Multiple cellular and molecular components are involved in the maintenance of the bone marrow HSC niche. myeloid cells and lymphocytes in the liver microenvironment remains unknown. In the present study, HSPC transplantation experiments were used to confirm that adult murine liver HSPCs differentiate into both myeloid cells and lymphocytes (preferentially T cells) compared with bone marrow HSPCs. Using a coculture system comprised of kupffer cells and HSPCs, we found that Sodium stibogluconate kupffer cells promote adult liver HSPCs Sodium stibogluconate to primarily generate T cells and B cells. We then demonstrated that kupffer cells can also promote HSPC expansion. A blockade of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in a liver HSPC and kupffer cell coculture system impaired the adhesion, expansion, and differentiation of HSPCs. These results suggest a critical role of kupffer cells in the maintenance and promotion of adult mouse liver hematopoiesis. These findings provide important insight into understanding liver extramedullary hematopoiesis and its significance, particularly under the state of some liver diseases, such as hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 1. Introduction It has been established that the liver is the Sodium stibogluconate major hematopoietic organ during fetal period. After birth, hematopoietic stem cells reside primarily in the bone marrow. In adults, extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs in the liver, spleen, and other solid organs when hematopoiesis in the bone marrow fails, as a result of some pathological conditions [1C4]. It has been reported that the adult liver contains Linlo/-sca-1+c-kit+ cells which exhibit colony-forming ability and reconstruct the multilineage hematopoiesis of lethally irradiated recipient mice . Later, CD45+ liver side population (SP) Rabbit Polyclonal to UBE1L cells, isolated based on Hoechst 33342 dye staining, are reported which have the potential of hematopoietic reconstitution and generate the lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineages in the lethally irradiated recipient mice . Moreover, HSPCs were found in the adult human liver, and liver grafts after extensive perfusion can restore the recipient multilineage hematopoiesis to some extent [5C7]. Although hepatic hematopoiesis plays an important role in the generation of cells involved in tumor surveillance and rejection , there is a lack of systemic research comparing the differences between hematopoiesis and lymphogenesis between the adult liver and bone marrow and how the liver microenvironment contributes to these events. The quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation of HSPCs in the bone marrow require a specific niche. Macrophages, endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and other stromal cells play critical roles in maintaining the hematopoietic stem cell pool and regulating HSPC activity by producing a wide variety of cytokines, hematopoietic growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion molecules [9C11]. Among these, adhesion receptors and their ligands (e.g., ICAM-1/LFA-1 and VCAM-1/VLA-4) are important for regulating hematopoietic function and anchoring HSPCs to the niche [12, 13]. Indeed, an ICAM-1 deficiency impairs the quiescence and repopulation activity of HSPCs in the bone marrow niche [13, 14]. However, factors in the adult liver hematopoietic niche for HSPCs remain poorly understood. In the present study, we detected the presence of heterogeneous Lin?Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK, contains hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors) cells  in the adult murine liver. Through HSPC transplantation experiments, we observed that liver LSK cells differentiate into both myeloid cells and lymphocytes, particularly preferentially generated T cells compared with bone marrow HSPCs. We next explored how the liver microenvironment promotes liver hematopoiesis and lymphocyte differentiation and which factors are required. We found that kupffer cells could induce liver HSPCs to differentiate into a relatively high proportion of T and B lymphocytes in an ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction-dependent manner. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Animal Strains and Treatment Protocol Six- to eight-week-old male C57BL/6j mice were obtained from Hua Fukang Biological Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China) and maintained in a pathogen-free animal facility. Male and female C57BL/6-Ly5.1 (CD45.1) were obtained from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co. Ltd. An adult murine liver extramedullary hematopoietic model was established by an intraperitoneal injection of 10?in cell culture supernatants was.