Wind Farms Useful but May Threaten Birds
WASHINGTON -- Wind farms could generate up to 7 percent of U.S. electricity in 15 years, but scientists want more study of the threat the spinning blades pose to birds and bats.
The towers appear most dangerous to night-migrating songbirds, bats and some hunting birds such as hawks and eagles. The risk is not understood enough to draw conclusions, a National Research Council panel said Thursday in a study requested by Congress.
"The human impacts of wind farms can be both positive and negative," said Paul G. Risser of the University of Oklahoma, who was chairman of the committee that prepared the report.
Clearly the farms provide jobs and in some cases can be a recreational attraction, he said. But they can also affect property values, and reflections off the rotor blades can be distracting to some people, said Risser, who is currently acting director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.
Wind has powered sailing ships for thousands of years and has long been important to turn windmills that move water and grind grain. Only in recent years had the potential of the wind to generate electricity been tapped.
Wind farms generate electricity by using the wind to turn giant blades that rotate turbines to make power. The blades have diameters ranging from 230 feet to 295 feet and are mounted on towers 197 feet to 295 feet tall. Some farms contain hundreds of towers. The one at Altamont Pass, Calif., has more than 5,000.
Growing from almost nothing in 1980, wind powered turbines generated 11,605 megawatts of electricity in the United States in 2006, though that was still less than 1 percent of the national power supply.
Wind farms now operate in 36 states. The report says estimates are that wind farms could generate 2 percent to 7 percent of the nation's electricity within 15 years.
"There is a great diversity of opinion on how much there is going to be a ramping up of wind energy," said report co-author Mary English of the University of Tennessee.
By reducing the need to generate electricity by burning fossil fuels, the turbines have been welcomed as a boon to the environment. Others worry about the danger to birds and bats, impacts on wildlife habitat and what some see as a blight on the scenery.
Overall, the report noted, the benefits of wind-energy development such as reductions in air pollutants benefit wide areas, while the environmental costs, such as effects on the ecology and increased mortality of birds and bats, occur locally.
But the committee declined to say whether the benefits outweigh costs or vice versa, saying that decision is up to state and local officials and the public.
Betsy Loyless, senior vice president of the nature group Audubon, said the report "recognizes that properly sited wind power holds great promise as a source of renewable energy that can reduce global warming pollution."
"The report rightly concludes that our challenge is to design and locate wind-power projects to minimize the negative impacts on birds. It is essential that industrywide environmental safeguards be developed so that each wind project can be considered on its own merits with appropriate studies before and after construction."
Frank Maisano, a spokesman for the wind developers in the mid-Atlantic area, said his industry has worked with conservation groups, regulators, environmentalists and community officials to find ways to ease the impact on wildlife, including birds and bats.
"Wind power is an essential element of the solution to both climate change and America's exponentially increasing demand for electricity," he said.
The Research Council, as arm of the National Academy of Sciences, concluded that:
--By the year 2020, wind generators could offset as much as 4.5 percent of emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide from electricity production. The savings would be less in the mid-Atlantic states where there is less regular wind.
--Wind generation in the mid-Atlantic highlands -- elevated regions of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania -- is unlikely to reduce emissions of nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide because current and upcoming regulation will limit those emissions in eastern states.
--In the mid-Atlantic highlands, preliminary studies indicate that more bats are killed than expected based on experience with bats in other regions. There is not enough information to determine whether the number of bats killed will have overall effects on populations. However, there has been a region-wide decline in several species of bats in the eastern states, so the possibility of population effects is significant.
--Turbines placed on ridges, as many are in the mid-Atlantic highlands, appear to have a higher probability of causing bat fatalities than those at many other sites
--At current levels of use, there is no evidence that fatalities caused by wind turbines result in measurable demographic changes to bird populations nationwide, with the possible exception of raptor fatalities in the Altamont Pass area. However, data are lacking for a many facilities.
--While aesthetic concerns often are the most heard about proposed wind-energy projects, few decision processes adequately address them.
--Other potential human impacts include effects on cultural resources such as historic, sacred, archaeological and recreation sites and the potential for electromagnetic interference with television and radio broadcasting, cellular phones and radar.
--Building wind farms requires clearing land and soil disruption and has the potential for erosion and noise.
--Regulation of wind farms is a developing area and better technical guidance to the costs and benefits needs to be made available. This guidance could be developed by state and local governments working with groups composed of wind-energy developers and non-governmental organizations representing all views of wind energy, the committee said.
The National Academy is an independent organization chartered by Congress to advise the government on scientific matters.