The terms "wild" and "captive" have stimulated considerable debate among academicians, animal protectionists and conservationists. Some argue that animals have a right to freedom and that there is a "moral predis-position" against holding them in zoos (Jamieson, 1985; 1995; Varner and Monroe, 1991). Others argue that modern zoos and their living collections are becoming increasing important to wildlife conservation and science, and that the collective benefits so derived may override this predisposition (Hutchins and Wemmer, 1991; Conway, 1995; Hutchins et al, 1995; Norton, 1995). The purpose of this paper is to explore the concepts of "wild" and "captive" and their meaning to large ungulates and carnivores today and into the twenty-first century.
Hutchins, M. (1995). What do "wild" and "captive" mean for large ungulates and carnivores now and into the twenty-first century?. In A. Rowan (Ed.) Wildlife Conservation, Zoos and Animal Protection: A Strategic Analysis (pp. 1-30).