Researchers have developed a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy, showing promising results in a breast cancer patient unresponsive to other treatments.
Immunotherapy, or biological therapy, is a type of cancer treatment that uses the immune system to boost natural defences to fight cancer. One immunotherapy approach is adoptive cell transfer (ACT) where cells from a patient or donor are extracted and genetically modified to become a specific type of white blood cell. They then take the white blood cell, improve its immune functionality, multiply the cells, and then return them into the patient. This treatment has been successful in treating patients with melanoma but less effective for treating ovarian, esophageal, stomach and breast cancer.
This new immunotherapy approach, however, is a modified ACT method that depends on mutations instead of the cancer type. The more traditional ACT approach is effective for cancers that have a higher level of mutations compared to cancers with a lower level of mutations.
This novel immunotherapy approach was developed by researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the United States and they recently published the findings from their ongoing phase-2 clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of this treatment in Nature Medicine.
The approach involves a form of ACT that uses tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of immune cell. When they are present, it usually indicates that the immune system is attacking cancer cells. For the study, they used tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes to specifically target tumour-cell mutations.
The researchers wanted to determine whether tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes are an effective cancer treatment and able to shrink the size of the tumour similar to other ACT methods. To do so, they prepared tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in the laboratory and cultured them to large numbers. Then, they infused them back into the cancer patient with the aim of creating a stronger immune response against the tumour.
For this phase-2 clinical trial, they included a patient with metastatic breast cancer who was unresponsive to all other treatments she had already received, meaning her tumour continued to grow despite receiving treatments, like chemotherapy. To create an individualized treatment for the patient, the researchers sequenced the DNA and RNA from one of her tumours as well as DNA and RNA from healthy tissue to figure out which mutations were unique only to her cancer. Through this method, they identified 62 different mutations in her tumour cells.
The next step involved testing different tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes from the patient to find which ones recognised one or more of the mutated proteins. Then they took these lymphocytes that recognized four of the mutant proteins and grew them to large numbers and infused them back into the patient. They also gave the patient a medication that stops the tumour from inactivating the infused cells.
The results showed that this novel immunotherapy treatment led to the complete regression of the patient's breast cancer. The patient had metastatic lesions in her breast and liver, however, MRI scans 14 months after the treatment showed lesions in both the breast and liver had disappeared and had not returned 22 months after. The researchers also observed similar results in patients with liver and colorectal cancer. This is important to note since ACT was previously ineffective in treating these types of cancer.
Reference: New approach to immunotherapy leads to complete response in breast cancer patient unresponsive to other treatments. National Institute of Health website https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-approach-immunotherapy-leads-complete-response-breast-cancer-patient-unresponsive-other-treatments. Accessed June 7, 2018.