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Articles Features Transmission & Distribution
Simplifying distribution automation in substations and pole-tops
By Jeff Elliott
May 9, 2020 – Utility substation automation schemes are typically complex, involving a variety of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), microprocessor-based relays, meters and monitoring devices. The information collected is then sent to communication processors or RTUs, before being passed on to proprietary HMI interfaces, SCADA Master Stations, Energy Management Systems (EMS) and/or enterprise networks.
Within this scheme, the component parts are often cobbled together by utility automation groups from a multitude of competitor options with varying protocols (some proprietary), configuration options, wireless transmission bands and interconnections.
Given that utilities may have hundreds of substations and even more pole-tops to monitor and control remotely, the complexity of distribution automation has traditionally been staggering. Fortunately, over the past two decades, substation automation has evolved and changed.
"In the past, the design of the substation was a patchwork of many different devices," says Russ Fanning, a principal engineer. "Once you finally got the patchwork figured out, you could replicate that pattern but when you went to the next substation and you wanted to bring in something new, you were starting from scratch again and trying to patch that new piece in."
Today, Fanning says the focus is on stripping out as much of the complexity associated with substation automation as possible.
Technological advances over the past several years have reduced the need for the same amount of hardware in favour of "all-in-one" communication and automation processor units that can interpret and distribute information in many protocols while performing sophisticated logic functions and alarm annunciation without the need for PLCs and racks of RTUs. These all-in-one devices even eliminate the need for security-risk PCs and proprietary HMI interfaces.
The communication and automation processor can connect to nearly any substation device in its native protocol, perform advanced math and logic, and securely present the source or calculated data to any number of clients in their preferred protocol.
For utilities installing equipment in new greenfield substations, upgrading aging legacy technology, or concerned over support, this is a welcome development.
Interpreting communications and protocols
Fanning, who worked at a Wisconsin-based utility for 38 years, started his career as protection technician. After getting his engineering degree in 1990, he worked in substation engineering as a protection engineer, then R&D engineer and, in 2007, became a principal engineer in the substation automation group.
"In my last five to six years at the utility, I was responsible for distribution automation and substation integration to interface with all the IEDs that were inside the substation and at the pole-tops. I integrated pole-top device IEDs into the distribution automation systems when they were enabled with communication capabilities," says Fanning.
According to Fanning, the distribution automation system he installed at the time was designed to automate the switching of substation breakers and pole-top devices to restore power and/or to avoid power outages and equipment damage. The challenge at the time was having to work around ways to retrieve the data from the IEDs and other devices, says Fanning. Multiple protocols are often used for distribution automation, including proprietary protocols with custom communication links.
"In a typical substation set-up at the time, there was often different software in each device and I would have to manipulate the data just to be able to share it," notes Fanning. "For one system I worked on, I needed a proprietary protocol and software just to communicate to the device."
In most modern substations, microprocessor-based relays involve a proprietary protocol, so the communications processors must be able to retrieve real-time fault event data and records by speaking to the relays in their native protocol.
Another standard protocol is DNP (Distributed Network Protocol), which is often used by SCADA Master Stations, RTUs, IEDs and also for relays. To promote interoperation of IEDs from different vendors, the IEC 61850 is an international standard defining communication protocols for IEDs. Older IEDs may still use Modbus or other legacy protocols.
"There is a wealth of information that is being created inside newer IEDs, microprocessor-based relays and meters that, until recently, has been left behind because it was too challenging to collect and distribute it," adds Fanning. "Today you can drill down into those IEDs from a remote location using a secure connection."
Reducing the driving time to remote sites was one of the biggest drivers in automating the substations, as well.
"I could access the IEDs in the substation and get a clear picture of what was happening," says Fanning. "Knowing what the situation was, I could drive there knowing what I had to do or I could delegate that work to someone in the area—depending on what it was."
Today, open-source web-based SCADA and HMI solutions eliminate the need for a substation PC and its inherent software and cybersecurity concerns, at a fraction of the cost.
In this approach, engineers can build interactive screens accessible from standard web browsers. For example, a browser can be used to view data from connected IEDs and RTUs. The software comes with pre-configured pages for data archiving, sequence of events recording, alarm annunciation, alarms, trending and communications diagnostics. Customized screens can easily be built for one-line diagrams, IED faceplates, and control screens.
As for HMIs, web-based systems provide a direct-to-touchscreen connection out of the box without a PC as an intermediary. Information can also be accessed by smartphone, which will bring up a substation and graphically show the faceplate of each device with push buttons as if the technicians was physically there.
"The HMI is served up through webpages that are easily constructed with graphic software. It's all integrated in one package, so building an HMI is so much simpler than it used to be," adds Fanning.
If there is a physical manifestation of the reduction in complexity, Fanning points to the substation. In many substations he has worked in, there were racks or cabinets of devices with hundreds of wires and blinking lights.
"Today, substation layout is much cleaner. You can probably eliminate entire writing racks and cabinets—or at least make it much smaller—depending on how you are handling your I/Os to the IEDs," says Fanning.
Jeff Elliott is a Torrance, Calif.-based technical writer. He has researched and written about industrial technologies and issues for the past 15 years.
This article—along with other great content—appears in the April 2020 edition of Electrical Business Magazine.
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