Did you know that a ban on Chinese immigrant women created America’s first immigration laws? Discovering this forgotten historical moment left me appalled by the suffering of the ancestors. They were singled out because they were poor, foreign and “exotic.” Learning these facts makes me more aware of the deep racism and sexism in our legal system.
I’ve always felt that the more we know, the more we can be the change. With all the anti-immigrant scapegoating going on right now, researching the information in this post gave me a foundational understanding of where we all came from.
Reading up on this topic made me feel awful. Thank you, ancient sisters, for what you suffered.
History of Chinese immigrant women: the freaks
Flashback: It’s 1834. The first Chinese woman sails to America. Her ship lands in Manhattan.
Hello, Afong Moy. And now, let’s put you to work at the American Museum. If it sounds fancy, haha. You don’t know this yet, but you are actually joining a freak show.
Afong Moy was put on display like a zoo animal exhibited in “natural” habitat. She moved around this space in traditional silk robes, surrounded by carved Chinese furniture and shiny, brocade fabrics. Crowds marveled as she ate without a fork. Instead, she used two sticks — chopsticks.
Most dazzling of all? Her dainty, tiny embroidered shoes. She had bound feet. It’s a form of physical and sexual abuse inflicted on Chinese women. In those days, little girls had their toes broken and curled under their soles. Wrapping their feet in fabric strips bound their feet into tiny, pointed shapes that the culture considered erotic.
Every few minutes, Afong Moy hobbled around for the amazed crowds. Accounts disagree on the size of her feet. Newspaper descriptions said they were anywhere from 2.5 inches to 4 inches long — barely the length of a computer mouse.
This poor woman was caged in a “museum” created by P.T. Barnum. You know the name. He’s the founder of Barnum & Bailey Circus. Later, his business merged with Ringling Bros. to become Barnum & Bailey Circus. The greatest show on earth, which still operates today as the most famous circus in the world.
In 1850, Barnum added more Chinese women to his New York freak show stable. He marketed them as “exotic curios.” A newspaper article raved about his newest star attraction:
“Miss Pwan-Yekoo, the Chinese belle, with her Chinese suite of attendants, is drawing all Broadway to the Chinese collection. She is so pretty, so arch, so lively, and so graceful, while her minute feet are wondrous!”
The drawings from that period break my heart:
U.S. immigration law began because of Chinese women
While Barnum built his freak show in New York, Chinese women began arriving in California by the hundreds. This was the mid-1800s, when Chinese sex workers were following the trail of tens of thousands of Chinese male laborers.
They are the story of the so-called Gold Mountain. The men came to the West Coast for the back-breaking work of building America’s railroads. Like the women, they included kidnap victims and indentured workers taken by force from China.
In those days, the majority of sex workers were from Mexico, Brazil and Peru, with a smattering of white women, according to historian Huping Ling. Chinese sex workers were relatively few. The 1870 Census recorded only 3,536 Chinese women in all of California, with 2,157 listed as prostitutes.
But still, their Asian-ness made them hate magnets. This is where the history of Chinese immigrant women gets really, really ugly.
California’s God-fearing, middle-class white women accused Chinese sex workers of spreading disease and wrecking family values. They complained that Chinese sex-trafficking turned neighborhoods into ghettos and destroyed property values.
Their protests led to the passage of America’s very first immigration law. Its purpose was to ban females from China. That’s right. The first immigration law in this country was written to lock out Chinese immigrant women.
We’re talking about The Page Law of 1875. Named after Republican Congressman Horace F. Page, he demanded the end of “the danger of cheap Chinese labor and immoral Chinese women.”
From here, racism escalated into hysteria. The result was another law: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
The ban against ALL Chinese
The 1882 legislation banned low-income and poor Chinese immigrants. Over the next six decades, increasingly stricter versions of the law were passed. By World War I (1914-1918), Chinese immigration was down to almost nothing.
How ironic. The Chinese played such an important role in California’s development. Yet, few Chinese Americans can trace their ancestry to the 1800s, according to historian Shirley Hune.
During this period, European white immigrants grew and multiplied through several generations. Their families communities expanded, along with their political and economic clout. Meanwhile, the Chinese population barely existed. In 1920, only 61,639 Chinese lived in the U.S.
But even though the Chinese disappeared from real life, they were a sinister hit in reel life. During those 60 years of anti-Chinese exclusion immigration laws, the media bombed pop culture with images of Chinese bad guys (and gals). A character named Fu Manchu blasted through newspaper comic strips, novels and movies.
Fu Manchu was an evil genius with slanty eyes and long fingernails. He also had a sexy, dangerous daughter. She was the “Oriental woman,” the temptress. She remains an enduring “erotic” stereotype that goes beyond Chinese and East Asian women. Today, her orientalism plagues all of us, including South Asian and Middle Eastern women.
America held onto its anti-Chinese views until World War II (1939-1945). Once China joined the Allied forces in fighting Hitler, the U.S. softened its attitudes — a little. But real change towards the Chinese only came decades later.
History of Chinese immigrant women: today
Finally, in 1965, the U.S. completely overhauled its immigration policy. At last, the feds abolished quotas that favored white, Western European immigrants. The doors opened for immigrants of color from developing nations. This is why today, America is more diverse than ever before.
We’ve gone from the few thousand bullied Chinese immigrant women of the mid-1800s to a population boom today. The 21st century gives us a different perspective on the history of Chinese immigrant women. Check out this PEW Research chart:
Asian Americans are trending as the largest, fastest-growing immigrant group. As for female Asian newcomers, consider these facts:
- Asian women are 52.9% of all arrivals, according to a 2013 study.
- In addition to outnumbering the headcount of incoming men, Asian females also boast a higher-than-average participation level in the female immigrant labor force, according to that same 2013 study.
- While the poor and uneducated still come to America, the lioness share of new Asian immigrant women — especially the moms — possess at least college degrees and tend to work, according to a 2015 study.