Vulvas with a Difference
An age-old problem has resurfaced--with a difference--in the biotech century. The problem: What does woman (sic) want? This question, once so
exasperatedly asked by Freud--as a corollary to his finding that woman "represents a lack" (of a penis)--is once again being vigorously addressed in
the practices of (mostly) male scientists and doctors with new biotechnological and medical processes at their disposal. Freudıs formulation of the
question presumes an essentially identical desire (for the penis) in all women regardless of age, race, sexual preference, education, economic status,
or geographical residence. It also represents "woman" as essentially lacking (because she has been found "wanting?") and as problematic, mysterious,
unknowable, and eternally unsatisfiable. Freud makes it clear that the "problem"--traditionally described by the term "hysteria"--is that women "want"
sexual pleasure; they want to know how to have it, how to get it, and how to control and ensure the supply.
In Europe and the US, nineteenth, and early twentieth-century responses to the problem of female "hysterical² anorgasmia and decreased or absent sexual
pleasure often called for medical interventions and were sometimes quite drastic, including painful body binding, purging, bloodletting, nasty douches
and bath regimes, confinement to bed, bland diets, and in worst cases, hysterectomy and/or clitoridectomy. Women experiencing "vaginal relaxation"(1)
and vulvar and vaginal damage due to too frequent childbirth, inadequate medical knowledge of women's genital structures and functions, and the total
ignorance of the mechanisms of the female orgasm, had nowhere to turn except to their doctors, because the traditions of women healers and midwives
with experience and knowledge of women's bodies had long since eroded in the moralized and rationalized body practices of the Enlightenment.
A valuable light is cast on age-old treatments of female disturbances by Dr. Rachel Maines (2). She documents that an effective treatment for
hysterical women since the Greeks had been "pelvic massage"--sometimes performed by male doctors, but more often by female midwives--to relieve women
of the sexual tensions, pelvic edema, and nervous depressions brought on by the lack of orgasmic release in marital penetrative coitus. Maines
chronicles the invention of the vibrator--originally designed to relieve doctors of the tedium of hand manipulation of women's genitals (pelvic
massage)--and its fairly rapid adoption as a tool of "personal care" in private households; and shows that this technological solution to the "problem"
of women's complicated sexual needs contributed to letting (male) lovers and husbands off the hook in terms of learning to satisfy their partner's
sexual desires. At the same time it supported the centrality of penetrative coitus climaxing in male orgasm as the dominant form of heterosexual
Meanwhile, in many north African countries such as Kenya, the Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mali, Egypt, and Chad (as well as in many parts of the Middle
East, such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Yemen, as well as large parts of Indonesia, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the world), varying forms of
female circumcision and female genital mutilation (FGM) have been practiced for centuries (see the World Incidence of Genital Mutilation map included
in this article). While there are deep and complex reasons for the origin and perpetuation of these practices, nearly all African and Western
researchers who have studied them--as well as the evidence of extensive testimony from women on whom these operations have been practiced--agree that
most of these procedures are extremely painful and dangerous to a womanıs health; they usually destroy womenıs sexual pleasure, and are performed to
"purify" and control womenıs sexuality (3). Thus, though there seems to be no comparable social construction of female hysteria in these countries, it
is significant that the circumcision practices have the effect of controlling and curtailing womenıs sexual pleasure, which must somehow seem a threat
to social order and masculine power. And although they are often compared, female genital circumcision can in no way be equated with the circumcision
of men, even though some circumcised men do report diminished sexual sensation due to the loss of their foreskins. It is also important to note that
in the past decade or so in the US, there has been a fairly vocal revolt against the almost universally adopted medical (and sometimes religious)
practice of routine male circumcision right after birth.
"You don't have to fly to LA or NY to get the hottest trend in the world of cosmetic surgery--labiaplasty and vaginal tightening, also known as a
"designer vagina." (Website)
Currently, biotechnologies and new microsurgical medical technologies (MedTech) are being used to pioneer new flesh technologies. MedTech is being
used by doctors to address the Freudian "lack" directly by re-engineering the body of the woman rather than by treating her psyche. Consider, for
example, this website text describing "Vaginal Rejuvenation through Designer Laser Vaginoplasty": "Designer Laser Vaginoplasty is the aesthetic
surgical enhancement of vulvar structures, such as the labia minora, labia majora and mons pubis"(4). Texts on these websites make clear that what is
lacking or inadequate is the woman's body and the structure of her sexual organs--not medical knowledge and sexual practices.
Though many men still complain that they cannot "find" the clitoris, recent research into the structures of the clitoris and vulva have revealed an
astonishing new terrain of erectile tissue and nerve networks which show that the size of the clitoris is much bigger than previously depicted in
medical literature. Part of the problem of the invisibility of the clitoris (the dark continent) is that the ancient methods of comparative
anatomical studies of male and female genitalia still permeate scientific and medical literature and practice. In a recent article, Dr. Helen E.
O'Connell and colleagues pointed out that even the nomenclature for the female genital parts is consistently incorrect: "We investigated the anatomical
relationship between the urethra and the surrounding erectile tissue, and reviewed the appropriateness of the current nomenclature used to describe
this anatomy. . . A series of detailed dissections suggests that current anatomical descriptions of female human urethral and genital anatomy are
Girls and women in the US are routinely taught to call their external sexual organs "vagina"
(as in the current Off-Broadway show, "Vagina Monologues"), rather than "vulva." The vagina is not
the homologous organ to the penis, and the incorrect nomenclature perpetuates the invisibility and
unmentionability of the female sexual (orgasmic) organs--the vulva and clitoris. The subversive 70s
feminist use of the term "cunt" (as in "cunt art") was a direct response to this problem of naming.
However, now that vast amounts of money can be made from new microsurgical and biotechnological medical interventions, some scientists/doctors
(in the US and Canada) have decided to "educate" themselves about the "problems" of women so they can fix them once and for all in the postmodern
("post-hysterical") way--through medical and bio-technology: To date there has been no such interest, (as that dedicated to the correction of male
impotence) let alone research, in vaginal relaxation and its detrimental effects on sexual gratification. . . The obstetrician and gynecologist is
looked upon as the champion of female health care. . . Your doctor is a scientist. His (sic) knowledge is based upon this science (the science of
obstetrical and gynecological specialty.) This science is founded upon research, bio statistics, established facts (sic), theories, and postulates.
If there is none of this science pertaining to vaginal relaxation and sexual gratification then it doesn't exist. It wonıt exist until we look for it.
Therefore, let it begin now! (6)
And so the scientist/doctors are off and running. Purely elective vulvar/vaginal surgeries that are done for "aesthetic reasons only" can cost between
$2,000 and $3,500 for a fairly simple "plumping" (liposculpture) of the outer lips of the mons, using "unsightly fat" suctioned from the inner thighs.
Or, you may be advised to employ labiaplasty to shorten and symmetricalize those dangerous, dangly vulvar lips that might interfere with horseback
riding, wearing pants, or be painfully drawn inside during intercourse. ("Labiaplasty is a reduction of the labia minora, the flaps of skin which form
the lips of a woman's genitalia and cover the clitoris and vaginal opening.") Or, for women from certain "ethnic" groups: "when a woman marries and
consummates the marriage she must bleed to prove virginity to her partner . . . since in this day and age (due to exercise, and physical activity) the
hymen is rarely intact...(some) women do request a hymen repair"(7). It is no surprise that this latter sentence is the only mention of "ethnic" groups
or practices that I found in the websites and online literature from vaginal rejuvenation clinics. I found no mention of the practices of female
genital mutilation, and of the connection between the new MedTech surgical practices and FGM, though these doctors must surely be aware of it. The new
vulvar and vaginal surgical technologies would be put to much better use in helping women seeking reconstruction and healing of sexual organs
mutilated and damaged by FGM practices, than in making unnecessary "aesthetic" interventions on perfectly healthy women.
Technologies with a Difference
"Women are multi-orgasmic . . . From this factual data, laser vaginal rejuvenation was designed in order to enhance sexual gratification for women
who, for whatever reason, lack an overall optimum architectural integrity of the vagina."(Emphasis mine)
For most affluent (white) Western women accustomed to rejuvenating their looks by plastic surgery, the re-engineering and aesthetic enhancement of the
vulva is a so-called "elective" procedure, and seems to represent a voluntary consumer excess not that much different from a nose or breast
job--although the term "voluntary" is questionable here, considering the disciplinary pressures of western beauty standards.
By contrast, for nonwestern women, female genital alteration, including many forms of female circumcision and infibulation, is generally a mandatory
ritual or cultural procedure usually practiced on women by women. With globalization and increased East to West migration, women from societies still
practicing various forms of female circumcision sometimes seek these services from qualified obstetricians/gynecologists in modern hospitals. Such is
the compelling nature of this cultural custom, however, that many mothers are still sending their daughters back to their countries of origin for these
ritual procedures, where they may be performed by the traditional female circumcisers, usually operating with rusty tools and no anesthetics or
disinfectants. Despite years of organization against Female Genital Mutilation practices on the part of many Africans and Westerners--which resulted
in legal bans of the practices in some countries like Guinea, Niger, and Sudan--the bans are no match for the compelling cultural rituals. In many
parts of Egypt, for example, though hospitals had been forbidden to perform clitoridectomies "the procedure was now carried out in barber shops and
similar, non-official places . . . and led to an increase of complications"(8).
The paradoxical situation then is that women from quite different economic, social/cultural backgrounds and geographical origins are undergoing vulvar
surgery and alterations for completely different reasons--and with differing results--all of which however have their roots in patriarchal gender
practices. The (western) aesthetic vulvar surgery is claimed (by doctors and patients) to enhance sexual enjoyment for the woman, although there are
no medically persuasive reasons or proofs given for this. In actuality there is a likelihood that nerves and sensitive tissues are being damaged, and
that erectile tissue--which is far more extensive than is depicted in standard medical and anatomy texts--is being reduced and replaced by nerveless
scar tissue. So even though in these operations the clitoris is not excised (although it sometimes is "repositioned") there is loss and disturbance of
sensitive tissues, and hence probably also of subtle and deep sensation (9). Undaunted by the contradictions, the aesthetic surgeon can win three
times: S/he treats the high-income Western spenders who are seeking "enhanced sexual gratification" through genital surgery; s/he treats the women
forced by their cultural traditions to alter their genitals with the result of controlling and curtailing or destroying female sexual pleasure; and
s/he reconstructs the deformities and traumas caused by botched circumcision operations.
Nowhere in the online or other literature from the aesthetic "rejuvenation" clinics which practice this new surgery is there any mention of other ways
of treating "vaginal relaxation," or of helping women achieve more sexual pleasure by other than medicalized means. Nowhere is it mentioned that during
second-wave feminism, for example, women gathered to teach each other about their sexual organs and bodies: how to have orgasms, how to give themselves
and other women pleasure, how to teach men to give women pleasure. Nowhere are vibrators, dildos, Kegel exercises, counseling, sensual massage,
pleasurable body practices, or other (non-medical) self-help practices mentioned. The literature works by seduction, promising scientifically enhanced
sexual pleasure and improved performance. It insists that women are (and ought to be) multi-orgasmic and if this isn't happening for you something may
be wrong with your body, and you should hasten to the nearest surgeon for the medicalized, technological fix. To cap it off, there is no awareness in
the literature of the explicitly heterosexual assumptions of this type of surgery, and of the way in which it reinforces the idea of female lack.
Neither do we see any discussion about the problematic of western doctors making it possible for nonwestern women (and men) to perpetuate their harmful
and painful "customs" by using "safe" and "modern" western technologies. This would seem to be an important medical ethics discussion. Although laws
have been passed in the US forbidding female circumcision practices, doctors are increasingly being called upon to do these operations, or to repair
botched genital jobs on women who come to emergency rooms. It seems that many Western feminists have been too reluctant to participate fully in this
discussion for reasons of false race consciousness, and lack of understanding how related it is to issues raised by the new flesh technologies now
pervading western culture.
(Anti) Aesthetics of the Vulva
"Aesthetic surgery of the female external genitalia has been neglected by physicians. However, awareness of female genital aesthetics has increased
owing to increased media attention, both from magazines and video. Women may feel self-conscious about the appearance of their labia majora (outer
lips) or, more commonly, labia minora (inner lips). The aging female may dislike the descent of her pubic hair and the labia and desire re-elevation
to its previous location. Very few physicians are concerned with the appearance of the female external genitalia. A relative complacency exists that
frustrates many women"(10).
Surely one of the strangest aspects of the new female genital surgery are physicians' website texts (such as the one cited above) that sound rather
self-conscious, and seem to be included for purposes of self-justification (or perhaps to pre-empt people wondering why a self-respecting doctor would
get into the vulva re-engineering business?) An examination of some of the terms used in these texts (for example, "elective vaginal enhancement,"
"female genital aesthetics," "vaginal rejuvenation,² or "optimal architectural integrity of the vagina,") reveals that there is an implicit set of
desirable traits or aesthetic standards for the female genitals--at least according to the doctors "lack" is now operable. These implicit aesthetics
for female genitalia need to be made explicit, and a subversive (anti) aesthetic suggested in their place.
What aesthetics of the vulva are revealed in an examination of these Web pages and of other mass-circulation images? The passage quoted above states
that "awareness of female genital aesthetics has increased owing to media attention, both from magazines and video." One can only assume that what is
being referred to here are features on "Designer Vaginas" in such magazines as Cosmo, but probably not the increased media coverage and feminist
activism regarding banning female genital mutilation. Referring to the terms found on the websites of "aesthetic" surgeons, it seems clear that in the
plastic surgery profession at least, female genitals are seen as lacking in youthful resilience and appearance, tightness, architectural integrity,
symmetry, dainty labia size, tasteful hair distribution, and plumpness. A template of the ideal vulva emerges: The tight, small, pulsing, plump, juicy,
glistening, pearly pink, virginal-yet-hot cunt found in pornography, art, or erotic literature. As can be seen on the website before and after pictures
of labia reduction operations, vulvas are surgically reconstructed to look very much like wounds. The crinkly, "redundant" labia--which shield the
exquisitely sensitive clitoris from too harsh an approach and too direct a touch, and which form a moist, protective surface of rubbing and touching
flesh that engorges with pulsing blood during sexual arousal--are drastically reduced. The entire vulva becomes a slit, a gash, a hole, a wound, an
orifice just right for penetrating male entry and direct access to the vagina. Here lack becomes "enhancement" through diminishment--a peculiar logic
indeed. The glowing testimonies of enhanced women that appear on the web pages talk only in the most vague terms of the wonderful new lives that this
operation has given them.
Advanced digital visualization technologies are currently giving new insights into heretofore invisible and unexplored territories of the interior
body (see the citation from the work of Dr. Helen O'Connell above). Seizing upon these technologies, scientists and plastic surgeons are leaping into
the breach to claim and redesign the newly discovered territories--much as the conquistadores and colonists did in the newly discovered Americas.
(In this connection, one wonders how, and whether, the sexual proclivities of different colonial cultures [Dutch, French, Portuguese, British, etc.]
were influenced by the differing aesthetics which seem to govern the various styles of African female circumcision?)
Because language and naming construct the medico/scientific perception and treatment of the body--as well as clarify the phenomenological experiences
of the body--women need to inform themselves about these new scientific discoveries of vulvar and clitoral structures, and feminists should insist that
scientists and doctors be educated in the feminist research about female desire, pleasure and sexuality. Only then will their eyes be fully opened to
the possible implications of the newly discovered erectile and pleasure structures.
Many consumers it seems, are all too willing to leave behind enjoyment of organically various bodies, and are looking to technology and science to give
them new ways of creating ideals for the new technologized body, regardless of what they may have to sacrifice and suffer by doing so. The existing
medico/scientific aesthetic for female genitals seems to have been affected only in some respects by the cunt celebrating 70s, the
feminist-jouissance-theory 80s, and the bad-grrl 90s. The jouissance and libidinal excess pursued by many feminists as a path to autonomy and power, is
being replaced in public discourse by the full-scale consumer spectacle of the cyborg porn babe, whose predatory surface is adorned by every well-worn
sign of coded sexuality that the market will bear.
An (anti) aesthetic of the vulva might posit first of all that looks and surface are not the important thing when it comes to vulvas. Instead,
sensation and feeling, and the excitation of deep structures are pre-eminent. Perhaps our scopophilic culture desires to establish once and for all a
visual "proof" of the female orgasm so it can be compared to that of the male? Could it be that a dangerous precedent was set in the early 70s, when
Masters and Johnson, the avowed champions of the female orgasm and of the multi-orgasmic prowess of women, began to measure and chart female orgasms
in the lab? Eye opening as this information was in so many ways, it doubled the efforts to quantify, measure, and represent the female orgasm, this
time by medical charts and graphs, rather than by psychological or poetic terminology. Masters and Johnson are still invoked by the new pleasure
surgeons, who, under the banner of championing female orgasmic capability and entitlement, wield their knives in order to give women the optimal
vulva/vagina for enhanced sexual satisfaction, for better loving through surgery.
Can feminists counteract these entrenched views and disseminate a new (anti) aesthetic of the vulva? How can we counter the medicalized or pornographic
images of vulvas that are usually the only ones offered for public view? Feminist artists tried to reclaim the cunt as a powerful pleasure source in
the early 70s; and the vulva as a sign of sexual contention and gender construction has made many appearances in the art of the 80s and 90s. In
everyday life, men, lesbians, and doctors see many more vulvas than most heterosexual women ever do. There are few possibilities for women to see
other womenıs vulvas in a pleasurable, convivial, or desiring environment. Most women probably have not even thought twice about the looks of their
vulvas (many haven't dared look), but this new worry is being created (in post-hysterical terms) by the existence and deployment of new flesh
technologies. Subversive tactics that critique the commercial impulses and point up the ridiculousness and potential physical danger of such operations
are called for. Rather than going for reduction surgery, for example, why not demand augmentation surgery, or other manipulations that will enlarge
the labia minora? Why not have parties where women can examine, compare, and explore the myriad different forms of vulvas? Why not set up spa days
(paid for by medical insurance) in which women teach themselves and their sexual partners about female sexuality and desire. Letıs educate children in
the proper nomenclature and sexual and pleasure functions of the female genital organs. Above all, letıs call for resistance to the unquestioned
technological "solutions" to issues that have profound psychological, emotional, cultural, and even political origins and histories. Let us not
obliterate the vulva as we now know it--before we do know it!
published in: "SexPolitik: Lust zwischen Restriktion und Subversion. Hrsg. Doris Guth und Elisabeth von Samsonov, vlg. Turia + Kant, Wien. 2001.