an agaric with a pallid cap and a stalk that is enlarged near the base


an agaric with a relatively small pink to red cap and white gills and stalk


an agaric with a ragged stalk and a soft floccose cap


a white agaric that tends to cluster and has a club-shaped base


fungi having leathery or membranous sporophores


genus of fungi having simple smooth sporophores; some are parasitic on wood or economic crops; some species formerly placed in form genus Rhizoctinia


fungus causing pink disease in citrus and coffee and rubber trees etc


genus of fungi having the hymenium in the form of a crust; some species formerly placed in form genus Rhizoctinia


fungus causing a disease in potatoes characterized by black scurfy spots on the tubers


fungus causing a disease in coffee and some other tropical plants


a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales, inclusive of any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to the Amanitaceae, Lepiotaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Pluteaceae, or Entolomataceae (Tricholomataceae)


agarics with white spores and a fleshy stalk and notched gills; of various colors both edible and inedible


edible agaric that is pale lilac when young; has a smooth moist cap


an edible agaric that fruits in great clusters (especially in sandy soil under cottonwood trees)


a mildly poisonous agaric with a viscid reddish brown cap and white gills and stalk


an agaric with a cap that is coated with dark fibrils in the center and has yellowish margins


an edible agaric with yellow gills and a viscid yellow cap that has a brownish center


a poisonous agaric having a pale cap with fine grey fibrils


an agaric with a cap that is densely covered with reddish fibrils and pale gills and stalk


an orange tan agaric whose gills become brown by maturity; has a strong odor and taste


a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales


agarics having pink spores and a distinct volva


a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales, with free gill attachment and pink spores (Pluteaceae)


a large genus of fungi belonging to the family Pluteaceae; the shape of the cap resembles a roof; often abundant early in the summer


an agaric with a brilliant scarlet cap and a slender stalk


an edible agaric found in piles of hardwood sawdust; the caps are black and coarsely wrinkled


a small edible agaric with a slender stalk; usually found on rotting hardwoods


an important genus of mushrooms in the Orient


small tropical and subtropical edible mushroom having a white cap and long stem; an expensive delicacy in China and other Asian countries where it is grown commercially


a mushroom with a dry yellowish to white fibrillose cap


a genus of agarics with white to pale yellow spore deposits and fleshy stalks centrally attached to the cap and closely attached gills


an agaric with a flat cap that is greyish or yellowish brown with pallid gills and a stalk that bulges toward the base


a small poisonous agaric; has a dry white cap with crowded gills and a short stalk


a fungus with a cap that is creamy grey when young and turns brown with age and a whitish stalk that stains yellow when handled


a large white agaric; edible but not palatable


an edible agaric with large silky white caps and thick stalks


an edible white agaric that fruits in dense clusters; the gills are narrow and crowded and the stalk is fleshy and unpolished


an edible agaric that is available in early spring or late fall when few other mushrooms are; has a viscid smooth orange to brown cap and a velvety stalk that turns black in maturity and pallid gills; often occur in clusters


any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus


the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae


compact usually dark-colored mass of hardened mycelium constituting a vegetative food-storage body in various true fungi; detaches when mature and can give rise to new growth


any of various ascomycetous fungi in which the spores are formed in a sac or ascus


oewn-Ascomycota-n oewn-subdivision_Ascomycota-n oewn-Ascomycotina-n oewn-subdivision_Ascomycotina-n

a large subdivision of Eumycota including Hemiascomycetes and Plectomycetes and Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes; sac fungi; in some classification systems considered a division of the kingdom Fungi


large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi


any fungus of the class Ascomycetes (or subdivision Ascomycota) in which the spores are formed inside an ascus


category not used in many classification systems


any of various mushrooms of the class Ascomycetes


class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites


fungi having a zygote or a single cell developing directly into an ascus


family of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates


single-celled yeasts that reproduce asexually by budding; used to ferment carbohydrates


any of various single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or division


a family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales


type and only genus of Schizosaccharomycetaceae; comprises the fission yeasts


class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)


oewn-Eurotiales-n oewn-order_Eurotiales-n oewn-Aspergillales-n oewn-order_Aspergillales-n

order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium


a genus of fungi belonging to the order Eurotiales


family of fungi including some common molds


genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals


a mold causing aspergillosis in birds and man


genus of fungi having spherical brown perithecia and some conidia borne in chains; cause root rot


fungus causing brown root rot in plants of the pea and potato and cucumber families


class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and Neurospora


a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped


any fungus that is a member of the subclass Discomycetes


a discomycete that develops in clusters of slippery rubbery gelatinous fruiting bodies that are dingy yellow to tan in color


a discomycete that is 3-8 cm high with an orange to yellow fertile portion and white or pinkish stalks often half in and half out of the water


a discomycete that is a harbinger of spring; the fruiting body is thin and tough and saucer-shaped (about the size of quarter to a half dollar) with a deep bright red upper surface and a whitish exterior


an early spring variety of discomycete with yellow to orange yellow lining of the cup


a discomycete with bright orange cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting bodies and pale orange exteriors


order of mostly saprophytic fungi having cup-shaped ascocarps


large family comprising many typical cup fungi


apothecium of a fungus of the family Pezizaceae


type genus of the Pezizaceae: a variety of cup fungus


a discomycetous fungus of the genus Peziza; the fragile fruiting body is a ghostly white but stains yellow when broken; favors strongly alkaline habitats


a scarlet European fungus with cup-shaped ascocarp


genus of fungi in the family Pezizaceae closely related to and often included in genus Peziza


an urn-shaped discomycete with a nearly black interior


the cup-shaped fruiting body of this discomycete has a jellylike interior and a short stalk


the fruiting bodies of this discomycete have a firm texture and long retain their cup shape; the pale brown interior blends with the color of dead leaves


a family of edible fungi including the true morels


any of various edible mushrooms of the genus Morchella having a brownish spongelike cap


oewn-common_morel-n oewn-Morchella_esculenta-n oewn-sponge_mushroom-n oewn-sponge_morel-n

an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges


an edible morel with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body can be up to 20 cm wide; the fertile surface inside the cup has wrinkles radiating from the center; can be easily confused with inedible mushrooms


a morel whose fertile portion resembles a bell and is attached to the stipe only at the top


resembles a thimble on a finger; the surface of the fertile portion is folded into wrinkles that extend from the top down; fruiting begins in spring before the leaves are out on the trees


a morel with a fertile portion that has a relatively smooth surface; the stalk is fragile


oewn-black_morel-n oewn-Morchella_conica-n oewn-conic_morel-n oewn-Morchella_angusticeps-n oewn-narrowhead_morel-n

a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age


a delicious morel with a conic fertile portion having deep and irregular pits


a morel with the ridged and pitted fertile portion attached to the stipe for about half its length


family of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Sarcoscyphaceae


a fungus composed of several apothecia that look like elongated rabbit ears; the sterile surface is dark brown and warty; the fertile surface is smooth and pinkish orange


a fungus with a long solid stalk embedded in soil and a yellow-brown head shaped like a cauliflower


family of false morels or lorchels; some are edible and some are poisonous


a large fungus of the family Helvellaceae


any fungus of the genus Helvella having the ascocarps stalked or pleated or often in folds


a helvella with a saddle-shaped fertile part and creamy color; the stalk is fluted and pitted


a helvella with a cup-shaped fertile body having a brown interior; the stalk is creamy white and heavily ribbed


a helvella with an irregularly convoluted cap that is dark brown when young and becomes dull grey with age; the lower surface of the cap is smooth and pale grey; the stalk is thick and deeply fluted


a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body and ornamented spores


a discina with a flat or saucer-shaped fertile body that is brown on the upper surface; has a short stalk; not recommended for eating


a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a fertile portion that is tan to brown


a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a thick fluted stalk; found under conifers in California


a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a rosy pink fluted stalk and smooth round spores; found on hardwood slash east of the Great Plains


a poisonous gyromitra; the surface of the fertile body is smooth at first and becomes progressively undulating and wrinkled (but never truly pitted); color varies from dull yellow to brown


a poisonous fungus; saddle-shaped and dull yellow to brown fertile part is relatively even


a lorchel with deep brownish red fertile part and white stalk


a gyromitra with a large irregular stalk and fertile part that is yellow to brown and wrinkled; has early fruiting time


oewn-Gasteromycetes-n oewn-class_Gasteromycetes-n oewn-Gastromycetes-n oewn-class_Gastromycetes-n

fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi


order of fungi comprising the stinkhorns and related forms whose mature hymenium is slimy and fetid; sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes


a family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns


genus of fungi having the cap or pileus hanging free around the stem


any of various ill-smelling brown-capped fungi of the order Phallales

the foul smell of the stinkhorn attracts insects that carry the spores away on their feet


a common fungus formerly used in preparing a salve for rheumatism


this stinkhorn has a cap with a granulose surface at the apex and smells like decaying flesh


closely related to genus Phallus distinguished by an indusium hanging like a skirt from below the pileus


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Phallaceae


a stinkhorn having a stalk without a cap; the slimy gleba is simply plastered on its surface near the apex where winged insects can find it


an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes


a family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales


a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body that is globose and has a pale yellow spore case


a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body this globose and has a red spore case


a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body with a thin gelatinous spore case and elliptical spores


family of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Clathraceae


a stinkhorn of genus Pseudocolus; the fruiting body first resembles a small puffball that soon splits open to form a stalk with tapering arms that arch and taper to a common point


small order of basidiomycetous fungi having fleshy often globose fruiting bodies; includes puffballs and earthstars


a fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales; includes puffballs


genus of fungi whose fruiting body tapers toward a base consisting of spongy mycelium


any of various fungi of the family Lycoperdaceae whose round fruiting body discharges a cloud of spores when mature


genus of puffballs having outer casings whose upper parts break at maturity into angular pieces to expose the spores


huge edible puffball up to 2 feet diameter and 25 pounds in weight


a family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales


any fungus of the family Geastraceae; in form suggesting a puffball whose outer peridium splits into the shape of a star


type genus of Geastraceae; fungi whose outer peridium when dry splits into starlike segments


an earthstar with a bluish spore sac and a purplish brown gleba; at maturity the outer layer splits into rays that bend backward and elevate the spore sac


a genus of fungus belonging to the family Geastraceae


a fungus similar to an earthstar except that it does not open up; the spore mass is brown at maturity with a column of sterile tissue extending up into it


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Geastraceae


the largest earthstar; the fruiting body can measure 15 cm across when the rays are expanded


a common species of earthstar widely distributed in sandy soil; the gleba is a pale tan


small order of basidiomycetous fungi comprising families Nidulariaceae and Sphaerobolaceae


any of various fungi of the family Nidulariaceae having a cup-shaped body containing several egg-shaped structure enclosing the spores


monotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity


an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes


a family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced; are often dismissed as misshapen forms of other fungi


a genus of fungi of the family Secotiaceae


a species of Gastrocybe fungus that has a conic cap and a thin stalk; at first the stalk is upright but as it matures the stalk bends over and then downward; the cap then gelatinizes and a slimy mass containing the spores falls to the ground as the stalk collapses


a stout-stemmed genus of fungus belonging to the family Secotiaceae having fruiting bodies that never expand completely


a small fungus with a fragile cap that cracks to expose the white context and a white stalk that is practically enclosed by the cap


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Secotiaceae; they resemble boletes but the spores are not discharged from the basidium


a dingy yellow brown fungus with a rough stalk that superficially resembles a bolete


a fungus with a cap that can vary from red to dark brown; superficially resembles a bolete


includes chiefly saprophytic fungi typically with shelflike bodies; sometimes placed in class Hymenomycetes or included in Agaricales


fungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees


woody pore fungi; any fungus of the family Polyporaceae or family Boletaceae having the spore-bearing surface within tubes or pores; the fruiting bodies are usually woody at maturity and persistent


a woody fungus that forms shelflike sporophores on tree trunks and wood structures


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae, containing 19 species of mushroom-producing fungi (Albatrellus)


a rare fungus having a large (up to 14 inches wide) yellow fruiting body with multiple individual caps and a broad central stalk and a fragrant odor


a fungus with a whitish often circular cap and a white pore surface and small pores and a white central stalk; found under conifers; edible but not popular


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae, containing the wood-decaying agarics with tough fruit bodies composed of dimitic tissue, serrated lamella edges, and nonamyloid white binucleate basidiospores (Neolentinus)


a gilled polypore with a large cap (up to 15 inches in diameter) and a broad stalk; edible when young and tender


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


a woody pore fungus with a dark brown to red brown cap and spore surface and small pores


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae, containing 10 species (Oligoporus)


a pore fungus with a whitish cottony soft cap found on conifer logs in forests at high elevation in the western United States and adjacent Canada


a fungus with a whitish kidney-shaped cap and elongated pores; causes white rot in dead hardwoods


type genus of the Polyporaceae; includes important pathogens of e.g. birches and conifers


oewn-hen-of-the-woods-n oewn-hen_of_the_woods-n oewn-Polyporus_frondosus-n oewn-Grifola_frondosa-n

large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees


a fungus with a lateral stalk (when there is a stalk) and a scaly cap that becomes nearly black in maturity; widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere


a family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other


fungi having each pore separate though crowded


a popular edible fungus with a cap the color of liver or raw meat; abundant in southeastern United States


genus of bracket fungi forming corky or woody perennial shelflike sporophores often of large size; includes some that cause destructive heartrot in trees


fungus used in the preparation of punk for fuses


family of fleshy fungi having the germ pores easily separating from the cup and often from each other


type genus of Boletaceae; genus of soft early-decaying pore fungi; some poisonous and some edible


a fungus convex cap and a dingy yellow under surface and a dry stalk


an edible and choice fungus; has a convex cap that is slightly viscid when fresh and moist but soon dries and a thick bulbous tan stalk


a fungus with a red cap and a red coarsely reticulate stalk


a poisonous fungus with a dingy yellow cap and orange red undersurface and a cylindrical reticulate stalk


a fungus that is edible when young and fresh; has a dark brown convex cap with a yellow to greenish under surface and reddish stalk


a fungus that has an off-white cap when it is young but later becomes dingy brown and a stalk of the same color; the under surface of the cap (the tubes) a pale greenish yellow


a beautiful but poisonous bolete; has a brown cap with a scarlet pore surface and a thick reticulate stalk


an edible fungus with a broadly convex blackish brown cap and a pore surface that is yellow when young and darkens with age; stalk is thick and enlarges toward the base


a fungus with a rusty red cap and a white pore surface that becomes yellow with age and a pale yellow stalk


a fungus with a velvety stalk and usually a dingy brown cap; injured areas turn blue instantly


an edible (but not choice) fungus found on soil under hardwoods; has a dry convex cap with whitish under surface and a reticulate stalk


an edible and choice fungus that has a brown cap with greenish yellow under surface and a stalk that become dull red with age


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae, with distinguishing feature the colour of the spore-print, which is described as purple, porphyry-red, dark vinaceous-brown, or chocolate-gray (Fuscoboletinus)


an edible fungus with a pinkish purple cap and stalk and a pore surface that is yellow with large angular pores that become like gills in maturity


an edible fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and a whitish pore surface and stalk


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae, known for their small, rigid projections called scabers (Leccinum)


an edible fungus with a dark reddish brown cap and a wide light tan stalk that expands toward the base


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae, containing 50 species, mostly in tropical areas (Phylloporus)


a fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and pores that extend part way down the stalk


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae with species in the genus being associated with trees in the pine family, and being mostly distributed in temperate locations in the Northern Hemisphere (Suillus)


a short squat edible fungus with a reddish brown cap and white stalk; fruits under pines in the spring


fungi similar to Boletus but with a shaggy scaly cap


edible mild-tasting mushroom found in coniferous woodlands of eastern North America


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae, with an annual fruit body that grows on wood and a stem that is centrally placed (Boletellus)


a fungus with a long coarsely shaggy reticulate stalk and a rimose areolate cap surface


any fungus of the order Tremellales or Auriculariales whose fruiting body is jellylike in consistency when fresh


fungi varying from gelatinous to waxy or even horny in texture; most are saprophytic


a family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally


fungi with yellowish gelatinous sporophores having convolutions resembling those of the brain


popular in China and Japan and Taiwan; gelatinous mushrooms; most are dried


a jelly fungus with a fruiting body 5-15 cm broad and gelatinous in consistency; resembles a bunch of leaf lettuce; mostly water and brownish in color


a jelly fungus with an erect whitish fruiting body and a highly variable shape (sometimes resembling coral fungi)


coextensive with the family Auriculariaceae; sometimes included in the order Tremellales


oewn-Jew-ap-s-ear-n oewn-Jew-ap-s-ears-n oewn-ear_fungus-n oewn-Auricularia_auricula-n

widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood


a family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa


type genus of the Dacrymycetaceae: fungi with a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa


rust fungi: parasitic fungi causing rust in plants; sometimes placed in


any of various fungi causing rust disease in plants


fruiting body of some rust fungi bearing chains of aeciospores


spore of a rust fungus formed in an aecium


rusts having sessile one-celled teliospores in a single layer


rust fungi having aecia produced in raised or swollen sori and teliospores borne in waxy columns


fungus causing white pine blister rust and having a complex life cycle requiring a plant of genus Ribes as alternate host


type genus of the Pucciniaceae; a large genus of parasitic fungi including many that are destructive to various economic plants


genus of fungi that produce galls on cedars and other conifers of genera Juniperus and Libocedrus and causes rust spots on apples and pears and other plants of family Rosaceae


rust fungus causing rust spots on apples and pears etc


category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)


parasitic fungi causing smuts; sometimes placed in class Tiliomycetes


a smut fungus causing a smut disease of grains in which the spore masses are covered or held together by the grain membranes


type genus of the Ustilaginaceae; genus comprising the loose smuts


a smut fungus of the genus Ustilago causing a smut disease of grains in which the entire head is transformed into a dusty mass of spores


a common smut attacking Indian corn causing greyish white swellings that rupture to expose a black spore mass


smut fungus attacking heads of corn or sorghum and causing a covered smut


a family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae


fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores


a genus of smut fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae


smut fungus causing blackish blisters on scales and leaves of onions; especially destructive to seedlings


a smut fungus causing a smut in cereals and other grasses that chiefly affects leaves and stems and is characterized chains of sori within the plant tissue that later rupture releasing black masses of spores


fungus affecting leaves and stems of wheat


a family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota


type genus of Septobasidiaceae: smooth shelf fungi usually having a well-developed sometimes thick-walled hypobasidium


fungus that frequently encircles twigs and branches of various trees especially citrus trees in southern United States


a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales; the gills of these fungi have a clean waxy appearance


any fungus of the family Hygrophoraceae having gills that are more or less waxy in appearance


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae, containing agarics commonly known as waxcaps (Hygrocybe)


a fungus having an acutely conic cap and dry stalks


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae, containing agarics commonly known as woodwaxes or waxy caps (Hygrophorus)


a fungus with a white convex cap and arcuate white gills and a stalk that tapers toward the base


a fungus with a broadly convex cap that is cream color with a tint of blue over the margin; waxy gills are bluish green to blue-grey; a short stalk tapers abruptly at the base


a fungus with a drab squamulose cap and grey-brown squamules over the white background of the stalk and waxy grey-white gills


a fungus with a slightly viscid cap; cap and gills are reddish brown and the stalk is grey


a grey fungus frequently found near melting snow banks


a fungus with a viscid purplish red cap and stalk; found under spruce and other conifers


an edible fungus with a reddish cap and close pale gills and dry stalk; found under hardwoods


an edible fungus with a large white cap and a dry stalk and white gills


a fungus having a brownish sticky cap with a white margin and white gills and an odor of raw potatoes


a small fungus with orange cap and yellow gills found in sphagnum bogs


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


a small grey-brown fungus with an unpleasant odor of mothballs


a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae,with type species being a typical gilled snowbank mushroom (Neohygrophorus)


a fungus with a small brown convex cap with a depressed disc; waxy wine-colored gills and a brown stalk; fruits in or near melting snow banks in the western mountains of North America


a cobwebby partial veil consisting of silky fibrils


a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales, containing over 2100 species of gilled mushrooms (Cortinariaceae)


the largest genus in the Agaricales; agarics having rusty spores and prominent cortinae (cobwebby partial veils)


a fungus with large tawny caps and pale cinnamon gills and a red band of veil around the stalk; usually found near birch trees


an edible fungus with a slimy viscid cap that is initially yellow but turns olive and then tawny; flesh is lavender


a fungus with a viscid wrinkled tawny cap; the stalk has a basal bulb that diminishes as the stalk elongates; the gills are dark violet at first but soon turn brown


a poisonous fungus with a bright yellow brown cap and a long cinnamon colored stalk


a fungus with a reddish purple cap having a smooth slimy surface; close violet gills; all parts stain dark purple when bruised


a fungus with a dry brown cap and rusty red gills and a yellowish stalk


a fungus with a sticky lavender cap and stalk that whitish above and covered with a silky lavender sheath


a fungus that is violet overall with a squamulose cap


a genus of fungus characterized by the orange color of the spore deposit


a fungus with a brownish orange fruiting body and a ring near the top of the stalk; the taste is bitter and the flesh contains psilocybin and psilocin


a poisonous fungus with a dry cap and a cortina that does not leave much of a ring on the robust stalk


a giant fungus of the Pacific Northwest; has a very thick stalk and the cortina leaves a ring high up on the stalk


a fungus that produces a superficial growth on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter


a fungus that produces a superficial (usually white) growth on organic matter


order of imperfect fungi lacking conidiophores of having conidiophores that are superficial and not enclosed in a pycnidium


genus of imperfect fungi having conidia borne singly at the apex of whorled branchlets; cause wilt diseases


family of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies


a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm and favus


a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm


genus of parasitic yeastlike imperfect fungi having spherical or oval conidia in branched chains; some species usually placed in other genera especially genus Candida


any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Monilia


a genus of yeastlike imperfect fungi; sometimes included in genus Monilia of the family Moniliaceae


any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Candida


a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina


form genus of imperfect fungi lacking pigment in the spores and conidiophores


genus of fungi commonly growing as green or blue molds on decaying food; used in making cheese and as a source of penicillin


any of various yeastlike budding fungi of the genus Blastomyces; cause disease in humans and other animals


family of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia


form genus of imperfect fungi that are leaf parasites with long slender spores


fungus causing yellow spot (a sugarcane disease in Australia)


genus of imperfect fungi causing plant diseases like smut


large family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi


type genus of the Tuberculariaceae; fungi with nodules of red or pink conidia; some cause diebacks of woody plants


a form genus of mostly plant parasites some of which cause dry rot; in humans a species can cause inflammation of cornea leading to blindness


order of imperfect fungi having no known spore stage


form genus of imperfect fungi some species of which are now placed in genera Pellicularia and Corticium because their perfect stages have been found


any fungus now or formerly belonging to the form genus Rhizoctinia


form genus of sterile imperfect fungi; many form sclerotia; some cause sclerotium disease in plants


any of a variety of plants grown indoors for decorative purposes


any of a variety of plants usually grown especially in a flower or herb garden


an ornamental plant suitable for planting in a flowerbed


green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms


a plant adapted to arid conditions and characterized by fleshy water-storing tissues that act as water reservoirs


organisms without vascular tissue: e.g. algae, lichens, fungi, mosses


an organism or species surviving as a remnant of an otherwise extinct flora or fauna in an environment much changed from that in which it originated


a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation


any plant that crowds out cultivated plants


usually used in combination: `liverwort', `milkwort', `whorlywort'


the yield from plants in a single growing season


a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)


a crop that grows quickly (e.g. lettuce) and can be planted between two regular crops grown in successive seasons or between two rows of crops in the same season


crop planted to prevent soil erosion and provide green manure


a crop (other than fruits or vegetables) that is grown for agricultural purposes


a tree highly recommended for its fruitage


a functional and structural unit of a plant or fungus


a natural projection or outgrowth from a plant body or organ


(botany) a natural swelling or enlargement: at the base of the stalk or seta in certain mosses or on the cone scale of certain conifers


(botany) an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid


(botany) a swelling on a plant similar to that on the skin


small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant


tubular extension at the base of the corolla in some flowers


an organ specialized for producing spores


oewn-spine-n oewn-thorn-n oewn-prickle-n oewn-pricker-n oewn-sticker-n oewn-spikelet-n

a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf


a barbed spine or bristle (often tufted on cacti)


a multicellular hair in plants like the stinging nettle that expels an irritating fluid


(botany) a usually terminal tuft of bracts (as in the pineapple) or tuft of hairs (especially on certain seeds)


a tuft or growth of hairs or bristles on certain plants such as iris or grasses


slender bristlelike appendage found on the bracts of grasses


fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelops the seed


a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls


the male sex organ of spore-producing plants; produces antherozoids; equivalent to the anther in flowers


gametophore bearing antheridia as in certain mosses and liverworts


leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia


saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes


sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus


one of a string of thick walled vegetative resting cells formed by some algae and fungi


a body that resembles a spore but is not an endospore; produced by some bacteria


a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule


a sterile simple or branched filament or hair borne among sporangia; may be pointed or clubbed


a sporangium that arises from a group of epidermal cells


a sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; characteristic of the Filicales or of almost all modern ferns


a sporangium containing four asexual spores


a spore-bearing branch or organ: the part of the thallus of a sporophyte that develops spores; in ferns and mosses and liverworts is practically equivalent to the sporophyte


a modified branch bearing gametangia as in the thalloid liverworts


cluster of sporangia usually on underside of a fern frond


a spore-producing structure in certain lichens and fungi


a membrane enclosing and protecting the developing spores especially that covering the sori of a fern


a membranous covering attached to the immature fruiting body of certain mushrooms


membrane initially completely investing the young sporophore of various mushrooms that is ruptured by growth; represented in the mature mushroom by a volva around lower part of stem and scales on upper surface of the cap


membrane of the young sporophore of various mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is ruptured by growth; represented in mature mushroom by an annulus around the stem and sometimes a cortina on the margin of the cap


(Fungi) a remnant of the partial veil that in mature mushrooms surrounds the stem like a collar


a motile male gamete of a plant such as an alga or fern or gymnosperm


soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants


the primary tissue of higher plants composed of thin-walled cells that remain capable of cell division even when mature; constitutes the greater part of leaves, roots, the pulp of fruits, and the pith of stems


parenchyma whose cells contain chloroplasts


tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants


the usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant


a formative one-cell layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants that is responsible for secondary growth


newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant; usually light colored; active in water conduction


the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant; usually darker and denser than the surrounding sapwood


a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem


any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ


a sheet of vascular tissue separating the vascular bundles


the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels


(botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes


tube formed by cells joined end-to-end through which nutrients flow in flowering plants and brown algae


strong woody fibers obtained especially from the phloem of from various plants


abnormal swelling of plant tissue caused by insects or microorganisms or injury


oak gall caused by larvae of a cynipid wasp


a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year


a plant having foliage that is shed annually at the end of the growing season


a plant that when touched or ingested in sufficient quantity can be harmful or fatal to an organism


a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface


a vine or climbing plant that readily grows up a support or over other plants


any plant (as ivy or periwinkle) that grows by creeping


slender stem-like structure by which some twining plants attach themselves to an object for support


a plant that climbs by its adventitious roots e.g. ivy


a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems


having the shape or characteristics of a tree


a dead tree that is still standing, usually in an undisturbed forest

a snag can provide food and a habitat for insects and birds


a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms


any tree that is valued as a source of lumber or timber


any of several trees having seedpods as fruits


a tree with limbs cut back to promote a more bushy growth of foliage


a tree planted or valued chiefly for its shade from sunlight


any tree of the division Gymnospermophyta


any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones


any tree having seeds and ovules contained in the ovary


any of several trees having leaves or bark used to allay fever or thought to indicate regions free of fever


the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled


(forestry) the stump of a tree that has been felled or headed for the production of saplings


a dwarfed ornamental tree or shrub grown in a tray or shallow pot


a dwarfed evergreen conifer or shrub shaped to have flat-topped asymmetrical branches and grown in a container


small plants other than saplings growing on a forest floor


low-growing plants planted in deep shade or on a steep slope where turf is difficult to grow


a low woody perennial plant usually having several major stems


(Old Testament) the bush that burned without being consumed and from which God spoke to Moses


low-growing woody shrub or perennial with woody base


any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines


plant living on another plant and obtaining organic nutriment from it


a parasitic plant that contains some chlorophyll and therefore is capable of photosynthesis


a perennial plant that propagates by underground bulbs or tubers or corms


oewn-desert_plant-n oewn-xerophyte-n oewn-xerophytic_plant-n oewn-xerophile-n oewn-xerophilous_plant-n

plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte


land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water; compare xerophyte and hydrophyte


oewn-aquatic_plant-n oewn-water_plant-n oewn-hydrophyte-n oewn-hydrophytic_plant-n

a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth


a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land; most are monocots: sedge, sphagnum, grasses, cattails, etc; possibly heath


oewn-air_plant-n oewn-epiphyte-n oewn-aerophyte-n oewn-epiphytic_plant-n

plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it


a plant that is an epiphyte for part of its life


an epiphytic vine or tree whose aerial roots extend down the trunk of a supporting tree and coalesce around it eventually strangling the tree


plant that grows on or among rocks or is suitable for a rock garden


plant that grows on rocks or stony soil and derives nourishment from the atmosphere


oewn-rupestral_plant-n oewn-rupestrine_plant-n oewn-rupicolous_plant-n oewn-saxicolous_plant-n


an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium


an organism that lives in and derives its nourishment from organic matter in stagnant or foul water


an organism that lives in an oxygenated medium lacking organic matter


oewn-autophyte-n oewn-autophytic_plant-n oewn-autotroph-n oewn-autotrophic_organism-n

plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances


the part of a plant from which the roots spring or the part of a stalk or trunk nearest the roots


(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground


an air-filled root (submerged or exposed) that can function as a respiratory organ of a marsh or swamp plant


(botany) main root of a plant growing straight downward from the stem


root growing in an unusual location e.g. from a stem


crop grown for its enlarged roots: e.g. beets, potatoes, turnips


thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root


thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip; absorbs nutrients from the soil


a root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground in plants such as mangroves


a plant or stem onto which a graft is made; especially a plant grown specifically to provide the root part of grafted plants


root or part of a root used for plant propagation; especially that part of a grafted plant that supplies the roots


a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting


cuttings of plants set in the ground to grow as hawthorn for hedges or vines

a quickset of a vine planted in a vineyard


a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips


the upper branches and leaves of a tree or other plant


an arrangement of leafy branches forming the top or head of a tree


a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage


a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure


the main stem or central part about which plant organs or plant parts such as branches are arranged


axis of a compound leaf or compound inflorescence


a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ


oewn-cladode-n oewn-cladophyll-n oewn-phylloclad-n oewn-phylloclade-n

a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf


enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts


persistent thickened stem of a herbaceous perennial plant


the upper angle between an axis and an offshoot such as a branch or leafstalk


supporting stalk or stem-like structure especially of a pistil or fern frond or supporting a mushroom cap


erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip


undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root


flat-topped or rounded inflorescence characteristic of the family Umbelliferae in which the individual flower stalks arise from about the same point; youngest flowers are at the center


flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height; outer flowers open first


a branch of an umbel or an umbelliform inflorescence


the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf


an expanded petiole taking on the function of a leaf blade


especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole


stalk bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower


a small stalk bearing a single flower of an inflorescence; an ultimate division of a common peduncle


an inflorescence consisting of a cluster of flowers


usually elongate cluster of flowers along the main stem in which the flowers at the base open first


compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers


a dense flower cluster (as of the lilac or horse chestnut) in which the main axis is racemose and the branches are cymose


more or less flat-topped cluster of flowers in which the central or terminal flower opens first


a small cyme, generally with few flowers


a cyme with flowers or branches alternating in opposite ranks


(botany) an indeterminate inflorescence bearing sessile flowers on an unbranched axis


fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn


the fleshy axis of a spike often surrounded by a spathe


a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure


small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers


solid swollen underground bulb-shaped stem or stem base and serving as a reproductive structure


the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant


a diminutive fruit, especially one that is part of a multiple fruit


any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans


the small hard nutlet of a drupe or drupelet; the seed and the hard endocarp that surrounds it


the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone

black walnut kernels are difficult to get out of the shell


the fleshy multiple fruit of the fig consisting of an enlarged hollow receptacle containing numerous fruitlets


a small fruit having any of various structures, e.g., simple (grape or blueberry) or aggregate (blackberry or raspberry)


fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry, raspberry, pineapple


an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp: e.g. grape, tomato, cranberry


one of the small drupes making up an aggregate or multiple fruit like a blackberry


fleshy indehiscent fruit with a single seed: e.g. almond, peach, plum, cherry, elderberry, olive, jujube


a small part of an aggregate fruit that resembles a drupe


a fleshy fruit (apple or pear or related fruits) having seed chambers and an outer fleshy part


a several-seeded dehiscent fruit as e.g. of a leguminous plant


seedpods that are constricted between the seeds and that break apart when mature into single-seeded segments


fruit of such plants as the plantain; a capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released


outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds


dry outer covering of a fruit or seed or nut


the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves)


husk of a pea; edible in some garden peas


fruit containing much fleshy tissue besides that of the ripened ovary; as apple or strawberry


an order of dicotyledonous plants, containing the families Elaeagnaceae, Leeaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Vitaceae (Rhamnales)


trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value


type genus of the Rhamnaceae: buckthorns


a shrub or shrubby tree of the genus Rhamnus; fruits are source of yellow dyes or pigments


fruit of various buckthorns yielding dyes or pigments


oewn-cascara_buckthorn-n oewn-bearberry-n oewn-bearwood-n oewn-chittamwood-n oewn-chittimwood-n oewn-Rhamnus_purshianus-n

shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada


oewn-cascara-n oewn-cascara_sagrada-n oewn-chittam_bark-n oewn-chittem_bark-n

dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative


deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit; golden-yellow in autumn


oewn-coffeeberry-n oewn-California_buckthorn-n oewn-California_coffee-n oewn-Rhamnus_californicus-n

evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits


small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries


mostly tropical American shrubs or small trees with small yellowish flowers and yellow or red fruits


any of several small to medium-sized trees of Florida and West Indies with thin scaly bark and heavy dark heartwood


spiny chiefly tropical American and Asiatic shrubs: jujubes


oewn-jujube-n oewn-jujube_bush-n oewn-Christ-ap-s-thorn-n oewn-Jerusalem_thorn-n oewn-Ziziphus_jujuba-n

spiny tree having dark red edible fruits


shrubby deciduous tree of the Mediterranean region


thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit


a genus of Australasian shrubs and trees


Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts


oewn-Vitaceae-n oewn-family_Vitaceae-n oewn-Vitidaceae-n oewn-grapevine_family-n

a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales


the type genus of the family Vitaceae; woody vines with simple leaves and small flowers; includes a wide variety of grapes


any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries


native grape of northeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties e.g. Concord grapes


native grape of southeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties


oewn-vinifera-n oewn-vinifera_grape-n oewn-common_grape_vine-n oewn-Vitis_vinifera-n

common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes


any of several purple or white wine grapes used especially for Burgundies and champagnes


red wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Burgundy, France


white wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Chablis, France


small blue-black grape of Medoc region of France highly prized in winemaking


superior red wine grapes grown especially in the Bordeaux region of France and northern California


black wine grape originally from the region of Bordeaux


white grape grown especially in the valley the Loire in France


white grape grown in Europe and California


small black grape grown chiefly in California; transplanted from Europe


white grape grown especially in California and the lower Loire valley of France


any of several cultivated grapevines that produce sweet white grapes


a variety of white wine grape grown in Italy


woody vines having disklike tips on the tendrils


Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries


oewn-Virginia_creeper-n oewn-American_ivy-n oewn-woodbine-n oewn-Parthenocissus_quinquefolia-n

common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit


tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets


type genus of the Piperaceae: large genus of chiefly climbing tropical shrubs


any of various shrubby vines of the genus Piper


oewn-pepper-n oewn-common_pepper-n oewn-black_pepper-n oewn-white_pepper-n oewn-Madagascar_pepper-n oewn-Piper_nigrum-n

climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam


slender tropical climber of the eastern Himalayas


Asian pepper plant whose leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians


oewn-cubeb-n oewn-cubeb_vine-n oewn-Java_pepper-n oewn-Piper_cubeba-n

tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits


spicy fruit of the cubeb vine; when dried and crushed is used medicinally or in perfumery and sometimes smoked in cigarettes


a dry dehiscent fruit that at maturity splits into two or more parts each with a single seed


large genus of small tropical usually succulent herbs


any of various plants of the genus Peperomia; grown primarily for their often succulent foliage


grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage; South America


small family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees


family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia


type genus of the Saururaceae: lizard's-tails


oewn-lizard-ap-s-tail-n oewn-swamp_lily-n oewn-water_dragon-n oewn-Saururus_cernuus-n

North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers


stoloniferous herb of southwestern United States and Mexico having a pungent rootstock and small spicate flowers with white bracts suggesting an anemone


one species; east Asian low-growing plant of wet places


the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants


a pore that exudes water on the surface or margin of a leaf of higher plants


one of many raised pores on the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gas between the atmosphere and the interior tissue


(botany) the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge


division of a usually pinnately divided leaf


compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad


the large floating leaf of an aquatic plant (as the water lily)


a modified leaf or leaflike part just below and protecting an inflorescence


a conspicuous bract surrounding or subtending a spadix or other inflorescence


a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence


the lower and stouter of the two glumes immediately enclosing the floret in most Gramineae


small dry membranous bract found in inflorescences of Gramineae and Cyperaceae


a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin


a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk


a leaf resembling an open hand; having lobes radiating from a common point


a leaf resembling a feather; having the leaflets on each side of a common axis


a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets


a leaf having divisions that are themselves compound


a wedge-shaped leaf having the acute angle at the base


a simple leaf shaped like a capital delta


a leaf shaped like a spearhead with flaring pointed lobes at the base


a leaf shaped like a lance head; tapering to a point at each end


a simple leaf having curvature suggestive of a lyre


a simple leaf having a rounded or blunt tip


a leaf having a rounded apex and tapering base


a simple leaf that is rounded at each end with parallel sides


an egg-shaped leaf with the narrower end at the base


an egg-shaped leaf with the broader end at the base


a shield-shaped leaf; as a nasturtium leaf


a leaf with the base united around--and apparently pierced by--the stem


spatula-shaped leaf; having a broad rounded apex and narrow base


a leaf having pinnate leaflets; as ferns


a pinnate leaf with a pair of leaflets at the apex


a pinnate leaf with a single leaflet at the apex


a leaf having the radiating lobes each deeply cleft or divided


a leaf having a smooth margin without notches or indentations


a leaf having a margin notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex


a leaf having a finely toothed margin; minutely dentate


a leaf having a jagged margin as though gnawed


a leaf having incised margins with the lobes or teeth curved toward the base; as a dandelion leaf


(botany) a part into which a leaf is divided


a leaf whose veins run in parallel from the stem


a leaf having margins incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes


a cluster of leaves growing in crowded circles from a common center or crown (usually at or close to the ground)


(botany) any appendage to a plant that is shaped like a strap


tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants


aromatic bark having tonic and stimulant properties


oewn-tapa-n oewn-tapa_bark-n oewn-tappa-n oewn-tappa_bark-n

the thin fibrous bark of the paper mulberry and Pipturus albidus


the bitter bark of a South American tree; used in medicines and liqueurs and bitters


a division of a stem, or secondary stem arising from the main stem of a plant


a branch or a part of a tree that is dead


stems of beans and peas and potatoes and grasses collectively as used for thatching and bedding


any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree


a small branch or division of a branch (especially a terminal division); usually applied to branches of the current or preceding year


any new growth of a plant such as a new branch or a bud


a shoot that sprouts from the base of a grass


a swelling on a plant stem consisting of overlapping immature leaves or petals


a bud from which leaves (but not flowers) develop


a bud from which only a flower or flowers develop


the main stem of a tree; usually covered with bark; the bole is usually the part that is commercially useful for lumber


a large rounded outgrowth on the trunk or branch of a tree


the wood cut from a tree burl or outgrowth; often used decoratively in veneer


oewn-Filicopsida-n oewn-class_Filicopsida-n oewn-Filicinae-n oewn-class_Filicinae-n


oewn-Filicales-n oewn-order_Filicales-n oewn-Polypodiales-n oewn-order_Polypodiales-n


a family of ferns belonging to order Filicales


type genus of Gleicheniaceae: leptosporangiate ferns with sessile sporangia; South Africa to Malaysia and New Zealand


terrestrial ferns of forest margin or open ground; pantropical


scandent thicket-forming ferns of Asia to western Pacific


large scrambling fern forming large patches to 18 feet high; Pacific region and China


umbrella ferns; warm regions of Australia and New Zealand


oewn-umbrella_fern-n oewn-fan_fern-n oewn-Sticherus_flabellatus-n oewn-Gleichenia_flabellata-n

large Australasian fern with fanlike repeatedly forked fronds; sometimes placed in genus Gleichenia


coextensive with the genus Ceratopteris; sometimes included in family Polypodiaceae


a genus of pan-tropical water ferns (Ceratopteris)


aquatic fern of tropical America often used in aquariums


ferns: a large family that in some classification systems has been subdivided into several families (including Aspleniaceae and Blechnaceae and Davalliaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae and Dryopteridaceae and Oleandraceae and Pteridaceae)


a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae and having rounded naked sori


any of numerous ferns of the genus Polypodium


fern having rootstock of a sweetish flavor


oewn-grey_polypody-n oewn-gray_polypody-n oewn-resurrection_fern-n oewn-Polypodium_polypodioides-n

fern growing on rocks or tree trunks and having fronds greyish and scurfy below; Americas and South Africa


oewn-leatherleaf-n oewn-leathery_polypody-n oewn-coast_polypody-n oewn-Polypodium_scouleri-n

stiff leathery-leaved fern of western North America having ovate fronds parted to the midrib


oewn-rock_polypody-n oewn-rock_brake-n oewn-American_wall_fern-n oewn-Polypodium_virgianum-n

chiefly lithophytic or epiphytic fern of North America and east Asia


oewn-common_polypody-n oewn-adder-ap-s_fern-n oewn-wall_fern-n oewn-golden_maidenhair-n oewn-golden_polypody-n oewn-sweet_fern-n oewn-Polypodium_vulgare-n

mat-forming lithophytic or terrestrial fern with creeping rootstocks and large pinnatifid fronds found throughout North America and Europe and Africa and east Asia


epiphytic fern with large fronds; Taiwan and Philippines


fern with long narrow strap-shaped leaves


common epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial fern having pale yellow-green strap-shaped leaves; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Uruguay


fern with shorter and narrower leaves than Florida strap fern; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Argentina


epiphytic ferns of Madagascar to tropical Asia and New Guinea


large robust epiphytic ferns of tropical forest and scrub; Africa and Asia and Australia


giant epiphytic or lithophytic fern; Asia to Polynesia and Australia


epiphytic ferns of southeastern Asia to New Guinea


any of several bizarre ferns of the genus Lecanopteris having swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants


epiphytic ferns of tropical America and Africa


epiphytic ferns with long rhizomes; tropical America


tropical usually epiphytic ferns; Africa to Asia and Polynesia to Australia


tropical Africa to Australasia and Polynesia


chiefly epiphytic tropical ferns with free veins bearing sori


oewn-golden_polypody-n oewn-serpent_fern-n oewn-rabbit-ap-s-foot_fern-n oewn-Phlebodium_aureum-n oewn-Polypodium_aureum-n

tropical American fern with brown scaly rhizomes cultivated for its large deeply lobed deep bluish-green fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polypodium


often epiphytic tropical Old World ferns


any of various tropical ferns of the genus Platycerium having large flat lobed fronds often resembling the antlers of a stag


oewn-common_staghorn_fern-n oewn-elkhorn_fern-n oewn-Platycerium_bifurcatum-n oewn-Platycerium_alcicorne-n

commonly cultivated fern of Australia and southeastern Asia and Polynesia


epiphytic or lithophytic or terrestrial ferns of tropical Old World


oewn-felt_fern-n oewn-tongue_fern-n oewn-Pyrrosia_lingua-n oewn-Cyclophorus_lingua-n

east Asian fern having fronds shaped like tongues; sometimes placed in genus Cyclophorus


tropical American epiphytic ferns having rhizomes with tubers and roots as well as scales


small epiphytic fern of South America with tuberous swellings along rhizomes


tropical Old World ferns having closely crowded circular sori and no indusia


plant that affords shelter or food to ants that live in symbiotic relations with it


used in some classification systems for some genera of the family Polypodiaceae (or Pteridaceae)


one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems: genus Vittaria


tropical epiphytic ferns with straplike fronds


epiphytic fern found in lowland forests of tropical America


one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Asplenium, Pleurosorus, Schaffneria


a genus of about 700 species of ferns, often treated as the only genus in the family Aspleniaceae, in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae (Asplenium)


any of various chiefly rock-inhabiting ferns of the genus Asplenium


spleenwort of Europe and Africa and Asia having pinnate fronds and yielding an astringent


tropical Old World or Australian epiphytic fern frequently forming tufts in tree crotches


common North American fern with polished black stripes


fern of tropical America: from southern United States to West Indies and Mexico to Brazil


classification used in some especially former systems for plants usually placed in genus Asplenium


oewn-walking_fern-n oewn-walking_leaf-n oewn-Asplenium_rhizophyllum-n oewn-Camptosorus_rhizophyllus-n

ferns having lanceolate fronds that root at the tip


small rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate zone and Hawaii with pinnate fronds


a small fern with slim green fronds; widely distributed in cool parts of Northern Hemisphere


small delicate spleenwort found on a steep slope (as a wall or cliff) of Eurasia and North America


a spleenwort of eastern to southern United States


a spleenwort of eastern and southern United States


oewn-hart-ap-s-tongue-n oewn-hart-ap-s-tongue_fern-n oewn-Asplenium_scolopendrium-n oewn-Phyllitis_scolopendrium-n

Eurasian fern with simple lanceolate fronds


small genus of Old World ferns; superseded in some classification systems which place plants of this genus in e.g. genera Asplenium and Pleurosorus


oewn-scale_fern-n oewn-scaly_fern-n oewn-Asplenium_ceterach-n oewn-Ceterach_officinarum-n

small European fern with chaffy leathery fronds


small genus comprising terrestrial ferns; found in Chile and Spain and Morocco and Australia and New Zealand


genus of the family Aspleniaceae (Schaffneria)


a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae (in some classification systems included in genus Asplenium)


one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Blechnum, Doodia, Sadleria, Stenochlaena, and Woodwardia


in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae; terrestrial ferns of cosmopolitan distribution mainly in Southern Hemisphere: hard ferns


any of several ferns of the genus Blechnum


fern with erect fronds of Europe and western North America; often cultivated for deer browse


in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae; small terrestrial colony-forming ferns of Australasia


any fern of the genus Doodia having pinnate fronds with sharply dentate pinnae


low tree ferns with large fronds; in rain forests and on lava flows of Hawaiian Islands


large tropical ferns: some epiphytic climbers and some terrestrial bog ferns; native to Africa; Asia; Australasia


in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae: chain ferns


a fern of the genus Woodwardia having the sori in chainlike rows


North American fern, also known by the name woodwardie de virginie (Woodwardia virginica)


any of numerous usually tropical ferns having a thick woody stem or caudex and a crown of large fronds; found especially in Australia and New Zealand; chiefly of the families Cyatheaceae and Marattiaceae but some from Polypodiaceae


type genus of the Cyatheaceae: tree ferns of the tropical rain forest to temperate woodlands


oewn-silver_tree_fern-n oewn-sago_fern-n oewn-black_tree_fern-n oewn-Cyathea_medullaris-n

a showy tree fern of New Zealand and Australia having a crown of pinnated fronds with whitish undersides


one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems, it is a family of ferns estimated in 1990 to contain 110 species (Davalliaceae)


Old World tropical fern; in some classification systems placed directly in family Polypodiaceae


any fern of the genus Davallia; having scaly creeping rhizomes


either of two ferns of the genus Davallia having a soft grey hairy rootstock


a hare's-foot fern of the genus Davallia


oewn-squirrel-ap-s-foot_fern-n oewn-ball_fern-n oewn-Davalia_bullata-n oewn-Davalia_bullata_mariesii-n oewn-Davallia_Mariesii-n

feathery fern of tropical Asia and Malaysia


one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems, it is one of fifteen families of ferns (Dennstaedtiaceae)


chiefly terrestrial ferns; in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae


oewn-hay-scented-n oewn-hay-scented_fern-n oewn-scented_fern-n oewn-boulder_fern-n oewn-Dennstaedtia_punctilobula-n

fern of eastern North America with pale green fronds and an aroma like hay


a genus of ferns belonging to the family Dennstaedtiaceae


oewn-bracken-n oewn-pasture_brake-n oewn-brake-n oewn-Pteridium_aquilinum-n

large coarse fern often several feet high; essentially weed ferns; cosmopolitan


fern of southeastern Asia; not hardy in cold temperate regions


tree ferns: genera Dicksonia, Cibotium, Culcita, and Thyrsopteris elegans


tree ferns of temperate Australasia having bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid fronds and usually marginal sori; in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae


of Australia and Tasmania; often cultivated; hardy in cool climates


in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae: ornamental tree ferns with coarse gracefully drooping fronds


Asiatic tree fern having dense matted hairs sometimes used as a styptic


includes some plants usually placed in e.g. genus Dicksonia: terrestrial ferns resembling bracken; tropical America; Malaysia to Australia and Polynesia; southwestern Europe and Atlantic islands


resembles Pteridium aquilinum; of Queensland, Australia


a tree fern genus containing Thyrsopteris elegans (Thyrsopteris)


a terrestrial tree fern of South America


oewn-Dryopteridaceae-n oewn-family_Dryopteridaceae-n oewn-Athyriaceae-n oewn-family_Athyriaceae-n

alternative names for one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems


any of various ferns of the genera Dryopteris or Polystichum or Lastreopsis having somewhat shield-shaped coverings on the sori


large widespread genus of medium-sized terrestrial ferns; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae


oewn-fragrant_cliff_fern-n oewn-fragrant_shield_fern-n oewn-fragrant_wood_fern-n oewn-Dryopteris_fragrans-n

fern or northern Eurasia and North America having fragrant fronds


oewn-Goldie-ap-s_fern-n oewn-Goldie-ap-s_shield_fern-n oewn-goldie-ap-s_wood_fern-n oewn-Dryopteris_goldiana-n

North American fern with a blackish lustrous stipe


any of various ferns of the genus Dryopteris


fern of North America and Europe whose rhizomes and stalks yield an oleoresin used to expel tapeworms


oewn-marginal_wood_fern-n oewn-evergreen_wood_fern-n oewn-leatherleaf_wood_fern-n oewn-Dryopteris_marginalis-n

North American fern with evergreen fronds


temperate and tropical lady ferns; in some classifications placed in family Polypodiaceae or in the genus Asplenium


most widely grown fern of the genus Athyrium for its delicate foliage


a lady fern with deeply cut leaf segments; found in the Rocky Mountains


oewn-silvery_spleenwort-n oewn-glade_fern-n oewn-narrow-leaved_spleenwort-n oewn-Athyrium_pycnocarpon-n oewn-Diplazium_pycnocarpon-n

North American fern with narrow fronds on yellowish leafstalks


small genus of tropical Asiatic greenhouse ferns; in some classifications placed in Polypodiaceae


tropical Old World fern having glossy fronds suggestive of holly; sometimes placed in genus Polystichum


chiefly small perennial rock ferns: bladder ferns; in some classifications placed in Polypodiaceae


any fern of the genus Cystopteris characterized by a hooded indusium or bladderlike membrane covering the sori


oewn-brittle_bladder_fern-n oewn-brittle_fern-n oewn-fragile_fern-n oewn-Cystopteris_fragilis-n

delicate fern widely distributed in North America and European having thin pinnatifid fronds with brittle stems


fern of rocky mountainous areas of hemisphere


oewn-bulblet_fern-n oewn-bulblet_bladder_fern-n oewn-berry_fern-n oewn-Cystopteris_bulbifera-n

North American fern often bearing bulbils on the leaflets


classification used for 5 species of terrestrial ferns usually placed in other genera


fern with elongate silvery outgrowths enclosing the developing spores


one species: delicate fern of foothills of Himalayas


oak ferns: in some classification systems included in genus Thelypteris


bright blue-green fern widely distributed especially in damp acid woodlands of temperate Northern Hemisphere


yellow-green fern of rocky areas of Northern Hemisphere


oewn-Matteuccia-n oewn-genus_Matteuccia-n oewn-Pteretis-n oewn-genus_Pteretis-n

small genus sometimes included in genus Onoclea; in some classifications both genera are placed in Polypodiaceae


oewn-ostrich_fern-n oewn-shuttlecock_fern-n oewn-fiddlehead-n oewn-Matteuccia_struthiopteris-n oewn-Pteretis_struthiopteris-n oewn-Onoclea_struthiopteris-n

tall fern of northern temperate regions having graceful arched fronds and sporophylls resembling ostrich plumes


oewn-hart-ap-s-tongue-n oewn-hart-ap-s-tongue_fern-n oewn-Olfersia_cervina-n oewn-Polybotrya_cervina-n oewn-Polybotria_cervina-n

tropical American terrestrial fern with leathery lanceolate fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polybotrya


one species: sensitive fern; in some classifications included in Polypodiaceae


beautiful spreading fern of eastern North America and eastern Asia naturalized in western Europe; pinnately divided fronds show a slight tendency to fold when touched; pinnules enclose groups of sori in beadlike lobes


oewn-Polybotrya-n oewn-genus_Polybotrya-n oewn-Polybotria-n oewn-genus_Polybotria-n

tropical American ferns; usually terrestrial when young but scandent later


small to medium-sized terrestrial ferns especially holly ferns; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae


oewn-Christmas_fern-n oewn-canker_brake-n oewn-dagger_fern-n oewn-evergreen_wood_fern-n oewn-Polystichum_acrostichoides-n

North American evergreen fern having pinnate leaves and dense clusters of lance-shaped fronds


any of various ferns of the genus Polystichum having fronds with texture and gloss like holly


North American fern whose more or less evergreen leathery fronds are covered with pale brown chafflike scales


evergreen European fern widely cultivated


North American fern, also known by the names mountain holly fern and rock sword fern (Polystichum scopulinum)


European shield fern cultivated in many varieties


leatherleaf ferns: in some classifications included in genus Polystichum


oewn-leather_fern-n oewn-leatherleaf_fern-n oewn-ten-day_fern-n oewn-Rumohra_adiantiformis-n oewn-Polystichum_adiantiformis-n

widely distributed fern of tropical Southern Hemisphere having leathery pinnatifid fronds


terrestrial or epilithic ferns of tropical rain forests


Jamaican fern having round buttonlike bulbils


fern of tropical Asia having round buttonlike bulbils


genus of small to medium-sized usually rock-inhabiting ferns of temperate and cold regions; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae


oewn-rusty_woodsia-n oewn-fragrant_woodsia-n oewn-oblong_woodsia-n oewn-Woodsia_ilvensis-n

a common rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate regions having rusty-brown stipes and lanceolate pinnate fronds


oewn-Alpine_woodsia-n oewn-northern_woodsia-n oewn-flower-cup_fern-n oewn-Woodsia_alpina-n

slender fern of northern North America with shining chestnut-colored stipes and bipinnate fronds with usually distinct marginal sori


rock-inhabiting fern of Arctic and subarctic Europe to eastern Asia


terrestrial or less than normally scandent ferns of tropical regions of Northern Hemisphere


large scandent ferns of southeastern Asia


one species: tree fern of Central and South America


one species of terrestrial ferns of New Zealand


one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems, it is a family of ferns with three genera containing approximately sixty species (Oleandraceae)


or family Polypodiaceae: tropical epiphytic or terrestrial ferns


tropical fern having leathery fronds resembling oleander; found from Asia to Polynesia


tropical and subtropical Old World epiphytic or lithophytic ferns


small genus of tropical ferns; sometimes placed in Polypodiaceae


any of several tropical ferns having more or less sword-shaped fronds including one from which the Boston fern developed


a sword fern with arching or drooping pinnate fronds; a popular houseplant


tropical American fern cultivated for its finely divided greyish-green foliage; West Indies and southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil


one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; Pteridaceae is itself in turn sometimes further subdivided


a fern genus in the Ceratopteridoideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae, in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae (Acrostichum)


stout tropical swamp fern (especially tropical America) having large fronds with golden yellow sporangia covering the undersides


terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia and Africa


cosmopolitan genus of ferns: maidenhair ferns; in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae


any of various small to large terrestrial ferns of the genus Adiantum having delicate palmately branched fronds


oewn-common_maidenhair-n oewn-Venushair-n oewn-Venus-ap--hair_fern-n oewn-southern_maidenhair-n oewn-Venus_maidenhair-n oewn-Adiantum_capillus-veneris-n

delicate maidenhair fern with slender shining black leaf stalks; cosmopolitan


hardy palmately branched North American fern with divergent recurved branches borne on lustrous dark reddish stipes


delicate endemic Bermudian fern with creeping rootstock


tropical American fern with broad pinnae; widely cultivated


oewn-Farley_maidenhair-n oewn-Farley_maidenhair_fern-n oewn-Barbados_maidenhair-n oewn-glory_fern-n oewn-Adiantum_tenerum_farleyense-n

named for a country house in Barbados where it was discovered


a genus of ferns belonging to the family Pteridaceae


small short-lived fern of Central and South America


small evergreen ferns: lipferns; in some classifications placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae


any of various terrestrial ferns of the genus Cheilanthes; cosmopolitan in arid and semiarid temperate or tropical regions


southeastern United States to northern Mexico and Jamaica


small tufted fern of northwestern America


small North American evergreen fern whose stipes and lower frond surfaces are densely wooly


lip fern of Texas to Oklahoma and Colorado and Arizona and Mexico having tall erect tufted fronds


terrestrial ferns of Pacific islands and Asia


fast-growing sturdy Japanese fern; cultivated for their attractive broad dark-green pinnate fronds


sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae or Cryptogrammataceae


rock-inhabiting fern of northern North America growing in massive tufts and having fronds resembling parsley


fern of Europe and Asia Minor having short slender rhizome and densely tufted bright green fronds resembling parsley


small to medium tropical tufted ferns; sometimes placed in family Adiantaceae


tropical American fern with coarsely lobed to palmatifid fronds


small terrestrial ferns of Old World tropics and subtropics: clawed ferns; sometimes placed in family Cryptogrammataceae


genus of chiefly small rock-loving ferns; in some classification systems it is placed in the family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae


any of several small lithophytic ferns of tropical and warm temperate regions


evergreen fern of California and Baja California


very short shallowly creeping North American fern usually growing on cliffs or walls and having dark glossy leaf axes


cliff brake of California and Baja California having purple-brown leafstalks


fern of New Zealand and Australia having trailing fronds with dark green buttonlike leaflets


terrestrial tropical ferns having fronds with powdery yellowish or white undersides; sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae


fern of southern tropical Africa having fronds with white undersides


tropical American fern having fronds with white undersides


tropical American fern having fronds with light golden undersides


fern of West Indies and South America having fronds with bright golden-yellow undersides


large genus of terrestrial ferns of tropics and subtropics; sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae


any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplants


cultivated in many varieties as houseplants


fern of North Africa and Azores and Canary Islands


lower ferns coextensive with the family Marattiaceae


constituting the order Marattiales: chiefly tropical eusporangiate ferns with gigantic fronds


type genus of the Marattiaceae: ferns having the sporangia fused together in two rows


large Australasian evergreen fern with an edible rhizome sometimes used as a vegetable by indigenous people


highly variable species of very large primitive ferns of the Pacific tropical areas with high rainfall


fairly small terrestrial ferns of tropical America


oewn-Psilopsida-n oewn-class_Psilopsida-n oewn-Psilotatae-n oewn-class_Psilotatae-n

whisk ferns; comprising the family Psilotaceae or Psilotatae: vascular plants with no roots, partial if any leaf differentiation, and rudimentary spore sacs


lower vascular plants having dichotomously branched sporophyte divided into aerial shoot and rhizome and lacking true roots


small family of lower ferns having nearly naked stems and minute scalelike leaves


chiefly tropical clump-forming plants of skeletal appearance resembling whisk brooms; lacking roots


pantropical epiphytic or terrestrial whisk fern with usually dull yellow branches and minute leaves; native to America, Japan, Australia


Paleozoic simple dichotomously branched plants of Europe and eastern Canada including the oldest known vascular land plants


any plant of the order Psilophytales: a savannah plant


type genus of the Psilophytaceae: genus of small wiry herbaceous Paleozoic plants with underground rhizomes and apical sporangia


any plant or fossil of the genus Psilophyton


type genus of the Rhyniaceae; small leafless dichotomously branching fossil plants with terminal sporangia and smooth branching rhizomes


Devonian fossil plant considered one of the earliest forms of vascular land plants; similar to genus Rhynia but smaller


oewn-Sphenopsida-n oewn-class_Sphenopsida-n oewn-Equisetatae-n oewn-class_Equisetatae-n


lower tracheophytes in existence since the Devonian


sole surviving family of the Equisetales: fern allies


horsetails; coextensive with the family Equisetaceae


perennial rushlike flowerless herbs with jointed hollow stems and narrow toothlike leaves that spread by creeping rhizomes; tend to become weedy; common in Northern Hemisphere; some in Africa and South America


of Eurasia and Greenland and North America


Eurasia; northern North America to Virginia


oewn-scouring_rush-n oewn-rough_horsetail-n oewn-Equisetum_hyemale-n oewn-Equisetum_hyemale_robustum-n oewn-Equisetum_robustum-n

evergreen erect horsetail with rough-edged stems; formerly used for scouring utensils


scouring-rush horsetail widely distributed in wet or boggy areas of Northern Hemisphere


Eurasia except southern Russia; northern North America


northern North America, Greenland, northern and central Europe


oewn-Lycopsida-n oewn-class_Lycopsida-n oewn-Lycopodiate-n oewn-class_Lycopodiate-n

club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Selaginellales, and extinct Lepidodendrales; sometimes considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta


used in some classifications for the class Lycopsida: club mosses


alternative designation for the class Lycopsida


primitive evergreen moss-like plant with spores in club-shaped strobiles


fossil arborescent plants arising during the early Devonian and conspicuous throughout the Carboniferous


fossil plants characterized by conspicuous spirally arranged leaf scars on the trunk


lower vascular plants coextensive with the family Lycopodiaceae; in some classifications includes the Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae


a family of ferns belonging to the order Lycopodiales


type and sole genus of the Lycopodiaceae; erect or creeping evergreen plants often used for Christmas decorations


a variety of club moss, also known as shining firmoss (Lycopodium lucidulum)


a variety of club moss which occurs throughout northern latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (Lycopodium alpinum)


oewn-fir_clubmoss-n oewn-mountain_clubmoss-n oewn-little_clubmoss-n oewn-Lycopodium_selago-n

of northern Europe and America; resembling a miniature fir


any of several club mosses having long creeping stems and erect branches


a variety of club moss, also known as wolf's-foot clubmoss, stag's-horn clubmoss and ground pine (Lycopodium clavitum)


a variety of club moss, with the common names Creeping Jenny or Northern Running-pine (Lycopodium complanatum)


oewn-ground_fir-n oewn-princess_pine-n oewn-tree_clubmoss-n oewn-Lycopodium_obscurum-n

a variety of club moss, commonly called ground pine, prince's pine, or princess pine (Lycopodium obscurum)


ground pine thickly covered with bristly leaves; widely distributed in barren sandy or peaty moist coastal regions of eastern and southeastern United States


in some classifications included in Lycopodiales


lesser club mosses: terrestrial chiefly tropical plants resembling mosses


type and sole genus of the Selaginellaceae; evergreen moss-like plants: spike moss and little club moss


any of numerous fern allies of the genus Selaginella


spikemoss forming dense mats; eastern North America


tufted spikemoss forming loose spreading mats; eastern North America


densely tufted fern ally of southwestern United States to Peru; curls up in a tight ball when dry and expands and grows under moist conditions


aquatic or marsh-growing fern allies; known to have existed since the Cenozoic; sometimes included in Lycopodiales


quillworts; coextensive with the genus Isoetes


type and genus of the Isoetaceae and sole extant genus of the order Isoetales


any of several spore-bearing aquatic or marsh plants having short rhizomes and leaves resembling quills; worldwide except Polynesia


a family of fungi belonging to the order Helotiales


type genus of the Geoglossaceae comprising the earthtongues


any club-shaped fungus of the genus Geoglossum


one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems


genera Thelypteris, Phegopteris, and others


marsh ferns: in some classification systems considered part of genus Dryopteris in family Dryopteridaceae


fern having pinnatifid fronds and growing in wet places; cosmopolitan in north temperate regions


oewn-snuffbox_fern-n oewn-meadow_fern-n oewn-Thelypteris_palustris_pubescens-n oewn-Dryopteris_thelypteris_pubescens-n


epiphytic or terrestrial ferns of America and Africa and Polynesia


medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical forests of Old World to Americas


any of several tropical ferns of the genus Christella having thin brittle fronds


small genus of terrestrial ferns of tropical and subtropical Southern Hemisphere


terrestrial ferns of Florida and West Indies to Central and South America


medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia to Polynesia and Australia; naturalized in Americas


3 species of ferns formerly included in genus Dryopteris or Thelypteris


common European mountain fern having fragrant lemon or balsam scented fronds


terrestrial ferns of warm and tropical Asia and North America


slender shield fern of moist woods of eastern North America; sometimes placed in genus Dryopteris


delicate feathery shield fern of the eastern United States; sometimes placed in genus Thelypteris


beech ferns: genus is variously classified: considered alternative name for genus Dryopteris or included in genus Thelypteris


any fern of the genus Phegopteris having deeply cut triangular fronds


oewn-broad_beech_fern-n oewn-southern_beech_fern-n oewn-Phegopteris_hexagonoptera-n oewn-Dryopteris_hexagonoptera-n oewn-Thelypteris_hexagonoptera-n

beech fern of North American woodlands having straw-colored stripes


oewn-long_beech_fern-n oewn-narrow_beech_fern-n oewn-northern_beech_fern-n oewn-Phegopteris_connectilis-n oewn-Dryopteris_phegopteris-n oewn-Thelypteris_phegopteris-n


a dense mass of hyphae forming a root-like structure characteristic of many fungi


genus of edible mushrooms having white spores an annulus and blue juice; some are edible; some cause root rot


any of several fungi of the genus Armillaria that form brown stringy rhizomorphs and cause destructive rot of the roots of some trees such as apples or maples


fungus with a brown cap and white gills and a membranous ring halfway up the stalk


a large white mushroom that develops brown stains as it ages; gills are white; odor is spicy and aromatic; collected commercially for oriental cooking the Pacific Northwest


a large fungus with viscid cap that dries and turns brown with age; gills are off-white


a honey-colored diminutive form of genus Armillaria; grows in clusters; edible (when cooked) but most attention has been on how to get rid of it


a honey-colored edible mushroom commonly associated with the roots of trees in late summer and fall; do not eat raw


widely distributed family of herbs and shrubs of the order Gentianales; most with milky juice


genus of chiefly North American perennial herbs: silkweed; milkweed


any of numerous plants of the genus Asclepias having milky juice and pods that split open releasing seeds with downy tufts


tall herb with leafless white waxy stems and whitish starlike flowers; southwestern United States


tropical herb having orange-red flowers followed by pods suggesting a swallow with outspread wings; a weed throughout the tropics


milkweed of the eastern United States with leaves resembling those of pokeweed


densely branching perennial of the eastern United States with white to crimson or purple flowers


milkweed of central North America; a threatened species


perennial of eastern North America having pink-purple flowers


milkweed of southern North America having large starry purple and pink flowers


milkweed of southwestern United States and Mexico; poisonous to livestock


oewn-butterfly_weed-n oewn-orange_milkweed-n oewn-chigger_flower-n oewn-chiggerflower-n oewn-pleurisy_root-n oewn-tuber_root-n oewn-Indian_paintbrush-n oewn-Asclepias_tuberosa-n

erect perennial of eastern and southern United States having showy orange flowers


milkweed of the eastern United States with narrow leaves in whorls and greenish-white flowers


small genus of South American evergreen vines


robust twining shrub having racemes of fragrant white or pink flowers with flat spreading terminal petals that trap nocturnal moths and hold them until dawn


genus of perennial tropical African lianas


any of various mostly giant tropical lianas of Africa and Madagascar having greenish or purple flowers and long smooth pods; roots formerly used as an emetic


large genus of climbing shrubs of Australia and Asia and Polynesia


any plant of the genus Hoya having fleshy leaves and usually nectariferous flowers


a plant that furnishes nectar suitable for making honey


succulent climber of southern Asia with umbels of pink and white star-shaped flowers


genus of woody vines of warm regions of the Old World


deciduous climber for arches and fences having ill-scented but interesting flowers and poisonous yellow fruits; cultivated for its dark shining foliage; southeastern Europe to Asia Minor


succulent subshrubs or vines; tropical and subtropical India and Africa and Malaysia


leafless East Indian vine; its sour milky juice formerly used to make an intoxicating drink


genus of foul-smelling plants resembling cacti; found from Africa to East India


any of various plants of the genus Stapelia having succulent leafless toothed stems resembling cacti and large foul-smelling (often star-shaped) flowers


stapelia of Cape Province having mostly dark red-brown flowers with flat starlike corollas


any of various evergreen climbing shrubs of the genus Stephanotis having fragrant waxy flowers


twining woody vine of Madagascar having thick dark waxy evergreen leaves and clusters of large fragrant waxy white flowers along the stems; widely cultivated in warm regions


genus of chiefly tropical American vines having cordate leaves and large purple or greenish cymose flowers; supposedly having powers as an antidote


twining vine with hairy foliage and dark purplish-brown flowers


a plant spore formed by two similar sexual cells


forest or woodland having a mature or overly mature ecosystem more or less uninfluenced by human activity


a second growth of trees covering an area where the original stand was destroyed by fire or cutting


the biblical tree in the Garden of Eden whose forbidden fruit was tasted by Adam and Eve


wood of a deciduous conifer of the genus Taxodium, native to North America


wood of a coniferous shrub or small tree with berrylike cones


any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of Australia and northern New Caledonia


a deciduous conifer of the genus Taxodium, native to North America


oewn-bald_cypress-n oewn-swamp_cypress-n oewn-pond_bald_cypress-n oewn-southern_cypress-n

wood of a common cypress of southeastern United States having trunk expanded at base; found in coastal swamps and flooding river bottoms


cypress tree of river valleys of Mexican highlands


wood of either of two huge coniferous California trees that reach a height of 300 feet; sometimes placed in the Taxodiaceae


wood of cypresses of river valleys of Mexican highlands


a species of perennial, herbaceous plant that is native to Europe


wood of any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of Australia and northern New Caledonia


coniferous shrub or small tree with berrylike cones


an annual herb that grows in open grasslands, roadsides and pathways that originates in the Americas and is used in traditional herbal medicine


oewn-swamp_cypress-n oewn-pond_bald_cypress-n oewn-southern_cypress-n oewn-bald_cypress-n oewn-Taxodium_distichum-n

common cypress of southeastern United States having trunk expanded at base; found in coastal swamps and flooding river bottoms


either of two huge coniferous California trees that reach a height of 300 feet; sometimes placed in the Taxodiaceae


spice derived from the dried fruit of Piper guineense; very similar to cubeb pepper but is much less bitter and has a fresher more herbaceous flavour.

Even in West Africa, Ashanti pepper is an expensive spice and is used sparingly.


a fruit that has orange skin and lime green, jelly-like flesh with a refreshingly fruity taste, and texture similar to a passionfruit or pomegranate; grows on the annual vine Cucumis metuliferus.


A plant, fungus, or other organism that grows upon rock.


An organism that depends on chemicals for its energy and principally on carbon dioxide for its carbon.


a period of time during which someone or something is tested


a time period during which something occurs or is expected to occur

an agreement can be reached in a reasonably short time frame


the time of the physical formation and development of the earth (especially prior to human history)


the time of various biological processes


the time covered by the physical formation and development of the universe


the official time in a local region (adjusted for location around the Earth); established by law or custom


oewn-daylight-saving_time-n oewn-daylight-savings_time-n oewn-daylight_saving-n oewn-daylight_savings-n

time during which clocks are set one hour ahead of local standard time; widely adopted during summer to provide extra daylight in the evenings


a period of time past the deadline for fulfilling an obligation during which a penalty that would be imposed for being late is waived, especially an extended period granted as a special favor

The payment had originally been due on April 1 but we had a grace period which expired in June.


a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is not operating (especially as a result of malfunctions)


a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is functioning and available for use


a time period when you are required to work


a time period when you are not required to work

he requested time off to attend his grandmother's funeral


work time spent at the location of or in the presence of other people

instead of working on the problem at home he devoted face time to it at the office


time off that is granted to a worker as compensation for working overtime


a period of time when you are confined to a hospital

now they try to shorten the patient's hospitalization


workers were not paid for their travel time between home and factory


the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech


a more or less definite period of time now or previously present


oewn-modern_times-n oewn-present_times-n oewn-modern_world-n oewn-contemporary_world-n

the circumstances and ideas of the present age


the time period during which Rome dominated Europe


oewn-future-n oewn-hereafter-n oewn-futurity-n oewn-time_to_come-n


you can wet the bed till kingdom come, for all I care


an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)


a period in British history during the reign of Elizabeth I in the 16th century; an age marked by literary achievement and domestic prosperity


a period in British history during the reign of Queen Victoria in the 19th century; her character and moral standards restored the prestige of the British monarchy but gave the era a prudish reputation


a time when coldness (or some other quality associated with death) is intense


he believes that his life will be better in his next incarnation


a continuous nonspatial whole or extent or succession in which no part or portion is distinct or distinguishable from adjacent parts


the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future


the period from about 540 million years ago until the present, a period when abundant life existed


oewn-Holocene-n oewn-Holocene_epoch-n oewn-Recent-n oewn-Recent_epoch-n


from two million to 11 thousand years ago; extensive glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere; the time of human evolution


the period from 63 million to 2 million years ago


from 13 million to 2 million years ago; growth of mountains; cooling of climate; more and larger mammals


from 25 million to 13 million years ago; appearance of grazing mammals


from 40 million to 25 million years ago; appearance of sabertoothed cats


from 58 million to 40 million years ago; presence of modern mammals


from 63 million to 58 million years ago; appearance of birds and earliest mammals


from 230 million to 63 million years ago


the period from 135 million to 63 million years ago; end of the age of reptiles; appearance of modern insects and flowering plants


the period from 190 million to 135 million years ago, distinguished by dinosaurs and conifers


the period from 230 million to 190 million years ago; distinguished by dinosaurs, marine reptiles and volcanic activity


from 544 million to about 230 million years ago


the period from 280 million to 230 million years ago; distinguished by reptiles


the period from 345 million to 280 million years ago