The other finding of this research was even more alarming: the primary risk factor was not the load but rather the duration of the load. The implication of this is concerning given we spend an average of 2.8 hours a day using our mobile device.
In addition to the ligamentous deformation, muscle adaptations occur resulting in the 'Upper Cross Syndrome' as described by Janda. The UCS is characterized by tightness of the upper trapezius, levator scapula and pectoral muscles along with weakness of the deep cervical flexors and middle to lower trapezius muscles.
As these postural changes occur with the neck and upper body, our lower body becomes susceptible to adaptions as well. These include weakened back muscles as evident in a study by Sanches-Zuriaga that found a decrease in low back muscle activation after soft tissue creep, suggesting that prolonged or repeated flexion could increase the risk of injury. (6) These findings support the fact that prolonged sitting should be interrupted with breaks in order to decrease this risk along with exercise intervention.
For the purpose of this article the focus will be on the Active Subsystem (spinal muscles) as describe by Panjabi's in his spinal stability system model. The following 5 exercises can be used for most patients requiring minimal time and no equipment. They will not only help with preventing the above-described deformation and adaptation risks, but also encourage patients to stand up regularly and perform mini exercise breaks throughout the day.
We will start with the forward head posture as described by Harman and colleagues who found that this position is associated with weakness of the deep cervical flexor and mid thoracic scapular retraction muscles. (7) Additionally, shortening of the opposing cervical extensors and pectoral muscles were also noted. A combination of strengthening exercises for the deep cervical flexors and scapular retraction muscles coupled with stretching of the cervical extensor and pectoral muscles was performed for 10 weeks. The findings of the study demonstrated that a short, home-based targeted exercise program can improve the postural alignment related to forward head posture.
Begin seated, or standing, looking forward with shoulders back with good neutral posture. Activate core muscles. Attempt to draw head directly backwards. Maintain level head position. Do not tilt head up or down. Hold for two seconds. Return to start position. Beginners should start with 3 sets of 10 repetitions.
Begin standing in good posture. Shoulders should be back and head up. Bend elbows to 90 degrees and keep elbows near sides. While maintaining good posture, draw shoulders back squeezing shoulder blades together. A stretch may be felt in chest and front of shoulder. Do not allow shoulders to raise upward. Hold for 5-10 seconds. Beginners should start with 3 sets of 5 repetitions.
Place forearm on wall, or doorway, with elbow bent at 90 degrees. Elbows should be slightly below shoulder level. While maintaining forearm contact, lean body into doorway until gentle stretch is felt in the chest and shoulder. Hold for 20-30 seconds. Beginners should start with 3 repetitions.
As described earlier, prolonged sitting and its effect on posture is not limited to the upper body alone but also affects the lower body. Tightness of the hip flexors along with an inhibition of the extensor muscles can lead to an aberrant motor pattern know as "gluteal amnesia" according to McGill. (8) He recommends exercises to enhance gluteal muscle function to unload the back in additional hip flexor mobility with specific psoas muscle targeting.
Begin standing in front of a chair about 18 inches away. Place one foot flat on the chair seat. Slowly allow hips to glide forward slightly until a gentle stretch is felt in front of straight leg. Hold for 20-30 seconds. Beginners should aim for 3 sets each on each side.
Begin lying on floor, facing up. Bend knees so feet are firmly on floor with arms extended to sides. Activate core muscles. Lift hips off floor to attain a bridge position with knees, hips and shoulders in alignment. Slowly return to start position. Repeat for prescribed repetitions and sets. Initially, you may develop some cramping in the back of your thighs. A simple hamstring stretch, before and after, may prevent this from occurring. Beginners should aim for 3 sets.
All of the above displayed exercises are easy to execute and include minimal risks if performed as prescribed. Most important here is the regular execution and mid- to long-term adherence to the program. A calendar that reminds patients of the exercises and allows them to check off performed sets and reps could be a nice motivation for them and helps you track their compliance.
(1) Lennon et al. (1994). Posture and Respiratory Modulation of Autonomic Function, Pain, and Health. American Journal of Pain Management. 4 (36-39).
(2) Kado et al. (2004). Hyper­kyphotic Posture Predicts Mortality in Older Community Dwelling Men and Women: A Prospective Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Volume 52 (10) 1662.
(3) Bosomworth, D. Mobile Marketing Statistics 2015. Available online.
(4) Hansraj, K. (2014). Assessment of Stresses in the Cervical Spine Caused by Posture and Position of the Head. Surg Technol Int. Nov;25:277-9.
(5) Jam, B. (2005). The Neurophysiological Effects of the Creep Phenomenon and its Relation to Mechanical Low Back Pain.
(6) Sanchez-Zuriaga, D. (2010). Is Activation of the Back Muscles Impaired by Creep or Muscle Fatigue? Spine. Vol 35, (5) 517–525.
(7) Harman, K. (2005). Effectiveness of an Exercise Program to Improve Forward Head Posture in Normal Adults: A Randomized, Controlled 10-Week Trial. The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. Vol. 13 (3) 263-176.
(8) McGill, S. (2010). Core Training: Evidence Translating to Better Performance and Injury Prevention. Strength and Conditioning Journal. Vol. 32 (3) 33-46.
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