Jōmon period
period of Japanese prehistory
This article is about the Japanese archaeological culture. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. For the Korean archaeological culture, see Jeulmun pottery period.
Final Jōmon (土偶 (dogū, "earthenware figure")) figurine, 1000–300 BCE
Paleolithic before 14,000 BC
Jōmon 14,000 – 1000 BC
Yayoi 1000 BC – 300 AD
Kofun 300–538
Asuka 538–710
Nara 710–794
Heian 794–1185
Kamakura 1185–1333
Kenmu Restoration 1333–1336
Muromachi (Ashikaga)
Nanboku-chō
Azuchi–Momoyama
Nanban trade
Edo (Tokugawa)
Sakoku
Convention of Kanagawa
Bakumatsu
Boshin War
First Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
Taishō
Great Kantō earthquake
Shōwa
(Great Depression)
Economic miracle
Post-occupation
Bubble economy
Heisei
Lost Decade
Great Hanshin earthquake
Great East Japan earthquake
Reiwa
(Financial impact)
Era names
Characters for Jōmon (meanin' "cord marks" or "cord-patterned")
The Jōmon period (縄文時代, Jōmon jidai) is the oul' time in Japanese prehistory, traditionally dated between c. 14,000–300 BCE,[1] recently refined to about 1000 BCE,[2][3] durin' which Japan was inhabited by an oul' hunter-gatherer culture, which reached a holy considerable degree of sedentism and cultural complexity. The name "cord-marked" was first applied by the American zoologist and orientalist Edward S. Here's a quare one for ye. Morse, who discovered sherds of pottery in 1877 and subsequently translated it into Japanese as Jōmon.[4] The pottery style characteristic of the bleedin' first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressin' cords into the bleedin' surface of wet clay and is generally accepted to be among the oldest in the feckin' world.[5]
The Jōmon period was rich in tools and jewelery made from bone, stone, shell and antler; pottery figurines and vessels; and lacquerware.[6][7][8][9] It is often compared to pre-Columbian cultures of the North American Pacific Northwest and especially to the Valdivia culture in Ecuador because in these settings cultural complexity developed within an oul' primarily huntin'-gatherin' context with limited use of horticulture.[10][11][12][13]
1 Chronology
2 Pottery
2.1 Chronological ceramic typology
3 Incipient and Initial Jōmon (13 750–5 000 BCE)
4 Early Jōmon (5000–3520 BCE)
4.1 Early agriculture
5 Middle Jōmon (3520–2470 BCE)
6 Late and Final Jōmon (2470–500 BCE)
6.1 Main periods
6.2 Population decline
7 Foundation myths
8 Proposed origin
8.2 Genetics
11 Footnotes
Chronology[edit]
The approximately 14,000 year Jōmon period is conventionally divided into several phases: Incipient (13,750-8,500 years ago), Initial (8,500–5,000), Early (5,000–3,520), Middle (3,520–2,470), Late (2,470–1,250), and Final (1,250–500), with each phase progressively shorter than the feckin' prior phase.[14] The fact that this entire period is given the feckin' same name by archaeologists should not be taken to mean that there was not considerable regional and temporal diversity; the oul' time between the bleedin' earliest Jōmon pottery and that of the more well-known Middle Jōmon period is about twice as long as the feckin' span separatin' the bleedin' buildin' of the bleedin' Great Pyramid of Giza from the oul' 21st century.
Datin' of the bleedin' Jōmon sub-phases is based primarily upon ceramic typology, and to an oul' lesser extent radiocarbon datin'.
Recent findings have refined the feckin' final phase of the oul' Jōmon period to 1,000 BCE.[1][2][3] The Yayoi period started between 1,000 and 800 BCE accordin' to radio-carbon evidence.[15][16][17]
Pottery[edit]
Incipient Jōmon pottery (14th–8th millennium BCE) Tokyo National Museum, Japan
The earliest pottery in Japan was made at or before the bleedin' start of the Incipient Jōmon period. Sure this is it. Small fragments, dated to 14 500 BCE, were found at the oul' Odai Yamamoto I site in 1998. Whisht now and listen to this wan. Pottery of roughly the same age was subsequently found at other sites such as Kamikuroiwa and Fukui Cave.[18][19][20]
Archaeologist Junko Habu claims "[t]he majority of Japanese scholars believed, and still believe, that pottery production was first invented in mainland Asia and subsequently introduced into the feckin' Japanese archipelago."[20] This seems to be confirmed by recent archaeology. Whisht now and listen to this wan. As of now, the feckin' earliest pottery vessels in the bleedin' world date back to 20 000 BP and were discovered in Xianren Cave in Jiangxi, China.[21][22] The pottery may have been used as cookware.[21] Other early pottery vessels include those excavated from the feckin' Yuchanyan Cave in southern China, dated from 16 000 BCE,[23] and at present it appears that pottery emerged at roughly the bleedin' same time in Japan, and in the Amur River basin of the Russian Far East.[24][25]
The first Jōmon pottery is characterized by the feckin' cord-markin' that gives the bleedin' period its name and has now been found in large numbers of sites.[26] The pottery of the oul' period has been classified by archaeologists into some 70 styles, with many more local varieties of the feckin' styles.[4] The antiquity of Jōmon pottery was first identified after World War II, through radiocarbon datin' methods.[7][a] The earliest vessels were mostly smallish round-bottomed bowls 10–50 cm high that are assumed to have been used for boilin' food and, perhaps, storin' it beforehand. They belonged to hunter-gatherers and the size of the feckin' vessels may have been limited by a need for portability. Here's a quare one for ye. As later bowls increase in size, this is taken to be a bleedin' sign of an increasingly settled pattern of livin', that's fierce now what? These types continued to develop, with increasingly elaborate patterns of decoration, undulatin' rims, and flat bottoms so that they could stand on a surface.[27]
The manufacture of pottery typically implies some form of sedentary life because pottery is heavy, bulky, and fragile and thus generally unusable for hunter-gatherers. However, this does not seem to have been the feckin' case with the bleedin' first Jōmon people, who perhaps numbered 20 000 individuals over the bleedin' whole archipelago.[18] It seems that food sources were so abundant in the natural environment of the Japanese islands that it could support fairly large, semi-sedentary populations. The Jōmon people used chipped stone tools, ground stone tools, traps, and bows, and were evidently skillful coastal and deep-water fishermen.
Chronological ceramic typology[edit]
Incipient Jōmon (14 000–7 500 BCE)
Linear applique
Nail impression
Cord impression
Muroya lower
Initial Jōmon (7500–4000 BCE)
Igusa
Inaridai
Lower Tado
Upper Tado
Shiboguchi
Kayama
Incipient and Initial Jōmon (13 750–5 000 BCE)[edit]
Traces of Paleolithic culture, mainly stone tools, occur in Japan from around 30 000 BP onwards.[2] The earliest "Incipient Jōmon" phase began while Japan was still linked to continental Asia as an oul' narrow peninsula.[18] As the bleedin' glaciers melted followin' the bleedin' end of the feckin' last glacial period (approximately 12 000 BP), sea levels rose, separatin' the feckin' Japanese archipelago from the oul' Asian mainland; the feckin' closest point (in Kyushu) about 190 kilometres (120 mi) from the feckin' Korean Peninsula is near enough to be intermittently influenced by continental developments, but far enough removed for the oul' peoples of the Japanese islands to develop independently, grand so. In addition, Luzon, Taiwan, Ryukyu, and Kyushu constitute a bleedin' continuous chain of islands, connectin' the Jōmon with maritime Southeast Asia.
Within the archipelago, the feckin' vegetation was transformed by the end of the Ice Age, for the craic. In southwestern Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, broadleaf evergreen trees dominated the oul' forests, whereas broadleaf deciduous trees and conifers were common in northeastern Honshu and southern Hokkaido. Many native tree species, such as beeches, buckeyes, chestnuts, and oaks produced edible nuts and acorns, grand so. These provided substantial sources of food for both humans and animals.
In the oul' northeast, the bleedin' plentiful marine life carried south by the bleedin' Oyashio Current, especially salmon, was another major food source. Sufferin' Jaysus. Settlements along both the oul' Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean subsisted on immense amounts of shellfish, leavin' distinctive middens (mounds of discarded shells and other refuse) that are now prized sources of information for archaeologists. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. Other food sources meritin' special mention include Sika deer, wild boar (with possible wild-pig management[28]), wild plants such as yam-like tubers, and freshwater fish, you know yerself. Supported by the bleedin' highly productive deciduous forests and an abundance of seafood, the bleedin' population was concentrated in central and northern Honshu, but Jōmon sites range from Hokkaido to the Ryukyu Islands.
Early Jōmon (5000–3520 BCE)[edit]
Reconstructed buildings in the Sannai-Maruyama Site,[29] Aomori Prefecture
The Early Jōmon period saw an explosion in population, as indicated by the feckin' number of larger aggregated villages from this period.[14] This period occurred durin' the Holocene climatic optimum, when the local climate became warmer and more humid.[30]
Early agriculture[edit]
The degree to which horticulture or small-scale agriculture was practiced by Jōmon people is debated. The hunter-gatherer conceptualization of the bleedin' Jōmon period culture is part of scientific romanticized narratives.[28] There is evidence to suggest that arboriculture was practiced in the feckin' form of tendin' groves of lacquer (Toxicodendron verniciflua) and nut (Castanea crenata and Aesculus turbinata) producin' trees,[31][32] as well as soybean, bottle gourd, hemp, Perilla, adzuki, among others. Bejaysus. These characteristics place them somewhere in between huntin'-gatherin' and agriculture.[28]
An apparently domesticated variety of peach appeared very early at Jōmon sites in 6700–6400 BP (4700–4400 BCE).[33] This was already similar to modern cultivated forms. Soft oul' day. This domesticated type of peach was apparently brought into Japan from China. Nevertheless, in China, itself, this variety is currently attested only at a bleedin' later date of c. 5300–4300 BP.[33]
Middle Jōmon (3520–2470 BCE)[edit]
Highly ornate pottery dogū figurines and vessels, such as the feckin' so-called "flame style" vessels, and lacquered wood objects remain from that time, like. Although the ornamentation of pottery increased over time, the feckin' ceramic fabric always remained quite coarse. Arra' would ye listen to this. Durin' this time Magatama stone beads make a transition from bein' a common jewelry item found in homes into servin' as a grave good.[34] This is a bleedin' period where there are large burial mounds and monuments.[14]
This period saw a feckin' rise in complexity in the oul' design of pit-houses, the oul' most commonly used method of housin' at the bleedin' time,[35] with some even havin' stone paved floors.[36] A study in 2015 found that this form of dwellin' continued up until the feckin' Satsumon culture.[37] Usin' archaeological data on pollen count, this phase is the bleedin' warmest of all the bleedin' phases.[38] By the feckin' end of this phase the feckin' warm climate starts to enter a bleedin' coolin' trend.[14]
Late and Final Jōmon (2470–500 BCE)[edit]
After 1500 BCE, the bleedin' climate cooled enterin' a bleedin' stage of neoglaciation, and populations seem to have contracted dramatically.[14] Comparatively few archaeological sites can be found after 1500 BCE.
Castanea crenata becomes essential, not only as a feckin' nut bearin' tree, but also because it was extremely durable in wet conditions and became the oul' most used timber for buildin' houses durin' the oul' Late Jōmon phase.[39]
Durin' the Final Jōmon period, a holy shlow shift was takin' place in western Japan: steadily increasin' contact with the feckin' Korean Peninsula eventually led to the establishment of Korean-type settlements in western Kyushu, beginnin' around 900 BCE. The settlers brought with them new technologies such as wet rice farmin' and bronze and iron metallurgy, as well as new pottery styles similar to those of the feckin' Mumun pottery period. Soft oul' day. The settlements of these new arrivals seem to have coexisted with those of the feckin' Jōmon and Yayoi for around a thousand years.
Outside Hokkaido, the Final Jōmon is succeeded by a new farmin' culture, the oul' Yayoi (c, you know yourself like. 300 BCE – 300 CE), named after an archaeological site near Tokyo.[7]
Within Hokkaido, the feckin' Jōmon is succeeded by the Zoku-Jōmon (post-Jōmon) or Epi-Jōmon period, which is in turn succeeded by the Satsumon culture around the feckin' 7th century.
Main periods[edit]
Middle Jomon vessel
A jar with spirals. Chrisht Almighty. Final Jomon, Kamegaoka style
Middle Jōmon (3520–2470 BCE):
Katsusaka/Otamadai
Kasori E1
Late Jōmon (2470–1250 BCE):
Horinouchi
Kasori B2,
Angyo 1
Final Jōmon (1250–500 BCE):
Tohoku District
Oubora B
Oubora BC (Ōfunato, Iwate)
Oubora C1
Oubora A
Oubora A'
Kanto District
Angyo 2 (Kawaguchi, Saitama)
Population decline[edit]
At the bleedin' end of the oul' Jōmon period the oul' local population declined sharply. Scientists suggest that this was possibly caused because of food shortages and other environmental problems. Bejaysus. They concluded that not all Jōmon groups suffered under these circumstances but the bleedin' overall population declined.[40] Examinin' the feckin' remains of the people who lived throughout the oul' Jōmon period, there is evidence that these deaths were not inflicted by warfare or violence on an oul' large enough scale to cause these deaths.[41]
Foundation myths[edit]
The origin myths of Japanese civilization extend back to periods now regarded as part of the bleedin' Jōmon period, though they show little or no relation to the feckin' current archaeological understandin' of Jōmon culture. 11 February 660 BCE is the oul' traditional foundin' date of the oul' Japanese nation by Emperor Jimmu. This version of Japanese history, however, comes from the oul' country's first written records, the bleedin' Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, datin' from the 6th to the 8th centuries, after Japan had adopted Chinese characters (Go-on/Kan-on).[42]
Some elements of modern Japanese culture may date from this period and reflect the influences of a feckin' mingled migration from the oul' northern Asian continent and the feckin' southern Pacific areas and the Jōmon peoples. Among these elements are the bleedin' precursors to Shinto, some marriage customs, architectural styles, and technological developments such as lacquerware, laminated yumi, metalworkin', and glass makin'.
Proposed origin[edit]
Note that the oul' Jōmon people were not one homogeneous population but consisted of multiple heterogeneous ethnic groups which coexisted and or intermixed with each other until bein' largely replaced by the bleedin' Japonic Yayoi people.
Historical extent of the feckin' Ainu people
The relationship of Jōmon people to the oul' modern Japanese (Yamato people), Ryukyuans, and Ainu is diverse and not well clarified, grand so. Morphological studies of dental variation and genetic studies suggest that the Jōmon people were of southern origin, while other studies of bacteria suggest that the Jōmon people were of possible northern origin.[43][44] Accordin' to recent studies the contemporary Japanese people descended from a bleedin' mixture of the feckin' ancient hunter-gatherer Jōmon and the feckin' Yayoi rice agriculturalists, and these two major ancestral groups came to Japan over different routes at different times.[45][46][47][48][49][50] Recent studies however support a predominantly Yayoi ancestry for contemporary Japanese people.[51]
Migration route of paternal haplogroup C.
The Jōmon people were not one homogenous ethnic group, bedad. Accordin' to Mitsuru Sakitani the feckin' Jōmon people are an admixture of two distinct haplogroups: A more ancient group from Central Asia (carriers of Y chromosome D1a), that were present since more than 35 000 years in Japan and a more recent group from East Asia (carriers of Y chromosome type C1a) that migrated to Japan about 13 000 years ago.[52] Mark J, you know yerself. Hudson of Nishikyushu University posits that Japan was settled by a bleedin' proto-Mongoloid population in the oul' Pleistocene who became the bleedin' Jōmon, and that their features can be seen in the feckin' Ainu and Ryukyuan people.[19] The Jōmon share several physical characteristics, such as relatively abundant body hair, with Europeans, but they derive from a separate lineage than modern Europeans.[53]
Accordin' to Schmidt & Seguchi (2013)[54] the feckin' prehistoric Jōmon people descended from a feckin' paleolithic populations of Siberia (Altai mountains region). G'wan now and listen to this wan. Other cited scholars point out similarities between the Jōmon and various paleolithic and Bronze Age Siberians. There were likely multiple migrations into ancient Japan.[54]
A study by Lee and Hasegawa of the feckin' Waseda University, concluded that the Jōmon period population consisted largely of a distinctive Paleolithic population from Central Asia and an ancient Northeast Asian population (Okhotsk people), with both arrivin' at different times durin' the oul' Jōmon period in Japan, would ye believe it? Accordin' to them, the feckin' direct ancestors of the bleedin' later Ainu people formed from the oul' combination of these two distinct populations durin' the oul' Jōmon period in northern Hokkaido, long before the bleedin' arrival of contemporary Japanese people. From their the bleedin' ancestors of the Ainu-speakers expanded into large parts of Honshu and the Kurils. Right so. Lee and Hasegawa presented evidence that the oul' Ainu language originated from the oul' Northeast Asian/Okhotsk population, which established themselves in northern Hokkaido and had significant impact on the feckin' formation of the feckin' Jōmon culture and ethnicities. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. They further concluded that the bleedin' "dual structure theory" regardin' the feckin' population history of Japan must be revised and that the bleedin' Jōmon people had more diversity than originally suggested.[55]
Recent full genome analyses in 2020 by Boer et al, the cute hoor. 2020 and Yang et al. In fairness now. 2020, reveals some further information regardin' the oul' origin of the feckin' Jōmon peoples. C'mere til I tell ya. They were found to have largely formed from a Paleolithic Siberian/Central Asian population and an East Asian-related population.[56][57]
One study, published in the Cambridge University Press in 2020, suggests that the bleedin' Jōmon people were rather heterogeneous, and that there was also an "Altaic-like" pre-Yayoi population (close to modern Northeast Asians) in Jōmon period Japan, which established itself over the local hunter gatherers. This "Altaic-like" population migrated from Northeast Asia in about 6000BC, before the actual Yayoi migration. Jasus. The authors additionally note that Austronesian peoples were possibly present in southernmost Japan (Sakishima) before the oul' arrival of the Yayoi people.[58]
Genetics[edit]
Recent Y chromosome haplotype testin' has led to the hypothesis that male haplogroups D-M55 and C1a1, which have been found in different percentages of samples of modern Japanese, Ryukyuan, and Ainu population, may reflect patrilineal descent from members of pre-Jōmon and Jōmon period of the bleedin' Japanese Archipelago.[46] Analysis of the feckin' mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Jōmon skeletons from Hokkaido, Okinawa Island and Tōhoku region indicates that haplogroups N9b and M7a may reflect maternal Jōmon contribution to the feckin' modern Japanese mtDNA pool.[44][59][60][61][62] In another study of ancient DNA published by the same authors in 2011, both the control and codin' regions of mtDNA recovered from Jōmon skeletons excavated from the bleedin' northernmost island of Japan, Hokkaido, were analyzed in detail, and 54 mtDNA samples were confidently assigned to relevant haplogroups. Sufferin' Jaysus. Haplogroups N9b, D4h2, G1b, and M7a were observed in these individuals.[63] Accordin' to 2013 study, there was mtDNA sub-haplogroups inter-regional heterogeneity within the feckin' Jōmon people, specifically between studied Kantō, Hokkaido and Tōhoku Jōmon.[44] Accordin' to 2011 study all major East Asian mtDNA lineages expanded before 10,000 YBP, except for two Japanese lineages D4b2b1 and M7a1a which population expanded around 7000 YBP unequivocally durin' the feckin' Jōmon Period (14–2.3 kya), thousands of years before intensive agriculture which imply that the feckin' use of abundant uncultivated food resources was the feckin' reason for population expansion and not agriculture.[64]
A study about ancient Jomon aDNA from Sanganji shell mound in Tōhoku region in 2017, estimates that the bleedin' modern mainland Japanese population probably inherit less than 20% of their DNA from Jōmon peoples' genomes.[50] A genome research (Takahashi et al, be the hokey! 2019) shows that modern Japanese (Yamato) do not have much Jōmon ancestry at all. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. Nuclear genome analysis of Jōmon samples and modern Japanese samples show strong differences.[51] Another recent estimate (Gakuhari et al. C'mere til I tell ya now. 2019) suggests about 9.8% Jōmon ancestry in modern Japanese, and about 79.3% Jomon ancestry in the bleedin' Ainu people.[65][66][67] A study by Kanazawa-Kiriyama et al. Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. (2019) suggests 9–13% Jomon ancestry in the bleedin' modern Japanese and 27% in Ryukyuans (with the oul' remainder in both bein' from the feckin' Yayoi people) and about 66% Jomon ancestry in the bleedin' Ainu.[68]
Late Jomon clay statue, Kazahari I, Aomori Prefecture, 1500–1000 BCE.
Late Jomon clay head, Shidanai, Iwate Prefecture, 1500–1000 BCE.
A Middle Jomon jar, fair play. 2000 BCE.
Final Jomon jar, Kamegaoka style.
Clay statue, late Jomon period (1000–400 BCE), Tokyo National Museum
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^ Nishimura, Y. Bejaysus. (2018). Jaykers! The Evolution of Curved Beads (Magatama 勾玉/曲玉) in Jōmon Period Japan and the oul' Development of Individual Ownership. Asian Perspectives 57(1), 105-158. Stop the lights! doi:10.1353/asi.2018.0004.
^ "Early Jomon hamlet found", would ye swally that? The Japan Times, bejaysus. May 27, 1997.
^ Moriya, Toyohito (2015), like. "A Study of the bleedin' Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture" (PDF). Journal of the oul' Graduate School of Letters. Would ye believe this shite?10: 71–85. doi:10.14943/jgsl.10.71.
^ Moriya 2015.
^ Kusaka, Soichiro, Hyodo, Fujio, Yumoto, Takakazu, & Nakatsukasa, Masato. Arra' would ye listen to this. (2010). Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis on the bleedin' diet of Jomon populations from two coastal regions of Japan. Journal of archaeological science, 37(8), 1968–1977. LONDON: Elsevier BV.
^ Noshiro, Shuichi, & Sasaki, Yuka. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. (2014). Be the hokey here's a quare wan. Pre-agricultural management of plant resources durin' the feckin' Jomon period in Japan—a sophisticated subsistence system on plant resources. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Journal of archaeological science, 42(1), 93–106. Would ye swally this in a minute now?LONDON: Elsevier BV.
^ Ohashi, Jun; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Hitomi, Yuki; Sawai, Hiromi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Naka, Izumi; Watanabe, Yusuke (2019-06-17), Lord bless us and save us. "Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the feckin' Japanese population history in the oul' Jomon period". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8556. Stop the lights! Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8556W. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z. C'mere til I tell ya now. ISSN 2045-2322. Here's another quare one for ye. PMC 6572846. Here's another quare one for ye. PMID 31209235.
^ Nakao, Hisashi, Tamura, Kohei, Arimatsu, Yui, Nakagawa, Tomomi, Matsumoto, Naoko, & Matsugi, Takehiko. Jaykers! (2016). Violence in the bleedin' prehistoric period of Japan: the feckin' spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the feckin' Jomon period. Arra' would ye listen to this. Biology letters (2005), 12(3), 20160028, the shitehawk. Historical Article, LONDON: The Royal Society.
^ OKimori Takuya "日本の漢字1600年の歴史 (1600 years of history in Japanese Kanji)" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-10-23. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Out of Sunda by Jōmon Japanese". Story? Southeast Asia. Sure this is it. Scribd. Earth & Life Sciences, what? Retrieved 2017-07-05.
^ a b c Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Saso, Aiko; Suwa, Gen; Saitou, Naruya (2013). "Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jōmon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan". Anthropological Science, Lord bless us and save us. 121 (2): 89–103, be the hokey! doi:10.1537/ase.121113, for the craic. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ Hanihara, K. Here's another quare one. (1984). "Origins and affinities of Japanese viewed from cranial measurements". Acta Anthropogenetica, fair play. 8 (1–2): 149–158, fair play. PMID 6537211.
^ a b Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stonekin', Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). Jasus. "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. Soft oul' day. 51 (1): 47–58. C'mere til I tell yiz. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? PMID 16328082.
^ Rita Rasteiro; Lounès Chikhi (2009). "Revisitin' the peoplin' of Japan: An admixture perspective". Journal of Human Genetics, to be sure. 54 (6): 349–354. C'mere til I tell yiz. doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.39. Jasus. PMID 19424284.
^ He, Yungang; Wang, Wei R.; Xu, Shuhua; Jin, Li (2012), the shitehawk. "Paleolithic contingent in modern Japanese: Estimation and inference usin' genome-wide data". Scientific Reports. 2 (355): 47–58, be the hokey! Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.355H, the shitehawk. doi:10.1038/srep00355. PMC 3320058. Bejaysus. PMID 22482036.
^ Sato, Youichi; et al. Soft oul' day. (2014). Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. "Overview of genetic variation in the bleedin' Y chromosome of modern Japanese males". Whisht now and listen to this wan. Anthropological Science. 122 (3): 131–136. doi:10.1537/ase.140709.
^ a b Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Kryukov, Kirill; Jinam, Timothy A.; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Saso, Aiko; Suwa, Gen; et al. (February 2017). Sure this is it. "A partial nuclear genome of the bleedin' Jōmons who lived 3 000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics, so it is. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. Jaysis. PMC 5285490. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. PMID 27581845.
^ a b Nara, Takashi; Adachi, Noboru; Yoneda, Minoru; Hagihara, Yasuo; Saeki, Fumiko; Koibuchi, Ryoko; Takahashi, Ryohei (2019). C'mere til I tell ya. "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the bleedin' human skeletons excavated from the bleedin' Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan", Lord bless us and save us. Anthropological Science, you know yourself like. 127 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1537/ase.190307, bejaysus. ISSN 0918-7960.
^ 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』(勉誠出版 2009年)(in Japanese)
^ Koppel, Tom (June 2003). Lost World – Rewritin' Prehistory: How new science is tracin' America's ice-age mariners, so it is. Atria Books, begorrah. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, fair play. p. 389ff. ISBN 978-1-439-11800-9.
^ a b Schmidt, Ryan W.; Seguchi, Noriko (2014) [31 August 2013]. "Jōmon culture and the peoplin' of the bleedin' Japanese archipelago". Japanese Journal of Archaeology. 2 (1): 34–5, the hoor. ISSN 2187-9524.
^ Lee, Hasegawa, Sean, Toshikazu (April 2013). "Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time". In this paper, we reconstructed spatiotemporal evolution of 19 Ainu language varieties, and the results are in strong agreement with the feckin' hypothesis that a feckin' recent population expansion of the feckin' Okhotsk people played an oul' critical role in shapin' the bleedin' Ainu people and their culture, bedad. Together with the recent archaeological, biological and cultural evidence, our phylogeographic reconstruction of the bleedin' Ainu language strongly suggests that the bleedin' conventional dual-structure model must be refined to explain these new bodies of evidence. The case of the Ainu language origin we report here also contributes additional detail to the oul' global pattern of language evolution, and our language phylogeny might also provide a feckin' basis for makin' further inferences about the feckin' cultural dynamics of the feckin' Ainu speakers [44,45].
^ Yang, Melinda A.; Fan, Xuechun; Sun, Bo; Chen, Chungyu; Lang, Jianfeng; Ko, Yin'-Chin; Tsang, Cheng-hwa; Chiu, Hunglin; Wang, Tianyi; Bao, Qingchuan; Wu, Xiaohong (2020-07-17). "Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China", bejaysus. Science. Arra' would ye listen to this. 369 (6501): 282–288. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..282Y. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. doi:10.1126/science.aba0909. Here's another quare one. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32409524, the hoor. S2CID 218649510.
^ Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A.; Kawagoe, Aileen; Barnes, Gina L. G'wan now. (2020/ed), enda story. "Japan considered from the oul' hypothesis of farmer/language spread". Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.7. ISSN 2513-843X. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Driem, George van (2020/ed). "Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not". Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. Evolutionary Human Sciences, bedad. 2. G'wan now. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.14, would ye believe it? ISSN 2513-843X. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Masashi Tanaka; et al. Sure this is it. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the feckin' Peoplin' of Japan", the shitehawk. Genome Research, bedad. 14 (10a): 1832–1850, grand so. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304, bejaysus. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
^ Adachi, N.; Shinoda, K.; Umetsu, K.; Matsumura, H. (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the oul' Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the bleedin' origins of Native American". Stop the lights! American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Here's another quare one. 138 (3): 255–265, grand so. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20923, fair play. PMID 18951391.
^ Ken-ichi Shinoda; Tsuneo Kakuda; Naomi Doi (2012), the cute hoor. "Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in late Shell midden period skeletal remains excavated from two archaeological sites in Okinawa" (PDF). Would ye swally this in a minute now?Bulletin of the bleedin' National Museum of Nature and Science, Series D, the shitehawk. 38: 51–61, so it is. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ Ken-ichi Shinoda; Tsuneo Kakuda; Naomi Doi (2013). Bejaysus. "Ancient DNA Analyses of Human Skeletal Remains from the oul' Gusuku Period in the bleedin' Ryukyu Islands, Japan" (PDF). C'mere til I tell ya. Bulletin of the oul' National Museum of Nature and Science, Series D. Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. 39: 1–8. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ Adachi, N; Shinoda, K; Umetsu, K; Kitano, T; Matsumura, H; Fujiyama, R; Sawada, J; Tanaka, M (Nov 2011). Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Hokkaido Jōmon skeletons: remnants of archaic maternal lineages at the feckin' southwestern edge of former Beringia". Would ye swally this in a minute now?Am J Phys Anthropol. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. 146 (3): 346–60. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21561, game ball! PMID 21953438.
^ Hong-Xiang Zheng; Shi Yan; Zhen-Dong Qin; Yi Wang; Jin'-Ze Tan; Hui Li; Li Jin (2011), what? "Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes". PLOS ONE, the shitehawk. 6 (10): e25835. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625835Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. PMC 3188578, would ye swally that? PMID 21998705.
^ "'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery". Sufferin' Jaysus. NHK World – Japan News, like. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
^ Khan, Razib (2019-05-24). Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. "The Jomon contributed little to the bleedin' Japanese". Jaykers! Gene Expression, you know yerself. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
^ Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro (March 15, 2019) [2019], you know yerself. "Jomon genome sheds light on East Asian population history" (PDF). bioRxiv: 3–5. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the feckin' Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan - Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science 2018/2019en
Aikens, C, that's fierce now what? Melvin, and Takayasu Higuchi. Chrisht Almighty. (1982). Prehistory of Japan, you know yourself like. Studies in Archaeology. Here's a quare one. New York: Academic Press. (main text 337 pages; Jomon text 92 pages) ISBN 0-12-045280-4
Habu, Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan, game ball! Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77670-7.
Schirokauer, Conrad (2013), bejaysus. A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learnin'.
Silberman, Neil Asher (2012). Arra' would ye listen to this shite? The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Lord bless us and save us. New York: Oxford University Press.
Habu, Junko, "Subsistence-Settlement systems in intersite variability in the oul' Moroiso Phase of the bleedin' Early Jomon Period of Japan"
Hudson, Mark J., Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands, University of Hawai`i Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8248-2156-4
Imamura, Keiji, Prehistoric Japan, University of Hawai`i Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8248-1852-0
Kobayashi, Tatsuo. (2004). Right so. Jomon Reflections: Forager Life and Culture in the feckin' Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago. Jasus. Ed. Simon Kaner with Oki Nakamura. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Oxford, England: Oxbow Books. C'mere til I tell ya now. (main text 186 pages, all on Jomon) ISBN 978-1-84217-088-5
Koyama, Shuzo, and David Hurst Thomas (eds.), be the hokey! (1979). C'mere til I tell yiz. Affluent Foragers: Pacific Coasts East and West. Senri Ethnological Studies No. 9. Story? Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
Mason, Penelope E., with Donald Dinwiddie, History of Japanese art, 2nd edn 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-117602-1, 9780131176027
Michael, Henry N., "The Neolithic Age in Eastern Siberia." Henry N. Michael. Bejaysus. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., Vol. I hope yiz are all ears now. 48, No. 2 (1958), pp. 1–108, the hoor. (laminated bow from Korekawa, Aomori)
Mizoguchi, Koji, An Archaeological History of Japan: 10,000 B.C, would ye believe it? to A.D, bejaysus. 700, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8122-3651-3
Pearson, Richard J., Gina Lee Barnes, and Karl L, grand so. Hutterer (eds.). (1986). Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. Windows on the feckin' Japanese Past: Studies in Archaeology and Prehistory, game ball! Ann Arbor, Michigan: Center for Japanese Studies, The University of Michigan. Would ye believe this shite?(main text 496 pages; Jomon text 92 pages)
Temple, DH (2007). Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. "Stress and dietary variation among prehistoric Jomon foragers". Would ye swally this in a minute now?American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Would ye swally this in a minute now?133 (4): 1035–1046, like. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20645, you know yourself like. PMID 17554758.
Temple, DH (2008). Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. "What can stature variation reveal about environmental differences between prehistoric Jomon foragers? Understandin' the feckin' impact of developmental stress on environmental stability". American Journal of Human Biology, the shitehawk. 20 (4): 431–439. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20756. PMID 18348169. S2CID 8905568.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jōmon period.
BBC audio file (15 minutes). Jasus. Discussion of Jomon pots. In fairness now. A History of the feckin' World in 100 Objects.
Department of Asian Art, bedad. "Jomon Culture (ca, bejaysus. 10,500–ca, enda story. 300 B.C.)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2002)
Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan, the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties.
Memory of the oul' Jomon Period by The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
The Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan by the bleedin' Niigata Prefectural Museum of History
Chronologies of the feckin' Jomon Period
Jomon Culture by Professor Charles T Keally
Yayoi Culture by Professor Charles T Keally
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