the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines


the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion, duration of effect, etc.


the pharmacological determination of appropriate doses of drugs and medicines


the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders


an obsolete term for the study and treatment of mental illness


the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods


the branch of psychology concerned with the treatment of abnormal mentation and behavior


the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud


the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals


the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment


the study of anatomical features of animals of different species


the branch of gross anatomy concerning with the morphology of teeth


the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity


the study of anatomy in its relation to function


the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope


the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs


the branch of anatomy that studies the bones of the vertebrate skeleton


the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles and nerves and arteries etc.) in that region


the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases


oewn-pediatrics-n oewn-paediatrics-n oewn-pediatric_medicine-n oewn-pedology-n

the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children


that branch of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn; the diagnosis and treatment of neonates


the branch of medicine concerned with the feet


the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the colon or rectum or anus


the branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation


the branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of pathologies of the muscles or tendons or joints


the medical specialty that deals with diseases of the ear, nose and throat


the branch of medical science that deals with serums; especially with blood serums and disease


the branch of medicine concerned with the effects of space flight on human beings


the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of injuries or illness resulting from athletic activities


the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures

he is professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School


the branch of medical science concerned with disorders or deformities of the spine and joints


branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease


the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons


the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest


the branch of medicine that deals with the surgical repair of injuries and wounds arising from accidents


the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that are found most often in tropical regions


the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system


the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals (especially domestic animals)


the branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases


the application of soil and plant sciences to land management and crop production


the study of plant nutrition and growth especially as a way to increase crop yield


dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants


the branch of biology that studies plants


the branch of botany that studies fungi and fungus-caused diseases


the branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruits


the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living tissues or organs or organisms


the freezing of a seriously ill or recently deceased person to stop tissues from decomposing; the body is preserved until new medical cures are developed that might bring the person back to life

cryonics is more science fiction than serious science


the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells


the branch of biology that studies the cellular aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes)


the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment


the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms


the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life


the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber


the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests


the branch of zoology that studies insects


the branch of entomology dealing with Lepidoptera


the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats


the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians


the branch of zoology that studies fishes


the branch of zoology that studies the structure and behavior of mollusks


the branch of zoology that studies mammals


the branch of zoology that studies eggs (especially birds' eggs and their size, shape, coloration, and number)


the branch of zoology that studies birds


the branch of zoology that studies primates


the branch of zoology that studies protozoans


the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains


oewn-paleoanthropology-n oewn-palaeoanthropology-n oewn-human_paleontology-n oewn-human_palaeontology-n


the branch of paleobotany that studies fossil trees


the branch of genomics that determines the biological function of the genes and their products


the branch of genomics that determines the three-dimensional structures of proteins


the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms


the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)


the branch of genetics that studies the full set of proteins encoded by a genome


the branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues


the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans


the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level


the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role)


the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants


the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system


a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms


the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system


the branch of genetics that studies the genetically determined variations in responses to drugs in humans or laboratory organisms


the branch of biology concerned with the development of malformations or serious deviations from the normal type of organism


the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms; the effort to understand biology within the context of chemistry


the branch of biochemistry dealing with the chemical nature and biological activity of enzymes


the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation (as in making wine or brewing or distilling)


the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms


the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system


the scientific study of the nervous system


the branch of neuroscience concerned with the brain


the branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena


the branch of physiology that studies the circulation of the blood and the forces involved


the branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement


the branch of physiology that studies muscles


the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology


the branch of biology that studies the effects of radiation on living organisms


the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history


the branch of biology that studies animals


the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions


the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)


the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals


the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances


the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the chemistry of plants


branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions


the branch of chemistry that studies elementary (often very fast) chemical reactions as they occur; the experimental methods are often based on the use of femtosecond laser pulses


branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light


the branch of chemistry that studies processes occurring at interfaces between phases (especially those between liquid and gas)


the science of matter and energy and their interactions


the physical properties, phenomena, and laws of something


the study of the physical properties of sound


the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole


the branch of astronomy that studies the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space


the branch of astronomy that deals with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies


the branch of astronomy that detects and studies the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies


the theory and practice of navigation through air or space


science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics

avionics has become even more important with the development of the space program


physics as applied to biological problems


the branch of astronomy concerned with the application of Newton's laws of motion to the motions of heavenly bodies


the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies


the branch of astronomy that deals with the moon


the branch of astronomy that deals with the sun


the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe


the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures


the branch of science that studies the formation and structure of crystals


the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena


the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices


the branch of physics that deals with static electricity


the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference


the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei


the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light


branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors


the branch of optics that deals with the use of coherent light from a laser in order to make a hologram that can then be used to create a three-dimensional image


the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions


the branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase


the branch of physics based on quantum theory


a quantum of energy (in a crystal lattice or other system) that has position and momentum and can in some respects be regarded as a particle


the branch of physics that studies the deformation and flow of matter


oewn-atomism-n oewn-atomic_theory-n oewn-atomist_theory-n oewn-atomistic_theory-n

(chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles

the ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Epicurus held atomic theories of the universe


the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole

holism holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts


(physics) a theory of atomic structure that combined Rutherford's model with the quantum theory; electrons orbiting a nucleus can only be in certain stationary energy states and light is emitted when electrons jump from one energy state to another


first modern concept of atomic structure; all of the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are contained in a compact nucleus; a number of electrons (equal to the atomic number) occupy the rest of the volume of the atom and neutralize the positive charge


(physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations


the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system


the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes


a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system


the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system


oewn-parity-n oewn-conservation_of_parity-n oewn-space-reflection_symmetry-n oewn-mirror_symmetry-n

(physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system


(biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms; proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and by Theodor Schwann


(physics) the theory that light is transmitted as waves


(physics) the theory that light is transmitted as a stream of particles


(physics) a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion


oewn-relativity-n oewn-theory_of_relativity-n oewn-relativity_theory-n oewn-Einstein-ap-s_theory_of_relativity-n

(physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts


a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)


a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems


(physics) a theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces

according to supersymmetry each force emerged separately during the big bang


(physics) a physical theory that certain properties occur only in discrete amounts (quanta)


the modern form of quantum theory; an extension of quantum mechanics based on Schrodinger's equation; atomic events are explained as interactions between particle waves


(quantum theory) the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time


a theory that the temperature of a body increases when kinetic energy increases


(medicine) the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms


(computer science) a statistical theory dealing with the limits and efficiency of information processing


(chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water


(biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals


(chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation


(biology) a theory of how characteristics of one generation are derived from earlier generations


the theory of inheritance based on Mendel's laws


a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection


a modern Darwinian theory that explains new species in terms of genetic mutations


a theory of organic evolution claiming that acquired characteristics are transmitted to offspring


a modern Lamarckian theory emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in genetic changes and retaining the notion of the inheritance of acquired characters


the branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated


a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change


the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion


the branch of physics that studies the properties of materials in the solid state: electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals; superconductivity; photoconductivity


the branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles


the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level; an extension of statistical mechanics based on quantum theory (especially the Pauli exclusion principle)


the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields; it was motivated by the question of how an atom radiates light as its electrons jump from excited states


a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons


a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together


the branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases


the branch of mechanics concerned with forces in equilibrium


study of the mechanical properties of fluids that are not in motion


the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies


the branch of mechanics concerned with motion without reference to force or mass


the study of the interaction of magnetic fields and electrically conducting fluids (as plasma or molten metal)


the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow


the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy


the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium


the branch of electronics that deals with beams of electrons and their focusing and deflection by magnetic fields


the branch of electronics that deals with miniature components


the branch of electronics dealing with thermionic phenomena (especially thermionic vacuum tubes)


any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts


a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks


the scientific study of the earth's configuration above sea level (emphasizing the measurement of land altitudes relative to sea level)


the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks


geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth


the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms


the branch of geology that studies the arrangement and succession of strata


the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust


the earth science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere (especially weather)


meteorology of the total extent of the atmosphere; especially the upper layers


meteorology of climates and their phenomena


the study of effects of climate on living organisms


the branch of meteorology that studies clouds and cloud formation


the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation


the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans


the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation


the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties


the branch of geology that studies earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies


the branch of geology that studies volcanoes


the branch of science that studies magnetism


the branch of geology that studies the shape of the earth and the determination of the exact position of geographical points


the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them


the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and mineral composition and classification


the branch of economic geology that deals with the occurrence and exploitation of oil and gas fields


the branch of geology that deals with economically valuable geological materials


the branch of economic geology that deals with the applications of geology to mining


study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation


the study of physical features of the earth's surface


precise detailed study of the surface features of a region


topographic study of a given place (especially the history of the place as indicated by its topography)

Greenland's topology has been shaped by the glaciers of the ice age


the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities


the science that maps the general features of the universe; describes both heaven and earth (but without encroaching on geography or astronomy)


the discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings

architecture and eloquence are mixed arts whose end is sometimes beauty and sometimes use


the art, planning, design, management, preservation and rehabilitation of the land and the design of large man-made constructs


the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities


oewn-engineering-n oewn-engineering_science-n oewn-applied_science-n oewn-technology-n

the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems

he had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study


the metallurgy of powdered metals; how to produce solid metal objects from powdered metal by compaction and sintering


the branch of engineering science concerned with the design and construction of aircraft


application of biological principles to the study and design of engineering systems (especially electronic systems)


the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments


the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes

biotechnology produced genetically altered bacteria that solved the problem


the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems


the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism


the branch of engineering that is concerned with the design and construction and operation of the plants and machinery used in industrial chemical processes


the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction of such public works as dams or bridges


the branch of civil engineering dealing with the use and control of water in motion


the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication


(often plural) the branch of electrical engineering concerned with the technology of electronic communication at a distance


the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures


(computing) a discrete item that provides a description of virtually anything known to a computer

in object-oriented programming, objects include data and define its status, its methods of operation and how it interacts with other objects


the system of operations performed by a computer that underlies the machine's representation of logical operations


the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively

workers in AI hope to imitate or duplicate intelligence in computers and robots


the use of computers to translate from one language to another


the area of AI concerned with the practical use of robots


the construction of robots to look like animals (developed for Disneyland)


the area of robotics that is concerned with the control of robots from a distance


the branch of engineering that deals with the construction of buildings (as distinguished from architecture as a design art)


the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways


the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information


the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of machinery


the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules)


the branch of engineering that deals with the interaction of surfaces in relative motion (as in bearings or gears): their design and friction and wear and lubrication


the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction and operation of nuclear reactors


the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of ships


the branch of engineering science that studies rocket design and operation


the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans)


the study or prediction of future developments on the basis of existing conditions


the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior


(psychology) a theory that association is the basic principle of mental activity


(psychology) a theory that reduces all mental phenomena to simple elements (sensations and feelings) that form complex ideas by association


any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.


an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes


the branch of psychology concerned with the behavior of animals


the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children


the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals


the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues


the branch of psychology concerned with quantitative relations between physical stimuli and their psychological effects


oewn-behaviorism-n oewn-behaviourism-n oewn-behavioristic_psychology-n oewn-behaviouristic_psychology-n

an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior


a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment


the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory processes

he taught a graduate course on learning and memory


the area of cognitive psychology that studies the processes involved in solving problems


the branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance


the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes


any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements


the study of reflex action as it relates to the behavior of organisms


(psychology) a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties


the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole


the branch of social psychology that deals with the processes and emotions that determine psychology and motivation


the branch of social psychology that studies the psychodynamics of interaction in social groups


oewn-information_science-n oewn-informatics-n oewn-information_processing-n oewn-IP-n

the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information


the branch of information science that deals with natural language information


(biology) the field of science concerned with processes of communication and control (especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems)


the field of science concerned with cognition; includes parts of cognitive psychology and linguistics and computer science and cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind


the branch of science that studies society and the relationships of individual within a society


the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings


the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures


archeology of ancient Egyptian artifacts


oewn-marine_archeology-n oewn-marine_archaeology-n oewn-underwater_archeology-n oewn-underwater_archaeology-n


the study of the geography of ancient times or ancient epochs


the study of ancient forms of writing (and the deciphering of them)


the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)


the explanation of past events in terms of scientific causes (as geological causes)


the study of (especially prehistoric) antiquities


the study of humans prior to the invention of writing


the study of prehistoric human artifacts and human fossils


the branch of anthropology that provides scientific description of individual human societies


the branch of anthropology that deals with the division of humankind into races and with their origins and distribution and distinctive characteristics


the branch of anthropology dealing with the genesis and variation of human beings


the branch of physical anthropology dealing with the study and measurement of dry skulls after removal of its soft parts


the branch of anthropology that deals with human culture and society


the study of a society by analyzing its garbage


the study of religious or magical rites and ceremonies


the study of government of states and other political units


the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state


the branch of geopolitics dealing with strategy


politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations


the opinion you hold with respect to political questions


oewn-home_economics-n oewn-home_ec-n oewn-domestic_science-n oewn-household_arts-n


the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management


(economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players


the application of mathematics and statistics to the study of economic and financial data


the branch of economics that studies the management of money and other assets


the branch of economics that studies the overall working of a national economy


the branch of economics that studies the economy of consumers or households or individual firms


the school of economic theory that stresses the costs of production as a means of stimulating the economy; advocates policies that raise capital and labor output by increasing the incentive to produce


the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations


the study and classification of human societies


the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement


the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations


the branch of sociology that studies election trends (as by opinion polls)


the branch of criminology concerned with prison management and prisoner rehabilitation


the quantitative study of social relationships


the science of systematic classification


use of data (e.g. cytogenetic or biochemical) to assess taxonomic relations especially within an evolutionary framework


(biology) study of the general principles of scientific classification


a taxonomic system of classifying species based on the branching patterns of cladograms that are built to infer phylogenetic relations


the branch of science that studies death (especially its social and psychological aspects)


oewn-humanistic_discipline-n oewn-humanities-n oewn-liberal_arts-n oewn-arts-n

studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)


revival of a classical style (in art or literature or architecture or music) but from a new perspective or with a new motivation


a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms

classicism often derived its models from the ancient Greeks and Romans


a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality


the art of designing the interior decoration for a house, office, or other architectural space


the discipline that studies the English language and literature


the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings


a theory that social and cultural events are determined by history


the academic discipline that studies the development of painting and sculpture


the branch of art history that studies visual images and their symbolic meaning (especially in social or political terms)


the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events


the determination of how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language

he mapped the glottochronology of the Romance languages


all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge


the study and creation of visual works of art


arts or skills that require public performance


the scholarly knowledge of western cultures and languages and people


the scholarly knowledge of Asian cultures and languages and people


the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics


the philosophical study of moral values and rules


the branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences


the study of ethical implications of treatments for neurological diseases


moral philosophy based on the application of general ethical principles to resolve moral dilemmas


argumentation that is specious or excessively subtle and intended to be misleading


an ethical system that evaluates actions by reference to personal well-being through a life based on reason


an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good


a Roman Catholic system of casuistry that when expert opinions differ an actor can follow any solidly probable opinion that he wishes even though some different opinion might be more probable


(art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art)

traditional aesthetics assumed the existence of universal and timeless criteria of artistic value


the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do


that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties entering into contracts


that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing corporations


that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing matrimony


that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents


the philosophical study of being and knowing


the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence


(computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations


the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe


a rationale for dialectical materialism based on change through the conflict of opposing forces


any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments


the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference


any logical system that abstracts the form of statements away from their content in order to establish abstract criteria of consistency and validity


a system of symbolic logic devised by George Boole; used in computers


a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as units and with their combinations and the connectives that relate them


a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as the relations between propositions)


a limitation imposed on the variables of a proposition (as by the quantifiers `some' or `all' or `no')


a system of logic whose formal properties resemble certain moral and epistemological concepts


the modal logic of necessity and possibility and contingency


the modal logic of obligation and permissibility


the modal logic of knowledge and uncertainty and ignorance


a form of mathematical logic in which truth can assume a continuum of values between 0 and 1


the logical study of necessity and possibility


the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry in a particular discipline


a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account


a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy


a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals


an anthropological theory that there are unobservable social structures that generate observable social phenomena


the use of computers for linguistic research and applications


the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features


the study of the sources and development of words


the humanistic study of a body of literature


study of literary works from different cultures (often in translation)


the informed analysis and evaluation of literature


the study of poetic meter and the art of versification


study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome


study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking)


the study of the principles and practices of library administration


the humanistic study of language and literature


the branch of philology that is devoted to the study of dialects


the scholarly and scientific study of music


the study of Chinese history and language and culture


the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis)

stemmatology also plays an important role in musicology


(Middle Ages) an introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric; considered to be a triple way to eloquence


(Middle Ages) a higher division of the curriculum in a medieval university involving arithmetic and music and geometry and astronomy


oewn-cryptanalysis-n oewn-cryptanalytics-n oewn-cryptography-n oewn-cryptology-n

the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms


the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)


a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics


a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics


the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences


studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences


(linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description


a term formerly used for the part of phonology that dealt with the `correct' pronunciation of words and its relation to `correct' orthography


the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis


the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes


oewn-morphology-n oewn-sound_structure-n oewn-syllable_structure-n oewn-word_structure-n

the admissible arrangement of sounds in words


the result of adding an affix to a root word


studies of the rules for forming admissible words


the part of grammar that deals with the inflections of words


the part of grammar that deals with the derivations of words


the part of grammar that deals with combinations of simple words into compound words


the study of the phonological realization of the allomorphs of the morphemes of a language


the branch of linguistics that studies the lexical component of language


the branch of lexicology that studies the forms and origins of proper names


the branch of lexicology that studies the place names of a region or a language


the branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and the structure and function of the nervous system


a statistical technique used in glottochronology; used to estimate how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language


the function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a communication whose interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in which the communication occurs


the branch of semantics that studies the logical aspects of meaning


the branch of semantics that studies the meanings and relations of words


the branch of semantics that studies the cognitive aspects of meaning


a law describing sound changes in the history of a language


a sound law relating German consonants and consonants in other Indo-European languages


the study of language in relation to its sociocultural context


linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse


the study of a language without reference to its historical context


a description (at a given point in time) of a language with respect to its phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics without value judgments


an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used; a prescription for the `correct' phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics


the rational and systematic study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truth


the branch of theology that is concerned with angels


the branch of theology that is concerned with the defense of Christian doctrines


the branch of theology concerned with the nature and the constitution and the functions of a church


the branch of theology that is concerned with such final things as death and Last Judgment; Heaven and Hell; the ultimate destiny of humankind


the branch of theology that deals with principles of exegesis


the branch of theology that deals with sermons and homilies


the branch of theology that defends God's goodness and justice in the face of the existence of evil


a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings


the branch of theology concerned with the person and attributes and deeds of Christ


a form of Christian theology (developed by South American Roman Catholics) that emphasizes social and political liberation as the anticipation of ultimate salvation


a theology that holds that knowledge of God can be acquired by human reason without the aid of divine revelation


the theology or the practices of the Jesuits (often considered to be casuistic)


the study of the lives, writings, and doctrines of the Church Fathers


the branch of Christian theology devoted to the refutation of errors


a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states


the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress


(Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law


a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings


the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)


the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans


doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number


heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son


the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father


the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers


the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine


the theological doctrine of church government by bishops


the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters


the religious doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism


the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples; salvation is limited to those who are subject to supernatural determinism and the rest are assigned to perdition


the religious doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism


the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human


oewn-millenarianism-n oewn-millenarism-n oewn-millenniumism-n oewn-chiliasm-n

belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations


a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature


the theological doctrine that Christ had only one will even though he had two natures (human and divine); condemned as heretical in the Third Council of Constantinople


the theological doctrine (named after Nestorius) that Christ is both the son of God and the man Jesus (which is opposed to Roman Catholic doctrine that Christ is fully God)


the theological doctrine put forward by Pelagius which denied original sin and affirmed the ability of humans to be righteous; condemned as heresy by the Council of Ephesus in 431


the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry


the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth


the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that a person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of Hell) depending on the person's own actions


the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and redemption; claims various occult powers


the branch of Christian theology that deals with salvation as the effect of a divine agency


the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace


the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin


any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material


the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist


the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved


the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas


a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways


the mental attitude that something is believable and should be accepted as true


a submissive mental attitude resulting from acceptance of the doctrine that everything that happens is predetermined and inevitable


an acceptance (as of a claim) as true and valid

the recognition of the Rio Grande as a boundary between Mexico and the United States


the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization


the culture that emerges from the use of computers for communication and entertainment and business


the attitudes and behavior in a social group that resolves political disputes by force of arms


the city's mosaic culture results in great diversity in the arts


a no-nonsense attitude in business or politics


get off your high horse and admit you are wrong


an attitude characteristic of Southerners (especially in the US)


oewn-mentality-n oewn-outlook-n oewn-mindset-n oewn-mind-set-n

a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations


the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good


a firm and uncompromising stance or position


an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

he had an inclination to give up too easily


a general course along which something has a tendency to develop

I couldn't follow the direction of his thoughts


a settled or prevailing or habitual course of a person's life

nothing disturbed the even tenor of her ways


a general tendency to change (as of opinion)

not openly liberal but that is the trend of the book


a general direction of evolutionary change


an evolutionary trend to be born earlier so that development is cut off at an earlier stage and juvenile characteristics are retained in adults of the species


a figurative movement toward some attraction

the gravitation of the middle class to the suburbs


a special disposition (as if from a divine source) to pursue a particular course

he was disappointed that he had not heard the Call


the tendency, in Protestantism, to separate into religious denominations or to advocate such separations


an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase `left to your own devices'

eventually the family left the house to the devices of this malevolent force


an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion

his sympathies were always with the underdog


an inclination to favor some person or group


a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way


a disposition to interpret statements in their literal sense


the tendency for a memory or idea to persist or recur without any apparent stimulus for it


an inclination beforehand to interpret statements in a particular way


oewn-disfavor-n oewn-disfavour-n oewn-dislike-n oewn-disapproval-n

an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group


an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives


an inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values


belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group


belief in the preeminence of Europe and the Europeans


a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation


the court's tilt toward conservative rulings


partiality that is not fair or equitable


an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally


freedom from bias or from selfish motives


oewn-fairness-n oewn-fair-mindedness-n oewn-candor-n oewn-candour-n

ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty


(psychology) bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment


prejudice against (fear or dislike of) homosexual people and homosexuality


Muslim intellectuals are afraid of growing Islamophobia in the West


the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races


the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people


the prejudice that members of the white race are superior to members of other races


willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others


an inclination to tolerate or overlook opposing or shocking opinions or behavior


an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom


tolerance attributable to a lack of involvement


unwillingness to recognize and respect differences in opinions or beliefs


an inclination to criticize opposing opinions or shocking behavior


a limitation of views or interests like that defined by a local parish


a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination


the intolerance and prejudice of a bigot


extreme intolerance of antisocial behavior (usually by an uncompromising application of the law)

he urged zero tolerance for priests who abuse children sexually


they had a high estimation of his ability


the general estimation that the public has for a person

he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing


an attitude of irreverence or contempt for a divinity


an integrated set of attitudes and beliefs


a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding


an orientation that favors experimentation and innovation

the children of psychologists are often raised in an atmosphere of experimentalism


a fresh orientation; a changed set of attitudes and beliefs


a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

consider what follows from the positivist view


a situation or topic as if viewed from an altitude or distance


the position that the meaning of life should be sought in the future


the position of greatest importance or advancement; the leading position in any movement or field

the Cotswolds were once at the forefront of woollen manufacturing in England


a viewpoint toward a city or other heavily populated area

the dominant character of the cityscape is its poverty


the political landscape looks bleak without a change of administration


the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time

he framed the problem within the psychoanalytic paradigm


oewn-point_of_view-n oewn-viewpoint-n oewn-stand-n oewn-standpoint-n

a mental position from which things are viewed

we should consider this problem from the viewpoint of the Russians


a particular perspective or aspect of a situation

although he saw it in a different light, he still did not understand


a biased way of looking at or presenting something


a point of view or general attitude or inclination


a comprehensive view of the world and human life


the view that the universe resembles a clock built by God and ticking along according to Newtonian mechanics


a belief or orientation agreeing with conventional standards


conformity with conventional thought and behavior


strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit


any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position


a lack of orthodoxy in thoughts or beliefs


an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation


an ideological belief in the complete and unrestricted power of government.


a political theory favoring the abolition of governments


a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual


the political doctrine of Machiavelli: any means (however unscrupulous) can be used by a ruler in order to create and maintain his autocratic government


a political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action


a political theory that the people should own the means of production


a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society


a form of communism developed in Cuba by Fidel Castro


the political and economic theories of Lenin which provided the guiding doctrine of the Soviet Union; the modification of Marxism by Lenin stressed that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism (which shifts the struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries)


a form of communism developed in China by Mao Zedong


the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism


the form of communism advocated by Leon Trotsky; calls for immediate worldwide revolution by the proletariat


a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes


the strict adherence to the basic principles or doctrines of a religion, ideology, etc.


an approach to politics or theology that represents a return to a traditional point of view (in contrast to more liberal or radical schools of thought of the 1960s)


extreme conservatism in political or social matters

the forces of reaction carried the election


a political orientation favoring political or racial segregation


advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles


the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives


the belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means


the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control


the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals


any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies


a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)


the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units


a political orientation that advocates imperial interests


the ideology of the political left; belief in or support of the tenets of the political left


a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution


the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth


a political orientation originating in the 1960s; blends liberal political views with an emphasis on economic growth


an ideological belief in freedom of thought, speech and action


a belief in and advocacy of monarchy as a political system


an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heritage


the political philosophy of the Orleanists


the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society


the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society


the ideology of the most radical element of the French Revolution that instituted the Reign of Terror


the political orientation of reactionaries


the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government


the ideology of the political right; belief in or support of the tenets of the political right


a political theory advocating state ownership of industry


socialism to be established by gradual reforms within the law


a form of socialist theory advocating state ownership of industry but managements by guilds of workers


socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice


the belief in government by divine guidance


the political orientation of a Utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection


any political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict


any policy that advocates maintaining peaceful international relations


any political orientation favoring aggressive policies


a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests


an attitude toward religion or religious practices


a religious orientation of doubt; a denial of ultimate knowledge of the existence of God

agnosticism holds that you can neither prove nor disprove God's existence


the heretical doctrine (associated with the Gnostics) that Jesus had no human body and his sufferings and death on the cross were apparent rather than real


a religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element; considered heresy by Christian churches


a Gnostic religion originating the 2nd and 3rd centuries that believes John the Baptist was the Messiah and that incorporates Jewish and Christian elements into a framework of dualistic beliefs


the doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods


the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation


(Christianity) the heretical belief that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are three separate gods


any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism


the system of religion and philosophy taught by the Druids and their rites and ceremonies


the doctrine or belief that God is the universe and its phenomena (taken or conceived of as a whole) or the doctrine that regards the universe as a manifestation of God


the belief that God is in part of the universe and its phenomena and also transcends the universe and intervenes in its operations


the belief that God created the universe and its phenomena by becoming the universe, thereafter the sole manifestation of God


(rare) worship that admits or tolerates all gods


a religious cult that anticipates a time of joy, serenity, and justice when salvation comes


a Brazilian religious cult of African origin; combines voodoo elements with singing and chanting and dancing


a religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery; practiced in parts of the West Indies and tropical Americas


a religious cult based on a belief that Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie) is the Messiah and that Africa (especially Ethiopia) is the Promised Land


a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior


any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent


Adventism that is strongly Protestant and observes Saturday as the Sabbath


the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church


a religious orientation opposed to Catholicism


the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome


a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition


a schismatic Christian religion in northern Africa from the 4th to the 7th century; held that only those who led a blameless life belonged in the church or could administer the sacraments


the beliefs and practices of any of the eastern Catholic Churches based in Constantinople or Antioch or Alexandria or Moscow or Jerusalem


the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation


the faith and doctrine and practice of the Anglican Church


a doctrine and practice within the Church of England emphasizing the Catholic tradition


principles of the founders of the Oxford movement as expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times'


17th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignty


the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone


religious system based on teachings of Mary Baker Eddy emphasizing spiritual healing


teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone


a non-doctrinal religion that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity


Christian doctrine stressing belief in the Trinity


system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing


system of beliefs and practices including belief in scriptural authority: plain dress, adult baptism, foot washing, restriction of marriage to members of the group


stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation


an attempt to reawaken the evangelical faith


a form of Protestantism that takes the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth


the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals


evangelical principles taught by John Wesley


a Protestant movement in the 16th century that believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptised only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state


any of various doctrines closely related to Anabaptism


the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon


the principles and practices of Pentecostal religious groups; characterized by religious excitement and talking in tongues


the doctrines and practices of the Presbyterian Church: based in Calvinism


the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)


the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud


beliefs and practices of a Judaic sect that strictly observes Mosaic law


oewn-Hasidism-n oewn-Hassidism-n oewn-Chasidism-n oewn-Chassidism-n

beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews


a form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule; the beliefs and practices of the Lubavitch movement


beliefs and practices of Conservative Jews


oewn-Islam-n oewn-Islamism-n oewn-Mohammedanism-n oewn-Muhammadanism-n oewn-Muslimism-n

the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Islam is a complete way of life, not a Sunday religion


belief in the appearance of the Mahdi; devotion to a Mahdi


a militant group of extremist Sunnis who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran and consider moderate Muslims to be infidels; seek to convert all Muslims and to insure that its own fundamentalist version of Islam will dominate the world


the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs


the branch of Shiism noted for its esoteric philosophy


a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia

Osama bin Laden and his followers practice Wahhabism


a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and based on a caste system; it is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, by a belief in a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils


the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads


(from the Sanskrit word for `to see') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on the nature of reality and the release from bondage to karma


(from the Sanskrit word for `reflection' or `interpretation') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on ritual traditions rooted in the Vedas and the Brahmanas as opposed to Vedanta which relies mostly on the Upanishads


(from the Sanskrit for `end of the Veda') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints rooted in the Upanishads as opposed to Mimamsa which relies on the Vedas and Brahmanas


worship of Krishna the 8th avatar of Vishnu


worship of Shiva one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon


worship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon


discipline aimed at training the consciousness for a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquility that is achieved through the three paths of actions and knowledge and devotion


religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being


the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam


the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth


one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China and Tibet and Japan


one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia


an offensive name for the early conservative Theravada Buddhism; it died out in India but survived in Sri Lanka and was taken from there to other regions of southwestern Asia


a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism


a Buddhist doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight


a form of Buddhism emphasizing mystical symbolism of mantras and mudras and the Buddha's ideal which is inexpressible


doctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world; combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites; especially influential in Tibet


one of the main traditions of Mahayana Buddhism; holds that the mind is real but that objects are just ideas or states of consciousness


popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic


the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors


a religion founded by Manes in the third century; a synthesis of Zoroastrian dualism between light and dark and Babylonian folklore and Buddhist ethics and superficial elements of Christianity; spread widely in the Roman Empire but had largely died out by 1000


ancient Persian religion; popular among Romans during first three centuries a.d.


system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil)


the faith of a Zoroastrian sect in India


a religion founded in Iran in 1863; emphasizes the spiritual unity of all humankind; incorporates Christian and Islamic tenets; many adherents live in the United States

Bahaism has no public rituals or sacraments and praying is done in private


an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans


any animistic religion similar to Asian shamanism (especially as practiced by certain Native American tribes)


the form of Hinduism that revolves primarily around the mythic version and ritual ideologies in the Vedas


the polytheistic nature religion of modern witchcraft whose central deity is a mother goddess; claims origins in pre-Christian pagan religions of western Europe


belief in a kind of sorcery that originated in Africa and is practiced in the West Indies


oewn-voodoo-n oewn-vodoun-n oewn-voodooism-n oewn-hoodooism-n

a religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries (especially Haiti); involves witchcraft and animistic deities


the conviction that people should participate in sports as a hobby (for the fun of it) rather than for money


a mystical or allegorical interpretation (especially of Scripture)


(physics) a phase space together with a transformation of that space


(physics) a dynamical system that is extremely sensitive to its initial conditions


(psychoanalysis) an unconscious process whereby two ideas or images combine into a single symbol; especially in dreams


an abstract place usually conceived as having depth

a good actor communicates on several levels


(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another; during psychoanalysis the displacement of feelings toward others (usually the parents) is onto the analyst


the psychoanalyst's displacement of emotion onto the patient or more generally the psychoanalyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction


something that restrains a flood or outpouring

suspension of surveillance opened the floodgates to illegal immigrants


the discipline dealing with the principles of warfare


the study of methods of escaping (especially as a form of entertainment)


the study of handwriting (especially as an indicator of the writer's character or disposition)


the study of the supposed occult influence of numbers on human affairs


To Christians, protology refers to God's fundamental purpose for humanity


the study of the origins and genealogy of the gods


the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy


the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war


a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric


a Gestalt principle of organization holding that aspects of perceptual field that move or function in a similar manner will be perceived as a unit


(linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting descriptive linguistics


(ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements have a truth value


a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction


(linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting prescriptive linguistics


(ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements prescribe appropriate attitudes and behavior


a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) objects or events that are near to one another (in space or time) are perceived as belonging together as a unit


a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit


a clever method of doing something (especially something new and different)


they finally have the wrinkles pretty well ironed out


a heretical Zoroastrian doctrine holding that Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe and that both Ahura Mazda and Ahriman were Zurvan's offspring


a place of interest, especially to visitors

we spent a week in Rome looking at all the sights


tendency to assert principles as undeniably true


as the campaign swings to the south, that should be right in his wheelhouse.


basic principles of the cosmos in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism and other religions


the social sphere of the Twitter service


an ambitious project with a high chance of failure


An objective that is worth achieving only for its own enjoyment


a system for automatically correcting text


an inability to understand the consequences of one's actions because of financial privilege


The hypothesis that microorganisms may transmit life from outer space to habitable bodies; or the process of such transmission.


a sample of metal, carefully prepared for analysis.

The surface of a metallographic specimen is prepared by various methods of grinding, polishing, and etching.


The state or quality of being revolutionary.

It is a short step from the natural pre-revolutionariness of one who creates scandal (with his life or with his work; and better if with his life through his work) to revolutionariness proper, and it is solely dependent on the real outside circumstances.


(architecture) the repetitive use of a group of visual elements to establish a recognizable pattern


Apathy and/or antipathy towards all political affiliations.

Thus the French interwar pursuit of apoliticism resulted in the most political trial in the nation's history.


Remarkable intelligence, intelligence at or above and beyond the level of a genius.


A condition in which a person with a mental disability, such as an autism spectrum disorder, demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal.

Individuals diagnosed with savant syndrome boast unparalleled ability in certain skills and subject areas.


(vulgar, colloquial) The state or condition of being very bad; unpleasant; miserable; insignificant.

This place has half the shittiness ratio of New Jersey.


The quality of using manipulation purposefully, of tending to manipulate others.

Nevertheless, to block Stanley's efforts to maintain power and control, Fromm advised me to confront the manipulativeness of his behavior head on.


The state or quality of concerning or being related to politics, the art and process of governing.

Maybe you could even define a topic as political in this context somehow, or at least build a test for the politicalness of a topic.


The use of electroreception to locate surrounding objects.

Sharks and rays (members of the subclass Elasmobranchii), such as the lemon shark, rely heavily on electrolocation in the final stages of their attacks, as can be demonstrated by the robust feeding response elicited by electric fields similar to those of their prey.


When an animal senses its surrounding environment by generating electric fields and detecting distortions in these fields using electroreceptor organs.

In a process called active electrolocation, animals are able to detect and analyse objects in their environment, which allows them to perceive a detailed electrical picture of their surroundings even in complete darkness.


A process where certain species of fish or aquatic amphibians can detect electric fields using specialized electroreceptors to detect and to locate the source of an external electric field in its environment.

Weakly electric fish use their electrosensory systems for electrocommunication, active electrolocation and low-frequency passive electrolocation.


The property of being of, or pertaining to, a large geographic region.

In particular, the authors examine the link between the seasonality and regionality of the climate trends over the United States and the leading patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability, including a global warming (GW) pattern and a Pacific decadal variability (PDV) pattern.


The property of being clumsy and awkward, and thus excessive.

What seemed sharp and pointed onstage comes across pedantically in the film, which treats its subject with a clumsy heavy-handedness.


the act or process of making or becoming objective.

Next, there is the state of verbal objectivization of consciousness, whereby the initially ordered consciousness is given rational expression.


the religion of a group mentioned in the Koran as entitled to Muslim religious toleration along with Jews and Christians and usually identified with the Mandaeans or the Elkesaites.

The 'olah, or burnt offering, suppresses the wrong view: Sabianism in the broad sense of belief in astrology, magic, and superstition.


a measure of statistical dispersion, being equal to the difference between the upper and lower quartiles.

From the set of data above we have an interquartile range of 3.5, a range of 9 - 2 = 7 and a standard deviation of 2.34.


one half of the difference obtained by subtracting the first quartile from the third quartile in a frequency distribution.

In interpreting the quartile deviation of any distribution of test scores, the size of the value is always the indicator.


In statistics, the absolute difference between an element of a data set and a given point.

This average absolute deviation gives the average distance of any data item from the mean and thus is a good measure of spread.


the average of the absolute deviations from a central point and a summary statistic of statistical dispersion or variability.

A more meaningful way to quantify the spread is to compute the average deviation of the data points from the data set's mean (= average) value.


a statistical measure of central tendency, much like the mean and median, that involves the calculation of the mean after replacing given parts of a probability distribution or sample at the high and low end with the most extreme remaining values.

The main results include a necessary and sufficient condition for asymptotic normality of the Winsorized mean under the assumption that rn->∞, sn->∞, rnn−1->0, snn−1->0 and F is convex at infinity.


An average in which each quantity to be averaged is assigned a weight, determining the relative importance of each quantity on the average.

This simple mechanical model is now a familiar representation of the weighted arithmetic mean of a set of observations.


Politics which favors the process of uniting a political entity which consists of smaller regions, either by cancelling the regions completely or by transferring their power to the central government.

The simultaneous process of pluralisation, unitarisation and centralisation was one of the most significant results of pillarisation.


a social science field that identifies and analyses violent and nonviolent behaviours as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts (including social conflicts) with a view towards understanding those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition.

Peace and Conflict Studies are assuming increasing importance both internationally and within nations as governments and non-government organisations struggle to find ways of resolving conflicts without recourse to violence.


a Christian movement following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus (c. 1369-1415), who became the best-known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation.

The Taborites usually had the support of the Orebites (later called Orphans), an eastern Bohemian sect of Hussitism based in Hradec Králové.


a form of realism that was developed at the beginning of the 20th century in opposition to idealism, that emphasizes the distinction between the object and the act of sensation, and that holds the objective world to exist independently of the knowing mind and to be directly knowable.

central feature of the new realism was a rejection of the epistemological dualism of John Locke and of older forms of realism.


In particle physics, the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction.

The existence of the electroweak interactions was experimentally established in two stages, the first being the discovery of neutral currents in neutrino scattering by the Gargamelle collaboration in 1973, and the second in 1983 by the UA1 and the UA2 collaborations that involved the discovery of the W and Z gauge bosons in proton-antiproton collisions at the converted Super Proton Synchrotron.


memories that can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge.

The fact that medial temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus, are critical for declarative memory is firmly established by now.


the ability to monitor one's own and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.

At the same time, as employers recognize that their profit depends on the emotional intelligence of their employees, they become amenable to launching programs that will increase it.


a subfield of energy engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power and the electrical devices connected to such systems including generators, motors and transformers.

There is also a severe shortage of power engineering expertise in other sectors, such as government bodies and finance organizations, where a detailed knowledge of energy supply and demand is increasingly important as societies develop and adapt to pressing environmental and economic constraints, dwindling reserves of fossil fuels and the emergence of new energy technologies.


a broad field of engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, environmental compliance and alternative energy technologies.

The discipline of energy engineering deals with energy efficiency issues by reducing energy loads and increasing relative systems performance.


a method for solving problems in linear programming that tests adjacent vertices of the feasible set in sequence so that at each new vertex the objective function improves or is unchanged.

The simplex algorithm begins at a starting vertex and moves along the edges of the polytope until it reaches the vertex of the optimum solution.


opposition to democracy, typically, though not always, associated with anti-egalitarianism.

The anti-democracy of right-wing extremism includes an aversion to the democratic rules of the game.


A term loosely applied to any social theory or sociological analysis which draws on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but amends or extends these, usually by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions.

According to Therborn, Habermas is closer to the neo-Marxism of Anderson, Cohen, and Poulantzas, than to the Marxism of the Frankfurt School with which he is so often identified.


The study of games and gaming, especially video games.

Huntemann introduces the second issue of Ada, focused on feminist game studies, and discusses the increasingly louder voice of feminism in gaming culture.


(Stoic philosophy) a matter having no moral merit or demerit.

Esteem (or reputation, fame, glory) was for Stoics an adiaphoron, and though it could be classed as proe'gmenon with a certain 'value', it was only after Diogenes' time that they conceded that its 'value' was more than instrumental.


the branch of economics that concerns the description and explanation of economic phenomena.

There is a large part of the economics of education that is explicitly about the development of a positive economics of the demand for schooling that has no policy implications, even if NAP were true.


a part of economics that expresses value or normative judgments about economic fairness or what the outcome of the economy or goals of public policy ought to be.

Normative economics, in contrast, becomes arbitrary and unmotivated unless it attributes largely self-interested preferences to people.


a philosophy or media theory dedicated to studying what lies beyond the realm of metaphysics.

Of all the French cultural exports over the last 150 years or so, 'pataphysics--the science of imaginary solutions and the laws governing exceptions--has proven to be one of the most durable.


A branch of economics which focuses on the conditions that exist in and choices constrained by the legal framework of a political constitution.

Similarly, constitutional economics suggests that in matters of constitutional choice it is essential that participants can choose for themselves through the unanimity rule whether the rules are in their own interest.


a revolutionary anarchist doctrine that advocates the abolition of both the state and private ownership of the means of production.

The difference between collectivist anarchism and anarchist communism is that collectivist anarchism stresses collective ownership of productive, subsistence and distributary property, while communist anarchism negates the concept of ownership in favor of usage or possession with productive means being a possession not owned by any individual or particular group.


one of the principal schools of ancient pre-Socratic philosophy, so called from its seat in the Greek colony of Elea (or Velia) in southern Italy.

Contributing to this general framework are the two Parmenidean Principles that are never far from Plato's thought and help constitute his Eleaticism.


style of architecture based on the writings and buildings of the humanist and theorist from Vicenza, Andrea Palladio (1508-80).

Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington was an architect and enthusiastic promoter of Palladianism and was influential in establishing it as a new national style.


A belief that Earth is the center of the universe and does not move.

addition to the minority of stubborn fundamentalists who insist on a geocentric model for dogmatic reasons, there are also a substantial number of undereducated people who hold a kind of passive geocentrism for ignorance, believing (if they even think about it at all) that the sun must orbit the Earth daily because that it what we appear to see.


the scientific philosophy where laws are "induced" from sets of data.


a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wages and private property (while retaining respect for personal property), and in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy, and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils.

At the same time, he was evolving from Bakunin's collectivist anarchism to the doctrine of anarchist communism, of which Kropotkin was the leading exponent.


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architectural style that drew its inspiration from medieval architecture and competed with the Neoclassical revivals in the United States and Great Britain.

In England, the centre of the Gothic revival movement, Gothic revival was intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief (and by the Catholic convert Augustus Welby Pugin) concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism.


a pseudo-scientific hypothesis that posits that intelligent extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth and made contact with humans in antiquity and prehistory.

Sagan argued that while many legends, artifacts and purported out-of-place artifacts were cited in support of ancient astronaut theories, "very few require more than passing mention" and could be easily explained with more conventional theories.


socialism associated chiefly with Marxians and based principally upon a belief that historical forces (as economic determinism and the class struggle) determine usually by violent means the achievement of socialist goals.

Marx acknowledges the contribution to his own scientific socialism of the philosophy of Hegel, the economics of Ricardo and the utopian socialism of Fourier, St Simon, Owen and others.


the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research.

Contemporary ideas from systems theory have grown with diverse areas, exemplified by the work of biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, linguist Béla H. Bánáthy, sociologist Talcott Parsons, ecological systems with Howard T. Odum, Eugene Odum and Fritjof Capra, organizational theory and management with individuals such as Peter Senge, interdisciplinary study with areas like Human Resource Development from the work of Richard A. Swanson, and insights from educators such as Debora Hammond and Alfonso Montuori.


the study of Etruscan civilization, especially its artifacts and language.

Half a century ago, however, Massimo Pallottino, the father figure of modern "Etruscology", demolished this thesis once and for all, and today it is accepted that the origins of the Etruscan city states must be found in the internal social transformations that took place among the indigenous late prehistoric societies of Etruria in the two or three centuries preceding the emergence of the city states.


the philology of Classical Sanskrit, Greek and Classical Latin.

Classical philology was a major preoccupation of the 19th-century German education system, which became "the paradigm for higher education" throughout Western culture.


an interdisciplinary field of research and scholarship pertaining to a particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural region.

Other large and important programs followed Ford's—most notably, the National Defense Education Act of 1957, renamed the Higher Education Act in 1965, which allocated funding for some 125 university-based area studies units known as National Resource Center programs at U.S. universities, as well as for Foreign Language and Area Studies fellowships for graduate students.


study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation.

Agricultural chemistry must be considered within the context of the soil ecosystem in which living and nonliving components interact in complicated cycles that are critical to all living things.


the now obsolete theory that all of the rocks of the earth's crust were formed by the agency of water.

Werner, with his Neptunism theory, argued that all rocks are the precipitates and crystallized minerals of an ocean that once covered the earth in the not too distant past.


the original version of string theory, developed in the late 1960s.

Although bosonic string theory has many attractive features, it falls short as a viable physical model in two significant areas and is forced to posit a 26 dimensional spacetime to remedy inconsistencies.


an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to films.

Since the launch of the hugely influential Cinegraph project in the early 1980s, both German film and German film studies have changed practically beyond all recognition.


a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that was initially developed by British academics in the late 1950s, '60s and '70s, and has been subsequently taken up and transformed by scholars from many different disciplines around the world.

In fact, in England as well as elsewhere, cultural studies has drawn upon, and embodied, an enormously wide range of theoretical positions, from humanism to poststructuralism, from Marx to Foucault, from pragmatism to psychoanalysis.


the study of theatrical performance in relation to its literary, physical, psycho-biological, sociological, and historical contexts.

Its wide citation in a range of scholarly contexts, in the UK, Australasia and North America and in geography, urban and theatre studies, suggests its reception as a contribution to research in theatre and urban cultures.


the belief that God is the central aspect to our existence.

Edwards's theocentrism suggests an inclusive rather than exclusive posture of God vis-à-vis the world.


A measurement of how expectations compare to results, used in the common chi-squared tests for goodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one, the independence of two criteria of classification of qualitative data, and in confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation.

The chi-square statistic compares the observed count in each table cell to the count which would be expected under the assumption of no association between two or more groups, populations, or criteria.


any of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems.

Traditionally, individualist anarchism has considered itself part of the fold of left-anarchism (though not social anarchism), a broader movement that opposes both capitalism and the state, which it sees as dual forces of oppression.


an all-encompassing designation that covers many 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Grecian nor Gothic but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes.

By the time Italy had developed its obsession with the neo-Renaissance in the 1870s, collectors and scholars in the rest of Europe had been excited by Renaissance taste and style for several decades.


a branch of Shiism practiced especially in northwest Syria and adjacent parts of Turkey and Lebanon.

Additionally, there has been a recent movement to unite Alawism and the other branches of Twelver Islam through educational exchange programs in Syria and Qom.


movement whose goal was the political unification of all people speaking German or a Germanic language.

After all, Germanist concepts of identity were popular among segments of the radical right, as can be seen in the integral pan-Germanism of Georg von Schönerer and Arthur Seyss-Inquart.


a theory of mental content based on an analogy with Darwinian evolution.


the meta-ethical view that nothing is intrinsically moral or immoral.

The moral nihilism of celebrity culture is played out on reality television shows, most of which encourage a dark voyeurism into other people's humiliation, pain, weakness, and betrayal.


(computing) a search procedure using techniques modelled on the biological theory of natural selection.

Also, in searching a large state-space, multi-modal state-space, or n-dimensional surface, a genetic algorithm may offer significant benefits over more typical search of optimization techniques.


organized worship of the Indian god Shiva and one of the three principal forms of modern Hinduism.

However, we should also note that in the original Shaivism (of the Pashupatas) the concept of the spiritual path was exceedingly mystical, bizarre, and controversial.