by Prachi Salve and Saumya Tewari
Here are some health statistics for Indian children five years or younger: 38.7 percent are stunted (below normal height for the age), 19.8 percent are wasted (underweight and short) and 42.4 percent are underweight.
This in a country that boasts a 40-year-old national child-health programme – now among the world’s largest – and increased spending on child health 200 percent over a decade.
While child-undernourishment rates have declined, India still remains home to more than 40 million stunted children under five, more than any country, IndiaSpend reported, based on the India Health Report for Nutrition Security in India, 2015, released earlier this month by the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI).
The PHFI study examines child-undernourishment data from the recent Rapid Survey on Children (RSoC) to study the impact of public spending on health. The study also analysis cultural practices, lack of drinking water and sanitation facilities and poverty.
IndiaSpend will analyse the findings of the report in a three-part series on:
1) The link between spending on child health and nutrition;
2) How states that keep mothers healthy have the healthiest children;
3) How drinking water and sanitation affect nutrition
Child-health spending grew three times over the last decade
The central government’s spending on health has been changing structurally over the past two decades, from providing only nutritional supplements, such as vitamins, to a more holistic approach, from maternal health to sanitation.
There was no significant change in the health expenditure for children by the government between 2001-02 and 2004-05; it ranged from 0.28 percent to 0.31 percent of the total expenditure of the government, and between 2.06 percent and 2.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), according to a joint study by United Nations’ Child Relief Fund (Unicef) and Centre for Budget and Government Accountability (CBGA), a New-Delhi-based think tank.
In 2005-06, the allocation for child development was increased to 0.56 percent of the total expenditure (4.17 percent of GDP). The increase was due to the focus on meeting the challenges of United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
IndiaSpend reported how India missed MDG targets, despite the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS, a flagship programme of the central government since 1975 and one of the world’s largest for child-care and development: As many as 82.9 million children up to six years of age benefitted over 40 years.
The ICDS was the only scheme focused on child health and overall development for about three decades, until the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched in 2005.
NRHM was upgraded to the National Health Mission (NHM) in 2013, to provide accessible, affordable and quality healthcare to rural areas, especially vulnerable groups, with a sub-mission known as Reproductive and Child Health (RCH).
Money For Reproductive And Child Health: 2005 to 2015
With the focus on health and nutrition, money set aside for child health increased more than three times over a decade to 2014-15, according to Lok Sabha data.
Why Bihar is like Niger and Goa like Belize
Globally India is still home to 17.5 percent of population, accounts for 20 percent of the global burden of disease, 27 percent of neonatal deaths and 21% of all child deaths (younger than five years), according to a report in Mint based on research findings from the Lancet journal of health.
“India remains committed to the critical issue, and stands ready to work with all stakeholders to eradicate malnutrition”, Minister of Health and Family Welfare JP Nadda said during the release of the PHFI report.
Local acceleration of health policies is very important to improve nutrition, said the report, citing data on differences between states in stunted, wasted or underweight children.
Stunting In Children Under Five, By State
Wasting In Children Under Five, By State
Underweight Children Under Five, By State
Some of the states with the highest proportion of underweight children, such as Jharkhand with 42 percent and Bihar with percent, are more than or equal to low-income countries like Timor Leste (45%) and Niger (37%).
Similarly, Kerala with 19 percent and Goa with 21 percent – both states have India’s healthiest children–are comparable to middle-income countries such as Maldives with percent and Belize with 22 percent.
Under the devolution recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission, the states’ share of divisible tax revenue has increased to 42 percent from 32 percent. But this has led to a decline in funds allocated by the Centre for social welfare schemes, impacting health and education spending.
Salve and Tewari are policy analysts at IndiaSpend.