In 2005, the wheat industry generated 11,273 jobs and contributed with $658.8 million to the Texas economy (Richardson et al., 2006). Among plant pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms, fungi are the number one reason for crop losses around the world and have a significant impact on yield and quality in wheat production (McGrath, 2004). According to Wegulo et al. (2012), the most prevailing foliar diseases
in winter wheat in the Great Plains of the U.S. are leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. graminis), tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) Talazoparib chemical structure (anamorph: Drechslera tritici-repentis), Septoria tritici blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) (anamorph: Septoria tritici), spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus)
(anamorph: Bipolaris sorokiniana), and Stagonospora nodorum blotch (Phaeosphaeria nodorum) (anamorph: Stagonospora nodorum). Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) are sometimes considered less common ( Wegulo et al., 2012), and sometimes considered the most frequent in the wheat producing regions of the U.S. ( Kolmer, 2007). In the U.S., foliar fungicides used in wheat are usually grouped in two categories: strobilurins and triazoles. Strobilurins are highly effective when applied Ibrutinib preventively (Wegulo et al., 2012) while triazoles are highly effective and reliable against early fungal infections (Hewitt, 1998). Examples of strobilurin fungicides include azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin
and trifloxystrobin; while examples of triazoles include metconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, and tebuconazole. Fungicide costs and wheat prices influence the decision of Oxymatrine spraying or not spraying. To be effective, most fungicides need to be applied before the disease occurs or at the appearance of the first symptoms. When the fungicide is applied to wheat before the flag leaf emergences, it generally results in less disease control on the upper leaves during grain development and smaller yield benefits (De Wolf et al., 2012). In general, fungicides primarily protect plants from getting infected and just few fungicides are effective in plants that have already been infected (McGrath, 2004). The benefits from fungicide applications in crop production are reflected in returns of up to three times the cost involved (McGrath, 2004). However, Hershman (2012) and McGrath (2004) explained that when the disease severity is low and there is minimal yield loss, applying a fungicide will not result in either a yield or an economic advantage. Northeast Texas has traditionally being a region of moderate to high disease pressure. Leaf rust infection levels of susceptible cultivars are typically moderate or high, frequently reaching above 16% and every so often above 50% (Personal Communication, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Representative in Commerce, TX).