Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)Vol.2, No.3, 2012 Gender as a Trouble in Angela Carters the Nights at the Circus Roya Nikandam Roya_200358@yahoo.comAbstractThis paper will focus on Judith Butlers work on gender and performativity. It will use Butlers exampleof drag queen and gender parody as a way to understand the reality of female gender from unreal one.It will explore that the reality of gender is not fixed as we generally assume it to be and the purpose tothis paper is to expose the weakness of gender reality to create a true model of gender. This essay isexamined the works of Angela Carter. The novel under the study is Nights at the Circus (1984)Understood through the lens of Butler’s theory of gender performativity, Fevvers, the main characterof the novel dramatizes the idea that gender identity is not fixed in nature but it relies on culturallyconstructed signification. He will emphasize that gender is something that is attached onto the bodythrough socialization, and not something that is ﬁxed at birth.Keywords: Gender, Performativity, Carter, Butler, Identity1. IntroductionButler holds an influential but controversial place in contemporary feminist and democratic theory as“she has pursued these commitments by the way of unrelenting critique of feminism as an identitypolitics” (545). She is not a post-feminist but she is responding to the numbers of “women who, while,leading lives that the movement made possible, repudiate feminism for what they perceive to be itsintolerance, anger, and insistence or representing them as sexual victims” (Disch, 545). As a matter offact, Butler has collapsed the sex/gender distinction to argue that “there is no sex that is not alwaysalready gender. In fact, all bodies are gendered from the beginning of their social existence and there isno existence that is not social which means that there is no natural body that pre-exists its culturalinscription” (Salih, 55). She tries not to tear sex alone but both sex and gender from biologicalessentialism. She insists that “as soon as we imagine sex (woman/man) as naturally given, and gender(feminine/masculine) as a product of social forces, we fall into the very gender essentialism that weseemingly called into question” (Levinson, 81).In 1989, Butler was most concerned to criticize a spreading heterosexual assumption in feministliterary theory. She sought to counter those views that made presumptions about the limits andpropriety of gender and restricted the meaning of gender to received notions of masculinity andfemininity (Butler,Viii). In Gender Trouble (1990), she sought to uncover the ways in which the verythinking of what is possible in gendered life is prevented by certain habitual and violent presumptions.The text also "sought to undermine any and all efforts to wield a discourse of truth to delegitimateminority gendered and sexual practices. To her point of view, this doesnt mean that all minoritypractices are to be condoned or celebrated, but it does mean that we ought to be able to think thembefore we come to any kinds of conclusions about them. (Butler, Viii). Butler speculates about "whatkind of will enact and reveal the performativity of gender itself in a way that destabilizes thenaturalized categories of identity and desire."(Butler, 185) For Butler, the view that gender isperformative sought to show that what we take to be an internal essence of gender is manufacturedthrough a sustained set of acts, posited through the gendered stylization of the body. In this way, itshowed that "what we take to be an "internal" feature of ourselves is one that we anticipate and producethrough certain bodily acts, at an extreme, an hallucinatory effect of naturalized gestures" ( Butler,xvi).She claims that:Such acts, gestures and enactments, generally constructed, are performative in the sense that theessence of identity that they otherwise purport to express are fabrications manufactured and sustainedthrough corporeal signs and other discursive means (185). 47
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)Vol.2, No.3, 2012These social illusion passive verse active, subject verse object, superior verses inferior, strong versesweak, emotional verses logical are daily repeated with the" strategic aim of maintaining gender withinits binary frame" ( Butler,198). To view gender as performance implies that there is "no preexistingidentity by which an act or attribute might be measured" (Butler, 192). If one accepts this view ofgender, then one takes the initial step toward collapsing the borders separating and prevailing the sexes.As matter of fact, Butler emphasizes that "gender reality is created through sustained socialperformances means that the very notion of an essential sex and a true or abiding masculinity andfemininity are also constituted as part of the strategy that conceals gender performative characters (Butler, 192). I will suggest in this essay that Carter manifests several such as performances in hernarrative. Through an evaluation of the role of performativity, I will make the argument that Cartercreates a discursive space that poses a threat to the security of a male-dominated society organizedaccording to false categorical distinctions which are supported through oppression and exclusion. Inaddition, the aim of this paper is to claim a female space and subjectivity in an effort to claim a piece ofterritory and to de-marginalize women. If as Simon De Beauvior mentions, man is the absolute, subjectand woman is Other and if this binary perception of the sexes is deeply embedded in the culturalconsciousness of Western society, then it is the goal of this paper to blur this sexual difference and so asto destabilize the notion of superior and inferior between the sexes. I have thus suggested that Carter byforegrounding weird female body, participate in challenging and therefore changing, the media-depicted, male-constructed image of the idealized woman. She deliberately focuses on the physicaldifference of Fevver and provides the path to show the wrong perception of idealized woman andcreates the new representation of woman. To assist in my reading of this argument, I will be drawing onthe work of Judith Butler who posit gender as performative. Angela Carter’s Nights at the Circusengages with and explodes all such measurements and definitions. Their central female charactersbreak gender boundaries both sexually and professionally, "taking on the so-called masculine traits inorder to become New Women and they court deviance in order to further their own evolution, ignoringthe social imperative of marriage and the evolutionary imperative of maternity" (king, 132). Carterbegins to call into question "accepted notions of identity and the binary logic on which theydepend, as she attempts to create a new female subject that seeks to satisfy feminist aims" (497).Angela Carter destabilizes the active male/passive female dichotomy by depicting a diverse array offemale characters that maintain their sexual desires even while being victimized. Carter’s refusal tonegate female desire even when it is deeply disturbing has led to extensive scholarly debate about herposition as a feminist author. Reflecting on Carter’s complicated and diverse feminist statements,Alison Lee aptly notes that Carter “called herself a feminist, but her feminism is no more monolithicthan her representations of female sexuality” (Coolen, 399). As a matter of fact, Carters novels thuschallenge the traditional association of female with femininity and of male with masculinity throughthe depiction of characters that confound accepted gender norms and polarity.2. Gender: Subversive Bodily Acts“Fevvers who calls her "Helen of High Wire" (Carter, 7) is like "Helen of Troy, was hatched" (Carter,7). Her body is “in steatopygous perspective, shaking out about her those tremendous red and purple pinions, pinionslarge enough, powerful enough to bear up such a big girl as she. And was a big girl. Evidently thisHelen took after her putative father, the swan, around the shoulder parts" (carter, 7).Her strange and odd appearance and body arise some questions in this essay: Does she plays her naturalperformance as a woman? How does she clarify her gender role as an artificial? How does shetransgress the rigid regulatory frame? .The answer of these questions centre on Fevvers unusual body,the wings that grow at puberty and can hover "for just the smallest instant no longer than the briefestflutter of a butterfly… Id hovered" (Carter, 31) and they will be replied by Butlers notion ofperformativity and drag queen. The insistence on the performance of femininity is manifested right atthe beginning of the novel when Walser, the reporter was watching Fevvers and refer to illusion anddissimulation:“Something fishy about the Cockney Venus-[…] on lash off, one lash on, Fevvers leaned back a little toscan the asymmetric splendour reflected in her mirror with impersonal gratification. […] She tipped theyoung reporter a huge wink in the ambiguity of the mirror and briskly stripped the other set of falseeyelashes”. ( Carter,8) 48
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)Vol.2, No.3, 2012Fevvers feminine appearance makes him think of masculinity body, of drag "Her face, in itsBrobdingnagian symmetry, might have been hacked from wood and brightly painted up by those artistswho build carnival ladies for fairgrounds or figureheads for sailing ships. It flickered through his mind:Is she really a man?" (Carter, 35). Walser does wonder if she might be a "he". For him to consider sucha possibility not only highlights the instability of gender reality, but also reinforces Butlers opinionthat:“The moment in which one cannot with surety read the body one sees, is precisely the moment whenone is no longer sure whether the body encountered is that of a man or a woman. The vacillationbetween the categories itself constitutes the experience of the body in question” ( Butler, xxiv)In other words, when such categories come into question, the reality of gender is also put into crisis: itbecomes unclear how to distinguish the real from the unreal. And this is the occasion in which we cometo understand that what we take to be "real", what we invoke as the naturalized knowledge of gender is,in fact, a changeable and revisable reality (Butler, xxiv). While she was on the display, Walserdescribes watching her:“Now, the wings of the birds are nothing more than the forelegs, or, as we should say, the arms, and theskeleton of a wing does indeed show elbows, wrists and fingers, all complete. So, if this lovely lady isindeed, as her publicity alleges, a fabulous bird-woman, then she, by all the laws of evolution andhuman reason, ought to possess no arms at all, for its her arms that ought to be her wings!. Put it inanother way: would you believe a lady with four arms, all prefect, like a Hindu goddess, hinged oneither side of those shoulders of a voluptuous stevedore? Because, truly, that is the real nature of thephysiological anomaly in which Miss Fevvers is asking us to suspect disbelief” (Carter, 15).Clearly, Fevvers is creating a performance of femininity in this scene. From Fevvers point of view, thereader understands fevvers actions as performance and construction. Through Fevvers, Carter showshow easily gender can be performed to look "real", which in effect highlights its constructedness, asthere is no such thing as "real" gender. Walser calls Fevvers performance a "fake", he is amused butsuspicious. He notes the deception of Fevvers appearance:“It was the limitations of her act in themselves that made him briefly contemplate the unimaginable-that is, the absolute suspension of disbelief. For, in order to earn a living, might not a genuine bird-woman-in implausible even that such a thing existed- have to pretend she was an artificial one?” (Carter, 17).Judith Butler argues that if the inner truth of gender is a fabrication and if a true gender is a fantasyinstituted and inscribed on the surface of bodies, then it seems that genders can be neither true no false,but are only produced as the truth effects of discourse of primary and stable identity. In Mother Camp:Female Impersonators in America, anthropologist Esther Newton suggests that the structure ofimpersonation reveals one of the key fabricating mechanisms through which the social construction ofgender takes place (Butler, 186). Butler also suggests that drag fully subverts the distinction betweeninner and outer psychic space and effectively mocks both the expressive model of gender and thenotion of a true gender identity. Newton writes:“As its most complex, [drag] is a double inversion that says, "appearance is an illusion." Drag says [Newtons curious personification] " my, outside appearance is feminine, but my essence inside [ thebody] is masculine." At the same time it symbolizes the opposite inversion; "my appearance outside[my body, my gender] is masculine but my essence inside [myself] is feminine “(Butler, 186).It could be argued that Fevvers female travesty constitutes the most discursive impersonation. As amatter of fact, Fevvers illuminates drag perfectly: she in feminine drag suggests that gender is a kind ofpersistent impersonation that passes as the real. Her performance destabilizes the very distinctionbetween the natural the artificial, depth and surface, inner and outer through which discourse aboutgenders almost always operates (Butler, xxxi). Through the novel, when Fevvers removes hereyelashes, she reveals the imitation of her gender identity: “She batted her eyelashes at Walser in the mirror. From the pale length of those eyelashes, a good threeinches, he might have thought she had not taken her false ones off has he not been able to see themlolling, hairy as gooseberries, among the formidable refuse of the dressing-table” ( Carter, 40). 49
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)Vol.2, No.3, 2012Similar for Butler, the parody is of the very notion of an original:“Just as the psychoanalytic notion of gender identification is constituted by a fantasy of a fantasy, thetransfiguration of an Other who is always already a "figure" in that double sense, so gender parodyreveals that the original identity after which gender fashions itself is an imitation without an origin(Butler, 188). Butler believes that the construction of the identity is a fancy, and gender parody can be apath to change a form of Other and how gender is an imitation that there is no original for it. .The novelsets up expectations that the mask will eventually be stripped away to reveal a hidden self, only toshow, how on the contrary, Fevvers identity is constituted in and through performance”3. ConclusionAngela Carters Nights at the Circus (1984) works to answer the question in the introduction: womanis a real or illusion can be unraveled how the constructed image of femininity in the society and opensways to escape the gendered confinement. The discussion attempts to highlight the fact that Fevver’sessence or identity is false. It becomes clear how to understand the real from unreal. This paper comesto understand that we can reproduce the produced inside of gender identity. It is illuminated thatFevver’s involves crossing gender as she has a wings with a feminine appearance. The process shegoes through teaches us that gender is not fixed as a tangible series of properties in the natural worldbut is located the mind.ReferencesButler, J. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York and London: Routledge,1990.Disch, L. “Review Essay: Judith Butler and the Politics of the Performative.” Political Theory 27 1999:545-559.Carter, A. Nights At the Circus. Picador:Britain, 1984.Levinson, B. “Sex without Sex, Queering the Market, the Collapse of the Political, the Death ofDifference, and Aids: Hailing Judith Butler.” Diacritics 29. 3 1999: 81-101.King, J. The Victorian Woman Question in Contemporary Feminist Fiction. New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2005.Slinn, W. “Poetry and Culture: Performativity and Critique.” New Literary History 30.1 1999:57-74.coolen, M. “Undesirable Desires. Sexuality as Subjectivity in Angela Carters the Infernal DesireMachines of Doctor Hoffman”. Womens Studies 36:6 2007: 399-416.Roya Nikandam was born in Kerman, Iran, in 1984. She obtained her Bachelor of English Literaturedegree from the Islamic Azad University in 2006. She Continued with her Masters degree in the fieldof literature at University of Putra Malaysia in 2009. She kept studying her Ph.D in the field of EnglishLiterature in University of Malaya in 2009. 50
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)Vol.2, No.3, 2012 Figure 1. Architecture of WOZIP Table 1. Datasheet of Mock-up Test 51