Design of 2-D Filters using a Parallel Processor Architecture
Published on Aug 15, 2016
Two-dimensional filters are usually part of the implementation of digital image processing applications. These filters process recursive sets of instructions and require high computational speed. Optimized implementations of these filters depend on the use of Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). A system with multiple parallel processing units is a feasible design option able to achieve the required computational performance.
In this paper, a loop transformation algorithm, which allows the efficient utilization of a parallel multiprocessor system, is presented. Uniform nested loops representing the image filters and the available processors are modeled as multi-dimensional data flow graphs. A new loop structure is generated so that an arbitrary number of processors available in the system can run in parallel.
Image enhancement and edge detection are well known digital image signal processing applications that may require two-dimensional (2-D) filter-like computational solutions. These applications usually depend on computation intensive code sections, consisting of the repetition of sequences of operations. They are also characterized by the multi-dimensionality of the data involved. An effective technique in improving the computing performance of such applications has been the design and use of Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).
This paper presents a new technique applicable to the design of a 2-D filter system using multiple parallel processors. A multi-dimensional retiming algorithm embedded in this new technique provides the fully parallel utilization of the available processors, thus reducing the overall execution time of the filter function. Parallel architectures are an important tool in ASIC design. However, these architectures require a careful partitioning of the problem in order to improve the utilization of the parallel processors [2, 17, 24].
During the circuit design phase, nested loop structures can be coded using hardware description languages, such as VHDL constructs, in order to reduce the design time. However, in VHDL, the loop control indices will represent the number of times a section of the circuit will be replicated in the final synthesis under the assumption that there are no physical or cost constraints in the circuit implementation . In this paper, a multi-dimensional retiming technique is used to transform the loop in such a way to produce the parallel solution for the problem for a given number of processing units. Such a solution can then be implemented on a standard multiprocessor architecture.
Retiming was originally proposed by Leiserson - Saxe, focusing on improving the cycle time of onedimensional problems . Most work done in this area, is subject to limitations imposed by the number of delays (memory elements) existing in a cycle of a data flow graph representing the problem [3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 16, 22, 25]. Other methods focus on multi-processor scheduling and are also applicable to one-dimensional problems [7, 8, 14, 16, 18].
This study focuses on the parallelism inherent to multi-imensional applications, ignored by the onedimensional methods. Retiming and other loop transformations have since been applied in areas such as scheduling and parallel processing, with the main goal of exploiting fine-grain parallelism in the loop body [4, 15].
Due to the different focus in obtaining parallelism, those techniques are not aimed to improve the execution of parallel iterations in multiprocessor systems.
Research by Passos and Sha extended the retiming concept to multi-dimensional (MD) applications . The multi-dimensional retiming concept is used in this paper to model the partitioning of the loop among the available processors. Multi-dimensional retiming brings some advantages to the process, since it is readily applicable to the multi-dimensional fields considered, eliminating the need for a loop transformation that converts the original problem to one dimension. Another significant advantage of MD retiming is that there are no restrictions on its applicability, not being constrained by the characteristics of the one-dimensional methods.