What is compression ? Sponges hold the answer
February 3, 2012 By Ian Shepherd
OK, enough is enough.
There are two kinds of audio compression, and they're not the same. But people get them confused all the time, and it's driving me nuts.
Today, it was Bob Stanley from St Etienne, being interviewed on Radio 4's PM programme. The discussion was prompted by Neil Young's recent claims that the sound of music today makes him angry. You can hear PM's discussion of this issue here, about 41 minutes in.
(Neil Young, by the way, made one of my favourite-sounding albums of last year.)
During this discussion though, they managed to completely mangle the distinctions between the two kinds of compression, and the whole 'analogue versus digital' debate, too.
They're not alone though, it happens all the time.
So in an attempt to clear the water, I'm going to explain the difference, using sponges.
So what IS compression ? And what's all this about sponges ?
Imagine you're holding a sponge.
Now squash it in your fist.
When you squash the sponge, it takes up less space. The more you squash it, the less like a sponge it looks. But when you release it it springs back again, unharmed.
You can do the same thing to audio – that's audio compression. Good old-fashioned audio compression, as has been widely used in pop music since the 60s at least – The Beatles started using it on Paul's bass around the time of "Paperback Writer" and from then onwards, for example.
Using a compressor on audio does the same thing as your fist does to the sponge – it squashes it into a smaller space, so it can be packed more densely. When you record a compressed audio signal it's like taking a photograph of the squashed sponge – the results become "locked in". If you squash it so much that it doesn't "look like a sponge" any more and then record it, you've dramatically changed the sound of the original audio.
This is known as dynamic range compression, and it's used to control very lively sounds (like the human voice, or a bass guitar) to reduce contrast – originally to make the most of the limited "headroom" on radio and vinyl, and often as a creative effect.
In the past this was all done with analogue electronics – valves and transistors – but nowadays you can get digital audio compressors that do the same thing. Musicians and sound engineers argue about whether digital compressors sound as good as analogue compressors, but they do the same job.
If you overdo compression, it often sounds bad – and modern digital compressors have enabled people to take that to a whole new level. But that's a whole other discussion…
Back to the sponges
Now get your sponge, and cut it up with scissors.
It no longer looks like sponge, right ?
BUT (and this is where the sponge analogy breaks down a little, I admit) if you had some magic "sponge glue", you could re-assemble the sponge to it's original self again, if you were careful about how you labelled the pieces in the first place.
Now of course there's no such thing as "magic sponge glue" in the real world – that would just be silly (!) – but in the digital world of computers, there absolutely is.
Once the sponge (or the music, are you still with me ?) is recorded as digital information, it can be chopped up, re-packed into half the original size, sent halfway round the world and re-assembled again – perfectly. No magic sponge glue is required – the reconstructed digital sponge is identical to the original digital sponge.
This what happens when you make a zip file of something before you email it.
It's called lossless data compression – "compression" because the original digital items data is re-packed into a smaller space, and "lossless" because nothing gets damaged along the way – but it's an entirely digital process, and it's nothing like dynamic range compression (sponge squashing) at all – either the analogue or the digital variety.
Here's where it gets really messy for the sponge
NOW imagine that instead of cutting the sponge up with scissors, you gouge it's heart out.
(Relax, sponge-fans, this is just a thought experiment ! No sponges were harmed during the writing of this post.)
Seriously – cut a small hole in the sponge and pick all the insides out, until you're left with only a thin outer shell. If you're careful, you'll end up with something that still looks like the original sponge. It's had it's heart ripped out, true – but it still looks OK.
The digital equivalent of this process is also known as data-compression – but it's different to the "chop-up-and-reassemble" variety, because at the end of the process, 90% of the original sponge is missing.
This is what happens when you make a jpeg or mp3 file, and it's called lossy data compression. "Compression" because again, it's been squashed into a (much) smaller space, and "lossy" because something has been lost – the 90%.
It's important to notice that the process is permanent – once the heart of the sponge is thrown away, you can't put it back. So, you need to be careful which bits of the sponge you pick out, and not to take too much away. In the same way, it's vital to make a good job of using lossy compression on your audio when encoding an mp3 file.
The chances are though, looking at the digital sponge after lossy compression, you won't spot the difference – in the same way that many people don't notice the quality lost in an mp3 encode.
What does all this have to do with Neil Young, Bob from St Etienne and the PM show ?
Both over-squashing a musical sponge, and gouging the heart out of it, damage the sponge.
In the same way, both over-compressing music when recording it, and mp3 encoding it, can spoil the music.
And both of these happen all the time, at the moment – music is hugely over-compressed in futile attempts to win the so-called Loudness War (hint – the only way to win is to not fight) – and most people listen to music that has been through lossy compression almost exclusively.
Digital TV uses lossy data-compression, digital radio uses it, mp3 files use it, the iTunes store uses it, Spotify uses it…
So, which type of compression is Neil Young talking about, when he complains that the sound of modern music makes him angry ? Well, both, actually – in different interviews ! He has complained about both over-compression and lossy data-compression – and he's right.
Digital technology has given us the possibility of recording audio to the standard of most professional studios in the 70s and 80s – on a laptop.
But it's far more commonly used to squeeze the life out it – using both over-compression (sponge-crushing) and poorly implemented data-compression (sponge-gouging). The result in both cases can be music that sounds no-where near as good as decent piece of vinyl. But for entirely different reasons.
Which is probably where Bob Stanley and Eddie Mair got themselves confused, to be honest.
If only they'd known they should have been talking about sponges, instead !
(If you enjoyed this post and would like find out how to set up an audio compressor using cushions, click here.)
Original image by alancleaver_2000
Filed Under: Blog Posts, Commentary, Non-tech
As a photographer, someone described file compression as screwing a piece of paper up, then flattening it out again. It looks the same, but you can see fold marks on it. Not sure how to use that with a compressor compressing though.
Jimm says
What a fine post!