Plants and animals moved from their native habitats to new locations by humans, either accidentally or intentionally, are considered to be alien or introduced species. When in a new environment, introduced species can compete with native ones for food or space; introduce new pests, parasites, or pathogens; and generally cause a disruption in the native environment.
The Hawaiian Islands form the most isolated archipelago in the world, with North America being its closest neighbor. Such island ecosystems are often highly susceptible to invasion by exotic species. On land in the Hawaiian Islands there are more than 4000 introduced species. Recent studies have shown that there are also more than 300 species of plants and animals introduced into coastal marine and estuarine waters.
Through the Hawaii Biological Survey at Bishop Museum, a count of the total number of species in the Archipelago has been compiled. In 1999, the time of the last tally, there were 23,150 known species of terrestrial and aquatic algae, plants and animals, including 5047 nonindigenous species (~ 20%). The total number of marine and brackish water alien species in the Hawaiian Islands is 343, including 287 invertebrates, 24 algae, 20 fish, and 12 flowering plants.
and University of Hawaii, along with the Waikiki Aquarium, hosted a workshop
and open house on May 18 and 19, 2001. The Friday workshop was by invitation;
the Saturday afternoon open house was at the Waikiki Aquarium where anyone
could come and learn about Hawaii's alien marine plants and animals.
This brief guide was assembled to provide information concerning some of the most common marine alien species to people who spend time in the coastal waters of Hawaii. Some of the more recent discoveries of alien species have been made by photographers and aquarium collectors. It is hoped that when individuals observe animals not previously seen, they will bring them to the attention of the appropriate people. This guidebook is by no means comprehensive. An additional 250+ species of algae and animals are not yet included.
The Workshop was sponsored by the Packard Foundation and the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, together with the Bishop Museum and University of
Hawaii. Additonal support for production of the guidebook was provided
by the National Marine Fisheries Service.