when to use multi-level model in statistics how to use multi level valence does random variance include personality what is the random variance for valence what is the valence test does a valence level predictor include a random variance why is multi-level valence used which model is appropriate to include random variance for valence why is valence not included in random variance for personality which model would include random variances? does valence factor include valence when are the random variances for valence and personality calculated? when a random variance example is used a personality construct should it be included how to calculate random variance for positive or negative behavior do i need to specify random variance what is random variance for valence what level of a p-value does valence have if the random variance for valence is zero does the ptsr have a normal chi square? can a personality construct include random variance is valence a level one predictor