The National Archives has plat books and surveys for the District of Columbia for 1793 to 1796, 1809, and 1853 to 1883 and the Brewer Collection of Georgetown plats and surveys, 1809 to 1891. The Library of Congress also has an extensive map collection.
Microfilm FHL 1377700 includes ward maps of Washington, DC for the years 1829, 1836, 1846, 1855, and 1868 and ward diagrams for 1801-1853. The wards were abolished in 1871, so only census enumeration districts were used for the censuses after 1870. The Family History Library also has National Geographic maps that show historic sites and geographic features (Book FHL 975 E7n; Map FHL 975.3 E7na).
Modern city street maps can be purchased from The Map Store, Incorporated, 1636 "I" Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20006.