Is it possible to boot Ubuntu from a HDD with existing Windows Files?

Solution:

Two options here

Install Ubuntu in a HDD with another Operative System.
Install Ubuntu in a HDD which have data.

 1. Install Ubuntu in a HDD with another Operative System:

Start by going to ubuntu.com. On the homepage, scroll down and click the red "Get Ubuntu Now" button.

Under "Ways to get Ubuntu", select "Download and Install".

This will take you to a page where you can choose which version of Ubuntu you want to download and then download it. You need to download the right version of Ubuntu for your computer, 32 bit or 64 bit. 64-bit is much faster then 32-bit if your computer can support it. While in windows, open the Start Menu. Right-click on the word "Computer" and click Properties.

In the window that opens, under the system category, note the "system type". If the type is listed as 32-bit operating system, select the 32-bit option from the dropdown menu on ubuntu.com, then click Start Download. If your system is 64-bit, select the 64-bit option from the dropdown and click "Start Download".

Once the ISO file has finished downloading, open Windows Explorer and find the downloaded file. It should be in your "Downloads" folder unless you chose to save it somewhere else. Once you locate the file, right click on it, click the "Open With..." option and then select "Windows Disc Image Burner".

Make sure you have the right CD burner selected, and that the "Verify Disc After Burning" box is checked. Click burn, go get a cup of coffee, and come back.

Once the disc has finished burning, eject the disc and shutdown the computer. Put the disc into the drive and press the power button. Now, you'll notice that somewhere on the screen displaying your computer manufacturer's logo, usually off in a corner of the screen some text saying which key you need to press to enter additional boot options.

On my computer, which is an  HP laptop, it says "ESC Pause Startup". On some computers is F12 or F2 or ESC, etc. and the key you have to press varies from computer to computer. Once you know what key to press, press that key before the computer reaches the "Starting Windows" screen. The screen that you reach will very from computer to computer, in my case the screen looks like this:

Some computers will enter directly into computer setup, some will provide you with an option to boot from the CD or DVD drive without changing settings in the BIOS. The process to get a computer to boot from the CD or DVD drive varies greatly from computer to computer, but is relatively straightforward. Refer to the documentation for your computer on the manufacturer's website if you need any additional assistance.

When you get the computer to successfully boot from the CD containing Ubuntu, you should first get a screen with a stick figure and a keyboard. Press any key at this point to change the installer language, otherwise, to leave it to the default English, don't press anything. After that for several minutes, depending on the speed of your CD/DVD drive and of your computer, you should see a screen like this:

Be patient while the computer loads Ubuntu from the CD. When the loading has completed, you should arrive at a screen similar to the one below:

Once this screen has loaded, click "Install Ubuntu". The next screen:

Be sure that all the requirements are met. If you need to connect through Wi-Fi because you want to be able to download updates during the installer, saving you the need to update afterwards, then use the Wifi Menu in the top left corner of the screen.
In the next screen, you can select weather or not you want to dual boot, since you do, select "Install Ubuntu alongside Windows 7". Click Forward.

You can then select how much space you want to devote to Ubuntu by clicking and draging the separator. When done, click "Install Now".

The rest of the installer is very self explanatory. It will guide you through naming your computer and creating a new user account, as well as giving you the option to import settings and files from your windows account. Have fun with your new Ubuntu installation!

 2. Install Ubuntu in a HDD which have data:

Want to keep all your data?:

You should install Ubuntu on a separate partition. The most important thing is you should create a separate partition for Ubuntu manually, and you should select it while installing Ubuntu.

First create a separate partition for Ubuntu while running Windows (like a partition with more than 10 GB). Also create a small partition for the swap partition (size is equal to your RAM size).

You should know the partition sizes you created so that you can identify them easily while installing Ubuntu.

See the below images - I picked them by googling so they won't be same as yours (like partition sizes and number of partitions).

The second important thing is while installing Ubuntu select "Something else".

It will allow you to select your manually created partition to install Ubuntu onto it.

Now select and edit the partition you created for Ubuntu. Be careful in selecting. Check twice that you selected the correct partition, not some other partition as you may lose data like before.

Select the format partition, use as mount point as shown in the image. The size is up to you.

After that, select the swap partition, and edit it as shown in the image (size is your choice).

After that select the "Device for boot loader installation" at the bottom and select the one with /dev/sda at the beginning.

Now you can select "install now" at the right bottom.

  Information taken from answers here and here.


Xubuntu 14.04 network interface preferences

Go into network manager, select "edit connections", click on the wireless network and click "edit". Click on the "general" tab and untick the option to "automatically connect to this network when available" . Do the opposite for the wired network (make sure the option to automatically connect is selected).


The USB device needs to have an MBR (DOS) partition table and and a fat32 filesystem before putting the ISO unto it.

Most USB come with the MBR partition table. So you just have to format to fat32.
When i use dd to create my bootable drive, it causes a lot of trouble later for my flash drive. Prefer to use the non destructable method.

A quick summary of the creating of bootable

Insert an empty USB drive and identify if it has been mounted:

lsblk

then unmount the partition on the usb device and format it:

sudo umount /dev/sdXY
sudo mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sdXY

mount the partition again:

sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt

then extract the iso files to the flash drive partition:

7z x <disk.iso> -o<destination>
sudo 7z x file.iso -o/mnt

7z is a part of the p7zip-full package

When done extracting, unmount the partition:

sudo umount  /mnt

your bootable is now ready. Restart and boot into the live cd


Application crashes from command line but runs fine from Unity

Compare environment variables in terminal (env) and by running a script through desktop  shortcut.

Script

#!/bin/sh
env > ~/myenv

Check if value of DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is different, because it seems to be the problem.


Configuration files in a KDE application

If you are using the KConfig API, your application should be fine for uploading to MyApps and inclusion in the store.

You could also instead use the Qt bindings for dconf, dconf-qt, which would allow you to store your settings in dconf, which would be under the ~/.config/ directory.

Also note that the ~/.config/ requirement is perhaps not well specified in those requirements, as it should be $XDG_CONFIG_HOME instead, for which ~/.config/ is simply the default, and which users may decide to change to another location, so that the files underneath it, may be more easily accessible to them.


How to report a bug for no sound through headphones?

This question should have all the information you need about issues with alpha and beta releases.

In particular, this link covers how to report bugs.

As for what package you should file the bug report under, try to narrow it down as much as possible. If it only happens for specific programs, there's probably a common link between them. If all of your system audio is broken, I would file it under ALSA.


In the terminal, run these two simple commands to install a fresh copy:

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-make
umake android

Interact with the terminal whenever prompted. You can then launch your IDE with this command in the terminal sh /home/[user]/tools/android/android-studio/bin/studio.sh. Then, you can also learn how to create a .desktop file to run the same command outside terminal. Hopefully, this will get you out of the ocean.

Important

Replace [user] with your username, e.g., john.
If the solution does not solve your problem, let me know by comments.


Installing Ubuntu 13.04 Minimal on an Intel Atom D2500HN based system

It could be 2 things:

brightness: try using:

i915.invert_brightness=1

as kernel boot parameter,
If you have dual graphics, perhaps you need to blacklist the module. This happened to me in my Intel + Ati configuration.


Nvidia Optimus dual screen setup on TP W520

Press 'Start+P'.

You can toggle between multiple monitor modes.


Unable to install VirtualBox on Ubuntu 12.10: Kernel headers cannot be found

Install the kernel headers for your system by running this command in your terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T):

sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)


AR9485 wireless card loses ability to connect after hibernation

This issue looks remarkably similar to this UbuntuForums thread.

In the module parameters section of the Wireless Info script reveals you are using a wapf=0 parameter.

The UF thread recommends you use wapf=1 instead.

To do this you use the following in a terminal:

echo "options asus_nb_wmi wapf=1" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/asus_nb_wmi.conf

To reverse:

sudo rm /etc/modprobe.d/asus_nb_wmi.conf

source


If you were hacked, it is then a game of you vs them, whoever has better knowledge of Linux will win out.

Forensics is a complex subject and, sorry to say, if you have to ask you are more likely then not on the short end of the stick.

My advice is to back up your data and reinstall. Then use strong passwords and read up on hardening your servers.

For example, use keys with ssh and disable password authentication.

See:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH/OpenSSH/Keys

Google search Linux forensics

http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/forensic-analysis-live-linux-system-pt-1


I had the same problem and solved it by checking three boxes:

a. Evolution-Mail -> Edit -> Preferences -> Contacts -> [x] Always show address of the autocompleted contact / [x] Gmail

b. Evolution-Contacts -> Gmail -> Properties -> [x] Autocomplete with this address book

Hope that helps.


What exactly does DISPLAY localhost mean?

This happens exactly because you perform X11 forwarding (or perhaps could be called X11 tunneling).

You could fire up an X server, connect to a remote host, and on that remote host set $DISPLAY to point back to your original computer. In that case (if network, permissions etc. are set up correctly) your graphical app would try to connect to your desktop to present its window there, independently from your existing ssh connection, and accordingly, probably over an unencrypted channel.

Instead, what happens is that your application believes that it presents the window on the same computer, and unaware to that application, ssh catches that and directs the actions back to your original computer, under its own encrypted channel.

One advantage of this method is that the traffic is encrypted. Another advantage is that you don't have to enable others (with proper authentication, access control) to connect to your machine, plus it even works if your local machine is unaddressable from the remote one (e.g. is behind a firewall, or on a private network etc.).


Using find, from the parent, recursively:

find . -type f -name '._*'

After checking append -delete to remove the files:

find . -type f -name '._*' -delete

Using bash, from parent directory:

shopt -s globstar  ## Enables recursive glob match
for f in **/._*; do [[ -f $f ]] && echo "$f"; done

After checking, do:

for f in **/._*; do [[ -f $f ]] && rm "$f"; done
shopt -u globstar


If you want your script to be available for all users you should place it at /usr/local/bin, it's the best place for script and programs when you are installing them manually while other places are managed by package manger. If this script is only for moderators then it should be placed at /usr/local/sbin.

To save the state of your script you should consider that which user will run the script? will you run it using root in your crontab file? if that's the case so you should save the state at root's home directory in my opinion. you can also consider using /tmp


Disabling onscreen keyboard when laptop mode (Acer Alpha Switch 12)

For a few years its not possible to toggle it, you can disable it entirely

https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/1326/block-caribou/?c=58652


How to add a local repository in kickseed-based install?

A workaround seems to use the preseed command (documented in the Ubuntu install guide as a Kickseed-specific addition) to embed a snippet of
the corresponding D-I configuration, defining additional repositories
as would be done in a preseed-format file.

For example:

    preseed apt-setup/local0/comment string My repository
    preseed apt-setup/local0/repository string http://www.example.org/packages/${distro} ${suite} main
    preseed apt-setup/local0/source boolean true
    preseed apt-setup/local0/key string http://www.example.org/packages/public.gpg


How to fix a constant IO error cause by a Non-Readable file?

The simplest way to correct this error is to delete the files -- if they're damaged and unreadable, you lose nothing that's not already gone.  This will remove the directory entries so Nautilus won't try to read the files when it opens the folder.

However: the damaged files may indicate problems developing with the storage hardware (hard disk or SSD), or other corruption of the file system on that volume (can be caused by unscheduled shutdown of the computer, especially while files are open).  I'd recommend that you use a disk checking utility to verify that the filesystem is otherwise okay, as well as a S.M.A.R.T. reader to check that the hardware isn't failing.  If the hardware is going, you stand to lose everything stored on it...

One other recommendation, from comments, is that if the filesystem in question here is NTFS, use only Windows tools to repair it -- even if that means connecting the storage medium to a Windows computer because you won't have Windows on your Ubuntu machine.


Yes it is amazon have a very successful affiliation system and canonical use it. www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2016/01/ubuntu-online-search-feature-disabled-16-04


Can I boot Ubuntu Server 19.10 on a Raspberry Pi 4 from a USB SSD?

I flashed the Ubuntu Server 19.10 for Raspberry Pi image to a microSD card and a SSD, and connected them both to my Raspberry Pi 4B.

To my surprise loading Ubuntu Server from the SSD worked immediately and without any reconfiguration at all. The initial boot process relies on the microSD card /boot volume, but then the linux root volume on the SSD is used to load Ubuntu Server. I even deleted the linux root volume from the microSD card to make sure it wasn't being accessed in any way.

I'm a linux/Raspberry Pi noob myself, but after looking at the contents of the boot volume and checking the README file, I found that, by default, the /boot/nobtcmd.txt file is invoked during bootup to mount the root volume and contains the following line:

net.ifnames=0 dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyAMA0,115200 console=tty1 root=LABEL=writable rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline rootwait fixrtc

The root=LABEL=writable part defines the volume to mount, and in this case is mounting a volume based on the volume label name instead of a device name like sda1. The microSD and SSD are flashed from the same image, and they each contain two volumes with the labels 'system-boot' and 'writable'. It would appear the SSD controller has a higher priority than the microSD controller, and the 'writable' volume on the SSD is the first to be found when initially mounting root by volume label during the boot process.


How do I remove duplicate Chromium extension: Unity Integration?

I see no problem in just deleting the older version in Chrome's settings. Just go to chrome://settings/extensions and delete it.


I tried to install Ubuntu 20.04 and the installation failed and now I cannot boot on anything (I have dual-boot with Windows)

Try creating the bootable Ubuntu install media again and see if it will boot to the Ubuntu installer. Then run through the install process (it should find the Windows and Ubuntu partitions), and just overwrite the Ubuntu partition.
It sounds like it might not have completed writing the MBR grub loader if the power was interrupted during install the first time, and the USB install media possibly became corrupted.


As per the Radeon Feature page, the HD 6670/7670 is still only supported with OpenGL 3.3, as it is the Turks chip, and not one of Cypress, Cayman, or Aruba. Therefore you will not be able to enable newer versions of OpenGL on the card at this time, with a software upgrade.


Trying anything to remove Chrome sources.list error

To answer your main question first - for getting rid of the sudo apt-get update error message, you have to remove the Google Chrome repository  - open a terminal and execute this command :

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list

To completely remove Chromium and Google Chrome execute :

sudo apt-get purge chromium-browser google-chrome-stable

When you also want to remove the configuration files, delete these folders :

/home/user/.config/chromium and /home/user/.config/google-chrome.

Note : I assume that you have the google-chrome-stable package installed.

Update :

I received an information that there might be another Google .list file in the sources.list.d folder - so in case the error still occurs, check this folder and correct or delete the entries as well.


Can't instal 12.04, stops at purple screen

The random key is the Enter key on the keyboard. Once you press Enter, Select your language and press Esc on the keyboard. Then choose one of the following options:

Try Ubuntu without installing
Install Ubuntu
Check disc for defects
Test memory
Boot from first hard disk

If you still can not get in, it could be that your Graphics card is too new for Ubuntu to recognize the drivers to work. I would suggest that you go and unplug your graphics card from your computer and use the on-board graphics card until after you have installed Ubuntu. Before the install, Press Enter, then Enter, and then hit F6. Select nomodeset and then press Enter and then choose what you want to do. Continue with your installation. When the installation is done, Install all of the latest updates, then turn off your computer and put back the graphics card. Then install the drivers(Ubuntu might recognize the card and prompt you to install the driver. After that, hope for the best.

Happy installation


Failed to fetch packages 404 Not Found for galera

The repository gives a "404" error, meaning it no longer exists.

http://releases.galeracluster.com/ubuntu

14.04 is quite long in the tooth and it appears they are no longer maintaining a repository for 14.04. Contact them directly or upgraded to a supported release.

For support : http://galeracluster.com/contact-us/

EDIT: deb packages for trusty can currently be found here


How to access dev server in Ubuntu VirtualBox guest on Windows 7 host?

I would suggest that you put the networking to bridged, that will put your Ubuntu machine in LAN with your host Win7 machine. If you have enabled DHCP on your router (which is by default) that would give your Ubuntu machine an IP.
Then you could either use VRDP to access your machine or you could install openssh-server:

sudo apt-get install openssh-server

Then you could access your machine through putty, or from other place if you set your router to forward port 22 to your Ubuntu machine.
You could also install the NXServer on Ubuntu machine and NXclient for graphical access. You can download the client/server from NoMachine website.


How do I hide a specific volume from the desktop, but keep all others?

To hide a partition, mount the partitions in your '/mnt' folder.  I use the fstab file to accomplish this automatically on boot up.


error on install Community Server/ Document server onlyoffice

after taking a while the solution was:
for elasticsearch error  look like was need to install java repo by

apt-get install -yq openjdk-11-jdk

if not found try

add-apt-repository -y ppa:openjdk-r/ppa && apt update

get an error try to

apt-get install -yq openjdk-8-jre-headless

how to download elasticsearch deb?

just change the exenstion of url from rpm to deb will be
https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-6.5.0.deb

about mono-webserver-hyperfastcgi by adding repo link to sources

  echo "deb https://d2nlctn12v279m.cloudfront.net/repo/mono/ubuntu bionic main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-extra.list

apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys CB2DE8E5

apt update

apt install mono-webserver-hyperfastcgi

get an error try to

apt install mono-webserver-hyperfastcgi="0.4-7"

or

apt install mono-webserver-hyperfastcgi="0.4-4"

still getting an errors ?

  check this file  or try to install it using script Installing
  Community Edition from RPM/DEB packages using the provided script

Good Luck


Try disabling peaq_wmi module:

rmmod peaq_wmi

If that resolves the problem you can add that module to the blacklist..something like:

echo "blacklist peaq_wmi" >> /etc/modprobe.d/50-blacklist.conf


Converting Ubuntu 16.04 legacy mode to UEFI mode

First, your problem of an inability to boot the installer in EFI mode was most likely the result of one or more of three things:

An incorrectly-prepared boot medium -- To boot in EFI mode, a boot medium must have an EFI-mode boot loader. Not all tools for creating bootable USB disks from .iso images, though, copy the necessary EFI boot loader files. Most notably, Pen Drive Linux (aka YUMI) does not create these files. Most other tools do create these files, but you might have used some obscure tool that does not. The solution to this problem is to use another tool to create the boot medium.
Incompatibility between your EFI and your boot medium -- On occasion, a disk that boots fine in EFI mode on one system will fail to boot in EFI mode on another one. This is because of quirks in the boot medium and in the EFI implementations. The solution, as in the previous case, is to use another tool to create the boot medium.
User error during the boot process -- You may need to select specific options to boot in EFI mode. Most importantly, your firmware must be configured to boot in EFI mode rather than in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode. You may also need to select the correct boot option; in many cases, you'll see two options to boot an external disk, one of which includes the string UEFI and the other of which does not. To boot in EFI mode, you must select the option that includes the string UEFI; the other option will boot in BIOS mode.

If you start the installer in BIOS mode, then the same tools and procedures will most likely start the Boot Repair utility in BIOS mode, too, and that will make a 100% complete and proper installation of an EFI-mode boot loader impossible. (There can be workarounds and hackish install of EFI-mode boot loaders from a BIOS-mode boot, though.)

You can read more about the problems with controlling BIOS-mode vs. EFI-mode booting on my Web page on the subject. Note that some online tutorials for installing Linux, especially older tutorials, give horrible advice on EFI mode; they recommend enabling the BIOS/CSM/legacy support (which is almost always a mistake) and ignore the issue of using appropriate tools for creating a bootable medium. My CSM page is intended to set the record straight on these issues.

In your specific case, I recommend you download and prepare the USB flash drive or CD-R version of my rEFInd boot manager. This tool works only in EFI mode, so if you can get it to boot, you're guaranteed that you're running rEFInd itself in EFI mode. On UEFI-based PCs, rEFInd defaults to booting only EFI-based OSes, so if you can boot Ubuntu from the rEFInd menu, Ubuntu will then be booted in EFI mode. You can then install rEFInd using its PPA or Debian package, run Boot Repair, or manually install the EFI version of GRUB. Any of these actions should get your computer booting in EFI mode directly, without using the rEFInd USB drive or CD-R.

Before you go too far down this road, though, you should check your current Windows boot mode (as describe on this page of mine) and your partition table. Based on your description, I suspect you're booting Windows in EFI mode from a GPT disk, which makes booting Ubuntu in EFI mode desirable, too; however, you should verify this to be 100% sure before you start messing with your permanent boot loader installation.


How to delete only archives with a script

You can delete an archive like you would any regular file you have rights to:

rm /path/to/archive

To delete all the files in a certain directory or a folder with more than one file use the -r flag (recursive).

rm -r /path/to/directory

To delete just  .tar and .zip files in /path/to/directory/ use this line:

rm -r /path/to/directory/*.tar  /path/to/directory/*.zip

Note: If you get permission denied, then run the command again with sudo in front of it.

For more information, check out the rm manual page.


My computer rebooted while I was asleep -- how do I find out what happened?

A few questions:

Does it reboot at roughly the same time of day?
Are you running automated updates? (You should be.)
Have you enabled automated updates to reboot the system?

If so your system is not crashing, it is rebooting to install an update that requires a reboot.  On Linux/Unix, this is generally a kernel update.   On Windows, it could be pretty well anything that can't be unloaded without a reboot.

I have noticed a relatively high rate of kernel updates recently.  Good news is bugs are being found and fixed.  Bad news, is a reboot is required.

On my system automatic reboots are controlled in the file /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades.  The line that controls it begins Unattended-Upgrade::Automatic-Reboot and take a true or false value.  If you don't allow automatic reboots, you should be notified that a reboot is required when you login.

EDIT: There are other packages besides unattended-upgrades.  Some of them may trigger a reboot.  They should all invoke apt to do the upgrade.  Check /var/log/apt/history.log to see if updates are occurring before the reboot.

If the reboots are occurring at roughly the same time, then there may be something in the crontabs that is causing the reboots.

If the system really is crashing, it may be the BIOS which is rebooting the system.  You may want to change the power on state setting.


a command line output error generates while installing java on the system

You can't install a Windows Java program natively in a Linux OS. Packages in the Ubuntu Software Center have the .deb format, not the .exe format used by Windows executable files. In the Ubuntu Software Center search for OpenJDK Java 7 Runtime (openjdk-7-jre) and install it. There is also a developer version of Java in the Ubuntu Software Center, but you probably don't need it.

Installing OpenJDK is not enough for enabling Java in web browsers. You'll also need to install the icedtea-7-plugin package. However under normal conditions, it is not at all necessary to enable Java in web browsers, and if you don't install it you'll probably find that you don't need it either.


You can try 'The Unarchiver' http://unarchiver.c3.cx/ which claims to support decompressing .sitx

For installation, have a look at http://unarchiver.c3.cx/commandline

sudo apt-get install unar
unar archive.sitx


Can't change partition sizes using GParted

I can't explain much for LVM partition, but here's the generic steps.

  I do understand that the key icon next to partition indicates that changes can't be made, but how exactly to fix that?

First, you need to unmount the LVM partition.

In GParted, select or highlight the row containing /dev/sda5
In the menubar, select Partition > Deactivate

GParted will rescan the partitions and the key icon will disappear.

Next, to shrink the LVM partition.

In GParted, select the same row i.e. /dev/sda5 again
In the menubar, select Partition > Resize/Move

A small dialog will appear, where you can resize the partition by dragging the left/right arrow in the top rectangular box representing the partition. Or, you can specify the partition size in mebibytes (MiB) by using the spinner (up-down control).

Additional steps may be required, which I don't have experience.


How to install BlackBerry Tools on Ubuntu 13.10

If you mean BlackBerry tools for Android development, first install either Eclipse or Android Studio (there's a Linux package), then download the appropriate SDK plug-in.

Hope that helps!


Workspace 1 to laptop screen and Workspace 2 on HDMI connected TV?

I don't think that you can do this. The thing you're asking is inconsistent with the way workspaces and displays are designed in Ubuntu.

I will try to explain why. The curently workspace is, as its name itself says, the space where curently you are. Now, when you connect another display at the machine, the current workspace (and all others) will be expanded in the new display. When you change the workspace in first display, its expansion will change in the second display as well and vice-versa. So, the display is a something like a 'child' of the workspace. In next image you can see how it look:

What you intend to do is something like:

As you can see this doesn't look ok.

Of course, as long as you have unselected Mirror displays in System Settyngs > Hardware > Displays (as in next image), you can view some programs on one display and other programs on another display. Also you can drag and drop windows from one display to another.

You can also to watch this video to understand better: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vl9P9a2L7Q4.


How to clear the terminal history from vim?

You need to add a clear before each external command you run. For example, with ls, that would be
:!clear;ls

It would admitedly be pretty clumsy to type that for each command, so a map can be added in .vimrc. For example,
noremap ! :!clear;

will map ! in normal and visual modes. (That overrides the default ! behavior. If you do not want to override default maps, use one of the unused keys instead.)


How do I get transparent windows to show all windows beneath them?

I'm not entirely sure what of this accomplished what you're trying to do, but here's what I did that did result in the transparency you want:

Installed Ubuntu 11.10
Installed Xfce4
Turned on 'Enable display compositing' (Settings -> Settings Manager -> Window Manager Tweaks -> Compositor (tab).

But, before I turned on compositing, I wasn't getting pseudo-transparency, either (which is what you're describing).  If you're early enough in the set up process, it might be worth installing Ubuntu 11.10 fresh, and adding Xfce4 manually.  I've had much better results doing it that way in the past.  (for both 10.04 and 11.10)


How to boot from a debootstrap based install?

You can boot a sub directory by replacing your sbin init with a script which uses pivot_root, the process is sketchy and various people have reported failure as much as sucesses. So try it and see, but keep a live cd handy in case your system becomes unbootable.

Details here: http://linux.die.net/man/8/pivot_root

What we could do with, is an automatic system for being able to boot multiple roots from the same drive. It should be programatically possible to do.


I had this same problem. I solved it by completely removing wireshark and all configurand installing it from source. You can download wiresharks source code here Wireshark Source.


Look in the Window Manager settings, Keyboard tab. That has more keyboard shortcuts in addition to the ones in the keyboard application shortcuts.

On my XFCE config (xubuntu 12.10), Alt+F8 is assigned to "Stick window". Ctrl+F12 is assigned to "Workspace 12".


/usr/bin/ld: warning: libinference_engine.so, needed by /opt/intel/computer_vision_sdk_2018.2.319/opencv/lib/libopencv_dnn.so.3.4.2, not found

Please start your application like this:

LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/opt/intel/computer_vision_sdk_2018.2.319/deployment_tools/inference_engine/lib/ubuntu_16.04/intel64 your_application_here


Boot into your live CD , select "Try Ubuntu". Search GParted Partition Editor in dash board, And free 100GB of space from your E drive. Then apply the changes.

Now click on install Ubuntu (which should be on your Desktop) and follow the Instructions given in the following link.

How to use manual partitioning during installation?

I think there is complete details in the given link for you to install Ubuntu alongside windows.

Happy Installing.


I can see from your logs that the batch script does not work because it cannot find the executable swfoc.

Try setting the full path of the executable in the .bat file, e.g. in your case :

C:\GOG Games\Star Wars - Empire At War Gold\swfoc.exe

You can also try to run the program directly with wine :

wine ./swfoc.exe "MODPATH=Mods\Imperial_Civil_War225"

You may need to set WINEPREFIX variable to the prefix of your game, e.g. (this is the default) :

WINEPREFIX="$HOME/.wine" wine ./swfoc.exe "MODPATH=Mods\Imperial_Civil_War225"

I don't use lutris, so I don't know if there is an easy way to get the path of your prefix in it.

If this works, then you can replace the .bat script with your own shell script to create a launcher :

#!/bin/bash
wine ./swfoc.exe "MODPATH=Mods\Imperial_Civil_War225"

Paste this in a file (let's call it launcher), then save it and run chmod 755 launcher to make it executable. You can then run this shortcut directly.


Changing NVIDIA Drivers makes Ubuntu freeze on startup

I was able to fix the problem by removing the NVIDIA drivers while in recovery mode.
Run the following commands in recovery mode:

# Enable networking and check for updates
sudo service network-manager start
sudo apt update
# Reinstall Ubuntu-Desktop, install unity
sudo apt install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop
# Remove NVIDIA
sudo apt remove --purge nvidia-driver-<YOUR NUMBER HERE>
# Reboot
sudo shutdown -r now

Afterwards you can use the standard Terminal and run sudo apt install nvidia-driver-<YOUR NUMBER HERE> in order to reinstall your NVIDIA driver


You have to upgrade your ruby version from 1.8.* to 1.9.*. To do that you can do it using RVM or without.

Method1: source
Installing Ruby 1.9.3 on Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin (without RVM)

If you want to make Ruby 1.9 the default do the following:

sudo apt-get update

Now install the packages

sudo apt-get install ruby1.9.1 ruby1.9.1-dev rubygems1.9.1 irb1.9.1 ri1.9.1 rdoc1.9.1 build-essential libopenssl-ruby1.9.1 libssl-dev zlib1g-dev

Make 1.9.* default

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/ruby ruby /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1 400 \
             --slave   /usr/share/man/man1/ruby.1.gz ruby.1.gz \
                            /usr/share/man/man1/ruby1.9.1.1.gz \
            --slave   /usr/bin/ri ri /usr/bin/ri1.9.1 \
            --slave   /usr/bin/irb irb /usr/bin/irb1.9.1 \
            --slave   /usr/bin/rdoc rdoc /usr/bin/rdoc1.9.1

choose your interpreter
changes symlinks for /usr/bin/ruby , /usr/bin/gem /usr/bin/irb, /usr/bin/ri and man (1) ruby

sudo update-alternatives --config ruby
sudo update-alternatives --config gem

Now try

ruby --version

Method2:source
Install Ruby on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin) with RVM

Step One— Install Ruby with RVM

first update your sources lits

sudo apt-get update

Once that's done, we can start installing RVM, Ruby Version Manager.

If you do not have curl on your system, you can start by installing it:

sudo apt-get install curl

To install RVM, open terminal and type in this command:

\curl -L https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable

After it is done installing, load RVM. You may first need to exit out of your shell session and start up a new one.

source ~/.rvm/scripts/rvm

In order to work, RVM has some of its own dependancies that need to be installed. To automatically install them:

rvm requirements

You may need to enter your root password to allow the installation of these dependencies.
On occasion the zlib package may be reported as missing. The RVM page describes the issue and the solution in greater detail here.

Step Two—Install Ruby

Once you are using RVM, installing Ruby is easy.

rvm install ruby

The latest ruby is now installed. However, since we accessed it through a program that has a variety of Ruby versions, we need to tell the system to use the version we just installed by default.

rvm use ruby --default


How do I install a package found on ubuntu packages but apt-get cannot locate it?

You are running unsupported Ubuntu 14.04, so you'll have reinstall the OS. If you do reinstall Ubuntu, selecting 19.04 will make it easier to install PyGame (for Python 3), because it's included in the default repositories for Ubuntu 19.04 and later.
To install PyGame for Python 3.x on Ubuntu 19.04 and later, open the terminal and type:
sudo apt install python3-pygame

To install PyGame for Python 2.x in Ubuntu 20.04 and earlier open the terminal and type:
sudo apt install python-pygame


This solved my similar problem:

apt-get install putty-tools
plink admin@routerip
...
Server version: SSH-2.0-dropbear_0.46
Using SSH protocol version 2
We claim version: SSH-2.0-PuTTY_Local:_Aug_11_2013_21:26:51
Using Diffie-Hellman with standard group "group1"
Doing Diffie-Hellman key exchange with hash SHA-1
Host key fingerprint is:
ssh-rsa 1040 d6:8f:96:ec:73:70:67:33:70:a7:52:a6:8a:2f:56:14
Initialised triple-DES CBC client->server encryption
Initialised HMAC-SHA1 client->server MAC algorithm
Initialised triple-DES CBC server->client encryption
Initialised HMAC-SHA1 server->client MAC algorithm
Using username "admin".
admin@10.1.0.150's password:


Bluetooth not working properly. Not detecting devices

This solution worked for me

I am happy to report that I have solved the problem using the workaround given on a bug report as follows:

Boot into Windows 7/8.
Turn off the Bluetooth/Wireless switch from within Windows.
Reboot and boot into Linux
Turn on the wireless switch.

This solution ensures that bluetooth and wireless now work.

Discovered the workaround here


Dropbox isn't started automatically despite the entry on startup applications

Click on the dropbox icon on the top of your screen, hit "preferences" and tick the button where it says "Start dropbox on system startup" in the "general" tab.

If this doesn't work do it command line way :)

Create /etc/init.d/dropbox

#!/bin/sh
#dropbox service
DROPBOX_USERS="user1 user2"

DAEMON=.dropbox-dist/dropbox

start() {
   echo "Starting dropbox..."
   for dbuser in $DROPBOX_USERS; do
       HOMEDIR=`getent passwd $dbuser | cut -d: -f6`
       if [ -x $HOMEDIR/$DAEMON ]; then
           HOME="$HOMEDIR" start-stop-daemon -b -o -c $dbuser -S -u $dbuser -x $HOMEDIR/$DAEMON
       fi
   done
}

stop() {
   echo "Stopping dropbox..."
   for dbuser in $DROPBOX_USERS; do
       HOMEDIR=`getent passwd $dbuser | cut -d: -f6`
       if [ -x $HOMEDIR/$DAEMON ]; then
           start-stop-daemon -o -c $dbuser -K -u $dbuser -x $HOMEDIR/$DAEMON
       fi
   done
}

status() {
   for dbuser in $DROPBOX_USERS; do
       dbpid=`pgrep -u $dbuser dropbox`
       if [ -z $dbpid ] ; then
           echo "dropboxd for USER $dbuser: not running."
       else
           echo "dropboxd for USER $dbuser: running (pid $dbpid)"
       fi
   done
}

case "$1" in

   start)
       start
       ;;
   stop)
       stop
       ;;
   restart|reload|force-reload)
       stop
       start
       ;;
   status)
       status
       ;;
   *)
       echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/dropbox {start|stop|reload|force-reload|restart|status}"
       exit 1

esac

exit 0

Make sure to change line 3  to your computer username not the dropbox user
DROPBOX_USERS="user1 user2"

and on line 5 make sure you got the right execute file in dropbox-dist

'DAEMON=.dropbox-dist/dropbox'

mine had to be DAEMON=.dropbox-dist/dropboxd

Then make the script executable and add it to the system startup:

sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/dropbox
sudo update-rc.d dropbox defaults

you can test the script by writing

sudo /etc/init.d/dropbox start


File system issue: Can't access windows partition & mtab won't open

No, mtab wouldn't have contributed to the fault. Though writing
to your NTFS volume from Linux might, that support isn't full proof
and can cause corruption. If you did that then I don't
know what else I could recommend to you except to get Windows to
run chkdsk and cross your fingers. It's either that or the
drive itself is failing.


you need something like corkscrew which provides an ssh vpn to http proxy.

This will allow you to have the ssh vpn node on your computer as the default route to the internet via the proxy. If you use another box (that is not the proxy) as the vpn endpoint then you could allow other machines to access this vpn as well. You may well be violating your networks acceptable use policies in doing this , be polite and respectful of others.

Instructions here
https://tobrunet.ch/articles/vpn-through-https-proxy-with-ssh/

Apparently it can work on windows but i don't know that OS enough to help you.


First of all, really do check file permissions,may be something changed them. May be you tried to run KDE app with sudo?
Anyway, chown -R <username> ~/.kde will not hurt. First try it without sudo, to see if there really were forbidden files.


Where is the list of supported device emulations in KVM?

A list of some of the available emulations are shown on the man page for kvm.  For a definitive list for the system in use, use the kvm command as follows:

kvm -net nic,model=?

On my system that results in the following output:

kvm -net nic,model=?
qemu: Supported NIC models: ne2k_pci,i82551,i82557b,i82559er,rtl8139,e1000,pcnet,virtio

For people who are following the same learning curve as I am, it helps to understand how the virsh command does its job.  The XML definition file is parsed into a kvm command when you execute a virsh start xxx command.   The actual command that it is transformed into along with environment variables is logged in /var/log/libvirt/qemu/xxx.log where xxx is the domain name of your guest VM.

So with this architecture the list of available options doesn't need to be defined by the virsh package since it is basically an abstraction for the real work going on which is done by kvm.  Not knowing that made me look for documentation the wrong places.


Ubuntu Install-creating drive: cannot shrink volume beyond the point where any removable files are located

Strictly speaking, this isn't Ubuntu related. But, try this.

Make an Ubuntu Live USB. Skip this step if you have other Ubuntu installation media handy.
Plug in the media and boot into it. (Use F2, F8, F9, F10 or F12 or Esc to get into boot menu if need be)
Open Gparted by hitting the Windows key and typing in Gparted.
Right click the partition you want to resize (be very careful about which you select).
Chose Resize/Move from the context menu.
Fill out the parameters or simply drag the sliders.
Hit apply.
Rejoice.

NOTE: As with any operation relating to your hard disks, please try and make a backup before proceeding.


The 'computer:///' location still works in 11.10, but apparently, the button has been removed. Hit ctrl+l to show the location bar in Nautilus, type in 'computer:///' and bookmark it.

All available partitions should also show in the left side panel.


New 16.04 install, screen goes blank at random

which graphics drivers are loaded? Can you show the output of dmesg?
I believe that your R9 is using open source amdgpu driver.
In my laptop (R6 APU + R7 GPU) I also have many issues related with the amdgpu driver and kernel 4.4 combination. In my case I found several issues in dmesg related to amdgpu and R7 card.
If you could take the risk try the following:

Install mesa-utils package
Run the following command: DRI_PRIME=0 glxgears. To test if HD 4600 is working.
Run command: DRI_PRIME=1 glxgears. To test if R9 is working. Be advice that in my case this caused the system to freeze.
Install kernel 4.6 mainline (at your own risk).
Compare new dmesg output versus previous.
Run both glxgears commands again.

In my case kernel 4.6 improved the overall experience with amdgpu, now system freezes are mostly gone.

Good luck.


Dual-Boot Windows 8.1 & Ubuntu 13.10. "Can't find /boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod"

Locate the partition in which linux is present with the help of following technique

grub rescue > ls
(hd0) (hd0, msdos9)....(instead of 'msdos',it may be 'gpt' in your case)

grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos9)

grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos8)

grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos5) # suppose this is linux

grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos5)

grub rescue > set root=(hd0,msdos5)

grub rescue > set prefix=(hd0,msdos5)/boot/grub

grub rescue > insmod normal

grub rescue > normal

Now, system's boot menu appears. Boot into linux.

sudo update-grub

sudo grub-install  /dev/sda # If the drive is hd0 the equivalent is sda, if it's hd1 then use sdb

This fixes boot loader.


How do I use the fingerprint scanner on a HP Probook?

You can take a look at the Fingerprint integration page on Launchpad, where there are all the infos about fingerprint readers, to see if yours is supported and how to use it on Ubuntu.


How can I install 'Adobe Flash Player' offline?

You can download it from the Adobe website. So download it from a computer with an usb drive and use a usb drive to copy it to the offline computer.

http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash

Pick the tar.gz file archive as download option to download the offline installation for ubuntu. The tar.gz archive contains instructions how you can install it for the default browser firefox or how you can run the flash player itself.


ssh-copy-id ubuntu: permission denied after deleting .ssh

AFAIK, once you register to a website with a public key, you need to use the same keys if you want the same identity on a different computer. When you create a new ssh key with the same user id, its different from the one you created previously, because it uses random data to create a key pair.

If you have .ssh folder from the first computer which you created the keys and registered it, simply copy it to the second machine and it should work fine. Once you have that folder, you can give the same password and you should be authenticated.


Where do I get the "ucode" firmware for the Intel Centrino 6205 wireless adapter?

The firmware should be included with the kernel, but in case you need it separately, here's the tarball from the official Intel Linux Wireless drivers group:

http://intellinuxwireless.org/iwlwifi/downloads/iwlwifi-6000g2a-ucode-17.168.5.3.tgz


Ho to make btrfs snapshot in Ubuntu 14.10?

this might help ya out https://help.ubuntu.com/community/btrfs part of which is shown below.
hope i was helpful and best luck to ya :D

How to work with snaphots in Ubuntu's layout

In order to work with snapshots of / or /home in the Ubuntu layout it is very convenient to mount the btrfs filesystem at a separate location, and work from the top of the btrfs tree, rather than from the mounted subvolumes.

sudo mount /dev/sdX# /mnt

Create snapshots

To create a snapshot use:

sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot /mnt/@ /mnt/@_snapshot

This will create a snapshot of the @ subvolume named @_snapshot located also in the top of the btrfs tree.

Rollback to a snapshot

To roll back to a snapshot, you simply need to change its name to the name that Ubuntu mounts, using:

sudo mv /mnt/@ /mnt/@_badroot
sudo mv /mnt/@_snapshot /mnt/@

and reboot.

Delete a snapshot

To delete a snapshot use:

sudo btrfs subvolume delete /mnt/@_badroot

btrfs snapshots are subvolumes in themselves, and self-contained, deleting the old @ subvolume like this is fine, provided we have a replacement.


How to set quickly to use python3 when creating new applications in Ubuntu 12.04

Here's how I did it:

Change #!/usr/bin/python in #!/usr/bin/python3 on the first line of the file foo/bin/foo.

In the file foo/foo_lib/helpers.py, lines 65-70, change

# Set the logging level to show debug messages.
if opts.verbose:
    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
    logger.debug('logging enabled')
if opts.verbose > 1:
    lib_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

in

# Set the logging level to show debug messages.
if opts.verbose:
    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
    logger.debug('logging enabled')
    if opts.verbose > 1:
        lib_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

to avoid

TypeError: unorderable types: NoneType() > int()

Also, make sure you have installed the Python 3 bindings for the gobject-introspection libraries.

sudo apt-get install python3-gi

to avoid import errors for gi.repository.


How do I list the default installed packages?

Going off a previous answer of mine, there are manifest files available that should list all the packages included on the CD.

The URLs of the files are fairly predictable but in constant flux (as new releases come out and old ones are killed off) so a good strategy is:

Go to http://releases.ubuntu.com/ (for currently supported versions) or http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ (for other versions,  server images, etc.)
Pick your spin
Pick releases
Pick a version (eg 14.04)
Pick release (if it has been released)
Find the applicable .manifest file.

Note that not all these packages stay installed. On the CD images, you'll also find a file called /capsper/filesystem.manifest-remove which is a list of things to remove after installation. I can't find an online copy of these files on their own.


You can install pacage icecat from Trisquel's main repository:

sudo apt-add-repository "deb http://mirror.fsf.org/trisquel/ toutatis-updates main"
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install icecat

Warning: I suggested toutatis version of Trisquel because It's based on Ubuntu 12.04 (As you mentioned in question). So sudo apt-get upgrade aftre adding repository cause add/remove/upgrade packages in current system

Hence,

Alternatively you may directly download deb from https://packages.trisquel.info : i386 or amd64 or choose appropriate release and package from Main page.


'Client not found in Kerberos database' when joining domain with Likewise

The answer here was actually very simple. I had chosen not to enable the default username prefix, and in Windows I have to use 'dd\username' when passing credentials. However, in Lubuntu, I didn't need to do that, and just my username was sufficient. So all sorted.


How do I shutdown 12.10 when ACPI is set to OFF?

I have two machines running Ubuntu. I modified my grub menu on the HP Spectre XT ultrabook to mirror my other machine.

I changed the following lines, from:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="acpi=off"

To

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""

After doing this, my machine successfully shut down.

There was another problem, when the machine boots up, the LCD backlight is completely dark. I have to increase the brightness using keys on my keyboard, and I am then able to see the login screen.


How to add windows partition to unity home icon launcer ?

You might be able to get something good enough by adding it to your Nautilus (file explorer) bookmarks, by pressing Ctrl+D when you have the partition (directory) open. Then, you can hit Meta+F (meta is usually the windows key) and typing the name.

edit -- you could probably follow this user's post, How to add my favorite places as a quicklist in my home's icon in Unity? and use a different directory path. If you need to figure out what the path is,

Select the folder (or Windows partition) in question.
Open up the editor with the .desktop file from the linked post.
Paste (Ctrl+Shift+V).
Remove the "file://" prefix.


Try updating the Grub Application.

Step 1

In Terminal type in:

sudo apt-get update

Step 2

Type in:

sudo apt-get install grub2

If it tells you that 1 item upgraded or installed, your done. Try rebooting and see if it is all fixed.

If, however, it tells you that 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove it probably will not be!

If it still is't working move on to Step 3.

Step 3 Remove Grub 2

    sudo apt-get remove grub2

sudo apt-get --reinstall install grub2

then go to Step 2

Do NOT reboot before you have reinstalled it

Please note: I have not tried this, but it should work OK.


Nothing shows after login, tty1 doesn't work

Solved it myself!
My current kernel is broken and that's why my graphic driver didn't load.
I went to the grub menu and logged into an older kernel, and reinstall the newest version.


While none of the other answers here helped for me (encountering the same problem), I fixed it by switching from the X.org graphics driver to the propietary nvidia driver that is recommended under software&updates. Since then, reboot works flawlessly.

My setup: Asus G Series Laptop G501VW, with Nvidia 960M graphics card.

To do this:

open Software&Updates (top left: Click on activities and type "software". Pick software&updates)
go to "additional drivers"
select a nvidia driver instead of the X.org driver
reboot the system


A safe way to remove the old kernels is to install Ubuntu Tweak.  Then click on "Start Janitor", check the "Old Kernel" box on the left, check the "Old Kernels" entry that appears in the middle, then click "Clean" and input your password.  You're done.


ATI Graphics Card detected as different card Ubuntu 12.04 LTS

The devices are named after what they are in the PCI ID database. Look at the database entry for this device.

On 2013-03-16 it was updated from Whistler [AMD Radeon HD 6600M Series] to Whistler [Radeon HD 6600M/6700M Series] and there have been a ton of updates since.

On my computer it shows Whistler [Radeon HD 6600M/6700M/7600M Series].

Why is this? Well if you look at your /usr/share/hwdata/pci.ids file, you'll see when it was last updated. Why is yours old? Because you're using an older version of Ubuntu, probably. I doubt they'd backport an insignificant package like hwdata. Here's my version for your reference.

$ apt-cache policy hwdata
hwdata:
  Installed: 0.234-1
  Candidate: 0.234-1
  Version table:
 *** 0.234-1 0
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

What I should really underline is this doesn't matter even a tiny little bit. Hardware lookups should only be being done on the ID (the [1002:6741]) so there's really nothing to worry about. It's just calling it the wrong name.


The .dropbox file is used by Dropbox itself to track shared folders. So you should absolutely not delete it! It is not uploaded to your Dropbox, as Dropbox explicitly ignores it. This is outlined in their FAQ here:

Ignored files
Some small system files aren't synced over Dropbox. These include:

desktop.ini
thumbs.db
.ds_store
icon\r
.dropbox
.dropbox.attr

The folder you are talking about is mentioned here:

How do I clear my cache?
Dropbox keeps a cache of files hidden in your Dropbox for efficiency and for emergency purposes. If you've deleted a lot of files from your Dropbox but the file size has not changed to reflect the deletions, the files you deleted may be kept in your cache folder.
Your cache folder is automatically cleared every three days. If you need to delete sensitive files immediately or need to clear up some space on your hard drive, you can manually clear the cache by following these steps:
rm -R ~/Dropbox/.dropbox.cache/*


As appeared in the comments, there's a Bash alias set for ant which overrides the call to the regular ant in PATH, because running ant with a backslash prepended (\ant) does work.

This alias setting not happen automatically - you have set this yourself somehow.

Run

alias

to see what aliases you have defined more on your system. Locate the line in any of the scripts initializing your shell to disable this. Files like

~/.profile
~/.bashrc
/etc/envrionment

are the ones to check. Use for example

grep -n ant ~/.profile ~/.bashrc /etc/environment

to locate the file and line number. Remove the line, then log out and log back in.


Failed: OS X using SSH login Ubuntu remotely

You say you're connecting to work from a computer in home, right?

The place with the Ubuntu PC has to be with a static IP.

Then make sure that your ISP isn't blocking port 22. (you may change it to, let's say, 2222)

If you are using router where your Ubuntu PC is, then check if the port is forwarded to the PC and you're using the public IP and not the LAN one (usually they start with 192.168. or 10.0.).


Macbook screen turns back on after suspend

You are effected by this bug which appears to effect kernels 4.2 - 4.4 I suggest that you subscribe to the bug so that you can be notified of progress and the developers have a better idea of the impact it's having. As touched on by this answer by user 1783630 According to the author of the bug a functional workaround is to Disable XHC1 prior to sleeping by issuing the command

echo XHC1 > /proc/acpi/wakeup

However, the current content of /proc/acpi/wakeup in my 16.04 system is a bit more complex than that consisting of 4 columns of info covering Device, S-state, status, and sysfs node so I'm not convinced this is the way to go with Ubuntu. The bug has already been confirmed and triaged so hopefully this will be resolved with a newer kernel.

Edit: This related question also has some good answers that you may be able to modify to fit your circumstances

Source:

https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1507472


user name is missing in top panel in ubuntu

Try Unity tweak tool or Ubuntu tweak, I realize these are primarily meant for Unity but I believe they work for the gnome fallback as well.

sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool

Ubuntu tweak can be found at getdeb, they should have a few versions available for various Ubuntu releases


Try to use alsamixer https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Audio/Alsamixer

and tweak "speaker" volume , "automute" switch etc...
Alternatively try to install and run "pulseaudio volume control" (pavucontrol) and change profile in the right tab.


So, it turns out I was editing the wrong configuration file. After running strace mysqld --print-defaults I found it opening a different file.

Updating the bind-address in /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf changed the option correctly.


Which application keeps trying to access default keyring?

Is your system set to auto login when you start up?
If it's the case, the problem may be fixed by disabling auto login.
This can be done by going to settings - Users and disable automatic login

I hope this helps.
Cheers


I can't make a screencast on Ubuntu 17.10 in an Xorg session

It is most likely the full VLC complement needs installing as explained by
Unable to capture screen with VLC on Ubuntu+KDE 17.10
via the command
sudo apt install vlc-plugin-access-extra.


Virtualbox error after installing new linux kernel 4.4

Try to install g++/gcc version 5.3 and compile dkms with it

I'm using Ubuntu 14.04 and I was able to run virtual machine using the following advice

First try

sudo /usr/lib/virtualbox/vboxdrv.sh setup

Stopping VirtualBox kernel modules ...done.
Uninstalling old VirtualBox DKMS kernel modules ...done.
Trying to register the VirtualBox kernel modules using DKMSERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-4.4.0-040400-generic is not supported
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 4.4.0-040400-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/vboxhost/5.0.14/build/make.log for more information.
 ...failed!
  (Failed, trying without DKMS)
Recompiling VirtualBox kernel modules ...failed!
  (Look at /var/log/vbox-install.log to find out what went wrong)

add repository

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt-get update

install gcc/g++

sudo apt-get install gcc-5 g++-5

The next step is to add alternatives to gcc/g++
show installed versions

ls -lh /usr/bin/gcc*

and for each of them add alternative, mine are

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.8 60 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-4.8
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.9 40 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-4.9
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-5 20 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-5

last step is to select what to use

sudo update-alternatives --config gcc

and select 3 entry in my case

Now try to compile DKMS

sudo /usr/lib/virtualbox/vboxdrv.sh setup

Now it is successfully compiled

sudo /usr/lib/virtualbox/vboxdrv.sh setup

Stopping VirtualBox kernel modules ...done.
Uninstalling old VirtualBox DKMS kernel modules ...done.
Trying to register the VirtualBox kernel modules using DKMS ...done.
Starting VirtualBox kernel modules ...done.


Left and right arrow keys are not working?

Buy or borrow a wireless USB keyboard to see if it's your laptop's keyboard (buy a new one for 25 bucks) or a software problem. There are lots of nice Microsoft and Logitech wireless USB keyboards you might like to buy and keep using, otherwise I'm sure a friend has one you can borrow for an evening.


Switch GPU in Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS from AMD to Nvidia card

I know this may seem like a simple answer, but it doesn't look like you have tried switching to the driver in the default way that Ubuntu provides to you:

the additional drivers tab in the software & updates program. Go there and see if you're able to switch to it.

also, if you'd like to install the latest 440 driver for an Nvidia GPU, here is the PPA for it:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers

then do sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -yy

be careful when using random peoples commands that involve the sudo call.


run sudo apt install -f then run sudo dpkg --configure -a

From man page: Configure a package which has been unpacked but not yet  configured. If  -a  or  --pending  is  given instead of package, all unpacked but unconfigured packages are configured.

from man page : -f, --fix-broken
Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place.
This option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages
to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. If packages are
specified, these have to completely correct the problem. The option
is sometimes necessary when running APT for the first time; APT
itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a
system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be
so corrupt as to require manual intervention (which usually means
using dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the offending packages).
Use of this option together with -m may produce an error in some
situations. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Fix-Broken.


Try installing hunspell and hunspell engines as per choice of your language.


Graphics artifacts booting in an HP Pavilion, how to fix it?

You do not have enough RAM in your HP Pavilion ze1210 laptop to install Ubuntu 12.04, and as a result you are getting visual artifact errors. Ubuntu 12.04 requires at least 384MB of RAM, but according to Google your laptop has only 256MB of RAM. Xubuntu, which is a lightweight version of Ubuntu, requires 512MB RAM, so you cannot install Xubuntu either.

So here is how to solve your problem. Your laptop meets the system requirements for Lubuntu 13.10, so install the lightweight Lubuntu 13.10. Lubuntu 13.10 has a minimalistic desktop environment that resembles Windows XP in look and feel. You can see this for yourself by visiting the Lubuntu 14.04 Screenshot Tour.

Update 1: Lubuntu 14.04 is a Long Term Support release. Security and maintenance updates will be provided for Lubuntu 14.04 until April, 2017.

Update 2: The update to Firefox 54 enabled multiprocess support for content, including a GPU acceleration process. If your GPU has hardware defects, the separate GPU acceleration process can cause crashing as well as visual artifacts on some websites. On the other hand, this provides an additional source of information that helps to more easily diagnose possible GPU hardware defects.


Networkmanager for Lubuntu 18.10 & 19.04 - how to enable mobile broadband

I just installed Lubuntu 19 and still didn't have the GUI by default. So I had to install it via

sudo apt install network-manager-gnome

Network Connection GUI


In Ubuntu it doesn't matter what the NVIDIA website says. It matters what the results of ubuntu-drivers devices are. Ubuntu is bundled with a tool named ubuntu-drivers which detects and installs proprietary graphics driver packages. It detects proprietary graphics driver packages with ubuntu-drivers devices. The sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall command replaces all the unnecessary guesswork by automatically installing the correct proprietary graphics driver packages if there aren't any proprietary graphics packages currently installed.


LibreOffice AutoRecovery info lost when losing power?

Not sure, but recovery might only work for any unsaved work.

The 'I had my laptop spinning accidentally until the laptop died.' is not very descriptive.


In the past, UDP access was traditionally the way to access memcache database information because it was faster than TCP.

UDP is not guaranteed-delivery, though, and overall throughput is faster these days, so the developers switched to TCP and introduced an authentication mechanism to prevent undesired traffic from overloading the servers.

However, they did not similarly secure the UDP access mechanism, perhaps assuming nobody would use it.

With all the recent attention this became a bug report:

Bug #1752831 memcached should disable UDP by default

and new versions will default to UDP being shut off.

Also, patches are now available to disable UDP in existing systems.

Many installations require thorough testing of new patches before releasing them to production systems so it will be some time before each of the 100,000 or so public-facing memcached servers (as found on Shodan) are upgraded or patched.

So short of installing a patch which might have unknown effects,
there is a simple way to shut it off in current installations safely.

Securing Memcached on Ubuntu and Debian Servers

Paraphrased excerpt:

In the /etc/memcached.conf file, append the following line:

-u 0

This will not affect TCP access in any way, and does not require full-on testing of the new patch.


MariaDB 10.1 and Ubuntu 16.04: Unable to set password for the MariaDB "root" user

To ensure that everything is clean, you not only need to purge MySQL (and MariaDB) with:

sudo apt-get purge mysql* mariadb*

But you also need to remove old MySQL config folders, with:

sudo rm -rf /etc/mysql
sudo rm -rf /var/log/mysql
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/mysql
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/mysql-files
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/mysql-keyring

After these steps and correctly adding the MariaDB repositories, you can finally:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install mariadb-server


Broken "unmet dependencies" list won't let me purge or install anything

I just fixed it.  What I had to do was outlined in this post:
Broken dependencies due to libjackd

So I went to /usr/share/doc and then took zlib1g and zlib1g-dev and renamed both with a .old on the back.  This allowed me to do my

apt-get -f install

and things seem to be happy now.


Graphics plotting provides distorted and unusable plots with Python 2.7 after upgrading to Ubuntu 18.04

Python IDE for scientists (spyder) can do inline plotting. To try out this feature open the terminal and type:
sudo apt install python2.7 ipython python-matplotlib spyder for Python 2.x in Ubuntu 18.04 and earlier

or
sudo apt install python3 ipython3 python3-matplotlib spyder3 for Python 3.x

After the ipython prompt in the IPython console copy/paste the below code and press the Enter key to run it.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x, y = [-1, 12], [1, 4]
plt.plot(x, y, marker = 'o')

If that works try the following Python code which uses scipy, pylab and math modules.
import pylab as plb
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit
from scipy import asarray as ar,exp
import math

x=ar([37,69,157,238,274,319,391,495,533,626,1366,1855,2821,3615,4130,4374,6453,6863,7021,
    7951,8646,9656,10464,11400])
y=ar([1.77,1.67,1.65,1.17,1.34,1.46,0.75,1,0.8,1.02,0.65,0.69,0.44,0.44,0.55,0.43,0.75,0.27,0.26,
    0.44,0.04,0.44,0.26,0.04])

n = 24                                  # the number of data
mean = sum(x*y)/n                       # note this correction
sigma = math.sqrt(sum(y*(x-mean)**2)/n) # note this correction

def gaus(x,a,sigma):
    return a*exp(-(x)**2/(2*sigma**2))

p0 = [1.2, 4000]
popt,pcov = curve_fit(gaus,x,y,p0=p0)

plt.plot(x,y,'b+:',label='data')
plt.plot(x,gaus(x,*popt),'ro:',label='fit')
plt.legend()
plt.title('Fig. 3 - Fit for Time Constant')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Voltage (V)')
plt.show()

def gaus(x,a,sigma):
    return a*exp(-(x)**2/(2*sigma**2))

p0 = [1.2, 4000]
popt,pcov = curve_fit(gaus,x,y,p0=p0)
The output is shown in the below screenshot.

(Click image to enlarge)
The output shows this warning:
Warning: pylab (numpy and matplotlib) and symbolic math (sympy) are both
enabled at the same time. Some pylab functions are going to be overrided by
the sympy module (e.g. plot).

... but the plot is output correctly despite this warning message.
In order to eliminate the warning message remove the import pylab as plb at line 1 from the code. Clicking the triangular icon to the left of line 1 shows the following syntax checking message.
'pylab as plb' imported but unused

The syntax checking message is correct. The code outputs exactly the same plot when line 1 is removed. Sometimes it helps to use an IDE when debugging lengthy blocks of code because an IDE has features like syntax checking.


You can use an svn changelist to keep track of a set of files that you want to commit together.

The linked page goes into lots of details, but here's an executive summary example:

$ svn changelist my-changelist mydir/dir1/file1.c mydir/dir2/myfile1.h
$ svn changelist my-changelist mydir/dir3/myfile3.c etc.
... (add all the files you want to commit together at your own rate)
$ svn commit -m"log msg" --changelist my-changelist


Mysql not working, After uninstall Mariadb in Ubuntu

This seems to be a common issue when people uninstall MariaDB. Generally the best option is to wipe MySQL completely, then reinstall it. Here are the steps:
sudo apt remove --purge mysql*
sudo apt purge mysql*
sudo apt autoremove
sudo apt autoclean
sudo apt remove dbconfig-mysql

It would probably also be a good idea to ensure the data directory is gone.

check if /var/lib/mysql exists, if so, do (2)
sudo rm -Rf /var/lib/mysql

From there you can re-install MySQL:

sudo apt install mysql-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation
(optional) restore databases & user accounts

Hope this helps you.


how to remove the shortcut or function of a key?

If you are in Kubuntu then go to System Settings.  Shortcuts.  Then the last one on the list and Custom.  Look for something in there.  If not then do a search for any shortcuts related to the key or what is happening.


The ALT key in Unity opens the Unity HUD (just try it outside of the game). It offers a search for every entry in the program menu. I'm not sure how to uninstall it, though. The HUD itself is contained in the package hud, but removing it will likely give the alt key another function. But I'll show you how to change the shortcut.

Since I don't know what the English localization for the program needed for keyboard changes is called, I give you the terminal way (also graphical, just to start the application!)

Type in terminal:

gnome-control-center keyboard

Click on the Shortcut tab.
Find the section Starter and click on it.
Change or delete the shortcut for calling the HUD (Standard: ALT L)

This should work for you. Remember the shortcut is (more or less?) global. So setting it to CTRL+S or CTRL+C or something like that would not be good.


Problem With Custom Unity-Greeter background

This can be done easily with Ubuntu Tweak.  Just click Tweaks, Login Settings, and then "click the button to change the login screen background".  If you want your session wallpaper to be used, there's a one click button for that, "set the same background as the current desktop background"


Ubuntu freezes and stop working after update 18.04 (Problem graphic card AMD, how to disable)

Try this steps:

lsmod | grep radeon

OR

lsmod | grep amd

Select most relevant driver from list and copy it (first column).

Then edit file:

sudo vim /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

and add this driver\device name to this file like:

# Disable my AMD graphic card
amd_card   # - paste module name you copied before

Reboot.


Unable to turn off laptop when wifi is on

This link is the best I found:

Re: Laptop restarts immediately after told to shutdown
Options
04-18-2016 01:01 PM
Hello. I am so sad for those who suffer this problem. I have had spent so many hours on the web to find a solution. The same happened to me when I upgraded my Probook 4540s to windows 10. First I realised bluetooth is no more operative and dissappeared from device manager. Then , my computer restarted every time I shut it down, wanting to bluetooth to work again, I guess. I read thousand of threads on the web in various websites. I applied every single solution offer, hoping it might turn to normal again. Never worked though. Then I gave it up to force to fix it. That is when the magic happened. Out of boredom I replaced my wi-fi card with the one installed on my spare laptop, accepting all the restarting thing, at least with an operative bluetooth. When my HP loaded up, bluetooth was working just fine, along my HP shuts down properly as I have shut it down thousands of time since then, out of joy.
My advice to fix this issue would be to replace any device which does not properly working, especcialy if you have done an OS upgrade. It would be the only solution for this kind of issues.

Good luck to all.


Can't Set Environment Variables in ~/.profile

Here is the story:

  ~/.profile - In this file you can also place environment variable assignments, since it gets executed automatically by the DisplayManager during the start-up process desktop session as well as by the login shell when one logs-in from the textual console.

(source)

solution: export the variables defined in .profile.

        export VAR1=foo
solution: put the variables in .bashrc, open a terminal and start QtCreator from command line. It should have the variables. Don't forget to export them:

export VAR1=foo

solution: create a wrapper for starting your program, a small script that you run instead of running the program directly:

#!/bin/bash

export VAR1=foo
program

or

 #!/bin/bash

 VAR1=foo program

solution: edit the .desktop file used to launch the application by modifying the execute line to

 VAR1=foo program

instead of

 program

(haven't tested that, but it should work)
solution: change the environment. You are right in your comment that programs do get an environment, even if they do not read it from the .profile. The system-wide environment is in /etc/environment, but you can also set it per session, in a file in your home directory called .pam_environment. See here for more information. By the way, this page neatly explains what all the different files do and when to use which.

However, I prefer solutions 1-3, because they change the environment of the program only, and not of the whole session.


GNU grub 2.0 minimal bash-like line editing is supported message appears

Disable Secure Boot in your BIOS configuration.

  You may need to disable Secure Boot to run some PC graphics cards,
  hardware, or operating systems such as Linux or previous version of
  Windows.

Reference. Additional info in case of installing Ubuntu alongside Windows 10 UEFI.


Did you use sudo update-grub. It will look for all OS on File system and make changes in grub.cfg file. You can directly see the entries in grub.cfg file via cat. If you are comfortable making editing system files, take a backup of grub.cfg file and change the order of OS entries in grub.cfg file.


How do I show the git branch with colours in Bash prompt?

This snippet:

# Add git branch if its present to PS1

parse_git_branch() {
 git branch 2> /dev/null | sed -e '/^[^*]/d' -e 's/* \(.*\)/(\1)/'
}
if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
 PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[01;31m\]$(parse_git_branch)\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
 PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w$(parse_git_branch)\$ '
fi

Is meant to replace the default prompt definition:

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi

Which ends with:

unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

The .bashrc you posted shows you're adding it after the default prompt definition and unset color_prompt force_color_prompt (line #64).

Either replace the default prompt definition with the snippet or leave your ~/.bashrc as it is and comment the default prompt definition along with unset color_prompt force_color_prompt on line #64:

So part of your .bashrc could look like

parse_git_branch() {
 git branch 2> /dev/null | sed -e '/^[^*]/d' -e 's/* \(.*\)/(\1)/'
}
if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
 PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[01;31m\] $(parse_git_branch)\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
 PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w$(parse_git_branch)\$ '
fi
# THE SIX LINES BELOW are the default prompt and the unset (which were in the original .bashrc)
#if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
#    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
#else
#    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
#fi
#unset color_prompt force_color_prompt


CPU overheating all the time on Asus gl703ge with dual gpu intel and nvidia 1050Ti

Under volting helps a lot when there is over heating (and by lot I mean A LOT). To be on a safer side, manufacturers supply higher voltage than required to the CPU (which causes heating), as at very lower voltages CPU doesn't work properly under stress. Under volting is completely safe. It will not void your warranty whatsoever. Under volting is basically removing the excess voltage supplied and giving the minimum voltage required to run the CPU smoothly.
Try intel-undervolt from here on GitHub.
Here is an article on CPU undervolting in Linux which I followed
Some terms in the guide might be deprecated. Refer to the first link for the deprecated terms.
Here is a step by step procedure with the non deprecated terms

install git with sudo apt install git
run git clone https://github.com/kitsunyan/intel-undervolt
sudo su and then enter password
run ./configure --enable-systemd --enable-openrc && make && make install
close the root mode by typing exit and press enter
run sudo systemctl daemon-reload
run sudo gedit /etc/intel-undervolt.conf this will open a text editor
change the value in line 10 (in front of CPU) to -130 like this undervolt 0 'CPU' -130 (recommended -125)
now save that text file and exit
run sudo intel-undervolt apply and then run sudo systemctl start intel-undervolt
use the system for some time, if it looks stable then run sudo systemctl enable intel-undervolt.

As of selecting the offset, I use undervolt 0 'CPU' -130 in the /etc/intel-undervolt.conf file. As a beginner I would suggest you to stick to undervolting the CPU only.
To find the correct offset (unique to each CPU piece. Same CPU but on different computer could have different ideal offset) slowly  lower the offset by small values (I used 10), and at the point where your PC crashes, is the threshold. And set the final value to threshold - 10. In my case it crashed at 140 so I set it to 130.
The only downside (if you don't choose sudo systemctl enable intel-undervolt) is that you will have to apply the settings on every boot. I have created an alias with alias us='sudo intel-undervolt apply && sudo tlp start'. So I just have to type us in the terminal on a boot, and then I am good to go.
Note: the crashing of PC to calculate the offset is completely safe. It will not damage you hardware whatsoever.
Note: Any Intel CPU can go to -125 at least, above that comes the difficult part. If you want to take it to the limit, then only try increasing it step by step. Otherwise -125 will work just fine for any Intel CPU.
You could try to switch from NVIDIA card to integrated graphics card.
Run sudo apt-get install nvidia-prime. This is a software to control which graphics card to use. Reboot your PC now.
Run sudo prime-select intel, this will switch to integrated graphics card, which will lower the temps a lot. Reboot again and we are done.


If you have root access on your machine and want to install the package system-wide you can just

sudo apt install python-sklearn

If you do not want that or if you do not have root access then read on (the example is for python3; works for python2 just the same):

You need to install a virtualenv first (as non-root user) and then use pip within that virtualenv:

virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3 /tmp/venv

Now you can either activate that venv and install:

$ . /tmp/venv/bin/activate
(venv) $ pip install -U scikit-learn

or directly call pip (with its full path):

/tmp/venv/bin/pip install -U scikit-learn

First, you may need to do:

sudo apt install python-dev

If you use the interpreter in that virtualenv (inside an activated shell or again with the complete path /tmp/venv/bin/python3 you should be able to use the scikit-learn package).

/tmp/venv/ is of course a stupid path to put the virtualenv; you'd usually have it somewhere in your /home.

Here are the docs for virtualenv (which included in the standard python distribution).


On NUC6i5SYK Ubuntu Linux 15.10 display goes to sleep immediately after splash screen appears

I had the same issues as you. I have a Dell U3415w monitor, and when I disabled DP1.2 in the OSD, it worked fine. Both picture and sound.


desktop doesn't load properly when logging in

I found a resolution for exactly this issue in an other thread:
Unity lost almost all shortcuts

The solution so you do not need to search it:

gsettings reset org.compiz.core:/org/compiz/profiles/unity/plugins/core/ active-plugins


See the manpage:

-f, --fix-broken
   Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place.
   This option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages
   to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. If packages are
   specified, these have to completely correct the problem. The option
   is sometimes necessary when running APT for the first time; APT
   itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a
   system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be
   so corrupt as to require manual intervention (which usually means
   using dselect(1) or dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the
   offending packages). Use of this option together with -m may
   produce an error in some situations. Configuration Item:
   APT::Get::Fix-Broken.

It's one of the first solutions when trying to solve umet dependencies. (See this question: How do I resolve unmet dependencies after adding a PPA?)


For security.

The files are not world writeable.  They are restricted to the owner of the files for writing.

The web server has to be run under a specific user.  That user must exist.

If it were run under root, then all the files would have to be accessible by root and the user would need to be root to access the files.  With root being the owner, a compromised web server would have access to your entire system.  By specifying a specific ID a compromised web server would only have full access to its files and not the entire server.

If you decide to run it under a different user ID, then that user would need to be the effective owner of the files for proper privileges.  It could be confusing to have personal ownership of system-wide files to your personal account.

Creating a specific user would make it easier to recognize the files and consistent to recognize which ID to chown to new files and folders added to the site.

The Userid or Name of the owner doesn't matter.  Whatever is chosen or decided upon will have to be configured in the web server configuration files.

By default the configuration of the owner is www-data in the Ubuntu configuration of Apache2.  Since that is the default configuration, you conveniently know the ownership needed for your web files.  If you change it, you would have to change the files in your site to match.

I don't run Nginx, but since it's in the Ubuntu repository, I'm sure it has been tested with the www-data configuration as default.


Energy saving measures in Ubuntu desktop computers / PCs

What tools or measures are available for saving energy in desktop
  computers / PCs?

gnome-power-manager would be a good choice. There are alternatives. Try that one first.

  Is there an easy way to switch between GUI and CLI that really stops and starts GUI . . .

Sure. All desktop environments (examples: openbox*, gnome, lxde, unity) have some way to "log out", even if it is only a command you run in terminal. Typically it is a choice on some sort of "leave" menu, along with "shut down" and maybe things like "hibernate" or "suspend". If you don't use a "display manager" (example: lightdm), the kind of program that gives you a gui to login with, X will exit when you log out. If you insist on a gui login screen (which is to say a "display manager", which is a misleading name but that's what they are called) it is a little messier, but if no other facility for this is provided you can always:

sudo killall Xorg

With a plain Openbox environment (which some would insist is a window manager, not a DE, but in the case of Openbox or similar WMs it is a hair splitting distinction), for example, the command is:

openbox --exit

Going the other way, starting the gui environment from the cli, use the command:

startx

That is part of the package xinit if you have to install it, but you almost certainly have it already. If you are going to do this regularly, I'd suggest you remove your display manager, which will just make it harder and not really offer any advantage. Without a display manager, you log in from a non-windowed command line. You'll get a prompt, typically:

NAME_OF_YOUR_COMPUTER login:

at which you enter your user name. Then you'll be prompted for your password. How simple is that?

  , , ,  to minimise the power consumption of graphics card whenever GUI is not required?

As to whether it will actually save a significant amount of power, that isn't obvious to me. Maybe. Probably depends on exactly what you would have been doing in either interface. I suspect that if the bottom line is that you accomplish the same task, the power consumption won't be much different. Some, yes. But significantly? Maybe.


Can I hide the menubar/tray on the secondary monitor in Natty?

It seems as though you currently can't.

https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/unity/+bug/883478


Try to run Ubuntu from a DVD or USB and use the program "Boot-Repair". That should fix the GRUB for you.


How many languages are available in the Ubuntu distributions?

As of Ubuntu 10.04, Ubuntu had 28 fully translated languages and a total of 218 supported languages.

You may have more luck digging into the Ubuntu translation pages. I haven't been able to find an update on the data provided in the first link.

It looks like you can get a raw export of the translation coverage on 12.10(Quantal)here along with some instructions on the Ubuntu Translations Statistics page. There is a web app to present/interpret the data, but I have not used it.


If I dual boot Ubuntu 20.04 with Ubuntu 20.04 will grub know how to handle it?

Yes, grub is smart enought, so when you are booting, you will see a list of all Operating Systems available, and yes, if you have multiples versions installed from the same 20.04, grub will show in wich partition which one is installed


How to mount USB 3.5 inch floppy drive and read MS DOS Disk

I think the answer maybe Mtools.

Mtools allow you to access MS-DOS formatted floppy disks without having to mount them in Linux.
If these tools are not already installed in your system then you can install them using your package manager.

So, the first step is to see if you already have the mtools package installed. From a terminal type: mtools and press enter.
If mtools is installed, you should see a list of commands all starting with the letter m. If you get an error then you will need to install the package.

In Debian based systems you can install mtools by typing:
     #apt-get install mtools   and then enter your password.
In RPM based distributions you can type:
     #yum install mtools  and then enter.

Note: In the above commands, # signifies the root user. You can either log in as root or use the sudo command in Ubuntu and the su -c 'command' in other distros.

Now insert one of your floppy disks that you want to access.

Note: You will need to use a terminal from this point forward.

Now depending on your system, begin the commands with either sudo or su -c ', as you need root privileges to use mtools.

For example, to view the contents of the floppy disk, use the mdir command by typing:
     sudo mdir a:   then press enter. You should now hear the floppy drive read the disk and show the contents.

If you have any directories there, you can access them by using the mcd command.
(mcd basically does the same as the cd command in Linux. It changes the current directory to a different one. )
EG: mcd a:/pictures
If you want to copy files from the floppy to your home directory you can do so by using the mcopy command.

Here are some examples:
Copy one file to the photos directory in your home folder.  mcopy a:/photo22 /home/user/photos/
Copy all files on the root directory of the floppy drive to the photos directory.  mcopy a:/* /home/user/photos/
Copy the pictures directory from the floppy drive to your home folder. mcopy -s a:/pictures /home/user/
Copy all files and directories from the floppy to the backup folder in your home directory. mcopy -s a:/* /home/user/backup/

Remember to use sudo or su -c'command' when issuing these commands.


I faced the same issue. You need to exit from scale mode (Right Ctrl + C). Then 'Devices' menu will appear.


Sometimes ubuntu takes 2 minutes to start

I've solved the problem. The iso I used to install ubuntu was not the 'official' release, it was made by a company to adapt Canonical's to tablets. The modified iso blocked kernel updates: I remove the blocking, I update to kernel 3.0.0-16 and the problem dissapear.

He resuelto el problema. La iso que usé para instalar ubuntu no era la oficial, sino una modificada por una empresa para adaptarla a la tableta. Esta iso modificada impedía las actualizaciones del kernel: eliminé ese bloqueo, actualicé al kernel 3.0.0-16 y se solucionó el problema.


How can I enable my Asus Xonar DGX (CMI8788 chipset) sound card?

I fixed this by opening alsamixer in the terminal and setting the output to multichannel.

Then rebooted and selected the right setting in Ubuntu sound settings. All working now:)


Is an interrupted internet connection during software updates dangerous?

During normal software updates, I think a connection reset is not dangerous. It may lead to (sometimes persisting until you fix it) error messages of apt, but nothing that should really damage the system.

When you run sudo apt-get update or let the GUI Software Updater do this manually or automatically as background task, it will fetch the updated package lists.

If the connection resets, you get an error that it failed to download a list.
You can (or must) simply repeat the process later when the connection is restored and everything will work again.

When you run sudo apt-get upgrade or let the GUI Software Updater update installed packages, the process consists of roughly 2 steps:

It will as first step download all new binary packages.

If the connection breaks during this step, there will be an error and it will abort. No package has been changed yet, no damage was done.
You can simply repeat the upgrade later (recommended, as you should always keep your packages up to date) or not.
In the second step, it will first unpack each downloaded package over the currently installed one and then reconfigure it, if necessary.

For both operations, usually no internet connection is required, because the binary package file containing all the stuff is already present on your disk. A connection loss will not affect anything.

But some special packages do not contain the real package, but just a downloader/installer application which automatically gets invoked and performs the real installation. (Updates are the same as reinstalling a package with a different version on Linux systems) Popular examples are the Microsoft Fonts ttf-mscorefonts-installer or the Adobe Flash player flashplugin-installer, basically most or all packages containing "-installer" in their name.
If your connection breaks during the second step updating/installing one of those packages, while the install script is downloading the real package data, this script will fail and the installer package will stay in an unconfigured state. You usually have to purge and reinstall it if that happens.


How do I go to boot settings In Ubuntu 16.04?

Changing from 32-bit to 64-bit will require a complete reinstallation of Ubuntu.
Start with downloading the 64-bit ISO.
Once downloaded, verify the ISO downloaded without corruption.
When you know you have a correctly downloaded ISO, make a LiveUSB from that ISO.
Once the LiveUSB is created, make a complete backup of all your data.
When you have verified the backup, then reboot your PC and boot from the LiveUSB.
The Ubiquity installer will allow you to preserve the 32-bit installation and install the 64-bit version alongside the 32-bit. Choose that option.
Once the installation is complete, reboot into the 64-bit version and test it.
If satisfactory, then copy the data from the 32-bit's /home folders to the 64-bit /home and remove the 32-bit installation, giving its space to the 64-bit.


I had to use the jack connection app to get audio to work, ALSA wouldn't do anything. I'm on Mint 17.3(ubuntu 14)

$ sudo apt-get install qjackctl

then run with

$ qjackctl

it seemed to wire up the connection automatically. Try restarting LMMS after you start jack if you get problems.