LETS SHOW THESE FOOLS HOW WE DO THIS ON THAT WESTSIDE
Just as Los Angeles has two Eastsides (one being the largely Latino enclave east of the LA River and the other being South Los Angeles east of the 110 and/or Main St) it also has two Westsides. One Westside is a collection of LA’s westernmost neighborhoods (such as Bel Air, Brentwood and Venice) and the area’s enclosed cities (like Culver City, Santa Monica and Beverly Hills).
The other Westside is the area of South Los Angeles (and the surrounding communities) that lie west of the 110, south of the 10 and east and north of the 405 (although some of those are can make the historical argument for being part of the South Bay, despite being separated from the Santa Monica Bay by miles of land and other cities). This westside, after white flight in the 1950s to the present, is also colloquially known as “The Black Westside” and indeed, it’s still, as of 2011, home to most of Los Angeles’s black residents and businesses despite changing demographics.
The region of South LA’s Westside is a large area bounded by South LA’s Eastside to the east, The Harbor to the southeast, The South Bay to the west and south west, The Westside to the northwest andMidtown to the north. Definitions differ of exactly what communities constitute the region with several also claiming the South Bay and/or The Harbor. No doubt part of the reason these neighborhoods are in question are due to residents of and developers in those communities eager to disassociate themselves withSouth LA, which carries negative connotations for many.
Though the area is mostly Mexican-American, it’s home to a large number of diverse black communities; working class, middle class and upper class. And though most of the black residents are of unspecified West African ancestry, there are large populations of Caribbeans, especially Belizeans and Jamaicans. In addition there are significant populations of Filipinos, Germans, Guatemalans, Irish, Italian, Japanese,Koreans, Salvadorans and Vietnamese who all call the area home.
For thousands of years, the area that now makes up South Los Angeles’s Westside, along with most of Los Angeles County, was part of the Tongva‘s 4,000 square mile homeland. It was later conquered by Spain. After Mexico‘s independence, it was part of Mexico. During the Rancho Period, most of what’s now the Westside was set aside as public land, rather than state or privately-owned property. The area remained more agricultural for much of its history as Los Angeles and other communities developed around it.
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
South Los Angeles’s Westside is home to the University of Southern California, founded in 1880. In 1906, the approval of the construction of the Port of Los Angeles and a change in state law allowed the city to annex the Shoestring, or Harbor Gateway, a narrow and crooked strip of land leading from Los Angeles south towards the port. As the wealthy were building stately mansions in West Adams and Jefferson Park, the white working class was establishing itself in Crenshaw and Hyde Park.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTSIDE
Development of South Los Angeles’s Westside mostly began in the northern part of the region, around the turn of the 20th century. In the mid-1920s through the late 1930s, housing boomed in most of the areas north ofSlauson. During World War II, when Los Angeles turned into the major center for the production of aircraft, war supplies and ammunitions, thousands of immigrants, both black and white, moved to South Los Angeles from the Midwest and South to work in factory jobs. However, there were still large swathes of areas devoted to agriculture and oil extraction on the Westside up through the middle part of the century.
THE WESTSIDE POST DESEGREGATION
South Los Angeles’s Eastside was home to two of Los Angeles‘s oldest black neighborhoods, South Central in the north andWatts in the south. Under racially restrictive covenants, blacks were only allowed to own property within the area hemmed in by Main, Slauson, Alameda and Washington; in Watts, and a few other small areas such as Oakwood in Venice. As a result of 1948’s Shelley v. Kraemer, the Supreme Court banned used of racist restrictive covenants. As a result, the black population of both areas began to pour out of their overcrowded confines into the rest of South Los Angeles’s Eastside, the southern parts (i.e. Mid-City) of Midtown Los Angeles, and the northern neighborhoods of South Los Angeles’s Westside. According to Roy Porter andDavid Keller‘s There And Back, “During that time the west side was Vermont Avenue to Western, and there were very few black people living in the area. Where the Crenshaw Center is now was wilderness.” Before long the area was predominantly black.
THE HARBOR FREEWAY and THE SAN DIEGO FREEWAY
The Harbor Freeway (the 110) began construction in the 1950s. It wasn’t completed until 1970. Running parallel to Main Street, it supplanted it was that traditional dividing line between the Eastside and Westside in South Los Angeles. Meanwhile, construction of the San Diego Freeway (the 405) began in 1957 and was complete by 1969. As a result, the inland communities of Alondra Park, Del Aire, Gardena, Hawthorne, Inglewood, Lawndale, and Lennox were in some sense separated from the South Bay which they’d previously been considered a part of – despite all being landlocked.
THE “NEW” SOUTH CENTRAL – MIGRATION FROM THE EASTSIDE
Most of South Los Angeles’s Westside remained overwhelmingly white until the 1960s, when upwardly mobile black residents began to make their homes in Baldwin Hills and Crenshaw in significant numbers. As blacks moved into new areas, the name “South Central” was no longer only applied to the tiny, historically black neighborhood centered on South Central Avenue, but became racially coded shorthand for any black neighborhood south of Pico Boulevard. “South Central” was ultimately embraced as a badge of honor by many residents of the region — no matter how far they were from the actual, historical South Central.
The construction of the Santa Monica Freeway formed the northern boundary of the “new” South Central, providing a boundary beween the mostly upper-middle class blacks of Midtown Los Angeles from the mostly middle and working-class blacks to the south.
After the Watts Uprising in 1965, many remaining middle class blacks left South Los Angeles’s Eastside for safer areas. In 1969, the Crips formed and in 1972, the Bloods followed – both in the Eastside. Carson, Inglewood, Ladera Heights, View Park and Windsor Hills became the most popular destinations for blacks leaving the Eastside.
Also in the 1970s, South LA‘s manufacturing base declined precipitously. The workforce had, till then, primarily been comprised of unionized black workers. After many of them left for the Westside, their void was largely filled by newly-arrived Mexicans and Central Americans. In the 1980s, the black population of South Los Angeles’s Westside continued to grow.
1990s AFTER THE RIOTS
After the LA Riots of 1992, which began in the Westside intersection of Florence and Normandie, many black residents moved away from the most blighted areas of South Los Angeles. The Eastside was hit especially hard, with communities like Compton, South Central, Watts and most others losing their black majorities. The Westside, with the comparatively affluent communities in the greater Baldwin Hills, Crenshaw and West Adams districts remained desirable for blacks and most retained their black majorities. Today, South Los Angeles’s Westside boasts the largest number of predominantly black neighborhoods in Los Angeles County although the poorer neighborhoods in core of the region have increasingly witnessed migration of Mexican, Guatemalan and Salvadoran immigrants in the last two decades.
For many years and for many residents of South Los Angeles, “South Central” or, alternately, “The Hood“… or even “The Ghetto” remain the preferred term, one despite its largely negative connotations in the media, that was embraced with affection and pride. In mainstream media, however, “South Central” became a blanket term for all black and Latino neighborhoods between the 10 freeway and the Harbor – one that lazily painted the many ethnically, economically, historically and culturally diverse communities in the area with the same brush. “South Central” was shorthand for gang violence, endemic poverty and urban blight. For the most part, the only time the local media bothers to venture into the area is when there’s a car chase or if the LA Weekly is ranking Los Angeles’s top ten Soul Food restaurants. Otherwise, for most Angelenos who don’t live in it, it remains a place of the imagination and not reality — an imagination has increasingly little to do with reality.
In the 2000s, the Eighth District Empowerment Congress began the “Naming Neighborhoods Project” began an effort to identify and celebrate South Los Angeles’s varied neighborhoods with new designations that were meant to foster a sense of community pride and reflect local identity. The Westside neighborhoods that were born as a result include Angeles Mesa, Arlington Park, Baldwin Vista, Cameo Plaza, Crenshaw Manor, King Estates, Magnolia Square, Manchester Square, Morningside Circle, Vermont Vista, and Westpark Terrace.
and now for the neighborhoods:
Whereas many of the neighborhoods of South Los Angeles have fanciful names seemingly designed to maximize their appeal, Adams-Normandie is one of those neighborhoods unimaginatively named after the intersection around which it is centered. It’s home of the Loren Miller Recreation Center, several churches and Mexicanrestaurants. Part of the Historic West Adams District, Adams-Normandie’s Van Buren Place Historic District is home to many beautiful old homes. It’s the most densely populated neighborhood in South Los Angeles’s Westside and the population is roughly 62% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 25% black, 6% white and 5% Asian.
ALONDRA PARK (AKA EL CAMINO VILLAGE)
ANGELUS MESA (AKA ANGELES MESA)
Angelus Mesa is a neighborhood in the Crenshaw area — a product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.” Its Angeles Mesa Branch Library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It’s also home to the Angelus Mesa-name-incorporatingAngeles Mesa Park and Angeles Mesa Elementary – although their names are spelled in keeping with the rest of Los Angeles. I’m not yet sure what accounts for Angelus Mesa’s odd spelling, but at least as early as 1920 there was the Angelus Mesa Land Co. The neighborhood is home to the tallest structure in the region outside the USC campus — the 12-story Good Shepherd Manor, built in 1971.
Arlington Park is a narrow, Crenshaw area neighborhood between Leimert Park and King Estates. It’s named after Arlington Avenue and is a product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress’s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
The population of Athens is 54% black (largely Belizean), 40% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 3% Asian and 1% white. I’m not sure what it’s supposed association is the ancient, capital of Greece. Where that city has numerous ancient monuments, Athens, Los Angeles boasts Los Angeles Southwest College,Helen Keller Park, Chester Washington Golf Course and not a lot else – unless I’m missing something. The main destination for pilgrims to the neighborhood is the house at 1418 W 126th Street, which was Craig Jones‘s house in the film Friday.
Baldwin Hills is sometimes referred to as “The Black Beverly Hills” for his long-established, rich, black population. Today the area is 71% black, 17% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran) and 5% Asian. It’s the home to the first Olympic Village, built in 1932 for the LA games. In 2007, BET began airing a television program called Baldwin Hills, about the lives of rich, black teenagers from the area.
Within Baldwin Hills is subdistrict known as Baldwin Hills Estates. The mostly Modernist homes sit on streets like Don Felipe and Don Luis in the Baldwin Hills Estates subdivision, earning a portion the nickname “The Dons.”
Baldwin Village was originally nicknamed “The Jungle” for its tropical trees and foliage. In 1969, a member of the Chicago Blackstone Rangers known as T. Rodgers moved to Los Angeles and started a chapter in the West Adams/Jefferson Park area known as Black P Stone Rangers. Eventually there were hundreds of that gang’s members in The Jungle. As a crime-ridden area sullying the otherwise posh reputation of the Baldwin Hills area, “The Jungle” took on a different meaning – that of a wild, dangerous and untamed place — one of the cuts even became known universally as “Sherm Alley.” As a result, in the 1980s people began promoting the use of the Baldwin Village name, hoping to gain more association with nearby, wealthy Baldwin Hills (and the nearby, by-then renamed Baldwin Hills Village). It was famously featured in the climax of Training Day.
Baldwin Vista is a neighborhood in the Baldwin Hills area that lies north of Coliseum Street and west of La Brea Boulevard. There are many mid-century Modernist homes built at the time of the neighborhood’s development in the 1940s and ’50s. It’s designation is a result of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
Cameo Plaza is a small neighborhood in the northwest corner of South LA, bordering the Westside. It’s situated on the western edge of the Baldwin Hills range and is also known as Cameo Woods, after gated condominium complex within it’s borders. It’s another product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
Canterbury Knolls is a primarily residential neighborhood. Although the name is not widely recognized, the near fatal beating of Reginald Denny by a group of six men took place there. It’s also home of the Slauson Super Mall, featured in the Tupac video for “To Live and Die in LA.” To read more, click here.
Chesterfield Square is home to Chesterfield Square Park. The population is roughly 59% black, 37% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 2% white and 1% Asian. At the time of writing it suffers from the highest rate of violent crime in LA county. It was formerly the home of special effects wizard Ray Harryhausen, it’s where Good Fred Hair Oil was invented, and is home to a stove restoration place called Antique Stove Heaven. To read more about it, click here!
Crenshaw Manor is a primarily residential westside neighborhood between West Adams to the north and the Baldwin Hills and Crenshaw areas to the south. The population is roughly 71% black, 17% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran) and 5% Asian. It’s also a product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
Del Aire is a South Los Angeles neighborhood that’s sometimes considered part of the South Bay, although it’s landlocked. It lies at the interchange of the 105 and the 405. It has the lowest crime rate in the region and the population is 46% Latino (mostly Mexican), 34% white (mostly German), 9% Asian (mostly Filipino), 7% black.
Exposition Park (originally known as Agricultural Park as it was an agricultural fairground where people raced camels) is home to the the California Science Center, California African-American Museum, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles Swimming Stadium, Natural History Museum and the Exposition Park Rose Garden, to name a few. As with University Park to the north, some business owners and organizations are essentially trying to rip one of South Los Angeles‘s main cultural centers from the region by refining the area as part of Downtown Los Angeles, even though nearly 3 km separate the regions at their closest points.
Hawthorne is a diverse city lying south of Inglewood with a population that’s 44% Latino (mostly Mexican and Guatemalan), 32% black, 13% white, 8% Asian (mostly Filipino). The entirely landlocked inland city tends to represent the South Bay or Harbor Area despite lying almost entirely east of the 405. The city is most famous for having been the hometown of The Beach Boys, dios (malos), and Emitt Rhodes of The Merry-Go-Round.
Established in 1887 as a stop on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway‘s Harbor Subdivision,Hyde Park is one of the oldest neighborhoods in LA. It was finally incorporated as its own city in 1922, only to be annexed by LA in 1923. It’s generally considered to be part of the larger Crenshaw area and is home to Crenshaw High School. The population is 66% black, 27% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 2% white and 1% Asian.
Although Inglewood was, as with its southern neighbors, traditionally considered to be part of the South Bay, due to its mention in songs by Westside-representers like Damani, Dr. Dre, Mack 10 and (East Harlem native) Tupac Shakur, “The Wood” is probably the most widely internationally recognized community in South Los Angeles’s Westside. What’s more, many films that are set anywhere in South Los Angeles are often, in fact, filmed in Inglewood I suspect because — despite its nickname of “Inglehood,” it’s actually quite safe, well-kept and middle-class and looks sort of like the poorer communities that it stands in for albeit with larger, better maintained yards and houses and a slightly more traditionally urban feel in part provided by a couple of not-especially-tall skyscrapers: Inglewood City Hall, Comerica Building, and the La Cienega Business Center. Occasionally films are actually set in Inglewood, like The Wood.
Ironically, Inglewood was once a hotbed of white supremacism and, as late as 1931, the Klan still maintained a chapter there. In 1960, there were 63,390 residents of Inglewood, only 29 of whom were black. Embarrassingly recently (22 July , 1970) Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Max F. Deutz ordered Inglewood schools to desegregate. Large numbers of Inglewood’s white population left as a result and the black population grew significantly. Beginning in the 1980s, the Inglewood’s Latino population skyrocketed. Today Inglewood’s population is 46% black, 46% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran) and 4% white.
The development of Jefferson Park began around the turn of the 20th century. Built on the hills, Craftsmanand Neo-Georgian styles attracted wealthier Angelenos. After World War II, numerous creoles from Louisiana moved there and it was nicknamed “Little New Orleans.” By the 1950s, the area attracted many black and Japanese-American families (who after their internment during World War II, often relocated to different parts of LA than where they had lived previously). Today the population is approximately 47% black, 45% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 3% Asian, and 3% white.
King Estates is bounded by Dr. Marting Luther King Jr. Boulevard on the south and Exposition Boulevard on the north. It’s also home to the Frederick Douglas Academy High School, named afer another famous black civil rights activist. I couldn’t find any demographic information for the neighborhood but the presence of Taqueria & Bakery Oaxaca suggest the likely presence of Latinos. It’s existence as a neighborhood is a result of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
Lawndale is a highly diverse city (52% Latino (mostly Mexican), 22% white, 12% black, and 11% Asian (mostly Vietnamese)). It is usually considered part of the South Bay or The Harbor despite being separated from both bodies of water by other coastal cities and neighborhoods. It was subdivided in 1905 by Charles B. Hopper who named it after a Chicago suburb. Lots sold slowly and different promotions were tried such as promoting Lawndale as a chicken raising area. By the 1980s, it (like most of the inland cities traditionally lumped in with the South Bay) was mostly home to working class people involved in nearby industries rather than wealthy beachfront property owners.
Leimert Park is often said to be the “Soul of Los Angeles.” It was originally developed in 1928 by Walter H. Leimert. For many years the neighborhood has been a major center of the LA’s black arts scene. There are several jazz, blues and hip-hop venues (Project Blowed was begun there) and the area known as Leimert Park Village has a quaint, small town feel. The population is approximately 80% black, 11% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), and 5% Asian. It’s also the birthplace of rapper Dom Kennedy.
Lennox is a a Westside neighborhood next to LAX sometimes considered part of the South Bay,sandwiched between the much larger Inglewood and Hawthorne. The businesses include, as is the case in most of South Los Angeles’s Westside, numerous mini-markets and auto shops. The population is also more aligned with the Westside than the South Bay – 89% Latino (mostly Mexican and Guatemalan), 4% black, and 4% white (mostly Irish).
Magnolia Square hemmed in by Century, the 110, the 105 and Vermont. I’m not sure what the name is derived from (It’s home to Little Green Acres Square). In addition to the usual selection of fast food chains, liquor stores, mini markets, churches, auto shops there’s also It’s All Good K’afe and Outdoors Bar B Que Grill. It’s a product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
Although the name doesn’t ring many bells for most, (or makes people think of the LAX-adjacent neighborhood in Westchester of the same name), Manchester Square is the birthplace of Art’s Chili Dog Stand in 1939, the 8 Tray Crips in 1974, the LA riots in 1992 and was the home of notorious serial killer known as The Grim Sleeper. The population is roughly 79% black, 19% Latino (mostly Mexican and Guatemalan) and 1% white. It’s a product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
Sadly (to me) there has been a movement led by several organizations and businesses to redefine University Park (and Exposition Park) as being part of Downtown, which is visible in the distance and separated from catercorner University Park by the 10 and 110 freeways. Such a move would rob South Los Angeles’s Westside of its heart and soul by carving out the region’s birthplace and most diverse neighborhood.
Aside from Angeles Mesa and Inglewood (if one considers that to be part of the Westside), it’s home to all of the region’s tallest buildings: Waite Phillips Hall of Education (1968), Fluor Tower, Webb Tower (Webb Tower), Radisson Midcity Hotel (1975), and Seeley G. Mudd Building (1982).
UNIVERSITY EXPOSITION PARK WEST
University Exposition Park West is home to establishments like Denker Recreation Center and James A. Foshay Learning Center. Although there is a good variety of local restaurants, there’s also a higher-than-average number of fast food chains represented, as well as liquor stores.
The population of Vermont Knolls is about 55% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 43% Black, 1% White, and 1% Asian. There are several mini-markets, schools, fast food joints and churches. It’s where Paul Ferrara grew up, the director of the Jim Morrison-starring HWY – An American Pastoral and Doors photographer.
Vermont-Slauson is named after the intersection of Vermont and Slauson Avenues, the site of theVermont-Slauson Shopping Center (established in 1981) and a Taco Bell. There are also several burger joints, auto shops and mini-markets, as is common with most of the region. The population is 61% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 37% black, and 1% white.
Vermont Square is home to Vermont Square Park – as well as Julian C. Dixon Park, named after the late politician. The Vermont Square Library is one of LA’s three remaining Carnegie libraries. There are also many barber shops, beauty salons, auto shops, burgers, mini markets, and donut shops. The population — 57% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 39% Black, 1% white, and 1% Asian — includes many Belizeans, a fact reflected in the presence of Caribbean Market and Pelican Belizean Market. It’s also home to the progressive Streetlight Cinema.
Vermont Vista is part of the Shoestring Annex. It’s home of the Algin Sutton Recreation Area (not sure who Algin Sutton is), and the Bret Harte Preperatory Middle School (named after the poet, not the wrestler). Alongside the usual assortment of auto shops, small markets, there are several BBQ places. The current population is 52% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 45 % black, 1% white, and 1% Asian. It’s a product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.”
View Park-Windsor Hills is a wealthy, mostly black neighborhood — approximately 87% black (including manyJamaicans), 5% white (mostly Italian), 3% Latino (mostly Mexican), and 2% Asian. It was originally developed in the 1920s and then largely redeveloped in the 1930s with many Modern, Spanish Colonialand Mediterranean homes (often with pools) constructed. Due to the large numbers of doctors, as with Los Feliz it was nicknamed “Pill Hill.” The rich black Angelenos moved in after desegregation was finally enforced in today it’s still the wealthiest neighborhood in South Los Angeles’s Westside. It’s also the oldest and most educated. It’s home to several parks (View Park, Monteith Park, and Ladera Park). Adding to it’s posh reputation is Windsor Hills Math-Science-Aerospace Magnet School. Adding to its desirability are Cafe Soul andGospel and Gumbo.
Village Green is a condo community (and surrounding neighborhood) between the Baldwin Hills and the West Adams neighborhood. It was originally known as “Baldwin Hills Village” and ground broke on construction in 1941. The lead architect of the apartments was Reginald D. Johnson. In 1972, the apartments were converted to condos and renamed Village Green.
West Adams is a neighborhood with many art galleries and studios, boutiques and a busy commercial corridor. The West Adams neighborhood is located west of the larger Historic West Adams District (which includes several Westside and Mid-City neighborhoods). It’s population is approximately 56% Latino (mostlyMexican and Salvadoran), 38% black, 2% white and 2% Asian. It’s also home to the famous Club Fais Do-Do, which used to be a popular haunt for the likes of Billy Preston, John Coltrane, Sam Cooke, and yours truly.
WEST ADAMS TERRACE
People apparently can’t seem to come to a consensus about what to call this neighborhood in the Historic West Adams District and it’s often lumped in with Jefferson Park to the south. It’s home to Gramercy Park, 2nd Avenue Park, Johnny’s Pastrami, and the lengthily named Exceptional Childrens Foundation School for Retarded Children. Its William Andrews Clark Memorial Library was built around the collection of rare books left by the son of a railroad baron/banker/politician. There are many nice Victorian homes, including the beatiful Joseph Dupuy Residence (now the South Seas House, for its Polynesianinfluence). There’s also the Wilfandel Club House, the oldest black women’s clubhouse in the city.
WEST PARK TERRACE
West Park Terrace is sometimes lumped in with its southern neighbor, Gramercy Park. It’s a product of the Eighth District Empowerment Congress‘s “Naming Neighborhoods Project.” As far as my research shows, there’s no Westpark there, although there is Saint Andrews Recreation and Park. Local businesses that caught my attention include Toffee Sensations, Happy Fish Market, Bottom Line Cocktail Lounge, El Papagallo Bar, Mary and Junior Breakfast and Soul, M&M Soul Food, and Sassy Celebrity Weaves. Soul food, breakfast and toffee? Sounds like heaven.
Westmont is a neighborhood located just west of the Shoetring Annex, near the intersection of the 105 and110. It’s neighbored by Athens, Inglewood, Gramercy Park, Magnolia Square, Manchester Square, West Park Terrrace, and Magnolia Square. The population is roughly 58% black, 39% Latino (mostly Mexican and Salvadoran), 1% white and 1% Asian. It’s home to many small markets, Kindle’s Donuts, Ralph’s Drive-In Liquor, Lucy’s Drive In, Taco Vaquero, Factory, Monster Burger, and Salaam West Bakery.