[ RTT ] Round Trip Time
Round Trip Time
Round trip time (RTT) also called round trip delay, is the time required for a signal pulse or packet to travel from a specific source to a specific destination and back again. In this context, the source is the computer initiating the signal and the destination is a remote computer or system that receives the signal and retransmits it.
On the internet, an end user can determine the RTT to and from an IP (Internet Protocol) address by pinging that address.
The result depends on various factors including
The data transfer rate of the source's Internet connection.
The character of the transmission medium (copper, glass fiber, wireless or satellite).
The physical distance between the supply and therefore the destination.
the number of nodes between the supply and therefore the destination.
the number of traffic on the space network computer network LAN (local area network) to that the top user is connected.
the number of alternative requests being handled by intermediate nodes and therefore the remote server.
The speed with that intermediate node and therefore the remote server operates.
The presence of interference within the circuit.
In a network, significantly a WAN (wide-area network) or the net, RTT is one in all many factors touching latency, that is that the time between an invitation for information and therefore the complete come back or show off that information.
The RTT will vary from a number of milliseconds (thousandths of a second) underneath ideal conditions between closely spaced points to many seconds underneath adverse conditions between points separated by an oversized distance.
A theoretical minimum is obligatory on the RTT as a result of it will ne'er be but the entire length of your time the signals pay to propagate in or through the transmission media.
during a satellite communications system, this minimum time will be sizable as a result of the RF (radio frequency) signals might be got to propagate tens of thousands of kilometers through the area between the surface and therefore the satellite electrical device.
In a radar system, the RTT is that the length of your time between the transmission of Associate in Nursing RF pulse towards a target and therefore the arrival of the came echo from that concentrate on.
Limitations of Terzaghi Theory
Limitations of Terzaghi Theory The value of the coefficient of consolidation has been assumed to be constant. The distance d of the drainage path cannot be measured accurately in the field. The thickness of the deposit is generally variable, and an average value has to be estimated. There is sometimes difficulty 1n locating the drainage face, and sometimes thin previous seams that can act as good drainage faces are missed in the boring operations. The equation is based on the assumption that the consolidation is one-dimensional. In the field, the consolidation is generally 3-dimensional. The lateral drainage may have a significant effect on the time rate of consolidation. The initial consolidation and secondary consolidation have been neglected. Sometimes these form an important part of the total consolidation. In actual practice, the pressure distribution may be far from linear or uniform.
Streamer Theory of Breakdown in Gases
Streamer Theory of Breakdown in Gases According to the Townsend theory firstly, current growth occurs as a result of the ionization process only. But in practice, breakdown voltages were found to depend on the gas pressure and the geometry of the gap. Second chances time lags of the order of 10-5 s, but practically it was observed to occur at a very short time of 10-8 s. Also, the Townsend mechanism predicts a very diffused form of discharge, that actually discharges were found to be filamentary and irregular. Townsend's mechanism failed to explain all these observed phenomena and as a result, The Streamer theory was proposed. The theory predicts the development of a spark discharge directly from a single avalanche in which the space charge developed by the avalanche itself is said to transform the avalanche into a plasma steamer. In Fig 1.7, a single electron starting at the cathode by ionization builds up an avalanche that crosses the gap. The electrons in the a
Price Guard Wire Method
Price Guard Wire Method Some form of Price Guard Wire Method is generally used to eliminate the errors caused by leakage currents over insulation. Fig. 3.14 illustrates the operation of This Method. In fig 3.14(a), a high resistance mounted on a piece of insulating material is measured by the ammeter voltmeter method. The micro-ammeter measures the sum of the current through the resistor (IR) and the current through the leakage path around the resistor. The measured value of resistance computed from the readings indicated on the voltmeter and the microammeter, will not be a true value but will be in error. Figure 3.14 Application of guard circuit for measurement of high resistance In fig, 3.14 (b), the guard terminal has been added to the resistance terminal block. The guard terminal surrounds the resistance terminal entirely and is connected to the battery side of the micro-ammeter. The leakage current IL now