#
OPT

##
Overview

The OPT model was proposed in Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models by Meta AI. OPT is a series of open-sourced large causal language models which perform similar in performance to GPT3.

The abstract from the paper is the following:

Large language models, which are often trained for hundreds of thousands of compute days, have shown remarkable capabilities for zero- and few-shot learning. Given their computational cost, these models are difficult to replicate without significant capital. For the few that are available through APIs, no access is granted to the full model weights, making them difficult to study. We present Open Pre-trained Transformers (OPT), a suite of decoder-only pre-trained transformers ranging from 125M to 175B parameters, which we aim to fully and responsibly share with interested researchers. We show that OPT-175B is comparable to GPT-3, while requiring only 1/7th the carbon footprint to develop. We are also releasing our logbook detailing the infrastructure challenges we faced, along with code for experimenting with all of the released models.

Tips:

- OPT has the same architecture as `BartDecoder`.
- Contrary to GPT2, OPT adds the EOS token `</s>` to the beginning of every prompt.

This model was contributed by Arthur Zucker, Younes Belkada, and Patrick Von Platen. The original code can be found here.

##
Resources

A list of official Hugging Face and community (indicated by 🌎) resources to help you get started with OPT. If you’re interested in submitting a resource to be included here, please feel free to open a Pull Request and we will review it. The resource should ideally demonstrate something new instead of duplicating an existing resource.

Text Generation

- A notebook on fine-tuning OPT with PEFT, bitsandbytes, and Transformers. 🌎
- A blog post on decoding strategies with OPT.
- Causal language modeling chapter of the 🤗 Hugging Face Course.
- OPTForCausalLM is supported by this causal language modeling example script and notebook.
- TFOPTForCausalLM is supported by this causal language modeling example script and notebook.
- FlaxOPTForCausalLM is supported by this causal language modeling example script.

Text Classification

- Text classification task guide
- OPTForSequenceClassification is supported by this example script and notebook.

Question Answering

- OPTForQuestionAnswering is supported by this question answering example script and notebook.
- Question answering chapter of the 🤗 Hugging Face Course.

⚡️ Inference

- A blog post on How 🤗 Accelerate runs very large models thanks to PyTorch with OPT.

##
OPTConfig

###
class transformers.OPTConfig

< source >

( vocab_size = 50272 hidden_size = 768 num_hidden_layers = 12 ffn_dim = 3072 max_position_embeddings = 2048 do_layer_norm_before = True _remove_final_layer_norm = False word_embed_proj_dim = None dropout = 0.1 attention_dropout = 0.0 num_attention_heads = 12 activation_function = 'relu' layerdrop = 0.0 init_std = 0.02 use_cache = True pad_token_id = 1 bos_token_id = 2 eos_token_id = 2 enable_bias = True layer_norm_elementwise_affine = True **kwargs )

Parameters

- vocab_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 50272) — Vocabulary size of the OPT model. Defines the number of different tokens that can be represented by the `inputs_ids` passed when calling OPTModel
- hidden_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 768) — Dimensionality of the layers and the pooler layer.
- num_hidden_layers (`int`, optional, defaults to 12) — Number of decoder layers.
- ffn_dim (`int`, optional, defaults to 3072) — Dimensionality of the “intermediate” (often named feed-forward) layer in decoder.
- num_attention_heads (`int`, optional, defaults to 12) — Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer decoder.
- activation_function (`str` or `function`, optional, defaults to `"relu"`) — The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, `"relu"`, `"silu"` and `"gelu_new"` are supported.
- max_position_embeddings (`int`, optional, defaults to 2048) — The maximum sequence length that this model might ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048).
- do_layer_norm_before (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether to perform layer normalization before the attention block.
- word_embed_proj_dim (`int`, optional) — `word_embed_proj_dim` can be set to down-project word embeddings, e.g. `opt-350m`. Defaults to `hidden_size`.
- dropout (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.1) — The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler.
- attention_dropout (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities.
- layerdrop (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The LayerDrop probability. See the [LayerDrop paper](see https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11556) for more details.
- init_std (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.02) — The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not the model should return the last key/values attentions (not used by all models).
- enable_bias (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not if the linear layers in the attention blocks should use the bias term.
- layer_norm_elementwise_affine (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not if the layer norms should have learnable parameters.

This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a OPTModel. It is used to instantiate a OPT model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the OPT facebook/opt-350m architecture.

Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import OPTConfig, OPTModel

    >>> # Initializing a OPT facebook/opt-large style configuration
    >>> configuration = OPTConfig()

    >>> # Initializing a model (with random weights) from the facebook/opt-large style configuration
    >>> model = OPTModel(configuration)

    >>> # Accessing the model configuration
    >>> configuration = model.config

##
OPTModel

###
class transformers.OPTModel

< source >

( config: OPTConfig )

Parameters

- config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The bare OPT Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top. This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: LongTensor = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  If `past_key_values` is used, optionally only the last `decoder_input_ids` have to be input (see `past_key_values`).

  If you want to change padding behavior, you should read `modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask` and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in the paper for more information on the default strategy.

- head_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- last_hidden_state (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.

  If `past_key_values` is used only the last hidden-state of the sequences of shape `(batch_size, 1, hidden_size)` is output.

- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and optionally if `config.is_encoder_decoder=True` 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and optionally if `config.is_encoder_decoder=True` in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The OPTModel forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTModel
    >>> import torch

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
    >>> model = OPTModel.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
    >>> outputs = model(**inputs)

    >>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state

##
OPTForCausalLM

###
class transformers.OPTForCausalLM

< source >

( config )

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: LongTensor = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- head_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(num_hidden_layers, num_attention_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`. The two additional tensors are only required when the model is used as a decoder in a Sequence to Sequence model.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Labels for computing the masked language modeling loss. Indices should either be in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]` or -100 (see `input_ids` docstring). Tokens with indices set to `-100` are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]`.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)`) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).

- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`)

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForCausalLM

    >>> model = OPTForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> prompt = "Hey, are you conscious? Can you talk to me?"
    >>> inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt")

    >>> # Generate
    >>> generate_ids = model.generate(inputs.input_ids, max_length=30)
    >>> tokenizer.batch_decode(generate_ids, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False)[0]
    "Hey, are you conscious? Can you talk to me?\nI'm not conscious. I'm just a little bit of a weirdo."

##
TFOPTModel

###
class transformers.TFOPTModel

< source >

( *args **kwargs )

Parameters

- config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The bare TF OPT Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top. This model inherits from TFPreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a tf.keras.Model subclass. Use it as a regular TF 2.0 Keras Model and refer to the TF 2.0 documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

TensorFlow models and layers in `transformers` accept two formats as input:

- having all inputs as keyword arguments (like PyTorch models), or
- having all inputs as a list, tuple or dict in the first positional argument.

The reason the second format is supported is that Keras methods prefer this format when passing inputs to models and layers. Because of this support, when using methods like `model.fit()` things should “just work” for you - just pass your inputs and labels in any format that `model.fit()` supports! If, however, you want to use the second format outside of Keras methods like `fit()` and `predict()`, such as when creating your own layers or models with the Keras `Functional` API, there are three possibilities you can use to gather all the input Tensors in the first positional argument:

- a single Tensor with `input_ids` only and nothing else: `model(input_ids)`
- a list of varying length with one or several input Tensors IN THE ORDER given in the docstring: `model([input_ids, attention_mask])` or `model([input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids])`
- a dictionary with one or several input Tensors associated to the input names given in the docstring: `model({"input_ids": input_ids, "token_type_ids": token_type_ids})`

Note that when creating models and layers with subclassing then you don’t need to worry about any of this, as you can just pass inputs like you would to any other Python function!

####
call

< source >

( input_ids: TFModelInputType | None = None attention_mask: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None head_mask: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None past_key_values: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[Union[np.ndarray, tf.Tensor]]]] = None inputs_embeds: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None use_cache: Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None return_dict: Optional[bool] = None training: Optional[bool] = False **kwargs ) →
transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFBaseModelOutputWithPast or `tuple(tf.Tensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`tf.Tensor` of shape `({0})`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`tf.Tensor` of shape `({0})`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- head_mask (`tf.Tensor` of shape `(encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`Tuple[Tuple[tf.Tensor]]` of length `config.n_layers`) — contains precomputed key and value hidden states of the attention blocks. Can be used to speed up decoding. If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`). Set to `False` during training, `True` during generation
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail. This argument can be used only in eager mode, in graph mode the value in the config will be used instead.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail. This argument can be used only in eager mode, in graph mode the value in the config will be used instead.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple. This argument can be used in eager mode, in graph mode the value will always be set to True.
- training (`bool`, optional, defaults to `False`) — Whether or not to use the model in training mode (some modules like dropout modules have different behaviors between training and evaluation).

Returns

transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFBaseModelOutputWithPast or `tuple(tf.Tensor)`

A transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFBaseModelOutputWithPast or a tuple of `tf.Tensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- last_hidden_state (`tf.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.

  If `past_key_values` is used only the last hidden-state of the sequences of shape `(batch_size, 1, hidden_size)` is output.

- past_key_values (`List[tf.Tensor]`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — List of `tf.Tensor` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tensor of shape `(2, batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`).

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(tf.Tensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `tf.Tensor` (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(tf.Tensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `tf.Tensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The TFOPTModel forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, TFOPTModel
    >>> import tensorflow as tf

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
    >>> model = TFOPTModel.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="tf")
    >>> outputs = model(inputs)

    >>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state

##
TFOPTForCausalLM

###
class transformers.TFOPTForCausalLM

< source >

( *args **kwargs )

Parameters

- config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The OPT Model transformer with a language modeling head on top.

This model inherits from TFPreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a tf.keras.Model subclass. Use it as a regular TF 2.0 Keras Model and refer to the TF 2.0 documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

TensorFlow models and layers in `transformers` accept two formats as input:

- having all inputs as keyword arguments (like PyTorch models), or
- having all inputs as a list, tuple or dict in the first positional argument.

The reason the second format is supported is that Keras methods prefer this format when passing inputs to models and layers. Because of this support, when using methods like `model.fit()` things should “just work” for you - just pass your inputs and labels in any format that `model.fit()` supports! If, however, you want to use the second format outside of Keras methods like `fit()` and `predict()`, such as when creating your own layers or models with the Keras `Functional` API, there are three possibilities you can use to gather all the input Tensors in the first positional argument:

- a single Tensor with `input_ids` only and nothing else: `model(input_ids)`
- a list of varying length with one or several input Tensors IN THE ORDER given in the docstring: `model([input_ids, attention_mask])` or `model([input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids])`
- a dictionary with one or several input Tensors associated to the input names given in the docstring: `model({"input_ids": input_ids, "token_type_ids": token_type_ids})`

Note that when creating models and layers with subclassing then you don’t need to worry about any of this, as you can just pass inputs like you would to any other Python function!

####
call

< source >

( input_ids: TFModelInputType | None = None past_key_values: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[Union[np.ndarray, tf.Tensor]]]] = None attention_mask: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None position_ids: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None head_mask: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None inputs_embeds: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None labels: np.ndarray | tf.Tensor | None = None use_cache: Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None return_dict: Optional[bool] = None training: Optional[bool] = False **kwargs ) →
transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or `tuple(tf.Tensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- head_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(num_hidden_layers, num_attention_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`. The two additional tensors are only required when the model is used as a decoder in a Sequence to Sequence model.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Labels for computing the masked language modeling loss. Indices should either be in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]` or -100 (see `input_ids` docstring). Tokens with indices set to `-100` are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]`.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or `tuple(tf.Tensor)`

A transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or a tuple of `tf.Tensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`tf.Tensor` of shape `(n,)`, optional, where n is the number of non-masked labels, returned when `labels` is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).

- logits (`tf.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)`) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).

- past_key_values (`List[tf.Tensor]`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — List of `tf.Tensor` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tensor of shape `(2, batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`).

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(tf.Tensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `tf.Tensor` (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(tf.Tensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `tf.Tensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or `tuple(tf.Tensor)`: A transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or a tuple of `tf.Tensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`tf.Tensor` of shape `(n,)`, optional, where n is the number of non-masked labels, returned when `labels` is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).

- logits (`tf.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)`) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).

- past_key_values (`List[tf.Tensor]`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — List of `tf.Tensor` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tensor of shape `(2, batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`).

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(tf.Tensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `tf.Tensor` (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(tf.Tensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `tf.Tensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, TFOPTForCausalLM
    >>> import tensorflow as tf

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
    >>> model = TFOPTForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="tf")
    >>> outputs = model(inputs)
    >>> logits = outputs.logits

##
OPTForSequenceClassification

###
class transformers.OPTForSequenceClassification

< source >

( config: OPTConfig )

Parameters

- config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The OPT Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer).

OPTForSequenceClassification uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models (e.g. GPT-2) do.

Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token. If a `pad_token_id` is defined in the configuration, it finds the last token that is not a padding token in each row. If no `pad_token_id` is defined, it simply takes the last value in each row of the batch. Since it cannot guess the padding tokens when `inputs_embeds` are passed instead of `input_ids`, it does the same (take the last value in each row of the batch).

This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) →
`transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  If `past_key_values` is used, optionally only the last `decoder_input_ids` have to be input (see `past_key_values`).

  If you want to change padding behavior, you should read `modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask` and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in the paper for more information on the default strategy.

- head_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).

Returns

`transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A `transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) loss.

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, config.num_labels)`) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) scores (before SoftMax).

- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`)

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The OPTForSequenceClassification forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example of single-label classification:

    >>> import torch
    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForSequenceClassification

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc")
    >>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_class_id = logits.argmax().item()
    >>> model.config.id2label[predicted_class_id]
    'LABEL_0'

    >>> # To train a model on `num_labels` classes, you can pass `num_labels=num_labels` to `.from_pretrained(...)`
    >>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
    >>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc", num_labels=num_labels)

    >>> labels = torch.tensor([1])
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss
    >>> round(loss.item(), 2)
    1.71

Example of multi-label classification:

    >>> import torch
    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForSequenceClassification

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc")
    >>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc", problem_type="multi_label_classification")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_class_ids = torch.arange(0, logits.shape[-1])[torch.sigmoid(logits).squeeze(dim=0) > 0.5]

    >>> # To train a model on `num_labels` classes, you can pass `num_labels=num_labels` to `.from_pretrained(...)`
    >>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
    >>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
    ...     "ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc", num_labels=num_labels, problem_type="multi_label_classification"
    ... )

    >>> labels = torch.sum(
    ...     torch.nn.functional.one_hot(predicted_class_ids[None, :].clone(), num_classes=num_labels), dim=1
    ... ).to(torch.float)
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss

##
OPTForQuestionAnswering

###
class transformers.OPTForQuestionAnswering

< source >

( config: OPTConfig )

Parameters

- config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The OPT Model transformer with a span classification head on top for extractive question-answering tasks like SQuAD (a linear layers on top of the hidden-states output to compute `span start logits` and `span end logits`).

This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None start_positions: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None end_positions: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  If `past_key_values` is used, optionally only the last `decoder_input_ids` have to be input (see `past_key_values`).

  If you want to change padding behavior, you should read `modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask` and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in the paper for more information on the default strategy.

- head_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- start_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for position (index) of the start of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss. Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (`sequence_length`). Position outside of the sequence are not taken into account for computing the loss.
- end_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for position (index) of the end of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss. Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (`sequence_length`). Position outside of the sequence are not taken into account for computing the loss.

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Total span extraction loss is the sum of a Cross-Entropy for the start and end positions.

- start_logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Span-start scores (before SoftMax).

- end_logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Span-end scores (before SoftMax).

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The OPTForQuestionAnswering forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForQuestionAnswering
    >>> import torch

    >>> torch.manual_seed(4)
    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> # note: we are loading a OPTForQuestionAnswering from the hub here,
    >>> # so the head will be randomly initialized, hence the predictions will be random
    >>> model = OPTForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> question, text = "Who was Jim Henson?", "Jim Henson was a nice puppet"

    >>> inputs = tokenizer(question, text, return_tensors="pt")
    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     outputs = model(**inputs)

    >>> answer_start_index = outputs.start_logits.argmax()
    >>> answer_end_index = outputs.end_logits.argmax()

    >>> answer_offset = len(tokenizer(question)[0])

    >>> predict_answer_tokens = inputs.input_ids[
    ...     0, answer_offset + answer_start_index : answer_offset + answer_end_index + 1
    ... ]
    >>> predicted = tokenizer.decode(predict_answer_tokens)
    >>> predicted
    ' a nice puppet'

##
FlaxOPTModel

###
class transformers.FlaxOPTModel

< source >

( config: OPTConfig input_shape: typing.Tuple[int] = (1, 1) seed: int = 0 dtype: dtype = <class 'jax.numpy.float32'> _do_init: bool = True **kwargs )

####
__call__

< source >

( input_ids: Array attention_mask: typing.Optional[jax.Array] = None position_ids: typing.Optional[jax.Array] = None params: dict = None past_key_values: dict = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None dropout_rng: PRNGKey = None deterministic: bool = True ) →
transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Returns

transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- last_hidden_state (`jnp.ndarray` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.

- hidden_states (`tuple(jnp.ndarray)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `jnp.ndarray` (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(jnp.ndarray)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `jnp.ndarray` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, FlaxOPTModel

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
    >>> model = FlaxOPTModel.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="jax")
    >>> outputs = model(**inputs)

    >>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state

##
FlaxOPTForCausalLM

###
class transformers.FlaxOPTForCausalLM

< source >

( config: OPTConfig input_shape: typing.Tuple[int] = (1, 1) seed: int = 0 dtype: dtype = <class 'jax.numpy.float32'> _do_init: bool = True **kwargs )

Parameters

- config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.
- dtype (`jax.numpy.dtype`, optional, defaults to `jax.numpy.float32`) — The data type of the computation. Can be one of `jax.numpy.float32`, `jax.numpy.float16` (on GPUs) and `jax.numpy.bfloat16` (on TPUs).

  This can be used to enable mixed-precision training or half-precision inference on GPUs or TPUs. If specified all the computation will be performed with the given `dtype`.

  Note that this only specifies the dtype of the computation and does not influence the dtype of model parameters.

  If you wish to change the dtype of the model parameters, see to_fp16() and to_bf16().

OPT Model with a language modeling head on top (linear layer with weights tied to the input embeddings) e.g for autoregressive tasks.

This model inherits from FlaxPreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a Flax Linen flax.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular Flax Module and refer to the Flax documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

Finally, this model supports inherent JAX features such as:

- Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation
- Automatic Differentiation
- Vectorization
- Parallelization

####
__call__

< source >

( input_ids: Array attention_mask: typing.Optional[jax.Array] = None position_ids: typing.Optional[jax.Array] = None params: dict = None past_key_values: dict = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None dropout_rng: PRNGKey = None deterministic: bool = True ) →
transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Returns

transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.

- last_hidden_state (`jnp.ndarray` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.

- hidden_states (`tuple(jnp.ndarray)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `jnp.ndarray` (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(jnp.ndarray)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `jnp.ndarray` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, FlaxOPTForCausalLM

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
    >>> model = FlaxOPTForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="np")
    >>> outputs = model(**inputs)

    >>> # retrieve logts for next token
    >>> next_token_logits = outputs.logits[:, -1]