1973: Lt. Col. Mohamed Amekrane, no asylum
On this date in 1973, Morocco shot 11 officers for a regicidal mutiny.
Amekrane (left) with the coup's leading spirit, Mohamed Oufkir
Their deaths were the consequence of the near-miss bid to bring down Morocco's King Hassan II by bringing down his airplane, a plot to which Lt. Col. Mohamed Amekrane, the commander of the air base that launched fighters against the king's convoy, was utterly pivotal. It's no surprise that he'd be in the way of the royal revenge domestically after this incident; more surprising and controversial was the role the British would play in dooming the man.
As he discovered that the king's passenger plane had somehow escaped the predations of his F-5s, Amekrane (it's also sometimes spelled Amokrane) alertly requisitioned a helicopter and fled with another officer to British soil at nearby Gibraltar, where they requested asylum on Aug. 16.
This put Westminster in an awkward situation: repatriate the men to sure execution, or give refuge to the would-be assassins of a friendly head of state.* Still more was it a procedural twilight, where the power of bureaucratic discretion prevailed by declaring the form of the law in ambiguous circumstances.
After a flurry of consultations "at ministerial level" that also weighed "the possibility of repercussions with other governments," (London Times, Aug. 18, 1972) the Heath government classified the fugitives as refugee illegal aliens and repatriated them within days, lamely explaining that Gibraltar, a small place, didn't have much room for asylum claimants. And once they were fitted with the "illegal alien" hat it was simple: "they were returned to Morocco because that was the place from which they came." (the Times, Aug. 19) Application, rejection, and deportation all took place within a mere 15 hours, purposefully too fast for anyone to get wind of what was happening or to mobilize resources in support of the Moroccans.
London's legal chicanery drew a discomfited response from some other elites as well as members of the public or at least those with a propensity towards letters to the editor in the early 1970s. Parliamentarian Ivor Richard fumed that "there was surely no necessity in international law or in humanity deliberately to have sent them back to what appears to be their deaths."
The Times would editorialize in that same Aug. 19, 1972 edition against the "haste and informality in the procedure which contradict Britain's long tradition of care in such cases" — noting the irony that
the absence of an extradition treaty [might have been thought] would make it more difficult for the Moroccan authorities to reach out to fugitive offenders on British soil. In fact it has made it easier for them … because of British ministers' willingness to use the power to deport aliens whose presence is judged undesirable in such a way as to achieve the result of extradition. And the exercise of that power is not subject to the same safeguards.
Amekrane had no safeguards at all once he was back in Moroccan hands. That November, he was condemned to die along with his companion on the Gibraltar caper Lt. Lyazid Midoaui, plus nine other members of the Moroccan Air Force complicit in the coup attempt; the whole batch was executed together on this date at a prison in Kenitra.
But in Britain his case outlived the fusillade. For the overhasty asylum refusal, Amekrane's widow filed suit against the UK in a European Commission of Human Rights court, eventually winning a £37,500 settlement.
* The relations between the states in question went beyond mere chumminess: Franco's Spain was maintaining a blockade against Gibraltar, in consequence of which the imperial outpost was heavily supplied by and from Morocco. The men's lives were sold, so critics carped, for "lettuces."
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1971: Ten failed putschists in Morocco
1978: Seventeen officers in Somalia
1943: "Native parachutists" in Morocco
1922: Seven Republican guerrillas in the Curragh of Kildare
1945: Heinz Eck, U-Boat commander
1982: Suriname's "December murders"
Entry Filed under: 20th Century,Capital Punishment,Death Penalty,England,Execution,Gibraltar,History,Mass Executions,Morocco,Notable for their Victims,Notable Jurisprudence,Shot,Soldiers,Treason
Tags: 1970s, 1973, asylum, hassan ii, january 13, mohamed amekrane, mohamed oufkir, refugees
1972: Mohamed Oufkir
When last we met Mohamed Oufkir in these pages, he was violently suppressing an attempted coup against Morocco's King Hassan II.
Mohamed Oufkir's wife and six children were "disappeared" to a desert prison, not to emerge for 18 years. Daughter Malika, a royal favorite in happier times, wrote Stolen Lives about that ordeal. (Interview | Another)
We find him today, 13 months later as the arrow of time flies, in the same story — on the other end of the gun-barrel.
At around 4 o'clock this afternoon, a stunning attempt on the monarch took place as he flew back to Morocco from France. The king's 727 was attacked by F-5 fighters of the Moroccan Air Force, surviving, it is said, when the quick-thinking king himself took the radio, pretended to be a flight engineer, and informed the attacking fighters that the pilots were dead and the king mortally wounded.
The ruse tricked the attacking pilots into allowing the crippled plane to make its landing in Rabat; they returned too late to strafe the airfield when they realized their mistake.
This quashed coup was swiftly laid at the door of Oufkir, the powerful Defence Minister.
Oufkir was declared to have committed suicide late this night, or else in the small hours of August 17; this still-standing official explanation has always had its doubters, with more extravagant versions implicating the offended sovereign himself in dealing out the punishment. Probably not, but here's foreign correspondent Stephen O. Douglas's reconstruction in Morocco Under King Hassan:
[Interior Minister Mohamed] Benhima said that when Oufkir arrived at the Skhirat palace at 11 p.m. he was met in an anteroom by General Mawlay Hafid and Colonel Dlimi, and when he realised that the king knew he had masterminded the plot he pulled out a revolver saying, 'I know what to expect.' Benhima added, 'The two witnesses tried to stop him. In the struggle he fired three shots, one wounding him in the chest, the second I don't know where, but the third was the most fatal.' He said this was 'the truthful and authentic version'.
'General Oufkir committed suicide. He was not killed. It has been asked if it was a suicide of loyalty or a suicide of treason. Well then, I am authorised to tell you, to certify that since 1 p.m. today, and considering the elements of inquiry we have in our possession, I can affirm that it was a suicide of treason and not a suicide of loyalty,' Benhima said.
Later at the same news conference, Benhima indicated he was just as astonished as most of the journalists. He said he and Oufkir were 'great friends. We appreciated each other very much and had confidence in each other. We had a common denominator: our loyalty, and I think we wore the same decoration, given to us on the same day for the same reasons. He was a great patriot, a great minister. As I just told one of your colleagues, I cannot figure how he could have done what he did. But he is one of the most attractive people I have known, and what I have said about him today is painful to me, but the truth had to be told.'
I learned later that during the fatal night a military ambulance took Oufkir's blood-stained body back to his Souissi house where it was placed on the floor of a playroom. His wife Fatima was away on vacation on the Mediterranean coast and there were very few people in the house. They found Oufkir had four bullet wounds, three in the back and the fourth having gone through the nape of his neck and out through his left eye, shattering his glasses, the coup de grace. Suddenly someone decided it was a mistake to send the corpse back to his family and it was hastily retrieved the same night. Thus evidence that he may have been 'suicided' disappeared.
Hassan somehow escaped the day with his crown, but with two attempts to overthrow him over the previous 13 months and a need to purge the many unreliable Oufkir loyalists in the armed forces — well, as the London Times put it (Aug. 22, 1972), "short of his incredible good fortune there is little else that can be cited in real terms to guarantee the perpetuation of his rule." You could have made good coin wagering informed observers of the time that Hassan would live and reign another 27 years and be internationally saluted at his peaceful death at age 70.
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1944: Col. Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, for the plot to kill Hitler
1942: Avraham Stern, a strange bedfellow
1945: Benito Mussolini, his mistress, and his aides
1918: Tsar Nicholas II and his family
1478: Pazzi Conspiracy attempted … and suppressed
Entry Filed under: 20th Century,Borderline "Executions",Cheated the Hangman,Execution,Famous,History,Infamous,Morocco,No Formal Charge,Notable for their Victims,Notable Participants,Notably Survived By,Power,Shot,Soldiers,Summary Executions,The Worm Turns,Treason
Tags: 1970s, 1972, ahmed dlimi, august 16, coup d'etat, hassan ii, malika oufkir, mohamed benhima, mohamed oufkir, rabat, stephen douglas
1 comment July 13th, 2009 Headsman
On this date in 1971, four generals, five colonels and a major who had attempted a coup d'etat in Morocco less than three days before were shot without trial at the military barracks in Rabat.
The senior officers* had taken military cadets and stormed the palace where birthday celebrations for King Hassan II were taking place. They captured the monarch himself before the cadets themselves wavered, and loyal troops successfully counterattacked. Ninety-two people, including the Belgian ambassador, were killed in the affair; the king was at their state funeral on this date at the time the putschists were being shot.
This selection of the coup's leadership gunned down this day in Rabat did not make an end to the reverberations; other trials followed later in the year, and some others who were implicated were simply "disappeared".
Although we lack the testimony of any of the coup leaders themselves for their motivations, it occurred in the context of political and social upheaval in post-colonial Morocco. Frank H. Braun ("Morocco: Anatomy of a Palace Revolution That Failed", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Jan., 1978)) argues that it was rooted in an eclipse of the traditional prerogatives of the military — and especially of the Berber nobility, who can be said to be the authors of the attempt.
So too can its failure be ascribed to the scant support this parochial and backward-looking cause commanded; non-Berber officers didn't join the plot. Even so, with one of his government's traditional pillars of support so heavily compromised (and decimated by this day's executions and other reprisals), the coup led Hassan II to somewhat liberalize Morocco's constitution the following year.
Which did not exactly still the tumultuous power politics scene in Rabat.
Mohamed Oufkir, the general who had coolly suppressed the 1971 coup** to become the preeminent military officer in the country, mounted his own bid for power in 1972 and suffered the same fate as this date's doomed rebels.
* Notably, Mohamed Medbouh (French link), "one of my closest collaborators" in the estimation of the king himself (but also of "the mentality of a jackal"). His surname actually meant "cutthroat," and was earned by his father's literally having his throat cut — and surviving — in the 1920's.
** A Berber himself, Oufkir may have been aware of the earlier coup — and cunning enough not to commit himself until he saw which way the wind was blowing.
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Entry Filed under: 20th Century,Capital Punishment,Death Penalty,Execution,History,Mass Executions,Morocco,No Formal Charge,Power,Shot,Soldiers,Summary Executions,Treason
Tags: 1970s, 1971, coup d'etat, hassan ii, july 13, rabat