LMNA mutations in Polish patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and in vitro studies
© Saj et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 24 January 2013
Accepted: 17 May 2013
Published: 23 May 2013
LMNA mutations are most frequently involved in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction disease. The goal of this study was to identify LMNA mutations, estimate their frequency among Polish dilated cardiomyopathy patients and characterize their effect both in vivo and in vitro.
Between January, 2008 and June, 2012 two patient populations were screened for the presence of LMNA mutations by direct sequencing: 66 dilated cardiomyopathy patients including 27 heart transplant recipients and 39 dilated cardiomyopathy patients with heart failure referred for heart transplantation evaluation, and 44 consecutive dilated cardiomyopathy patients, referred for a family evaluation and mutation screening.
We detected nine non-synonymous mutations including three novel mutations: p.Ser431*, p.Val256Gly and p.Gly400Argfs*11 deletion. There were 25 carriers altogether in nine families. The carriers were mostly characterized by dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure with conduction system disease and/or complex ventricular arrhythmia, although five were asymptomatic. Among the LMNA mutation carriers, six underwent heart transplantation, fourteen ICD implantation and eight had pacemaker. In addition, we obtained ultrastructural images of cardiomyocytes from the patient carrying p.Thr510Tyrfs*42. Furthermore, because the novel p.Val256Gly mutation was found in a sporadic case, we verified its pathogenicity by expressing the mutation in a cellular model.
In conclusion, in the two referral centre populations, the screening revealed five mutations among 66 heart transplant recipients or patients referred for heart transplantation (7.6%) and four mutations among 44 consecutive dilated cardiomyopathy patients referred for familial evaluation (9.1%). Dilated cardiomyopathy patients with LMNA mutations have poor prognosis, however considerable clinical variability is present among family members.
Between January, 2008 and June, 2012 two cohorts of patients in the Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw were studied. The first cohort consisted of 66 DCM patients (61 men, mean age 42.2 ± 14 years) from the Outpatient Heart Failure Clinic (Warsaw, Poland) including 27 HTx recipients and 39 patients with DCM-related advanced HF referred for HTx (mean LVEF 23.5 ± 9.8%). Data concerning the HTx recipients were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of DCM prior to HTx. The second cohort included 44 consecutive DCM patients (34 men, mean age 42. 4 ± 12.4 years, mean LVEF 30.3 ± 9.5) referred for a family evaluation to the Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases. DCM was diagnosed according to the ESC criteria  with left ventricular ejection fraction below 45% and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter exceeding 117 percent of predicted value according to age and body surface area, confirmed over six-month period. In all probands, coronary angiography was performed. One patient had an endomyocardial biopsy performed based on clinical indications. DCM was considered familial when two members met the criteria for diagnosis of DCM in probands. CPK level was obtained whenever possible. Once a mutation was identified adult first-degree relatives of the mutation carriers were offered mutation screening. Individuals with a previously published [8, 10, 11] pathogenic LMNA mutations (p.Tyr481*, c.1443C > G; p.Arg541Cys, c.1621C > T; p.Arg541Gly, c.1621C > G) were included, when new follow-up data were available.
Population screening to exclude the presence of p.Ser431* (c.1292C > G), p.Val256Gly (c.767 T > G) and p.Gly400Argfs*11 (c.1197_1240del44) among healthy individuals was performed in 215 adult Caucasian subjects with no history of cardiovascular diseases as judged by an interview, randomly selected from a previously studied population cohort .
The study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments as well as the current ethical laws of Poland and Canada. Prior to enrollment in the study written informed consent was obtained from every participant. This consent as well as the whole project obtained approval from the Institute of Cardiology Ethics Committee.
DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood by phenol extraction. The twelve exons of the LMNA gene along with flanking intronic regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primer pairs described in earlier studies (list available at ) or designed with the Primer3 program  (v. 0.4.0, sequences available upon request). The amplified regions were screened by direct sequencing with ABI BigDye Terminator sequencing kit using ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA). The results were analyzed with Variant Reporter 1.1 Software (Applied Biosystems).
Newly identified mutations were confirmed by a non-sequencing method. p.Ser431* and p.Val256Gly were confirmed with Wave DHPLC instrument (Transgenomic, Omaha, USA), while p.Gly400Argfs*11, being a deletion of 44 nucleotides, was visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. The presence of the said mutations was excluded among healthy individuals either by direct sequencing (p.Ser431*), gel electrophoresis of PCR amplicon (p.Gly400Argfs*11) or by PCR-RFLP (p.Val256Gly), in which case a Fermentas (Vilnus, Lithuania) enzyme selected by PIRA-PCR software  was used. In presence of the mutation, the digestion of the PCR product yielded two bands of 101 bp and 17 bp, which were visualized by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Aminoacid and nucleotide are numbered according to NM_170707.3 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_170707).
To characterize the consequences of the LMNA mutation at the cellular level, transient cell transfections were performed in C2C12 mouse myoblast cells with wild type or mutated lamin A (NM_170707.3) and lamin C (NM_005572.3) mRNA expressed as fusions to the C-terminus of cyan fluorescent protein (pECFP-C1) and yellow fluorescent protein (pEYFP-N1), respectively (Clonetech Laboratories). Mutations were introduced via site-directed mutagenesis (Stratagene or QuikChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, Agilent Technologies) with forward primer 5′-GCGGGCCCAGCATGAGGACCAGGGGGAGCAGTATAAGAAGGAGC-3′ and reverse primer 5′-GCTCCTTCTTATACTGCTCCCCCTGGTCCTCATGCTGGGCCCGC-3′. All the inserts were systematically verified by sequencing. C2C12 mouse myoblasts cells (ATCC) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1:100 L-glutamine, and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2. The transfection was performed by incubating 0.5 μg of fusion protein construct and MetafectenePro following the manufacturer protocol (). Cells were grown for 18–21 hours. C2C12 images were captured on a Carl Zeiss axioimager M2 research microscope using the Axiovision AxioVs40 V 4.8.1 acquisition software.
Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy was obtained by transvenous femoral approach using the Cordis bioptome. Biopsy material was examined by light and electron microscopy. Under light microscopy, non-specific findings were identified.
Evolutionary conservation of mutated amino acids was examined using Ensembl (release 64) database. The sequences of cow, rat, hyrax, sloth, chicken, Anolis lizard, Xenopus frog and zebrafish were obtained using BLASTP search tool and then juxtaposed with a short fragment of lamin A/C protein sequence encompassing the mutated residue. ClustalW2 was used for sequence alignment .
Overall characteristics of mutation carriers
Number of mutation carriers (%)
Type of mutation
Male sex (%)
Number of asymptomatic carriers; mean age ± SD
5; 28,2 ± 7,1 years
Mean age at the onset of symptoms ± SD
29,9 ± 13,3 years
Conduction disease/AV block I, II
18/25 (72%)/ 13/25 (52%)
Atrial fibrillation (%)
Complex ventricular arrhythmia (VT/VF)
Heart failure, n (%), mean age ± SD
9/25 (36%), 36.9 ± 11.3 years
Pacemaker implantations (%)
Cardioverter-defibrillator implantations (%)
Adequate ICD discharges, n (%); time to first intervention
4 (28.6%); 1.8-20 months
Subjects with CPK measured; elevated CPK > 308U/l (%)
23; 8 (34.8%)
Heart transplantation (%), mean age ± SD
6/25 (24%), 39,2 ± 9.9 years
Families with lamin A/C gene mutations: genotype-phenotype correlations
Familial/positive family history of HF/sporadic
No. of mutation carriers
Penetrance before 40y, n
Elevated CPK > 308j N = 23
ICD adequate interventions, age at first intervention
p.Arg541Cys (c.1621C > T)
10/ Tail, end of Lamin Tail Domain (LTD)
DCM + CD (LBBB) and SWMA
Positive family history of HF
1 at 15 y
Yes, at 22 y
p.Arg541Gly (c.1621C > G)
10/ Tail, end of Lamin Tail Domain (LTD)
DCM + CD (NBBB) and SWMA
p.Arg89Leu (c.266G > T)
Rod domain, (MLIP interaction region, Coil 1B)
DCM + AVB
Yes, at 34 y
p.Val256Gly (c.767 T > G)
Rod domain, Coil 2
DCM + AVB
DCM + AVB + SSS
history of HF
Tail, Lamin Tail Domain (LTD)
DCM + AVB
1 F at 25 y
Yes, proband at 45 y
and 1 M at 56 y
p.Gln246* (c.736C > T)
Rod domain, Coil 2
DCM + AVB
history of HF
p.Ser431* (c.1292C > G)
DCM + AVB
Proband at 43 y,
Yes, proband at 43 y,
Another M at 50 y
p.Tyr481* (c.1443C > G)
Tail, Lamin Tail Domain (LTD)
DCM + AVB
Positive family history of HF
Yes, proband at 40 y
N = 25
N = 20
N = 17
N = 8
N = 4
N = 6
Clinical evaluation of mutation carriers
More than two thirds of the LMNA mutation carriers were male (n = 17, 68%). The most frequent abnormality was conduction disease in 18 (72%) of mutation carriers, followed by complex ventricular arrhythmia (60%) and atrial fibrillation (36%). The relatively low prevalence of heart failure in the study (36%) can be explained by the fact that at the time of the study 6 patients already had heart transplantation (24%). In 8 of 23 subjects with measured CPK (34.8%), elevated CPK level > 308U/l was found, indicating subclinical skeletal muscle involvement. Five mutation carriers were asymptomatic.The novel p.Gly400Argfs*11 (c.1197_1240del44) mutation was identified in the proband as well as in two family E members (the proband’s sister and son). In the proband and his sister, the onset of the disease along with sinus and AV node dysfunction only occurred at the age of 50 and 51, respectively. This was followed by atrial fibrillation/flutter in both patients and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in the proband only.
The carriers of the novel p.Ser431* mutation, the proband and his brother, had the onset of symptoms at the age of 37 and 34, respectively, and HTx at the age of 43 and 50, respectively. This family (F) history was previously reported by us  as a DCM family with conduction disease.
Ultrastructural study of p.Thr510Tyrfs*42 mutation patient’s cardiomyocytes
Expression of the p.Val256Gly mutation in C2C12 cell line
Among the 66 HTx recipients or patients referred for HTx evaluation (Heart Failure Clinic) and the 44 consecutive DCM patients referred for familial evaluation to the Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, we identified nine LMNA mutations including p.Arg541Cys, p.Arg541Gly and p.Tyr481* previously described by our team and three novel mutations: p.Gly400Argfs*11, p.Ser431* and p.Val256Gly.
Two of the novel mutations, p.Gly400Argfs*11 and p.Ser431*, are predicted to result in truncated lamins lacking, respectively, 254 and 233 amino acids from the lamin A protein and thus are likely to be pathogenic. It should be mentioned that pathogenicity was observed for nonsense mutations occurring even closer to the C terminus of lamin protein: p.Gln432*  and p.Tyr481* .
Of the nine identified mutations, three (Arg89L, Gln246Stop and Val256Gly) were located in the central rod domain, the remaining six in the tail domain of the protein. The type of cardiomyopathy and the course of the disease was similar regardless of the site of the mutation except for mutations occurring at the Arg541 position that were associated with segmental wall motion abnormalities in both probands (Arg541Gly and Arg541Cys carriers). Similarly, there was no significant difference regarding phenotype and course of the disease between missense and nonsense mutation carriers. None of thefemale patient had severe heart failure, three of them received an ICD, one a pacemaker for conduction disease.
The presentation of the disease associated with the p.Gly400Argfs*11 mutation, characterized by sinus and AV node dysfunction, occurred late in the life of the two patients, at the beginning of their sixth decade. Sinus node dysfunction at the onset of the disease is not frequently reported with LMNA mutation. Thus, this mutation may be associated, at least in this family, with late presentation and no phenotypic differences between genders.
The two remaining novel mutations p.Ser431* and p.Val256Gly were associated with typical phenotype of DCM and conduction disease with ventricular arrhythmias. The onset occurred in the late third/fourth and third decade, respectively. In the case of the p.Ser431* mutation, we did not observe any gender related differences in the severity or the disease onset. The 29-year-old carrier received an ICD due to complex ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmia, and her aunt, who became symptomatic at the age of 50, received an ICD at the age of 52.
The p.Gln246* mutation was previously described . It was associated with DCM and AVB in one patient who remained asymptomatic until the age of 40. This is similar to our findings. In the present study, the proband developed DCM at 39 years of age with the first symptoms occurring four years earlier. He is currently a NYHA class III patient with a LVEF of 40%. Due to frequent episodes of nsVT, the pacemaker was upgraded to an ICD at the age of 40. Meanwhile, his mutation carrier brother remains asymptomatic at 36 years of age and presents with an LVEF of 66%. Thus, it appears that the p.Gln246* mutation is not associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death or life-threatening arrhythmia in the fourth decade and/or its penetrance may be incomplete by that time.
The p.Arg89Leu mutation was identified by several research teams [30–32] and, almost identically to our findings, resulted in aggressive, quickly progressing HF leading to HTx or SCD within just a few years of the disease onset. The onset of symptoms occurred in the third and fourth decade and patients experienced AV block, AF, ventricular tachyarrythmias and were quickly classified to III or IV NYHA functional class. The p.Arg89Leu mutation is located in the central rod domain (Coil 1B), which is also the location of the p.Val256Gly mutation, characterized by a similarly aggressive phenotype.
The p.Thr510Tyrfs*42 was reported twice before. It was associated with an idiopathic DCM phenotype in a 25-year-old NYHA class II patient with reduced LVEF (25%), LV dilatation (LVEDD of 61 mm), first degree AVB and no apparent clinical evidence of myopathic disease except for an increased CPK level (600 U/l) . This report did not describe the severe arrhythmia which is a typical phenotype among the p.Thr510Tyrfs*42 mutation carriers in our study. Moreover, this insertion also appeared in an EDMD male patient who was diagnosed at the age of 51, but experienced prior cardiac abnormalities: arrhythmia in his twenties, followed by a pacemaker implantation and, finally, HTx at the age of 51 . His EDMD symptoms did not appear until he was 50 (mild proximal upper weakness) . Therefore, it seems that the Thr510Tyrfs*42 mutation may begin with cardiac involvement and progress toward EDMD phenotype later in life. In our study, three out of five mutation carriers, the 55-, 24-, and 18-year-old males, exhibited subclinical elevation of serum CPK level. The pathological conditions induced by the p.Thr510Tyrfs*42 mutation were also visualized by electron microscopy of endomyocardial biopsy. The mutation caused misshapen nuclei and altered heterochromatin distribution in cardiomyocytes. The latter seemed broken and leaking, which may indicate abnormal organization and anchoring of the chromatin to nuclear lamina (Figure 4).
Clinically, the male carriers of the p.Val256Gly and p.Arg541Gly mutations, who have gradually decreasing LVEF accompanied by troponin I leakage, suggestive of relentless course leading to severe HF, are of particular concern. Recently, selumetinib was found to preserve cardiac function and improve survival in cardiomyopathy caused by mutation in the lamin A/C gene . Selumetinib blocks extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway, which is activated in response to HF and, specifically, DCM. In our opinion, LMNA mutation carriers with troponin I leakage should be considered as first candidates for clinical trials to halt the progression of the disease.
In conclusion, in the two referral centre populations, the screening revealed five (7,6%) mutations among the 66 HTx recipients or patients referred for HTx evaluation and four (9,1%) mutations within the 44 consecutive DCM patients referred for familial evaluation. DCM patients with LMNA mutations have poor prognosis, however considerable clinical variability is present among family members. This intrafamilial variability in carriers with truncating LMNA mutations does not seem to be gender dependent.
This work was supported by: Institute of Cardiology statutory grant, registered: Institute of Cardiology, 2.18/II/08 and subsequently 2.10/II/10. Another source of funding was: Heart and Stroke Foundation Grant NA 6628 awarded to F. Tesson - source of funding for P. Bolongo and F. Tesson; and NCN grant 2011/01/B/NZ4/03455 - source of funding for R. Ploski. These grants covered all processes that resulted in the submission of this manuscript.
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