Maintenance and Aftermarket 12
Diagnostics 6
Nozzles 5
Powertrains 3
Power and Propulsion 3
Computational fluid dynamics 3
Electric vehicles 2
Computer software and hardware 2
On-board energy sources 2
Vehicle performance 1
Safety testing and procedures 1
Risk assessments 1
Data management 1
Technical review 1
Microscopy 1
Polymers 1
Metals 1
Foams 1
Legislation 1
Ferrous metals 1
Erosion 1
Identification numbers 1
Identification 1
Optimization 1
Alan Kastengren 4
Andrew Swantek 3
Christopher F. Powell 3
Daniel Duke 3
Christopher Powell 2
Gina M. Magnotti 2
Alan L. Kastengren 1
Bassam J. Jody 1
Caroline L. Genzale 1
Curtis G. Adams 1
Daniel J. Duke 1
Daniel S. Dobrzynski 1
David P. Schmidt 1
Edward Daniels 1
Eric Rask 1
James R. LaFevers 1
Jan Ilavsky 1
Jason D. Harper 1
Jhoan Giraldo 1
Julien Manin 1
Kamel Fezzaa 1
Katarzyna E. Matusik 1
Larry Michaels 1
Lyle M. Pickett 1
Marco Arienti 1
Michael Juskiewicz 1
Michele Battistoni 1
Nicolas Sovis 1
Patrick V. Bonsignore 1
Pedro Marti-Aldaravi 1
Piotr Strek 1
Roberto Torelli 1
Shashi Aithal 1
Sibendu Som 1
Stefan Wild 1
Yuanjiang Pei 1
Zak Tilocco 1
Argonne National Laboratory 12
Sandia National Laboratories 2
Aramco Research Center - Detroit 1
Georgia Institute of Technology 1
Monash University 1
TARDEC 1
Universitat Politecnica de Valencia 1
University of Massachusetts 1
Argonne National Laboratory Maintenance and Aftermarket
Codes and Standards – Global Harmonization
Electric vehicle codes and standards play a key role in deployment of interoperable charging and communication infrastructure. Harmonization of those standards on a global basis, even though they are not identical, they need to be compatible. There are a comprehensive set of EV standards, even standards to ensure that the EV, EVSE, energy measurement and electric utility are compatible (SAE J2953). This presentation is a summary of the state of standards and some of the commercial deployment of equipment that meets these standards. Presenter Eric Rask, Argonne National Laboratory
Comparison of Near-Field Structure and Growth of a Diesel Spray Using Light-Based Optical Microscopy and X-Ray Radiography
A full understanding and characterization of the near-field of diesel sprays is daunting because the dense spray region inhibits most diagnostics. While x-ray diagnostics permit quantification of fuel mass along a line of sight, most laboratories necessarily use simple lighting to characterize the spray spreading angle, using it as an input for CFD modeling, for example. Questions arise as to what is meant by the "boundary" of the spray since liquid fuel concentration is not easily quantified in optical imaging. In this study we seek to establish a relationship between spray boundary obtained via optical diffused backlighting and the fuel concentration derived from tomographic reconstruction of x-ray radiography. Measurements are repeated in different facilities at the same specified operating conditions on the "Spray A" fuel injector of the Engine Combustion Network, which has a nozzle diameter of 90 μm.
Development and Implementation of SAE J2953 for AC Charging
The purpose of this paper is to outline the development and implementation of SAE J2953. SAE J2953 contains the requirements and procedures of interoperability testing. Within SAE J2953 interoperability test articles are defined as an Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) paired with a Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV). SAE J2953 requires the development and application of test fixtures with the ability to monitor mechanical forces and electrical signals of a charge system without modification or disassembly of the EVSE and PEV under test. Electrical signal monitoring includes pilot, proximity, and line conductors of the SAE J1772 TM AC coupler. This paper will outline the requirements of the fixtures as well as a specific build. Data will be presented showing full implementation of the SAE J2953 procedures including root-cause analysis and standards gap discovery.
Development of a Fast, Robust Numerical Tool for the Design, Optimization, and Control of IC Engines
This paper discusses the development of an integrated tool for the design, optimization, and real-time control of engines from a performance and emissions standpoint. Our objectives are threefold: (1) develop a tool that computes the engine performance and emissions on the order of a typical engine cycle (25-50 milliseconds); (2) enable the use of the tool for a wide variety of engine geometries, operating conditions, and fuels with minimal user changes; and (3) couple the engine module to an efficient optimization module to enable real-time control and optimization. The design tool consists of two coupled modules: an engine module and an optimization module.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Subcritical Near-Nozzle Spray Structure and Primary Atomization in the Engine Combustion Network Spray D
In order to improve understanding of the primary atomization process for diesel-like sprays, a collaborative experimental and computational study was focused on the near-nozzle spray structure for the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray D single-hole injector. These results were presented at the 5th Workshop of the ECN in Detroit, Michigan. Application of x-ray diagnostics to the Spray D standard cold condition enabled quantification of distributions of mass, phase interfacial area, and droplet size in the near-nozzle region from 0.1 to 14 mm from the nozzle exit. Using these data, several modeling frameworks, from Lagrangian-Eulerian to Eulerian-Eulerian and from Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) to Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), were assessed in their ability to capture and explain experimentally observed spray details. Due to its computational efficiency, the Lagrangian-Eulerian approach was able to provide spray predictions across a broad range of conditions.
Exploration of Cavitation-suppressing Orifice Designs for a Heavy-duty Diesel Injector Operating with Straight-Run Gasoline
The occurrence of cavitation inside injectors is generally undesirable since it can cause material erosion and result in deviations from the expected operating conditions and performance. Previous numerical work employing an injector geometry measured with x-ray diagnostics and operating with a high-volatility straight-run gasoline has shown that: (1) most of the cavitation is generally observed at low needle lifts, (2) needle motion is responsible for asymmetric structures in the internal flow as well as large pressure and velocity gradients that trigger phase transition at the orifice inlets, and (3) cavitation affects the injector discharge coefficient and distribution of injected fuel. To explore the potential for material damage within the injector orifices due to cavitation cloud collapse, the cavitation-induced erosion risk assessment (CIERA) tool has been applied for the first time to the realistic geometry of a heavy-duty injector using the CONVERGE software.
Integration of Vehicle Performance and Fuel Economy Software with Military Ground Vehicle Mission Assessment Tools
A simulation approach is defined that integrates a military mission assessment tool (One Semi-Automated Forces) with a commercial automotive control/energy consumption development tool (Autonomie). The objective is to enable vehicle energy utilization and fuel consumption impact assessments relative to US Army mission effectiveness and commercial drive cycles. The approach to this integration will be described, along with its potential to meet its objectives.
Quantification of Shot-to-Shot Variation in Single Hole Diesel Injectors
Recent advancements in x-ray radiography diagnostics for direct injection sprays at Argonne's Advanced Photon Source have allowed absorption measurements of individual spray events, in addition to ensemble-averaged measurements. These measurements offer insight into the shot-to-shot variation of these sprays in the near-nozzle, spray formation region. Three single hole diesel injectors are studied across various injection and ambient pressures, spanning 14 different conditions. We calculated two dimensional maps of the standard deviation in line of sight mass distribution between individual spray events. These illuminated the spatial and temporal extent of variability between spray events. Regions of large fluctuations were observed to move downstream during the initial spray period and reached a steady state location after this initial transient.
Recent Developments in X-ray Diagnostics for Cavitation
Cavitation plays an important role in fuel injection systems. It alters the nozzle's internal flow structure and discharge coefficient, and also contributes to injector wear. Quantitatively measuring and mapping the cavitation vapor distribution in a fuel injector is difficult, as cavitation occurs on very short time and length scales. Optical measurements of transparent model nozzles can indicate the morphology of large-scale cavitation, but are generally limited by the substantial amount of scattering that occurs between vapor and liquid phases. These limitations can be overcome with x-ray diagnostics, as x-rays refract, scatter and absorb much more weakly from phase interfaces. Here, we present an overview of some recent developments in quantitative x-ray diagnostics for cavitating flows. Measurements were conducted at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, using a submerged plastic test nozzle.
Separation Techniques for Auto Shredder Residue
Disposal of automobile shredder residue (ASR), remaining from the reclamation of steel from junked automobiles, promises to be an increasing environmental and economic concern. Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is investigating alternative technology for recovering value from ASR while also, it is hoped, lessening landfill disposal concerns. Of the ASR total, some 20% by weight consists of plastics. Preliminary work at ANL is being directed toward developing a protocol, both mechanical and chemical (solvent dissolution), to separate and recover polyurethane foam and the major thermoplastic fraction from ASR. Feasibility has been demonstrated in laboratory-size equipment.
Some Effects of Legislation on Equipment Needs in the Reclamation of Surface Mined Land in the Midwest
In the past, there was little need for changes in machinery design specifically for surface mining. However, the requirements imposed by land reclamation legislation since the 1940s present problems that cannot be handled readily by conventional equipment. For the long run, new types of equipment should be considered. In the meantime, research efforts should be devoted to redesigning, enlarging, or modifying existing equipment.
X-Ray Radiography and CFD Studies of the Spray G Injector
The salient features of modern gasoline direct injection include cavitation, flash boiling, and plume/plume interaction, depending on the operating conditions. These complex phenomena make the prediction of the spray behavior particularly difficult. The present investigation combines mass-based experimental diagnostics with an advanced, in-house modeling capability in order to provide a multi-faceted study of the Engine Combustion Network's Spray G injector. First, x-ray tomography is used to distinguish the actual injector geometry from the nominal geometry used in past works. The actual geometry is used as the basis of multidimensional CFD simulations which are compared to x-ray radiography measurements for validation under cold conditions. The influence of nozzle diameter and corner radius are of particular interest. Next, the model is used to simulate flash-boiling conditions, in order to understand how the cold flow behavior corresponds to flashing performance.