#
Debugging

##
Multi-GPU Network Issues Debug

When training or inferencing with `DistributedDataParallel` and multiple GPU, if you run into issue of inter-communication between processes and/or nodes, you can use the following script to diagnose network issues.

    wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/huggingface/transformers/main/scripts/distributed/torch-distributed-gpu-test.py

For example to test how 2 GPUs interact do:

    python -m torch.distributed.run --nproc_per_node 2 --nnodes 1 torch-distributed-gpu-test.py

If both processes can talk to each and allocate GPU memory each will print an OK status.

For more GPUs or nodes adjust the arguments in the script.

You will find a lot more details inside the diagnostics script and even a recipe to how you could run it in a SLURM environment.

An additional level of debug is to add `NCCL_DEBUG=INFO` environment variable as follows:

    NCCL_DEBUG=INFO python -m torch.distributed.run --nproc_per_node 2 --nnodes 1 torch-distributed-gpu-test.py

This will dump a lot of NCCL-related debug information, which you can then search online if you find that some problems are reported. Or if you’re not sure how to interpret the output you can share the log file in an Issue.

##
Underflow and Overflow Detection

This feature is currently available for PyTorch-only.

For multi-GPU training it requires DDP (`torch.distributed.launch`).

This feature can be used with any `nn.Module`-based model.

If you start getting `loss=NaN` or the model inhibits some other abnormal behavior due to `inf` or `nan` in activations or weights one needs to discover where the first underflow or overflow happens and what led to it. Luckily you can accomplish that easily by activating a special module that will do the detection automatically.

If you’re using Trainer, you just need to add:

    --debug underflow_overflow

to the normal command line arguments, or pass `debug="underflow_overflow"` when creating the TrainingArguments object.

If you’re using your own training loop or another Trainer you can accomplish the same with:

    from transformers.debug_utils import DebugUnderflowOverflow

    debug_overflow = DebugUnderflowOverflow(model)

DebugUnderflowOverflow inserts hooks into the model that immediately after each forward call will test input and output variables and also the corresponding module’s weights. As soon as `inf` or `nan` is detected in at least one element of the activations or weights, the program will assert and print a report like this (this was caught with `google/mt5-small` under fp16 mixed precision):

    Detected inf/nan during batch_number=0
    Last 21 forward frames:
    abs min  abs max  metadata
                      encoder.block.1.layer.1.DenseReluDense.dropout Dropout
    0.00e+00 2.57e+02 input[0]
    0.00e+00 2.85e+02 output
    [...]
                      encoder.block.2.layer.0 T5LayerSelfAttention
    6.78e-04 3.15e+03 input[0]
    2.65e-04 3.42e+03 output[0]
                 None output[1]
    2.25e-01 1.00e+04 output[2]
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.layer_norm T5LayerNorm
    8.69e-02 4.18e-01 weight
    2.65e-04 3.42e+03 input[0]
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense.wi_0 Linear
    2.17e-07 4.50e+00 weight
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 input[0]
    2.68e-06 3.70e+01 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense.wi_1 Linear
    8.08e-07 2.66e+01 weight
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 input[0]
    1.27e-04 2.37e+02 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense.dropout Dropout
    0.00e+00 8.76e+03 input[0]
    0.00e+00 9.74e+03 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense.wo Linear
    1.01e-06 6.44e+00 weight
    0.00e+00 9.74e+03 input[0]
    3.18e-04 6.27e+04 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense T5DenseGatedGeluDense
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 input[0]
    3.18e-04 6.27e+04 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.dropout Dropout
    3.18e-04 6.27e+04 input[0]
    0.00e+00      inf output

The example output has been trimmed in the middle for brevity.

The second column shows the value of the absolute largest element, so if you have a closer look at the last few frames, the inputs and outputs were in the range of `1e4`. So when this training was done under fp16 mixed precision the very last step overflowed (since under `fp16` the largest number before `inf` is `64e3`). To avoid overflows under `fp16` the activations must remain way below `1e4`, because `1e4 * 1e4 = 1e8` so any matrix multiplication with large activations is going to lead to a numerical overflow condition.

At the very start of the trace you can discover at which batch number the problem occurred (here `Detected inf/nan during batch_number=0` means the problem occurred on the first batch).

Each reported frame starts by declaring the fully qualified entry for the corresponding module this frame is reporting for. If we look just at this frame:

                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.layer_norm T5LayerNorm
    8.69e-02 4.18e-01 weight
    2.65e-04 3.42e+03 input[0]
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 output

Here, `encoder.block.2.layer.1.layer_norm` indicates that it was a layer norm for the first layer, of the second block of the encoder. And the specific calls of the `forward` is `T5LayerNorm`.

Let’s look at the last few frames of that report:

    Detected inf/nan during batch_number=0
    Last 21 forward frames:
    abs min  abs max  metadata
    [...]
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense.wi_0 Linear
    2.17e-07 4.50e+00 weight
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 input[0]
    2.68e-06 3.70e+01 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense.wi_1 Linear
    8.08e-07 2.66e+01 weight
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 input[0]
    1.27e-04 2.37e+02 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense.wo Linear
    1.01e-06 6.44e+00 weight
    0.00e+00 9.74e+03 input[0]
    3.18e-04 6.27e+04 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.DenseReluDense T5DenseGatedGeluDense
    1.79e-06 4.65e+00 input[0]
    3.18e-04 6.27e+04 output
                      encoder.block.2.layer.1.dropout Dropout
    3.18e-04 6.27e+04 input[0]
    0.00e+00      inf output

The last frame reports for `Dropout.forward` function with the first entry for the only input and the second for the only output. You can see that it was called from an attribute `dropout` inside `DenseReluDense` class. We can see that it happened during the first layer, of the 2nd block, during the very first batch. Finally, the absolute largest input elements was `6.27e+04` and same for the output was `inf`.

You can see here, that `T5DenseGatedGeluDense.forward` resulted in output activations, whose absolute max value was around 62.7K, which is very close to fp16’s top limit of 64K. In the next frame we have `Dropout` which renormalizes the weights, after it zeroed some of the elements, which pushes the absolute max value to more than 64K, and we get an overflow (`inf`).

As you can see it’s the previous frames that we need to look into when the numbers start going into very large for fp16 numbers.

Let’s match the report to the code from `models/t5/modeling_t5.py`:

    class T5DenseGatedGeluDense(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, config):
            super().__init__()
            self.wi_0 = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.d_ff, bias=False)
            self.wi_1 = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.d_ff, bias=False)
            self.wo = nn.Linear(config.d_ff, config.d_model, bias=False)
            self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.dropout_rate)
            self.gelu_act = ACT2FN["gelu_new"]

        def forward(self, hidden_states):
            hidden_gelu = self.gelu_act(self.wi_0(hidden_states))
            hidden_linear = self.wi_1(hidden_states)
            hidden_states = hidden_gelu * hidden_linear
            hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states)
            hidden_states = self.wo(hidden_states)
            return hidden_states

Now it’s easy to see the `dropout` call, and all the previous calls as well.

Since the detection is happening in a forward hook, these reports are printed immediately after each `forward` returns.

Going back to the full report, to act on it and to fix the problem, we need to go a few frames up where the numbers started to go up and most likely switch to the `fp32` mode here, so that the numbers don’t overflow when multiplied or summed up. Of course, there might be other solutions. For example, we could turn off `amp` temporarily if it’s enabled, after moving the original `forward` into a helper wrapper, like so:

    def _forward(self, hidden_states):
        hidden_gelu = self.gelu_act(self.wi_0(hidden_states))
        hidden_linear = self.wi_1(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = hidden_gelu * hidden_linear
        hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.wo(hidden_states)
        return hidden_states

    import torch

    def forward(self, hidden_states):
        if torch.is_autocast_enabled():
            with torch.cuda.amp.autocast(enabled=False):
                return self._forward(hidden_states)
        else:
            return self._forward(hidden_states)

Since the automatic detector only reports on inputs and outputs of full frames, once you know where to look, you may want to analyse the intermediary stages of any specific `forward` function as well. In such a case you can use the `detect_overflow` helper function to inject the detector where you want it, for example:

    from debug_utils import detect_overflow

    class T5LayerFF(nn.Module):
        [...]

        def forward(self, hidden_states):
            forwarded_states = self.layer_norm(hidden_states)
            detect_overflow(forwarded_states, "after layer_norm")
            forwarded_states = self.DenseReluDense(forwarded_states)
            detect_overflow(forwarded_states, "after DenseReluDense")
            return hidden_states + self.dropout(forwarded_states)

You can see that we added 2 of these and now we track if `inf` or `nan` for `forwarded_states` was detected somewhere in between.

Actually, the detector already reports these because each of the calls in the example above is a `nn.Module`, but let’s say if you had some local direct calculations this is how you’d do that.

Additionally, if you’re instantiating the debugger in your own code, you can adjust the number of frames printed from its default, e.g.:

    from transformers.debug_utils import DebugUnderflowOverflow

    debug_overflow = DebugUnderflowOverflow(model, max_frames_to_save=100)

###
Specific batch absolute min and max value tracing

The same debugging class can be used for per-batch tracing with the underflow/overflow detection feature turned off.

Let’s say you want to watch the absolute min and max values for all the ingredients of each `forward` call of a given batch, and only do that for batches 1 and 3. Then you instantiate this class as:

    debug_overflow = DebugUnderflowOverflow(model, trace_batch_nums=[1, 3])

And now full batches 1 and 3 will be traced using the same format as the underflow/overflow detector does.

Batches are 0-indexed.

This is helpful if you know that the program starts misbehaving after a certain batch number, so you can fast-forward right to that area. Here is a sample truncated output for such configuration:

                      *** Starting batch number=1 ***
    abs min  abs max  metadata
                      shared Embedding
    1.01e-06 7.92e+02 weight
    0.00e+00 2.47e+04 input[0]
    5.36e-05 7.92e+02 output
    [...]
                      decoder.dropout Dropout
    1.60e-07 2.27e+01 input[0]
    0.00e+00 2.52e+01 output
                      decoder T5Stack
         not a tensor output
                      lm_head Linear
    1.01e-06 7.92e+02 weight
    0.00e+00 1.11e+00 input[0]
    6.06e-02 8.39e+01 output
                       T5ForConditionalGeneration
         not a tensor output

                      *** Starting batch number=3 ***
    abs min  abs max  metadata
                      shared Embedding
    1.01e-06 7.92e+02 weight
    0.00e+00 2.78e+04 input[0]
    5.36e-05 7.92e+02 output
    [...]

Here you will get a huge number of frames dumped - as many as there were forward calls in your model, so it may or may not what you want, but sometimes it can be easier to use for debugging purposes than a normal debugger. For example, if a problem starts happening at batch number 150. So you can dump traces for batches 149 and 150 and compare where numbers started to diverge.

You can also specify the batch number after which to stop the training, with:

    debug_overflow = DebugUnderflowOverflow(model, trace_batch_nums=[1, 3], abort_after_batch_num=3)