The main purpose of this series is to examine Western academic scholarly articles from the past that seem to manifest attitudes and assumptions consonant with Politically Correct Multi-Culturalism (PC MC).
My original thesis always assumed that PC MC does not go further back from the present than to approximately 50 years ago—roughly, the mid-20th century. The previous three installments of this series found PC MC in articles dated 1849, 1917 and 1963.
Today’s installment dates from 1942.
Clearly, at least three of these articles demonstrate that PC MC existed before the middle of the 20th century. (The 1963 article comes at a date that one would hope to safely assume was a time when the sociopolitical dominance of PC MC was only in its infancy.) My adjusted assumption, in light of this, was to reiterate my original thesis, but simply to highlight the difference in eras not as one where absolutely no PC MC existed prior to 1950, but rather in terms of a relatively sparse existence of PC MC prior to 1950 as more or less representative of a minority view, and then a growth into mainstream dominance of PC MC throughout the West after 1950.
I stick to this original thesis—with its slight adjustment; but the more I see articles like the one I proffer today, the more I wonder how, and why, so much PC MC thought existed in the “good old days”. It should be noted that all four articles I chose were randomly selected: I did not have any criteria by which to go hunting for articles that reflect PC MC; my ongoing project is based upon merely browsing among old academic journals in fields relating to Orientalism, with specific interest in any title adverting to Islam or things Islamic. Evidently, the roots of full-blown PC MC (i.e., the PC MC that has dominated the mainstream for the last 50-odd years) run far and deep.
At any rate, here is today’s installment: The article in question is “The Origins of Pan-Islamism”, by Dwight E. Lee, in The American Historical Review, Vol. 47, No. 2. (Jan., 1942), pp. 278-287.
First, Prof. Lee sets the tone of his article by approvingly quoting a letter of Arminius Vambéry dated
Then Prof. Lee goes on to suggest that, while the one extreme of utterly discounting Pan-Islamism as a veritable movement should be taken with a grain of salt, nevertheless, one ought not:
...to rush to conclusions whenever the unity or brotherhood of Islam or the universal authority of the sultan-caliph are mentioned. He may well follow the example of those scholars who have attempted to distinguish between theory and definite acts or organizations. Furthermore, as the quotation from Vambéry suggests and as most writers agree, the tendency toward Pan-Islamism was one aspect of the reaction of Moslems to the impact of the Christian West.
...neither the intellectual and religious bent nor the actual steps to exploit it [i.e., Pan-Islamism] should be separated from their proper context of Oriental-Occidental cultural and political conflict.
...there is another context from which a study of Pan-Islamism cannot be separated, namely, the imperialistic rivalry of the Western Powers. In the period between 1850 and 1880 the most serious conflict which directly affected Islam was that of
Shades of “it was the
There is more. Prof. Lee, after citing European exploitation of Pan-Islamism in the 1870s, then WWI, then
It would appear, indeed, that Pan-Islamism has always had either behind it or paralleling it the imperialistic policy of some European power whose aims and interests at the moment seemed to coincide with those of Islam or of some Moslem potentate. Thus one may come to the tentative conclusion that without British support in the beginning and that of others later, Pan-Islamism would never have developed into a significant movement.
...Pan-Islamism and the revival of the caliphate are linked with the whole problem of the reaction of the Islamic world to the impact of the Occident...
And, after soberly recommending that we study “Islamic sources”, Prof. Lee ends with these two conclusions—the only conclusions, apparently, which such a study would definitively reveal:
Only after such a study can one definitely decide whether an effort to translate the “tendency” toward Islamic unity into an actual movement was a phantasm or a reality and whether Pan-Islamism was a genuine Moslem reaction to Western encroachment or merely a weapon of imperialism, conceived by Western brains and forged by Western hands.
I.e., after the scholar has incorporated a study of Islamic sources, the only alternative explanations that would explain Islamic supremacism (i.e., “Pan-Islamism”) would be either that it represents an impractical “phantasm” among a few extremists, or that—if not a phantasm but a reality—then that it represents a “Moslem reaction to Western encroachment”, with the added spice of possibility that such a “reaction” was really just a tool manipulated by Western Machiavellians.
Prof. Lee’s thesis, written in 1942, reflects one of the major axioms of the PC MC paradigm: namely, that all major Islamic problems and pathologies stem, ultimately, from Western activities and “interference” in the Orient—and that, therefore, there is nothing specifically, fundamentally Islamic about Islamic problems and pathologies.
As to the crucial question of whether, and to what extent, Prof. Lee’s proto-PC MC was popular in his era (the early 1940s), a couple of remarks in the article itself unfortunately only offer, when combined, ambiguous indications.
An indication that Prof. Lee feels he is operating against a broader grain seems plausible from his complaint that:
...it has been the purpose of this article to show that the usual interpretations of Pan-Islamism and especially the story of its origins, both as to chronology and causes, have been inadequate and unsatisfactory...
Apparently, there were “usual interpretations” current at the time that differed from the proto-PC MC of Prof. Lee.
On the other hand, elsewhere in the same article, Prof. Lee mentions that “most writers agree” with the drippingly anti-Occidentalist sentiment of Arminius Vambéry from 1877 (quoted at the beginning above), which seems to enjoy the role in Prof. Lee’s article of a guiding light for his overall theme.
A broader and deeper sampling of scholarly articles, from various journals and various academic locations throughout the West, would be able to illuminate where more precisely lies the chronological borderline demarcating a proto-PC MC from a full-blown dominant and mainstream PC MC. It could well be that the assumption of a mid-20th century line needs to be redrawn considerably earlier. This more substantive investigation, in addition, will help uncover why those proto-PC MC tendencies were there in the first place, so possessing the sufficient nutritive and metastatic potential they evidently had as to enable the later growth into mainstream dominance that is, in our time, as plain and normal as sunshine on a sunny day.