During negotiations for the purchase of Louisiana, the American delegates asked the British about the northern boundary. The British made no specific answer. Again in 1806, delegates were sent to London to establish a northern boundary. Lake of the Woods (or Woods Lake) had been designated as the northern boundary in 1783, but there was no boundary line west of Lake of the Woods. Again, in 1806, there was no resolution to the question.
Image 3: Though the 49th parallel was determined to be the northern boundary of the United States (and North Dakota) in 1818, it was many years before permanent boundary markers were set in place. Temporary boundaries such as this tree trunk did not last long. SHSND Harpers Vol 21 p583a.
Further discussions of the boundary issue were impossible when the United States and Great Britain entered into a period of tensions that led to the War of 1812. During the 1814 treaty negotiations that ended the War of 1812, the question of the northern boundary came up again. The 49th parallel was suggested by the United States, but the British again delayed finding a resolution to the boundary issue. However, an era of good relations between the two nations began in 1815.
Map 6: This map was made two years after the London Convention of 1818 approved of the 49th parallel as the boundary from Lake of the Woods to the crest of the Rocky Mountains. The map-maker, John Melish, has located the Red River with a bit more accuracy than earlier map-makers, but hasn't figured out what to do about the point where the 49th parallel meets Lake of the Woods. He simply drew in a line and placed Lake of the Woods out of his calculations. Though this map had only a few improvements over earlier maps, Melish does indicate that Louisiana Territory has already been carved up into new political units. In 1820, North Dakota was located in Missouri Territory. SHSND 973-5 M523u 1821.
The United States had been researching the history of the northern boundary since 1803. The London-based Hudson's Bay Company had recognized the 49th parallel as its southern boundary in 1714. However, the Hudson's Bay Company and its rival in the fur trade, the North West Company, were actually well established in the fur trade south of the 49th parallel. In addition, maps of the region indicated that the Hudson's Bay Company made a claim to the Red River Valley because it was part of the Hudson Bay drainage. The Red River is not a tributary of the Missouri River, so the Hudson's Bay claim was partially legitimate.
When the United States bought Louisiana from France, it gained sovereignty (national control) over the entire Missouri River drainage. Some of the tributaries of the Missouri had their headwaters north of the 49th parallel. If the boundary line was to be successfully drawn along the 49th parallel, negotiations would have to resolve these contested areas.
Why is this important? Before the Louisiana Purchase, the United States had no interest in the northern boundary. As the nation expanded, it needed to have the boundaries defined. In addition, it needed to be able to defend those boundaries both in negotiations with other nations and with military force if necessary. With the addition of Louisiana, the nation became powerful enough to make demands of Great Britain, which was at that time the most powerful nation in the world.
The new boundary line was a neat geographic line, but it divided Indian tribes that had previously moved about the region freely without regard to national boundaries. It also split up political control over watersheds. While making the boundary permanent resolved some issues, it also created other issues that would become important in future decades.