My heart leaps up when I behold
A Rainbow in the sky… – William Wordsworth
Who can fail to be moved upon the appearance of a rainbow? They bring joy on a rainy day and can make the difference between an average photograph and a spectacular one.
How to find a rainbow
To be able to photograph a rainbow first you have to find one. Most of the time we see them by chance but it is possible to predict their likely occurrence.
You only need two elements for a rainbow to appear; water droplets in the atmosphere (rain, mist, clouds or spray) and strong sunlight. The important thing is the position of the viewer. You always have to be between the water droplets and the sun with the sun on your back.
Rainbows are formed when sunlight is refracted and reflected in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. Secondary rainbows can form outside of the primary one as a result of a double reflection of sunlight inside the raindrops. The secondary bow has inverted colours and is always fainter. The area between the primary and secondary bows, called Alexander’s Dark Band, appears darker.
When to look
Keep a close eye on the weather forecast and wait for a cold front to pass over. This is the best time because after a cold front the typical weather pattern is sunshine and showers, think April showers! Wait for the trailing edge of a storm to pass over and the sun to reappear. As the storm recedes, the dark clouds behind will act as a perfect dramatic backdrop to your rainbow.
The sun needs to be lower than 42 degrees above the horizon for us to see the rainbow otherwise it will be forming on the ground and you won’t see it. The best times therefore are when the sun is lower in the sky, in the morning and afternoon. The lower the sun, the more rainbow you will get and the higher it will be in the sky. Rainbows don’t last long so you need to be prepared. Anticipate and get in position whilst the rain is still coming down (umbrellas and bus shelters are useful here), so long as you can see it is clear and sunny behind.
Composition – Wide or telephoto?
Wide or telephoto? A wide angle will get more of the arc in the shot which is effective if you have an interesting landscape. Using a longer focal length to concentrate on where the rainbow meets the earth can make for interesting compositions. If you are able to move around, try composing with different subjects at the end of the rainbow. The longer the lens you use the larger the band of colour will appear in your frame.
Technique – Polarising Filter
Using a polarising filter will give more saturated colours and increase the contrast between the rainbow and the background making it stand out more. The polarising effect will reduce reflections and enhance colour saturation on wet grass and foliage too. In the absence of a polarising filter you can intensify colours by slightly underexposing.