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A Q-Learning example

To better understand Q-Learning, let’s take a simple example:

- You’re a mouse in this tiny maze. You always start at the same starting point.
- The goal is to eat the big pile of cheese at the bottom right-hand corner and avoid the poison. After all, who doesn’t like cheese?
- The episode ends if we eat the poison, eat the big pile of cheese, or if we take more than five steps.
- The learning rate is 0.1
- The discount rate (gamma) is 0.99

The reward function goes like this:

- +0: Going to a state with no cheese in it.
- +1: Going to a state with a small cheese in it.
- +10: Going to the state with the big pile of cheese.
- -10: Going to the state with the poison and thus dying.
- +0 If we take more than five steps.

To train our agent to have an optimal policy (so a policy that goes right, right, down), we will use the Q-Learning algorithm.

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Step 1: Initialize the Q-table

So, for now, our Q-table is useless; we need to train our Q-function using the Q-Learning algorithm.

Let’s do it for 2 training timesteps:

Training timestep 1:

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Step 2: Choose an action using the Epsilon Greedy Strategy

Because epsilon is big (= 1.0), I take a random action. In this case, I go right.

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Step 3: Perform action At, get Rt+1 and St+1

By going right, I get a small cheese, so R t+1=1 R_{t+1} = 1 R t+1​=1 and I’m in a new state.

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Step 4: Update Q(St, At)

We can now update Q(S t,A t)Q(S_t, A_t)Q(S t​,A t​) using our formula.

Training timestep 2:

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Step 2: Choose an action using the Epsilon Greedy Strategy

I take a random action again, since epsilon=0.99 is big. (Notice we decay epsilon a little bit because, as the training progress, we want less and less exploration).

I took the action ‘down’. This is not a good action since it leads me to the poison.

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Step 3: Perform action At, get Rt+1 and St+1

Because I ate poison, I get R t+1=−10 R_{t+1} = -10 R t+1​=−10, and I die.

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Step 4: Update Q(St, At)

Because we’re dead, we start a new episode. But what we see here is that, with two explorations steps, my agent became smarter.

As we continue exploring and exploiting the environment and updating Q-values using the TD target, the Q-table will give us a better and better approximation. At the end of the training, we’ll get an estimate of the optimal Q-function.