It has been a landmark year for carbon management. High-quality carbon reduction, utilization, and removal is more important than ever – particularly with respect to removals. In their latest Climate Change Mitigation report, the IPCC describes carbon removal as “essential” to meeting our climate goals. Meanwhile, U.S. federal support for carbon management has increased alongside corporate climate commitments. Yet there is still significant work to do. The IPCC estimates that 10 Gt of carbon removal is required annually by 2050 – today, we are at just 0.003 Gt. In considering these goalposts, it is important to standardize the monitoring of available supply and demand in carbon markets through databases like the U.C. Berkeley’s Voluntary Registry Offsets Database (VROD).
The VROD aggregates carbon management projects from the four largest voluntary offset project registries: American Carbon Registry (ACR), Climate Action Reserve (CAR), Gold Standard (GS), and Verra (VCS). Together, they total over 1.5bn tons issued across 5,000+ projects. In our inaugural 2021 Commentary on the Release of the Voluntary Registry Offsets Database, we underscored the importance of quality criteria, the need for carbon removal development, and the challenges of accurate tracking so as to avoid over-crediting. These challenges have only worsened over time with new mechanisms like blockchain-enabled retirements.
Over the past year, substantive changes to the voluntary carbon market prompted new questions about the offset market and its ability to deliver carbon reductions and removals. In assessing the new data, we find that:
- Removals are too scarce on the four largest voluntary market registries where very few credits are removals and none are durable.
- The Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM) has a quality problem with the continued proliferation of risky project types.
- The average age of retired offsets is increasing as buyers purchase older credits.
Issuances continue to outpace retirements, indicating that supply has grown faster than demand.
- Blockchain-based applications are increasing low-quality risk as they drive the retirements of older, low-quality offsets in the market.
In this blog post, we provide an overview of offsets and the voluntary carbon market and a summary of each of these findings regarding the state of the voluntary carbon market in 2022. For more substantive information on the findings, see our full report on the 2022 Release of the Voluntary Registry Offsets Database.
An Overview of Offsets and the Voluntary Carbon Market
There are two overlapping carbon markets: voluntary, where individuals and entities can purchase carbon offsets by choice in support of their climate commitments; and compliance, with credits that can be used by entities that are required by national governments or regulatory bodies to account for their carbon emissions. We focus here on the voluntary carbon market.
Offsets – defined by the UN Race to Zero as “credits that reduce GHG emissions or increase GHG removals in order to compensate for GHG emissions” – are the common currency in the voluntary carbon market. Corporations or individuals most commonly use carbon credits to “offset” or “cancel out” emissions from their operations. By buying and retiring an offset ton, an offset purchaser seeks to undo the impact of a ton emitted or planned. The purpose of offsets is to avoid, reduce, or remove GHG emissions.The term offset can be confusing and misleading. Carbon Direct believes market participants should be clear about the service provided – avoided, reduced, or removed emissions. Unfortunately, these goals are not commonly met by projects in today’s voluntary carbon market.
No true regulations exist on the voluntary carbon market. In most cases, retiring parties can purchase offset tons and account for the carbon offset without oversight. Responsibility for the quality of those offsets often come from public scrutinyThe Real Trees Delivering Fake Corporate Climate Progress, How to Avoid Buying Dodgy Carbon Offsets. Carbon Offsets Have an Integrity Problem. COP26 May Help Fix It or internal bars set on quality, such as by companies such as Microsoft or Shopify.Microsoft process, Shopify process A lack of oversight in this area is why we partnered with Microsoft to develop the Criteria for High-Quality Carbon Removal and provide a broadly applicable set of benchmarks to encourage market standardization moving forwards. While new developments like new, standardized offset programs and the proposed SEC draft ruling may drive transparency, at this point in time they have not significantly improved carbon markets.
Pure removal projects made up only 3% of all projects issuing credits over 2021 and 2022 YTD, while projects that tend to include a mix of removals and reductions represented 13%. No credits were issued in 2021 for durable removals, the only type of offset that can effectively cancel the impacts of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere in a functional reversal of emitting carbon dioxide. Carbon storage options with high risk of reversal, while important in the short term, must operate as a bridge to longer-term storage options even if high in quality. Overall, the carbon offset market would benefit from the addition of more options with low-risk, durable storage.
The Voluntary Carbon Market has a Quality Problem
Our most recent analysis of the VROD shows that the most prevalent project types in both issuances and retirements are renewable energy (RE) and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and (forest) Degradation (REDD+), which bear a range of risks related to offset quality.
Figure 2: Issuances and retirements, by project type (Mt)
In 2021, avoided deforestation (also listed as REDD+) and grid-scale RE, accounted for the majority of both issuances (77%) and retirements (79%). Many RE credits are non-additional – in other words, many of these projects may have or would have happened even without the help of finance from carbon offset salesCames, M., Harthan, R. O., Füssler, J., Lazarus, M., Lee, C. M., Erickson, P., & Spalding-Fecher, R. (2016). How additional is the Clean Development Mechanism? … Continue reading. As renewable power generation becomes more and more cost competitive with coal and gas, this risk will increaseReback, S., 2019. Solar, Wind Provide Cheapest Power for Two-Thirds of Globe. Bloomberg.. Meanwhile, the effects of REDD+ projects can be difficult to assess due to uncertainty in project baselines and potential leakage, which may lead to risks of overcrediting; REDD+ projects also risk causing negative impacts on local communitiesBerk, N., & Lungungu, P. (2020). REDD-Minus: The Rhetoric and Reality of the Mai Ndombe REDD+ Programme. APEM & Rainforest Foundation UK. … Continue reading. These challenges mean that many renewable energy and REDD+ projects do not deliver real abatement or deliver less abatement than credited in terms of avoided, reduced, or removed emissions.
Our findings here on quality risks with the most prevalent project types on today’s market echo findings of other efforts to track quality issues in carbon offset markets. Studies have found very high rates of over-crediting by all major offset programs that have developed offset protocols with credits available on the VCM, including the UN’s Clean Development MechanismCames, M., Harthan, R. O., Füssler, J., Lazarus, M., Lee, C. M., Erickson, P., & Spalding-Fecher, R. (2016). How additional is the Clean Development Mechanism? … Continue reading, California’s offset programBadgley, G., Freeman, J., Hamman, J. J., Haya, B., Trugman, A. T., Anderegg, W. R. L., & Cullenward, D. (2021). Systematic over‐crediting in California’s forest carbon offsets program. Global … Continue reading, and a range of project types developed by the voluntary market registries, including soil carbon, improved cookstoves, and improved forest managementZelikova, J., Chay, F., Freeman, J., & Cullenward, D. (2021). A buyer’s guide to soil carbon offsets. CarbonPlan. https://carbonplan.org/research/soil-protocols-explainer; Bailis, R., … Continue reading.
The Average Age of Retired Offsets is Increasing
Figure 3: Average years from vintage to retirement by registry
The average vintage age rose to 6.1 yrs in 2021 compared to 4.7 yrs in 2019 and 5.3 years in 2020. Retirement of older credits, including avoided deforestation projects older than ten years and renewable energy projects as old as fifteen years, drove this trend. Older projects often come from less mature protocols, can have weaker additionality claims given offset financing did not arrive until years later, and drive less immediate climate impact than new offset projects.
Offset Issuances Outpace Retirements
Figure 4: Issuances vs. retirements, Mt/ year
In 2021 suppliers issued nearly 300 Mt of carbon offsets, while retirers retired 161 M. This signal indicates that supply is growing faster than demand. This is complicated somewhat by non-retirement purchasing. Some buyers purchase credits for future use or reselling rather than for immediate retirement; as of April 2022, about half of 2020 purchases on the VCS remained unretired. Though not indicative of any quality issues on carbon offsets, it is important to note that retirement volumes are not the only demand signal to pay attention to.
Figure 7: Retirements by source and project type in Q4 2021/Q1 2022 on Verra
This new retirement type has driven significant retirement volume (representing ~40% of all retirements in Q4 of 2021). As some recent articles have noted, Blockchain’s retirement of old credits has not improved market qualityCrypto bubble: The hype machine behind a $70,000 carbon credit; The Biggest Crypto Effort to End Useless Carbon Offsets Is Backfiring;Zombies on the blockchain. For example, blockchain retirements in Toucan have largely featured older credits (mean retirement vintage of 2012) and composed primarily of renewable energy and forestry (~78%). In some instances, blockchain has enabled mass retirements of industrial manufacturing credits (such as large retirements from defunct version of the HFC-23 protocol which has been found to generate perverse incentives)Cames, M., Harthan, R. O., Füssler, J., Lazarus, M., Lee, C. M., Erickson, P., & Spalding-Fecher, R. (2016). How additional is the Clean Development Mechanism? … Continue reading.
The overall message is clear: the voluntary carbon market largely consists of projects of questionable quality with few removal options available. That trend has not yet reversed, but rather are made worse through blockchain programs as they currently exist.
What the State of the Voluntary Carbon Market Means for Climate Impact
Overall, these trends represent cause for concern as the offset market develops and matures. If the carbon offset credits lose widespread trust due to quality concerns, carbon markets cannot fulfill their key function: to drive capital to credible carbon reduction or carbon removal efforts. An offset market based on poor quality credits will erode the VCM’s long-term ability to turn voluntary purchasing into an engine for effective carbon management. In 2022 and across the next decade, actors on the voluntary carbon market must take actions to develop, issue, and retire high-quality carbon offsets and reverse the quality issues we see in the market today.
Instead, actors in the voluntary carbon market must work together to create a robust carbon market. We see the following actions as key to supporting a robust voluntary carbon market:
- Suppliers and developers of avoided, reduced, and removed greenhouse-gases need to diversify their offerings and create high quality, trusted projects.
- Similarly, purchasers of offset credits must seek and procure categories of carbon abatement with fewer documented carbon accounting issues while diligently vetting for quality.
- Blockchain could still evolve to provide many market benefits, including transparency and access. That said, pioneers in blockchain retirements must act to improve credit quality, especially in commingled pools, to reap these benefits.
As 2030 and 2050 approach, we must adapt protocols and registries on the VCM to provide a platform that grows removal categories. Furthermore, credit retirers must seek to retire removals with greater long-term durability and quality. They should also retire younger projects (e.g., <5 years vintage) to increase additionality and overall quality carbon offsetting projects.
At Carbon Direct, our mission is to help drive quality in carbon markets. As we continue to monitor the voluntary carbon market, we welcome the opportunity to serve the many participants and stakeholders seeking to realize climate benefits through carbon management.
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