Safety and Open, Real-time Industrial Ethernet Achievable With SafetyNET p
Today, Ethernet is the worldwide standard in office communication. Not only is it used to network PCs and peripheral devices within the office, but also for communications between distributed servers or for the Internet and intranets. Annual growth for the use of Ethernet-compatible devices has been in double figures for years, and this trend is forecast to continue for years to come.
Ethernet has proven itself to be an economical, flexible medium suitable for universal use. The widest range of utilities (e-mail, Internet, data transfer, audio and video communications), device types (PCs, printers, digital cameras, servers, telephones) and transport media (copper or fiber-optic cable, radio or laser) can all be used as required.
In everyday language, Ethernet is understood to represent all properties and utilities in their entirety. On closer technical examination, however, it forms only basic communication, comprising the communications medium (the Physical Layer on OSI Layer 1) and the Data Link Layer (OSI Layer 2). All other utilities such as TCP, SMTP, or FTP for example, use Ethernet and build upon it.
Ethernet for industrial communications
Unlike office communications, industrial and process automation are based on a multitude of different fieldbus systems (e.g. ASI, CAN, DeviceNet, Interbus, LON, PROFIBUS). Particular versions with additional performance features have established themselves in parallel for specific applications such as drive technology or safety technology. Generally, these fieldbuses are not compatible with one another.
If one considers Ethernet as a network in which all devices and utilities can communicate with each other via the same medium, the idea of an industrial Ethernet seems completely natural. Due to technical restrictions in its current standard form, Ethernet requires some fundamental additions to make it suitable for industrial purposes. These are necessary to enable it for use both in new industrial applications as well as existing applications. Existing demands of the office world for robustness and reliability do not come close to satisfying the rugged environmental conditions of a body shell line at a car production plant or power station.
Industrial Ethernet is based on the actual performance features, cabling structures and available devices of office communication. Standard features of fieldbus cabling are then added. These include the ability to form linear structures without the use of switches or hubs, or the definition of robust industrial connection technology in higher protection types (IP65/67). Naturally it is intended that components employed in office communication, such as switches, routers, printers, laptops, etc. are still usable.
For universal usability, support of real-time communication is absolutely
essential. Deterministically guaranteed scan times of 100 ms and less are required in order to implement highly dynamic drive applications. Direct integration of a security protocol for machinery safety purposes is equally essential. This security protocol is necessary for communicating information used to protect man, machine, and the environment from hazards.
Add to this the demand for dynamic networks, in which subscribers can log in and log out, or that allow subscribers to change to other power supplies. This was scarcely a possibility using conventional fieldbus systems.
For the purposes of modular systems, stand-alone units, set-up mode, or diagnostics, users also wish for data traffic from subscriber to subscriber without a centralized controller.
Above all these requirements, the ultimate wish is for an integrated, economical, and flexible solution able to be applied universally for office and industry. To meet this requirement, it is absolutely imperative that the corresponding drivers are available and an open standard enabled, so that each manufacturer can apply this technology. SafetyNET p takes all these requirements into account.
The SafetyNET p communications structure does not use a centralized PLC. “Peer-to-peer“ data transfer enables decentralized data processing. Complex plants, therefore, can have a modular structure and flexible individual modules in terms of dimensioning, planning, and commissioning. A pleasant side effect of decentralized processing can be seen in reaction to local events, which in most cases is considerably quicker.
For optimum protection of investment, existing fieldbus installations can communicate with other plant sections via SafetyNET p using proxies. That way SafetyNET p can have access to data from the relevant fieldbus.
Both safety functions and real-time functions use the real-time capability of SafetyNET p. When using SafetyNET p RTFL and the SafetyNET p protocol chip, a real-time scan time of 62.5 ms is supported. Devices without these high real-time requirements can use generic Ethernet interfaces in SafetyNET p RTFN. Used in combination with the software driver for implementing the security protocol, this represents a flexible, cost-effective procedure.
To use SafetyNET p for all automation communication utilities offers the simplest integration method. All automation devices communicate via a common network. Whereas scan times of up to 62.5 ms can be achieved in individual sectors, slower speeds may also be used at the same time. This can be adjusted to suit individual requirements of the devices and the application. Extremely fast scan times, combined with the possibility of synchronized distributed clocks, allow for synchronization of drives and even for communication within their internal sensor-actuator closed-loop control system.
The topology, in other words, the device layout, can be adapted to suit the requirements of respective production cells. Even devices only temporarily connected to the network may be used. Varying subscriber structures can also be used. While the former is primarily required for servicing or installation, the latter occurs in applications with mobile devices or on tool-changing equipment.
The combination of real-time capability and production control is rounded off on SafetyNET p by the facility for safe communication. Both real-time communication and safe communication can take place beyond the boundaries of a production cell, via a standard Ethernet TCP/IP network. By using switches, communication between devices such as laptops, printers, or cameras can take place as cross traffic.
SafetyNET p mechanisms guarantee these utilities can coexist on the same line, without adversely affecting real-time capability or safety. Users of SafetyBUS p can intelligently combine the system’s known capabilities with the real-time or TCP/IP capabilities of SafetyNET p. This means existing investments can be protected. In practical terms, SafetyBUS p is connected either via a special device (proxy) or via a safety PLC with interfaces to both networks.
This feature means that, even in the future, all existing SafetyBUS p devices can be used within SafetyNET p networks. Where a specific industrial Ethernet system such as PROFINET® or EtherNet/IP® has already been defined for the standard section, it is absolutely vital for SafetyNET p to have a high coexistence capability. In such a case, the specific industrial Ethernet can communicate within one and the same network. In this way the user’s individual preference for a specific industrial Ethernet can be guaranteed. At the same time, the user can employ SafetyNET p and benefit from its advantages. In particular these include performance features such as speed, security, openness, and extremely flexible topologies.
Users, system integrators, and engineers can therefore meet requirements arising from non-technical or organizational reasons. At the same time, they can benefit from the unique performance of SafetyNET p.
In the factory automation sector, it is important to be able to connect manufacturing cells, mostly built in a linear structure, to fast sensor-actuator loops in the motion control area. SafetyNET p in its RTFL structure is extremely suitable in this case, as it offers an extremely high real-time capability within linear structures. If mobile devices such as trucks or tool-changeover equipment are to be connected, this can easily be done in SafetyNET p via switches. The same applies for service laptops and commissioning tools.
On SafetyNET p, safety signals that one encounters everywhere in factory automation are transmitted on the same medium. Interconnection of the individual production cells or manufacturing units is absolutely essential for the overall process. On SafetyNET p, the cells are connected via RTFN. This way, as in RTFL, each subscriber has access to data from all the other subscribers, even those on other manufacturing cells. At the same time, TCP/IP traffic is also possible for real-time and security data.
For plant design, therefore, SafetyNET p offers a universal platform on which all utilities can communicate, from sensor to control level. The ability to segment SafetyNET p also means that feedback from individual sections is eliminated and the availability of the overall plant is maintained.
The requirements of the process industry are determined partly by the structure of the plant, but also by signal quantity. Effective plant design demands flexible topologies, which can be represented in any type of tree structure using SafetyNET p. Branches can be made at any point using switches. If branches are not required, the linear structure can continue or end on any device. Thanks to automatic mechanisms to identify the current topology, both commissioning and servicing are extremely simple. The ability to manage each subscriber with its individual cycle length permits the use of high-performance devices as well as low-power and low-cost devices. As all devices communicate via SafetyNET p, access to each subscriber is guaranteed in the control room at all times.
Sub-networks available in other bus topologies can be incorporated via gateways. The openness of SafetyNET p guarantees that gateways such as these can be supplied for all systems. Redundant cabling and devices can be used to optimize the availability of individual sectors or whole networks. A wealth of cables and connectors can also be accessed for outdoor use (IP65). Fiber-optic connections or radio links can be implemented via the familiar Ethernet components from office communication.
SafetyNET p demonstrates that it is possible to meet all the user requirements of an open, safe and deterministic real-time Ethernet. The real-time performance with scan times of up to 62.5 ms is around 20 times faster than most other industrial Ethernet versions. With secure communication integrated from the start, SafetyNET p is the perfect transport medium for combined safety applications. SafetyNET p is open for any type of Ethernet traffic, even for data traffic from other industrial Ethernet versions, laptops or video. Extremely flexible connection technology enables a plant to have a linear, tree or star structure. The capability of structures and subscribers that can be changed during operation is unrivalled.