Harper?s Ferry ? the most eastern point of land in West Virginia. .. ?Near here the first white men who found homes in the Valley of Virginia, crossed the Potomac and planted the standard of civilization west of the Blue Ridge. It was the year 1732, when sixteen families including those of Jost Hite, Geo. Bowman [son-in-law of Hite-smk], Jacob Chrisman [son-in-law of Hite-smk], Robert McCay, Robert Green, William Duff and Peter Stevens, cut their way through the wilderness from York, Pa., and proceeding up the valley reared their cabin near where Winchester now stands. They were soon followed by others. Among those who came in the next two years were Benjamin Allen, Riley Moorefield from whom Moorefield the county seat of Hardy devises its name, William Stroop, Thomas Shepherd ? name enumerated in that of Shepherdstown, Thomas and Van Swearingen, Edward Lucas, John Lemon, Edward Mercer, Jacob Van Matre (Van Meter), Richard Morgan and Robert Harper, whose name is preserved in the name of Harper?s Ferry. But the event of the greatest interest, the one which obtained for the place a world wide celebrity is that known as ?The John Brown Insurrection.???
9366 •	IR Jan. 29, 1902 - Real Estate Deal. - Fifteen Acres in Whitwell Changed Hands Today. - Messrs. John Lucas, E. S. Culbertson and E. G. Scripture concluded a deal Tuesday, whereby they became owners of 15 acres of land in Whitwell, embracing the territory between Kemp Avenue and Pleasant street and Ninth street and the hill road forming the east corporation line of the city. The territory comprises 80 lots and it is likely that these will be platted and put on the market in the spring. The property is the John Lang farm adjoining the Warne lands.
IR Jan. 30, 1902 - W. L. Schweickart has the contract for a four-room cottage in the Lombard addition for Ed. Culbertson.
•	DR Feb. 12, 1923 - Mr. Culbertson to Erect Two Homes on Third. - Mr. E. S. Culbertson has let the contract to O. H. Schweickart, the contractor, for the erection of two handsome houses on south Third street below Lorain street. Work will start just as soon as the weather breaks.
I.T. Sat., Oct. 11, 1941 - (PICTURE) - E. S. CULBERTSON DIED EARLY FRIDAY NIGHT - EDWARD S. CULBERTSON - E. S. Culbertson, scion of one of the county's most prominent men, died at his home, 417 Adams Street, Friday at 9:45 o'clock following an illness of nine months. His condition had been critical during recent weeks. he was president of the Culbertson Lumber Company, Ironton-Russell Bridge Company, Crystal Ice Company and was formerly president of the First National Bank and Chamber of Commerce.
Mr. Culbertson was born at Lawrence Furnace, son of Cambridge and Emily Rankins Culbertson, the family moving to Ironton when he was only two weeks old. He had since resided here, receiving his education in Ironton public schools. He started his life's work in 1884 at the age of 16 years, when he secured employment with the old Iron Railroad. His grandfather, John Culbertson had been prominent in founding of that institution. After 16 years with the railroad company, Mr. Culbertson became interested in lumber and the natural resources of Lawrence county. He organized a tie company, later the present Culbertson Lumber company was formed and it held title to vast timberland in Lawrence county. Majority of the holdings were disposed of recently but the company continued in active operation, with Mr. Culbertson as president, owner and manager.
Natural abilities of Mr. Culbertson carried him to civic leadership and he was interested in various Ironton and Lawrence county enterprises, holding official posts in the Ironton-Russell Bridge Company, Crystal Ice Company and First National Bank. He was a former president and board chairman of the latter institution, was a charter member of the Rotary Club and was also a member of the Knights Templar, Elks and Christ Episcopal church, where he served as vestryman.
He was united in marriage to Miss Alice Cherrington in 1904 at Gallipolis and one daughter, Emily Lucy, was born to their union. She is the wife of William B. Wingert of New York offices of the Semet Solvay Company. Other members of the Culbertson family include Ella and Jennie Culbertson, sisters.
Mr. Culbertsons business life began before the colorful days of the 90's, his service carrying him through those eventful years when Ironton was gaining its growth, and resources of the district were attracting nation-wide attention.
He was associated with the majority of Ironton's civic enterprises and figured prominently in social, cultural and industrial development of the city. Ten years of his life were devoted to city administration problems, during which period he served as president of council.
The romance of other years clung to Mr. Culbertson up to his last illness and the death of this member of one of Ironton's first families will be mourned in many homes and business institutions. From those early days prior to 1848, when the city was in its infancy, there had always associated with developments of the district's resources; dating from the time when John Culbertson left his Pennsylvania home and became associated with Ironton's founders.
•	IR Jan. 18, 1872 - Dr. Jona Morris has purchased the dwelling house belonging to Mrs. Kingsbury on corner of 4th & Olive.
IJ June 11, 1873 - Mr. Adam Weiler has bought the new brick double dwelling house of Dr. Morris' on Center street.
•	IR June 19, 1884 - Geo. Harvey has just finished painting Mrs. Hempstead's house at the Rock, Col. Nigh's residence, and Dr. Morris's house on Olive.
•	IR Apr. 7, 1881 - Dr. Jona MORRIS will remodel and enlarge his residence and office, corner 4th & Centre.
•	IR May 26, 1881 - Contract for remodeling of Dr. Jona MORRIS , residence corn of 4th and Centre Sts has been signed, W.E. KEMP, contractor. $4,000.
•	IR Apr. 20, 1871 - Dr. Jona. Morris and Winters & Burke, are at work on their foundations.
Harlow B. Mauck is one of the old and honored business men of Lawrence County, and has spent over a third of a century in the town of Proctorville, where he owns the leading mercantile business.
Mr. Mauck was born at Cheshire, Gallia County, Ohio, February 19, 1867, son of Lewis W. and Frances (Bradbery) Mauck and a grandson of Daniel and Polly Mauck and of Asa and Electa Bradbery. The Bradbery family came from Maine, while the Maucks were from the Shendandoah Valley of Virginia. Mr. Maucks's parents were both natives of Ohio and are now deceased. His father was a Union soldier in the Civil war, with the Ninety-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, was married after the war and for many years engaged in general merchandising at Cheshire. He was a member of the Masonic Order and the Baptist Church. The three children in the family were Roscoe J., Earl W., and Harlow B.
Harlow B. Mauck grew up in Cheshire, attended the public schools there, and later entered the Ohio Northern University at Ada. He left school in 1886 at the age of nineteen, and since then has been a resident of Proctorville, Lawrence county. For ten and one-half years he worked as a clerk and in other capacities in the Mauck & Winters Store, and then engaged in business for himself. He has been a merchant there for twenty-seven years, and the community has come to regard him as the leading man of affairs. He is a Knight Templar Mason and Shriner, and a member of the Baptist church, while his wife is a Methodist.
In June, 1893, at Proctorville, Mr. Mauck married Miss Mary L. Bay, daughter of Capt. George Washington and Mary (Suiter) Bay. Her parents were Ohio people and now deceased. Her father for many years was a captain of river boats. The three children of Mr. and Mrs. Mauck are Francis, Kate and Minnie.
We do not have a completed origin for the Toney family. There are a few gaps that can be bridged by conjecture and/ or other known connections. The Toneys seem to have been originally Vikings from Romsdalfjord (200 miles north of Oslo, Norway, on the Atlantic Coast).
Malahule sailed his dragon ship under the Raven banner to "see what he could find". His nephew, Roolo (Roger), founded a settlement in Normandy, France. His grandnephew, Roolo or Ralph, was given the fief of Toeni on the Seine River by his brother, Hugh, Archbishop of Rouen. Toeni was on the river plain on the south side of the bend of the River Seine, acrossed and downstream from Chateau Gillard (Richard the Lionhearted's prison). Ralph de Toeni III was Standard bearer for William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings (1066) and received the grant of Flamstead, Hertfordshire, England. His wife, Judith, brought him the manor of Walthamstow Toney (now NE part of London). In the Doomsday book he is listed as Tenant-in-chief of several counties.
James Savage's history says that Toney was one of the manors which were holden (subject) to the Castle Dunster (Somerset Co. England). In the 14th year of Edward I (1286) Robert de Toni (Tonee) held one Knight's fee (6 hides or 720 acres) in Biscombe of John de Mahun, lord of Dunster, which appears to have continued in the Toni line for many generations. Robert had distinguished himself in the wars of Scotland and Gascony and succeeded his father, Ralph de Toni, as baron by tenure (1294). He was summoned to Parliament (1299). His arms are in a window of Dorchester Church, County Oxford. The Coat of Arms was a silver shield with a maunche, or large red sleeve, countered. The barony became extinct in 1311. These western lands may have continued in the line of a younger son who did not have inheritance right to the Barony, near London. In the reign of Edward III (1327-1372) the family increased their land possessions by the marriage of John de Toni with Isodola, daughter of Simon de Croscombe. He held a motiy (half) of the manor of Brumfield (1354). In 1460, Hugh de Toni seized (was put in possession of) a moity of the manor of Croscombe and the manor of Brumfield and other lands. There is mention of the lands in 1597 in the 39th year of the reign of Elizabeth I. A river flowing eastward through Somerset is called Tone Flow.
Records shows that John, son of William Toney, was baptized 2/7/1559 and married 6/10/1595 to Agnes Bolt. Our first ancestor who came to America (1654) was William Toney. He likely was the son of John and Agnes (Bolt) Toney. According to legend he was a gambler and a dude (typical of younger sons of the gentry) and on the voyage to America (3 months, 120 passengers) he pocketed most of the loose change on board ship. It must have been a tiresome adventure, and for the others on board, a misadventure. He was indentured to David Williamson, a rich Virginia planter on the James River. William Toney possibly did not serve out his full indenture of 7 years. He married Ann Bishop, probably about 1660, and lived in New Kent Co. Virginia. Ann was the daughter of John Bishop, who had come from London in 10/24/1635 on the vessel Constance. William penned his will in May 1675, wife Ann in September 1675, but both wills were probated the same day, 1/6/1676, in the circuit court at New Kent Co. A fair conjecture of the cause of the deaths lies in the fact that in 1675 and 1676 the Doegg and Sesquahannock Indians "killed near 200 Christian persons". The Bacon Rebellion was the outcome. New Kent Co. is about 10 miles from a major Doegg village.
The Toney descendants slowly moved westward on the Virginia Frontier. Part of New Kent Co. became Powhatan Co., they were in it. Part of Powhatan Co. became Cumberland Co., they were in it also. Buckingham Co. was formed out of part of Cumberland Co., our William Toney and most of his children were born there, and there were many other Toneys in the county in early censuses. They were certainly related since they used common given names for their children. From Powhatan, Cumberland and Buckingham Cos, the Toneys moved southward and westward into Bedford, Franklin and Pittsylvania Counties. Most of the Toneys continued on southward into Raleigh co. North Carolina and on to Greenville and Anderson Counties, South Carolina. Possibly Williams; father took a big jump and moved clear to "Georgia", south of Orangeburg, SC. Then William returned to Buckingham Co. Va. although his son Littleberry moved to Anderson Co. SC. From Raleigh Co., NC. and Greenville and Andersons Co.'s. SC. the Toneys moved to Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky and on west. William Toney's family was the exception since they moved west along the New/Kanawha River through West Virginia and then came to Preble Co. Ohio.
Edmond Toney was mentioned in Bristol, England in the register along with Peter Toney going to Virginia September 9, 1664.
The Toney name was origionally vikings, which started out from Norway under Rollo, who raided the coast of France. Rollo finally made peace with Charles the Simple King of France. King Charles gave Rollo a tract of land along the River Seine, between the Epte and Eure Rivers. Rollo took the title Duke of Normandy.
Accompanying Rollo was Malahulcius who was Rollo's nephew. Malahulcius is also listed under the names of Malahulc and Hulc. Rollo had a son Hugh de Calvacamp born about 870, who was one of the first to take a surname. Hugh had two son's that we know of Hugh and Ralph De Tonei, I born about 900 to 910.
Ralph De Tonei was given land by his brother Hugh who was made Archbishop of Rouen. The lands included the town of Tosny in Gaillon, and arrondissement of Louviers, Normandy.
Ralph De Tonei I, also had a son he named Ralph born about 940.
We will start with Ralph De Tonei's son Ralph De Tonei II born about 970 and died about 1024. This Ralph is described as grandson of Ralph De Tonei I. He was a Count but is described as being Lord.
Ralph De Tonei II was a General with Duke Richard of the Norman forces at Auxerre in 1003. About 1011 Count Ralph De Tonei II was appointed Castellan of Tillieres with Nigel, Viscount of Coutances. By 1016, Count Ralph had a falling out with Duke Richard and banished froom the duchy. He went to Salerno, Italy. We later find Count Ralph with his son Roger (Roger the Spaniard) and Nigel de Coutances defending the castle at Tillieres against Odo de Chartres. Count Ralph also had a son Hugh De Limesy who had taken his surname after Limesy, a manor which belonged to the De Tonei's. Count Ralph's other sons were Ralph, Baldric and Robert who fought at the Battle of Hastings. He also had another son Berenger d'Espagne (Spain). He also had a daughter Bertha who married Guy de Laval.
Roger De Tonei "The Spaniard" was born about 995-1000, died in May 1040. Lord of Tosny and Conches in Normandy. Roger was buried on May 30, 1040 in the Chapter House at St. Peter's Abbey in Conches. (Roger had moved his residence to Conches).
He was called "The Spaniard because he spent about 20 years fighting in Spain against the Saracens. He married lady Godehildis daughter of Count Ramon Borel and Countess Erminsenda. The Church that Roger De Tonei and Lady Godehildis were married in Spain is still standing today. The church of San Daniel De Gerona. Roger returned to Normandy about 1035. He was slain in battle in battle by Roger De Beaumont of Pont Audemer, also two of Roger's sons were slain in that battle, Halbert and Elinance.
iv. Robert De Tonei fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He held his manors under the name of Robert De Stafford. Which Stafford was also one of the De Tonei's manors.
vi. Nigel De Tonei fought at the Battle of Hastings and also took the name of Nigel De Stafford.
Lord of Tosny and Conches and the first Lord of Flamstead in England born about 1024 died March 24, 1102, he married Isabel de Montfort daughter of Simon De Montfort.
Ralph De Tonei III had kidnapped his half sister Agnes and took her to be the third wife of Simon De Montfort. In return Ralph was given Lady Isabel De Montfort by her father.
ii. Alianore who married Randulfus Lambert.
Margaret was given as part of her dowery, Clifford Castle, Walter Fitz Pons changed his name to Walter De Clifford after Clifford Castle. They had a daughter Rosamond De Clifford, who was a mistress of King Henry II, and the mother of William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury.
iv. Roger De Tonei, died 1185, married Ida De Chaumon, she died 1204-1206.
Constance De Beaumont grandmother was another Constance was the daughter of Henry I, King of England she married Roscelin De Beaumont, the father of Richard De Beaumont.
Roger De Tonei was the last Lord of Tosny and Conches and the Fifth Lord of Flamstead, England.
ii. Richard De Tonei, died 1252 became Treasurer of Angers, France, he is also the ancestor of the Tany, Taney, Tawney family.
iv. Margaret De Tonei, married Malcom, Earl of Fife, her wedding was the last De Tonei wedding in France, before the De Tonei's moved to England. Her and Malcom moved to Scotland.
ii. Ralph De Tonei died after 1306 married Clarissa. They had a daughter Alice De Tonei who married Walter de Beauchamp and were the ancestors of General Douglas Mac Arthur.
Rooted in tradition and shrouded in the veils of time, the history of Clan Sutherland is full of enigma. It is believed that the genealogical tree of the Clan may have its origin in Flanders as well as Scotland with its tribal society of Picts and Celts. Much of the history, especially of the early period is lost, but from surviving written sources the genealogy of the Clan is traced from Moray in the 12th century to a new pattern of settlement and expansion, first in Sutherland and Caithness, later in Scotland and elsewhere.
In the tree of the Clan the Earls of Sutherland, the Lairds of Forse and the Lairds of Duffus and Skelbo together represent the stem and main branches. This essay is intended to give the descent of these three families: to indicate some of the younger branches; and to place the history of the Clan in its geographical setting for the period preceding the great changes of the 19th century. Chiefs, chieftains and clansmen, the 'clanna' or children of one common ancestor, survive in the records of that period, a span of seven centuries with more than twenty generations. In Highland history they took part in the affairs of their Clan and lands, well before the great changes which followed the conflicts of Culloden, the Bastille and Waterloo and which extinguished the ancient way of life in the Highlands. Many of the Clan were involved in historical events as far and wide as Bannockburn and Halidon Hill; the service of arms to the Low Countries and Russia; and the planting of new colonies from Nova Scotia to the West Indies. It is not intended to enter into these aspects of history. They form part of the background for the genealogy of the Clan. Information for this essay is taken from printed sources which are numbered in () and listed below. Much quoted in these sources is one especially interesting work from the 17th century. It is 'A genealogical history of the Earldom of Sutherland from its origin to the year 1630 .... with a continuation to the year 1651', written by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun, son of Alexander, eleventh Earl of Sutherland, and by Gilbert Gordon of Sailagh, printed in 1813. These sources hold much interest for students of the history of Clan Sutherland.
The genealogy of the Clan and the dynasty of the Earldom began with Freskin. His origin is uncertain. His descendants are described as 'of Sutherland', later 'Sutherland'. The eldest son succeeded as the head of the family, and eventually as chief of the clan and earl (old Norse: Earl chieftain, nobleman). As early as the 15th century, probably much earlier, the family lived at Dunrobin Castle, which is believed to be one of the oldest houses in Britain continuously inhabited by one family. The name is from the Gaelic Dun Robin, Robin's hill or fort.
1. Freskin, first recorded ancestor of the Earls of Sutherland, who may be of Flemish origin, had from King David I (1124-1153) Strabrock in West Lothian and Duffus in Moray. Freskin is named in a charter to his son William by King William the Lion (1165-1214) between 1166 and 1171.
b. William, son of William son of Freskin, named with his brother Hugh as witness after 1195, was Lord of Petty, Bracholy, Boharm and Arteldol, and is believed to be ancestor to the Morays of Bothwell.
c. Andrew, named before 1203 as son of William son of Freskin, and as Parsons of Duffus, later as brother to Hugh Freskin and William, may have been alive in 1221.
b. Walter, son of Hugh Freskin married Euphemia, daughter of Ferquhard, Earl of Ross. He died c. 1263 and was buried at Duffus.
c. Andrew, son of Hugh de Moravia, named between 1203 and 1214 as Parson of Duffus and in 1222 as Bishop of Moray, may have begun the building of Elgin Cathedral. He died in 1242.
4. William, son and heir of Hugh Freskin and Lord of Sutherland, confirmed his father's charter of Skelbo and other lands given to Archdeacon Gilbert, between 1211 and 1222. He is named in 1232 as William of Sutherland and perhaps in 1235 or later was made Earl of Sutherland. Sir Robert Gordon states that he helped Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness in the building of Dornoch Cathedral. The Earl, it is said, died in 1248 and was buried in the Cathedral. He had a son William.
a. William, son of William and third Earl of Sutherland. a minor when his father died, succeeded in 1306-7. His ward was given to John, younger son of the Earl of Ross. In 1308-9 the young Earl attended Parliament at St Andrews. Sir Robert Gordon states that the Earl fought at Bannock- burn (Stirling), the battle of 1314 which gave Bruce the rule of Scotland. The Earl signed in 1320 the letter of the nobles to Pope John XXII known as the Declaration of Arbroath asserting full independence of Scotland from the English Crown. He died before 1331.
6. Kenneth, son of William and fourth Earl of Sutherland. succeeded his brother William before 1331. The Scots, endeavouring to raise the siege of Berwick, were with great losses defeated by the English, and the Earl was killed, in the battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. Sir Robert Gordon states that Earl Kenneth married Mary, daughter of Donald, Earl of Mar. He had two sons and one daughter.
a. John, a hostage in England, apparently still very young died there at Lincoln of the plague in 1361.
b. Robert, named by Sir Robert Gordon as son of Earl Robert.
c. Alexander, also named by Sir Robert.
a. Alexander, son of John and Master of Sutherland named in 1449 died probably in or before 1456.
c. Nicholas, named by Earl John in a charter of 1448 as his son.
d. Thomas Beg (Little Thomas), named by Sir Robert Gordon as ancestor of the Sutherlands in Strathullie, (the strath of Kildonan), a wide valley traversed by the river Uilligh (Helmsdale river) with tracts of flat, low lying land (srath), bounded by high ground in the parish of Kildonan in Sutherland.
e. Robert, may be the Earl's uncle named by Sir Robert Gordon as present at the conflict at Aldycharrish (Strath Oykell) in 1487.
f. Janet married in 1480 Alexander, son of Sir Alexander Dunbar of Westfield, brother of Sir James Dunbar of Cumnock.
g. Thomas Mor (Big Thomas), described by Sir Robert Gordon as the Earl's natural son whose two sons were killed by their uncle Earl John.
b. Elizabeth, daughter of John and Countess of Sutherland married Adam Gordon of Aboyne in 1500, the year given by Sir Robert Gordon. Her spouse was the son of George, Earl of Huntly. Elizabeth succceeded her brother John by "infeftment" of 1515, resigning the earldom to her eldest son Alexander. ANCESTOR OF THE THE FAMILY OF GORDON, EARLS OF SUTHERLAND. The Countess Elizabeth died at Aboyne Castle, Deeside in Aberdeen in 1505.
c. Alexander, described by Sir Robert Gordon as the natural son of Earl John by a daughter of Ross of Balnagown, born in 1491, opposed his brother's succession, aged eighteen in 1509. Alexander's right of succession was reserved if his half sister Elizabeth's heir failed. He was also compensated with lands worth forty jerky yearly, but in 1514, assisted by his half-brother Robert Munro as procura tor he opposed his sister as heir to her brother Earl John. In 1515 he seized and held Dunrobin Castle whereupon he was incarcerated in Edinburgh. In 1515 he again took pos- session of the Castle, but was forced to surrender and in 1519-20 he was killed at Kintradwell by Brora. He married a daughter of Iye Roy-Mackay of Strathnaver and had descendants.
11. John, son of John and ninth Earl of Sutherland, at an early age was taken with his father in the presence of King James IV in 1493 and succeeded in 1508 as ward of the Crown, the Earldom being administered by Andrew Stewart, Bishop of Caithness. At Perth in 1514 the Earl was pronounced legally incapable. In the question of his successor the Earl declared that Elizabeth his sister and Adam Gordon her husband and their children were his nearest heirs. His death a month later in 1514 marked the end of the first dynasty of the Earls of Sutherland.
The family descended from Freskin through Kenneth, fourth Earl of Sutherland and Mary, daughter of the Earl of Mar, his Countess. They lived at Duffus by Elgin in Moray and Skelbo by Dornoch in Sutherland, two castles of venerable antiquity, both now ruins.
a. John, son and heir of Nicholas, ratified a grant of lands by his father to his brother Henry m 1408. From 1424 to 1427 John was one of the hostages for King James I (1406-24 captive in England, r. 1424-37).
b. Henry (as 2) . 2. Henry, son of Nicholas, had Torboll from Robert, sixth Earl of Sutherland. He died before 1434. Margaret Mureff (Moray) is named as spouse of Henry of Sutherland in 1438. At her death she had land with houses east of Wick in Caithness 'abon the sand' held of God and 'Haly Kirk' and of St. Fergus patron of Wick. Henry had a son (as 3).
b. Angus had Torboll and married Christina. They had issue.
c. Isabella, alive in 1502, married Alexander Dunbar of Westfield.
d. Dorothea, said to be daughter of Alexander Sutherland of Duffus, was named as contributing motive for the death in battle of Alli Charrais of Alexander Ross her spouse in 1486 (Note: Sir Robert Gordon mentions the battle as at Aldycharrish in 1487, DJJS).
e. Muriel said to be another daughter of Alexander married Alexander Seton of Meldrum and Andrew Fraser of Stanywood, with whom she had a Crown charter of Stanywood in 1501.
a. Alexander, probably he who had part of Strabrock in 1475, died before 1479 as grandson of 'Ald Alexander of Sutherland' and left a daughter Christina who is named in 1494 as daughter of Alexander Sutherland of Strabrock and succeeded to Duffus and lands in Caithness. She married c. 1489 William Oliphant and later Sir Thomas Lundin of Pratis. A dispute between Chnstina and her uncle William Sutherland was settled by an appeal to the Pope, c. 1507.
c. Isabel married in 1474 Hew Rose, younger of Kilravock.
5. William, assumed second on of William, named in 1484 had Quarrelwood and Duffus, and in 1507, a Crown charter of Duffus. He impeached the legitimacy of Christina his niece He died in or before 1514, perhaps in the battle of Flodden (Berwiek), the defeat of the Scots under King James IV (1488-1513) in 1513. William apparently married Janet Innes 'Lady Greeship' and had a son (as 6).
b. Alexander was Rector of Duffus in 1512, Chaplain for the chapel of Duffus Castle in 1524, and Dean (head of the chapter for a cathedral) of Caithness. (It was Gilbert of Moray, Bishop of Caithness and patron saint of Dornoch who founded Dornoch cathedral in the diocese of Caith- ness including the Earldom of Sutherland, DJJS}. Alexander founded anniversaries (the celebration of mass in memory of some one on the day of his or her death) for his parents, his brother William and others. In 1549 he was curator for his grandnephew Alexander Sutherland of Duffus and was still alive in 1551.
c. Elizabeth married John, third Earl of Caithness.
7. William succeeded in 1527-29 as eldest son his father William Sutherland of Duffus and Quarrelwood in Elgin and Nairn the lands of Brichtmony, Kinstearie and Auldearn. In 1529 he bought from John Kynnard of that Ilk certain lands including Skelbo in the overlordship of the Earl of Sutherland, paying 2300 merks Scots and giving a bond of manrent (the men whom a lord could call upon in war) as tenant and vassal to the Earl. In 1530 King James V gave him certain rights in Stratnaver previously held by Hugh Mackay of Farr. As stated by Sir Robert Gordon, William Sutherland of Duffus was by instigation of the Bishop of Caithness killed by the Clan Gunn at Thurso in 1530. He had a son (as 8).
b. William of Evelix (parish of Dornoch), a witness in 1562, took part in the taking of Berriedale Castle (Caith- ness) in 1566 and in the raid on Dornoch of 1570. where he is said to have scattered the ashes of Bishop Gilbert Moray ('Saint Gilbert') and died soon afterwards. (The Castle is now a much reduced ruin).
c. Nicholas, also a witness in 1562, named in charters of 1562 and 1566, was at Berriedale in 1566.
d. Walter is (perhaps in error) named as brother to Alexander in 1562).
a. Alexander, born c. 1554 is named in the contract of his intended marriage with Elizabeth Sinclair.
c. James, born in 1561. was placed 'in fostering with Angus Hectorsone' to whom James' father Alexander gave 'fyve meris (mares) with ane stallione' and by whom were added 'four meris' for the benefit of the child. In 1590 James was cautioner for his mother Janet Grant. On his marriage to Violet, daughter of Thomas Fraser of Strichen, he had Kinsteary in Moray from his brother William Sutherland. James was ancestor to the Sutherlands of Kinstearie.
d. Elizabeth married (contract of 1590) Archibald Douglas of Pittendreich.
c. John, ancestor to the Sutherlands of Clyne. (parish of Clyne, Sutherland).
d. Margaret married (contract of 1610) Colonel Robert Monro of Fowlis. She died young.
e. Janet married George Ogilvy, first Lord Banff.
b. William, heir to his brother John in the lands of Kinminitie and other lands in Banff, infeft in 1662: named in the testament of his brother Lord Duffus in 1674 had Inverhassie in 1694.
c. John, named in 1649 as brother to the laird of Duffus and Commissioner of Supply for Elgin. He married (contract of 1656) Isabella, daughter of David Ross of Bainagown who married secondly (contract of 1659) James Innes Lichnet. John died in or before 1658.
d. Anne married Patrick Grant. As lieutenant-colonel took part in the battle of Worcester in England in 1651. She was still alive in 1663.
b. son (unnamed) dead in 1666.
c. Robin, named in his father's letter of 1666.
d. Marie, (named as Robin her brother).
e. Margaret, named in her father's will.
f. Henrietta, named in her father's will, married George, Earl of Linlithgow.
b. James, advocate, in 1704 acquired his father's estate with a loan from Archibald Dunbar of Thunderton. Unable to pay, he parted with the estate to his creditor. After he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Dunbar of Hempriggs. Assuming the surname Dunbar, he was made a baronet. He died before 1739 and had issue.
c. William of Roscommon married (contract of 1702) Helen, daughter of William Duff of Dipple. As a Jacobite he left Scotland after the rebellion of 1716.
f. Elizabeth had dancing lessons in Edinburgh in 1704 and married (contract of 1709) Sir John Gordon of Embo.
i. Mary married James Sinclair of Mey.
j. Katharine married John Cuthbert, town clerk of Inverness.
k. Isabel was buried at Greyfriars, Edinburgh, in 1694.
1. Esther married John Ross. They were infeft in Easter Balvraid, parish of Dornoch, Sutherland, in 1711.
b. Charlotta named in 1778 as one ef her mother's executors.
c. Anna married Baron and Count Marshall Gustaff Adolf Palbitzki of Sweden. She also was named in 1778 as one of her mother's executors.
a. James born in 1747, named as heir to his father in 1770 was captain in the 26th Regiment when he eloped with Mary, daughter of James Hayt Earl of Erroll, wife of General John Scott of Balcomie, who divorced her in 1771. The title of Lord Duffus was restored to James by Act of Parliament in 1826. He died unmarried at Marylebone in 1827. His death marked the end of the Sutherlands of Duffus.
c. Elizabeth married first Captain Alexander Sinclair, son of Sir William Sinclair of Keiss; secondly Charies Sinclair of Olrig and thirdly, in 1772, the Reverend James Rudd, rector in Yorkshire.
Archdeacon: chief of the attendants upon a bishop.
Chalder: 16 bolls or 64 firlots of corn (1 boll: 6 imperial bushels 1 bushel: 2218.19 cubic inches). Charter: document or evidence for certain privileges or rights granted, originally by the sovereign to a subject.
Crag of Dunnottar: Gaelic, creag, rock (of difficult access): locality with ruins of ancient stronghold on the coast of Angus.
Esquire: old French, esquier, shield bearer; in chivalry, a young man of gentle birth.
Fier: the owner of the fee-simple of a property (as opposed to a life-renter). Fee-simple: an estate in land belonging to the owner and his heirs for ever in absolute possession.
Forfeited: from forfeit, to lose in consequence of a breach of law.
Homage roll: (in feudal law) record or list of acknowledgement of allegiance by tenants or vassals declaring themselves men of the king or the lord of whom they hold and bind themselves in service.
Ilk: same, identical; of that ilk, of the same place, territorial designation or name.
Infeftment: from enfeoffment, the action of putting a tenant legally in possession of a holding, or to surrender a holding.
Lord apperand: lord from old English hlaford, (hlaf, loaf and weard, ward or keepers master, ruler. Apperand: heir apparent, manifest heir, successor.
Master: heir apparent to a Scottish peerage (noble title).
Moravia: Latin for Moray or Morayshlre.
Merk: money of the value of a mark weight of pure silver or, in history, 2/3 of the L Sterling. In Scotland, a coin worth 13 shillings and four pence Snots: 13 l/2 pence English (1480) .
Oxgang: the eighth part of the ploughland, 10 to 18 or more acres. Ploughland: the unit of assessment of land after the Norman Conquest (1066) based upon the area capable of being tilled by one plough team of eight oxen in the year.
Parson: holder of a parochial benefice in full possession of its rights and dues, (clergyman).
Privy Council: the counsellors of the sovereign.
Regality: sovereign rule, territorial jurisdiction of a royal nature granted by the king; area subject to a lord of regality.
Sasine: the act of giving possession of feudal property.
Sheriff: the representative of the sovereign, responsible for certain administrative functions and the execution of the law in a shire.
Teinds: from teind. tenth part or tithe of yearly produce from land, payable for the support of the clergy by the laity.
Toune: from Gaelic, dun, fortified place, hence enclosed ground. 'In Scotland a single house may be called a town' (Sir Walter Scott in 'Waverley').
Vassal: In the feudal system, one holding lands from a superior on conditions of homage and allegiance. (See homage).
Ward and Relief: Ward, the control and use of the lands of a deceased tenant by knight service and the guardianship of the infant heir; which belonged to the superior until the heir attained majority. Relief: a payment made by the heir of a feudal tenant on taking up possession of the vacant estate.
Writer to the Signet: a clerk in the Secretary of State's office who prepared writs to pass the royal signet; later a law- agent practicing before the Court of Session and preparing Crown writs, charters, etc. Signet: a Small seal.
1. Paul, Sir James Balfour, Lord Lyon King of Arms, 'The Scots Peerage founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that Kingdom', Vol. VIII, Edinburgh, 1904-14.
2. Fraser, Sir William, 'The Sutherland Book', 3 Vols., Edinburgh, 1894.
3. Henderson, John, 'Caithness Family History', Edinburgh, 1884.
4. Grant, F. J. 'Register of Marriage, Edinburgh 1751-1800'. Edinburgh, 1922.
5. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and other sources.
9373 ¥ I.R. April 30, 1891 - Mrs. D. Nixon went to Dayton yesterday as a delegate to the Woman's Home & Foreign Missionary Committee.