Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
We, the EPA, are proposing to approve a revision to the plan prepared by Missouri to maintain the 1-hour national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) for ozone in the Missouri portion of the Kansas City maintenance area through the year 2012. This plan is applicable to Clay, Jackson and Platte Counties. This revision is required by the Clean Air Act. A similar notice pertaining to the Kansas portion of the Kansas City maintenance area is being done in conjunction with this document. The effect of this approval is to ensure Federal enforceability of the state air program plan and to maintain consistency between the state-adopted plan and the approved SIP.
What is a SIP?
What is the Federal approval process for a SIP?
What are the criteria for approval of a maintenance plan?
What does Federal approval of a state regulation mean to me?
What is in the state's plan to maintain the standard?
Have the requirements for approval of a SIP revision been met?
What action is EPA taking?
What Is a SIP?
The Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) at section 110 requires states to develop air pollution regulations and control strategies to ensure that state air quality meets the national ambient air quality standards established by EPA. These ambient standards are established under section 109 of the CAA, and they currently address six criteria pollutants. These pollutants are: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, lead, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide.
Each state must submit these regulations and control strategies to us for approval and incorporation into the Federally-enforceable SIP.
Each Federally-approved SIP protects air quality primarily by addressing air pollution at its point of origin. These SIPs can be extensive, containing state regulations or other enforceable documents and supporting information such as emission inventories, monitoring networks, and modeling demonstrations.
What Is the Federal Approval Process for a SIP?
In order for state regulations to be incorporated into the Federally-enforceable SIP, states must formally adopt the regulations and control strategies consistent with state and Federal requirements. This process generally includes a public notice, public hearing, public comment period, and a formal adoption by a state-authorized rulemaking body.
Once a state rule, regulation, or control strategy is adopted, the state submits it to us for inclusion into the SIP. We must provide public notice and seek additional public comment regarding the proposed Federal action on the state submission. If adverse comments are received, they must be addressed prior to any final Federal action by us.
All state regulations and supporting information approved by EPA under section 110 of the CAA are incorporated into the Federally-approved SIP. Records of such SIP actions are maintained in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at Title 40, part 52, entitled “Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans.” The actual state regulations which are approved are not reproduced in their entirety in the CFR outright but are “incorporated by reference,” which means that we have approved a given state regulation with a specific effective date.
What Are the Criteria for Approval of a Maintenance Plan?
The requirements for the approval and revision of a maintenance plan are Start Printed Page 54187found in section 175A of the CAA. A maintenance plan must provide a demonstration of continued attainment including the control measures relied upon, provide contingency measures for the prompt correction of any violation of the standard, provide for continued operation of the ambient air quality monitoring network, provide a means of tracking the progress of the plan, and include the attainment emissions inventory and new budgets for motor vehicle emissions.
What Does Federal Approval of a State Regulation Mean to Me?
Enforcement of the state regulation before and after it is incorporated into the Federally-approved SIP is primarily a state responsibility. However, after the regulation is Federally approved, we are authorized to take enforcement action against violators. Citizens are also offered legal recourse to address violations as described in section 304 of the CAA.
What Is in the State's Plan To Maintain the Standard?
For the past ten years, Missouri has had a plan in place to maintain the 1-hour ozone standard in the Missouri portion of the Kansas City maintenance area through 2002. The CAA requires that the maintenance plan be revised to provide for maintenance for ten years after the expiration of the initial maintenance period. Missouri's submittal of December 17, 2002, contained a revised plan that describes what will be done during the next ten-year period to maintain the ozone standard in the Missouri portion of the Kansas City maintenance area through 2012. The following analysis will look at the elements necessary for approval of a maintenance plan and determine if they have been fulfilled.
1. Demonstration of Continued Attainment
This revised plan relies on an attainment level of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) to maintain the ozone standard through a combination of control measures. These measures include stationary, area and mobile source controls. The annual emissions from the entire area for 1999, a period when no excursions or violations of the standard occurred, and 2012, the last year of the maintenance plan, are shown in the table below.
|Year||Pollutant emission (tons per OSD1)|
|1 The term “ozone summer day” is abbreviated as OSD.|
As can be seen, total emissions decreased during the ten-year maintenance period. Thus the plan has demonstrated that the 1-hour ozone standard will be maintained. The full emissions benefits obtained from state and Federal control measures are included in the table above. For the demonstration of maintenance, it is only necessary for the state to show that there is no increase in the emissions. Clearly excess emission benefits are included in the demonstration.
Control measures used to reduce emissions and maintain the standard are shown in the following list. These measures include stationary, mobile and area source controls.
|10 CSR 10-2.040||Maximum Allowable Emission of Particulate Matter from Fuel Burning Equipment Used for Indirect Heating.|
|10 CSR 10-2.080||Emission of Visible Air Contaminants from Internal Combustion Engines (rescinded 68 FR 12827, March 18, 2003). See 10 CSR 10-6.220.|
|10 CSR 10-2.090||Incinerators.|
|10 CSR 10-2.100||Open Burning Restrictions.|
|10 CSR 10-2.150||Time Schedule for Compliance.|
|10 CSR 10-2.205||Control of Emissions from Aerospace Manufacture and Rework Facilities.|
|10 CSR 10-2.210||Control of Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning.|
|10 CSR 10-2.215||Control of Emissions from Solvent Cleanup Operations.|
|10 CSR 10-2.220||Liquefied Cutback Asphalt Paving Restricted.|
|10 CSR 10-2.230||Control of Emissions from Industrial Surface Coating Operations.|
|10 CSR 10-2.260||Control of Petroleum Liquid Storage, Loading, and Transfer.|
|10 CSR 10-2.280||Control of Emissions from Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Installations (rescinded 68 FR 36470, June 18, 2003). See 10 CSR 10-6.075.|
|10 CSR 10-2.290||Control of Emissions from Rotogravure and Flexographic Printing Facilities.|
|10 CSR 10-2.300||Control of Emissions from the Manufacturing of Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels and Other Allied Surface Coating Products.|
|10 CSR 10-2.310||Control of Emissions from the Application of Underbody Deadeners.|
|10 CSR 10-2.320||Control of Emissions from the Production of Pesticides and Herbicides.|
|10 CSR 10-2.330||Control of Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure.|
|10 CSR 10-2.340||Control of Emissions from Lithographic Printing Facilities.|
|10 CSR 10-2.360||Control of Emissions from Bakery Ovens.|
|10 CSR 10-2.390||Conformity to State Implementation Plans of Transportation Plans, Programs, and Projects Developed, Funded, or Approved Under Title 23 U.S.C. or the Federal Transit Act.|
|10 CSR 10-6.075||Maximum Achievable Control Technology Regulations.|
|10 CSR 10-6.220||Restriction of Emission of Visible Air Contaminants.|
In addition, the plan relies upon the Federal motor vehicle emissions control program in effect as of May 22, 2002. That program includes such rules as the following that limit emissions from vehicles and set certain fuel parameters:
- Tier 0 emission limits rule for model year (MY) 1980 and 1981 vehicles,
- Tier I starting with MY 1994,
- Tier II starting with MY 2004,
- National Low Emission Vehicles program (MY-97 for the northeast area and MY-2001 for the rest of the USA), Start Printed Page 54188
- On-board refueling vapor recovery starting with MY 1998,
- Heavy duty (HD) diesel rule starting with MY 1991,
- HD diesel rule starting with MY 2004, and
- HD diesel rule starting with MY 2007
2. Contingency Measures
As required by the CAA, contingency provisions are provided in the plan. During the first two years of the plan, 2003 and 2004, if a violation occurs anywhere within the maintenance area, the state committed to using transportation control measures sufficient to achieve at least a five percent reduction in area-wide emissions.
For the remaining years of the maintenance plan, 2005 through 2012, two different triggers would initiate an evaluation and selection of appropriate control measures to implement. A response would be invoked whenever a future emissions inventory shows that VOC or NOX levels are more than five percent above the 1999 emission inventory levels or there is a pattern of exceedances measured at the ambient air quality monitors. At that time Missouri would work cooperatively with Kansas to evaluate and determine what and where controls may be required and the level of emissions reductions needed. The study would be completed within nine months and control measures adopted within 18 months of the determination. This time frame is similar to that in Kansas' revised maintenance plan.
A response would also be invoked whenever the NAAQS was violated. At that time an analysis would be completed within six months and control measures adopted within 18 months and implemented expeditiously taking into consideration the ease of implementation and the technical and economic feasibility of the selected measures. The state intends to implement any necessary contingency measures within 24 months after a violation of the 1-hour ozone standard. For both triggers, a number of potential point source, mobile source, and area source control measures are identified. Thus acceptable contingency provisions are provided in the plan as required by the CAA.
Emission control measures relied upon to maintain the NAAQS cannot be used as a contingency measure. Alternatively, emission control measures can be used as contingency measures to the extent that emissions reductions achieved by these rules are not necessary for maintaining the NAAQS. Clearly, the excess emissions reductions obtained from the Tier-II rule, heavy duty diesel standards and the Federal off-road engine standards not needed for maintenance of the NAAQS can be used as contingency measures.
The CAA requires the inclusion of contingency measures in a maintenance plan to promptly correct any violation of the standard. We believe that Missouri is committing to and will take action quickly to maintain the standard in the event of a violation. Missouri has listed measures to be considered, intends to implement any necessary contingency measures within 24 months after a violation, and established a process to develop contingency measures if needed. Therefore, we believe the SIP has fulfilled the requirement for including contingency measures in the plan as required by the CAA. Any failure by the state to implement contingency measures to address a violation of the 1-hour standard, within the 24-month time frame in the plan, would be a failure to implement the SIP.
3. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
The current ambient air quality monitoring network consisting of six monitors operating in the Kansas City area is described. Two monitors are located in Liberty and Watkins Mill Park and are considered to be downwind monitors; two are placed in populated areas at Rocky Creek, previously located at Worlds of Fun and the Kansas City International Airport; one is placed upwind at Richards Gebaur Airport; and one is located downtown in Kansas City, Kansas. The state did commit to continue monitoring the air quality for the next ten years.
The ambient air quality is also described. During the initial ten-year period, the data indicates that a number of exceedances of the standard did occur from time to time. However, only two violations of the standard occurred during the time periods of 1993 through 1995 and again in 1995 through 1997. The state implemented continency measures to address these violations. Note that no excursion nor violation occurred during 1999, and no 1-hour violations have occurred since 1997.
A review of the design values also shows a decrease from the early nonattainment designation through the end of the first ten-year maintenance period from 0.14 parts per million (ppm) to 0.12 ppm. Although there was some fluctuation in the design value during the first ten-year maintenance period (1992—2002), the value was fairly stable ranging from 0.11 ppm to 0.13 ppm. From 1996 through September 30, 2001, the design values were below the value established in the Act for classifying the area as a marginal nonattainment area under section 181 of the Act.
As required, air quality in the metropolitan area has been monitored during the past ten-year period and the state has committed to continuing monitoring the air quality for the next ten-year maintenance period.
4. Tracking the Progress of the Plan
Continued maintenance of the ozone standard depends, in part, upon the state's efforts toward tracking air quality and VOC and NOX emissions. As noted above, the state has committed to measuring air quality for the next ten-year period. In addition, the state has committed to updating the emissions inventory for the Missouri portion of the Kansas City maintenance area every three years. This inventory will include point, area, mobile and biogenic emissions sources. Under the discussion of the contingency measures, the state will compare future emission inventory levels to the 1999 emission inventory level. Lastly, the state will use the conformity analysis of transportation plans as a means of tracking mobile source VOC and NOX precursor emissions in the future. Thus the state and EPA will utilize several methods for tracking the progress of the maintenance plan.
5. Emission Inventory and Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets
An emissions inventory was prepared for the Kansas City area for the base year of 1999 following EPA's procedures as provided in the Emissions Inventory Improvement Program. The year 1999 year was selected for the inventory as no excursion nor violations of the standard occurred. Emissions were then projected for 2012. The MOBILE6 emissions model was used for on-road mobile sources. The draft NONROAD model released in June 2001 in support of the 2007 heavy-duty vehicle rule was used to generate the 1999 and 2012 emissions for off-road mobile sources. Area source emissions, on-road mobile source emissions and vehicle miles traveled for 2012 were based upon the new population and employment forecast approved by the Mid-American Regional Council (MARC) Technical Forecast Committee on July 11, 2002, and the MARC Board in August 2002. The emission inventory amounts are shown in the table below.Start Printed Page 54189
|Emissions category||1999 emissions (tons per OSD)||2012 emission (tons per OSD)|
Missouri has submitted a complete and accurate emissions inventory of VOC and NOX for the Kansas City area and we are proposing to approve the emissions inventory.
Based upon the updated emissions inventory, the revised maintenance plan contains new budgets (or limits) for motor vehicle emissions resulting from transportation plans for the Kansas City area. Because emissions are less in 2012 than in 1999, our transportation conformity rule (40 CFR 93.124) allows for the allocation of amounts from one emissions category to another if it is provided for in the SIP. The SIP submission did quantify the amount by which the motor vehicle emissions could be higher while still providing for maintenance of the standard.
The new budgets must be found to meet the adequacy criteria in the transportation conformity rule before they are used for transportation conformity purposes. They were posted to our Web site () for public comment. These emission budgets have been under adequacy review since their submittal to us. We have reviewed the budgets and have found that the budgets meet all of the adequacy criteria in section 93.118 of the transportation conformity rule. These criteria include: (1) The SIP was endorsed by the Governor (or his designee) and was subject to a state public hearing; (2) consultation among Federal, state, and local agencies occurred; (3) the emissions budget is clearly identified and precisely quantified; (4) the motor vehicle emissions budget, when considered together with all other emissions, is consistent with attainment; and (5) the motor vehicle emissions budget is consistent with and clearly related to the emissions inventory and control strategy in the SIP. We are also required to consider comments submitted to the state at the public hearing. No comments were received by the state on the transportation conformity budgets. The new area-wide budgets are shown in the table below:
|Pollutant||Amount (tons per OSD)|
These budgets support maintenance of air quality in the Kansas City area and, thus, were found adequate by us on March 17, 2003 (see 68 FR 33690, June 5, 2003). These new budgets are to be used in all subsequent conformity determinations concerning transportation plans in the Kansas City area.
We believe that the motor vehicle emissions budgets are consistent with the control measures identified in this maintenance plan and that this plan demonstrates maintenance with the 1-hour ozone standard. Separate from the adequacy process discussed above and for SIP purposes, in this document we are proposing to approve the transportation conformity budgets.
6. Legal Authority
The Missouri Air Conservation Commission was granted legal authority to develop and implement regulations regarding air pollution under section 643.050 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri. This includes the authority to adopt, implement, and enforce any subsequent emission control contingency measures determined to be necessary to correct future ozone problems.
Have the Requirements for Approval of a SIP Revision Been Met?
The state submittal has met the public notice requirements for SIP submissions in accordance with 40 CFR 51.102. The submittal also satisfied the completeness criteria of 40 CFR part 51, appendix V. In addition, as explained above and in more detail in the technical support document which is part of this document, the revision meets the substantive SIP requirements of the CAA, including section 110 and implementing regulations.
Our review of the material submitted also indicates that the state has revised the maintenance plan in accordance with requirements for a maintenance plan in section 175A of the CAA.
- The emissions inventory, and
- The transportation conformity budgets.
a. Electronic mail. Comments may be sent by e-mail to Leland Daniels at email@example.com. Please include identification number, MO 185-1185, in the subject line. EPA's e-mail system is not an “anonymous access” system. If you send an e-mail comment directly without going through Regulations.gov, EPA's e-mail system automatically captures your e-mail address. E-mail addresses that are automatically captured by EPA's e-mail system are included as part of the comment that is placed in the official public docket.
b. Regulations.gov. Your use of Regulations.gov is an alternative method of submitting electronic comments to EPA. Go directly to , click on “To Search for Regulations,” then select Environmental Protection Agency and use the “go” button. The list of current EPA actions available for comment will be listed. Please follow the online instructions for submitting comments. The system is an “anonymous access” system, which means EPA will not know your identity, e-mail address, or other contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment.
2. By Mail. Written comments should be sent to the name and address listed above.
Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), this proposed action is not a “significant regulatory action” and therefore is not subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget. For this reason, this action is also not subject to Executive Order 13211, “Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use” (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001). This proposed action merely proposes to approve state law as meeting Federal requirements and imposes no additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. Accordingly, the Administrator certifies that this proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.). Because this rule proposes to approve pre-existing requirements under state law and does not impose any additional enforceable duty beyond that required by state law, it does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4).
This proposed rule also does not have tribal implications because it will not have a substantial direct effect on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). This action also does not have Federalism implications because it does not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999). This action merely proposes to approve a state rule implementing a Federal standard, and does not alter the relationship or the distribution of power and responsibilities established in the CAA. This proposed rule also is not subject to Executive Order 13045 “Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks” (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997), because it is not economically significant.
- Incorporation by reference
- Intergovernmental relations
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Particulate matter
- Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
- Sulfur oxides
- Volatile organic compounds