San Francisco (pictured), Miami, and New York experienced sprawl rates of less than 1%, while Memphis, Tenn., Tucson, Ariz., and Phoenix had sprawl rates greater than 10%.
Vibrant downtown areas are linked to greater public transit use and lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from driving, according to a new report.
The peer-reviewed research report, "The Impact of Center City Economic and Cultural Vibrancy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation," authored by Matthew J. Holian, PhD, and Matthew E. Kahn, PhD. and published by The Mineta Transportation Institute is available for free here.
"Many studies have shown that urban sprawl is associated with more driving and less public transit use," said Dr. Holian. "However, the existing literature provides little guidance for policy makers on how to reverse sprawl and reduce vehicle emissions. Our report suggests that a vibrant urban core may plausibly affect land use and transportation patterns. So, that leaves us with a key question. Can policy makers promote green cities by fostering a vibrant center core?"
Based on their findings, the authors believe this can happen if policy makers rethink current land-use regulations; continue investments to reduce center city crime; and increase local public school quality. The authors also recommend areas for further study.
This report addresses two primary goals. First, it generates new econometric results using several new micro and macro data sets to quantify how proximity to the city center affects a household's GHG production from driving, as well as its likelihood of using public transit. And second, it examines the effect of downtown vibrancy on transportation and land use. As a result, the authors are able to provide estimates of the size of GHG reductions that will result from changes in land-use and vibrancy.
The authors recognize that "vibrancy" can be a hard-to-define concept. However, they outline objective indicators that they believe correlate with what most people seek out in city centers in terms of employment, leisure, and other opportunities. They define "vibrancy" based on the downtown's share of residents who are college graduates, the crime rate, the number of cultural and consumer-oriented establishments, and the downtown share of a metropolitan area's jobs and population growth.
According to the report, data analysis from a large, national survey of U.S. households in 2009, supplemented with the vibrancy measures, uncovers new knowledge about economically and statistically significant relationships among vibrancy, emissions, and public transit use. Many of these relationships are verified through analyses of data from multiple sources.
Among the findings:
Between 2000-2010, metropolitan areas with more vibrant downtowns experienced less sprawl. San Francisco, Miami, and New York experienced sprawl rates of less than 1%, while Memphis, Tenn., Tucson, Ariz., and Phoenix had sprawl rates greater than 10%.
If downtown is a place where people want to be, then they will live closer to it. Therefore, one effect of vibrancy is to influence land-use patterns. In turn, land-use patterns influence driving and public transit use.
By encouraging sprawl, federal home ownership policies have unintentionally increased greenhouse gas emissions.
When established cities block new construction, it forces people to seek housing in far-flung suburbs, where their carbon footprint will be greater.