is confounding tested? how to verify whether the x-y-y relationship is confounding what is the difference between x and y in survival analysis how to test if confounding exists which of the following is a confounding variable? what is the confounding effect of $x$ on $y$ test for confounding variable how to test for confounding how do you test for confounding what variable is an inverse of z$ how to test for confounding in survival what is the difference between confounding and confounding? quizlet if the confounder is unadjusted what is it called how to test confounding variables how to test for confounding what is the test for confounding test for confounding variables what is the test for confounding why is it important to test for confounders can we test confounding