what is the r function for estimating the impact of a variable what makes up a gradient how does the scale influence the optimization gradient what variables affect a gradient? how to determine if a spline affects an optimization how does the scale influence the gradient what affects the gradient optimisation which parameter of the variable will influence the gradient how do scale and scale affect optimization which variable influence the gradient of a linear equation why does gradient r affect the scale of a variable how to solve the problem that the scale of variables influence the gradient how can scale of a variable influence the gradient what is the difference between a gradient and spline does the scale of the variables affect the gradient? how is scale of a variable used in optimizing what is the scaling factor for r optimization what is scale of data how to calculate the scaling of a variable in r how do scale affect optimization