Egyptians playing an ancient board game Senet
Senet is one of the oldest board games. It was played in ancient Egypt, reportedly before 3000 BC. Senet (means “passing”) is a race game, which has five to seven pieces per player. The board is made up of 3x10 squares. There is also a version with 8 linear squares followed by 4x3, the "twenty-game". In senet, players advanced according to the results of throws of little sticks or knuckle bones (the predecessors of dice). Some historians believe that the game of senet evolved to depict divinities and events in the afterlife. Both, senet and chess are board games, which are played by two players, on the board divided into squares with pawns as pieces.
Liubo is a mysterious ancient Chinese board game. Reportedly, the earliest surviving remnant of liubo dates from the Shang Dynasty circa 1500 BC. The name liubo comes from Chinese (liu = six, bo = sticks). Most historians believe that liubo was a battle game. The board is argued to be a cosmological, a calendar and a divination instrument. The rules of Liubo are still unknown.
The Ancient Liubo Game
Liubo may be the predecessor of Xiàngqí, also known as Chinese Chess. Some may point out how the board design of liubo lends itself to a Xiàngqí-like grid of squares. XiangQi is played on the intersections of a 9x10 board. Opposite sides are separated by a central "river". Each camp has a "palace" which is constituted by 3x3 intersections at the center of South and North sides. The armies are formed by 16 men each. Red plays at South and (generally) starts the game.
AshtaPada is an ancient Indian race board game played on an 8x8 board with dice. It possibly dates back to the 5th century BC. There were no light and dark squares on the board. There were crosses marked on certain cells. The name has a Sanskrit reference to “spider” - a legendary being with eight legs.
Chaturanga (a Sanskrit name for “four members of an army”) was played in India on an 8x8 uncheckered board. According to ancient Indian mysticism, this setup represents the universe. The four sides being the four elements: fire, air, earth and water. The board was called Ashtapada, and had special markers. The pieces were raja (king), gajah (elephant), chariot, one boat and four pedati (foot soldiers or pawns). This game was originally played with a dice.
It is an assumption that chess emerged as a variant of Chaturanga for two players. The suppression of dice due to antigambling policy in the 6th century, might have forced the transformation of a race game into a strategic game between two players, which then possibly evolved and transformed into chess.
As we discussed in the Chess Queen article, in India, Persia and the Arabic lands, where the game was originally played, all the chess pieces were male: the king, his general called a vizier, and a line of foot soldiers. The game was played with chariots, horses, and elephants, which looked like a miniature army. The words for chess in Old Persian and Arabic are chatrang and shatranj respectively. The Persian word “shah” means king, is thought to be the origin of the English name “chess”. The phrase “shah mat” (means “the king is ambushed”), is the origin for the word "checkmate".
Map, 500 BCE- 4-army Chaturanga (some call it Chaturaji) was played
When the game arrived in Europe, the queen replaced the vizier, the horse was transformed into a knight, the chariot into a tower (today’s rook), and the elephant into bishop (in France it became a jester, and in Italy, a standard bearer). Only the king and the pawns remained the same. It is believed that the checkered board with its light and dark squares was a European invention. Chess sets were made out of ivory, stone, wood, or even amber.
The transformation from the male figure of the vizier to the queen in Russia took place six hundred years after the chess queen had appeared in Germany, Italy, Spain, France, and England. In Russia, the bishop was represented by an elephant, and the rook by a boat. The king was called tsar, and instead of the queen, “ferz” was used, which remained masculine well into the 18th century.