The Sahel is a region of western and north-central Africa. It is semiarid, meaning that it gets more rainfall than a desert but is still fairly dry. The Sahel runs in an east-to-west band through portions of the countries of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, and Eritrea. The Sahel forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the more fertile belt of humid savannas to the south.
The Sahel is semiarid steppe, a type of dry grassland. It has low-growing grass, thorny shrubs, and scattered acacia and baobab trees. The thorny scrub once formed a woodland, but the country is now fairly open. The vegetation is chiefly of the savanna type, with little continuous cover. The land has a tendency to merge into desert because of overfarming and the overgrazing of livestock. People raise crops of millet and peanuts (groundnuts) in many areas. The region’s livestock includes camels, pack oxen, and grazing cattle and sheep.
At least eight months of the year are dry in the Sahel. The annual rainfall averages 4–8 inches (10–20 centimeters) in the north but is slightly higher in the south. It falls mostly in June, July, and August. The Niger and Sénégal rivers also water wide areas of land when they flood.
In the second half of the 20th century, growing human populations began to make more demands upon the Sahel than previously. As a result, the area was increasingly at risk of soil erosion and desertification (the process of becoming a desert). Town dwellers and farmers stripped the tree and scrub cover to obtain firewood and grow crops. Large numbers of livestock devoured the remaining grass cover. Rainfall runoff and the wind then carried off the fertile topsoils, leaving arid and barren wastelands.
A long period of drought, beginning in 1968, led to the virtual extinction of the crops in the Sahel. It also brought about the loss of 50 to 70 percent of the cattle. In 1972 there was practically no rain at all. By 1973 sections of the Sahara had advanced southward up to 60 miles (100 kilometers). The loss of human life by starvation and disease was estimated in 1973 at 100,000. Severe drought and famine again afflicted the Sahel in 1983–85. In the early 21st century, sandstorms tore through the area. Desertification has progressed despite some government reforestation programs. The Sahel continued to expand southward into neighboring savannas, with the Sahara following in its wake.