App Economics 101: How to Monetize An App
By Sara Angeles on December 19, 2012 / 5 Comments
Two app developers walk into a bar. It sounds like the start of a really bad joke, but hear me out. One has a free app, and the other charges $4.99 just to download it. Which one makes more money?
Consider this: While there are plenty of successful paid apps out there, free apps make much more than paid apps do any day of the week.
If you’re thinking about creating an app, here’s a crash course on how to monetize an app and why free apps may or may not be for you.
The easiest and most straight-forward way to monetize apps is to charge for it. The great thing about paid downloads is that you will begin seeing your earnings as soon as people download your app. The bad thing is that you’ll have to work harder to market it – most users expect basic apps to only cost 99 cents, so you’ll need tens of thousands of downloads before you actually begin to see a return. For utility apps and more complex gaming apps, expect to charge between $2.99-$4.99.
How to Monetize Free Apps
*These games are all free – they’re also the top-grossing on Google Play.
While the prospects of paid apps are very tempting, the reality is that nobody likes to pay for apps. Unless they reallyreallyreally have to. Free apps rule app stores because it’s a win-win situation – users don’t have to pay anything up front, while developers get the exposure they need.
There are two ways free apps make money: advertisers pay you via display ads, or users do with ‘freemium’ downloads, in-app purchases or subscription services.
Display Advertising for Mobile Apps
Display ads mean big bucks for mobile app developers. According to the Interactive Advertising Bureau, advertisers spent $1.6 billion on mobile ads in 2011, up 149% from $641 million in 2010. Display ads range from banner ads (graphic blocks of advertisements) placed on top or bottom of the screen to full screen ads (including videos) while the app is launching or in between use (between game levels, for instance).
Unfortunately, mobile display ads are declining in popularity. Here are the three different mobile ad models and why advertisers are beginning to turn away:
- CPC (Cost-per-click or Pay-per-click) – You get paid when the ad is clicked. The problem: It’s far too easy to inadvertently click on an ad on a touch-screen device. How many times have you accidentally “Liked” something or mistakenly added someone as a friend on Facebook? (No? Just me?). The same principle applies here.
- CPM (Cost-per-mille) – Also known as Cost-per-thousand, CPM charges advertisers per 1,000 impressions. The problem: An ‘impression’ does not always mean the user sees the ad. Given the nature of mobile apps where the user is constantly scrolling or switching views, the CPM model leads to questions of whether or not advertisers are actually getting their money’s worth.
- CPA (Cost-per-action) – You get paid when the user performs an action, such as by completing a form or making a purchase. The problem: It takes users away from your app. It also takes too many steps. First, users have to click on the ad. Then they’re redirected to a website that may or may not be mobile-friendly. Then they have to fill in their info or otherwise exit the advertiser’s site. With these many steps and a mobile keyboard, the chances of conversion – and thus getting paid – is fairly slim.
In-App Ads + Mobile Partnerships
An innovative way to integrate display ads is by partnering with in-app advertisers. This can be in the form of a sponsorship (e.g., “Sponsored by” or “Brought to you by” followed by the advertiser’s logo) or by integrating their products into the app. Waze, a social GPS app, works with retailers and merchants by allowing them to list their businesses and special offers to nearby consumers using the app. With a little bit of creativity and business savvy, you can implement similar strategies too.
Here’s a fun little trade secret: people are more willing to pay for an app once they’ve tried it themselves. Whether it’s because they’ve grown dependent on the app or they just can’t put a game down, people always spend more on upgrading freemium apps than on apps they can’t download for free.
How it works:
User downloads free app –> User likes app –> User pays for more features
- “Lite” versions – LIVESTRONG’s Calorie Tracker Lite is a free, ad-supported app. Buy the paid version and the ads go away. Users also get the extra perk of being able to sync their info with their web-based account.
- Subscription upgrade – Remember the Milk, a portable to-do list where users can create and organize tasks on the go, is free with limited functionabilities. Upgrade for $25/year and get exclusive features like unlimited auto-syncing on multiple devices, push notifications and more. You can even offer discounted subscriptions, like Evernote Premium, which gives users higher capacity, offline notebooks, larger files and more for $5/month or a discounted $45/year.
- In-app purchases: Zynga gaming apps where users can buy tokens and other virtual currencies and goods to progress in the game, score more points, or outdo their friends. (Yes, people actually buy virtual goods! In 2010, only 8% of the top-grossing games used in-app purchases; in 2011, it rose to a whopping 52%, increasing total revenue by nearly 80%!)
Why it works:
Freemium apps get the best of both worlds: the same potential downloads as free apps, while being able to combine multiple monetization strategies. You can even add on various upgrades and functionalities as users grow. Most of all, freemium apps cater to user sensibilities by giving them freedom from hard sells and allowing them to wait until they are ready to buy.
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