the largest city in Virginia; long overshadowed by Norfolk but growing rapidly since 1970; with 28 miles of public beaches tourism is a major factor in the economy; site of three United States Navy bases


a creek in northeastern Virginia where two battles were fought in the American Civil War


a town in northeastern Virginia on the Rappahannock River


a town in southeastern Virginia (south of Richmond); scene of heavy fighting during the American Civil War


a village in northeastern Virginia where battles were fought during the American Civil War


a historic village in southeastern Virginia to the north of Newport News; site of the last battle of the American Revolution


the former residence of George Washington in northeastern Virginia overlooking the Potomac river


oewn-Washington-n oewn-Evergreen_State-n oewn-WA-n oewn-Wash.-n

a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific with capital Olympia


a town in northwestern Washington on a bay near the Canadian border


a town in southern Washington on the Columbia River


capital of the state of Washington; located in western Washington on Puget Sound


a major port of entry and the largest city in Washington; located in west central Washington on the protected waters of Puget Sound with the snow-capped peaks of the Cascade Range and Mount Rainier visible to the south and east; an aerospace and computer center; site of the University of Washington


a city in eastern Washington near the Idaho border


a city in west central Washington on an arm of Puget Sound to the south of Seattle


a town in southwestern Washington on the Columbia River across from Portland, Oregon


a town in southeastern Washington near the Oregon border


oewn-West_Virginia-n oewn-Mountain_State-n oewn-WV-n oewn-W.V.-n

a state in east central United States with capital Charleston


state capital of West Virginia in the central part of the state on the Kanawha river


a town in central West Virginia on the New River


a city of western West Virginia on the Ohio river at the mouth of the Kanawha


a small town in northeastern West Virginia that was the site of a raid in 1859 by the abolitionist John Brown and his followers who captured an arsenal that was located there


a city in northern West Virginia on the Monongahela river near the Pennsylvania border; site of the University of West Virginia


a city in northwestern West Virginia on the Ohio river


a city in the northern panhandle of West Virginia on the Ohio river


oewn-Wisconsin-n oewn-Badger_State-n oewn-WI-n oewn-Wis.-n oewn-Wisc.-n

a midwestern state in north central United States


a city of eastern Wisconsin on an arm of Lake Michigan


a town in western Wisconsin on the Mississippi River


capital of the state of Wisconsin; located in the southern part of state; site of the main branch of the University of Wisconsin


largest city of Wisconsin; located in southeastern Wisconsin on the western shore of Lake Michigan; a flourishing agricultural center known for its breweries


a city in southeastern Wisconsin on Lake Michigan to the south of Milwaukee


a town in northwest Wisconsin on Lake Superior across from Duluth


oewn-Wyoming-n oewn-Equality_State-n oewn-WY-n oewn-Wyo.-n

a state in the western United States; mountainous in the west and north with the Great Plains in the east


a city of east central Wyoming on the North Platte river


the capital and largest city of Wyoming; located in the southeastern corner of the state


a town of southwest Wyoming near the Utah border


a South American republic on the southeast coast of South America; achieved independence from Brazil in 1825


the capital and largest city of Uruguay; a cosmopolitan city and one of the busiest ports in South America


a volcanic island republic in Melanesia; independent since 1980


the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929


the capital of the State of the Vatican City


a mountainous tableland in northern South America; extends from Venezuela into Guyana and northern Brazil


a republic in northern South America on the Caribbean; achieved independence from Spain in 1811; rich in oil


the capital and largest city of Venezuela


a port in eastern Venezuela on the Orinoco river


a port city in northeastern Venezuela on the Caribbean Sea; founded in 1523, it is the oldest European settlement in South America


a port city in northwestern Venezuela; a major oil center


a city in north central Venezuela; cattle center


an industrial city in northern Venezuela


oewn-Vietnam-n oewn-Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam-n oewn-Viet_Nam-n oewn-Annam-n

a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945


a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when South Vietnam collapsed at the end of the Vietnam War


a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when it was defeated and annexed by North Vietnam


the capital city of Vietnam; located in North Vietnam


a city in South Vietnam; formerly (as Saigon) it was the capital of French Indochina


a port city in northern Vietnam; industrial center


a republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990


an important port of Yemen; located on the Gulf of Aden; its strategic location has made it a major trading center of southern Arabia since ancient times


an important port in Yemen on the Red Sea


a port in southern Yemen on the Gulf of Aden to the east of Aden


the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau


a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled by Great Britain and called Northern Rhodesia until it gained independence within the commonwealth in 1964


the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands


ancient region and Roman province on the Iberian Peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain


oewn-Silesia-n oewn-Slask-n oewn-Slezsko-n oewn-Schlesien-n

a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland


a picturesque coastal region of California to the south of San Francisco


a region in California to the south of San Francisco that is noted for its concentration of high-technology industries


oewn-Zimbabwe-n oewn-Republic_of_Zimbabwe-n oewn-Rhodesia-n oewn-Southern_Rhodesia-n

a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980


the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe


industrial city in southwestern Zimbabwe


a desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia


a desert in Egypt between the Nile River and the Red Sea


a desert in western Chile that extends roughly 600 miles south from the Peruvian border; one of the driest areas in the world, but rich in nitrate and copper deposits


general name given to all desert areas in Australia


a desert in western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico


an arid region of southeastern California


oewn-Dasht-e_Kavir-n oewn-Dasht-e-Kavir-n oewn-Kavir_Desert-n oewn-Great_Salt_Desert-n


a desert area that is part of the Mojave Desert in eastern California and southwestern Nevada; contains the lowest point in North America


a desert region in northwestern Australia to the north of the Gibson Desert


a desert region in south central Australia to the north of the Nullarbor Plain


a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana


oewn-Karakum_Desert-n oewn-Kara_Kum-n oewn-Qara_Qum-n oewn-Turkestan_Desert-n

a desert in Turkmenistan to the south of the Aral Sea


a desert in Uzbekistan to the southeast of the Aral Sea


the northeastern part of the Sahara Desert in Libya and Egypt and Sudan


oewn-Mojave-n oewn-Mojave_Desert-n oewn-Mohave-n oewn-Mohave_Desert-n

a desert area in southern California and western Arizona


a desert in Namibia extending along the coast between the high plateau and the Atlantic Ocean


oewn-Nefud-n oewn-An_Nefud-n oewn-Nafud-n oewn-An_Nafud-n

a desert in northern Saudi Arabia that is noted for its red sand and violent winds


an arid sandstone plateau in northeastern Sudan between the Nile and the Red Sea


a desert on a high plateau in northeastern Arizona


a semiarid region in southern South America


oewn-Ad-Dahna_Desert-n oewn-Rub_al-Khali-n oewn-Ar_Rimsal-n oewn-Dahna-n oewn-Great_Sandy_Desert-n


the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa


the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert


a desert on the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt


a desert of northern Arabia occupying western Iraq, southern Syria, eastern Jordan, and northern Saudi Arabia


a desert to the east of the Indus River in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan


an inactive volcano in western Cameroon; highest peak on the West African coast


oewn-Citlaltepetl-n oewn-Mount_Orizaba-n oewn-Mt_Orizaba-n oewn-Pico_de_Orizaba-n

an extinct volcano in southern Mexico between Mexico City and Veracruz; the highest peak in Mexico (18,695 feet)


an active volcano in southwestern Mexico


an Andean volcano in northern Ecuador; last erupted in 1955


the world's largest active volcano; located in the Andes in north central Ecuador


the world's 2nd largest active volcano; located in the Andes in southern Peru


an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)


oewn-Fuji-n oewn-Mount_Fuji-n oewn-Fujiyama-n oewn-Fujinoyama-n oewn-Fuji-san-n

an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages


an active volcano in southeastern Colombia in the Andes


the world's highest volcano; in the Andes in northern Chile; last erupted in 1959


an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Peru; last erupted in 1783


an inactive volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula; last erupted in 1946


a small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history


a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia and to the east of the Laptev Sea


an active volcano on north central Hawaii Island; highest peak in the Hawaiian Islands


an active volcano on south central Hawaii Island


an active volcano in eastern Congo, described as Africa's most active volcano


an active volcano in eastern Congo, at times with the most voluminous lava lake known in recent history


an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Colombia; last erupted in 1950


an inactive volcano in the Andes in central Ecuador; last erupted in 1946


an inactive volcano in central Chile; last erupted in 1959


an active volcano in the Cascade Range in southwestern Washington; erupted violently in 1980 after 123 years of inactivity


an ancient area of Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea that was populated by Scythians from the eighth to the fourth century BC


a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944


an area of northern Africa between the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea


an area of western Africa between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea


areas where Muslims are in the minority and are persecuted


oewn-Artsakh-n oewn-Republic_of_Artsakh-n oewn-Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic-n oewn-Nagorno-Karabakh-n

unrecognized de-facto state in South Caucasus


oewn-Northern_Cyprus-n oewn-Turkish_Cyprus-n oewn-Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus-n oewn-TRNC-n

state on the island of Cyprus, only recognized by Turkey


a country or continent discovered or colonised by European explorers from the sixteenth century onwards


oewn-state_with_limited_recognition-n oewn-unrecognized_state-n oewn-partially-recognized_state-n oewn-disputed_state-n

territory with de-facto sovereignty but lacking international recognition


oewn-Transnistria-n oewn-Transdniester-n oewn-Pridnestrovia-n oewn-Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Republic-n oewn-Pridnestrovie-n

de facto unrecognized stae in Eastern Europe that has declared indepence from Moldova


de facto state in the Horn of Africa, generally recognized as part of Somalia


the address of a person or business to which mail is delivered, as distinct from the actual street address


kingdom and soverign state consisting of the Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten


oewn-Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic-n oewn-SADR-n oewn-Saharaui_Arab_Democratic_Republic-n oewn-Saharawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic-n oewn-Western_Sahara-n

partially recognized state in the western Maghreb


sultanate and one of the 13 states of the Federation of Malaysia; situated in eastern Peninsular Malaysia


sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia; is the fourth largest state in the country


the third largest state in Malaysia, sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia


sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia; positioned in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia


sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia; located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia


sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia; located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia


an administrative-territorial division of the Russian Empire from 1775-1917.

Moscow and Saint-Petersburg governorates were designated into a separate governorate-generals.


linguistics, an isogloss marking off an area in which a particular feature of pronunciation is found.

To the north of the isophone speakers have a tendency to pronounce triphthongs.


the locative boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature.

A major isogloss in American English has been identified as the North-Midland isogloss, which demarcates numerous linguistic features, including the Northern Cities vowel shift.


a line on a map connecting points at which earthquake shocks are of equal intensity.

Because of local variations in the ground conditions, isoseismals will generally separate zones of broadly similar felt intensity, while containing areas of both higher and lower degrees of shaking.


a line drawn through geographical points at which a given phase of thunderstorm activity occurred simultaneously.


a line indicating a constant frequency of hail storms.


an isogram connecting points with the same intensity of magnetic force.


a line indicating biological events occurring with coincidence such as plants flowering.


an isogram connecting points of equal temperature below the surface of the earth.


an isogloss marking off the area in which a particular item of vocabulary is found.


a line joining points with constant wind speed.


a line on a map linking places with the same mean summer temperature.


a line drawn on a map or chart connecting places of equal or constant land upheaval.


a line on a map connecting places with the same mean winter temperature.


a line on a map connecting places with equal ground water pressure.


a line on a map connecting points of identical pressures in the water bearing stratum.


a line on a map connecting points of equal level on the piezometric surface.


an isogram connecting points having equal wind speed.


a line connecting points on the earth's surface having the same mean temperature in the coldest month of the year.


A predesignated portion of a chess board that a starting piece must reach in order to receive a promotion.

In traditional Western chess the pawns promote/enrobe on the 8th rank [the 'promotion zone'].


The bottom end of a heel, usually made of plastic or metal.

The bottom of most heels usually has a plastic or metal heel tip that wears away with use and can be easily replaced.


transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody


He coughed up some money for his children's tuition


Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?


What will you give her for her birthday?


give a present that one has received to someone else

she regifted that ugly scarf she received from her aunt


to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort


oewn-distribute-v oewn-give_out-v oewn-hand_out-v oewn-pass_out-v


give a tip or gratuity to in return for a service, beyond the compensation agreed on


hold over goods to be sold for the next season


look after; be the keeper of; have charge of


have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense


We took the abused child away from its parents


get credit or money by using a bad check

The businessman kited millions of dollars


increase the amount (of a check) fraudulently


I stumbled across a long-lost cousin last night in a restaurant


obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction


buy what had previously been sold, lost, or given away

He bought back the house that his father sold years ago


oewn-lease-v oewn-rent-v oewn-hire-v oewn-charter-v oewn-engage-v oewn-take-v

engage for service under a term of contract


grant use or occupation of under a term of contract

I am leasing my country estate to some foreigners


lease or rent all or part of (a leased or rented property) to another person


grant the services of or the temporary use of, for a fee

We rent out our apartment to tourists every year


she hustled a free lunch from the waiter


receive (a report) officially, as from a committee


come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

She got a lot of paintings from her uncle


the company turned a good profit after a year


acquire by trade or sacrifice or exchange

She wanted to buy his love with her dedication to him and his work


She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents


She entered upon the estate of her rich relatives


deny oneself (something); restrain, especially from indulging in some pleasure


oewn-line_up-v oewn-get_hold-v oewn-come_up-v oewn-find-v

get something or somebody for a specific purpose

I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener


The father is withholding the allowance until the son cleans his room


I kept your little secret to myself all these years


refuse to grant, as of a petition or request

The dean denied the students' request for more physics courses


hold back or set aside, especially for future use or contingency

they reserved their applause in anticipation


set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use


hold as reserve or withdraw from circulation; of capital


retain and refrain from disbursing; of payments


The government funds basic research in many areas


accumulate a fund for the discharge of a recurrent liability


provide a fund for the redemption of principal or payment of interest


supply with funds in return for a promised share of profits


Who will bankroll the restoration of the former East German economy?


The arts in Europe are heavily subsidized


secure the assistance of by granting a subsidy, as of nations or military forces


Can we finance the addition to our home?


help (an enterprise) in its early stages of development by providing seed money


we collected over a million dollars in outstanding debts


place or store up in a fund for accumulation


convert (short-term floating debt) into long-term debt that bears fixed interest and is represented by bonds


he does not support his natural children


supply means of subsistence; earn a living

He provides for his large family by working three jobs


support financially through a period of time


assume responsibility for or leadership of

The senator announced that he would sponsor the health care plan


I transferred my stock holdings to my children


The will aliened the property to the heirs


transfer by endorsement to another in return for value received


transfer to another; of rights or property

Our house passed under his official control


transfer from ecclesiastical to civil possession, use, or control


This restaurant changed hands twice last year


oewn-discard-v oewn-fling-v oewn-toss-v oewn-toss_out-v oewn-toss_away-v oewn-chuck_out-v oewn-cast_aside-v oewn-dispose-v oewn-throw_out-v oewn-cast_out-v oewn-throw_away-v oewn-cast_away-v oewn-put_away-v


the candidate sloughed off his former campaign workers


We waste the dirty water by channeling it into the sewer


The company weeded out the incompetent people


work off the extra pounds you have gained over the holidays


sever all ties with, usually unceremoniously or irresponsibly

The company dumped him after many years of service


dispose of (something no longer useful or needed)


to keep up and reserve for personal or special use

She saved the old family photographs in a drawer


supply sparingly and with restricted quantities


The police around here are not motorized and patrol the streets on horseback


The owners wanted to dado their dining room


supply nerves to (some organ or body part)


remove the organs and dry out (a dead body) in order to preserve it


oewn-foreswear-v oewn-renounce-v oewn-quit-v oewn-relinquish-v


give up with the intent of never claiming again


We abandoned the old car in the empty parking lot


leave stranded or isolated with little hope of rescue


They were realloted additional farm land


oewn-fall-v oewn-return-v oewn-pass-v oewn-devolve-v


fall to somebody by assignment or lot; passed


She passed the family jewels on to her daughter-in-law


transmit from one generation to the next


This ring was handed down through many generations


oewn-pass-v oewn-hand-v oewn-reach-v oewn-pass_on-v oewn-turn_over-v oewn-give-v


He slipped me the key when nobody was looking


transfer from a storage device to a computer's memory


cause (printed matter) to transfer or smear onto another surface


transfer (electronic data) into a database or document


transfer (electronic data) out of a database or document in a format that can be used by other programs


transfer to a peripheral device, of computer data


transfer (entries) from one account book to another


use the file transfer protocol to transfer data from one computer to another


transfer data intended for a peripheral device (usually a printer) into temporary storage


transfer a file or program from a central computer to a smaller computer or to a computer at a remote location


transfer a file or program to a central computer from a smaller computer or a computer at a remote location


distribute according to a plan or set apart for a special purpose

I am allocating a loaf of bread to everyone on a daily basis


Congressional seats are reapportioned on the basis of census data


restrict the consumption of a relatively scarce commodity, as during war

Bread was rationed during the siege of the city


oewn-surrender-v oewn-cede-v oewn-deliver-v oewn-give_up-v

The squatters had to surrender the building after the police moved in


surrender, as a result of pressure or force


She sold her principles for a successful career


receive willingly something given or offered

The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter


oewn-accept-v oewn-admit-v oewn-take-v oewn-take_on-v


take on more fuel, as of a plane, ship, or car


oewn-refuse-v oewn-reject-v oewn-pass_up-v oewn-turn_down-v oewn-decline-v


The city has to put up half the required amount


get (a product) from another country or business


He procured extra cigarettes even though they were rationed


I extracted a promise from the Dean for two new positions


secure a place in a college, university, etc.


He eked out some information from the archives


The lab director recruited an able crew of assistants


make a serious effort to attain something

His campaign bid for the attention of the poor population


Things that die with their eyes open and questing


oewn-extort-v oewn-squeeze-v oewn-rack-v oewn-gouge-v oewn-wring-v

They extorted money from the executive by threatening to reveal his past to the company boss


raise the price of something after agreeing on a lower price


sell illicit products such as drugs or alcohol


deal in illegally, such as arms or liquor


exchange or deliver for money or its equivalent


sell securities or commodities or foreign currency that is not actually owned by the seller, who hopes to cover (buy back) the sold items at a lower price and thus to earn a profit


sell (something) again after having bought it


sell articles, television programs, or photos to several publications or independent broadcasting stations


sell (art works) from a collection, especially in order to raise money for the purchase of other art works

The museum deaccessioned several important works of this painter


get rid of by selling, usually at reduced prices

The store sold off the surplus merchandise


sell as genuine, sell with the intention to deceive


convert into cash; of goods and property


do business; offer for sale as for one's livelihood


sell or promote the sale of (illegal goods such as drugs)

The guy hanging around the school is pushing drugs


use or deal in (as of stock or commercial transaction) in a pyramid deal


distribute cards to the players in a game


sell or get rid of all one's merchandise


dispose of an item in a collection by selling it off

the museum de-accessed its collection of French impressionists to raise money


oewn-recover-v-1 oewn-retrieve-v oewn-find-v oewn-regain-v


get or regain something necessary, usually quickly or briefly


oewn-find-v oewn-happen-v oewn-chance-v oewn-bump-v oewn-encounter-v


obtain or retrieve from a storage device; as of information on a computer


reimburse or compensate (someone), as for a loss


share expenses equally and split the cost of something


oewn-compensate-v oewn-recompense-v oewn-repair-v oewn-indemnify-v

One can never fully repair the suffering and losses of the Jews in the Third Reich


secure against future loss, damage, or liability; give security for

This plan indemnifies workers against wages lost through illness


give money, usually in exchange for goods or services


pay a tenth of one's income; pay one tenth of, especially to the church

Although she left the church officially, she still tithes


oewn-pay-v oewn-pay_off-v oewn-make_up-v oewn-compensate-v

do or give something to somebody in return

Does she pay you for the work you are doing?


settle the affairs of by determining the debts and applying the assets to pay them off


oewn-prize-v oewn-value-v oewn-treasure-v oewn-appreciate-v


I cashed the check as soon as it arrived in the mail


I had to liquidate my holdings to pay off my ex-husband


exchange or buy back for money; under threat


to turn in (vouchers or coupons) and receive something in exchange


oewn-substitute-v oewn-replace-v oewn-interchange-v oewn-exchange-v

put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items

the con artist replaced the original with a fake Rembrandt


simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one term for another


oewn-substitute-v oewn-sub-v oewn-stand_in-v oewn-fill_in-v

The young teacher had to substitute for the sick colleague


oewn-trade-v oewn-swap-v oewn-swop-v oewn-switch-v

exchange or give (something) in exchange for


persuade the seller to accept a lower price


oewn-haggle-v oewn-higgle-v oewn-chaffer-v oewn-huckster-v

wrangle (over a price, terms of an agreement, etc.)


We bargained for a beautiful rug in the bazaar


turn in as payment or part payment for a purchase


practice arbitrage, as in the stock market


do business worth a certain amount of money

The company turns over ten million dollars a year


Grandmother always treated us to the circus


give as judged due or on the basis of merit

the referee awarded a free kick to the team


I donated blood to the Red Cross for the victims of the earthquake


The university conferred a degree on its most famous former student, who never graduated


This school graduates 2,000 students each year


receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies; completion of a course or training


expend profusely; also used with abstract nouns


compute credits and debits of an account


It is not desirable to overbalance the budget


don't trust my ex-wife; I won't pay her debts anymore


He blew a lot of money on his new home theater


spend (money or other resources) unwisely


spend money frugally; spend as little as possible


spend less than the whole of (a budget, for example)


It took three hours to get to work this morning


He wasted his inheritance on his insincere friends


In the new economy, we all have to learn to tighten our belts


oewn-conserve-v oewn-husband-v oewn-economize-v oewn-economise-v


structure and run according to rational or scientific principles in order to achieve desired results

We rationalized the factory's production and raised profits


tighten one's belt; use resources carefully


oewn-schnorr-v oewn-shnorr-v oewn-scrounge-v oewn-cadge-v

obtain or seek to obtain by cadging or wheedling

he is always shnorring cigarettes from his friends


oewn-mooch-v oewn-bum-v oewn-cadge-v oewn-grub-v oewn-sponge-v


This young man refuses to work and is freeloading


beg by accosting people in the street and asking for money


oewn-invest-v oewn-put-v oewn-commit-v oewn-place-v


re-invest (a previous investment) into a similar fund or security


negociate to repay a loan at a later date for an additional fee


invest (money) so that it is not taxable


invest so as to make unavailable for other purposes

All my money is tied up in long-term investments


I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating


try to raise the price of stocks through speculative buying


oewn-appropriate-v oewn-capture-v oewn-seize-v oewn-conquer-v

take possession of by force, as after an invasion

the invaders seized the land and property of the inhabitants


The country reconquered the territory lost in the previous war


occupy or take possession of beforehand or before another or appropriate for use in advance


oewn-impound-v oewn-attach-v oewn-sequester-v oewn-confiscate-v oewn-seize-v

take temporary possession of as a security, by legal authority


the county condemned the land to build a highway


requisition forcibly, as of enemy property


take a debtor's wages on legal orders, such as for child support

His employer garnished his wages in order to pay his debt


take over ownership of; of corporations and companies


oewn-assume-v oewn-usurp-v oewn-seize-v oewn-take_over-v oewn-arrogate-v

seize and take control without authority and possibly with force; take as one's right or possession

He assumed to himself the right to fill all positions in the town


take over (a company) by buying a controlling interest of its stock

T. Boone Pickens raided many large companies


demand as being one's due or property; assert one's right or title to

He claimed his suitcases at the airline counter


put forward a claim and assert right or possession of


demand and take for use or service, especially by military or public authority for public service


legally take something in place of a debt payment


subject to foreclosing procedures; take away the right of mortgagors to redeem their mortgage


oewn-pilfer-v oewn-cabbage-v oewn-purloin-v oewn-pinch-v oewn-abstract-v oewn-snarf-v oewn-swipe-v oewn-hook-v oewn-sneak-v oewn-filch-v oewn-nobble-v oewn-lift-v


rob at gunpoint or by means of some other threat


rob at gunpoint or with the threat of violence

I was mugged in the streets of New York last night


take without referencing from someone else's writing or speech; of intellectual property


take unauthorized (intellectual material)


The company has not profited from the merger


The company turned a nice dime after a short time


make a big profit; often in a short period of time

The investor really cleaned up when the stock market went up


make an unreasonable profit, as on the sale of difficult to obtain goods


oewn-conserve-v oewn-preserve-v oewn-maintain-v oewn-keep_up-v

keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction

We preserve these archeological findings


preserve (tissue) with plastics, as for teaching and research purposes

The doctor plastinates bodies to teach anatomy to his students


oewn-run_down-v oewn-exhaust-v oewn-play_out-v oewn-sap-v oewn-tire-v


oewn-store-v oewn-hive_away-v oewn-lay_in-v oewn-put_in-v oewn-salt_away-v oewn-stack_away-v oewn-stash_away-v


The vessel victualled before the long voyage


the treasure found in the ancient tomb was reposited in the museum


store in a tank by causing (something) to flow into it


find a place for and put away for storage


oewn-retain-v oewn-hold-v oewn-keep_back-v oewn-hold_back-v

secure and keep for possible future use or application

The landlord retained the security deposit


oewn-keep_open-v oewn-hold_open-v oewn-keep-v oewn-save-v


oewn-bribe-v oewn-corrupt-v oewn-buy-v oewn-grease_one-ap-s_palms-v

make illegal payments to in exchange for favors or influence


pay someone with influence in order to receive a favor


oewn-refund-v oewn-return-v oewn-repay-v oewn-give_back-v


Can the company reimburse me for my professional travel?


come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost


discover the location of; determine the place of; find by searching or examining

Can you locate your cousins in the Midwest?


The CIA unearthed a plot to kill the President


oewn-fall_upon-v oewn-strike-v oewn-come_upon-v oewn-light_upon-v oewn-chance_upon-v oewn-come_across-v oewn-chance_on-v oewn-happen_upon-v oewn-attain-v oewn-discover-v

the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb


can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?


miss from one's possessions; lose sight of


fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense

She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat


I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad


I acquired a passing knowledge of Chinese


fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit

I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!


be debited and credited to the proper bank accounts

The payment should clear within 2 business days


oewn-gain-v oewn-take_in-v oewn-clear-v oewn-make-v oewn-earn-v oewn-realize-v oewn-realise-v oewn-pull_in-v oewn-bring_in-v

earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages

How much do you make a month in your new job?


How much does your wife take home after taxes and other deductions?


Since she accepted the new position, she has been raking it in


acquire or deserve by one's efforts or actions

its beauty won Paris the name 'City of Lights'


enlarge one's holdings on an exchange on a continued rise by using paper profits as margin to buy additional amounts


oewn-net-v oewn-sack-v oewn-sack_up-v oewn-clear-v


oewn-embezzle-v oewn-defalcate-v oewn-peculate-v oewn-misappropriate-v oewn-malversate-v

appropriate (as property entrusted to one's care) fraudulently to one's own use

The accountant embezzled thousands of dollars while working for the wealthy family


commit fraud and steal from one's employer

We found out that she had been fiddling for years


He drew great benefits from his membership in the association


oewn-hand_over-v oewn-fork_over-v oewn-fork_out-v oewn-fork_up-v oewn-turn_in-v oewn-deliver-v oewn-render-v

to surrender someone or something to another

the guard delivered the criminal to the police


deliver something in trust to somebody for a special purpose and for a limited period


formally hand over to the bridegroom in marriage; of a bride by her father


oewn-share-v oewn-divvy_up-v oewn-portion_out-v oewn-apportion-v oewn-deal-v


oewn-distribute-v oewn-administer-v oewn-mete_out-v oewn-deal-v oewn-parcel_out-v oewn-lot-v oewn-dispense-v oewn-shell_out-v oewn-deal_out-v oewn-dish_out-v oewn-allot-v oewn-dole_out-v

administer or bestow, as in small portions

administer critical remarks to everyone present


determine the quantity of someone's share


share a room or a bed designed for only one person


make something the property of the commune or community


oewn-impart-v oewn-leave-v oewn-give-v oewn-pass_on-v


The stores are offering specials on sweaters this week


The dealer put up three of his most valuable paintings for auction


engage in the commercial promotion, sale, or distribution of

The company is marketing its new line of beauty products


The Swiss dealer offered $2 million for the painting


pay (an amount of money) as a contribution to a charity or service, especially at regular intervals

I pledged $10 a month to my favorite radio station


make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands


designate (a trump suit or no-trump) with the final bid of a hand


make a higher bid than (the previous bid or player); in a card game


bid (a hand of cards) at less than the strength of the hand warrants


bid over an opponent's bid when one's partner has not bid or doubled


to bid for more tricks than one can expect to win


make a preemptive bid in the game of bridge


oewn-bear-v oewn-take_over-v oewn-accept-v oewn-assume-v

take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person


accept the unpleasant consequences of one's actions


have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices


acquire for oneself before others can do so


gain possession of by prior right or opportunity, especially so as to obtain the right to buy (land)


oewn-peddle-v oewn-monger-v oewn-huckster-v oewn-hawk-v oewn-vend-v oewn-pitch-v

sell or offer for sale from place to place


oewn-forfeit-v oewn-give_up-v oewn-throw_overboard-v oewn-waive-v oewn-forgo-v oewn-forego-v

lose (something) or lose the right to (something) by some error, offense, or crime

you've forfeited your right to name your successor


The troops carried the town after a brief fight


The military forces managed to recapture the fort


bring about the capture of an elementary particle or celestial body and causing it enter a new orbit

This nucleus has captured the slow-moving neutrons


I snapped up all the good buys during the garage sale


take greedily; take more than one's share


oewn-roll_up-v oewn-collect-v oewn-accumulate-v oewn-pile_up-v oewn-amass-v oewn-compile-v oewn-hoard-v

I am accumulating evidence for the man's unfaithfulness to his wife


oewn-collect-v oewn-pick_up-v oewn-gather_up-v oewn-call_for-v


oewn-hoard-v oewn-stash-v oewn-cache-v oewn-lay_away-v oewn-hive_up-v oewn-squirrel_away-v


The President raised several million dollars for his college


surtax luxury items that cost more than $1,000


set or determine the amount of (a payment such as a fine)


charge (a person or a property) with a payment, such as a tax or a fine


oewn-contribute-v oewn-give-v oewn-chip_in-v oewn-kick_in-v


breathe or blow onto as a ritual or sacramental act, especially so as to symbolize the action of the Holy Spirit


submit (information) again to a program or automatic system


Restore the stolen painting to its rightful owner


be sufficient to meet, defray, or offset the charge or cost of


oewn-withdraw-v oewn-draw-v oewn-take_out-v oewn-draw_off-v

remove (a commodity) from (a supply source)


I had to dip into my savings to buy him this present


withdraw (money) and move into a different location, often secretly and with dishonest intentions


oewn-recall-v oewn-call_in-v oewn-call_back-v oewn-withdraw-v


smooth the way towards peace negotiations


When he met his idol, the young man was tongue-tied


deprive someone of benefits, as a penalty


reduce or dispose of; cease to hold (an investment)


The Nazis stripped the Jews of all their assets


deprive of the possession of real estate


The robbers cleaned us out in a couple of hours


strip of honors, possessions, or attributes


I inherited a castle from my French grandparents


I inherited my good eyesight from my mother


The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair


prevent deliberately (as by making a will) from inheriting


oewn-release-v oewn-relinquish-v oewn-resign-v oewn-free-v oewn-give_up-v

I am relinquishing my bedroom to the long-term house guest


oewn-concede-v oewn-yield-v oewn-cede-v oewn-grant-v

give over; surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another


cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense


pay with a credit card; pay with plastic money; postpone payment by recording a purchase as a debt

Will you pay cash or charge the purchase?


oewn-bankrupt-v oewn-ruin-v oewn-break-v oewn-smash-v

My daughter's fancy wedding is going to break me!


become bankrupt or insolvent; fail financially and close

The toy company went bankrupt after the competition hired cheap Mexican labor


the oil boom enriched a lot of local people


enrich oneself by taking advantage of one's position

The congressmen feathered his nest through his connection with big business


oewn-overcharge-v oewn-soak-v oewn-surcharge-v oewn-gazump-v oewn-fleece-v oewn-plume-v oewn-pluck-v oewn-rob-v oewn-hook-v


I never discount these books-they sell like hot cakes


The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera


hold the line on prices; keep the price of something constant


give a reduction in the price during a sale

The store is rebating refrigerators this week


charge an extra fee, as for a special service


She invoiced the company for her expenses


he chalked up $100 in the course of the evening


take something away by force or without the consent of the owner

The burglars robbed him of all his money


oewn-hook-v oewn-snitch-v oewn-thieve-v oewn-cop-v oewn-knock_off-v oewn-glom-v


sell something to or obtain something from by energetic and especially underhanded activity


provide or furnish with a stock of something


amass so as to keep for future use or sale or for a particular occasion or use

let's stock coffee as long as prices are low


stock with less than the usual or desirable number or quantity


provide with a caption, as of a photograph or a drawing


give temporarily; let have for a limited time


oewn-lend-v oewn-impart-v oewn-bestow-v oewn-contribute-v oewn-add-v oewn-bring-v

Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company


make things factor into a company's profitability


Her presence instilled faith into the children


make a sacrifice of; in religious rituals


offer as a sacrifice by killing or by giving up to destruction


purchase prepared food to be eaten at home


examine the shop windows; shop with the eyes only


oewn-supply-v oewn-provide-v oewn-render-v oewn-furnish-v oewn-offer-v

We provided the room with an electrical heater


provide with a tube or insert a tube into


provide with a ticket for passage or admission


provide (a musical instrument) with frets


supply with capital, as of a business by using a combination of capital used by investors and debt capital provided by lenders


Cyril and Method alphabetized the Slavic languages


equip with an apparatus for controlling the humidity and temperature


The room was cool because it had been air-conditioned


provide (a newspaper page or a story) with a headline


The company matched the employees' contributions


provide with a wife; marry (someone) to a wife


The population was victualed during the war


The company located some of their agents in Los Angeles


The U.S. armed the freedom fighters in Afghanistan


After the war, the defeated country was not rearmed by the victors


supply with a brattice, to ventilate mines


We furnished the house in the Biedermeyer style


The inn keeper could bed all the new arrivals


furnish with costumes; as for a film or play


provide (a workshop or factory) with new tools


We were keyed after the locks were changed in the building


provide with a combustible substance that provides energy


provide with additional fuel, as of aircraft, ships, and cars


oewn-equip-v oewn-fit-v oewn-fit_out-v oewn-outfit-v

provide with (something) usually for a specific purpose

The expedition was equipped with proper clothing, food, and other necessities


equip (a horse) with a horseshoe or horseshoes


equip with instruments for measuring, recording, or controlling


equip (an electronic circuit or device) with transistors


muzzle the dog to prevent it from biting strangers


provide furniture with padding, springs, webbing, and covers


add as a supplement to what seems insufficient


supplement what is thought to be deficient

He eked out his meager pay by giving private lessons


oewn-thrive-v oewn-prosper-v oewn-fly_high-v oewn-flourish-v

make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance


act as the banker in a game or in gambling


do business with a bank or keep an account at a bank


act or give recompense in recognition of someone's behavior or actions


oewn-plunder-v oewn-despoil-v oewn-loot-v oewn-reave-v oewn-strip-v oewn-rifle-v oewn-ransack-v oewn-pillage-v oewn-foray-v

During the earthquake people looted the stores that were deserted by their owners


take illegally; of intellectual property

This writer plundered from famous authors


oewn-spare-v oewn-give_up-v oewn-part_with-v oewn-dispense_with-v

he asked if they could spare one of their horses to speed his journey


import or export without paying customs duties

She smuggled cigarettes across the border


we export less than we import and have a negative trade balance


oewn-adopt-v oewn-borrow-v oewn-take_over-v oewn-take_up-v


choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans


leave as a guarantee in return for money


hand over something to somebody as for temporary safekeeping


give over to another for care or safekeeping


commit in order to fulfill an obligation


oewn-commit-v oewn-institutionalize-v oewn-institutionalise-v oewn-send-v oewn-charge-v

cause to be admitted; of persons to an institution

After the second episode, she had to be committed


Mother had to be hospitalized because her blood pressure was too high


oewn-entrust-v oewn-intrust-v oewn-trust-v oewn-confide-v oewn-commit-v

The messenger was entrusted with the general's secret


clear from impurities, blemishes, pollution, etc.


free from a body or physical form or reality


offer for sale at a price lower than the market price


terminate by selling off or disposing of


provide with a constitution, as of a country

The United States were constitutionalized in the late 18th century


buy on impulse without proper reflection


the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood


the university rewired the dormitories when most students brought computers and television sets


She disposed of her parents' possessions


The goods were redisposed at a great loss


The candidate picked up thousands of votes after his visit to the nursing home


We poured money into the education of our children


The chairman of the company told the salesmen to move the computers


put into the care or protection of someone


provide with a patch; also used metaphorically


He landed several blows on his opponent's head


to be given by assignment or distribution

The most difficult task fell on the youngest member of the team


acquire as a result of some effort or action


leverage the money that is already available


get or extort (money or other possessions) from someone


furnish with a tap or spout, so as to be able to draw liquid from it


provide with a top or finish the top (of a structure)

the towers were topped with conical roofs


provide with reflectors, such as chemicals

the driveway was reflectorized for safety reasons


substitute one creditor for another, as in the case where an insurance company sues the person who caused an accident for the insured


obtain goods or services from an outside supplier; to contract work out

Many companies outsource and hire consultants in order to maintain a flexible workforce


provide with parts, devices, or equipment not available or in use at the time of the original manufacture

The car companies retrofitted all the old models with new carburetors


provide with sanitary facilities or appliances


move from one place to another, especially of wild animals

The endangered turtles were translocated to a safe environment


transfer (a chromosomal segment) to a new position


He co-opted the criticism and embraced it


place (authority, property, or rights) in the control of a person or group of persons

She vested her vast fortune in her two sons


limit the inheritance of property to a specific class of heirs


put in possession of land in exchange for a pledge of service, in feudal society

He enfeoffed his son-in-law with a large estate in Scotland


provide with a particular theme or motive


record, add up, and receive payment for items purchased

She was checking out the apples that the customer had put on the conveyer belt


remove (a security) from listing at a stock exchange


remove from the proper or usual locality


remove stain from (a laboratory specimen) to enhance contrast


remove the dark dorsal vein of (a shrimp)


remove mold marks or sand from (a casting)


remove adhering flesh from (hides) when preparing leather manufacture


strip the blubber or skin from (a whale or seal)


remove a portion of space between (adjacent letters)


remove the bridle from (a horse or mule)


fortify by furnishing with battlements for defense


the company is headquartered in New Jersey


officially distribute a new product or service to the public

"Israel has been the fastest to roll out inoculations."


to return someone's following of you on a social media platform


to subscribe to someone's updates on social media


to be subscribed to updates from another user on social media


taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals


a cell or organism in which genetic recombination has occurred


an organism belonging to the same species as another organism


(genetics) an organism that possesses a recessive gene whose effect is masked by a dominant allele; the associated trait is not apparent but can be passed on to offspring


any unwanted and destructive insect or other animal that attacks food or crops or livestock etc.

he sprayed the garden to get rid of pests


a regional term for `creature' (especially for domestic animals)


an animal that creeps or crawls (such as worms or spiders or insects)


a person or other animal that moves abruptly and rapidly


a plant or animal naturalized in a region


an animal that makes short high-pitched sounds


an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature


an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals


any animal that lives and grazes in the grassy open land of western North America (especially horses, cattle, sheep)


any of various small animals or insects that are pests; e.g. cockroaches or rats

cereals must be protected from mice and other vermin


any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable; e.g., coyote


any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter


a fish that lives and feeds on the bottom of a body of water


a scavenger that feeds low on the food chain


a fish that lurks on the bottom of a body of water


an animal trained for and used for heavy labor


an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work


an animal (such as a mule or burro or horse) used to carry loads


any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment


an animal being fattened or suitable for fattening


an animal that feeds on a particular source of food


a domestic animal (especially a young steer or heifer) kept as stock until fattened or matured and suitable for a breeding establishment


any recently hatched animal (especially birds)


an animal (especially birds and fish) that travels between different habitats at particular times of the year


an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair)


a domesticated animal kept for companionship or amusement


a person or other animal having powers of endurance or perseverance

the horse that won the race is a good stayer


a creature (especially a whale) that has been prevented from attaining full growth


a usually horned animal that has either shed its horns or had them removed


oewn-marine_animal-n oewn-marine_creature-n oewn-sea_animal-n oewn-sea_creature-n

any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals


unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species

thousands of dolphins and porpoises and whales are killed as part of the by-catch each year


(genetics) an organism or cell having a diploid set of chromosomes from each parent


(genetics) an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell; i.e., two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number


(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes


(genetics) an organism or cell having a chromosome number that is not an even multiple of the haploid chromosome number for that species


(genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes


an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa)


female of certain aquatic animals e.g. octopus or lobster


an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova)


young of any of various canines such as a dog or wolf


the young of certain carnivorous mammals such as the bear or wolf or lion


young of any of various fur-bearing animals


the body of an animal, or bodies of animals, killed by a person or another animal


male parent of an animal especially a domestic animal such as a horse


female parent of an animal especially domestic livestock


a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horses


external opening of urinary or genital system of a lower vertebrate


microscopic organism such as an amoeba or paramecium


an animal that survives in spite of adversity

only the fittest animals were survivors of the cold winters


any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants


any organism that feeds mainly on insects


an animal having teeth consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge without sockets


an animal having teeth fused with the inner surface of the alveolar ridge without sockets


an artificial taxonomic category established on the basis of morphological resemblance for organisms of obscure true relationships especially fossil forms


one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates


deciduous horn of a member of the deer family


any hard protuberance from the head of an organism that is similar to or suggestive of a horn


a showy growth of e.g. feathers or skin on the head of a bird or other animal


(biology) a single-celled microorganism (especially a flagellate protozoan)


an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life


an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live


an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen


(genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species

a mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey


a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each


a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)


an organism that can assume more than one adult form as in the castes of ants or termites


oewn-relative-n oewn-congener-n oewn-congenator-n oewn-congeneric-n

an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)


harmless microorganisms (as Escherichia coli) that inhabit the intestinal tract and are essential for its normal functioning


(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein


a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions; they have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most are borne by arthropods; they are linked by the epidemiologic concept of transmission between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, etc.) that feed on blood; they can cause mild fevers, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis


the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus


(virology) a complete viral particle; nucleic acid and capsid (and a lipid envelope in some viruses)


any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye


a virus that causes upper respiratory infection (including the common cold and bronchiolitis); most often in children


animal viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae


the RNA virus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice


the RNA virus that causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis; infects mice and monkeys and dogs and guinea pigs and human beings


the RNA virus that causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice


a large family of arboviruses that affect a wide range of hosts (mainly vertebrates and arthropods)


an animal virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae; can be used as a bioweapon


a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees)


animal viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae


a filovirus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon


a filovirus that causes Marburg disease; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon


a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods, primarily the mosquito


an arbovirus of the family Togaviridae that can cause a variety of encephalitis in horses


a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods, mainly ticks and mosquitoes


animal viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae


the flavivirus that causes West Nile encephalitis


a family of round, pleomorphic arborviruses carried by arthropods


a family of rod-shaped arborviruses carried by arthropods


an animal virus that causes vesicular stomatitis


a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods that can affect the gastrointestinal system and the respiratory tract


any of a group of viruses that can cause pox diseases in vertebrates


a poxvirus closely related to smallpox virus; causes benign gelatinous tumors in humans


the virus that causes smallpox in humans; can be used as a bioweapon


a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of up to 25 percent


a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of about 1 percent


the widely studied plant virus that causes tobacco mosaic; it was the first virus discovered (1892)


the smallest of viruses; a plant virus with its RNA arranged in a circular chromosome without a protein coat


a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria

phage uses the bacterium's machinery and energy to produce more phage until the bacterium is destroyed and phage is released to invade surrounding bacteria


a bacteriophage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli


a bacteriophage specific for the bacterium Salmonella typhi


a plant pathogen that is a virus consisting of a single strand of RNA


a group of animal DNA viruses including viruses of ducks and woodchucks and squirrels and others as well as the virus causing hepatitis B in humans


any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA); the virus transcribes its RNA into a cDNA provirus that is then incorporated into the host cell


the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells


any of a group of RNA viruses including those that cause influenza and mumps


a group of viruses including those causing influenza


a group of viruses including those causing mumps and measles


a paramyxovirus that forms syncytia in tissue culture and that is responsible for severe respiratory diseases such as bronchiolitis and bronchial pneumonia (especially in children)


a group of single-strand RNA viruses with a protein coat


any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system)


enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis


any of a group of viruses associated with various diseases including viral meningitis and mild respiratory disorders and diarrhea in newborn infants


any of a group of picornaviruses that are responsible for many upper respiratory infections


any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin


a herpes virus that affects the skin and nervous system


oewn-herpes_simplex_1-n oewn-HS1-n oewn-HSV-1-n oewn-HSV-I-n


oewn-herpes_simplex_2-n oewn-HS2-n oewn-HSV-2-n oewn-HSV-II-n

a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes


a herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles


the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis; associated with specific cancers in Africa and China


any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems


the member of the herpes virus family that is responsible for chickenpox


any of a group of animal viruses associated with or causing papillomas or polyomas


any of a group of papovaviruses associated with genital or oral carcinomas or a group associated with benign genital tumors


a virus that can initiate various kinds of tumors in mice


any of a group of arboviruses including those causing rabies


a neurotropic non-arbovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae that causes rabies


any of a group of non-arboviruses including the rotavirus causing infant enteritis


any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle; not known to be associated with any human disease


a virus that remains dormant in the body for a long time before symptoms appear


the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of onion plants


the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of potato plants


oewn-Monera-n oewn-kingdom_Monera-n oewn-Prokayotae-n oewn-kingdom_Prokaryotae-n

prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions


organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and whose nutritional mode is absorption or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis


in some classifications considered a kingdom


oewn-archaebacteria-n oewn-archaebacterium-n oewn-archaeobacteria-n oewn-archeobacteria-n

considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae


archaebacteria found in anaerobic environments such as animal intestinal tracts or sediments or sewage and capable of producing methane; a source of natural gas


archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival


halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats


archaebacteria that thrive in strongly acidic environments at high temperatures


(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants


an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment


oewn-probiotic-n oewn-probiotic_bacterium-n oewn-probiotic_microflora-n oewn-probiotic_flora-n

a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant


a rodlike bacterium (especially any of the rod-shaped or branched bacteria in the root nodules of nitrogen-fixing plants)


aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil


a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals (cattle and swine and sheep and rabbits and mice and guinea pigs); can be used a bioweapon


oewn-Bacillus_subtilis-n oewn-Bacillus_globigii-n oewn-grass_bacillus-n oewn-hay_bacillus-n

a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics


a bacillus bacterium that causes the plague; aerosolized bacteria can be used as a bioweapon


any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria


a bacterial cell intermediate in morphology between a coccus and a bacillus; a very short bacillus


an aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis; can be used as a bioweapon


any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form


a genus of helical or curved or straight aerobic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple flagella; found in the gastric mucosa of primates (including humans)


the type species of genus Heliobacter; produces urease and is associated with several gastroduodenal diseases (including gastritis and gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers and other peptic ulcers)


aerobic bacteria widely distributed in nature


a species of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that produce gas and acid from sugars and are sometimes involved in the souring of milk


the type genus of Rhizobiaceae; usually occur in the root nodules of legumes; can fix atmospheric oxygen


small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems


the bacteria that produce crown gall disease in plants


one-celled monerans having simple cells with rigid walls and (in motile types) flagella


a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella


one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-positive spherical or rod-shaped forms; some are motile; in some classifications considered an order of Schizomycetes


typically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores


type genus of the Bacillaceae; includes many saprophytes important in decay of organic matter and a number of parasites


anaerobic or micro-aerophilic rod-shaped or spindle-shaped saprophytes; nearly cosmopolitan in soil, animal intestines, and dung


spindle-shaped bacterial cell especially one swollen at the center by an endospore


anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism


anaerobic Gram-positive rod bacterium that produces epsilon toxin; can be used as a bioweapon


prokaryotic organisms sometimes considered a class or phylum or subkingdom; coextensive with the Cyanophyceae: cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)


photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae


predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton


oewn-Myxophyceae-n oewn-family_Myxophyceae-n oewn-Schizophyceae-n oewn-family_Schizophyceae-n


type genus of the family Nostocaceae: freshwater blue-green algae


found in moist places as rounded jellylike colonies


large colonial bacterium common in tropical open-ocean waters; important in carbon and nitrogen fixation


green and purple bacteria; energy for growth is derived from sunlight; carbon is derived from carbon dioxide or organic carbon


free-living Gram-negative pink to purplish-brown bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll


one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-negative spiral or spherical or rod-shaped bacteria usually motile by polar flagella; some contain photosynthetic pigments


rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; include important plant and animal pathogens


type genus of the family Pseudomonodaceae


causes brown rot in tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc


bacteria usually producing greenish fluorescent water-soluble pigment; some pathogenic for plants and animals


a genus of bacteria similar to Pseudomonas but producing a yellow pigment that is not soluble in water


bacteria producing yellow non-water-soluble pigments; some pathogenic for plants


usually rod-shaped bacteria that oxidize ammonia or nitrites: nitrobacteria


soil bacteria that convert nitrites to nitrates


soil bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrites


free-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds


a genus of motile rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria that metabolizes sulphur (Thiobacillus)


small rod-shaped bacteria living in sewage or soil and oxidizing sulfur


a genus of large, elongate, spiral-shaped, rigid, gram-negative bacteria, containing the species Spirillum winogradskyi and Spirillum volutans with standing in nomenclature (Spirillum)


spirally twisted elongate rodlike bacteria usually living in stagnant water


a genus of gram-negative curved-rod-shaped motile bacteria, containing facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores (Vibrio)


comma-shaped bacteria that cause Asiatic cholera


family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes


type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in the gut of man and animals


a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species that causes granuloma inguinale


the species of bacteria that causes granuloma inguinale


a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans)


the type species of the genus Francisella and the causal agent of tularemia in humans; can be used as a bioweapon


the pus-producing bacterium that causes gonorrhea


a large family of mostly Gram-positive and aerobic and nonmotile rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales


any species of the genus Corynebacterium


the type genus of the family Corynebacteriaceae which is widely distributed in nature; the best known are parasites and pathogens of humans and domestic animals


a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria


a genus of aerobic motile bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae containing small Gram-positive rods


the type species of the genus Listeria; can cause meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia, endocarditis, abortion, abscesses, listeriosis


a large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales


oewn-enteric_bacteria-n oewn-enterobacteria-n oewn-enterics-n oewn-entric-n

rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals


a genus of gram-negative, nonspore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (Escherichia)


a species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of humans and other animals; sometimes pathogenic; can be a threat to food safety


a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria with a prominent polysaccharide-based capsule (Klebsiella)


a genus of nonmotile rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some cause respiratory and other infections


a genus of rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria containing the species Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica (Salmonella)


rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; cause typhoid fever and food poisoning; can be used as a bioweapon


a form of salmonella that causes gastroenteritis in humans


a form of salmonella that causes food poisoning in humans


a form of salmonella that causes typhoid fever


a genus of motile peritrichous bacteria that contain small Gram-negative rod


the type species of the genus Serratia; a species found in water and soil and milk and foods and insects; can cause infections of the endocardium and blood and wounds and urinary tract and respiratory tract; has been tested as a bioweapon


a genus of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria (Shigella)


rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some are pathogenic for warm-blooded animals; can be used as a bioweapon


a genus of rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria containing mostly plant pathogenic species of which many affect woody plants (Erwinia)


rod-shaped motile bacteria that attack plants


microorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates


can cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans


any of a group of very small rod-shaped bacteria that live in biting arthropods (as ticks and mites) and cause disease in vertebrate hosts; they cause typhus and other febrile diseases in human beings


a cell-free filtrate held to be a virus responsible for a specific neoplasm


a tumor virus transmitted by leafhoppers


(genetics) a virus or other agent that is used to deliver DNA to a cell


(genetics) a large vector that is made from a bacteriophage and used to clone genes or gene fragments


Gram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates


type genus of the family Chlamydiaceae: disease-causing parasites


coccoid rickettsia infesting birds and mammals; cause infections of eyes and lungs and genitourinary tract


bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia


bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum


coextensive with the family Mycoplasmataceae


pleomorphic Gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria; parasitic in mammals


type and sole genus of the family Mycoplasmataceae


any of a group of small parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can survive without oxygen; can cause pneumonia and urinary tract infection


a mycoplasma resistant to antibiotics that causes a kind of pneumonia in humans


the motile aerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in central heating and air conditioning systems and can cause Legionnaires' disease


any of the bacteria in the soil that take part in the nitrogen cycle; they oxidize ammonium compounds into nitrites or oxidize nitrites into nitrates


any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into nitrates


any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites


any bacteria (some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals) belonging to the order Actinomycetales


type genus of the family Actinomycetaceae


soil-inhabiting saprophytes and disease-producing plant and animal parasites


higher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes


type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae


aerobic bacteria (some of which produce the antibiotic streptomycin)


cause of a potato disease characterized by brownish corky tissue


a family of bacteria containing tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and the classic Hansen's strain of leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) (Mycobacteriaceae)


nonmotile Gram-positive aerobic bacteria


rod-shaped bacteria some saprophytic or causing diseases


bacteria that are unaffected by penicillin


any of various rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria


oewn-order_Myxobacteria-n oewn-Myxobacterales-n oewn-order_Myxobacterales-n oewn-Myxobacteriales-n oewn-order_Myxobacteriales-n


oewn-Polyangiaceae-n oewn-family_Polyangiaceae-n oewn-Myxobacteriaceae-n oewn-family_Myxobacteriaceae-n

bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung


type genus of the family Polyangiaceae: myxobacteria with rounded fruiting bodies enclosed in a membrane


oewn-myxobacteria-n oewn-myxobacterium-n oewn-myxobacter-n oewn-gliding_bacteria-n oewn-slime_bacteria-n

bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste


spherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment; includes toxin-producing forms as well as harmless commensals and saprophytes


spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections


oewn-Lactobacillaceae-n oewn-family_Lactobacillaceae-n oewn-Lactobacteriaceae-n oewn-family_Lactobacteriaceae-n

lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid


type genus of the family Lactobacillaceae


a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid (especially in milk)


a bacterium that is used to make yogurt and to supplement probiotics


a genus of round bacteria that ordinarily occurs in the form of two joined cells (Diplococcus)


Gram-positive bacteria usually occurring in pairs


bacterium causing pneumonia in mice and humans


a genus of spherical, gram-positive bacteria, for which cell division occurs across a single axis, leading them to grow in chains or pairs, containing over 50 species (Streptococcus)


spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis


higher bacteria; slender spiral rodlike forms


large coarsely spiral bacteria; free-living in fresh or salt water or commensal in bodies of oysters


the type genus of the family Spirochaetaceae; a bacterium that is flexible, undulating, and chiefly aquatic


parasitic or free-living bacteria; many pathogenic to humans and other animals


small spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic


type genus of Treponemataceae: anaerobic spirochetes with an undulating rigid body; parasitic in warm-blooded animals


spirochete that causes disease in humans (e.g. syphilis and yaws)


small flexible parasitic spirochetes having three to five wavy spirals


cause of e.g. European and African relapsing fever


cause of Lyme disease; transmitted primarily by ticks of genus Ixodes


very slender aerobic spirochetes; free-living or parasitic in mammals


important pathogens causing Weil's disease or canicola fever


the aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water


photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae


unicellular algae, one of four families of Charophyte green algae


animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae


the aggregate of actively swimming animals in a body of water ranging from microscopic organisms to whales


a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use


an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host


oewn-endoparasite-n oewn-entoparasite-n oewn-entozoan-n oewn-entozoon-n oewn-endozoan-n

any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms)


oewn-ectoparasite-n oewn-ectozoan-n oewn-ectozoon-n oewn-epizoan-n oewn-epizoon-n

any external parasitic organism (as fleas)


an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite; it does not benefit and is often harmed by the association


a host that is used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle


the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place


any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)


either of two different animal or plant species living in close association but not interdependent


an organism such as an insect that habitually shares the nest of a species of ant


in most modern classifications, replacement for the Protista; includes: Protozoa, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Heterokontophyta, Rhodophyta, unicellular protists and their descendant multicellular organisms: regarded as distinct from plants and animals


eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae


free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes


a division of lower plants comprising unicellular and biflagellate algae that form starchy compounds


in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom; comprises flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans, amoebas, foraminifers


any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic


characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda


protozoa that move and capture food by forming pseudopods


protozoa having stiff rodlike radiating pseudopods


protozoa with spherical bodies and stiff radiating pseudopods


protozoa with amoeba-like bodies and radiating filamentous pseudopods


creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers


oewn-Amoebida-n oewn-order_Amoebida-n oewn-Amoebina-n oewn-order_Amoebina-n


protozoan inhabiting moist soils or bottom vegetation in fresh or salt water


a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract


the type genus of the family Endamoebidae


naked freshwater or marine or parasitic protozoa that form temporary pseudopods for feeding and locomotion


the parasitic ameba that causes amebic dysentery in human beings


marine microorganism having a calcareous shell with openings where pseudopods protrude


marine protozoan having a rounded shell with spiny processes


large fossil protozoan of the Tertiary period


any of various rhizopods of the order Testacea characterized by having a shell


soil and freshwater protozoa; cosmopolitan in distribution


an amoeba-like protozoan with a chitinous shell resembling an umbrella


a protozoan with an ovoid shell of cemented sand grains


oewn-Ciliata-n oewn-class_Ciliata-n oewn-Ciliophora-n oewn-class_Ciliophora-n

class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle


a protozoan with a microscopic appendage extending from the surface of the cell


in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter


freshwater ciliate with an oval body and long deep oral groove


protozoa having four membranous ciliary organelles


relative of the paramecium; often used in genetics research


trumpet-shaped protozoa with a ciliated spiral feeding funnel


any of several trumpet-shaped ciliate protozoans that are members of the genus Stentor


ciliated protozoans that have a goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk


any of various protozoa having a transparent goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk


primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves


plant growing in the sea, especially marine algae


dried seaweed especially that cast ashore


any of various seaweeds that grow underwater in shallow beds

seagrass provides a protective environment in which young fish can develop


growth of marine vegetation especially of the large forms such as rockweeds and kelp


any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms; there are four naturally occurring forms


a blue-black plant pigment having a blue-green alcohol solution; found in all higher plants


a dark-green plant pigment having a brilliant green alcohol solution; generally characteristic of higher plants


the chlorophyll present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates


the chlorophyll found (together with chlorophyll a) in red algae


a substance in photosensitive bacteria that is related to but different from chlorophyll of higher plants


water-soluble proteinaceous pigments found in red algae and cyanobacteria


algae having chlorophyll a and usually c, and flagella of unequal lengths; terminology supersedes Chrysophyta in some classifications


mostly freshwater eukaryotic algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown or yellow pigment; yellow-green and golden-brown algae and diatoms: Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae; some classification systems superseded or subsumed by Heterokontophyta


algae having the pigments chlorophyll and carotene and xanthophyll


any alga of the division Chrysophyta with its chlorophyll masked by yellow pigment


oewn-Chrysophyceae-n oewn-class_Chrysophyceae-n oewn-Heterokontae-n oewn-class_Heterokontae-n

all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length


oewn-Bacillariophyceae-n oewn-class_Bacillariophyceae-n oewn-Diatomophyceae-n oewn-class_Diatomophyceae-n

marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms


microscopic unicellular marine or freshwater colonial alga having cell walls impregnated with silica


yellow-green algae with simple or branching filaments; comprising the single family Tribonemaceae


simple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae


any of various algae of the genus Tribonema; algae with branching filaments that form scum in still or stagnant fresh water


algae resembling confervae especially in having branching filaments


brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae


coextensive with class Phaeophyceae; in some classifications subsumed in the division Heterokontophyta


algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown and yellow pigments


in some classifications coextensive with family Laminariaceae: marine brown algae of cold or polar seas


large family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters


type genus of the family Laminariaceae: perennial brown kelps


large brown seaweeds having fluted leathery fronds


any of various kelps especially of the genus Laminaria


in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales


small family of brown algae: gulfweeds; rockweeds


any of various algae of the family Fucaceae


a fossilized cast or impression of algae of the order Fucales


coarse brown seaweed growing on rocks exposed at low tide


type genus of the family Fucaceae: cartilaginous brown algae


oewn-bladderwrack-n oewn-black_rockweed-n oewn-bladder_fucus-n oewn-tang-n oewn-Fucus_vesiculosus-n

a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure


brown algae distinguished by compressed or inflated branchlets along the axis


similar to and found with black rockweed


a genus of protoctist containing brown macroalgae (Sargassum)


oewn-gulfweed-n oewn-sargassum-n oewn-sargasso-n oewn-Sargassum_bacciferum-n

brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea


coextensive with the division Euglenophyta


type genus of the family Euglenaceae: green algae with a single flagellum


minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella; often classed as algae


marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism


large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae; obviously ancestral to land plants


algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments


algae that are clear green in color; often growing on wet ricks or damp wood or the surface of stagnant water


alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications


type genus of the family Ulvaceae; green seaweed having a thallus two cells thick: sea lettuce


seaweed with edible translucent crinkly green fronds


chiefly freshwater green algae; solitary or colonial


unicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates


type genus of the Volvocaceae; minute pale green flagellates occurring in tiny spherical colonies; minute flagella rotate the colony about an axis


green algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome


type genus of the Chlamydomonadaceae; solitary doubly-flagellated plant-like algae common in fresh water and damp soil; multiply freely; often a pest around filtration plants


oewn-Zygnematales-n oewn-order_Zygnematales-n oewn-Zygnemales-n oewn-order_Zygnemales-n


pond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses


a genus of protoctist, containing filamentous charophyte green algae (Spirogyra)


freshwater algae consisting of minute filaments containing spiral chlorophyll bands


unicellular green algae that reproduce by spores


type genus of Chlorococcales; unicellular green algae occurring singly or in a layer on soil or damp rock


nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially important as source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins


simple or branched filamentous freshwater green algae


type genus of Oedogoniaceae; freshwater green algae having long unbranched filaments; usually free-floating when mature


in some classifications: contains only the order Charales


small order of macroscopic fresh and brackish water algae with a distinct axis: stoneworts


green algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts


any of various submerged aquatic algae of the genus Chara having nodes with whorled filamentlike branches; usually encrusted with calcium carbonate deposits


green algae common in freshwater lakes of limestone districts


a genus of protoctist, containing algae (Desmidium)


lower plants; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae


coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae


marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment; source of agar and carrageenan


any of various red algae having graceful rose to purple fronds (e.g. dulse or carrageen)


a family of protoctist containing red algae (Gigartinaceae)


a genus of protoctist, containing red algae (Chondrus)


oewn-Irish_moss-n oewn-carrageen-n oewn-carageen-n oewn-carragheen-n oewn-Chondrus_crispus-n

dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America


a family of protoctist containing red algae (Bangiaceae)


a genus of protoctist, containing red algal laver (Porphyra)


an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells


a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma


one of the distinct individuals forming a colonial animal such as a bryozoan or hydrozoan


oewn-Mastigophora-n oewn-class_Mastigophora-n oewn-Flagellata-n oewn-class_Flagellata-n


oewn-flagellate-n oewn-flagellate_protozoan-n oewn-flagellated_protozoan-n oewn-mastigophoran-n oewn-mastigophore-n

a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals


oewn-Dinoflagellata-n oewn-order_Dinoflagellata-n oewn-Cilioflagellata-n oewn-order_Cilioflagellata-n

in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; in others included in the plant phylum Pyrrophyta


chiefly marine protozoa having two flagella; a chief constituent of plankton


a genus of protoctist, containing Noctiluca scintillans, or sea sparkle, as its only species (Noctiluca)


flagellate with a thick test composed of plates


in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates


flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis


flagellate protozoan lacking photosynthesis and other plant-like characteristics


flagellate symbiotic in the intestines of e.g. termites


a flagellate that is the cause of the frequently fatal fish disease costiasis


flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates


flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates including humans


flagellates free-living or parasitic in intestines of birds


flagellates parasitic in alimentary or genitourinary tracts of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans


cause of trichomoniasis in women and cattle and birds


plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae


unicellular organisms having many characteristics of typical algae


motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae


common in fresh and salt water appearing along the shore as algal blooms


strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites


one of the minute active bodies into which sporozoans divide in one stage of their life cycle


a sporozoan in the active feeding stage of its life cycle


a cell that arises from the asexual division of a parent sporozoan during its life cycle


parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites


a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida (Coccidia)


a family of protoctist in the order Coccidia


type genus of the family Eimeriidae; includes serious pathogens


parasitic on the digestive epithelium of vertebrates and higher invertebrates


an order in the subclass Telosporidia containing the gregarines (Gregarinida)


vermiform protozoans parasitic in insects and other invertebrates


a subclass of apicomplexans which can be divided into two orders, Chromatorida and Achromatorida (Haemosporidia)


minute protozoans parasitic at some stage of the life cycle in blood cells of vertebrates including many pathogens


parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans


related to malaria parasite and having a phase in the viscera of various birds


a genus of protoctist, containing parasitic protozoa which use blackflies as their definitive host and birds as their intermediate host (Leucocytozoan, Leucocytozoon)


minute parasite of red blood cells of mammals transmitted by a tick and causing diseases of domestic animals


imperfectly known parasites of the muscles of vertebrates


parasite in invertebrates and lower vertebrates of no known economic importance


single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates


an order of parasites of worms, distinguished by spores with trivalve shells and three polar capsules (Actinomyxidia)


parasite of arthropods and fishes that invade and destroy host cells


an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia, characterized by complex spores having at least one infective amoeboid sporoplasm and one or more polar capsules containing coiled, extrusible filaments (Myxosporidia)


mostly parasitic in fishes and including various serious pathogens


temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion


multinucleate sheet of cytoplasm characteristic of some stages of such organisms as slime molds


an extensive group of teleost fishes having fins supported by flexible cartilaginous rays


any fish of the superorder Malacopterygii


in some classifications considered a superorder comprising the Cypriniformes and the Siluriformes


an order of animals including almost entirely freshwater fishes: characins, loaches, carp, suckers; sometimes classified as a suborder of Ostariophysi


a soft-finned fish of the order Cypriniformes


slender freshwater fishes of Eurasia and Africa resembling catfishes


a family of fish including: carp, tench, roach, rudd, dace


soft-finned mainly freshwater fishes typically having toothless jaws and cycloid scales


any of various freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae


type genus of the family Cyprinidae: carp


large Old World freshwater bottom-feeding fish introduced into Europe from Asia; inhabits ponds and sluggish streams and often raised for food; introduced into United States where it has become a pest


domestic carp with some large shining scales


European freshwater fish having a flattened body and silvery scales; of little value as food


freshwater dace-like game fish of Europe and western Asia noted for ability to survive outside water


small European freshwater fish with a slender bluish-green body


European freshwater game fish with a thick spindle-shaped body


any of numerous small silvery North American cyprinid fishes especially of the genus Notropis


small blunt-nosed fish of Great Lakes and Mississippi valley with a greenish luster


shiner of eastern North America having golden glints; sometimes also called `bream'


European freshwater food fish having a greenish back


European freshwater fish resembling the roach


very small European freshwater fish common in gravelly streams


small slender European freshwater fish often used as bait by anglers


small golden or orange-red freshwater fishes of Eurasia used as pond or aquarium fishes


European carp closely resembling wild goldfish


small family comprising the electric eels


type genus of the family Electrophoridae; electric eels


eel-shaped freshwater fish of South America having electric organs in its body


suckers; closely related to the family Cyprinidae


a cypriniform fish of the family Catostomidae


mostly North American freshwater fishes with a thick-lipped mouth for feeding by suction; related to carps


any of several large suckers of the Mississippi valley


a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae, containing 3 species of sucker (Hypentelium)


widely distributed in warm clear shallow streams


a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae


large family of small soft-finned fishes: killifishes, flagfishes, swordtails, guppies


any member of the family Cyprinodontidae


small mostly marine warm-water carp-like schooling fishes; used as bait or aquarium fishes or in mosquito control


a genus of killifish, also known as topminnows (Fundulus)


silver-and-black killifish of saltwater marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States


oewn-striped_killifish-n oewn-mayfish-n oewn-may_fish-n oewn-Fundulus_majalis-n

black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States


a genus of killifish, containing Rivulus cylindraceus, Rivulus formosensis, Rivulus insulaepinorum, Rivulus roloffi, and Rivulus tomasi (Rivulus)


found in small streams of tropical America; often kept in aquariums; usually hermaphroditic


a fish with a dark-blue back and whitish sides with red stripes; found in swamps and streams of Florida


oewn-swordtail-n oewn-helleri-n oewn-topminnow-n oewn-Xyphophorus_helleri-n

freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail; popular aquarium fish


small freshwater fish of South America and the West Indies; often kept in aquariums