News Flash: Global Warming May or May Not be Something to Worry about.
Even though you’ve probably heard–and likely believe, with good reason–that there a consensus that man-made global warming is here and that it is already causing shifts in the environment that may well be catastrophic...this is not the complete story.
It is true that an overwhelming majority of scientists who study the climate believe that human actions, if left unchecked, will result in potentially catastrophic changes to the earth in the next century. But there are those that disagree, and it is not possible simply to ignore them.
But what is the grounds for their disagreement and what does it mean for policy on climate change?
To put the point more finely, I’ll just quote Roger Pielke Jr., professor at CU-Boulder (as quoted in the Globe article):
If these two guys can’t agree on the basic conclusions of the social significance of [climate change science], how can we expect 6.5 billion people to?
The politics of climate change are at least as tricky as the science, so if there are underlying questions about the science, how can we possibly move on to answer the political issues?
A recent article in Wired magazine suggests that what the scientists need is a PR firm to manage their message. This position assumes that the science on climate change is settled and that scientists just need to market their position more vehemently and persuasively. Author Erin Biba interviews a CEO of a PR firm for the entertainment industry, Kelly Bush:
Bush says researchers need a campaign that inundates the public with the message of science: Assemble two groups of spokespeople, one made up of scientists and the other of celebrity ambassadors. Then deploy them to reach the public wherever they are, from online social networks to The Today Show. Researchers need to tell personal stories, tug at the heartstrings of people who don’t have PhDs. And the celebrities can go on Oprah to describe how climate change is affecting them—and by extension, Oprah’s legions of viewers.
“They need to make people answer the questions, What’s in it for me? How does it affect my daily life? What can I do that will make a difference? Answering these questions is what’s going to start a conversation,” Bush says. “The messaging up to this point has been ‘Here are our findings. Read it and believe.’ The deniers are convincing people that the science is propaganda.”
I think this is misguided. It’s important to talk about how climate science affects us, but not through brute persuasion. A PR campaign works if you can control the message. But climate science is not a closed question and different viewpoints are bound to emerge. So, a PR campaign on the part of climate science has a tremendous potential to backfire. People hate to be lied to, especially by those they are supposed to trust, like scientists. I think this is why the Climategate emails were so damaging, even though they had very little to do with the underlying theory of climate change. The fact that some climate scientists seemed petty and shrewd in their approach to the issue undermined their public credibility. If scientists launched a PR campaign on the assumption that the science is settled, it will likely have a similar effect.
Why? Because the science is not settled. Period.
It would be a mistake to think that what we need to do is, first, get the science settled and then, second, work out the politics. In fact, there is a natural back-and-forth relation between the science and the politics, or the theory and practice to use a different terminology. Moreover, the science of future climate projections is not something that can be settled in an ultimate sense, so to wait on a settled theory to inform our practice would be to wait an eternity and never to act.
This is why you get a debate like the one between Lindzen and Emanuel, where one person claims that the risks posed by climate change do not warrant the kind of action that would new taxes on business (and inevitably depress economic growth) and the other says that the risks absolutely do warrant just this sort of action.
What is this debate about exactly? And what does it tell us about the science of climate change?
What is a global climate model? Basically, it’s a complex mathematical simulation of the actual earth. The model is based on a number of equations (biological, chemical, physical, etc.) that describe the relationships between various thermodynamic systems over time. So, when we “model” the climate in the future, what we are doing is simulating (or representing) what changes result from varying the inputs into these equations.
It might be immediately obvious that it is difficult to determine the equations governing thermodynamic relations in large biological, chemical, and physical systems. In fact, there are different equations for measuring these kinds of things, resulting in different models. Second, since the initial inputs measurements are supposed to be taken from all over the entire earth, there is some uncertainty in these measurements. Indeed, global measurements are quite difficult to pin down. These issues lead to variability in the outputs of the models. So, we have the difficulty of defining the appropriate inputs. But even if we use the same inputs (say, the same increase of CO2 emissions globally), we might get different projections based on different models, and each model will have a range of accuracy.
But this is pretty standard stuff for scientists to work out. We get in trouble sometimes when we translate what scientists do into ordinary language. For instance, we speak of predicting certain atmospheric conditions in the future. These models do not predict anything. They are not magic 8 balls or crystal globes. What these models do is they make generalizations about changes to systems based on changes to inputs. They describe what are called “counterfactuals.” For instance, they tell us that if there were 400 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere, this is what would happen to global surface temperature. If global surface temperature were 3 degrees higher than today, this is what would happen to sea level, glaciers, ice caps, etc. These conditional statements are contrary to fact. That is, this is not how it is today, but we want to know, based on our best description of the mechanisms governing our global climate, what would happen if this were the case.
Models and Truth
Models are confirmed when new data that we collect shows that the counterfactuals that the models predicted would hold actually do hold. What we have found in recent years is that our models have, by and large, been underestimating the effects of changes to inputs in the system. This is why there is talk of additional mechanisms (like the reflectivity of ice sheets, or absorption of water, or reflection of water vapor) as needing to be factored in to our equations.
I don’t think any of this should surprise scientists. But what should surprise you is that the very nature of counterfactual generalizations is such that these statements cannot be known with %100 certainty. We invariably run into the old problem of induction. That is, no matter how much data we collect, no matter how good our mathematical equations are, there will always be a level of uncertainty when we make generalizations. So, the science cannot be settled.
Risk assessment and values
But this does not leave us without options. In fact, it suggests that our tactic should not be to beat people over the head with more science. Instead, what we should do is introduce a normative (or value-laden) element to our understanding of climate science. This shows that the issues associated with global climate change are unique. They are not like many other scientific problems. They require us to make judgments about how much risk, how much change, and what kinds of conditions we are willing to tolerate. There is an element of risk assessment and value that cannot be separated from the science.
In a certain sense, this is good news. Think of it this way: I’ll bet you have life insurance and property damage insurance even though you think it’s highly unlikely that you will die soon or that your property will be damaged or lost. In fact, I’ll bet that you have this insurance AND you also do everything you can not to die and not to allow your property to be damaged. What this says is that we value our lives and our property very highly. In fact, we value these things so highly that we are willing to pay for insurance against something that we think is extremely unlikely, something we actively oppose.
One way that climate change is different from these other issues is that climate change is not risk about what will happen to us, but risk about what will happen to future generations. So, the cost-benefit analysis is a bit more tricky, but it’s not that unusual. Just think about how we already talk about funding education (which, of course, if we are voting we can’t possibly be benefiting from). Or think about infrastructure or urban planning which is certainly something we might enjoy now, but is most likely planned for 20 to 30 years in the future. We need to see our global environment in a similar light.
What we need is an appropriate way of placing a value on the global climate. And, then, we need to assess how much we are willing to pay in order to protect what we value. In many ways, this is the genius of Greg Craven‘s argument for doing something about climate change (watch video below). This argument puts the risk assessment at the forefront and leaves the complicated science to the side. This is the right approach.
In a certain sense, this is why I think the idea of “sustainability” is the right way to think about climate change. Rather than trying to figure out how different policy changes will effect the complicated climate models, what we need to do is seek a different approach to consuming, dispensing, and distributing planetary resources that reflects our core values about the global environment now and in the future. If we value the future life of our planet highly, then we need to move to a place where continuing our lives here is mutually sustainable with the ongoing well-being of the global climate system.