internal io forwarding:

ProxyCommand ssh -W %h:%p GatWayHost


Help with a Bash script or some program to sort files and move to different folders

Suppose you have the following files in the current directory:

a/sm1, with the content "a stock market b"
b/sm2, with the content "x stock market y"
sm3, that does not contain "stock market"
destination, a directory where you want to move files containing "stock market".

Let's find all the files (of type f = file) in the current directory ( . ):

$ find . -type f
./a/sm1
./sm3
./b/sm2

But sm3 does not contain "stock market", we don't want it. In this list of files that we have now, let's search for "stock market", and only display the files that match:

$ find . -type f | xargs grep --files-with-matches "stock market"
./a/sm1
./b/sm2

Now let's get each of the files we got, and move them to the destination directory:

$ for f in $(find . -type f | xargs grep --files-with-matches "stock market"); do mv $f destination/; done

Make sure you have a backup before running this, just in case it doesn't move them how you want.


How do I mount an iPod Touch with Banshee?

Just follow this instructions:

Execute this:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:pmcenery/ppa
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

Just in case, execute this (unless you know you have both installed):

sudo apt-get install ifuse gvfs libimobiledevice1
Connect your iDevice and execute:

idevicepair unpair
With the iDevice plugged, unlock the screen and execute:

idevicepair pair
idevicepair validate
Unplug the device and plug it in again, it should now mount as it did before

This problem is caused by a bug in the 4.2.1 update.


Bluetooth: can't load firmware, may not work correctly -ubuntu -12.04

This will get your firmware

wget https://www.dropbox.com/s/9ryy3ir1tby6wrf/fw-0a5c_21d7.hcd
sudo cp fw-0a5c_21d7.hcd /lib/firmware/
sudo cp fw-0a5c_21d7.hcd /lib/firmware/brcm/
sudo cp fw-0a5c_21d7.hcd /lib/firmware/brcm/BCM43142A0-0a5c-21d7.hcd

And then we reload the btusb module

sudo modprobe -r btusb
sudo modprobe btusb

And now check dmesg to see if firmware loaded or has errors

dmesg | tail

This might show another firmware loading error if your kernel is expecting   a different file name


How to improve the sounds on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS

I know what you're talking about, you mean Equalizer Presets modes as like Sound Manager, right? This feauture is not that necessary in Ubuntu, the sound itself configured for its best normal state. But yet you can change Equalizer at apps preferences if you want so, for example in SMPlayer right click on a screen > audio > equalizer you can choose different presets that suits you the best. Yet, also you can install Pulse Audio Equalizer with help of PPA:

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install pulseaudio-equalizer

Hope that works for you. Good luck.


Can I use Wi-Fi and cable (Ethernet) networking at same time?

You sure can. You didn't specify it, but I'm assuming you get the IP address automatically (via DHCP) both on wireless and wired connection.

Wired Ethernet is faster than wireless, so if there are two ways to get somewhere, wired will takes precedence over Wi-Fi by default. With that said, when you connect to both links, both DHCP servers by default will advertise themselves as the default gateway for all of the traffic.

So now your computer thinks it has two ways to connect to the Internet, and since wired is preferred it'll send traffic for the Internet via Ethernet. If that's the case, you would see two gateways for default networks 0.0.0.0 in your routing table, route -n, one with your wireless router as a gateway and one for the wired.

But the Metric for the Ethernet gateway would be lower than wireless, so your PC will send the packets there. Now that your Ethernet router gets them, it doesn't know what to do with them, so it just drops them. The order where you connected first shouldn't matter.

As far as fixing (this assumes the DHCP case), the correct way would be to tell the LAN router to stop advertising itself as the default gateway. You need to log in to the router and look through settings. If you have no control over the router, you can remove it from your end with:

route del default gw eth.router.ip.address


How can I burn an ISO file to a blank disk?

To put the application on the Menu list: right click on Application->edit menu-> sound & video check the application you want to display in the application  drop down menu.

burning software i recommend "K3b"  you can put k3b in the application menu like the first one. or the other option is run the application using terminal open terminal write K3b.


" bash: /usr/bin/mint-fortune: No such file or directory " - Ubuntu 14.04

I think it will be on ~/.bashrc file. So run this gedit ~/.bashrc command to open .bashrc file and then remove the line /usr/bin/mint-fortune from that. Atlast source the .bashrc file by running this command source ~/.bashrc so that the changes could be made permanent.


Can't install pangox-compat with apt-get

install it via sudo apt-get install libpangox-1.0-dev


How to get network drive to work in ubuntu

The mountpoint (/projects/drive) needs to exist before the NFS mount can
succeed.  So make sure you create it with

 sudo mkdir -p /projects/drive

Once the mountpoint exists, you can test the mount, to see if you get any displayed
error messages (such as the remote server denying mount access, or you have some
configuration typo in your /etc/fstab):

 sudo mount /projects/drive

If that works, then you should be all set for the next reboot to mount it
automatically.


How do I put two windows side by side 12.04

If you drag the window to the screen edge you should see an orangish shape where the window will snap to if you release.  You can also use the Cntl+Super+arrow key to snap the active window to one side or another.

Finally, this is a compiz plugin called Grid.  Install and open compizconfig settings manager (ccsm) and choose Grid from the Window Management section.  Make sure it's enabled and you can change settings there.


Windows 10 hides grub after booting, can you help me?

I used the program easyUEFI in Windows-10 changing the boot parameter in Windows, to use path \EFI\Ubuntu\grubx64.efi as default


Ethernet not working in ubuntu 20.04 in HP 15q de 0017 tu laptop

full poweroff,
remove battery,
press power button for 5 sec,
put it all together,
turn on laptop

This will clear bios misinformation.
Worked twice on my laptop after SO upgrade


New to ubuntu, want to rename files, but how?

Ubuntu doesn't support editing id3 tags by default. You will have to use a seperate application to do it. Rhythmbox can provide this functionality and comes preinstalled in Ubuntu.

Open the mp3 file in Rhythmbox.
Right click the song in Rhythmbox and select Properties. This will give you options for changing Artist/Album/Title etc.


How can I get the boot process to complete?

I just got about same problem after upgrading 11.10 distribution through apt-get upgrade. Init was just frozing at mountall (did boot with init=/bin/sh in kernel command line, then exec /sbin/init --verbose). Did look like mdadm program wasn't able to put up array in working state and driver was stopping boot.

If you get freeze at mountall - check all things in /etc/fstab and disable not important ones.


As @Kulfy mostly correctly pointed out, there's no NATIVE (but it can be installed) Google Hangouts client. From your screenshot, it lists Firefox very clearly as the default web browser. I suspect there was an issue with the version of Chrome you installed, although I don't see how that would happen. Try reinstalling chrome, making sure to use the latest STABLE release. If that doesn't fix it, try rebooting and see what happens.


I found, that the NetworkManager (NM) automatically inserts the nameserver into /etc/resolv.conf. If you configure /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf so that it includes dns=none, NM stops to automatically insert the nameserver. After that, you can manually choose a dns service.


Ubuntu 20.04 Nvidia on-demand second monitor severe lag

I'm on nvidia ondemand profile using external hdmi monitor wired into nvidia without 1fps lag.
I uninstalled feral's gamemode: sudo apt remove gamemode
Obs:
Still high GPU utilization, high PCIe Bandwidth Utilization and nvidia-settings show up Display Devices: Unknown (DPY-0) - when unplug hdmi cable and plug again with nvidia-settings opened and onfocus display devices show up right hdmi monitor.


Dual boot with Windows 10, no boot menu showing, goes straight to ubuntu

I had a similar issue and it was because I had installed Ubuntu using bios mode but Windows using efi mode.

This explains how you can check if ubuntu is in efi mode: How can I tell if my system was booted as EFI/UEFI or BIOS?

There was a way to convert an existing ubuntu install from bios mode to efi (which is what I did) but I'm having trouble finding it now.

Edit:  https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI  << Scroll down to "converting ubuntu into uefi mode"


How to remove the binary format already installed by openjdk-7

The trouble's fixed, steps I performed:

sudo rm /var/lib/binfmts/jar
Remove the package jayatana from Ubuntu software center.
Remove all the Java related packages (Sun, Oracle, OpenJDK, IcedTea plugins, GIJ):

sudo apt-get update
apt-cache search java | awk '{print($1)}' | grep -E -e '^(ia32-)?(sun|oracle)-java' -e '^openjdk-' -e '^icedtea' -e '^(default|gcj)-j(re|dk)' -e '^gcj-(.*)-j(re|dk)' -e 'java-common' | xargs sudo apt-get -y remove
sudo apt-get -y autoremove

Purge config files:

dpkg -l | grep ^rc | awk '{print($2)}' | xargs sudo apt-get -y purge

Remove Java config and cache directory:

sudo bash -c 'ls -d /home/*/.java' | xargs sudo rm -rf

Remove manually installed JVMs:

sudo rm -rf /usr/lib/jvm/*

sudo apt-get update
Reboot
Re-install the oracle-java6:

sudo apt-get install oracle-java6-installer

Reference: How to completely uninstall Java?


"Protocol error" mounting VirtualBox shared folders in an Ubuntu guest

In order to use shared folder functionality few prerequisites need to be met:

Make sure that Guest Additions are properly installed on the guest OS.
Users in a guest Ubuntu must be in the group vboxsf to be able to access shares.
Define a directory on the host that will be used in the virtual machine using the settings dialogue of Virtual Box.

Depending on host or guest OS the following may also be needed:

Do not share personal folders like /home/username or My Documents
Avoid special characters or empty spaces in the path to the shared folder, especially if the host or VM is a Windows machine
Use different names for share and mountpoint
Create a mountpoint on the guest OS (best in your HOME directory).

Testing shared folders functionality can be done by creating a shared directory on the host (e.g. C:\myshare), define this as a shared folder for your guest system in Virtual Box settings (e.g. share), create a mount point in your guest os (e.g.  mkdir /home/username/host) and mount this in the guest OS with the command:

sudo mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1000,gid=1000 share /home/username/host

where the option -o makes sure that you will have access to the mount (that will otherwise be owned by root).

For further information on shared folders see also the Virtual Box User Manual.

Files or directories can also be shared over the network by using Samba on the host and the guest.


Use atom to open markdown files instead of gedit when I double click on markdown files

If you are using Nautilus, choose any type of file you wanna open by default;
Right-click on it and chose "properties"
Go to "Open With" tab and chose your Atom;
Click on set as default.


It's working only with x11 (not with Wayland seance). Try developer version (88 or newer) of Goggle Chrome with experimental option:
chrome://flags/#enable-accelerated-video-decode
PS: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1097029#c28 It's unstable option. Carefully.


The default greeter for the LightDM display manager (Unity Greeter) displays the currently selected user's background if it is available (which it may not be, if the user's home directory is encrypted). As such, all a user needs to do to change the login screen background is change their background.


What can mess up the order of the tab completion

The completion order appears to depend on the current locale - in particular LC_COLLATE

Ex.

$ LC_COLLATE="C.UTF-8"
$
$ cd helloTABTAB
hello.com/  hello/

$ LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
$
$ cd helloTABTAB
hello/      hello.com/


Syncevolution in cronjob to sync the ubuntu phone via caldav/arddav

I've understood that "syncevolution --sync slow owncloud calendar" should be use only for the first sync.

After that you should use :

syncevolution owncloud calendar

To do a cron job, I've got the same issue. One solution which work for me is :

Method 1 :

export DISPLAY=:0.0 && export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=Yourdbussessioadress && /usr/bin/syncevolution owncloud calendar

To get Yourdbussessioadress  :

echo $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS

Method 2 :
I put these commands in an syncevolution.sh script like that :

#!/bin/sh
# Synchronisation des calendriers syncevolution
export DISPLAY=:0.0
export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=Yourdbussessioadress
syncevolution owncloud calendar

exit 0

I've placed this script in /home/phablet/bin, make it executable and do this in crontab -e

@daily sh /home/phablet/bin/synccalendar.sh

I'm still stuck on one thing. The $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS value is changing at reboot of ubuntu. I've got an other script on internet (using the command sed) to put the good value of $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS in the syncevolution.sh script. I've put this script in /etc/rc.local to do the job on reboot of ubuntu. But it doesn't work for me (Its like $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is empty just after reboot)

If someone could help more.

UPDATE 22/04/15 :

Replace "export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=Yourdbussessioadress" by theses commands :

export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=$(ps -u phablet e | grep -Eo 'dbus-daemon.*address=unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-[A-Za-z0-9]{10}' | tail -c35)

It works like a charm for me (tested with Method 2 using a sh script where "phablet" is the default user of ubuntu touch). Thanks to a KDE forum where I've found theses commands lines.

(Next steps :

Find a way to do a backup of photos on personal server with rsync using ssh and why not after a backup of SMS&MMS, some configurations files, ...
Mount an sftp server on ubuntu touch)


20.04 HDMI Audio Option Disappears Upon Locking Screen

Same issue here. When it happens, I stop PulseAudio with a terminal command:
pulseaudio -k

PulseAudio then restarts automatically and works again until the next time.


The error 404 means that the repository wasn't reachable - either the link is dead or your connection is bad.

ppa-purge checks what packages you have installed from a repository so that it can gracefully replace them with equivalent packages from main repositories if that is possible, leaving you, hopefully, with an optimally functioning system after removing the PPA.

Without downloading information from the PPA about the packages it provides, this is impossible to do, so ppa-purge exits with an error.

A release file is what APT uses to securely check the packages you download - it will not install anything without checking the release file as this is used to verify package integrity - APT treats a missing release file as a serious security issue.

You did not need to use ppa-purge because you didn't install anything from the PPA. Removing the PPA's files in sources-list.d was sufficient and you have now removed the repository from your sources.


How do I troubleshoot booting into black screen?

Here are a couple of "magical boot options" to try:

nomodeset
i915.modeset=0 xforcevesa

I'd remove quiet splash when trying these and only one at a time, not together as they'll likely conflict.

Edit: for an explanation of how to use these:

When booting, hold left-Shift
Highlight the first option and press e
Go down to the line that looks like:

/boot/vmlinuz-3.0.blah-generic root=UUID=blah ro quiet splash

Replace quite splash with your boot option of choice.

If that works out well, you can make the changes to /etc/default/grub by editing the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT value. After saving, run sudo update-grub.


Installing FreeDOS onto a USB stick using unetbootin fails

As of late, there have been numerous complaints about unetbootin not working. I do not know the specifics, but the end result is usually something like 'no operating system found'.
There is a solution. It's to use a different program. My personal favorite is Balena Echer.
You might also consider Mkusb. There's MultiBootUSB that is more aimed at multiple ISOs on one USB. The list goes on and you can search for alternatives. If you're using Windows, there are even more choices.


Remote Desktop Solution for Ubuntu 14.04 host and a Windows Thin Client w USB support?

My fiance kindly reminded me that the simplest and most direct solution is often the best.  I disconnected the thin client and brought the Ubuntu tower back into my music studio.  YES - It is horrifically loud (the catalyst for this entire project), but I was stunned by the improved image clarity on my desktop.  Furthermore, eliminating the client instantly restored the function of my DAC and my connection speed increased from 25Mbps to 57.96Mbps with this one simple change.

It appears the best course of action in my particular scenario is to eliminate thin clients from the formula. Instead, I can drill a hole in the floor for the cables and set the tower up in the room below the studio where it can make all the noise it wants without interfering with my work.

At worst I'll have to buy a few cable extensions - pennies compared to what I'll get back once I sell off the client.

Thank you, dear.  Case closed.


Does Chroot'ing onto a Ubuntu Machine Give You Root?

Physical access is root access as Zacharee1 indicates. This is why people with sensitive data restrict physical access.

To break you commands down a bit though, mounting the drive is what prepares the file system and gives you access.

sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt

After that mount command you can access all unencrypted data on /dev/sda1

ls /mnt
cp /mnt/some_data /your_usb

etc

A work of caution, if someone had physical access encryption may not be sufficient to protect the data as people can leverage physical access to break the encryption, "Evil Maid" is but one example, see https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2009/10/evil_maid_attac.html

The chroot command switches so that now you are running commands as if /dev/sda1 is mounted at / or root, assuming /dev/sda1 is a valid root file system and not /home or a data partition.

The chroot command has many uses above and beyond data access.

So after the chroot command, the commands you run in the shell now affect /dev/sda1. So if you change the password or system configuration, it affects /dev/sda1 and not the usb.

so, for example, if you run

passwd

the password you set affects the root user on /dev/sda1 and not root on the usb.

Some virtualization, Openvz and LXC for example, are similar to a chroot but have additional features.

For additional information on chroot see

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BasicChroot


installing error of vmd in ubuntu 14.04 lts(./configure ..error)

Usually the build process from the ~/Downloads/vmd-1.9.2/ folder should be:

./configure
make
sudo make install

I am not familiar with vmd at all to know if it is possible to run on your system, but those are the steps that I have followed on the majority of installs from source.

Hope this helps.


You do not have /root partition. You probably want to increase size of your / partition.

You will have to boot from liveCD to resize these partitions.

It must be safe, because you have a separate /boot partition, otherwise /etc/fstab may need to be updated with new UUID and/or grub reinstalled.

In your case you need to shrink your /home, which is /dev/sdb7, then move your swap partition right, then extend your / (/dev/sdb5) right.

You can do it with a mouse. Just drag partition's sides left or right.

This may take a lot of time.


To ignore some files in backup of 16.04?

I do not recommend to use Deja-dup because it will fail if multiple file-systems and also in many dynamic situations. Just use tar czf for making the backup as described here with an attempt for quality assurance. In tar, use --exclude=$HOME/Music/ etc. Make cron if you need regular backup.


SAPPHIRE HD 7770 no audio on HDMI TV display

All you need to do is go on the AMD website and download the auto detect driver.
Then it will automatically update your sound driver as well as the other drivers for the graphic card.  It works right away and took me like 2 minutes.  NEXT NEXT FINISH and bang.


Error: JAVA_HOME is not defined correctly - after maven installation

You should add these lines to your ~/.pam_environment file instead (create it if it doesn't exist)

PATH DEFAULT=${PATH}:/opt/jdk1.7.0_40/jdk1.7.0_40/bin
JAVA_HOME DEFAULT=/opt/jdk1.7.0_40/jdk1.7.0_40

More information (read this)

Using .bashrc is not recommended at the above link.


Ubuntu black screen after Installation of 12.10 Live USB

I have the exact same problem. I tried ubuntu and lubuntu. When I reboot is sais: "Searching for Boot Record from BSS-0"

Update

After a few hours of fiddling (using multiple version including alternate ones) I installed the server version (using a FAT formatted USB stick, not FAT32). Then at the command line I did: sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends kubuntu-desktop


Compiz error with 12.04 on boot: can't see any desktop icons or taskbar

Press the left shift key early in the boot process to access the Grub2 menu.
I believe you can find what you're looking for there. Load recovery Mode, and check your graphics settings.  Make sure the right VGA driver is loaded, and also check your resolution, make sure that your monitor can handle it.


How Do I get back the Login Sound? (Playing in Guest Account Though!)

In Terminal, run:

sudo cp /usr/share/sounds/ubuntu/stereo/* /usr/share/sounds/

Restart, and login sound and any other sounds you have enabled, should be back.


Try another cable and see the result
post xrandr results
It may also be some problem with kernel or driver. Or maybe monitor's EDID is broken (so you need to use workaround)

Workaround:
xrandr should tell you there is a virtual display VIRTUAL1 disconnected or something.

xrandr --newmode NEWMODE_NAME $(cvt <WIDTH> <HEIGHT>|tail -n 1|awk '{$1="" ;$2="";print $0}')
xrandr --addmode VIRTUAL1 NEWMODE_NAME
xrandr --output VIRTUAL1 --mode NEWMODE_NAME
xrandr --addmode <YOUR OUTPUT JACK> NEWMODE_NAME
xrandr --output <YOUR OUTPUT JACK> --mode NEWMODE_NAME


Not sure if this is the Unity version, but you could give it a try.

Open Terminal and type:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tsbarnes/indicator-keylock

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install indicator-keylock indicator-keylock-*


I have the same problem too since the upgrade to v16.04 LTS. As to where it comes from, I couldn't possibly comment but I don't remember it being an issue with 14.04

You can get the network manager up and running again without rebooting by going into the terminal Ctrl+Alt+t and typing the following commands:

   sudo ifconfig eth0 up
   sudo dhclient eth0

then:

   exit

to close the terminal screen.

Not a solution or a permanent fix but a worthy work-around not requiring a reboot which might be inconvenient.


How to grep and append archives separate than folders

If you want to search for a pattern for all archives in a directory(You can add more types if you want):

for f in *.tar.gz
do
  if [ -f "$f" ]; then
    tar -xvzf "$f" -O | grep -sE "Pattern" >> text.txt
  fi
done

for f in *.zip
do
  if [ -f "$f" ]; then
    zgrep "pattern" "$f" >> test.txt
  fi
done

Basically it works like this :

For loops look for archives in the current directory.
Before extracting we check if there is any file to be extracted.
tar -xvfz with -O flag extracts  $f which is a .tar.gz file to standard output and the output is given to grep by pipe.
zgrep is similar to grep, but it works for zip and gzip files. Unlike grep, It doesn't support -R flag(Recursive).

Edit:
If you only want grep/zgrep return true or false, not the matched text:

for f in *.tar.gz
do
  if [ -f "$f" ]; then
    found=$(tar -xvzf "$f" -O | grep -sE "Enabled")
    if [ ! -z "$found" ]; then
      echo "$f" >> text.txt
    fi
  fi

done

for f in *.zip
do
  if [ -f "$f" ]; then
    found=$(zgrep  "pattern" "$f")
    if [ ! -z "$found" ]; then
      echo "$f" >> text.txt
    fi
  fi
done


After lamp install, can't run php scripts on localhost

First of all, I would rather create a public_html folder in user's home directory

mkdir public_html

By default, PHP scripts in user directories are disabled. In other words you need to enable them. With your instructions, you seem to have php5 installed. To enable PHP scripts in user directories, edit /etc/apache2/mods-available/php5.conf file as root.

In my case I did

sudo vim /etc/apache2/mods-available/php5.conf

When that file is open, comment out the following lines (instructions inside the file too)

<IfModule mod_userdir.c>
    <Directory /home/*/public_html>
        php_admin_value engine Off
    </Directory>
</IfModule>

and save it. Make sure userdir is enabled with

sudo a2enmod userdir

Move that info.php file to your public_html folder. Restart apache2 with

sudo service apache2 restart

Go to http://localhost/~yourusername/info.php and it should work perfectly.


Is it possible to create users that can only use one directory?

In your situation, you've the owner of the folder and its directories, say apache. Kevin is the user which is allowed to read the contents, but not write or execute it. All others are denied read, write and execute permissions.

This fits perfectly in the Linux filesystem permissions system.

permission  bits
  Read       4
  Write      2
 eXecute     1

Each file or directory can be given permissions based on the owner, group or everyone else.

The owner (apache) can do anything, so let's give it read and write permissions (4 + 2 = 6)
To prepare for the future, in case you need to give someone other Kevin read permissions to the file, create a new group, say apache-users. Then, add Kevin to this group and set the group permission bits to 4 (Read)
Next, deny anyone who do not own the file or is not a member of the apache-users group all permissions, 0.

To add the group apache-users and add Kevin as a member, go to System -> Users and Groups. Open the tab Local Groups and press Create a new group. Enter the group name (apache-users) at Group name. Select Kevin at Members and press ->. Confirm these changes by pressing Create.

For a file, you would run the next commands to change the owner, group and permissions:

sudo chown apache filename
sudo chgrp apache-users filename
sudo chmod 640 filename

Directories

The permissions for directories are almost the same, except for the execute bit (1). The execute bit configures whether an user is allowed to descend in the directory, i.e. access other files and directories inside a directory. The read bit controls whether you can list the contents of a directory (ls).

So if a folder /dir is owned by root:root (group root), and the permissions of /dir/file is set to 777, you cannot access (read, write or execute) /dir/file if the permissions of /dir is set to 666 or 770 (note the missing eXecute permission).

The permissions for a folder would become 750: read, write and execute (7) for the owner (apache), read and execute (5) for the group (apache-users) and no permissions (0) for anyone else.

For your setup, the permissions become (* = depends):

location             owner     group        permissions
/                    root      root         755
/var/                root      root         755
/var/www/            root      root         755
/var/www/kevin/      kevin     *            700 or 750
/var/www/apache/     apache    apache-users 750
/var/www/other/      *         *            700 or 750
/var/www/anyoneread/ *         *            755

/var/www/other/ is the directory of some other user which do not allow you (kevin) to dive in the directory.


DSL connection not working in ubuntu 16.04

Please check if ppp is configured in your system:

The ifconfig command should have ppp0 interface. If not, follow the steps below:

sudo pppoeconf
Answer all required questions.
Reconnect to DLS or restart or type sudo pon dsl-provider.

You should get the connection now. Enjoy!!!


You have a bad hard drive. It will only get worse over time. It should be replaced. The fastest way to solve your problem is just get a new drive.


Screen blink twice every 10 seconds on ubuntu 12.04

Try this to make sure you have the best driver for nvidia cards

Add the PPA for nvidia

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ubuntu-x-swat/x-updates

Update software sources

sudo apt-get update

Download the driver

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Then reboot

This fixes many nvidia issues so may help you


I had the same issue when Ubuntu 14 just came out but after updating these problems disappeared.

You have to look in the details of the popup to see which program is causing the error. This is very important to know what is going on. The popups may come from different packages. Based on that info, you may also find more information in your /var/log folder or find more information on the issue at https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu.

Once you report the issue, the necessary data is sent for review and will be fixed in a later update.


For bash run:
PS4='+$BASH_SOURCE> ' BASH_XTRACEFD=7 bash -xl 7> /tmp/mylog

then use
grep "http_proxy=" /tmp/mylog

to search for it.
You can also limit the search to /home and /etc for a better result:
$ grep "http_proxy=" /tmp/mylog | grep -e /home -e /etc
++/home/ravexina/.bashrc> http_proxy=http://test:80

which means it has been set in my ~/.bashrc.
source


Why has my Ubuntu 17.10 become Ubuntu 17.10 Kylin?

Sorry for that, Did you installed ukui-screensaver or other kylin packages? if so, you can remove all the stuff by:

$ sudo apt purge ukui-screensaver ubuntukylin-default-settings

to roll back to original Ubuntu.


Apply static IP address change in /etc/network/interfaces in Ubuntu 16.04

you can add flush inside interfaces definition like

  iface eth0 inet manual
  post-down ip addr flush dev $IFACE


As in your comment mentioned you can see that the owner of this folder is root and the permissions are not granted for another user:

Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Normally folders in /usr/share/ have rwxr-xr-x (755) permission. You can alter those permissions by the command:

sudo chmod 755 /usr/share/phpmyadmin/

Then you should have read permission to this folder.


Desktop for Ubuntu (14.04) that has horizontal launch bar?

Try Xubuntu or Lubuntu. Both are often suggested to newcomers from the Windows world. Also icewm or razorqt which you can install from repositories with sudo apt-get install icewm or sudo apt-get install razorqt-desktop

Gnome can also be tweaked to have its internal launcher appear at the bottom.

If you still want to use Unity, its launcher can be configured to auto hide (in Settings -> Appearance -> Behavior ) and install plank or cairo dock.

And here's the look with plank and minus the launcher

See also What application launchers are available for Ubuntu?
 as well as What kinds of desktop environments and shells are available?


From the command-line:

apt-get uses configuration settings from /etc/apt/apt.conf. You have set your proxy in /etc/apt/apt.conf. To remove the proxy for apt, remove the proxy from /etc/apt/apt.conf by opening the file as follows:

sudo gedit /etc/apt/apt.conf

enter your password and remove the lines containing the proxy and then save and exit and restart your installation.

From the GUI:

You can also do this from System settings -> Network -> Network Proxy and then setting the Method to "None" and applying settings system-wide.


Apache Tomcat cannot be started as a non-root user

I got to the root of the problem after viewing the Apache logs in $CATALINA_HOME/logs.

This was shown in the logs when I started Apache Tomcat -

/home/getx/Desktop/apache-tomcat-6.0.37/bin/catalina.sh: 373: /home/getx/Desktop/apache-tomcat-6.0.37/bin/catalina.sh: /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin//bin/java: not found

It appears that Apache Tomcat mysteriously adds its own /bin/java.

Removing /bin/java from my $JAVA_HOME variable solved the issue.

Using /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/ as the $JAVA_HOME variable worked.


From the command line try the following command

sudo shutdown -h now

See whether the system shut-down normally. if not take a note of the messages and write them here.


Problems with Qualcomm Atheros QCA6174 in Ubuntu 16.04

I managed to get the wireless working. The trick is as follows:

(1) Create a folder called /lib/firmware/ath10k/QCA6174

(2) Make sure there are two subfolders, /hw2.1 and /hw3.0

(3) Copy the files found here into the appropriate subfolders: https://github.com/kvalo/ath10k-firmware

(4) Note that the files named "firmware-4.bin_WLAN.RM.2.0-00180-QCARMSWPZ-1" in the hw3.0 subfolder and "firmware-5.bin_WLAN.RM.2.0-00180-QCARMSWPZ-1" in the hw2.1 subfolder should be renamed "firmware-4.bin" and "firmware-5.bin" respectively. (This was what was causing issues for me in the first place).


Where is a postgresql 9.1 database stored in ubuntu 12.04?

The postgres.conf file is located here: /etc/postgresql/9.1/main/postgres.conf. In postgres.conf can see a line stating data_directory=<path>

This is the directory where your database files are stored

Alternatively when you are connected to database use

SHOW data_directory

or

pg_lsclusters

to show the directory where your data is stored.

Hope this helps


Tab Autocomplete "Command Substitution error"

I think you’re on the right track Ronald. In you bash_completion file there is a function called _ip_address that has a variable assignment that spans five lines. Try checking yours against all five lines between line numbers 928 and 932 in the bash_completion file at THIS LINK. Spelling counts ;)


Activate/deactivate Wi-Fi on Lenovo B5400 under Ubuntu 14.04

You can turn off your wifi using iwconfig.
To do that open a terminal and type the following command:

iwconfig wlan0 down

That should turn off your wifi.
To turn it on you can use:

iwconfig wlan0 up

You can also turn it on/off using the wireless settings menu.
Go to system setings → network → wireless. There you can turn it on/off.


Google Chrome crashes on fresh 12.04 install

As a practical method, I suggest you remove Google Chrome which is causing problems and use Chromium instead.

It's simply "the open-source project behind the Google Chrome browser" with the same features minus Google's branding, the built-in PDF viewer, the built-in Flash Player and access to some user data.

As explained here: www.webupd8.org/2012/09/new-chromium-stable-and-development.html

You can add the stable PPA and install Chromium using the following commands:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:a-v-shkop/chromium
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install chromium-browser

Or, if you want the latest dev builds, use the following commands:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:a-v-shkop/chromium-dev
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install chromium-browser

Only if you still experience similer problems persist, you might need to go into some more technical stuff.


Game crashes half the times I try to run it

The best way to fix it is to ask for help from people who know Wine well. Not many users on AskUbuntu will be able to help you, so if I were you I would go to http://www.winehq.org/help/ and request help on a Wine-related site - you are much more likely find someone competent there than here.


How to install gettext from source if msgfmt doesn't have the option --desktop?

Do the following:

remove the existing msgfmt binary, either sudo apt-get remove gettext and check that there're no others in the /usr/local or other prefixes
install gettext from source with the default ./configure && make && sudo make install


How to configure proxy settings "syntax error *extra junk at end of file"

It looks like you forget ; at the end of line.

Try this:

Acquire::http::proxy http://192.168.96.0:808;


What you're asking can be described by this metaphor:

"I've got these leaking boots and there's this freezing rain and my feet are really cold, but I don't want to run around barefoot while getting my boots repaired..."

Well, get some spare boots (take a system backup of your cluster), get your boots repaired (upgrade your cluster during its maintenance window) and if anything goes wrong, keep walking in your current boots (restore your system back-up and learn from your mistakes and try again and again and again until it works)...

Or hire a shoemaker and have him repair your boots while you wear them.  (Get a consultant and have him/her/it upgrade your system for you).

Just get the damn thing upgraded: you're a disaster waiting to happen!


Unable to run Genymotion on Ubuntu 14.04

I had the same problem on my system also. I solved the problem by using NVIDIA binary driver instead of Nouveau display driver. To change the driver, go to 'Software & Updates' then click on the 'Additional Drivers' and choose 'Using NVIDIA binary driver - version xxx.xx from nvidia-xxx.' Then, click on the 'Apply Changes' button.


Try :

sudo chown owner:group /etc/myFolder/ -R

change owner to your user and the group belong to it

sudo chmod 775 /etc/myFolder/ -R

This shold give owner and group rwx permissions.

Note : you can change the permission as it fits your needs .


How to supply options to Steam in Ubuntu at launch?

In Ubuntu steam://open/minigameslist can be used as an argument with steam command, i.e.,

steam steam://open/minigameslist


Ubuntu no longer maintains a non-PAE kernel.  There is however still a method to install Lubuntu (the Little brother of Ubuntu: Lower RAM, Lower CPU, ...)

And they have a solution called Fake-PAE which can still be installed on older hardware.


I'm closing this question because, after I posted it, several other very serious problems arose with this computer and I'm going to replace it.

TL:DR:  I was able to deal with this issue in Chromium by looking into settings for GFX hardware Acceleration, but was never able to resolve the question about graphics in GIMP and Shutter.


Install Ubuntu Studio in UEFI mode but it won't boot in UEFI mode (Dual boot)

I then shutdown my PC, unplugged my 3TB, plugged in my 1TB, put in my Ubuntu Studio 16.04 Live disc and booted.

This isn't related to the problem you're experiencing, but unplugging disks as you've done, although a useful trick in BIOS, is counter-productive in EFI. The trouble is that many EFIs delete EFI boot manager entries when they detect that they're missing. Thus, when you unplugged the Windows disk and installed Ubuntu on another disk, it's possible your EFI deleted the Windows boot manager entry, which could make it difficult to boot back into Windows again. If you rely on a boot manager like GRUB or rEFInd to manage the boot process, they'll work around this problem -- but in the case of GRUB, you'll need to reconfigure it (sudo update-grub) with both disks plugged in. Also, if you ever try the reverse (unplugging the Ubuntu disk), your firmware may delete the GRUB boot entry, which will then make it impossible to boot Ubuntu without performing additional repairs.

Note also that Windows usually installs a copy of its boot loader as EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi, which is the fallback filename. Some EFIs also treat the standard Windows EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi entry as a sort of fallback entry. Thus, Windows might boot even with its boot entry missing. The same is not true of Ubuntu and its GRUB, though, so once you get things working, you should be extra careful to not unplug the Ubuntu disk if you rely on GRUB as a boot manager.

  Steps 2 and 3 were required due a bug in the installation process where the "Force UEFI mode" warning box would not close on clicking Continue.

This sounds like bug #1418706. (I think there may be another report of this bug, too, but I can't quite find it....) Rather than the solution you used, I recommend you put some partitions on the disk before running the installer. You've gotten past this issue, though, so it's not really the problem....

  I tried it (enabling CSM) and it booted Ubuntu Studio...into BIOS mode.

This sounds like there's a working BIOS-mode boot loader installed on your disk, which in turn implies that you installed in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode, despite your best efforts to the contrary. Unfortunately, there's no standardization in how the CSM is controlled, and on some computers, it's easy to leave it enabled when you think it's disabled. (I've dealt with some servers that are complete nightmares in that respect -- they've got a bazillion options related to the CSM, and setting one of them incorrectly provides a path for BIOS-mode booting.) You may want to check my page on the CSM for more on this subject. Also, to get more information, you might try running the Boot Info Script. This will generate a file called RESULTS.txt. Post that file to a pastebin site and post the URL to your document here for interpretation.

One way to be reasonably sure you boot in EFI mode is to use my rEFInd boot manager on a USB flash drive or CD-R. With its default options on a UEFI-based PC, rEFInd boots only in EFI mode, so if you can boot Ubuntu via rEFInd, it will be in EFI mode. (On Macs, though, rEFInd can boot Ubuntu in either BIOS mode or EFI mode, depending on what boot loaders and filesystems are in use.) You can then install GRUB manually or install rEFInd (via its PPA or Debian package) to keep booting in EFI mode.


How to Disable the EFI Check in 13.04 x64?

First, your language is confusing: "EFI check" is not a standard term. To help facilitate communication, here are some definitions (my apologies if this seems pedantic; but it's necessary for clarity):

BIOS -- The firmware used on most PCs sold between 1983 and 2010. Often used (confusingly) to refer to more recent firmware. Importantly, older boot loaders for DOS, Windows, Linux, and other OSes were written with BIOS in mind.
EFI or UEFI -- The firmware used on most PCs sold since mid-2011. Among other things, EFI requires a new type of boot loader.
CSM -- The Compatibility Support Module, which enables an EFI to boot a BIOS-mode boot loader, in much the way that WINE enables Linux to run Windows programs.
Legacy -- In this context, a synonym for CSM.

I suspect that by "EFI check" you mean that the computer is favoring the EFI-mode boot loader over the BIOS-mode boot loader. Note that the OS's boot loader doesn't check for the boot mode, as you seem to believe; the firmware checks for boot loaders written for the mode(s) it supports, and selects one based on whatever algorithm it uses and whatever options you as the user have set or select at boot time. It's the firmware that determines the boot mode. The Ubuntu installer can influence this only by presenting BIOS, EFI, or both boot loaders and letting the firmware decide which to use.

Be aware that EFI-mode booting does offer some advantages over BIOS-mode booting, so you may want to consider using it for both Windows and Linux. Most obviously in the short term, EFI-mode booting is often slightly faster than BIOS-mode booting, so you can shave a few seconds off your boot times by using EFI. EFI-mode boot loaders are also stored as files on the disk rather than as binary blobs written to officially-unallocated disk areas (as BIOS requires), so managing EFI boot loaders is theoretically easier. (In practice, some systems have EFI bugs that negate this advantage.)

That said, if you truly want to install your OSes in legacy mode, you can force a legacy-mode boot; however, the details of how to do so vary from one computer and OS to another. Some things you can try include:

Enable BIOS/CSM/legacy support in your firmware setup utility. This is likely to be a requirement, but the details vary greatly from one computer to another. The option name may be non-obvious, and the details of what the option offers vary from one system to another. Thus, I can't be very precise about this; you'll just have to dig into your firmware and experiment.
Disable EFI support in your firmware setup utility. This is possible in some cases, but usually it's not possible on true EFI-based systems. VirtualBox enables you to completely disable EFI support, but on most PCs, options that users read as disabling EFI-mode booting usually just favor legacy-mode booting rather than completely removing EFI-mode support. Thus, disabling EFI support may be a theoretical possibility, but it's unlikely to be a practical option for you.
Use your firmware's built-in boot manager to force a BIOS/CSM/legacy boot of your boot medium. The details of how to access the boot manager vary between computers, but it's usually done by hitting a function key (or sometimes Esc) early in the boot process. You may then see a boot menu, and with any luck it will have two options for your boot medium. One will include the string "EFI" or "UEFI" and the other won't. Select the option that lacks the EFI/UEFI string and it should boot in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode.
Use rEFInd to force a BIOS-mode boot. Download and prepare the USB flash drive image of rEFInd, then mount it and edit the EFI/BOOT/refind.conf file on the disk. Uncomment the scanfor line, remove the optical and external items, and add the cd and biosexternal items. This will cause rEFInd to omit EFI-boot options for external media and add BIOS-boot options for same. Then insert both rEFInd the USB flash drive and your Ubuntu disc and reboot into rEFInd. It should present a boot menu, from which you can select your Ubuntu (which might conceivably be mis-identified or poorly labeled). Note that this will work more reliable with an Ubuntu CD than with an Ubuntu USB flash drive. If you use the latter and it doesn't work, try swapping the two USB flash drives.
Hack the Ubuntu image to remove the EFI boot loader. This is most easily done from a USB flash drive, so prepare an Ubuntu installer on USB flash drive. You can then remove or rename the EFI directory tree on the USB flash drive and it should stop booting in EFI mode.

One more suggestion:

At one time there was a special version of Ubuntu for Macs. Ironically, this version lacked EFI support. The idea was to install it in BIOS mode, since EFI-mode installations of Ubuntu on Macs often had problems with hardware initialization. In any event, if this variant is still available, you could try using it.


For newer version of Ubuntu that use lightdm.

I have successfully done the following for running the synergy client for the login screen, and after I login.  It is much simpler than the other answers, IMHO.

edit /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf as root.

sudo vi /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf

add the following line to the bottom of the file.

greeter-setup-script=/usr/bin/synergyc <ip/host>

restart lightdm. (it is better to do this from a terminal or ssh session)

sudo /etc/init.d/lightdm restart


Why is kswapd0 running on a computer with no swap?

Swap space is only used for data that is not backed by any other file.  Data that is mapped from other files on disk ( such as executable programs ) is still swapped to their respective files even if you don't have a swap device.


mssql-server installation without root or sudo access

When you install a software, you will always need to use sudo because you are making changes in the system. In your case you can do the following, find a portable version of mysql(which doesn't exist) or compile the software from source. Installing software this way is not ideal as it doesn't blend well with your system. You can try something like this but be warned that you would have to resolve all dependencies by yourself:

apt-get source package
cd package
./configure --prefix=$HOME
make
make install


Using MAAS on Ubuntu 15.04 (Vivid Vervet)

I had the same issue and was able to get it working by disabling open-iscsi and enabling tgt:

systemctl stop open-iscsi
systemctl disable open-iscsi
systemctl enable tgt
systemctl start tgt
ps -ef | grep tgtd
grep tgtd /var/log/syslog

You should see the MaaS iSCSI targets in the log.


Poor sound Quality - Looking for assistance

Have a look at this answer.
Without any information about your current set-up(sound card,drivers,speakers etc.). The only possible solution seems to be using an equalizer that can tweak the sound a per your requirements.


sed command to remove a word from a string

An alternative leaving the last "entry":

sed -E 's/LINK:.*,(.+$)/[\1/' file

Output:

...
LINK:['SM119EIOPALTG_ARA1']}


Techkey Usb 3.0 Wifi Adapter - Issues installing Wifi Adapter

Update (2/15/2019):

The adapter was running sporadically slow at times.

I posted over at the Ubuntu Forums and it was recommend that I remove this driver and install a different one, suggested by Chili:

Remove the current driver: sudo dkms remove 8822bu/1.1 --all

Run each of the following commands one by one:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install build-essential git
git clone https://github.com/cilynx/rtl88x2BU_WiFi_linux_v5.2.4.4_25643.20171212_COEX20171012-5044.git
cd rtl88x2BU_WiFi_linux_v5.2.4.4_25643.20171212_COEX20171012-5044
VER=$(cat ./version)
sudo rsync -rvhP ./ /usr/src/rtl88x2bu-${VER}
sudo dkms add -m rtl88x2bu -v ${VER}
sudo dkms build -m rtl88x2bu -v ${VER}
sudo dkms install -m rtl88x2bu -v ${VER}
sudo modprobe 88x2bu

Consider a restart at this point to be sure it's working.

Source: https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2394372&p=13776566#post13776566

It's working but, I'll need more time to know if it is more stable. I'll update again soon.

I was able to get it working thanks to this:

https://forum.peppermintos.com/index.php/topic,6813.msg68924.html#msg68924

  Okay, it looks like you require the 8822bu driver (which contains the
  IDvendor:IDproduct string for your adapter .. 0bda:b812)

  With an active internet connection, open a terminal and run these
  commands in sequence:-

sudo apt-get install git dkms

  then

mkdir ~/rtl8822

  then

cd ~/rtl8822

  then

git clone https://github.com/jeremyb31/rtl8822bu.git

  then

sudo dkms add ./rtl8822bu

  then

sudo dkms install 8822bu/1.1

  then

sudo modprobe 8822bu

  did wireless spring to life ?

  If so, does it survive a reboot ?

Wireless sprung to life and it survived reboot. I only wonder if it will survive kernel updates as well?


How do I disable the window resizing when accidentally touching one of the screen edges in GNOME 3?

Open Terminal and run

gsettings set org.gnome.mutter edge-tiling false

You may also have to run

gsettings set org.gnome.shell.overrides edge-tiling false


I have been able to solve my issue. I had left out

order deny,allow
#deny from all
allow from all

from /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf.

I found the solution to this problem from one of the Super User questions:

How can I start phpMyAdmin?


mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/media/virtualCD’: Read-only file system

It is possible that the partition was mounted with the errors=remount-ro option, that means, if an error is encountered on the file system it will be remounted read-only.

You can try remounting the disk with read-write option.


How isolated are Windows and Wubi-Ubuntu installations?

If using Ubuntu, I enter to a page which would infect Windows, if next time I enter using Windows, is going to happen anything to Windows?

No, this won't happen.

  More easy, if I see a page which using windows would download a virus but i'd chosen ubuntu that time, when i use again windows, will it have the virus I downloaded?

If you download a virus on Windows it stays on Windows, it doesn't carry over to Ubuntu. If you switch to Ubuntu and switch back to Windows, Ubuntu doesn't fix your Windows viruses, it stays on Windows.

  files saved in windows, are openable from ubuntu and files saved in ubuntu are openabled from windows?

Yes, you can open files in both fine.

I'm not sure what the strange code is.


The old LTS releases may still be "supported" but it appears they don't get all the latest versions of programs.

So it may have to do with the old version of Chromium in 12.04's default repos, maybe version 37 is no longer supported by Google, so it won't let you log into google services anymore.

See this search of Ubuntu's packages for chromium to see that chromium-browser is only at:

version 37.0.2062.120-0ubuntu0.12.04.4 in 12.04LTS, and
version 55.0.2883.87-0ubuntu0.16.04.1263 in 16.04LTS (and essentially version 55.x in newer Ubuntu releases)
version 53.0.2785.143-0ubuntu0.14.04.1.1145 in 14.04LTS, I'm not sure why it's slightly older, but maybe it's at the point in time where the chromium-browser guys "give up" on old Ubuntu's?

You could try installing another newer version of Chromium, maybe even compiling from source?


How to view '/var/log/syslog' contents without crash

Try less /var/log/syslog

Press shift-f to go to the end of file and monitor changes like tail -f /var/log/syslog

You should see your log file.

There must be some garbage on them or maybe size issues that are preventing the Syslog app to view them. So, rename it and try to open the Syslog app again. You should be able to see your new log file.


Boot computer to text mode using kernel parameters

sudo sh -c "echo manual >> /etc/init/lightdm.override"

To revert
sudo rm /etc/init/lightdm.override

From http://upstart.ubuntu.com/cookbook/#disabling-a-job-from-automatically-starting
via https://superuser.com/questions/266040/how-do-you-disable-an-upstart-service-in-ubuntu-10-10#comment351951_266040


System Monitor Network Speed Not Matching Online Tests

The difference between the network throughput measurements of Gnome System Monitor and the two mentioned online speed tests may be the difference between bytes and bits, because GSM can be configured to display either in units of bits or bytes.

In short: 8 bits make up 1 byte. Hence 8 Megabits (Mb) or 8,000,000 bits, make up 1 Megabyte (MB) or 1000² = 1,000,000 bytes.

To make things more complicated, GSM would display transfer speed in Mebibyte (MiB), which contains 1,024² = 1,048,576 bytes. Even worse, these online speed tests aren't always clear, whether they consider 1 Megabit to be 1000² or 1024² bits.


Ubuntu 16.04: changing language on lock screen results in crash

The fix is now pushed to 16.04. With the latest updates everything is fine with me.


Installing Ubuntu in Google Nexus 7 Tablet

Please follow this procedure to install Ubuntu Touch on your Nexus 7 tablet:

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/Install

Note: only the Nexus 7 2013 WiFi (codename flo) is supported.


If you go here http://support-asia.canon-asia.com/contents/ASIA/EN/0100595001.html to the Canon Asia site, you can download and SAVE what will be linux-UFRIILT-drv-v140_uken.tar.gz which was issued on 14th Nov 2017. It is a comprehensive package that has rpm and debian drivers; in both 32bit and 64bit variants. There is an install script that does all the work for you.

To install: open a terminal; (hold the control and alt and t buttons down ..)

To paste the commands below into a terminal; right-click at the flashing text prompt in the terminal; and select PASTE from the menu that appears .

.. so copy each command below; one line at a time; and paste into the terminal and hit the ENTER key ..

cd Downloads
tar -zxvf linux-UFRIILT-drv-v140_uken.tar.gz
cd linux-UFRIILT-drv-v140_uken

next comes the install script so watch the terminal as it runs, as it will likely ask you some questions .....

sudo ./install.sh

and that should 1) install the drivers and 2) register the printer with lpadmin so you can print from any programme ..


Thunderbird FireTray Add-on - Must close twice

I was having a similar problem in that I would lose the menu after opening and closing Thunderbird a few times whenever Minimize to Tray Revived was activated.

A workaround was to actually disable Global Menu Bar Integration. Then you use Thunderbird's native menu when Minimize to Tray crashes Unity's.


You did (one of) the worse thing ever in Linux. You mustn't remove package without care of what it's being done. That said you will need a Live USB/CD with the same architecture of your installed system (if it's Ubuntu 64-bits the recovery must be 64-bits too) so you can chroot into the device.

To chroot

After booting in your live system, open a terminal (for illustrative proposes I will use examples, you must change the values in bold). Verify your mount points:

sudo fdisk -l
/dev/sda1       339392512   368687103    14647296   83  Linux
/dev/sda2       368689152   390721535    11016192   83  Linux

Here comes something difficult. If you installed /boot in another partition you must mount it too. In my case, / is sda1 so I proceed to mount it.

sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
sudo mount -o bind /proc /mnt/proc
sudo mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev
sudo mount -o bind /dev/pts /mnt/dev/pts
sudo mount -o bind /sys /mnt/sys

If you didn't or aren't sure that you installed your /boot partition, just ignore this step:

sudo mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot

In this case I'm assuming the my /boot is sda2. You also need internet:

sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf

Now to chroot your system. Type:

sudo chroot /mnt /bin/bash

Once you have done this, lets repair your initramfs:

apt-get install initramfs-tools
update-initramfs

Then reboot your system. Done.


no internal harddrive, i want to be able to still use the remaining space on 64gbflashdrive

If you are looking to allocate some of the space on the flash drive for use like a normal thumb drive in addition to booting Ubuntu, you could use gparted to resize your partition and format it as FAT16 or FAT 32. I'm not sure I would really recommend doing this however, as I would not want to risk having my bootable disk corrupted by connecting it to various systems.

gparted is available in the Ubuntu Software Center or you can install it from Terminal using

sudo apt-get install gparted


You should check the permissions of the folders used as Document Root in your configuration. Usually, apache uses the user www-data and you should ensure that this user has the required permissions.

There is a very nice post about this topic here:

https://serverfault.com/questions/357108/what-permissions-should-my-website-files-folders-have-on-a-linux-webserver

Assuming you are the only one managing the server, this should be a good starting point.

  Maintained by a single user
  If only one user is responsible for
  maintaining the site, set them as the user owner on the website
  directory and give the user full rwx permissions. Apache still needs
  access so that it can serve the files, so set www-data as the group
  owner and give the group r-x permissions.

chown -R eve contoso.com
chgrp -R www-data contoso.com
chmod -R 750 contoso.com
chmod g+s contoso.com
ls -l
drwxr-s--- 2 eve      www-data   4096 Feb  5 22:52 contoso.com

  if you have folders that need to be writable by Apache, you can just
  modify the permission values for the group owner so that www-data has
  write access.

chmod g+w uploads
ls -l
drwxrws--- 2 eve      www-data   4096 Feb  5 22:52 uploads

  The benefit of this configuration is that it becomes
  harder (but not impossible*) for other users on the system to snoop
  around, since only the user and group owners can browse your website
  directory. This is useful if you have secret data in your
  configuration files. Be careful about your umask! If you create a new
  file here, the permission values will probably default to 755. You can
  run umask 027 so that new files default to 640 (rw- r-- ---).


After installing ubuntu.....windows is not opening

Open a terminal

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && boot-repair

For more information, refer this link


Thunderbird Can not connect to smtp.googlemail.com

Go to this link after logging into your webmail. and try logging on thunderbird again. i think it should work.


Clicking ISO does nothing in the 'Make Startup Disk'. Cannot make a USB Boot Drive that I need for work

The "Startup Disk creator" application which comes with Ubuntu only supports Ubuntu / Linux ISOs, so it will not be able to write a Windows 7 ISO to a USB stick.

In order to create a bootable USB stick for a Windows, on an Ubuntu machine, see How can I create a Windows bootable USB stick using Ubuntu?, or you could burn the Windows 7 ISO to a DVD.


For the Fuji DocuPrint P115W on Linux try:

NOTE: my printer IP is 192.168.1.156, so replace it with your printer's IP.

You can see the available ports for your printer on: http://192.168.1.156/net/net/service.html

Available service/Ports that should work for you:

BINARY_P1
TEXT_P1
POSTSCRIPT_P1
PCL_P1

So in the Linux Printer manager, use the following for PCL:

Device URI: lpd://192.168.1.156/PCL_P1
Driver: Generic PCL Laser Printer


Terminal not displaying UTF-8 character(s)

For those that get that strange invalid unicode character for the arrow, edit the following line:

local BRPT=$(echo -e "\xee\x82\xb0")        #UTF 8 Black Right pointing triangle

All is right with the world now. Also, fonts that go well with this can be found at powerline fonts


I think you should install UVC driver. You can get information on troubleshoot webcam issues from this link.Click here


Can't install Ubuntu from USB drive on Windows 10

If your install disk was made for legacy, or BIOS, boot with MBR and no EFI partition, you will have this issue until you enable legacy boot in your "BIOS" settings. Because you haven't enabled that boot method, it isn't showing you the USB as a valid boot option.


Can I make Unity Autoscale according to monitor size, resolution and dot pitch?

This is something that Unity currently doesn't do itself in 11.04.

(Though someone might be able to make a script that changes the CCSM value based on your resolution and then change value, so it's not totally impossible).


Problem during installation - Ubuntu 12.04

For a preinstalled Ubuntu distro, you ought to try an contact the supplier about the problem, as they should of set it up so it works for you. They will probably help with problems like this until a year or so after the purchase - though it depends on the supplier.

Otherwise, just download and install the Ubuntu 12.04 installer from here, burn it to DVD, or put it on a memory stick - instructions can be found here - and install it (probably a wipe install if there is no important data on the machine). The end Ubuntu should be the same, though it may lack any pre-installed apps. You still might want to contact the supplier first.


conjure-up openstack LXD console not working

You'll want to make sure that console-access-protocol is defined:

juju config nova-cloud-controller console-access-protocol=novnc

Here is the yaml option describing this:

  console-access-protocol:
    description: |
      Protocol to use when accessing virtual machine console. Supported types
      are None, spice, xvpvnc, novnc and vnc (for both xvpvnc and novnc)
    type: string
    value: novnc


Yes, there is.

Launch the text editor and open ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml

Search on 'lxpanelctl' to find "Keybindings for running Menu from Lxpanel". Look where the 'Super_L' string should be, edit it to what you see below, and save the file.

  <!-- Keybindings for running Menu from Lxpanel -->
  <keybind key="Super_L">
    <action name="Execute">
      <command>lxpanelctl menu</command>
    </action>
  </keybind>

Logout, login, and you should have the Menu at your fingertip!

And after editing, you must restart openbox:

openbox --reconfigure


Different window managers on different screens?

Yes, it's possible. It requires the cooperation of the window manager. The window manager should have an option on its command line or in its configuration file to tell it which screen(s) to manage. For example, fvwm -s 0 tells Fvwm to manage only screen 0 (by default, Fvwm, like every window manager I know, manages all screens).

If your window manager doesn't offer a way not to manage all screens, I don't think there's a way to force it from the outside. You would need to modify the source code. The critical change concerns a line like this:

XSelectInput(dpy, RootWindow(dpy, screen_num), SubstructureRedirectMask);

You would need to execute this line only on one screen instead of all of them. Depending on the architecture of the window manager, this may be a trivial change or may involve a lot of extra coding.

Note that I assume you meant screens in the technical sense of the X Window System. If you want multiple displays that you can switch between with Ctrl+Alt+Fn, that's a whole different kettle of fish. Also, having more than one screen on an X display is pretty rare; I won't discuss why or how to do it in this answer.


after update from 12.04 to 14.01 touch pad is not working

You can detect if you have some library problems by opening the terminal (CtrlAltt) and typing:

sudo apt-get check

If you get an error message (if not see the link below), you can solve it using:

sudo apt-get -f install

This will repair broken dependencies, that could be the problem.

If this doesn't solve the issue, you could try this solution (it requires more work):

Keyboard and touchpad stopped working after sleep

Hope you can solve it!


Can't Activate Environment // Ubuntu // Conda

Try conda init bash from your terminal. You can swap bash if you're using a different shell.
If that doesn't work, your initial idea was on the right track. Add the following to your ~/.bashrc file, which will be run every time you open a new terminal:
export PATH="/anaconda3/bin/:$PATH"


How to show the list of shortcuts produced by super key using command line

You can get some of them using:

$ gsettings list-recursively org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings | grep -v '\[\]' | cut -f 1 -d ' ' --complement
cycle-windows-backward ['<Shift><Alt>Escape']
minimize ['<Primary><Alt>KP_0']
move-to-monitor-left ['<Super><Shift>Left']
unmaximize ['<Primary><Super>Down', '<Super>Down', '<Alt>F5']
panel-main-menu ['<Super>s', '<Alt>F1']
cycle-windows ['<Alt>Escape']
cycle-panels-backward ['<Shift><Control><Alt>Escape']
panel-run-dialog ['<Alt>F2']
switch-to-workspace-down ['<Control><Alt>Down']
move-to-corner-ne ['<Primary><Alt>KP_Prior']
move-to-side-e ['<Primary><Alt>KP_Right']
move-to-workspace-right ['<Control><Shift><Alt>Right']
move-to-workspace-up ['<Shift><Control><Alt>Up']
maximize ['<Primary><Super>Up', '<Super>Up', '<Primary><Alt>KP_5']
cycle-group-backward ['<Shift><Alt>F6']
move-to-side-n ['<Primary><Alt>KP_Up']
move-to-side-s ['<Primary><Alt>KP_Down']
move-to-side-w ['<Primary><Alt>KP_Left']
move-to-corner-nw ['<Primary><Alt>KP_Home']
begin-move ['<Alt>F7']
move-to-monitor-down ['<Super><Shift>Down']
move-to-workspace-left ['<Control><Shift><Alt>Left']
move-to-corner-se ['<Primary><Alt>KP_Next']
activate-window-menu ['<Alt>space']
switch-input-source ['<Super>space']
move-to-monitor-right ['<Super><Shift>Right']
switch-input-source-backward ['<Shift><Super>space']
move-to-workspace-last ['<Super><Shift>End']
cycle-panels ['<Control><Alt>Escape']
move-to-monitor-up ['<Super><Shift>Up']
move-to-corner-sw ['<Primary><Alt>KP_End']
toggle-shaded ['<Primary><Alt>s']
switch-to-workspace-1 ['<Primary><Mod2>Alt_L']
switch-panels ['<Control><Alt>Tab']
switch-panels-backward ['<Shift><Control><Alt>Tab']
switch-applications-backward ['<Shift><Super>Tab', '<Shift><Alt>Tab']
show-desktop ['<Primary><Super>d', '<Primary><Alt>d', '<Super>d']
switch-applications ['<Super>Tab', '<Alt>Tab']
switch-to-workspace-left ['<Control><Alt>Left']
toggle-maximized ['<Primary><Alt>KP_5']
begin-resize ['<Alt>F8']
move-to-workspace-down ['<Shift><Control><Alt>Down']
switch-to-workspace-last ['<Super>End']
switch-group-backward ['<Shift><Super>Above_Tab', '<Shift><Alt>Above_Tab']
switch-group ['<Super>Above_Tab', '<Alt>Above_Tab']
cycle-group ['<Alt>F6']
close ['<Alt>F4']
switch-to-workspace-up ['<Control><Alt>Up']
move-to-workspace-1 ['<Super><Shift>Home']
switch-to-workspace-right ['<Control><Alt>Right']

and:

$ dconf read /org/compiz/integrated/show-hud
['<Alt>l']

Unity Lens shortcuts (Super+) are defined here:

$ grep Shortcut /usr/share/unity/scopes/*.scope
/usr/share/unity/scopes/applications.scope:Shortcut=a
/usr/share/unity/scopes/files.scope:Shortcut=f
/usr/share/unity/scopes/music.scope:Shortcut=m
/usr/share/unity/scopes/photos.scope:Shortcut=c
/usr/share/unity/scopes/video.scope:Shortcut=v

Unity shortcuts such as Super+<1 to 9> are an internal to Unity an cannot be listed from the command line.


Partial workaround:

Wine subcategories (Browse C Drive, Uninstall Wine Programs etc) may be set in menulibre to appear within visible main menu categories: putting them all in 'System' and adding "Wine" at the beginning of their name makes them all appear grouped together under System Tools

This looks easier to do in menulibre, which now also supports Quantal 12.10.
To get the same results in LXMenuEditor, edit and add these entries under one of the main menu categories:


After some research, I've found a way to achieve what I was looking for.

I had to dig into the initramfs image (/boot/initrd.img-...) to find out how the mounting of various file systems was performed. The initramfs image for ubuntu core was particularly useful.

The design I've settled on is actually fairly similar to ubuntu core.
I create an initial ubuntu installation, do the configurations I need and then do a deep copy using cpio and finally package the copy into a read-only squashfs file system using mksquashfs. I will store the squashfs image on the main partition of the new OS. During the loading of the OS, I've edited initrd.img to mount the squashfs image of the version I want onto /root, and then have set up overlayroot on top of it, which is a writable overlay.


Networking doesn't start after upgrade with new upstart system

Solved. The problem was the mixing that some process make between the /var/run and /var/lock folders with the new /run and /run/lock folders.

I found the solution in this link http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1859432. I just had to make the symlinks and the network started ok after rebooting:

sudo ln -s /run /var/run
sudo ln -s /run/lock /var/lock


Issues Connecting to University WPA2 Enterprise Network

I found the answer guys. It turns out that wpasupplicant (the package in charge of handling WPA encryption) has an issue in v2.4 (the current Ubuntu package version) with handling WPA2 Enterprise networks. Simply downgrading the package to v2.3 or upgrading the package version to v2.5 (which I did, and I got the deb package from the Kali repo) will solve the issue.


What does refresh_pattern -i regex Min percentage Max mean?

Those are THREE options you need to change. From the configuration:

'Min' is the time (in minutes) an object without an explicit
expiry time should be considered fresh. The recommended
value is 0, any higher values may cause dynamic applications
to be erroneously cached unless the application designer
has taken the appropriate actions.
'Percent' is a percentage of the objects age (time since last
modification age) an object without explicit expiry time
will be considered fresh.
'Max' is an upper limit on how long objects without an explicit
expiry time will be considered fresh.


How to sign files with Ubuntu command-line tools and my own keys?

Much of this answer is ripped off from the Arch Wiki and the GnuPG documentation. Any recommendations in this answer are purely my opinion, and should be taken with a tonne of salt.

Creating a PGP key

GUI

Open the Passwords and Keys app (aka seahorse), and click + (or go to File->New, or press CtrlN) to see:

Select PGP key, and enter your details. I'm impersonating Byte Commander:

RSA and 2048 bits are fine for most purposes. If you only want to use it for signing, pick the RSA (sign only) option from the drop-down menu, but you shouldn't need to - this can be handled using subkeys. You can leave a comment. Keeping an expiry date on your key is also useful. Click Create.
Enter a suitably long password (and I mean long, my example is short, IMO), and click Ok:

Seahorse doesn't seem to have any feedback, unlike the CLI. Wait around for a while, doing whatever you want to do, while it gathers entropy and creates a key. It might take a while. After which, you'll see they key in the PGP Keys section:

CLI

To generate a key from the command line, just run gpg --gen-key. It will ask you for the same details that the GUI did:

$ gpg --gen-key
gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.16; Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Please select what kind of key you want:
   (1) RSA and RSA (default)
   (2) DSA and Elgamal
   (3) DSA (sign only)
   (4) RSA (sign only)
Your selection?
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048)
Requested keysize is 2048 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
         0 = key does not expire
      <n>  = key expires in n days
      <n>w = key expires in n weeks
      <n>m = key expires in n months
      <n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 1y
Key expires at Tuesday 27 September 2016 03:45:19 PM IST
Is this correct? (y/N) y

You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID
from the Real Name, Comment and E-mail Address in this form:
    "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"

Real name: Byte Commander
E-mail address: byte@command.er
Comment:
You selected this USER-ID:
    "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"

Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)-mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o
You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.

passphrase not correctly repeated; try again.
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, use the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.

Not enough random bytes available.  Please do some other work to give
the OS a chance to collect more entropy!  (Need 186 more bytes)
.....+++++
+++++
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, use the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.

Not enough random bytes available.  Please do some other work to give
the OS a chance to collect more entropy!  (Need 80 more bytes)
....+++++

Not enough random bytes available.  Please do some other work to give
the OS a chance to collect more entropy!  (Need 83 more bytes)
...+++++
gpg: key 8AE670A6 marked as ultimately trusted
public and secret key created and signed.

gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, PGP trust model
gpg: depth: 0  valid:   2  signed:   0  trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 2u
gpg: next trustdb check due at 2016-09-26
pub   2048R/8AE670A6 2015-09-28 [expires: 2016-09-27]
      Key fingerprint = 82D9 0644 B265 8E75 1E01  538B B479 3CF4 8AE6 70A6
uid                  Byte Commander <byte@command.er>
sub   2048R/0E2F4FD8 2015-09-28 [expires: 2016-09-27]

Note how GnuPG tells us it needs more entropy. Wish seahorse did too. But then again, it feels like GnuPG is acting like Oliver Twist. :P

Publishing your key

Now, we need to get our public key out there, so people can verify things using it.

GUI

Head back to the list of PGP keys in the seahorse app (see last screenshot). Select the key(s) you want to export, and in the Remote menu, pick Sync and Publish Keys:

The Sync button will be disabled if you haven't selected a server to publish to. Do so, by clicking on the Key Servers button:

I picked Ubuntu's server.

Now, you can click the Sync button and have it published to Ubuntu's keyserver (sorry for the spam, Ubuntu!).

CLI

With the CLI, you need the key ID of the key you want to publish. It's the very last line of the output when creating the key (8AE670A6). If you don't remember what it is, just run gpg --list-keys. To publish:

$ gpg  --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --send-keys 8AE670A6
gpg: sending key 8AE670A6 to hkp server pgp.mit.edu

Sorry, MIT.

Signing

I don't know of a convenient GUI method of signing a document, yet.

Once you have created the file you want to sign, head to the terminal. Try gpg --list-keys:

$ gpg --list-keys
/home/muru/.gnupg/pubring.gpg
---------------------------
pub   2048R/F7878B0C 2015-09-28 [expires: 2016-09-26]
uid                  Byte Commander <byte@command.er>
sub   2048R/345B9A4F 2015-09-28 [expires: 2016-09-26]

You can sign the file using two methods:

Signing with encryption

$ gpg --sign --output examples.sig examples.desktop

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"
2048-bit RSA key, ID F7878B0C, created 2015-09-28

gpg: Invalid passphrase; please try again ...

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"
2048-bit RSA key, ID F7878B0C, created 2015-09-28

If you're on a desktop session, chances are you'll be greeted with a graphical password prompt. For example, in GNOME:

If the recipient has your public key, they can verify it, or get the decrypted content:

$ gpg --verify examples.sig
gpg: Signature made Monday 28 September 2015 03:25:00 PM IST using RSA key ID F7878B0C
gpg: Good signature from "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"
$ gpg --decrypt examples.sig
[Desktop Entry]
Version=1.0
Type=Link
Name=Examples
Name[aa]=Ceelallo
...
URL=file:///usr/share/example-content/
Icon=folder
X-Ubuntu-Gettext-Domain=example-content

gpg: Signature made Monday 28 September 2015 03:25:00 PM IST using RSA key ID F7878B0C
gpg: Good signature from "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"

Signing with cleartext

You might not want to encrypt the contents, for example, when sending a mail. In which case, use the --clearsign option:

$ gpg --clearsign examples.desktop

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"
2048-bit RSA key, ID F7878B0C, created 2015-09-28

$ cat examples.desktop.asc
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

[Desktop Entry]
Version=1.0
Type=Link
Name=Examples
Name[aa]=Ceelallo
...
URL=file:///usr/share/example-content/
Icon=folder
X-Ubuntu-Gettext-Domain=example-content

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v1

iQEcBAEBAgAGBQJWCRAaAAoJEGUZkqX3h4sMBWsH/1yw+G0v5Ck+T3PBS90SkvC8
5C0FJeGVr0AgYQohhsE3zEGQ7nn53N7JsvNlF6VccvN99DZIp18JbrJ+qs5hWjtg
KU/ACleR5dvVrJgfjppkuC8Q3cAudvqciKlLjA7Xycr3P49oCNCy8k/ue2TrgCvS
mMb5IS/kqpO7wrOMBAR0c/2CjQsA91S1/YK7DbuUqeNgEzW1grsI7XZPhiDGpAib
D20HWrbdLhklAEJuo1EvuOIggW6MF6ksxDoVapsUzQalD0TWEq6OnvzIS5qhITrc
XaDPQJpiHyCyINnL5aZCUwr2uon7osJ+2a8Ahp1REpzIZTdND9jA5NWSel5+yAs=
=ZrtB
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

Signing, with a separate file for signature (detached signature)

Lastly, for some files, you can't have the signature in the document. For example, packaging files, or the metadata for a repository, both have content of a specific nature that don't easily allow embedded signatures. In this case,  you use the --detached-sig option:

$ gpg --output examples.desktop.sig --detach-sign examples.desktop

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"
2048-bit RSA key, ID F7878B0C, created 2015-09-28

$ gpg --verify examples.desktop.sig examples.desktop
gpg: Signature made Monday 28 September 2015 03:35:55 PM IST using RSA key ID F7878B0C
gpg: Good signature from "Byte Commander <byte@command.er>"

Note

In encryption+signing and in detached signatures, the output of gpg is binary. You can have GnuPG output base64-encoded data using the --armor option (ASCII-armoured).

Automation

To script signing, you could:

use an empty passphrase for the key
depending on your version of GnuPG, send the passphrase via stdin. See this Unix & Linux post for some options.


What is the purpose of the second NIC for the Landscape Autopilot?

It is used by Neutron to serve as the bridge for traffic coming in and out of your VMs on the cloud.


You can configure the mouse scroll if your mouse is supported in libratbag:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:libratbag-piper/piper-libratbag-git
sudo apt update
sudo apt install piper

You can also configure RGB and DPI in Piper.


How I can report Ubuntu about issues in new Ubuntu version 13.04-64

You can report bugs on https://launchpad.net to a specific project, but this is to new or unexperienced users a bit complicated and requires some time. So if this does not suit you, there is also something everyone can do.

When an application crashes and Ubuntu asks for a bug report, just allow to send it. This will also give some technical information to the developers without making you trouble to collect them. I know sometimes it's annoying, but on the long term it will help. This is something just everyone can do to help, no matter how technically savvy they are.

If you can afford it, of course doing both is the best.


Don't panic yet. So many users are facing this issue after OTA-13. Just wait patiently. Looks like it's taking longer than normal to apply the update. The device should boot all by itself after a few minutes (~15) of black screen. Do not press the power button. If nothing happens after say half an hour, then try long pressing the power button to turn it on.


Is there some way to add Stormcloud to startup application?

Open the unity dash and type `startup applications. There you can manage the applications that will start automatically with your session. Include Stormcloud there and it's done.

If you don't know the command, after you click Add inside Startup Applications, you'll see a Browse button. Click on the left side of Nautilus where it says File System. Click on the bin folder. Inside this bin folder you'll see all of the different applications installed. Scroll through until you find the right command.


Let's see: ignore paths are relative. So all the additional examples you checked are illegal.

In this code:

label = test2
root = /home/butest/Documents
root = ssh://butest@169.254.8.108//home/butest/Documents
sshargs = -C
ignore = Path Documents/4_Significant_Events/*

you are telling Unison to ignore all the paths under the roots that match the description, that is,

/home/butest/Documents/Documents/4_Significant_Events/*

which I suspect is not what you want. If you want that your directory /home/butest/Documents/4_Significant_Events/ (and children) be ignored, simply change the last line with

ignore = Path {4_Significant_Events}

About the timestamp thing, I do not understand. Are you looking for times = true option to sync timestamps?


Installation of Ubuntu 13.04 desktop (i386)

Either, create the live boot again on your hard drive, or use a usb stick. I've had problems on external hard drives before, so the best bet is a usb stick instead. Hope this helps.