What is the formal term for energy in Dragon Ball Z?

The original Japanese term is ki (pronounced the same as "key", written as 気). It can also be spelled chi or qi. The same term is used for a concept in martial arts, though naturally Dragon Ball's version is quite a bit different from this. In the English dubs, this term is never used, and "energy" is used throughout the series.

According to Toriyama, there are 3 components of ki, namely Genki (元気, roughly meaning Energy), Yūki (勇気, Courage), and Shōki (正気, Mind). Ki also can be positive or negative. The various charge up and transformation sequences are all done in order to increase one's ki.

Dragon Ball Wiki has more information on ki in the series.


A shoujo anime about a girl who exorcise demons with the help of 3 guys

I'm not sure if this matches entirely your description but since you mentioned "handsome men", "red hair", "all-girl school", "exorcising"... I thought of one thing:

Neo-Angelique Abyss

-Protagonist is a girl coming from an all-girl school
-There's a guy with red hair named Rayne
-Another guy with green hair named Nyx (dark green)
-Then another guy with green hair named JD (light green)
-Then some elf guy (I think) with silver hair

You could try here to see if it really is the anime you're looking for.

EDIT: Now that I think about it, this may not be actually the anime you're looking for.  Because, whoops, I mentioned four guys. I don't remember much the anime, anyway.


If Leafe is only in living beings, why does the drain of it spread over inanimate objects?

It's been far too long since I watched this series, but if you don't mind breaking the first law of anime ("real world physics don't apply to anime"), then this might be a decent explanation.

Bacteria are tiny lifeforms too small to see with the naked eye, and they're everywhere: floating through the air, on every surface you touch, all over your body, all in your body. Anywhere life can exist, bacteria are there. That's probably what the Leafe was flowing through.


What's the title of the soundtrack in Ranma 1/2 Episode 20?

I don't know the name of the soundtrack from the anime, but it sounds very much like Tchaikovsky's Allegro non troppo from Piano Concerto No. 1.


What happened to the one-eyed twins after they escaped?

Kurona decided to flee with her Nashiro (who was fatally wounded), to find Kanou(the doctor) so he could save her.There he was found with Eto and Matasaka Kamishiro. Kanou stated that Nashiro's damage was beyond recovery and that they should leave her. Despite the terrible news, he smiled and said that Kurona would make many new friends. Kurona, shocked, fell to her knees still holding Nashiro. Kanou then left with Aogiri.

Sometime later, a distraught Kurona decided to consume her fatally wounded sister through her kagune as a last resort to save her from dying, but unknowingly killed Nashiro.


Who is the magical girl who becomes Walpurgisnacht?

There is no information about who it was that became Walpurgisnacht. All we really know is that Walpurgisnacht is, in some sense, a fusion of multiple witches (or magical girls, I guess).
Official description from July 2011 Megami interview with Urobuchi:

In the last episode we saw the "Walpurgisnacht", but what kind of witch is it specifically?
It has the destructive power to bring about natural disasters powerful enough to blow away an entire town, but originally it was a single witch. It's a witch that has grown from the combination of countless other witches. Walpurgisnacht combines with other witches in the same way two powerful tornadoes are able to combine and become larger. It's essentially a "conglomeration"-type witch. Because it's so powerful, it rarely shows itself.

See the Madoka wiki for more details.


Anime characters chewing on a blade of grass/toothpick is considered a trope in anime and is usually attributed to the delinquent types.

  Sometimes a character will suck or chew on something as a form of
  characterization. These range from toothpicks and blades of straw or
  grass to lollipops and cigarettes.

  In anime, having a piece of straw in one's mouth is a common depiction
  of a banchou, or juvenile delinquent gang-leader character.

Some other characters that have been noted to conform to this trope:

Tetsuya Kusakabe from  Katekyo Hitman Reborn!, a delinquent character.

Ikki Takeda from History's Strongest Disciple Kenichi, who was formerly a member of a gang called Ragnarök.

Mifune from Soul Eater, who's personality is described like this:

Often stoic in nature and staunch in attitude, Mifune tends be somewhat quiet in situations that do not directly involve him and remains mostly serious as well as being straight-forward..

Ash's Treecko from  Pokémon, described as cool, calm, collected and serious.

Wikia, on Mugen:
Rude, lewd, vulgar, conceited, temperamental, and unhinged - Mugen is something of an antihero.

Thus, it can be inferred that the "blade of grass in mouth" trope is a type of characterization that mostly represents a serious/delinquent sort of character.

The plant isn't usually of significance and isn't the same in every case unless explicitly stated. In a Japanese page that describes Ikki Takeda from the second image above, the following is written with respect to the blade of grass.

  常に葉っぱを口でくわえて...

which translates to "Always with a leaf in his mouth...", indicating that he's not chewing on any special plant.

As for what Mugen is chewing in the particular image posted, I'd guess it's bamboo.


What happened to Yahiko's body after he died?

Nagato had an ability called the Outer Path using which he could revive the dead, transmit chakra to receivers. Using this ability of his, he created his Six Paths of Pain technique. He used the technique to embed some chakra rods into certain corpses (including Yahiko's) and transmitted his chakra to the rods to control the bodies.

As for why he did it, there are several reasons. Nagato got badly injured and damaged during his battle with Hanzo (the same one when Yahiko died). He was unable to move after that. Hanzo was still alive though. Nagato wanted to avenge Yahiko and he also wanted to continue their dream previous dream of peace (although his sense of peace got distorted). So Nagato still had to fight. That is why he created the Six Paths of Pain technique to allow himself to continue fighting and use his Rinnegan abilities. Secondly, he was very fond of Yahiko. He used Yahiko's body to form the strongest Deva Path. In terms of abilities, he was superior to the other paths.

As for what happened to Yahiko's body afterwards, well after Nagato died in the Hidden Leaf after the battle with Naruto, Konan retrieved the bodies of both Yahiko and Nagato and buried them in the Hidden Rain Village. And that is where Yahiko's body rests.


According to naruto.wikia.com:

  In the anime, it was shown that if a user attempts to summon an animal without first signing a contract, the user will be teleported to the home of the animal they have a natural affinity for.

Though there doesn't seem to be an explanation as to where it actually originated from/how it began, it would make sense that someone at some point decided that they wanted to summon an animal and attempted it. They were teleported to the home of the animal, where they then made a blood contract with them.


Why did they decide to eliminate Mamoru?

Before trying to eliminate Mamoru, the committee had already gotten rid of a girl named Reiko, who belonged in the same group as Saki and the others.

The reason they killed her was due to her poor control of Cantus, out of fear of Fiends and Karma Demons. In this particular case, it's the fear of Karma Demons and their inability to control their Cantus, leading to unconsciously and involuntarily destroying their surroundings.

Mamoru had similarly weak Cantus. Though not quite as bad as Reiko's, the committee feared he might become a Karma Demon because of this.


What class of Devil Fruit does the Gomu Gomu no Mi come under?

From the wiki.

  The Gomu Gomu no Mi is a Paramecia-type Devil Fruit that enables the user's body to stretch like rubber, making the user a Rubber Human.

You further ask..

  It's very close to a Paramecia but still doesn't have a logical explanation to be of Paramecia type!

Again from the wiki.

  Paramecia is one of the three Devil Fruit types. These fruits give the users a power that can affect their body, manipulate the environment, or produce substances. In general, Paramecia Devil Fruits are fruits that give their users powers other than transforming into elements, like Logias, or transforming into animals, like Zoans.


Does Kakashi's Sharingan use more chakra than the Uchiha clan members?

To directly answer the question, NO, it doesn't.

Theoretically, I think the consumption/amount of chakra using Sharingan comparing to other Uchihas is the same. They only differ on how they use them with their bodies. We all know that Uchihas (mainly Itachi and Madara) has bodies mainly adapted to use Sharingan thus making them efficiently use it in battles. On the other hand, Kakashi retains his body (which is not Uchiha's) causing him to use Sharingan inefficiently which in return produces waste chakra during its usage.

Sharingans are like weapons - same weapon requires equal strength in order to use them. But no different body can use the same weapon.

Don't get me wrong, the other answer is still correct. But does not necessarily answers the question.

Update

In addition, as per @mirroroftruth, Kakashi can't deactivate his Sharingan. Active Sharingan constantly use chakra.


Did Bakugo become stronger than Midoriya in My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising?

I say perhaps. It depends for how long you are referring to. right at that moment, after an unknown amount of time, it depends.
My reasoning for after an unknown amount of time is because of something that we have heard many times while watching the anime "this is the story of how I became the strongest hero in history". With this it probably means that he has more control over his quirk than Bakugo or something happens to Bakugo later on.
As for after then this. With the One for All quirk it takes time to learn how to use it. For about half of the episodes form the first season (I think) Midoriya spends time trying to use it, and ended out hurting himself, then he learnt how to us the quirk properly.
I am not saying that Midoriya will always be stronger than Bakugo. I am saying that at some points Midoriya will surpass everyone counting Bakugo. There is a chance that Bakugo will be stronger, but it won't be forever


Is it explained anywhere how the Nine tails biju was kept in control by all its jinchuriki?

Hashirama's wife, Mito and Kushina both belonged to the Uzumaki clan. It's as Kabuto said, the Uzumaki had life forces “as tenacious as a cockroach's”, because they were able to survive situations which would otherwise prove fatal for other people: Having a large amount of chakra was never what the Uzumaki were known for. They were always revered for their vitality.
The Uzumaki were also extremely skilled in sealing jutsu. In fact it was Kushina who taught Minato about fuinjutsu(along with Jiraya). All this enabled the Uzumaki to behave as the perfect Jinchurikis.


How are White Album and White Album 2 related?

There is little direct relation between White Album 1 and 2. They are in the same series and have some similar themes, but the plots are unrelated and all the characters are new (as well as a different writer). There are a few references to the original game, mostly in the form of music, and it does take place in the same universe 10 years later, but that's basically all the connections. It isn't at all necessary to be familiar with the original to watch White Album 2.

It should be pointed out that both of the anime adaptations are originally based on visual novels. The few references that did exist in the VN versions could very well be removed from the anime. The original White Album came out in 1998, while White Album 2 ~introductory chapter~ (the part which is being adapted this season) was released in 2010. Given the long gap between the White Album game and anime (2008-2009), there's some speculation that the latter may have been intended to increase hype for White Album 2.


Are cursed children vulnerable to varanium?

So after reading the light novel, I can now answer my own question. Cursed Children are in fact vulnerable to Varanium.

  "But something seems strange...," said Enju. "Ever since coming here, I've been feeling excited for some reason." Enju opened and closed her hands curiously. Of course you would, agreed Rentaro silently. The Varanium that Gastrea so hated also had an effect on Enju and the other girls, who were all infected with small amounts of the virus. Most Initiators, when they went outside the Monoliths, felt temporarily better, or even high. Their wounds also healed faster.

So clearly while inside the Monoliths the Cursed Children feel their effect. While it is clearly not deadly to them it does have an effect on them. It is also possible for Gastrea to survive inside of the Monoliths, though it seems impossible for them to pass between them. The difference is probably that Cursed Children only carry a small amount of the Gastrea virus inside them while a regular Gastrea carries a large amount.

The following passage shows that Varanium bullets have the same effect on Cursed Children as they do on Gastrea

  Enju's wound showed no sign of healing and was still oozing blood. Varanium bullets prevented a Gastrea from regenerating after being wounded, and it was no different for Initiators who were able to regenerate thanks to the Gastrea virus. Facing Varanium weapons, the was as vulnerable as a regular human being.


Answer found on reddit. I take no credit in writing this. I just found out that both the question and the answer in this link answers this question.

Argument

Throughout DBZ there is a running gag of Vegeta saying "I am the Prince of all Saiyans" despite us only seeing a handful in series and movies (Goku, Bardock, Borgos, Broly, Fasha, King Vegeta, Nappa, Paragus, Raditz, Tarble, Tora, Turles, Vegeta, Bulla, Gohan, Goten, Pan, Trunks). Along with the notion that the Saiyan race is pretty much extinct except for the main characters. But this is wrong and not plausible given what the Saiyans' role was under Frieza.

So the Saiyan-Tuffle war ends in the Age of 730. At this point in their history the Saiyans are just brutes with no technology until the Arcosians arrive and trade technology in exchange for them conquering planets. Shortly after seeing how good Saiyans are at fighting/killing they are annexed under Frieza and his Planet Trade Organization in the Age of 731 and become part of his military. And let’s assume it takes about a year for the planet to be fully developed as seen in the flashbacks and in the movie Bardock- The Father of Goku. So the planet is all up and running in the Age of 732.

So Frieza has the Saiyans doing his dirty work conquering planets across the universe for himself or for sale. His need/demand/want is so great that the Saiyans send their babies to planets with weak inhabitants to conquer. This continues until Frieza destroys the planet in the Age of 737. So for 5 years the Saiyans are sending their young to the ends of the universe for Frieza. Now the only question is how many are being sent daily. In the movie Bardock- The Father of Goku you can see a long hallway where the space pods are where the babies are sent out. From the scene you can see ~14 pods from the two sides and we can safely assume the hallway has more. And in the movie Broly- The Legendary Super Saiyan you get a better look at the nursery and you see ~8 beds with babies and again we can assume there are more.

So the Saiyans had no problems sending their babies to these planets because any babies that were decently strong would stay on the planet to be raised as elites. The weak are sent away with no exception e.g. Tarble was sent away for being too weak despite being from Royal blood. In episode 124 "Z Warriors Prepare" King Vegeta says to Vegeta "The weakest of our people are sent to planets far away, where they face no threat from our enemies" while standing in front of a window pointing out the spacepods (carrying babies) leaving the planet. In the scene you can see ~60 spacepods leaving. And let's assume this happens at least once a week and that Planet Vegeta's year is similar to Earth since the whole series refers to time the same way the Earth does.

So considering all this you have:

60 Saiyans sent out weekly every year over 5 years

60x52x5 = 15600 Saiyans in the Universe

And what happens after Frieza destroys Planet Vegeta? He lies about what happened to cover his tracks telling people that a comet destroyed the planet. He doesn't bother hunting down and killing the remaining Saiyans because he killed the strongest of them on the planet with the exception of Vegeta, Nappa, and Raditz. The weakest ones are of no threat to him and scattered across the universe (except Goku). And everyone pretty much accepts this, even Raditz is under the impression that is how things happened stating in the second episode "3 years ago, our planet was destroyed by meteorites". And of the Saiyans that were sent some were female, since all Saiyans love to fight and women did help conquer planets as well (Fasha a female Saiyan was on Bardock's team). The Saiyan race is alive and well, just separated by a distance.

Opinion

I think there are definitely more Saiyans around but I imagined after Frieza destroyed the planet, teams were sent to find remnants of the race. Like when they defeated Bardock's group but looking for lost Saiyan children instead. Some were found, some were not (like Goku).

There are definitely more out there but most are probably too distant to come across. It does leave things open ended for more Saiyan encounters.

I would also think that there are a lot of hybrids out there. I have a feeling saiyans weren't taking a moral high ground about rape.


Is Ashura the actual creator of the "Rasengan"?

It depends on what you consider canon. Almost all of the Ashura and Indra and even Kaguya backstory stuff was anime only filler. The manga has almost none of that. Thus, in the manga, there was no mention of Ashura ever using Rasengan, or pretty much any specific jutsu for that matter. Indra's eyes barely resembled a sharingan, and Hagoromo was never known to not have the Rinnegan. So in that regard, Ashura isn't the creator, its just anime only filler. They likely chose things like the Rasengan and Sasuke's Mangekyou and put them on the two brothers to try and make it all seem more like destiny or something, symbolism that things are repeating themselves. Its pretty low quality story and a plot hole because Madara doesn't have the same pattern even though he was also an Indra trans-migrant. The story wasn't about destiny, but instead about how Naruto used the power he was given to change things, when the world finally was ready for it.

If you consider anime filler canon, then indeed he is the original creator, but like another answer here points out, he didn't pass it on. Minato most definitely developed the Rasengan on his own. In that regard, they both are the creators, Minato just rediscovered it.


What stats are in KonoSuba world and what do they do?

Firstly, Stats are required for Adventurers to join a Class (of fulfilled requirements), which is somewhat important in the Konosuba universe as picking up an advanced Class as soon as possible reduces the skill-point cost of their Class' Skills. Also, upgrading to an advanced Class rewards adventurers with bonus skill points and makes their Class' Skills readily available without requiring a demonstration.

On the wiki, it was said that:

  Kazuma, the main character of the show, has average stats, except in:

  Luck: He has extraordinary high luck, so high that even Luna was surprised though she claims its numerical value isn't really essential to an adventurer.

  Due to his high LUCK, Kazuma's "Steal" is very effective in stealing either his intended target item or the most treasured item of the victim. When he used "Steal" on girls, he gets their panties at absurdly high chance, but it is not entirely clear whether Kazuma strongly wishes for those or the girls treasure their panties the most.

Demonstrated a few times, Spells can gain bonuses from the user's raw stats. Another example is Create Water, where the effect scales proportional to the amount of mana spent; Aqua can use "Sacred Create Water" which flooded the entire area and destroyed one of Axel town gates, causing 340+ million Eris in damage.

Apparently the Stats on the Adventurer's Cards shown in the Anime series could be deciphered. They would be:

Strength
Health
Magic-pow
Dexterity
Agility
Luck

While not every stat type is explored, they seem to be self-explanatory (Megumin with high "magic power" could use the strongest Explosion magic) as attributed of the characters. It would be safe to assume that the Stats make up who they are as intel than as assets.


If the story and the names of Arslan are Persian, why is the theme Japanese?

The anime's based on Hiromu Arakawa's manga of the same name, which is, in turn, based on Yoshiki Tanaka's fantasy novel series of the same name. As the Wikipedia page for the latter states, it appears to have taken inspiration from a few different sources:

  Whilst the protagonist's name (which is Turkic for lion) appears to may have been taken from the popular Persian epic of Amir Arsalan, other than this anachronism, Arslan and his Parsian enemies and allies primarily share many parallels with Cyrus the Great and other historical figures of 6th century BCE Persia (albeit with several liberties taken), whereas the conflicts with the Lusitanian forces (which bear the Byzantine Orthodox cross) – despite mostly French names and a certain religious zealotry implying a connection to the (Catholic) Crusades (again, with liberties taken)– appear to be based on the Byzantine–Persian Wars, specifically those of the 6th century CE. Furthermore, several names of prominent Parsian characters appear to be taken from known important figures throughout Persian history as well as the historically unsubstantiated legendary parts of the historiographic Persian epic Shahnameh. Additionally, supernatural elements mostly based on ancient Near East mythology increasingly play a role as the series goes on.

I wasn't able to find any reference to Naghibolmamaulek, the author you mention, but the short answer to your question is: the anime's based on a story that was inspired by the one your parents may have heard during their childhood, among others, and it is not a direct adaptation of it/them. As such, Tanaka (and possibly Arakawa too) took some liberties and changed a few things around.


Who is this running kid wearing a shirt with Uchiha symbol?

After doing some digging around, I discovered this scene is from the episode The Night of the Tragedy. According to the wiki, this is simply just an animation error

Trivia
In one scene, there is an animation error that an Academy student is shown having an Uchiha crest on the back of his shirt, despite that scene happening after the incident.

We know for a fact that there are very few Uchiha remaining. While it is plausible, as @Hostile Amigo mentioned, that not every Uchiha was present during the incident, this episode is part of the Kakashi: Shadow of the ANBU Black Ops filler arc and shouldn't be counted towards canon.


How can Naruto/Jiraiya summon different toads with the same summoning technique?

Based on what I was able to find, I think they are able to summon different types of toads based on their (the animal's) skill level or the matter at hand that needs attending to.

  The ninja normally signs a blood contract with the animal species,
  which allows them to summon different size and skill levels of
  creature. The ability to summon more advanced animals largely depends
  upon the amount of chakra the ninja can muster to perform the jutsu.
  By signing this contract, the creatures themselves can also reverse
  summon the contract signer to their location. (src)

Additionally, as per the wiki on Summoning Technique.

  While most summoners have only been shown capable of summoning one type of creature, Nagato (through the Animal Path) was able to summon several different animals and even people, and seemingly did not require a blood offering when performing this technique. Sasuke is able to summon both snakes and hawks, though he has never been seen summoning both species at the same time.

Another determining factor on which toad is summoned might be moliding chakra poorly (but that was long ago) and rather unlikely to happen again.

In conclusion, a plausible answer would be that they are able to summon any animal of the species they have signed a contract with depending on their current need and or the situation, or the amount of chakra they have at the time. For the former, it would most definitely be by choice that Naruto would summon Gamabunta rather than Gerotora in a battle.


Which manga chapters are covered by both season of Kamisama Hajimemashita anime?

The second season ending covers the events of the manga up to chapter 64.

The first season ends at chapter 30 or 31 (you can think of chapter 31 as a transition).

Notable differences:

   The earth spider at the end of season 1 is anime-only. Also Nanami ends the Kagura dance without Mikage's interference.

and:

   Kayako the human-goddess is manga-only. She is Nanami's rival for the vacant spot at the Izumo's god summit.

There are some other scenes from past chapters covering the new year's transition event,

   Like the swamp princess wedding preparation and the Tengu visit to Kurama on Earth

but they are minor details, and there are already a side-story on chapters 65 and 66, so it is better to pin the ending of the second season on chapter 64.


The song playing in ep. 54 of Boku no Hero Academia when Todoroki fought the guy that can make things big


The answer depends on your definition of "common". Most anime don't include dialects or accents, so in that sense it's not "common" however it's not unusual for a show to do so. There are quite a number of shows that include characters with dialects, most often Kansai/Osaka-ben, but when they do it's almost always for a direct purpose.

Some examples:

Igarashi Tora from Maid Sama! will occasionally speak in his native Kansai-ben (he's from Kyoto) when he's not acting like a perfect gentlemen as a sign that he's showing his true colors
Ebina from Himouto Umaru-chan who, when nervous or flustered, occasionally slips into Akita-ben
Mitsuha from Kimi no Na wa, who has a dialect to signify her status as a "country bumpkin" and it becomes relevant because she initially keeps her dialect when in Taki's body

Of course, it's not always that significant, as far as I can tell, the only reason Natsume from Inu x Boku SS speaks Kansai is to indicate his upbeat, outgoing nature.  Perhaps for stereotype reasons?

That aside, it's rare for anime set entirely in another region to use said region's dialect.  This is because all Japanese people can understand and speak Standard Japanese, aka Tokyo-ben, as that's what's taught in schools and show most on television.  Therefore it's easiest to have Tokyo-ben speaking characters to ensure the whole audience can understand.  The reason why Kansai-ben is the second most common is because a lot of comedians come from Osaka and so most Japanese people are quite used to hearing Kansai-ben and can understand it compared to others.

For reference, my mother's father's family lives in Aomori (most northern part of Honshu) and neither my mother (native speaker) or I can understand those relatives when they speak with the full dialect


Piano song when Golgius tries to takes Meliodas' sword in episode 5

I looked through the entire OST and couldn't find the song played there.
I think that track might be too simple and short to be included in the OST.

1 hour soundtrack:
Youtube
Playlist of the soundtrack
Youtube

But maybe I missed something.


What did Rachel end up concluding her wish she aimed from the tower to be?

Her wish was to see the stars and be treated like a princess. We don't know much about her past. She might have had some problems in her past that led her to the path that she chose to follow. As Endorsi said once to Rachel that whatever she is seeking at the top of the tower is more important than Bam.


Why does Eighth have such an oversized head?

I wasn't able to find anything that explicitly stated as to why her character design is that way. It is apparent that a lot of the fans do not understand why her design is that way and do not like the way she looks.

I will try to explain my interpretation as to why she might have been created to look that way.

Character Impression

During the series, a good number of the diary owners are sociopaths that enjoy killing other people. There are a few exceptions to the trend like Yuki, Keigo, etc. Kamado is also part of this group not wanting to have anything to do with the game, but her orphan children want her to win and form a little army to protect her. The character design that was chosen shows that she doesn't look threatening in any way and leads most people to believe she is harmless.
Motherly Figure

As we all know, Kamado runs an orphanage that caters to quite a few children. This design could imitate how some children perceive their mother. A mother or father is a very big presence in a child's life, and this over inflated head design can reflect how a mothers head may look to a small child when she is bending down talking to a child or infant.

Taking those factors into account, that could lead to an exaggerated character design. Note that this is in no way 100% fact, as it is my general interpretation as to why the artist may do this.


I'm looking for an anime/movie that involved a plot with 2 boys and 1 girl. Had a piano. Something about different dimensions?

I found it!!! It's Nerawareta Gakuen. Man, did I get the summary wrong, haha...

Nerawareta Gakuen

Synopsis
Spring marks the start of another new school year at a junior high school in Kamakura. A new transfer student, Ryoichi Kyogoku joins the 8th grade. Kyogoku has a very special proficiency in telepathy and has been ordered by his father to use this ability to scan other people's minds and take over the school.
He instantly gains popularity at school from his good looks and charisma and he sets about taking control of the school. As people begin to fall under Kyogoku's spell, he covertly manipulates his followers and pushes aside anyone who gets in his way.
With the school almost completely under the control of Kyogoku, only one boy seems unaffected—Seki. Does Seki have what it takes to save everyone from the clutches of mind control?


Is there a site which has lists of anime/manga/novels and has up-to-date information on release dates?

Baka Updates (for anime) and MangaUpdates (for manga) constantly update with newly subbed and translated series.

For a chart of all anime releases by season, check out The Cart Driver.

And last but not least, to keep track of all the series you have viewed, use My Anime List.

This answers the question in your title, however I don't know of any site that particularly keeps track of only English releases. Myanimelist does have the info on English series though, as it will tell you all the voice actors (Japanese, English, etc). This site is probably your best bet for all the information you would want from a series and it definitely has more than wiki and Anime News Network.

For your situation, however, there are currently no manga released as well as no English light novels. The only light novels that exist are in Japanese. Baka Tsuki was looking into translating it, but nothing has been done yet.

I should probably also add that light novels in general are usually not published into an English version. Translators like BakaTsuki will normally take on those projects and if they do translate the series, it is normally posted in the serie's respective wikia.


Why does the "A in C major" tone play whenever a strange event occurs in The World?

There are a few things that point to why the A in C minor tone was chosen for this purpose.
The Bell
The first is in a subset of the lyrics from In the Land of Twilight Under the Moon. This part of the lyrics seems to reference A in C minor in that this tone, which is unique enough to be commonly used for tuning instruments (via tuning fork), is sometimes known for its similar sound to a bell (as in the video you linked).

High and loud, the sound of your bell of the
Twilight... ringing...
All alone, it rings and echoes in twilight
  — SIGN Original Soundtrack 2, .hack Wiki

Liminality
The second is somewhat more convincing; the sound may be considered a manifestation of Liminality. The game can, of course, make contact with the human mind, and the tone itself is subliminal. This means it was probably programmed in by Harald, being key to this mental contact, much like hypnosis (which uses specific types of lights for maximum effect).
In reality, there is nothing special about the properties of A in C minor (with the exception of its ability to be easily differentiated from other notes); it is heard at approximately 440Hz, though its range extends as low as 435Hz. However, in the .hack//Liminality OVA, it is (incorrectly) stated that the tone is the highest note a human can hear. In the .hack universe, most people are unable to hear this tone, but Mai can.
Overall
It seems that the note itself was chosen for its uniqueness (especially in that it is easy for the human ear to hear), as well as its faux property of being the highest note humans can hear. The A in C minor tone itself is not exceptionally notable outside of the .hack universe.
The note itself is also the first letter in the musical scale and its use is somewhat akin to déjà vu in The Matrix, though these are not as likely to be related.


Actual Avatar reincarnation means Raava accepts part of current Avatar soul, leaves its body, and finds new Avatar. Communication with previous Avatar incarnations was exactly communication with parts of their souls inside Raava. Since Raava got itself destroyed, and then resurrected, it is in "clear" state, without souls of previous incarnations.

But while Raava exists in this world, it can find new vessel to become next Avatar incarnation. The only consequence of its temporary destruction is that Korra is now much like Wan.


What's the significance of apples in the OP?

The lyrics of the song give some clue as to what this could mean. Here are the original lyrics in Japanese. I've cut out all the verses except the choral ones which mention apples. The others are slightly relevant but not necessary.

  あまくて切ない　わたしのココロ
  齧って逃げた子　だーれだ
  ゆらゆら揺れてる　わたしのココロ
  恋する気持ちは　齧りかけの林檎

  傷つきたくない　わたしのココロ
  齧って逃げた子　だーれだ
  ふるふる震える　わたしのココロ
  恋する気持ちは　齧りかけの林檎

  夢を見ていても　空を見てても
  想ってしまうの…君を
  キラキラ　ハジける　2人の季節
  待ってる気持ちは　齧りかけの林檎

  ゆらゆら揺れてる　わたしのココロ
  恋する気持ちは　齧りかけの林檎

Here's an English translation of the above. I've prioritized literal accuracy in the translation, so it isn't particularly poetic and the lines are rearranged a bit to make them flow in English.

  Who was it that took and then fled
  a bite from my sweet, painful heart.
  The feeling of love in my wavering heart
  is like a half-eaten apple.

  Who was it that took and then fled
  a bite from my fragile heart.
  The feeling of love in my trembling heart
  is like a half-eaten apple.

  Whether I'm dreaming, or looking up in the clouds,
  I can't help but think... of you.
  The sparkling, popping feeling of waiting for our season together
  is like a half-eaten apple.

  The feeling of love in my wobbling heart
  is like a half-eaten apple.

From this, it's clear that, in the context of the lyrics of the song, the apple is a metaphor for the singer's heart. It is half-bitten because a piece of it was bit off by someone. Exactly who among the characters the singer is supposed to represent is unclear. The singer is Taketatsu Ayana, who is also the seiyuu of Fu-girl, but it seems like the lyrics could apply equally well to most of the female characters in the series, and indeed based on the animation it seems to be for all of them.

If we take this to apply to the scenes in the OP animation, the fact that the characters find apples seems to symbolize them discovering their love. The OP also features the pairings between Umio and Sensei, Hio and Kantoku, and Fu-girl and Sommelier, which seems to more-or-less reaffirm this interpretation. The apples they have in the OP aren't half-eaten, but I'm not sure there's any reason to read into that very far.

As for why they chose an apple as the object of the metaphor, I don't know. There could be a reference that I'm missing. This is perhaps a large part of the question, so I'm not convinced this answer is complete.


Is there any cannibalism in Mirai Nikki (Future Dairy)?

Having read the manga and watched the anime, I can say with some certainty that there is no cannibalism in Mirai Nikki.

Your friend might have suspected such thing due to the fanbase surrounding Mirai Nikki, which often creates AMV's and tributes using the song "Cannibal" by Kesha.


Which Silver Spoon chapters have been covered by the anime?

I figured some further research on my part wouldn't hurt:

From a combination of checking the list of volumes and episodes, rereading the Yahoo Answers question I referred to earlier, looking at Baka-Updates, and looking through the relevant parts of the manga, it seems that:

The first "season" goes up to chapter 31, which is about up to the first half of volume 4. The chapters 30 and 31 involve Hachiken's bacon production/sale, which is covered more or less in the last episode of the first season of the Silver Spoon anime. However, I couldn't find the baseball game in the last episode of the anime anywhere in or before chapter 31 - and without reading the manga, it's hard to say if that's an anime only event or not.
Similarly, the second season seems to start at chapter 31 (where Hachiken becomes the vice-president of the equestrian club - which happens in the first episode of the second season). It seems to end at chapter 75 (where Hachiken's mother visits), which corresponds to the events of the last episode of the second season.


What's significant about a full moon on the fifteenth?

The dialogue here goes:

で、窓硝子はどこだい？
So, where are the windows?
なぜ？
Why do you ask?
壊して回るんだよ。
I'm going to go around breaking them.
魔梨威さん、十五夜と十五の夜は違うから。
Marii, it might be a full moon night, but it's not the fifteenth.

The last quoted line is the one depicted in your screenshot. There's a difficult-to-capture joke in this sequence, which I will nonetheless try to capture below.
Here, 十五夜【じゅうごや】 (character-by-character "fifteen-night") is translated as "full moon night". It literally just means "full moon". This originated as a reference to the lunar calendar, but now is just an ordinary synonym for "full moon".
十五【じゅうご】の夜【よる】 (the same thing with the genitive particle の interposed) is translated as "the fifteenth". A more direct interpretation of this, however, would be "a night at the age of fifteen" (an age when people are prone to "Yankee" antics).1 The joke, then, originates from the fact that 十五の夜 (Juugo no Yoru) is also the name of an 80s song, the debut single of popular singer OZAKI Yutaka, and one that has great affection for the Yankee ideology/ethos. The song's chorus reads:

盗んだバイクで走り出す 行き先も解らぬまま
暗い夜の帳りの中へ
誰にも縛られたくないと 逃げ込んだこの夜に
自由になれた気がした 15の夜

Translated loosely as prose:

Riding the bike I stole, I dash off into the curtains of the dark night, knowing not where I'm headed. I don't want anyone to chain me down as I run off into the night, feeling free at last - the night of the fifteenth.

This is why Tetora's backdrop changes from a full moon (十五夜) to a guy riding a bike when she says 十五の夜.

Alternate possibility (and probably a more likely one): Marii's lines could be a reference to a different Ozaki Yutaka song: 卒業【そつぎょう】 (sotsugyou, "Graduation"; lyrics), which contains the following line:

夜の校舎 窓ガラス壊してまわった
I went around the school building, breaking all the windows.

Note also that Gankyou's line a few seconds later may be related:

つまらない大人にはなりたくないね。
I don't want to become a boring adult.

This is an almost-direct quotation of the penultimate line from the song ガラスのジェネレーション ("Glass Generation"), by SANO Motoharu, on his album "Heart Beat" (lyrics).

つまらない大人には　なりたくない
(same as above, but without the concluding interjectory particle ね)

Notes
For more information about Joshiraku obscurata, see vale's translation notes.
1 This is probably an elision of the construction 十五歳【じゅうごさい】の夜【よる】, and is literary or poetic in nature.


The divergence points for each of the routes?

What event or lack therof causes the storyline/plot to branch off into three seperate ones: Fate, UBW and HF

In UBW, Shirou commands Saber not to attack Archer on the first night; in Fate, he doesn't do that. In HF, Shirou accompanies Sakura to her home on the first night; in UBW and Fate, he doesn't do that. Broadly speaking, UBW diverges against Fate because Archer does not suffer injury, allowing him to maintain a more active role in the early stages of the war. HF diverges against Fate/UBW because (spoilered because it sounds like you haven't read it)

   this puts Sakura into a more active role in the war, causing that whole mess with the shadow. Also, Zouken.

How does this lead to the vastly different outcomes in each of the three routes? We can posit some explanations, but it's important to keep in mind that any explanation is likely to be somewhat contrived, simply because it's unlikely that Nasu wrote F/SN from the perspective of "if I change this one small thing, what would the logical outcomes be?". That is, the routes are presumably the fundamental things that Nasu wanted to write, and the divergence points exist to make them plausible. (The alternative would be that the divergence points are the fundamental thing in the narrative, and the routes are just logical consequences thereof. See footnote 1 for an example of what I mean.)

Anyway, let's posit a bit.

  For example, why is Shiro with Saber in "Fate" route and not with Rin?

Let me reverse the question: why is Shirou with Rin in UBW, and not with Saber? Well, in UBW, Shirou spends relatively little time with Saber, initially because of her abduction by Caster, and later because Saber re-contracts with Rin through the end of the route.

In Fate, Shirou isn't deprived of interaction with Saber, and so he develops a relationship with her (and hence not with Rin). I think it's uncontroversial to say that Saber is the "main heroine" of F/SN (given Last Episode, if nothing else); in the absence of barriers to them developing a relationship, I figure they would, in fact, get together. Note that in HF, the barrier is that

   the shadow ganks Saber on day 3.

  Why does Archer not enact his "kill Shiro" plan in "Fate" and "HF"?

In HF,

   Archer subordinates his desire to get rid of Shirou to the need to deal with the shadow, which poses an existential threat. The shadow existing is an indirect consequence of the divergence point for HF - Shirou walks Sakura home; Zouken sees this and thrusts Sakura into a more active role in the war; the shadow is the result of that.

I don't have any good explanation for why Archer doesn't do that in Fate. Maybe we can write it off as Archer being injured (because of Saber on the first night) and not really in a position to deal with Shirou.

1 Well, this is a spoiler for a non-F/SN thing, and telling you what it's for is would be a spoiler too, so hover if you dare.

   The various timelines of Madoka Magica do quite a good job of exploring the outcomes that result from Homura effectively causing divergences by changing the way she acts after she wakes up in the hospital on day one. It's not a perfect analogy to F/SN, since the timelines don't all start from exactly the same place (Homura gains additional knowledge in each successive timeline), but it's close.


Who drew the Monogatari Series characters?

This is art made by Akio Watanabe based on Vofan's original concept arts. The same staff have been used for all current series so far.

  The anime adaptation of Bakemonogatari aired between July 3 and September 25, 2009 on Tokyo MX. The series is part of Kodansha's Nisio Isin Anime Project and is produced by Shaft, directed by Akiyuki Shinbo with assistance from Tatsuya Oishi, written by Fuyashi Tō and featuring a character designs by Akio Watanabe based on Vofan's original concepts Source


Which devil fruit is this, and what happend to it?

I can only answer this question partially because of the information we currently have on One Piece.

The name of the Devil Fruit is: Sara Sara no Mi, Model: Axolotl.
If you wanna look up the name, it can be found in chapter 673, page 12.

As for what happened to the Devil Fruit, I have no clue since neither the manga nor the anime have shown/hinted at it being transported afterwards. So it might as well still be on Punk Hazard.


How was Kakashi able to increase the amount of times he can use his Sharingan?

Besides the fact hat Kakshi is Hailed as a prodigy, because of his great intelligence, skill, and aptitude.

This is due Kakashi training in his area of weaknesses. It is not that he did not already master the Sharingan ( Itachi Uchiha even stated that Kakashi was far more proficient of a eye user then most of the natural eye users)

Kakashi's primary weakness was his average reserves of chakra and stamina, As stated on the wiki the usage of the eye requires allot of chakra.To counter that  Kakashi possesses very refined chakra control, allowing him to use multiple techniques quickly with the minimum necessary chakra and to their highest level. Kakashi's control also allows him to perform various techniques, usually lightning-based, with few to no hand seals.

On the wiki it is also said

  Over the course of the series, his reserves improved considerably to extend his timespan and versatility to fight multiple high-level opponents.

With this information we can conclude that he has increased his chakra pool/ efficieny during combat/training to the point that he can maintain several eye uses and can combat many high level enemys before depleting his chakra pool.

  For a side note. During the war Kakashi also could use near to infinite eye attacks when he had Naruto's bijuu chakra attached to him.


I wrote a small script that operates on the Wikipedia page that Arcane provided.

var anime = "";

$('#mw-pages li').each(function(key, value)
{
    anime += ($(this).text() + '\n');
});

// Credit to: http://stackoverflow.com/a/18197341/3571997
function download(filename, text)
{
    var element = document.createElement('a');
    element.setAttribute('href', 'data:text/plain;charset=utf-8,' + encodeURIComponent(text));
    element.setAttribute('download', filename);

    element.style.display = 'none';
    document.body.appendChild(element);

    element.click();

    document.body.removeChild(element);
}

download($('#firstHeading').text() + '.txt', anime);

How to use:

Start a browser that can inject JavaScript into a page (I will use Google Chrome for this demonstration).
Navigate to a category on the Wikipage (e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fantasy_anime_and_manga).
Open the developer console (F12) and click on the console tab.
Copy and paste the script in there and press Enter.
You should now receive a text file with all of the anime of this genre.

Remarks:

It also lists manga, visual novels etc.
Not user friendly.

I shall try to update (and turn it into a userscript) whenever I have more time on my hands.


How did so many people get away with cheating during the written portion of the Chunin Exam?

I watched this in the anime recently and this is what I recall.  Most of this is actually explained throughout the exam or at the end.

First, the exam was set up that each person started off with a full 10/10 score one the test.  For each answer they got wrong they lost 1 point.  For each time they were caught cheating they lost 2 points.  Anyone caught cheating 5 times failed and he and his team were disqualified.

As Sasuke realized early on, the questions were so hard that no one would know all the answers and that cheating was actually encouraged (this is also confirmed by the fact that there were "students" planted in the room who had all the answers to cheat off of).  The test really wasn't one of knowing the answers (as the end of the exam proves), but rather one of how well they could gather information.  I don't believe it was expected that they would never get caught, but rather that if they were doing this on a real mission that they wouldn't be so sloppy as to get themselves killed.

So is it possible that someone noticed Gara or Tenten cheating?  Certainly.  Did they get caught enough to get thrown out? No.  And that's the key.


Where can I buy School Days HQ in Greece?

https://www.jastusa.com/catalog/product/view/id/327

Your best bet would be buying it digitally from the official website above. I highly doubt there are shops that stock a decent selection of eroge visual novels in Greece.


Need to find anime with a half-demon protagonist and his demon-killing gang

It seems to be Saiyuki

  Saiyuki is the story of four anti-heroes: the monk Genjyo Sanzo (or just "Sanzo"), the monkey king Son Goku, the half-demon Sha Gojyo, and the man who turned into a demon Cho Hakkai (formerly known as Cho Gonou). They have been dispatched by the Sanbutsushin (the Three Aspects of Buddha, who relay the orders of heaven) to travel to India to stop the possible resurrection of the Ox-Demon-King, Gyumaoh. Along the way they are beset by inept assassins, bad weather, and their own tragic personal pasts. Meanwhile, the villains, two unlikely confidants, Gyokumen Koushou (Gyumaoh's concubine, a demon) and a mad scientist, Dr. Nii Jianyi (a human), continue their attempts to restore the long-dead king. These experiments, a forbidden mixture of science and magic, spawn the "Minus Wave", infecting all of the demons in Shangri-La with madness, shattering the fragile peace that once existed between humans and demons.

In particular the episodes you are referring to are from the series Saiyuki Reload

Episode 5:

  A peaceful demon, Suika, who cooks wonderful meals allows the Sanzo Party to stay at their village overnight. During the night, she sings and visits all of their dreams, extracting their painful memories from them and making them "happy." The next day, Sanzo and the others, except Goku, are all acting funny and lifeless. When confronted by Lirin on the road, Sanzo tosses the Maten Scripture at her when she demands it and goes back to Suika's village with Hakkai and Gojyo. Yaone tells Goku a story about a demon that extracts painful memories. Goku and the others head back to the village to try and free the others

Episode 8:

  The Sanzo party meet a woman who cooks so terribly, people actually use her food as weapons against demons! Goku tries her food and gets sick, though. Hakkai realizes, however, that she really wants to be a good cook for her boyfriend, even though her horirble-tasting food makes for a handy weapon. Hakkai gives her cooking lessons, but when he tries her food, he passes out! Her boyfriend is horrified to hear they're eating her food, and Hakkai tries to explain that she wants to cook well. Her boyfriend decides he'll try her food for himself, as horrible as it may be. As she makes a dish, a demon attacks. She throws the soup on the demon and he disentrigrates. Her boyfriend tries her food, though, and finds it delicious. Sanzo decides that her food kills demons, similar to the way the banishing gun bullets kill them. As thanks for helping her, she gives them all a plate of meat buns, but Hakkai, Gojyo, and Goku don't want to eat them. On their way out, though, they run into a bunch of demons...


Why is altering the future limited to diary users?

The future only changes when a diary owner acts against the "reality" which their diary foretells. So the future for everyone is predefined, because they already decided if they want to eat the salad (but they don't know they did). Only if you know for sure that the current future contains you eating a salad are you able to change the future.

EDIT:

About the Akise thing: No,  Akise didn't change the future. Yukiteru's diary never really tells the truth. It just tells what Yukiteru is/was/will be able to see. (It was the same thing when that little kid, Fifth, attacked them. Yukiteru was in the toilet and his diary didn't "say" anything except that it was quiet at the toilet.) So, Akise won the coin game, but he told Yukiteru that he lost, his diary will "think" he lost even though he didn't.


What are the differences between Anime and Manga?

The following is mostly copied from my answer on Scifi to a very similar question.

Anime and Manga are two different storytelling media. They both originate in Japan, and are closely related, but are ultimately two different things. The confusion between the two arises mostly because it's often the case that the same story will have both an anime and a manga version. The terminology will vary a little bit depending on whether the person you talk to is a Japanese person or a westerner; I'll try to point out where this happens.

Anime (アニメ, a shortened form of アニメーション, which is literally "animation" when written as a loanword in Japanese) are Japanese animated cartoon videos. These air on television or are released to home video. Producing an anime is a large undertaking, and requires the work of an animation studio with a large number of people.

There is some debate as to whether non-Japanese cartoons qualify as anime. A Japanese person would say that any cartoons at all can be included as anime, including western series like Avatar: The Last Airbender or Spongebob Squarepants. The word "anime" in Japanese is almost exactly equivalent to "cartoon" in English. Most people outside Japan use the term solely to refer to Japanese-origin series, or at least those which are inspired significantly by Japanese anime (so Avatar might count, but Spongebob certainly wouldn't).

 An image from the Saint Seiya anime

Manga (漫画, which could be literally read as "whimsical drawings") are Japanese comics. Unlike anime, they're typically black and white. Manga are often used as the basis for anime, but not every anime is from a manga and most manga are never made into anime. Manga usually only require a small number of people to produce, at minimum a mangaka (who is the author, illustrator, and all other major roles) and an editor. Unlike western comic books, most manga are read right-to-left.

As with anime, Japanese fans wouldn't have much problem labeling comics from other countries as manga. In the English-speaking world, it's more complicated. OEL Manga (Original English Language Manga) is now a standard term for comics like Megatokyo which are inspired by manga but produced in English-speaking countries. There's also manhwa (Korean origin comics) and manhua (Chinese origin comics), both of which heavily borrow from manga. Japanese people would usually label all of these as Manga, but English-speakers will usually make the distinction.

 A couple of panels from the Saint Seiya manga

As for what differentiates anime from cartoons, I'd suggest you look at What differentiates anime from regular cartoons?. There's no universal answer, and different people have different approaches for defining anime. Here's a summary of the answers there:

Some people (I suspect most) choose to define anime as just "cartoons originating in Japan" in which case there's no fundamental difference between anime and cartoons. The only differences are in terms of what are more common tropes, plot points, etc. Anime does often tend to be somewhat more mature than western cartoons, if only because there is a significant fraction that is produced for consumption by adults (whereas the vast majority of western animation is not primarily marketed to adults).

However, there are also stylistic differences between most western cartoons and most Japanese anime, and some people like to include non-Japanese works which are strongly inspired by Japanese art styles and storytelling, e.g. the Avatar series. This is a trickier business since it becomes very subjective as to what exactly qualifies as anime, so most professional anime organizations (e.g. Anime News Network) stick to the first definition and prefer to call these works "anime-inspired" or some other similar terms.


Why are old anime women often depicted as young girls?

I suppose this depends on your definition of "often". It also heavily depends on the kind of show you're watching.

If you're watching a slice-of-life anime which has its characters closely rooted in the modern reality as opposed to anything supernatural, then older women are typically drawn closer to what our expectations would be.

If you're watching an anime which is rooted in more supernatural, fantasy or "other-world" (isekai), then you're going to run into this a lot more often.

For instance, it's reasonable to say that an older human woman would look closer to what we would expect, since we have a more familiar reference point.  In a fantasy setting, it's not unrealistic to suggest that an older [insert race/species here] woman would look to us as if they were a much younger human woman.


Has someone ate the gum-gum fruit before Luffy?

Shanks knew about the fruit from the "Devil fruit encyclopedia" (悪魔の実図鑑).
Oda answered this in the SBS Volume 45:

  D: Hey, Odacchi! I got a question! About Devil Fruits!! If Kaku and
  Kalifa said they wouldn't know what their Devil Fruit were until they
  ate it, how come Shanks knew what Luffy's Gomu Gomu no Mi was before
  he ate it?? Tell me! Tell me now!! Pleeeease tell me!!! P.N.
  Shirogitsunekko

  O: Well, I think I'll eventually get to explaining more about Devil
  Fruits in the main story, but you see, there's a book of Devil Fruits.
  It has info about all kinds of fruit names and abilities, but few of
  the fruit can actually be identified by their shape. In the case of
  the Gomu Gomu no Mi, there was a picture and everything, but for Kaku
  and Kalifa, they were talking about how they wouldn't know until they
  had finally eaten the fruit. That was in Volume 40.

Since it was in the book, we can conclude that someone must have already eaten the fruit before.


Why are a lot of characters in anime and manga named after their mothers and not their fathers?

Expanding my comment into an answer.

In Japan, it’s uncommon, but not unheard of, for a man to take his wife’s name after marriage. It can happen for any reason, but a common reason is when a man marries into a family with no sons and his wife’s family wants to keep their name going.

In modern Japan, married couples are required to pick one partner’s family name for both of them. From a Time article:

  In contrast, Japan requires that married couples take one of the spouses’ family names, which, unsurprisingly, means that 96% of married Japanese women assume their husband’s last name.

Any children of the marriage are given that last name as well, so if the couple chooses to use the wife’s name, the children will have their mother’s family name.

In anime, of course, this is used as a plot device, and the exact reason depends on the show. For instance, in Evangelion, Gendou takes Yui’s last name, Ikari, to try and distance himself from some of the unsavory things he did in the past. So Shinji gets his mother’s name, which might have various meanings, given all the Freudian subtext in the show.


On the reddit thread discussing the episode, the same question popped up, to which there was this reply:

  He got stabbed by the guy who assaulted his sister. We saw the latter grab a knife from the kitchen sink and stab him in the hip/back. You can also see blood staining Shimada's shirt from under his knapsack after he stabs Tatsumi. Actually, he probably could have survived if he didn't overwork himself killing the detective.

Pictures replicated here in order mentioned:

So basically, he got stabbed but passed out after killing the detective, then bled to death from his earlier injuries.


Where does it state that Empress Tianzi's real name is Jiang Lihua?

Empress Tianzi's real name is never stated in the anime series; it's only stated in the Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 official guidebook.
According to pixiv encyclopedia (Japanese),

中華連邦の頂点に君臨する天子の本名である。この本名はTV本編には出ていないが、最終回前に発売されたアニメディアの付録のコードギアスの小冊子にて判明された。 [...]
[...] Tianzi's real name. Even though her real name does not appear in the TV anime, it was stated in Code Geass's appendix booklet that was released before the last episode. [...]

Researching further, based from tare-pannda's blog post (Japanese), her real name was stated in Code Geass Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 The Complete Official Guide Book (Japanese) where the blogger mentioned the content of the book:

DRAMATIS　PERSONAE　～キャラクター解説～
[...]●天子（蒋麗華）[...]
DRAMATIS PERSONAE ~Character Explanation~
[...]・Tianzi (Jiang Lihua) [...]


Do websites have to pay for using anime posters on their websites?

Assuming that with posters you mean the manga cover images and/or anime cover images. Then no, they do not have to pay for displaying these.

Often these images either fall under the Fair use of thumbnails on the internet

  Use thumbnail images (150 pixels). These small images are generally considered fair game for artwork and photography, so a book cover in this size should be legal under copyright law based on precedence set in court cases.

And in cases where they are bigger than 150 pixels, they often still fall within fair use policies for myanimelist and animeplanet .

  In its most general sense, a fair use is any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and “transformative” purpose, such as to comment upon, criticize, or parody a copyrighted work. Such uses can be done without permission from the copyright owner.


Is anything known about Saitama's family?

To this date, we have no info on Saitama's family. Not even in the webcomic. However, there is a big controversy/theory about this and that is:

Spoiler from manga/webcomic:

   Blast, number 1 hero, being a relative of Saitama. However as I said, this is a fan theory.


OST from Tokyo Ghoul:re episode 2 minute 00:00

I'm pretty sure it's Deep Dive by Yukata Yamada. Here is a YouTube link.


Short version

It probably takes place between episode 19 and 20.

Long version (spoilers)

   I was wondering about this as well. It clearly takes place after episode 15 when Rin reveals his powers, and after Konekomaru begins to accept him as a friend after episode 18 or 19. So I'd say it takes place before episode 20, because the next few episodes seem to happen concurrently and all are more serialized leading up to the finale. Also, Yukio doesn't have his pointy demon ears in the movie like he does in the after credits scenes of episode 25, so I don't think the movie takes place after the series.


Yes, the Devil Fruit tastes bad. It tastes so inexplicably bad that is akin to poison as stated in the wiki about Devil Fruit.

Luffy has been shown in multiple different ways eating his Fruit in the manga, anime and movies. And also how he got his Fruit is different depending on the source.

The main point is that, in almost every case, a person eats the whole Fruit either piece by piece or by swallowing it whole.


What’s the deal with Super Saiyan God in the English anime?

The Super Saiyan Blue Transformation is referred to as SSGSS which is (Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan). This is a transformation attained by combining the powers of a God with the Super Saiyan transformation.This transformation is significantly stronger than the Super Saiyan God transformation. The only difference is, it consumes more stamina and is more physically straining on the body. Since the transformation is stronger, Goku and Vegeta use this transformation over Super Saiyan God.Please note that the manga and the anime have many differences. Goku never uses the Super Saiyan God transformation against Hit in the anime. He does not use Super Saiyan Blue stacked with Kaioken against Hit in the manga. However, the Dragon Ball Super Dub isn't really different from the main series. In the anime, Vegeta never uses this transformation while Goku does (Note: In the manga, Vegeta does use the transformation). Goku does make use of the Super Saiyan God transformation later in the series after using it against Beerus.

Spoilers Anime

  Goku uses the Super Saiyan God transformation initially in the tournament of Power while helping Hit fight Dyspo and Kunshi on account of saving stamina and being stronger than the regular Super Saiyan transformations.He uses it again during his first fight with Jiren.The transformation is used by Goku during his fight with Caulifla and Kale and also against Base Kefla until he transforms.He finally uses this transformation against Anilaza, before transforming to Super Saiyan Blue for his final attack.


What are the many references Dragon Ball Series makes to other franchises/people?

There are a lot of references made to other works and people in the series…

Inspirations

As a matter of fact, the series was inspired by and has some major references to

Journey to the West

Jackie Chan

Bruce Lee

You can read more about it here.

Names

As one knows, the names in the series are usually puns on something or the other.

For eg.

Saiyan comes from Yasai meaning Vegetable and so the names are related to those
In fact, the Brief Family’s names are a pun on Undergarments
Frieza's henchmen are named after Fruits

You can read about the origins of many more names here.

Tenkaichi Budokai (天下一武道会)

You must have heard of Tenkaichi Budokai’s English translation- "World’s Martial Arts Tournament." I’ll say that that translation maybe right, but has lost it’s essence. A more accurate translation of Tenkaichi Budokai is “The Number One Under Heaven Martial Arts Gathering.”

It was inspired from Lei Tai – The Thunder Hand Platform; a Chinese martial arts tournament. You can read more about it here.

New Testament

I believe that Goku's returning from the dead to save everyone is a reference to the New Testament.

Now to begin with references present only in a certain series..

Dragon Ball

 Bruce Lee

Great Lee (A Character that resembles Bruce Lee)

  Great Lee (グレート・リー, Gurēto Rī; "Great Lee"), also known as the Bruce  Lee Impersonator, is a character who resembles the real life martial artist  Bruce Lee.

￼He is first seen in a vision when Krillin tells Goku about the World  Martial Arts Tournament in the episode "Milk Delivery". Later, the Bruce  Lee Impersonator is seen several times in the Elimination Round at the 21st  World Martial Arts Tournament.

Bruce Lee Impersonator in West City

Another character that resembles Bruce Lee is seen in West City in the  episode 43, where he challenges people to a street fight and anyone who  beats him will get 100,000 zeni.

During the preliminaries for the 22nd Tenkaichi Budokai, Yamaha  says,"Boards don't hit back". It's a reference to Bruce Lee's movie "Enter  the Dragon."

Muscle Tower itself is a reference to a level of the game Spartan X/Kung  Fu master which was based off of Bruce Lee's Game of Death.
To know more check the inspirations part at the beginning of this answer.
 Chinese Dynasties

         The Tiger Thief                               Bear Thief                        Qing Dynasty Armor

  The armor the Tiger Thief wears resembles that worn by Chinese soldiers during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Bear Thief, the Tiger Thief, the nameless warrior trapped in the Gourd of Mist, the Ox King, Sky Dragon, and Lord Yao also wear similar armors.

 Dracula

Fangs The Vampire from Fortuneteller Baba Saga. A direct reference to Dracula.
 Dragon Quest

              Archdemon                          Cyclops                                           Orc

                                                             Shaman

 Dr. Slump

There are a lot of references to the characters of Dr. Slump. The major ones being the episodes in General Blue Saga taking place in
Penguin Village.

 Chenshi

￼

               Chenshi from fortuneteller baba saga

               His character design is exactly the same as Turbo Norimaki (Dr. Slump).

 Commander Red's Painter

￼

The Painter

  During the General Blue Saga, Commander Red has his portrait painted by an anthropomorphic goat, who is similar in appearance to Dr. Goat, who appears in Akira Toriyama's Today's Highlight Island and Dr. Slump series.

 Soldier 23

￼

        Soldier 23 General Blue Saga

        Soldier 23 was one of the last soldiers of General Blue's sector. He has a slight         resemblance to Senbei Norimaki from the Dr. Slump series.
 Frankenstein's Monster

       Android #8 AKA Eighter (Japanese - Hat-chan) is a direct reference to Frankenstein's        monster.

 Hwang Jang Lee

Mercenary Taopaipai is based on the Korean actor Hwang Jang Lee who played Thunderleg in Jackie Chan's Drunken Master.
 Jackie Chan

      Jackie Chun is a direct reference to Jackie Chan. To know more check the inspirations part at       the beginning of this answer.

 Sitting Bull

  Little Flower's Father from Aru Village in Emperor Pilaf Saga
  Little Flower's Father (or Becky's Father in the Ocean Group dub) is a native American who lives in Aru Village. He bears a slight resemblance to the famous Sioux Indian chief Sitting Bull.

 Superman

Superman from Dr. Slump in the Penguin Village episode, makes an appearance and goes to a phone booth to change his clothes, acting as a reference to Superman.
 Tall Man

￼

Tall Man from Tournament Saga

  Tall Man (known as Noppo (ノッポ) in the Japanese version) is one of the cowboys seen in the Brown Country saloon. He seems to be a parody of the type of heroes in old westerns.

 Terminator

Major Metallitron is a direct reference to Arnold Schwarzenegger's movie "Terminator"
 The Invisible Man

See-Through The Invisible Man from Fortuneteller Baba Saga is a direct reference to the book by the same name.
 The Mummy

Bandages The Mummy from Fortuneteller Baba Saga is a direct reference to the movie with the same name
 The Wizard of Oz

There was a cameo of Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion and Jack Pumpkinhead from the Wizard of Oz in the 22nd World Martial Arts Tournament.

 Ultraseven

Kid Chichi's helmet is a reference to Ultraseven.
 Unnamed Big Fighter

￼

  An unnamed fighter who fought the Bruce Lee Impersonator for 100,000 zen in the Red Ribbon Army Saga. This big fighter only appears in the anime.
  He bears a slight resemblance to retired USMC drill instructor and actor R. Lee Ermey.

 Urashima Taro

The entire turtle storyline that leads into Kame Rennin's first appearance  is a reference to the legend of Urashima Taro.

Dragon Ball Z

 Aliens

Third Form of Frieza is a direct reference to Aliens from fictional novels.
 Baragon

The monster who fought Frankenstein in "Frankenstein Conquers the World" and later joined Godzilla's family - A cameo in Capsule Corps' garden
 Cinderella

The names Bibidi, Babidi, and Buu are a direct reference to Fairy Godmother's song from Cinderella.
 Himitsu no Akko-chan

Yakon is named after the magical phrase "Teku-Maku-Mayakon" from the shoujo manga and anime Himitsu no Akko-chan.
 KFC

A KFC Colonel Sanders appears once during the Buu Saga.

￼

 Michael Jackson

King Kai's Bubbles is a direct reference to Michael Jackson's Bubbles.
 Mothra

Hirudegarn crashing into the TV tower before undergoing metamorphosis is an homage to the first Mothra movie (1961).
Super Sentai

Ginyu Force

  The Ginyu Force has some resemblances and references to Super Sentai teams (and by extension, Power Rangers teams): five color-coded warriors, tendencies to pose during battle, role calls and supernatural powers.

 The Terminator

Complete Android and Cell Saga is a reference to The Terminator
 The Sword in the Stone

The Z-sword is a direct reference to The Sword in the Stone.
 Yatterman

Gohan dressing up as "Great Saiyaman" Videl dressing up as "Great Saiyaman #2" is be a reference to Yatterman, where Yatterman's girlfriend is "Yatterman No.2".

DBZ Fukkatsu No F

Bruce Lee

Goku doing the one-inch punch
Jaco saying "ahhh" after the punch
Whis did a WingChun stance
Vegeta slowly dropping his leg after kicking Frieza


Is the painting in Jatoro's room a reference to an existing work?

This is a take on Woman with a Parasol, turned to the left by painter Claude Monet. Although in this version the woman has pink hair - possibly referring to Junko Enoshima or Kotoko Utsugi.

I'd say it's more likely to be Junko because:

   Firstly the hair length is similar to Junkos, Also Jataro confesses to Komaru and Toko that Junko was the only person who had ever shown him affection and love. It's also implied he has a childlike crush on her.

The original painting is of Alice Hoschedé

   who was later to become Monet's wife. Possibly a desire of Jotaro's brought out in his painting.

She was one of Monet's favourite models.

Reference


What is the name of the track playing in episode 14?

I have checked all soundtracks; it has not been released. People on anime forums confirm that (for example, here: http://forums.animesuki.com/archive/index.php/t-38178-p-4.html).

The only one is someone's edit here.


As you know, ghouls have very strong muscle and high regeneration abilities. A ghoul's body can be damaged by Quinque or Q bullets.

The main requirement to kill a ghoul are weapons like those mentioned above and critical damage to a ghoul's body that even their regeneration abilities is not enough to keep them alive.

As stated here regarding the weaknesses of a ghoul,

  Ghouls will die if they receive extremely critical or life-threatening traumatic injuries that will kill them before they have a chance to heal.

As you described, some ghouls are still alive while some are not even when they received similar damage. It is because they are strong ghouls, they have more power compared to others and can handle bigger damage.


How does Gintoki's wooden sword get fixed again after getting broken so many times?

It's revealed in the series how his sword is "fixed":

   "Whenever one breaks or is stolen, Gin replaces it by purchasing it through a TV shopping program, asking them to inscribe "Lake Toya" on it prior to delivery" (Source: Gintama Wiki).

Scene where the process described above is shown (spoiler alert): Youtube


What book is Houtarou reading in episode 2 of Hyouka?

Houtarou is reading On Decadence (堕落論 = Daraku-ron, sometimes also translated Discourse on Decadence), by Ango SAKAGUCHI.

(image source: this blog)

Sakaguchi was a novelist, essayist, and critic who lived from 1906-1955. He gained immense popularity in the immediate post-war period with his 1946 essay On Decadence, which criticized pre-war Japan as too heavily steeped in bushido culture, and argued that though post-war Japan was decadent, it was better than what came before.

On Decadence is not mentioned in the Kotenbu series of novels on which Hyouka is based.

In an amusing connection, the anime Un-Go (written アンゴ = ango in Japanese and hence pronounced identically to Sakaguchi's given name) was based on one of Sakaguchi's period novels - Meiji Kaika Ango Torimono-chou, loosely "Ango's Tales of Detectives from the Dawn of the Meiji Period".


If the Beast titan has similar powers to the founding titan, why do they need the founding titan so desperately?

The Marley need the "coordinate" back for two 2 reasons.
*****Do not read if you don't want spoilers from Manga.*****

   1) The Beast Titan's ability is far weaker than the true coordinate. He has that ability due to the bloodline that he inherited from his mother, the same Titan that killed Eren's mother, his father's ex wife. We see the Beast Titan struggle to control certain titans, for instance, when the one survey corpse member he detained in order to find out what 3D maneuver gear was. He had to exert extra control in order to get them to comply. Meanwhile, Eren simply had to touch Zeke's mother's titan form and without knowing what he was doing all the titan's in the vicinity immediately began obeying his wishes to destroy her. Plus they left all the humans alone in the area for an extended period of time, while attacking the armored titan. They remained completely enthralled long enough for the Humans to get away. The Beast Titan is not capable of this at all. 2) The reason Marley never just all out attacked the Eldians behind the walls was due to the threat represented by the coordinate. If they hadn't left them alone the Fritz/Reiss family threatened to release the Titans inside the walls and annihilate all of Marley. Also, since Marley relied on Titans for their military might, they failed to develop other military technologies to the extent other nations (Mid-East Allied Forces) did. The Mid-East Allied Forces developed anti-titan weapons. Marley needs the coordinate to neutralize their enemies behind the wall and maintain their military supremacy over the Mid-East Allied Forces.


What makes the Breeder's Diary a future diary in Mirai Nikki?

His diary allowed him to not just control the dogs but also to know their future. That's why he could be one of the players of the diary game. The following is written in the the wiki:

  His diary is The Breeder Diary, which is mostly used by his daughter
  Hinata. Despite of this its uses are clear, which involves to predict
  the movements of his dogs and those of his targets.


Is there a way to tell the difference between an Arc and a Season?

Seasons has to do with the broadcast of a show, it doesn't necessarily always equate to 12 episode per season, sometimes a show can only be 10 episodes. See: What defines one "season" of anime?

Arcs has to do with the story. Wikipedia defines a story arc as:

  A story arc is an extended or continuing storyline in episodic storytelling media such as television, comic books, comic strips, boardgames, video games, and in some cases, films. On a television program, for example, the story would unfold over many episodes. In television, the use of the story arc is much more common in dramas than in comedies, especially in soap operas. Webcomics are more likely to use story arcs than newspaper comics, as most web comics have readable archives online that a newcomer to the strip can read in order to understand what is going on. Although story arcs have existed for decades, the term "story arc" was coined in 1988 in relation to the television series Wiseguy, and was quickly adapted for other uses.

The way to tell the difference between the two is how they are broadcast and how the story continuity flows from episode to episode. There could be many story arcs in a single season of an anime, or there could be many seasons in an anime that only has one overarching story arc.


Can the scenario for someone's death be written so that there is a possibility of other people dying?

Rule X (I think) specific says

Whether the cause of the individual's death is either a suicide or
accident, if the death leads to the death of more than the intended,
the person will simply die of a heart attack. This is to ensure that
other lives are not influenced.

So if written in the Deah Note "John Zerto burns himself to death after he killed his boss" it won't be possible.
However, the second example you gave "John Zerto dies after a heart attack after he tried to shoot his boss" might be possible since a gunshot don't necessarily kill people so if he has a gun (because if he can't get one he will die of a heart attack) the DN will make John Zerto shot his boss in a way he won't be killed, but if it's not possible to the boss the got shot and not get killed like he have bad health and will be dead the DN will prevent John to shoot his boss and will die of a heart attack.
And this only for the difference since it is not written that he shot his boss to kill him just shot to shoot him, the DN talked about other deaths, not injures.


Do the various kingdoms in The Twelve Kingdoms have historical basis?

Twelve kingdoms possibly derives some loose inspiration from the Wei, Shu, and Wu Chinese kingdoms of the 3rd century CE which are popularly referred to as the Three Kingdoms.

  The Three Kingdoms (AD 220–280) were Wei (魏), Shu (蜀), and Wu (吳). The Three Kingdoms period, part of the Six Dynasties period, followed the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty emperors. In a strict academic sense, it refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 AD and the conquest of the state of Wu by the Jin Dynasty in 280.

The story of the three kingdoms was romanticised and immortalised in the 14th century by Luo Guanzhong as The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

  Romance of the Three Kingdoms is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature; it has a total of 800,000 words and nearly a thousand dramatic characters (mostly historical) in 120 chapters. The novel is among the most beloved works of literature in East Asia, and its literary influence in the region has been compared to that of the works of Shakespeare on English literature. It is arguably the most widely read historical novel in late imperial and modern China.

The novel is well known throughout China, Korea, and Japan. I am unfamiliar with the story to comment on any similarities in plot or structure. But as a guess, I'd say that beyond the fact that the societies in Twelve Kingdoms are similar to feudal Japan/China, there are no major similarities.

There are, however, some obvious Buddhist influences. For example, the very geography of the Twelve Kingdoms is shaped like a lotus with a harmonious, magical centre (the yellow "sea") which has huge mountain ranges. There are also eight petals for the eight inner kingdoms with their eight kings.

The lotus in Buddhism (and other religions out of India) is representative of the Eight Fold Path, and various other interpretations involving the number eight (directions, etc.). Buddha sits in the centre and holds things together. There's also a Mount Meru in the centre which serves as the world's axis.

I'm not entirely sure how the four outer kingdoms fit in, going by the above image, there probably is some exotic symbolism for the corners.

Some Eastern animal symbolism which has crept into Buddhism is also present in Juuni Kokuki. For example, all life is hatched from ranka, eggs which grow on trees. Compare this with the following image of Buddha being hatched from a "cosmic egg":

FWIW, Korean history has its own Three Kingdoms.


What Happend To Pokkle After Neferpitou Stuck Those Antennas In His Head

In Chapter 198 of the manga, Neferpitou told one of his subordinates that he doesn't need Pokkle anymore and he should offer him to the Queen right away. Pokkle was then chopped up but him being fed to the Queen was never depicted in the manga. It was also never shown that he became a Chimera Ant.


Who is the person called "professor" that is kept in the basement under Ichigaya?

It is revealed in the third part Grisaia no Rakuen that:

   Locked away in the basement was Yuuji's sister Kazuki Kazami, but it was her brain that was left and functioning. Ichigaya was the one who retrieved her body and built a super computer with her brain.

In the anime, the corresponding scene is at the end of episode 5, and further elaborated in episode 6 of Grisaia no Rakuen.


There's not going to be a definitive answer to this question, and that's probably intentional on the part of the franchise creator.  That said, there is one school of thought that says that it is Kyon in fact who subconsciously controls the world, and that Haruhi's powers and the strange visitors and Kyon's involvement with them are all actually to satisfy Kyon's suppressed desire for a more interesting life.

Consider that things generally go Kyon's way and that it is Kyon, not Haruhi, who gets to enjoy the fruits of being surrounded by aliens, time travelers, and espers.  And of course Kyon gets to show affection for, and for the most part have it returned by, all of the female characters, and Koizumi does not compete with him at all in that department.

So ultimately, does the world really exist to satisfy Haruhi, or to satisfy Kyon?  And if everyone is who they are simply because Kyon wills it to be so, can he really love any of them?


Is it known if Ergo Proxy is really set in our world?

According to ergoproxy.wikia.com (note that the second paragraph contains spoilers for anyone who hasn't watched the whole series):

  The series takes place in a post-apocalyptic future of Earth, focusing on the aftermath of a global ecological disaster. The apparent cause of this travesty was rapid climate change due to a string of explosions in methane hydrate reserves. Occuring during the second half of the 21st century, the impromptu detonations succeeded in wiping out 85% of the planet's Human population.

  In order to survive, the remaining Humans made 300 Proxies in an event known as the Proxy Project and charged them with the creation of another Human race; they were to be nurtured within Dome Cities of the Proxies' establishment. These sealed off communities contained a birthing system called the WombSys as well as AutoReivs, two factors intended to aid and propagate the fledgling species. Once the Proxies were sent forth, the original Humans left Earth for another planet, biding their time until they were certain that Earth was safe for both Human races to settle. Their purpose completed, the then obsolete Proxies would have their immortal Amrita Cells destroyed by the emerging sun's deadly rays, unable to live under blue skies and therefore stamped out as relics of the past.

So to summarize, it does take place on earth/in our world following a post-apocalyptic event.


I'm not going to bother checking every single episode, since I have better things to do with my life.

However, I can say with a 90% certainty that it's Pikachu. Not because it's weak, but because he has stayed with Ash the whole time, much more longer than any other of Ash's pokemon. So he's battled more and likely to have lost more.


In chapter 507, what did Eileen mean when she said they are one and the same?

Update: Turns out that

   Eileen is Erza's mother.

Source:


Where can I watch all three movies that have released after the first season of Kabaneri Of The Iron Fortress?

The third movie is named Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress: The Battle of Unato
and it is available on Netflix.


Why do anime films tend to use film actors to voice the anime instead of professional seiyuu?

There are two aspects we can discuss on this topic.

Some directors like Miyazaki prefer to hire film actors.
He said anime seiyuu is too optimized for anime and does not sound natural.
Seiyuu is good when the target audience is anime fans,
but if they want to get a broader audience, actors are the best choice.

Another aspect is getting attention by using famous actors.
Producer Toshio Suzuki is known to always use actors instead of seiyuu.
For example, he used Takuya Kimura in Howl's Moving Castle.
Takuya's acting is not good, but it gets more audience because of his name.


Can the Death Note manipulate people whose names aren't written in it?

The answer to your question is quite complex and can best be summarized succinctly as -- "maybe".  The death MAY play out exactly as you wrote it, it may play out similarly, but with someone or something else causing the bleeding, or he may die of a heart attack.  Or if certain criteria are met he may not die (but most likely he will!).

Let's dig in.

Rules of the trade

A complete list of rules from the comics and manga is compiled here.

Note, while many share the first 10, there's more rules in the canon than that.  In total there are at least 66 rules that have been compiled from the source material, many of which are found in the thirteenth manga volume, Death Note 13: How to Read.

Some rules that are applicable to this scenario/question include:

Rule VI.1

  The conditions for death will not be realized unless it is physically
  possible for that human or it is reasonably assumed to be carried out
  by that human.

Rule X.2

  Whether the cause of the individual's death is either a suicide or
  accident, if the death leads to the death of more than the intended,
  the person will simply die of a heart attack. This is to ensure that
  other lives are not influenced.

Rule XXVI.2

  Even though only one name is written in the Death Note, if it
  influences and causes other humans that are not written in it to die,
  the victim's cause of death will be a heart attack.

Rule XLII.1

  The use of the Death Note in the human world sometimes affects other
  humans' lives or shortens their original life span, even though their
  names are not actually written in the Death Note itself. In these
  cases, no matter the cause, the god of death sees only the original
  lifespan and not the shortened lifespan.

Rule LV.1

  In occasions where the cause and situation of death is written before
  the victim's name, multiple names can be written as long as they are
  written within 40 seconds and the causes and situations of death are
  not impossible to occur.

Rule LV.2

  In the occasion where the cause of death is possible but the situation
  is not, only the cause of death will take effect for that victim. If
  both the cause and the situation are impossible, that victim will die
  of heart attack.

Rule LVIII.1

  By manipulating the death of a human that has influence over another
  human's life, that human's original life span can sometimes be
  lengthened.

Rule LVIII.2

  If a god of death intentionally does the above manipulation to
  effectively lengthen a human's life span, the god of death will die,
  but even if a human does the same, the human will not die.

Rule LIX.1

  A human death caused by Death Note will indirectly lengthen some other
  human's original life even without a specific intention to lengthen a
  particular person's original life span in the human world.

Basic rules precluding death

So let us assume a couple things:

Bob Schneider isn't going to die otherwise within the next 12 minutes
"" hasn't been targeted with a different death scenario from another Death Note.
"" is older than 780 days (~2 years) and is younger than 124 years old.
"" does not own a Death Note.

If any of the above are false, additional rules preventing the death would kick in.

General feasibility w/ example from the source material

Now the Death Note allows people to write in a situation, perhaps even with familiar characters (this aspect is somewhat unclear).  A good example is the death of Matsushiro Nakaokaji, a robber and murderer who is killed by Light who writes that the target bleeds to death at 1:30 p.m.  He was stabbed by a store employee and winds up dying at the prescribed time.

This establishes that, yes, assuming the conditions are feasible (see in particular LV.1-2), you can use the Death Note to manipulate someone other than the victim into killing them.

Death by a best friend stabbing

So what does this mean in practice?

Well, likely Bob's best friend has to have considered stabbing him, which seems fairly likely, based on the lose definition of potential outlined in the rules regarding suicide.  Also, the friend likely has to be physically present and have an accessible knife to ensure feasibility (most homes would meet this criteria as they have knives in the kitchen).

If it is feasible, the next question is whether the attack will somehow result in the friend dying as well.  If so, Rules X.2 and XVI.2 clearly state Bob will instead die of a heart attack, to prevent additional deaths. Note that Rule XLLII.1 state that it's fine to short the characters lifespan (let's say Bob fights back and stabs the friend with a non-life ending injury that nonetheless shortens his life, i.e. laceration of the spleen or kidney).

Now let's assume that it's not feasible for that best friend, either because they're not capable of harboring such thoughts, are physical incapable (maybe they're paralyzed), or would die in the process of the attack.  Then that friend will definitely not commit the attack.

Does Bob have multiple best friends?

If so, likely the above criteria repeats.  If one best friend would die  from the stabbing, perhaps the situation will pass to a friend that meets the feasibility criteria and wouldn't die.  So maybe best friend 1 is a nerd and best friend 2 is a gym rat... the note would likely avoid the nerdy friend who would die of the counterattack, and instead pick the gym rat, who could carry out the deed without dying himself.

Unknowns include which best friend is chosen first and how/why, assuming there's multiple "best friends" of Bob capable of killing him.

Death by someone else stabbing him or some accident causing bleeding

Now if no friends are capable of killing him, than the next question, per LV.1-2 is whether someone else would be capable of stabbing him.  Say he's at the store at 13:30 p.m. and no friends are around, but other people are and one of them has a knife.

Again, assuming no one else but Bob will die as a result of the attack and the attacker has considered stabbing a random stranger (or casual acquaintance if they happen to know Bob), then the stabbing may still occur, just not the written situation.

Or something else will happen to Bob (i.e. a piano falling on his leg) that causes him to bleed out at the specified time.  The requirement of no additional deaths, however, would precluding many accidents that might satisfy this end, though (think massive highway crash, etc., which would likely produce multiple fatalities).

If there's multiple possibilities to fulfill the cause of death, if the situation was deemed infeasible or would lead to additional deaths, it's unclear which would be picked (as with the question of which best friend would kill him if multiple are capable). Perhaps it's random.  Perhaps there's some unknown rule.

Final fall-through: death by heart attack

If there's no way he's going to get stabbed or otherwise maimed in such a way to bleed out (say Bob is in an underground bunker, far from friends and other dangers) -- or if ALL such circumstances would lead to additional deaths -- then he will die from a heart attack at the ascribed time.


Where did it become known that Rin's and Len's names have different first letters?

The earliest archived revision of Crypton's page for the Kagamines that reveals details about them has their names in both Latin script and in Japanese.

That revision is from 3 Dec 2007, which is shortly before they were actually first sold later that same month.

So I guess the answer to your question is that it was known to people pretty much from the very beginning.


How much of the Amagi Brilliant Park light novel was adapted into the anime?

The anime tells roughly the story of the first volume by expanding the deadline from two weeks to three months and by borrowing events from later novels. All of volume 2 was animated (hiring new staff and exploring Rubrum's cave), and the Kanie-body-suit incident was borrowed from volume 3.

NanoDesu Translations was DCMA'd and thus unfortunately was unable to translate the entirety of volume 3, so I'm afraid I don't have any more detailed novel-to-anime comparisons other than the fact that volume 3 did contain some story that the anime did not.