Kansei Engineering (Japanese: 感性工学 kansei kougaku, emotional / affective engineering) aims at the development or improvement of products and services by translating the customer's psychological feelings and needs into the domain of product design (i.e. parameters). It was founded by Mitsuo Nagamachi, Ph.D, Professor Emeritus of Hiroshima University (also former Dean of Hiroshima International University and CEO of International Kansei Design). Kansei Engineering parametrically links the customer's emotional responses (i.e. physical and psychological) to the properties and characteristics of a product or service. In consequence, products can be designed to bring forward the intended feeling.
Product design on today's markets has become increasingly complex since products contain more functions and have to meet increasing demands such as user-friendliness, manufacturability and ecological considerations. With a shortened product lifecycle, development costs are likely to increase. Since errors in the estimations of market trends can be very expensive, companies therefore perform benchmarking studies that compare with competitors on strategic, process, marketing, and product levels. However, success in a certain market segment not only requires knowledge about the competitors and the performance of competing products, but also about the impressions which a product leaves to the customer. The latter requirement becomes much more important as products and companies getting mature. Customers purchase products basing on subjective terms such as brand image, reputation, design, impression etc.. A large number of manufacturers have started to consider such subjective properties and to develop their products that convey the company image. A reliable instrument is therefore needed: an instrument which can predict the reception of a product on the market before the development costs become too large.
This demand has triggered the research dealing with the translation of the customer's subjective, hidden needs into concrete products. Research is done foremost in Asia, including Japan and Korea. In Europe a network has been forged under the 6th EU framework. This network refers to the new research field as “emotional design” or “affective engineering”.
History of (Kansei) Affective Engineering
Nowadays, people want to use products that are functional at the physical level, usable at the psychological level and attractive at the subjective, emotional level. Affective engineering is the study of the interactions between the customer and the product at that third level. It focuses on the relationships between the physical traits of a product and its affective influence on the user. Thanks to this field of research, it is possible to gain knowledge on how to design more attractive products and make the customers satisfied.
Methods in Affective Engineering (or Kansei engineering) is one of the major area of ergonomics (human factor engineering ). The study of integrating affective values in artefacts is not new at all. Already in the 18th century philosophers such as Baumgarten and Kant established the area of aesthetics. In addition to pure practical values, artefacts always also had an affective component . One example is jewellery found in excavations from the stone ages. Also the period of Renaissance is a good example of that.
In the middle of the 20th century, the idea of aesthetics was deployed in scientific contexts. Charles E. Osgood developed his Semantic differential method in which he quantified the peoples’ perceptions of artefacts. Some years later, in 1960, Professors Shigeru Mizuno and Yoji Akao developed an engineering approach in order to connect peoples’ needs to product properties. This method was called Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Another method, the Kano model, was developed in the field of quality in the early 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, of Tokyo University. Kano’s model is used to establish the importance of individual product features for the customer’s satisfaction and hence it creates the optimal requirement for process oriented product development activities. A pure marketing technique is Conjoint Analysis. Conjoint analysis estimates the relative importance of a product's attributes by analysing the consumer's overall judgment of a product or service. A more artistic method is called Semantic description of environments. It is mainly a tool for examining how a single person or a group of persons experience a certain (architectural) environment.
Although all of these methods are concerned with subjective impact, none of them can translate this impact to design parameters sufficiently. This can, however, be accomplished by Kansei Engineering. Kansei Engineering (KE) has been used as a tool for affective engineering. It was developed in the early 70s in Japan and is now widely spread among Japanese companies. In the middle of the 90s, the method spread to the United States, but cultural differences may have prevented the method to enfold its whole potential.
Kansei Engineering Procedure
As mentioned above, Kansei Engineering can be considered as a methodology within the research field of ‘Affective Engineering’. Some researchers have identified the content of the methodology. Shimizu et al. state that ‘Kansei Engineering is used as a tool for product development and the basic principles behind it are the following: identification of product properties and correlation between those properties and the design characteristics’.
According to Nagasawa, one of the forerunners of Kansei Engineering, there are three focal points in the method:
- How to accurately understand consumer Kansei
- How to reflect and translate Kansei understanding into product design
- How to create a system and organization for Kansei orientated design
A Model on Kansei Engineering Methodology
In Japanese publications, different types of Kansei Engineering are identified and applied in various contexts. Schütte examined different types of Kansei Engineering and developed a general model covering the contents of Kansei Engineering.
- Choice of Domain
Domain in this context describes the overall idea behind an assembly of products, i.e. the product type in general. Choosing the domain includes the definition of the intended target group and user type, market-niche and type, and the product group in question. Choosing and defining the domain are carried out on existing products, concepts and on design solutions yet unknown. From this, a domain description is formulated, serving as the basis for further evaluation. The process is necessary and has been described by Schütte in detail in a couple of publications.
- Span the Semantic Space
The expression Semantic Space was addressed for the first time by Osgood et al.. He posed that every artifact can be described in a certain vector space defined by semantic expressions (words). This is done by collecting a large number of words that describe the domain. Suitable sources are pertinent literature, commercials, manuals, specification list, experts etc. The number of the words gathered varies according to the product, typically between 100 and 1000 words. In a second step the words are grouped using manual (e.g. Affinity diagram, compare: Bergman and Klefsjö, 1994) or mathematical methods (e.g. factor and/or cluster analysis, compare: Ishihara et al., 1998). Finally a few representing words are selected from this spanning the Semantic Space. These words are called "Kansei words" or "Kansei Engineering words".
- Span the Space of Properties
The next step is to span the Space of Product Properties, which is similar to the Semantic Space. The Space of Product Properties collects products representing the domain, identifies key features and selects product properties for further evaluation. The collection of products representing the domain is done from different sources such as existing products, customer suggestions, possible technical solutions and design concepts etc. The key features are found using specification lists for the products in question. To select properties for further evaluation, a Pareto-diagram (compare Bergman and Klefsjö, 1994) can assist the decision between important and less important features. Synthesis In the synthesis step, the Semantic Space and the Space of Properties are linked together, as displayed in Figure 3. Compared to other methods in Affective Engineering, Kansei Engineering is the only method that can establish and quantify connections between abstract feelings and technical specifications. For every Kansei word a number of product properties are found, affecting the Kansei word.
The research into constructing these links has been a core part of Nagamachi’s work with Kansei Engineering in the last few years. Nowadays, a number of different tools is available. Some of the most common tools are :
- Category Identification
- Regression Analysis /Quantification Theory Type I
- Rough Sets Theory
- Genetic Algorithm
- Fuzzy Sets Theory
- Model building and Test of Validity
After doing the necessary stages, the final step of validation remains. This is done in order to check if the prediction model is reliable and realistic. However, in case of prediction model failure, it is necessary to update the Space of Properties and the Semantic Space, and consequently refine the model. The process of refinement is difficult due to the shortage of methods. This shows the need of new tools to be integrated. The existing tools can partially be found in the previously mentioned methods for the synthesis. Software Tools for Kansei Engineering Kansei Engineering has always been a statically and mathematically advanced methodology. Most types require good expert knowledge and a reasonable amount of experience to carry out the studies sufficiently. This has also been the major obstacle for a widespread application of Kansei Engineering. In order to facilitate application some software packages have been developed in the recent years, most of them in Japan. There are two different types of software packages available: User consoles and data collection and analysis tools. User consoles are software programs that calculate and propose a product design based on the users' subjective preferences (Kanseis). However, such software requires a database that quantifies the connections between Kanseis and the combination of product attributes. For building such databases, data collection and analysis tools can be used. This part of the paper demonstrates some of the tools. There are many more tools used in companies and universities, which might not be available to the public. User consoles
Kansei Engineering software
As described above, Kansei data collection and analysis is often complex and connected with statistical analysis. Depending on which synthesis method is used, different computer software is used. Kansei Engineering Software (KESo) uses QT1 for linear analysis. The concept of Kansei Engineering Software (KESo) Linköping University in Sweden (www.kanseiengineering.net). The software generates online questionnaires for collection of Kansei raw-data
Another Software package (Kn6) was devleoped at the Politechnical University of Valencia in Spain.
Both software packages improve the collection and evalutation of Kansei data. In this way even users with no specialist compentence in advanced statistics can use Kansei Engineering
- Affective computing
- Gandhian engineering - for low cost, frugal, large distribution product design.
- Japanese quality
- Kansei Studies
- Hirata Ricardo, Nagamachi Mitsuo, Ishihara Shigekazu, Satisfying Emotional Needs of the Beer Consumer through Kansei Engineering (Case Study with Hiroshima International University Students), 7th International QMOD Conference 2004, University of Linköping and ITESM, Monterrey, NL, pp. 219–227, México.
- Hirata Ricardo, Nagamachi Mitsuo, Ishihara Shigekazu, Nishino Tatsuo,Translation of customer Kansei and emotional needs into products, 2nd International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFEI) 2008, Las Vegas, USA.
- Imamura, K., et al., An Application of Virtual Kansei Engineering to Kitchen Design, in Kansei Engineering 1, M. Nagamachi, Editor. 1997, Kaibundo Publishing Co., Ltd.: Kure. p. 63-68.
- Kano, N., N. Seraku, and F. Takahashi, Attractive quality and must be quality, in Quality. 1984. p. 39-44.
- Kant, I., Kritik av det rena förnuftet. 2004, Stockholm: Thales.
- Küller, R., Semantisk Miljö Beskrivning (SMB). 1975, Stockholm: Psykologiförlaget AB Liber Tryck Stockholm.
- Matsubara, Y. and M. Nagamachi, Kansei Virtual Reality Technology and Evaluation on Kitchen Design, in Manufacturing Agility and Hybrid Automation - 1, R.J. Koubek and W. Karwowski, Editors. 1996, IEA Press: Louisville, Kentucky, USA. p. 81-84.*
- Mori, N., Rough set approach to product design solution for the purposed "Kansei". The Science of Design Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Kansei Engineering, 2002. 48(9): p. 85-94.
- Nagamachi, M., Kansei Engineering. 1989, Tokyo: Kaibundo Publishing Co. Ltd.
- Nagamachi Mitsuo, Kansei Kogaku no Ohanashi (Introduction to Kansei Engineering), Japan Standard Association, (in Japanese).
- Nagamachi, Mitsuo, Kansei Engineering: A New ergonomic consumer oriented technology for product development, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 15, 3-11, 1995.
- Nagamachi Mitsuo, Kansei Engineering: A new consumer oriented technology for product development, in W. Karwowski & W.S. Morris (editors), The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook, pp. 1835–1848, 1999, CRC Press LLC, USA.
- Nagamachi Mitsuo, Kansei Engineering, in N. Stanton & A. Hedge et al., (editors), Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, pp. 83.1 – 83-5, 2004,CRC Press LLC, USA.
- Nagamachi Mitsuo., ed., Nishino T., et al., Shohin Kaihatsu to Kansei (Desarrrollo de producto y Kansei), 2005, Kaibundo, Japan(in Japanese).
- Nagamachi Mitsuo, Perspectives and New Trend of Kansei / Affective Engineering, 1st European Conference on Affective Design and Kansei Engineering & 10th QMOD Conference, 2007, University of Linkoping and Lund University, Helsingborg, Suecia.
- Nagamachi, Mitsuo, Kansei/Affective Engineering. 2011, CRC Press.
- Nishino, T., Exercises on Kansei Engineering. 2001: Hiroshima International University.
- Nishino, T., et al. Internet Kansei Engineering System with Basic Kansei Database and Genetic Algorithm. in TQM and Human Factors. 1999. Linköping, Sweden: Centre for Studies of Humans, Technology and Organization.
- Osgood, C.E., G.J. Suci, and P.H. Tannenbaum, The measurement of meaning. 1957, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 346.
- Schütte, S., et al., Concepts, methods and tools in Kansei Engineering. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2004. 5: p. 214-232
- Schütte, R., Developing an Expert Program software for Kansei Engineering, in Institute of Technology, Linköping University. 2006, Linköping University: Linköping.
- Shimizu, Y., et al., On-demand production system of apparel on basis of Kansei engineering. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2004. 16(1/2): p. 32-42.
- Shimizu, Y. and T. Jindo, A fuzzy logic analysis method for evaluating human sensitivities. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1995. 15: p. 39-47.
- European Kansei Engineering group
- Ph.D thesis on Kansei Engineering
- The Japan Society of Kansei Engineering