A Jefferson fracture is a type of injury affecting the front and back arches of the C1 vertebra. Generally, take note that the C1 vertebra is the uppermost to the skull. In most cases, they are related to osteoporosis.
What are the signs?
A Jefferson fracture triggers upper neck pain. There are no issues with movement, brain function or speech unless there is damage to the nerves in the spinal cord.
In some instances, there is also damage to the neck arteries. Injuries to the blood vessels in the upper neck can result to neurological problems such as ataxia. Additionally, a bruise and swelling around the site of injury can also occur.
This type of fracture is different from another cervical injury by noting down the symptoms:
- Pain and stiffness usually in an area around the vertebra
- Difficulty walking and even breathing if there is a spinal cord injury
- Intense pain in another part of the body and not aware of the neck pain
The pain that radiates down the spine and into the legs is likely due to a spinal disc crushing against the spinal cord.
Management of a Jefferson fracture
The treatment plan is based on the nature of the fracture. A key component of the injury is damage to the transverse ligament. This ligament is a dense band that stabilizes the C1 in the neck. Surgical intervention might be necessary if there is significant tearing of the ligament.
The individual might also be in traction with a halo around the head as well as the neck to prevent movement. The halo is in position with pins into the skull. In less severe cases, the doctor suggests a neck brace for stabilization.
Remember that a break in the C1 is considered unstable. Surgical intervention is often needed to steady the vertebrae and prevent further injury, specifically surgical decompression. Generally, the procedure involves the removal of the bone pieces and remains from the vertebrae to ensure that there is no disruption with the healing of the C1 or anything that can crush on the nerves.