Queer baiting (or queerbaiting) is a term used to describe the perceived attempt by advertisers or canon creators to draw in a queer audience and/or slash fans by implying or hinting at a gay relationship that will never actually be depicted. "Queerbaiting" is most often — but not always — applied to television and film.
In films and television series, this is done either by introducing a character whose sexuality seems, early on, to be coded as something other than one hundred percent heterosexual, or by indicating -- be it ever so slightly -- that two same-sex characters might possibly be attracted to each other.
Queer baiting may also involve the suggestion of a romantic or sexual interest between two characters of the same gender without making it outright canon. This can backfire against TPTB when queer baiting is paired with "no homo!" moments in canon, where a seemingly intimate exchange between characters is immediately followed by an "of course we're not gay" joke.[note 1]
The term encompasses the disappointment and betrayal felt by fans when the canon retreats from that early perceived position of queer inclusion, and clearly marks the sexually ambiguous character as straight.
A fan describes the initial experience of the queer audience member this way:
They introduce a character that queer people can relate to. They use the details and feelings common to queer people’s lives to make it very obvious to anyone who is queer, that the character is also queer. They know that because there is very little queer representation in media, queer people are going to latch onto this character, and therefore latch onto the series."
"Queer baiting" was originally used by politicians and had a similar meaning to "race baiting", bringing up details of an opponent's orientation as a way of attacking them. The current meaning was created in 1990s academic queer theorists, and popularized by Tumblr users in the early 20-teens.
Coding, that is, behaviors intended to identify a character as being a particular type, is an integral part of theater worldwide. In Anglo-European drama it goes back to the ancient Greek theater. Nuances in costume, body positions and gestures, and vocal tone along with theatrical subtext serve to tell the audience a character's background and personality. By the late nineteenth century and into the 1920s and '30s, film acting techniques were being developed and what we think of as "homosexual" as a social identity continued to evolve. Male theatrical and film characters who were supposed to be gay were often campy or "flaming". Known as pansy types in those days, they might be fussy, effeminate, use limp-wristed gestures and lace handkerchiefs, and (as sound came in) speak in expressive, often high-pitched voices. Part of this was done so that the audience would understand a character was gay without running afoul of the Legion of Decency.[note 2][note 3]
Formerly, characters who seemed "queer" often proved to be straight as a way of sending a message to the audience not to judge queerness solely by appearance and behavior. Another character who seemed to fit all the stereotypes of a "straight" man might then turn out to be gay.[note 4] As the dominant American culture acknowledges that gay people exist, and with the changing cultural image of who a gay person is, sympathetic gay characters have become more numerous, and are often coded more realistically. Today's viewers have come to expect to see gay people actually having relationships, not merely being identified as gay.
Queerbaiting Is Bad
This practice also meets with strong objections from slash fans who are less interested in political/social justice issues than they are simply in a possible canonization of their favorite slash couple. There is a fine line between slashwink and ship teasing and serious storylines and dialogue indicating a possible homosexual relationship which is then pulled back or never consummated. It can also be argued that some fans see homosexual attraction in character interactions that were not intended that way.
Now that it’s evident girls really like guys who like guys, no matter how misguided it may be, we have come to a unique time in television writing: queer-baiting. The idea of queer-baiting is specifically putting gay/homoerotic subtext in relationships in order to keep girls interested in the show. However, the writers/cast keep just enough out to keep the men interested.
(One presumes Baumgartner is referring to the straight men, or those who are not interested in slash. See Male Writers Archive.)
Viewers become frustrated when producers and showrunners drop hints in interviews that they will portray two male characters as getting together, but don't actually do it. Slash fans as well as those who just want to see realistic depictions of gay relationships view this practice as a cynical exploitation of their interest in order to get ratings.[note 5][note 6]
Queerbaiting Is Better Than Nothing
Fans are divided as to whether queer baiting is better than nothing, as discussed on this FFA thread:
I can't actually get mad at the deliberate wink-wink, nudge-nudge because it's still better than nothing. (Though I can see how it would get tiring and start to feel downright insulting.) Society changes slowly and these are baby steps. They've already made canon queer couples in sitcoms; it will hopefully be just one more step to make a canon queer couple (leads, dare I hope?) in a police/medical/firefighter hourly drama. [...][note 7]
- See, I think it's worse than nothing. Nothing could at least indicate genuine ignorance, but queer-baiting on the scale it's gotten to is saying "We know there's an audience, we know that it's possible for this relationship to go there, but of course that's never going to happen. But we'll add this subtext to get your dollars and maybe give you a vague sense of progress."
- Looking at it pragmatically, I think the chance of going from nothing at all to full-on gay couple leads is pretty much nil so it's a hard-to-skip step, no matter how irritating it may be.
Queerbaiting Is Good
What Counts As Queerbait?
"For the record, I just want to say right off I don’t like the term slashwink that AfterElton coined - it’s cutesy and feels a little bit demeaning. HOWEVER, it is NOT the equivalent of queerbaiting in my opinion....Slash wink, for want of a better term, is when a showrunner/writers intentionally insert subtext for fans as a favor to fans, but have no intent to go through with it. Queerbaiting is throwing in subtext to slash fans with no intent to do anything either, but it’s also about surrounding the subtext with “no homo" text to make sure that no one actually gets the “wrong" impression. It’s much more homophobic because TPTB obviously feel that if non-slash fans pick up on the subtext it would be bad and so work to ensure that doesn’t happen. Neither gives slash fans the canon ship they want, but queerbaiting is homophobic/malicious whereas slash winking is friendly teasing."
Certain shows attract heavy fan lobbying for canon relationships between male characters. Many of today's fans want to be seen as requesting progressive media portrayals of homosexuals, rather than demanding satisfaction of their personal obsession or kink.
Queer baiting, like Mary Sue, is an extremely subjective and personal experience, and fans may perceive it even within very inclusive media. Such as when Steven Universe artist Lauren Zuke deleted her Twitter account after suffering massive amounts of harassment from tinhat fans over Peridot and Lapis living together.
Gay fans have come to resent the insertion of "subtext" or appealing to fans' Slash goggles without ever presenting an actual gay relationship. We may be told that a supporting character is gay, but we never actually see him with a husband or boyfriend. (Lesbian couples are portrayed even less often.) Slash fans may zerg tumblr threads and forums merely to speculate on "pairings", while ignoring the fact that television and film still have no definitively gay lead characters, or gay relationships between lead characters.
...I’ve already fled, spitting blood and bullets, from threads where discussion of, for example, complete GBLT erasure in any and all Disney programmes was derailed by slash fans running in and discussing which characters they thought were the best slash fodder. Or which characters could possibly maybe. Or which characters they’ve always, personally, interpreted as gay in their own head-cannon (sic). Or, y’know, any number of things that are COMPLETELY BLOODY IRRELEVENT to the actual erasure happening. Or how many times do we see people celebrating and leaping all over the slash potential of a show – even calling it GBLT friendly – when it doesn’t have one single GBLT character or relationship? People are CELEBRATING erasure and calling it inclusion because it fits their slash goggles. And we’d be foolish to think that writers, producers et al aren’t seeing this and playing towards it. It’s ideal – they get inclusion cookies without offending the usual suspects on the right.
The Freedom of Fanfic Tumblr blog entry "Why Shipping Isn't Activism" further explains these points:
The desire to see ships become canon is not primarily motivated by generating healthy representation of marginalized identities. Fans have been wanting their favorite ships to become canon since the Stone Ages. The Harry Potter fandom wars were all about what was most canon: Harry/Hermione, Hermione/Ron, or Harry/Ginny. Notably: Draco/Harry is not one of the pairings I list, because nobody thought there was the remotest chance that Draco/Harry would ever become canon. It’s only recently that LGBT/queer rep in particular has been making a meaningful appearance in mainstream media, and suddenly slash ships have entered the ‘will it be canon!?’ fray. And some mlm fans feel they have more ‘right’ to canon because mlm ships are LGBT/queer rep. Here’s the thing: if this was really about representation, then we’d all be celebrating if any mlm pairing became canon. No matter which pairing is ‘more progressive’, any LGBT/queer canon representation is better than none. But (surprise!) it’s not; the ‘queer rep!’ battle cry is just an additional cannonball in the arsenal of ongoing ship wars... And I venture to say that most mlm shippers engaged in a ship war would rather see an unrelated het pairing become canon than their rival mlm ship.
Queerbaiting in Different Fandoms
Steven Moffat, producer of Sherlock, has stated he has no intention of catering to this demand, remarking that even if the two men love one another, it's only in today's "weirdly sexualized world" that we must insist they're having sex as well. In fact, he explained in 2012 that he deliberately chose to retain Holmes' canonical celibacy (not asexuality) from Arthur Conan Doyle's original stories.[note 9] Moffat has been accused of queerbaiting by various reviewers during his time on Doctor Who as well as Sherlock.
Many Supernatural fans believed that Dean/Castiel would become canon. The show's writer and actors writers engage in a certain amount of references, jokes and teasing about the characters' orientations and relationships.
Also in 2016, fans of Harry Potter accused J.K. Rowling, John Tiffany and Jack Thorne of queerbaiting in the play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child by portraying a romantic friendship between two male characters, In an op-ed piece in the Guardian, Ilana Masad said that the play used "injections of homoeroticism and romance to draw an audience seeking LGBT+ representation, while not alienating a wider audience who may not want to see a gay relationship depicted".  Anthony Boyle, who had played Scorpius in The Cursed Child, subsequently played J.R.R. Tolkien's friend Geoffrey Bache Smith in the 2019 biopic Tolkien, and spoke in interviews about Smith's romantic friendship with Tolkien. In the film, their bond is "hinted to be something more" and Boyle says screenwriter Stephen Beresford told him "it’s not taking a liberty with this character, there’s no direct proof that he was in love with him, but if we don’t follow our nose when these clues are given to us then we’re writing these people out of history." Taking a conceptual approach, Boyle feels that each viewer brings his or her curiosity and interpretation to the work.
In August 2016, Steven Universe artist Lauren Zuke deleted her Twitter account after suffering massive amounts of harassment from tinhat fans over Peridot and Lapis living together. This is despite there being several queer characters in the show and Zuke themselves being queer. Peridot and Lapis are not explicitly romantically involved in canon, nor is Peridot involved with Amethyst, who is also female; but a previous episode had shown interaction between Peridot and Amethyst that appeared to fans to have unresolved sexual tension. So, for those who were hoping these two would be together, the Peridot-Amethyst moment was construed as Queer baiting since nothing happened. 
Voltron: Legendary Defender
In 2018, fans accused the showrunners of queerbaiting when Keith and Shiro did not end up together despite sharing many borderline romantic moments during the series. However, others were quick to point out that Shiro did get married to and kiss another man on-screen, which is still LGBT content even if it was rushed. Some Klance shippers also accused the writers of queerbaiting when Lance fell in love with Princess Allura, despite the many reminders that Keith and Lance were never meant to be viewed through a romantic lens and that Lance was straight.
Queerbaiting in Advertising
In May 2019, the fashion house Calvin Klein ran a series of commercials featuring LGBT and gender-fluid/nonbinary artists. However, they were accused of queerbaiting for casting straight actress Bella Hadid in a commercial where she kisses Miquela, a robot designed to look like a human female, rather than simply showing two Lesbian actresses in a relationship (as, say, Sasha Levinson's award-winning Now and Then commercial for Visit Las Vegas did). In their apology, Calvin Klein described the entire ad campaign was meant to "promote freedom of expression for a wide range of identities, including a spectrum of gender and sexual identities," and said they'd used Miquela to create a theme of blurring fantasy and reality.
The term 'queerbaiting' is sometimes used in situations that do not necessarily fit within the traditional definition.
When Lexa was killed off in season 3 of The 100, one of the grievances of the resulting LGBT Fans Deserve Better movement was that many queer fans felt that they had been baited by the showrunner, Jason Rothenberg, into watching and promoting The 100. Because of this, Rothenberg has been accused of queerbaiting fans, even though Lexa was a canonical lesbian character and the Clarke/Lexa (Clexa) f/f pairing had been canon since season 2.
Similarly, the creators of Voltron: Legendary Defender were accused of queerbaiting for the way they handled Shiro and Adam's canonical relationship in season 7. Some fans felt that the m/m relationship had been overhyped by the creators, "only to lead to disappoint in the series and a lack of reference to Shiro and Adam being in a relationship in the series."
- House and Wilson from House, MD: "An episode of House has a neighbor assume that House and Wilson, who have just moved into a condo Wilson bought, are gay. This is rather disconcerting to Wilson, who was attempting to hit on her at the time. House camps it up (for example, he orders a huge A Chorus Line poster and opens it excitedly in the hallway when the neighbor is walking by) to screw with Wilson and also as part of a rather convoluted plot to have sex with the pretty neighbor himself."
- Rizzoli & Isles: "In Rizzoli & Isles the two main characters pretend to be more than friends to discourage an unwanted suitor of Maura's (he, of course, suggests a threesome). This was so popular with the show's fanbase that the man has since become a recurring character so that Maura and Jane have to pretend to be gay repeatedly."
- Xena and Gabrielle from Xena: Warrior Princess are soul-mates destined to be together forever, even after death and reincarnation, but the show never admits whether their relationship has a sexual/romantic dimension.
- Sherlock and John from Sherlock: "Homoerotic Subtext: Ooohhhhh boy. Sherlock and John are constantly Mistaken for Gay, and even when they deny it (John isn't gay, Sherlock is Married to the Job and doesn't discuss his sexuality) it's absolutely through the roof in every single episode. Pretty much everyone involved in creating the show ships John/Sherlock. Moriarty also takes great delight in flirting with Sherlock, despite not being gay either — addressing him as "honey" and "sexy" and getting all up in his personal space."
- Remus Lupin from Harry Potter. David Thewlis has said that he deliberately played Lupin as a "gay junkie" and that this idea originally came from director Alfonso Cuarón. Creator J.K. Rowling said that she didn't envision Lupin as gay when she wrote about him.
- In the wake of an ill-advised statement that the creators of Supernatural had not intended for Dean or Castiel to be bisexual, WB exec Chad Kennedy received tweets accusing the producers of queerbaiting.
- A brief exchange between James Bond and Raoul Silva in Skyfall which seemed designed to appeal to slash fans. "We all know that all James Bond movies are deeply masculine movies, where chicks are things to be banged or killed. So, it should say something about the culture of romance in movies that all the fans attached themselves to the fact that the villain (a man) hits on Bond by caressing him, and suggesting he not knock having sex with a man until he tries it. To this, Bond responds with 'Who says this is my first time?'" Aside from the fact that this is obviously queer-baiting... the need for fans to hang onto this very short conversation and gif it within an hour of the premiere date means that relationships between women and James Bond don’t matter and this is the only possibly meaningful one they can find in the movie."
- Among sports anime fandoms, it is extremely common for the fandom to ship one or more M/M pairings who are portrayed as close friends on screen, though these relationships never become romantic or sexual in canon. However, there is debate as to whether this is deliberate queerbaiting versus just fans being overenthusiastic about what is clearly intended to be a simple friendship.    Yuri!!! on Ice became notorious and beloved as the first sports anime to buck this trend, although it was (and still is) subjected to accusations of queerbaiting due to the fact that the main couple weren't shown kissing on-screen. See gay representation in Yuri!!! on Ice.
- The Betty/Veronica kiss in the first episode of Riverdale. It was hyped up by the trailer to draw in LGBT viewers, but the episode itself acknowledged it as "faux lesbian kissing" and the show would go on to have both girls be unmistakably heterosexual (Veronica dated Archie and slept with him several times, while Betty pined for Archie and wound up in a relationship with Jughead). To make matters worse, the creators outright said the two would never be an item, basically admitting they used a lesbian kiss to draw in viewers. 
- "i know you care for him as much as i do." meta by Aja (2010) - covers this topic but never uses the term 'queerbaiting'
- Fathallah, Judith. 2015. Moriarty's Ghost, or The Queer Disruption of the BBC's Sherlock. Television and New Media: 16:5. 
- Nordin, Emma. 2015. From Queer Reading to Queerbaiting: The Battle over the Polysemic Text and the Power of Hermeneutics. Master's thesis, Stockholm University. archive link
- Minkel, Elizabeth. 2016. Star Wars, queer representation, and the mainstreaming of slash
- Campbell, Anna. 2016. Queerbaited: Homoeroticism & Homophobia in Supernatural in the Age of the Internet. Medium, February 20; archive link
- Langfelder, Natasia. 2016. Let's End Queerbaiting in 2016. AfterEllen, February 1; archive link
- Romano, Aja. 2016. The Harry Potter universe still can't translate its gay subtext to text. It's a problem. Vox, September 4; archive link
- Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia. 2017. How 'Riverdale' shipping wars and queerbaiting led to Shannon Purser's coming out. The Daily Dot, April 19. archive link
- Brennan, Joseph. 2017. ‘Jensen Ackles is a (homophobic) douchebag’: the ‘politics of slash’ in debates on a TV star’s homophobia. Celebrity Studies, 8:2. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2016.1249897
- Ng, Eve. 2017. Between Text, Paratext, and Context: Queerbaiting and the Contemporary Media Landscape. In "Queer Female Fandom," edited by Julie Levin Russo and Eve Ng, special issue, Transformative Works and Cultures, no. 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3983/twc.2017.917.
- Mitchell, Bea. 2018. Queerbaiting: What is it and why is it a problem PinkNews, February 26. archive link
- Brennan, Joseph. 2018. Queerbaiting: The 'playful' possibilities of homoeroticism. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 21:2. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877916631050
- "Special Issue: Queerbaiting," edited by Joseph Brennan, Journal of Fandom Studies, 6:2.
- Bridges, Elizabeth. 2018. A genealogy of queerbaiting: Legal codes, production codes, "bury your gays", and "The 100 mess." Journal of Fandom Studies, 6:2. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.6.2.115_1
- McDermott, Michael. 2018. The contest of queerbaiting: Negotiating authenticity in fan-creator interactions. Journal of Fandom Studies, 6:2. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.6.2.133_1
- Elliott, Jaquelin and Fowler, Megan. 2018. "Smile, Derek. Why don't you smile more?" The objectification of Derek Hale and queerbaiting in MTV's 'Teen Wolf'. Journal of Fandom Studies, 6:2. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.6.2.145_1
- Roach, Emily E. 2018. The homoerotics of the boyband, queerbaiting and RPF in pop music fandoms. Journal of Fandom Studies, 6:2. 
- Brennan, Joseph. 2018. Slashbaiting, an alternative to queerbaiting. Journal of Fandom Studies, 6:2. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.6.2.187_1
- Graves, Stephanie A. "Put as much 'sub' into that 'text' as you possibly can": Supernatural, Representation, and Queerbaiting. Paper presented at the Popular Culture Association in the South, New Orleans, LA, 4-8 October 2018. Panel Chair.
- Slash and Canon: Do you ever just think about how much slash (and femslash) fandom has changed the last ~10 years? by comradegrantaire [punk-solas] (December 2018); archive link
- WHAT IS (AND ISN'T) QUEERBAITING?, video by SarahZ.
- The Evolution of Queerbaiting: From Queercoding to Queercatching by Youtuber Rowan Ellis (January 30th, 2019)
- Queerbaiting and the blame ping-pong ball by chili-legilimens (March 2019); archive link
- Brennan, Joseph, editor. Queerbaiting and Fandom: Teasing Fans through Homoerotic Possibilities. University of Iowa Press, 2019.
Notes & References
- ("No homo" is a slang term used in hip-hop culture and is short for "No homosexual implications intended." Along with the word "pause", it is used to caution listeners that although the speaker may have just given the impression he is gay, he is not. In practice, it is employed almost like the Jewish phrase "God forbid".)
- The excellent documentary Before Stonewall begins with a look at "pansies" and other types of gay characters in film. See also Turner Classic Movies' Screened Out: Gay Images on Film.
- Jay Robinson played Troyian ambassador Petri as this character in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Elaan of Troyius". Franklin Pangborn often played this character. Edward Everett Horton played more low-key versions. Joel Cairo in The Maltese Falcon is a more extreme example as is Jack on Will and Grace. Ed Hibbert's Gil Chesterton on Frasier is a satirical take on "coded gays", as is Frasier himself.
- The early All in the Family episode "Judging Books by Covers" is all about this: Archie's "manly" friend is gay, while Michael's girlish-seeming friend is straight.
- "Both shows [Supernatural and Teen Wolf] have courted slash fans in different ways. Supernatural does it through the actual text – including mentions of Wincest (Sam/Dean), having other characters suggest that Dean and Castiel are a couple and employing established romantic tropes. Teen Wolf does this via Social Media – encouraging fans to vote for Teen Wolf with shippy vids and Jeff Davis suggesting that if enough fans demand it he could be persuaded (which should just be no.1 on the list of things showrunners should NEVER say)." UndieGirl, "Baiting the Fandom That Feeds You", The Geekiary, November 6, 2013.
- " They are mistaken for gay lovers; they stare longingly into each others eyes for seasons at a time; they are deeply, inescapably important to each other. Yet the audience is never allowed to forget for long that these characters are also deeply, inescapably heterosexual." Emmett Scout, Please Do Not Bait The Queers. In The Next, June 19, 2013.
- "They" did. On ER in 2000 and 2001. There are many amateur videos and a fan fiction archive.
- Dr. House fakes his own death and rides off Easy Rider style together with his friend Wilson, who has terminal cancer, on their motorcycles. The writers have occasionally had House speak sarcastically about being homosexuals with Wilson, but also Hugh Laurie, who plays House, has said the character's relationship with Wilson is "not just buddydom".
- "There's no indication in the original stories that he was asexual or gay. He actually says he declines the attention of women because he doesn't want the distraction. What does that tell you about him? Straightforward deduction. He wouldn't be living with a man if he thought men were interesting.... It's the choice of a monk, not the choice of an asexual. If he was asexual, there would be no tension in that, no fun in that – it's someone who abstains who's interesting. There's no guarantee that he'll stay that way in the end – maybe he marries Mrs Hudson. I don't know!" There is a clue everybody's missed, interview with Moffat in The Guardian, 2012-01-20.
- Gay male fan "Sparky", writing in his blog Spark in Darkness, Slash Goggles, Fanservice and No Actual Inclusion, Saturday, 21 July 2012.
- Freedom of Fanfic, Why Shipping Isn't Activism. 2018-08-06 edition - revised one year after initial writing.
- Alyssa Rosenberg, Steven Moffat on ‘Sherlock’s Return, the Holmes-Watson Love Story, and Updating the First Supervillain. Think Progress, 2012-05-17.
- On Queerbaiting; or, SUBTEXT DOES NOT EQUAL REPRESENTATION., Archived version by Kerishma (2012) Blogging for HONS 201, 2012-12-03.
- Ilana Masad, "Harry Potter and the Possible Queerbaiting: why fans are mad over a lack of gay romance". Guardian, August 16, 2016.
- Samuel Fishwick, "Tolkien star Anthony Boyle: If we don't follow the clues, we’re writing people out of history". Evening Standard, May 2, 2019.
- Beth Elderkin, Steven Universe Artist Quits Twitter Over Fan Harassment. io9, August 13, 2016.
- Galveira, LAUREN ZUKE JUST DELETED HER TWITTER Reddit post dated August 12, 2016.
- Amelia Abraham, "Why culture’s 'queerbaiting' leaves me cold". The Guardian, June 29, 2019.
- Victoria Brownworth, "Queerbaiting: TV’s trap to lure gay viewers." Philadelphia Gay News, December 6, 2018.
- Rachel Kiley, Calvin Klein Apologizes for Queerbaiting After Same-Sex Robot Kiss. Pride, May 20, 2019.
- "What is queerbaiting and why has Calvin Klein been accused of it?" Irish Times, May 20, 2019.
- Lexa, The 100 on LGBTFansDeserveBetter.com. "Lexa's death was labeled 'the most insidious use of queerbaiting in a generation'..."
- Maureen Ryan, What TV Can Learn From 'The 100' Mess. Variety. March 14, 2016. "How wrong we were to trust them. We were queerbaited in the most elaborate way imaginable. They made our pairing canon. They assured us not to worry, that they wouldn't take it in that worn-out direction, that they were progressive and cool."
- Farid-ul-Haq, Does Voltron Legendary Defender Season 7 Deserve The Queer Representation Points It Wants? The Geekiary. August 11, 2018.
- Palmer Haasch, Voltron creator addresses fans over season 7’s queerbaiting controversy. Polygon. August 16, 2018.
- TVTropes, entry on Faux Yay, with many other examples.
- From the entry on Sherlock at TVTropes, under "Homoerotic Subtext".
- Stubby the Rocket, "Every So Often, Remus Lupin Is Gay." on 2011-04-06 at tor.com.
- Regarding Chad Kennedy at The Fandom Debunker, October 23, 2013.
- Why are sports-anime queerbaiting? by yurikabluedemon via Tumblr. Published Nov 20, 2016 (Accessed Sept 01, 2017).