ETV7 is a human oncoprotein that cooperates with Eμ-MYC to promote pre-B-cell leukemia in mice. It is normally expressed in the bone marrow and fetal liver and is upregulated in primary leukemia, suggesting that it is involved in proper hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. ETV7 has been deleted in most rodents, but is conserved in all other vertebrates, including the zebrafish, Danio rerio. In this report, we characterize the function of the zebrafish etv7 gene during erythropoiesis. Our results demonstrate that etv7 regulates the expression of the zebrafish lanosterol synthase (lss) gene, an essential gene in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Furthermore, morpholino knockdown of etv7 leads to loss of hemoglobin-containing red blood cells, a phenotype that can be rescued by injection of exogenous cholesterol. We conclude that etv7 is essential for normal red blood cell development through regulation of the lss gene and the cholesterol synthesis pathway.
ETV7 is a human oncogene that causes leukemia when expressed in murine bone marrow (Cardone et al., 2005; Carella et al., 2006). It is an E26 transformation specific (ETS) factor that is mostly expressed in the human hematopoietic system. ETV7 was originally identified by three independent groups and is highly homologous to ETV6 (Gu et al., 2001; Poirel et al., 2000; Potter et al., 2000). The ETV6 and ETV7 proteins each belong to the TEL/Yan subclass of ETS transcription factors and have a highly conserved ETS DNA-binding domain (ETS domain) and a pointed (PNT) protein-protein interaction domain (Slupsky et al., 1998).
In humans, ETV7 is primarily expressed in the bone marrow and fetal liver, and has been implicated in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Our laboratory demonstrated that, in the U937 human monocytic cell line, expression of ETV7 decreases upon vitamin-D3-induced differentiation (Kawagoe et al., 2004), suggesting that the expression level of ETV7 is highly regulated during the differentiation process. Moreover, forced expression of ETV7 in murine bone marrow causes a latent myeloproliferative disease that is dependent on the cooperation of secondary mutations (Carella et al., 2006). One example of a secondary mutation capable of cooperating with ETV7 during transformation is the Eμ-MYC allele: it has been established that overexpression of ETV7 in murine bone marrow harboring this allele accelerates pre-B-cell lymphomagenesis (Cardone et al., 2005). Taken together, these data suggest that ETV7 might play an important role during normal hematopoiesis and leukemia.
Although previous work has provided valuable information about the potential oncogenic role of ETV7, they have not addressed the physiological role of endogenous ETV7. In order to determine the physiological role of ETV7, we developed a novel in vivo developmental model using the zebrafish, Danio rerio. This model is unique because most rodents, including mice, have deleted the endogenous ETV7 gene. Using zebrafish to study etv7 function, we show that loss of etv7 leads to a marked reduction in hemoglobinized red blood cells, which is mediated indirectly through the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Here we provide evidence for the efficacy of this new model and for the newly identified role of etv7 in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
The human and zebrafish etv7 genes have overlapping expression patterns
The goals of this work were: (1) to employ an appropriate animal model to study etv7 function, and (2) to determine the function of etv7 during development. Zebrafish provide a unique means of determining etv7 gene function because the gene is highly conserved and loss-of-function studies cannot be done in the mouse because it does not have the gene. Because human ETV7 is expressed in a variety of adult tissues (Gu et al., 2001), we performed semi-quantitative PCR on adult zebrafish tissues and demonstrated relatively high expression in the intestine, testes and liver, whereas all other organs examined had a much lower level of expression (Fig. 1A). Of the tissues examined, only the brain did not express etv7. The low level of expression in most tissues is consistent with other studies (Gu et al., 2001). Previous work also demonstrated that ETV7 is expressed developmentally (Gu et al., 2001; Potter et al., 2000). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that zebrafish etv7 expression increased ~5.8-fold by 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) (Fig. 1B). In addition, in situ hybridization of animals at 1, 2, 3 and 4 dpf confirmed that etv7 was developmentally expressed (supplementary material Fig. S1). These data demonstrate that etv7 is expressed during development and into adulthood.
Loss of etv7 causes a reduction in hemoglobinized red blood cells
The low level of etv7 expression in multiple tissues might indicate a fundamental role of etv7 during both development and adulthood. To address the role of etv7 during development, we performed morpholino-oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown and examined the developing embryos. Two independent morpholinos were designed: one that inhibited translation and one that inhibited proper splicing of exon 3, which encodes most of the PNT domain. The efficacy of the translation-blocking morpholino (MT ATG) was assessed with in-vitro-translated Etv7-tagged with hemagglutinin (HA). The efficacy of the pre-mRNA splicing morpholino (MT Splice) was assessed by RT-PCR. Adding the MT ATG morpholino to an in vitro transcription/translation system with etv7 cDNA demonstrated a marked reduction in Etv7 protein synthesis as measured by western blot analysis, whereas adding a standard control morpholino to this system had no effect on the production of Etv7 protein (Fig. 2A). In addition, injection of the MT Splice morpholino caused a dose-dependent reduction in the level of etv7 mRNA, but had no effect on the level of control actin mRNA (Fig. 2B). Together, these data established that each morpholino specifically reduces the level of endogenous etv7.
The human E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factor ETV7 is normally expressed mainly in bone marrow and fetal liver, and is highly regulated during differentiation. Notably, ETV7 is upregulated in a variety of different human cancers and, when introduced into murine bone marrow, can cooperate with other oncogenes to cause hematopoietic malignancy. Thus, it seems that ETV7 is involved in hematopoiesis and in leukemogenesis. However, although significant progress has been made in establishing ETV7 as an oncogene, little is known about the normal function of this gene in development and adulthood, in part because of the lack of an appropriate model system – Etv7 has been deleted in most rodent lineages, including the mouse.
ETV7 is highly conserved in zebrafish, which is an established model for the study of hematopoiesis. In this study, therefore, the authors use zebrafish to study the physiological role of ETV7. The authors show that etv7 is expressed during development and throughout adulthood in zebrafish, which is consistent with previous reports of ETV7 expression in humans. Microarray analysis of embryos transiently overexpressing Etv7 indicates that Etv7 regulates the expression of the zebrafish lanosterol synthase (lss) gene, an essential gene in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Finally, the authors use a morpholino-based approach to demonstrate that loss of etv7 in zebrafish results in a severe reduction in the number of hemoglobin-containing red blood cells, a phenotype that can be rescued by injection of exogenous cholesterol.
Implications and future directions
These findings demonstrate that etv7 is essential for normal red blood cell development in zebrafish and suggest that it acts through regulation of lss and the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Importantly, these findings identify zebrafish as an appropriate animal model in which to study etv7 function. Specifically, although previous work characterizing this important oncogene in cell culture and mice has provided valuable information, the zebrafish could provide a more relevant in vivo developmental model for this gene in which key questions regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulated by etv7 can be addressed. Uncovering these mechanisms could lead to the development of new models in which to characterize the role of etv7 during development and disease, and to the discovery of new cancer therapies.
ETV7 has been shown to regulate hematopoiesis and in humans it is expressed in the fetal liver and bone marrow (Cardone et al., 2005; Carella et al., 2006; Kawagoe et al., 2004; Poirel et al., 2000; Potter et al., 2000). Analysis of adult zebrafish tissue confirmed that etv7 is expressed in the zebrafish kidney, a site of hematopoiesis equivalent to mammalian bone marrow (Zapata, 1979). The expression of etv7 in the zebrafish kidney raised the possibility that loss of etv7 might cause defects in hematopoiesis. Etv7 morphants exhibited reduced staining of hemoglobinized red blood cells at 2 dpf, which is consistent with the idea that loss of etv7 causes defects in red blood cell ontogeny (Fig. 3A). Loss of heme staining was observed in morphants injected with either the MT ATG or the MT Splice morpholino. Both morpholinos caused a loss of hemoglobinized red blood cells in ~65–75% of animals injected (Fig. 3B). Morpholino injection with both the MT ATG and the MT Splice resulted in different degrees of phenotype penetrance. An example of the degrees of severity for the MT ATG morpholino included: (1) embryos with no detectable hemoglobinized red blood cells (23.7%, n=14), (2) embryos with a reduced number of red blood cells (47.4%, n=28), and (3) embryos with normal numbers of red blood cells (28.9%, n=17). In addition, injection of each morpholino into p53-deficient embryos did not change the degree or penetrance of the phenotype, providing evidence that the phenotype was p53-independent (supplementary material Fig. S2A,B) (Gerety and Wilkinson, 2011). These data were independently confirmed with an injection of an additional morpholino inhibiting pre-mRNA splicing at exon 5 (supplementary material Fig. S3A,B) (n=50, 43% penetrance). A standard control morpholino did not cause a red blood cell phenotype at any of the tested concentrations. Together, these data indicated that this phenotype is a direct result of the loss of etv7 and not a result of non-specific off-target effects.
etv7 morphants maintain beta-globin mRNA expression during development
The absence of hemoglobinized red blood cells could result from the inability to express beta-globin. To determine whether the loss of hemoglobinized red blood cells results from defects in beta-globin mRNA expression, in situ hybridization at 23, 24, 33 and 48 hours post-fertilization (hpf) was performed on embryos injected with the standard control morpholino or MT ATG. We found that beta-globin (hbbe1.1) mRNA was equivalently expressed in control and morphant animals at each time point examined (Fig. 4A). These data suggest that a loss of hemoglobinized red blood cells is not due to the inability to express beta-globin mRNA. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrated that beta-globin-positive cells are localized to the correct regions before and after the onset of circulation, ruling out the possibility that etv7 knockdown results in circulation defects (Fig. 4A, 23 and 24 hpf). Semi-quantitative PCR at 24 hpf confirmed that beta-globin expression did not change in morphant animals (Fig. 4B). Furthermore, a reduction in hemoglobinized red blood cells was evident as early as 30 hpf in morphant animals (n=29) relative to standard control-injected animals (n=23) (Fig. 4C). Approximately, 45% of the animals injected with MT ATG exhibited blood cell defects at 30 hpf (P=0.0083). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that knockdown of etv7 interferes with red blood cell differentiation independent of beta-globin expression.
gata1 mRNA expression is normal in morphants
Defects in proper specification of red blood cells could result in an absence of mature red blood cells. To begin to address this possibility, in situ hybridization detecting gata1 mRNA expression was performed at 23, 24, 33 and 48 hpf. Prior to the onset of circulation, gata1 expression was located in the PBI (peripheral blood island) and ICM (intermediate cell mass) of both morphants and control animals. At the onset of circulation, ~24 hpf, gata1 expression was observed in the PBI and on the yolk sac with no significant difference between morphant and control animals. At 33 hpf, after the onset of definitive hematopoiesis, gata1 expression was observed on the yolk sac of both control and morphant animals. However, at 48 hpf, gata1 expression was retained on the yolk sac of morphants (n=40), whereas there was no detectable gata1 expression in the embryos injected with standard control morpholinos (n=29) (Fig. 5). Approximately 72% of the embryos analyzed demonstrated this abnormal pattern of gata1 expression relative to control (P<0.0001).
Etv7 regulates red blood cell development through the cholesterol synthesis pathway
Etv7 is a transcription factor and therefore it is plausible that Etv7 regulates red blood cell development indirectly via downstream target genes. To test this idea, microarray analysis on embryos transiently overexpressing Etv7 was performed in order to identify possible downstream target genes. This analysis revealed that Etv7 regulates expression of the zebrafish lanosterol synthase (lss) gene (supplementary material Table S1). Morpholino-mediated loss of etv7 resulted in a significant decrease of lss mRNA (Fig. 6A). Furthermore, drug inhibition of Lss enzyme activity with Ro 48-8.071, an Lss-specific inhibitor, resulted in a loss of hemoglobinized red blood cells (Fig. 6B; Table 1). LSS regulates the final step in the cholesterol synthesis pathway and has been shown to regulate the self-renewal of chicken erythrocyte progenitors (Mejia-Pous et al., 2011). If Etv7 regulates red blood cell development through the cholesterol synthesis pathway, then we predicted that administration of exogenous cholesterol to etv7 morphants should rescue the observed phenotype. Indeed, injection of exogenous cholesterol restored wild-type levels of hemoglobinized red blood cells in the etv7 morphants (Fig. 6B). This result indicated that exogenous cholesterol compensates for loss of endogenous cholesterol synthesis due to the reduction in lss expression and adequately rescues the phenotype associated with loss of etv7. Furthermore, we found that lss was expressed in a similar subset of tissues as was etv7 (supplementary material Fig. S4). Taken together, these data provide evidence that loss of etv7 leads to reduced expression of lss, which in turn affects red blood cell development.
ETV7 has been shown to promote tumorigenesis in mice and previous work has characterized the effects of ETV7 overexpression in murine bone marrow. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms via which ETV7 mediates tumorigenesis is lacking and has been impeded by the lack of an appropriate animal model. Part of the rodent lineage has deleted the Etv7 gene; however, all other vertebrates, including zebrafish, have retained the gene. Here we used zebrafish as an appropriate animal model to study ETV7 function and provide evidence that etv7 regulates red blood cell development indirectly through the cholesterol synthesis pathway.
Analysis of the expression patterns in zebrafish demonstrated that etv7 is expressed both developmentally and throughout adulthood. The expression level of etv7 was low across most adult tissues, an observation that is consistent with previously published work using human tissues (Gu et al., 2001). To examine the role of etv7 during development, we used a morpholino-based approach. The most obvious phenotype of etv7 knockdown was a marked reduction in the number of hemoglobinized red blood cells. A hematopoietic defect is not an unanticipated result because human ETV7 is expressed in the bone marrow and fetal liver (Potter et al., 2000). Here we have focused entirely on red blood cell development, given that preliminary analysis of markers associated with other lineages such as PU.1 and scl did not indicate additional blood cell defects. In the future, a more robust analysis of other cell types will need to be performed to potentially uncover a wider role of etv7 during zebrafish hematopoiesis.
Although little is known about the endogenous role of ETV7, an animal model for the highly related ETV6 gene has been characterized. Loss of Etv6 in the mouse causes defects in hematopoiesis (Wang et al., 1998), whereas overexpression of the Etv6 gene in erythroid cells leads to enhanced proliferation and increased hemoglobin synthesis (Eguchi-Ishimae et al., 2009). Given the phenotypes associated with the gain or loss of function of both ETV6 and ETV7, which can physically interact (Potter et al., 2000), it is plausible that these two proteins have some overlapping functions. However, ETV6 and ETV7 do not completely overlap in functionality because ETV6 inhibits cell proliferation and transformation (Kawagoe et al., 2004), whereas ETV7 is a known oncogene (Carella et al., 2006).
This study provides evidence that etv7 directly or indirectly regulates the expression of lss, a gene involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Recent work has demonstrated that LSS is essential for the self-renewal of chicken erythroid precursor cells (Mejia-Pous et al., 2011). In this study, the authors demonstrated that LSS was important for maintaining the self-renewal capacity of red blood cells, but LSS inhibition by Ro 48-8.071 did not affect the function of fully differentiated cells. Furthermore, maintenance of self-renewal was directly dependent upon the presence of cholesterol. LSS is highly conserved between chicken and zebrafish. The enzymatically active squalene cyclase domain (measuring 639 amino acids) is 77% identical and 85% homologous between the two species. Thus, there is little doubt that the Ro 48-8.071-induced loss of hemoglobinized red blood cells in zebrafish is due to inhibition of Lss, a result that was phenocopied by etv7 knockdown. We further demonstrated that the loss of hemoglobinized red blood cells in etv7 morphants was dependent upon the presence of cholesterol, given that administration of exogenous cholesterol rescued the phenotype. The red blood cell membrane is composed of both cholesterol and phospholipids; thus, cholesterol is likely to be an essential mediator of red blood cell development (Mohandas and Gallagher, 2008). Our combined analysis of beta-globin expression, gata1 expression and o-dianisidine staining suggests that etv7 is important for red blood cell development. In the future, it will be necessary to gain a more complete understanding of the role that cholesterol has during the differentiation and specification of red blood cells. These data, together with reduced lss expression upon etv7 knockdown, substantiate the previously known role of lss and cholesterol in erythrocytes and highlights the unappreciated role of etv7 in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
In this study, we demonstrated that zebrafish provide a unique model to study etv7 gene function. We addressed the function of etv7 during development, but we have not addressed the role of etv7 during tumorigenesis. It will be interesting to determine whether etv7 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis in other cell types and during tumorigenesis. Zebrafish have been used in the past to study the role of specific oncogenes in cancer development and it has been shown that zebrafish develop histologically similar cancer phenotypes as mice and humans. For example, AML1:ETO, TEL1:JAK2A and TEL1:AML1 transgenic zebrafish have been generated, which closely phenocopy the results obtained in mouse models (reviewed in Quintana and Grosveld, 2011). There is now a need to gain a more complete understanding for the effects of etv7 overexpression and the potential role of this gene in a zebrafish cancer model system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Zebrafish and maintenance
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were maintained at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital according to the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines. For all experiments, zebrafish embryos [Tupfel long fin (TL) or tp53zdf1] were maintained in egg water consisting of 0.03% Instant Ocean (Aquarium Systems, Inc., Mentor, OH) in R.O. water at 28.5°C.
RNA isolation and PCR analysis
For RNA isolation, larvae were manually dechorionated, lysed in Trizol (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) (200 μl), and processed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. RNA (3 μg) was converted into cDNA with Superscript III Reverse Strand Synthesis system (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) according to manufacturer’s protocol with random hexamer primers. Semi-quantitative PCR was performed with GoTaq mastermix (Promega, Madison, WI). Sequences of primers are listed in supplementary material Table S2.
In vitro knockdown analysis and western blot
For in vitro transcription/translation, 360 ng pGEM-etv7 DNA was used to program the TNT SP6 Quick Coupled Transcription/Translation system (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Western blots were probed with anti-HA antibody according to manufacturer’s protocol (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). Western blots were developed with SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent substrate (Pierce, Rockford, IL).
Morpholino injection and analysis
Tupfel long fin (TL) or tp53zdf1 larvae were injected with 8.2 ng of standard control morpholino (5′-CCTCTTACCTCAGTTACAATTTATA-3′), 8.2 ng of translational blocking morpholino (5′-GTGAAGAGGCGTCACTCATGTTCTT-3′), 4.1 ng of etv7 splice site exon 3 morpholino (5′-GATGCCTGCACATTATTTTCATCTT-3′) or 8.2 ng of etv7 splice exon 5 (5′-GACCTGCAAAACCAATTATTGCTGT-3′) (Gene Tools, LLC, Philomath, OR). A range of concentrations from 2.0 to 16.4 ng of standard control morpholino was injected to determine that the standard control morpholino did not cause any blood cell defects. For subsequent experiments an equal concentration of standard control and etv7-specific morpholinos was used and is specified in the manuscript figure legends. o-dianisidine (Sigma, St Louis, MO) staining was performed as previously described (Paffett-Lugassy and Zon, 2004). Statistical analysis was performed according to a Fisher’s exact t-test with the online software calculator from Graphpad Prism.
Etv7 overexpression and DNA microarray analysis
DNA (200 pg/embryo) was injected into single-cell embryos. At 1 dpf, embryos (10) were harvested and total RNA was isolated as described under the ‘RNA isolation and PCR analysis’ heading. Total RNA was hybridized to the Zebrafish Gene Expression Microarray (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Each experiment was performed with biological duplicates. All microarray experiments and analyses were performed by the Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology core facility at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital.
Tissue isolation and RNA analysis
Adult zebrafish were sacrificed in 0.04% tricaine solution and various organs and tissues were dissected out. Organs were lysed in Trizol (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) (200 μl) and processed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. RNA was converted into cDNA with Superscript III Reverse Strand Synthesis system (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) with oligo dT primers according to manufacturer’s protocol. Semi-quantitative PCR was performed with GoTaq mastermix (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequences of primers are listed in supplementary material Table S2.
In situ hybridization
All in situ hybridization was performed as previously described (Thisse and Thisse, 2008). Briefly, embryos were harvested at the indicated time point and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma, St Louis, MO) overnight at 4°C. Each sample was washed in PBS with 0.1% Tween 20 (Sigma, St Louis, MO) (PBT) and permeabilized with proteinase K for varying amounts of time according to developmental stage. All probes were hybridized overnight, except the etv7 probe, which was hybridized for 72 hours, and washed in wash solution containing 50% formamide (Sigma, St Louis, MO). Samples were blocked in 20% sheep serum (Sigma, St Louis, MO) for 4–5 hours and incubated with anti-DIG Fab fragments (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) overnight. All samples were developed with the BM Purple AP substrate (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) and imaged by conventional microscopy.
Lss inhibition and cholesterol injection
Lss was inhibited with 50 nM Ro 48-8.071 by addition directly to egg water at 4 hpf, followed by incubation until 2 dpf. Cholesterol (Sigma, St Louis, MO) was injected at 2 μg/μl into the yolk sac of embryos at 1 dpf. For rescue experiments, embryos were injected with cholesterol after 24 hours incubation with 50 nM Ro 48-8.071 (Sigma, St Louis, MO). After injection, embryos were incubated an additional 24 hours in 50 nM Ro 48-8.071. To rescue the etv7-specific phenotype, embryos were injected with morpholinos at the single-cell stage and then injected with cholesterol at 1 dpf. All embryos were analyzed at 2 dpf with o-dianisidine according to the protocol described by Paffett-Lugassy and Zon (Paffett-Lugassy and Zon, 2004).
This work was partially supported by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC) of St Jude Children’s Research Hospital.