Black-backed, Rufous-backed or Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher?
by BESG | posted in: Kingfishers | 5
In June 2007, Singapore photographers were travelling regularly to Johor, Malaysia to photograph a pair of rare resident kingfishers nesting in the Panti forest. These birds are identified as Rufous-backed Kingfisher (Ceyx rufidorsa) (below). However, comparing the images with that in Robson (2005), the birds from Panti show more black on the wings but not as much as in the Black-backed Kingfisher (Ceyx erithacus). This is also the case in Morten's (2000) photographic guide.
When shown a couple of the recent images from Johor, Morten commented: "…very dark wings, is that really a Johor bird? darkest resident bird I have ever seen… my pictures from that area have very orange wings…"
The above two guide books treat Rufous-backed and Black-backed as two distinct species. However, Lekagul & Round (1991) in their Birds of Thailand, consider them as a single species.
Now are the birds seen in Panti, Rufour-backed or Black-backed Kingfisher? In other words, are there two distinct species or are the two, variations of a single species? Ornithologists are beginning to agree that there is only one species, with a range of intermediate forms as a result of hybridisation of two subspecies, the black-back and the red-back forms.
Ripley & Beehler (1987) consider that there are two distinct species; while Sims (1959) as only one species.
The more recent publications have all accepted that there are only one species, Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher (Cyex erithacus), with subspecies – erithacus (black-back) and rufidorsa (red-back) (Wells, 1999; Wang & Hails, 2007).
In the treatment of kingfishers for the series Birds of the World, Woodall (2001) similarly treats these two groups as a single species. His justification is that there is widespread hybridisation in the populations in Borneo, Sumatra and south of Peninsular Malaysia, resulting in a wide range of intermediate forms. He believes that the original decision to distinguish two species originated from the population in north of Kuala Lumpur where there is little hybridiation, as the black-backed is migratory.
The evidence is clear that the black-backed and red-backed are just different forms of the same species, Ceyx erithacus or the Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher. In Borneo some 80% of specimens show intermediate characteristics to some degree or another (Sims, 1959). And the Panti birds similarly show intermediate characters.
Birders should call these birds Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher.
(Images Philip Tang)
Foo Sai Khoon has since sent in the image on the right and commented: "There were at least two pairs of Oriental Dwarf Kingfishers nesting in Panti this year. The feathers of kingfisher are rather special in that they can look slightly different under varying light conditions, due to the way they reflect light. I have enclosed an image of the Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher taken at Panti recently for your discussion.
"From my experience, flash tends to bring out the colour of kingfishers making them look more vibrant and perhaps less dark?
"Cheers, Sai Khoon."
Lekagul, B. & Round, P.D. (1991). A guide to the Birds of Thailand. Thailand: Saha Karn Bhaet Co. Ltd.
Morten, S. (2000). A photographic guide to the birds of Malaysia and Singapore. Hongkong: Periplus Ed.
Ripley, S.D. & Beehler, B.M. (1987). Species status of the Malaysian three-toed kingfishers (Ceyx) – a reassessment. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club. 107:145-51.
Robson, C. (2005). Birds of South-east Asia. London: New Holland.
Sims, R.W. (1959). The Ceyx erithacus and C. rufidorsus problem. J. Linn. Soc. (Zoology) xliv, 296:212-21.
Wang. L.K. & Hails, C. J. (2007) An annotated checklist of birds of Singapore. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. 15:1-179.
Wells, D.R. (1999). The birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsular. Vol. I, Non-passerines. Academic Press, London.
Woodall, P.F. (2001). Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers). Pp. 130-249 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds. (2001). Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 6. Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona: Lynx Editions.
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nick upton
16th July 2007 | Reply
Robson (2002) treats these as separate species, presumably because the Black-baked form is at least partially migratory whilst the rufous form is more sedentary.
Most authors, as you've pointed out, have grouped these as one species. No doubt at some point it will be fashionable to split them again. Perhaps if nest sites are known, feathers can be collected and the DNA of the two forms could be compared.
Robson, C. (2002). A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand.
anbu
if you could, please give me more information on Oriental Dwarf kingfisher, we have rescued an injured bird from the public, the bird is feeding well and active (wing is still injured, under medication now from vet's opinion) and would like to know more about its habits, life span, etc,.
Any related information would be of great help.
Please write to anbu@acres.org.sg
Head of Programmes
Acres Wildlife Rescue Centre
http://www.acres.org.sg
Tou Jing Yi
2nd November 2010 | Reply
In the most recent studies, the evidence has started to point back towards two different species rather than one.
The myth of hybridization is solved as it is found that the degree of black on the wings of the Rufous-backed Kingfishers are highly variable, could be of full rufous, to dark primaries (like these birds in Johor and also Sarawak) to fully dark bluish wings that resembles the Black-backed Kingfisher in Sabah (ssp. motleyi). However all of these have a consistent rufous mantle.
The Black-backed Kingfisher is strictly a migrant and is having a bluish-black mantle all the time and may not even had reached Borneo as a migrant or probably could reach there but must have been very rare.
The Rufous-backed Kingfishers probably kept a lot of suppressed genes on the darkness of the wings and had developed different degrees of darkness on the wing, but the race "motleyi" constantly have a bluish black ones. Due to this confusion being solved in Borneo, the original idea of both actually commonly hybridized had became invalid and the two distinct species status of the kingfishers should be retained. The Black-backed Kingfisher is sometimes still called Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher but the Rufous-backed Kingfisher must be named differently now.
There are a lot more splits that are on going in the region, especially those on island of Borneo had suddenly been found to be distinct from many of their close relatives in the SEA mainland.
Lindi Lim
Hi , I've picked up this bird at the taxi stand today.
Pls adv what is their daily diet
Diet – insects, worms and/or small fishes should be sufficient for the moment.