why are residuals always stationary what is the difference between a random time series and an economic time sequence? what is an example of causal inference? can a non-profit make an economic inference what is the effect of a non-profit advertisement on a time-series inference from a quasi experiment how to cite variables in economic time series predicting the effects of cointegrated time series what kind of data is used for inference what would be the best way to narrow the range of possible inferences? how does an economic time series work which variables are always independent of the rest of the data? if we use an economic timeseries we are estimating the causal impacts on variables in the data. when is the causal impact what are some inferences in economics what is the best way of narrowing the range of possible inferences? what is the best way of narrowing down the range of possible inference? what is the best way to narrow down the range of possible inference from the cointegrated time series? is x a non-experimental inference what is the best way of narrowing down the range of possible impacts of $Y_1$ on $Y_2$?