oewn-Confucius-n oewn-Kongfuze-n oewn-K-ap-ung_Futzu-n oewn-Kong_the_Master-n

Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC)


English playwright remembered for his comedies (1670-1729)


oewn-Maureen_Connolly-n oewn-Connolly-n oewn-Maureen_Catherine_Connolly-n oewn-Little_Mo_Connolly-n

United States tennis player who was the first woman to win the United States, British, French, and Australian championships in the same year (1953) (1934-1969)


outstanding United States tennis player (born in 1952)


English novelist (born in Poland) noted for sea stories and for his narrative technique (1857-1924)


oewn-Constantine_I_of_Greece-n oewn-Constantine-n oewn-Constantine_I-n oewn-Constantine_the_Great-n oewn-Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus-n

Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)


oewn-Cook-n oewn-James_Cook-n oewn-Captain_Cook-n oewn-Captain_James_Cook-n

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)


United States financier who marketed Union bonds to finance the American Civil War; the failure of his bank resulted in a financial panic in 1873 (1821-1905)


United States journalist (born in England in 1908)


elected vice president and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)


United States novelist noted for his stories of American Indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)


United States film actor noted for his portrayals of strong silent heroes (1901-1961)


United States industrialist who built the first American locomotive; founded Cooper Union in New York City to offer free courses in the arts and sciences (1791-1883)


Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)


United States composer who developed a distinctly American music (1900-1990)


American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)


oewn-James_J._Corbett-n oewn-Corbett-n oewn-Jim_Corbett-n oewn-James_John_Corbett-n oewn-Gentleman_Jim-n

United States heavyweight boxing champion (1866-1933)


French revolutionary heroine (a Girondist) who assassinated Marat (1768-1793)


oewn-Cordoba-n oewn-Francisco_Fernandez_Cordoba-n oewn-Cordova-n oewn-Francisco_Fernandez_de_Cordova-n

Spanish explorer who discovered Yucatan (1475-1526)


Italian violinist and composer of violin concertos (1653-1713)


French tragic dramatist whose plays treat grand moral themes in elegant verse (1606-1684)


United States businessman who unified the telegraph system in the United States and who in 1865 (with Andrew D. White) founded Cornell University (1807-1874)


United States actress noted for her performances in Broadway plays (1893-1974)


commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence; was defeated by American and French troops at Yorktown (1738-1805)


French painter of Italian landscapes (1796-1875)


Italian painter noted for his use of chiaroscuro and perspective (1489-1534)


oewn-Cortes-n oewn-Cortez-n oewn-Hernando_Cortes-n oewn-Hernando_Cortez-n oewn-Hernan_Cortes-n oewn-Hernan_Cortez-n

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)


Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464)


French psychotherapist who claimed that if one imagined one was getting better, one would get better (1857-1926)


French physicist famous for his discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism; formulated Coulomb's Law (1736-1806)


French composer of music for organ and a member of a family of distinguished organists (1668-1733)


French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877)


Australian woman tennis player who won many major championships (born in 1947)


French underwater explorer (born in 1910)


English dramatist and actor and composer noted for his witty and sophisticated comedies (1899-1973)


English poet who wrote hymns and poetry about nature (1731-1800)


English surgeon who discovered Cowper's gland (1666-1709)


oewn-William_Craigie-n oewn-Craigie-n oewn-William_A._Craigie-n oewn-Sir_William_Alexander_Craigie-n

English lexicographer who was a joint editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (1867-1957)


United States neoclassical sculptor (1814-1857)


a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)


Scottish man of letters and adventurer (1560-1582)


English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (1916-2004)


patron saint of shoemakers; he and his brother were martyred for trying to spread Christianity (3rd century)


United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836)


United States physician who specialized in diseases of the intestines; he was the first to describe regional ileitis which is now known as Crohn's disease (1884-1983)


English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)


Canadian actor who frequently played character parts with his wife Jessica Tandy (1911-2003)


English chemist and physicist; discovered thallium; invented the radiometer and studied cathode rays (1832-1919)


United States singer and film actor (1903-1977)


United States authority on contract bridge whose books helped to popularize the game (1891-1955)


oewn-Prince_William-cm-_Duke_of_Cumberland-n oewn-Cumberland-n oewn-William_Augustus-n oewn-Duke_of_Cumberland-n oewn-Butcher_Cumberland-n

English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)


United States writer noted for his typographically eccentric poetry (1894-1962)


United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1922)


oewn-Curie-n oewn-Marie_Curie-n oewn-Madame_Curie-n oewn-Marya_Sklodowska-n

French chemist (born in Poland) who won two Nobel prizes; one (with her husband and Henri Becquerel) for research on radioactivity and another for her discovery of radium and polonium (1867-1934)


French physicist; husband of Marie Curie (1859-1906)


oewn-Curl-n oewn-Robert_Curl-n oewn-Robert_F._Curl-n oewn-Robert_Floyd_Curl_Jr.-n

American chemist who with Richard Smalley and Harold Kroto discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1933)


United States lithographer who (with his partner James Ives) produced thousands of prints signed `Currier & Ives' (1813-1888)


English botanical writer and publisher (1746-1799)


United States industrialist and aviation pioneer (1878-1930)


United States neurologist noted for his study of the brain and pituitary gland and who identified Cushing's syndrome (1869-1939)


United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)


oewn-Cuvier-n oewn-Georges_Cuvier-n oewn-Baron_Georges_Cuvier-n oewn-Georges_Leopold_Chretien_Frederic_Dagobert_Cuvier-n

French naturalist known as the father of comparative anatomy (1769-1832)


a French soldier and dramatist remembered chiefly for fighting many duels (often over the size of his nose); was immortalized in 1897 in a play by Edmond Rostand (1619-1655)


Greek missionary; the invention of the Cyrillic alphabet is attributed to him (826-869)


Persian prince who was defeated in battle by his brother Artaxerxes II (424-401 BC)


king of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire (circa 600-529 BC)


Austrian virtuoso pianist and composer of many works for the piano; studied with Beethoven and was a teacher of Liszt (1791-1857)


oewn-Vasco_da_Gama-n oewn-da_Gamma-n oewn-Vasco_da_Gamma-n oewn-Gamma-n

Portuguese navigator who led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497; he sighted and named Natal on Christmas Day before crossing the Indian Ocean (1460-1524)


French inventor of the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype (1789-1851)


German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine (1834-1900)


English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures; gave the first description of red-green color blindness (1766-1844)


the Greek courtier to Dionysius the Elder who (according to legend) was condemned to sit under a naked sword that was suspended by a hair in order to demonstrate to him that being a king was not the happy state Damocles had said it was (4th century BC)


the friend of Phintias who pledged his life that Phintias would return (4th century BC)


(Old Testament) a youth who was taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar and given divine protection when thrown into a den of lions (6th century BC)


an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through Hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)


French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)


king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)


king of Persia who was defeated by Alexander the Great; his murder effectively ended the Persian Empire (died in 330 BC)


United States lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes (1857-1938)


English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)


French painter best known for his satirical lithographs of bourgeois society (1808-1879)


(Old Testament) the 2nd king of the Israelites; as a young shepherd he fought Goliath (a giant Philistine warrior) and killed him by hitting him in the head with a stone flung from a sling; he united Israel with Jerusalem as its capital; many of the Psalms are attributed to David (circa 1000-962 BC)


French neoclassical painter who actively supported the French Revolution (1748-1825)


oewn-Dwight_F._Davis-n oewn-Davis-n oewn-Dwight_Davis-n oewn-Dwight_Filley_Davis-n

United States tennis player who donated the Davis Cup for international team tennis competition (1879-1945)


American statesman; president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1808-1889)


United States jazz musician; noted for his trumpet style (1926-1991)


United States painter who developed an American version of cubism (1894-1964)


English chemist who was a pioneer in electrochemistry and who used it to isolate elements sodium and potassium and barium and boron and calcium and magnesium and chlorine (1778-1829)


oewn-Davys-n oewn-John_Davys-n oewn-Davis-n oewn-John_Davis-n

English navigator who explored the Arctic while searching for the Northwest Passage (1550-1605)


American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)


United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935)


Israeli general and statesman (1915-1981)


United States film actor whose moody rebellious roles made him a cult figure (1931-1955)


United States heart surgeon who in 1966 implanted the first artificial heart in a human patient (born in 1908)


United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926)


French composer who is said to have created Impressionism in music (1862-1918)


United States naval officer remembered for his heroic deeds (1779-1820)


Emperor of Rome who was proclaimed emperor against his will; his reign was notable for his severe persecution of Christians (201-251)


United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)


English writer remembered particularly for his novel about Robinson Crusoe (1659-1731)


United States electrical engineer who in 1907 patented the first triode vacuum tube, which made it possible to detect and amplify radio waves (1873-1961)


French impressionist painter (1834-1917)


oewn-de_Gaulle-n oewn-General_de_Gaulle-n oewn-Charles_de_Gaulle-n oewn-General_Charles_de_Gaulle-n oewn-Charles_Andre_Joseph_Marie_de_Gaulle-n

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)


oewn-Dekker-n oewn-Decker-n oewn-Thomas_Dekker-n oewn-Thomas_Decker-n

English dramatist and pamphleteer (1572-1632)


United States painter (born in the Netherlands) who was a leading American exponent of abstract expressionism (1904-1997)


English poet remembered for his verse for children (1873-1956)


United States biologist (born in Germany) who studied how viruses infect living cells (1906-1981)


(Old Testament) the Philistine mistress of Samson who betrayed him by cutting off his hair and so deprived him of his strength


English composer of orchestral works (1862-1934)


oewn-Delorme-n oewn-Philibert_Delorme-n oewn-de_l-ap-Orme-n oewn-Philibert_de_l-ap-Orme-n

French royal architect who built the Tuileries Palace and Gardens in Paris for Catherine de Medicis (1515-1570)


oewn-Demetrius_I_of_Macedon-n oewn-Demetrius-n oewn-Demetrius_I-n oewn-Demetrius_Poliorcetes-n

son of Antigonus Cyclops and king of Macedonia; he and his father were defeated at the battle of Ipsus (337-283 BC)


United States dancer and choreographer who introduced formal dance to a wide audience (1905-1993)


United States film maker remembered for his extravagant and spectacular epic productions (1881-1959)


Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC)


Athenian statesman and orator (circa 385-322 BC)


oewn-Dempsey-n oewn-Jack_Dempsey-n oewn-William_Harrison_Dempsey-n oewn-Manassa_Mauler-n

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983)


United States film actor who frequently plays tough characters (born 1943)


English writer who described the psychological effects of addiction to opium (1785-1859)


French painter and exponent of fauvism (1880-1954)


French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004)


Swiss linguist and expert in historical linguistics whose lectures laid the foundations for synchronic linguistics (1857-1913)


French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650)


Irish statesman (born in the United States); as president of the Irish Free State he was responsible for the new constitution of 1937 that created the state of Eire (1882-1975)


oewn-deVries-n oewn-De_Vries-n oewn-Hugo_deVries-n oewn-Hugo_De_Vries-n

Dutch botanist who rediscovered Mendel's laws and developed the mutation theory of evolution (1848-1935)


Scottish chemist and physicist noted for his work in cryogenics and his invention of the Dewar flask (1842-1923)


United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)


a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War


United States librarian who founded the decimal system of classification (1851-1931)


Russian ballet impresario who founded the Russian ballet and later introduced it to the West (1872-1929)


oewn-Diana-n oewn-Princess_Diana-n oewn-Princess_of_Wales-n oewn-Lady_Diana_Frances_Spencer-n

English aristocrat who was the first wife of Prince Charles; her death in an automobile accident in Paris produced intense national mourning (1961-1997)


French noblewoman who was the mistress of Henry II; she had more influence over him than did his wife Catherine de Medicis (1499-1566)


oewn-Bartolomeu_Dias-n oewn-Dias-n oewn-Diaz-n oewn-Bartholomeu_Dias-n oewn-Bartholomeu_Diaz-n

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)


English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)


United States poet noted for her mystical and unrhymed poems (1830-1886)


French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784)


German engineer (born in France) who invented the diesel engine (1858-1913)


United States film actress (born in Germany) who made many films with Josef von Sternberg and later was a successful cabaret star (1901-1992)


oewn-Dietrich-n oewn-Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich-n oewn-Thiry-n oewn-Paul-Henri_Thiry-n oewn-d-ap-Holbach-n oewn-baron_d-ap-Holbach-n

French philosopher (born in Germany) famous as being one of the first self-described atheists in Europe


United States professional baseball player noted for his batting ability (1914-1999)


oewn-Dinesen-n oewn-Isak_Dinesen-n oewn-Blixen-n oewn-Karen_Blixen-n oewn-Baroness_Karen_Blixen-n

Danish writer who lived in Kenya for 19 years and is remembered for her writings about Africa (1885-1962)


Roman Emperor who when faced with military problems decided in 286 to divide the Roman Empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west; he initiated the last persecution of the Christians in 303 (245-313)


an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC)


the tyrant of Syracuse who fought the Carthaginians (430-367 BC)


Greek mathematician who was the first to try to develop an algebraic notation (3rd century)


French couturier whose first collection in 1947 created a style that became known as the New Look (1905-1957)


English theoretical physicist who applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics and predicted the existence of antimatter and the positron (1902-1984)


United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck; founded Disneyland (1901-1966)


British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881)


United States social reformer who pioneered in the reform of prisons and in the treatment of the mentally ill; superintended women army nurses during the American Civil War (1802-1887)


United States electrical engineer who devised the Dolby system used to reduce background noise in tape recording


Spanish operatic tenor noted for performances in operas by Verdi and Puccini (born in 1941)


oewn-Dominic-n oewn-Saint_Dominic-n oewn-St._Dominic-n oewn-Domingo_de_Guzman-n

(Roman Catholic Church) Spanish priest who founded an order whose members became known as Dominicans or Black Friars (circa 1170-1221)


United States rhythm and blues pianist and singer and composer (born in 1928)


Emperor of Rome; son of Vespasian who succeeded his brother Titus; instigated a reign of terror and was assassinated as a tyrant (51-96)


Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)


Roman grammarian whose textbook on Latin grammar was used throughout the Middle Ages (fourth century)


a legendary Spanish nobleman and philanderer who became the hero of many poems and plays and operas


English engineer who developed a method of preserving food by sterilizing it with heat and sealing it inside a steel container--the first tin can (1768-1855)


English clergyman and metaphysical poet celebrated as a preacher (1572-1631)


United States Air Force officer who electrified the world in 1942 by leading a squadron of 16 bombers on a daylight raid over Tokyo (1896-1993)


Austrian physicist famous for his discovery of the Doppler effect (1803-1853)


United States novelist remembered for his portrayal of life in the United States (1896-1970)


oewn-Dostoyevsky-n oewn-Dostoevski-n oewn-Dostoevsky-n oewn-Feodor_Dostoyevsky-n oewn-Fyodor_Dostoyevsky-n oewn-Feodor_Dostoevski-n oewn-Fyodor_Dostoevski-n oewn-Feodor_Dostoevsky-n oewn-Fyodor_Dostoevsky-n oewn-Feodor_Mikhailovich_Dostoyevsky-n oewn-Fyodor_Mikhailovich_Dostoyevsky-n oewn-Feodor_Mikhailovich_Dostoevski-n oewn-Fyodor_Mikhailovich_Dostoevski-n oewn-Feodor_Mikhailovich_Dostoevsky-n oewn-Fyodor_Mikhailovich_Dostoevsky-n

Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881)


oewn-Douglas-n oewn-Stephen_A._Douglas-n oewn-Stephen_Arnold_Douglas-n oewn-Little_Giant-n

United States politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he engaged in a famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln (1813-1861)


United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)


oewn-Dowding-n oewn-Hugh_Dowding-n oewn-Baron_Hugh_Caswall_Tremenheere_Dowding-n oewn-Dowdy-n

British marshal of the RAF who commanded the British air defense forces that defeated the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain (1882-1970)


English lutenist and composer of songs for the lute (1563-1626)


English physician who first described Down's syndrome (1828-1896)


United States landscape architect who designed the grounds of the White House and the Capitol Building (1815-1852)


English impresario who brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and produced many of their operettas in London (1844-1901)


Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC)


English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)


United States actor (born in Ireland); father of Georgiana Emma Barrymore (1827-1862)


French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of anti-Semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906 (1859-1935)


the outstanding poet and dramatist of the Restoration (1631-1700)


oewn-Madame_du_Barry-n oewn-Du_Barry-n oewn-Comtesse_Du_Barry-n oewn-Marie_Jeanne_Becu-n

courtier and influential mistress of Louis XV who was guillotined during the French Revolution (1743-1793)


United States civil rights leader and political activist who campaigned for equality for Black Americans (1868-1963)


French artist who immigrated to the United States; a leader in the dada movement in New York City; was first to exhibit commonplace objects as art (1887-1968)


French painter noted for brightly colored scenes (1877-1953)


United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959)


French writer remembered for his swashbuckling historical tales (1802-1870)


English writer and illustrator; grandfather of Daphne du Maurier (1834-1896)


English writer of melodramatic novels (1907-1989)


United States dancer and pioneer of modern dance (1878-1927)


Scottish theologian who was very influential in the Middle Ages (1265-1308)


United States comedian remembered for his large nose and hoarse voice (1893-1980)


a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528)


French sociologist and first professor of sociology at the Sorbonne (1858-1917)


English writer of Irish descent who spent much of his life in Mediterranean regions (1912-1990)


Italian actress best known for her performances in tragic roles (1858-1924)


son and successor of Francois Duvalier as president of Haiti; he was overthrown by a mass uprising in 1986 (born in 1951)


Czech composer who combined folk elements with traditional forms (1841-1904)


United States songwriter noted for his protest songs (born in 1941)


United States designer noted for an innovative series of chairs (1907-1978)


first woman aviator to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic (1928); while attempting to fly around the world she disappeared over the Pacific (1898-1937)


United States inventor of a dry-plate process of developing photographic film and of flexible film (his firm introduced roll film) and of the box camera and of a process for color photography (1854-1932)


Australian physiologist noted for his research on the conduction of impulses by nerve cells (1903-1997)


oewn-Eck-n oewn-Johann_Eck-n oewn-Johann_Maier_Eck-n oewn-Johann_Maier-n

a German Roman Catholic theologian who was an indefatigable opponent of Martin Luther (1486-1543)


German Roman Catholic theologian and mystic (1260-1327)


English astronomer remembered for his popular elucidation of relativity theory (1882-1944)


founder of Christian Science in 1866 (1821-1910)


United States swimmer who in 1926 became the first woman to swim the English Channel (1906-2003)


the younger brother of Edwy who became king of Northumbria when it renounced Edwy; on Edwy's death he succeeded to the throne of England (943-975)


United States inventor; inventions included the phonograph and incandescent electric light and the microphone and the Kinetoscope (1847-1931)


king of the English who succeeded Athelstan; he drove out the Danes and made peace with Scotland (921-946)


king of the English who led resistance to Canute but was defeated and forced to divide the kingdom with Canute (980-1016)


son of Edward III who defeated the French at Crecy and Poitiers in the Hundred Years' War (1330-1376)


third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964)


King of England from 1272 to 1307; conquered Wales (1239-1307)


King of England from 1307 to 1327 and son of Edward I; was defeated at Bannockburn by the Scots led by Robert the Bruce; was deposed and died in prison (1284-1327)


son of Edward II and King of England from 1327-1377; his claim to the French throne provoked the Hundred Years' War; his reign was marked by an epidemic of the Black Plague and by the emergence of the House of Commons as the powerful arm of British Parliament (1312-1377)


King of England from 1461 to 1470 and from 1471 to 1483; was dethroned in 1470 but regained the throne in 1471 by his victory at the battle of Tewkesbury (1442-1483)


King of England who was crowned at the age of 13 on the death of his father Edward IV but was immediately confined to the Tower of London where he and his younger brother were murdered (1470-1483)


King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553; son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; died of tuberculosis (1537-1553)


King of England from 1901 to 1910; son of Victoria and Prince Albert; famous for his elegant sporting ways (1841-1910)


King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)


American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)


son of Ethelred the Unready; King of England from 1042 to 1066; he founded Westminster Abbey where he was eventually buried (1003-1066)


king of Wessex whose military success against the Danes made it possible for his son Athelstan to become the first king of all England (870-924)


King of England who was a son of Edgar; he was challenged for the throne by supporters of his half-brother Ethelred II who eventually murdered him (963-978)


king of Northumbria who was converted to Christianity (585-633)


King of England who was renounced by Northumbria in favor of his brother Edgar (died in 959)


king of Wessex whose military victories made Wessex the most powerful kingdom in England (died in 839)


United States ballet dancer (born in Russia) (1917-1977)


oewn-Ilya_Ehrenburg-n oewn-Ehrenberg-n oewn-Ilya_Ehrenberg-n oewn-Ilya_Grigorievich_Ehrenberg-n


German bacteriologist who found a `magic bullet' to cure syphilis and was a pioneer in the study of immunology (1854-1915)


Austrian who became the Nazi official who administered the concentration camps where millions of Jews were murdered during World War II (1906-1962)


French engineer who constructed the Eiffel Tower (1832-1923)


German chemist who did research on high-speed chemical reactions (born in 1927)


Dutch physician who discovered that beriberi is caused by a nutritional deficiency (1858-1930)


physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955)


Dutch physiologist who devised the first electrocardiograph (1860-1927)


oewn-Eisenhower-n oewn-Dwight_Eisenhower-n oewn-Dwight_D._Eisenhower-n oewn-Dwight_David_Eisenhower-n oewn-Ike-n oewn-President_Eisenhower-n

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961)


United States photographer (born in Germany) whose unposed documentary photographs created photojournalism (born in 1898)


Russian film maker who pioneered the use of montage and is considered among the most influential film makers in the history of motion pictures (1898-1948)


Swedish oceanographer who recognized the role of the Coriolis effect on ocean currents (1874-1954)


queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)


British composer of choral and orchestral works including two symphonies as well as songs and chamber music and music for brass band (1857-1934)


Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)


a Hebrew prophet in the Old Testament who opposed the worship of idols; he was persecuted for rebuking Ahab and Jezebel (king and queen of Israel); he was taken up to heaven in a chariot of fire (circa 9th century BC)


British writer of novels characterized by realistic analysis of provincial Victorian society (1819-1880)


British poet (born in the United States) who won the Nobel prize for literature; his plays are outstanding examples of modern verse drama (1888-1965)


Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius (1533-1603)


daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-)

Elizabeth II is the head of state in Great Britain


United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader (1899-1974)


United States novelist who wrote about a young Black man and his struggles in American society (1914-1994)


United States jurist and the third chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1807)


United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)


Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC)


oewn-Endecott-n oewn-Endicott-n oewn-John_Endecott-n oewn-John_Endicott-n

born in England; in 1629 he became the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1588-1665)


Romanian violinist and composer (1881-1955)


socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)


Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130)


Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)


British sculptor (born in the United States) noted for busts and large controversial works (1880-1959)


oewn-Erasmus-n oewn-Desiderius_Erasmus-n oewn-Gerhard_Gerhards-n oewn-Geert_Geerts-n

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; although his criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther (1466-1536)


Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the Moon and sun (276-194 BC)


painter (born in Germany, resident of France and the United States) who was a cofounder of dadaism; developed the technique of collage (1891-1976)


oewn-Erving-n oewn-Julius_Erving-n oewn-Julius_Winfield_Erving-n oewn-Dr._J-n

United States basketball forward (born in 1950)


physicist honored for advances in solid state electronics (born in Japan in 1925)


(Old Testament) the eldest son of Isaac who would have inherited the covenant that God made with Abraham and that Abraham passed on to Isaac; he traded his birthright to his twin brother Jacob for a mess of pottage


(Old Testament) a beautiful Jewess chosen by the king of Persia to be his queen; she stopped a plot to massacre all the Jews in Persia (an event celebrated by Jews as the feast of Purim)


Anglo-Saxon king of Kent who was converted to Christianity by Saint Augustine; codified English law (552-616)


king of Wessex and Kent and elder brother of Alfred; Alfred joined Ethelred's battle against the invading Danes and succeeded him on his death (died in 871)


king of the English who succeeded to the throne after his half-brother Edward the Martyr was murdered; he struggled unsuccessfully against the invading Danes (969-1016)


Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)


one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC)


Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340)


Italian anatomist who was one of the fathers of modern anatomy; noted for descriptions of the ear and the heart (1520-1574)


British archaeologist who excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete to find what he called Minoan civilization (1851-1941)


United States anatomist who identified four pituitary hormones and discovered vitamin E (1882-1971)


United States civil rights worker in Mississippi; was killed by a sniper (1925-1963)


oewn-Evert-n oewn-Chris_Evert-n oewn-Chrissie_Evert-n oewn-Christine_Marie_Evert-n

United States tennis player who won women's singles titles in the United States and at Wimbledon (born in 1954)


Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)


oewn-Eysenck-n oewn-Hans_Eysenck-n oewn-H._J._Eysenck-n oewn-Hans_Jurgen_Eysenck-n

a British psychologist (born in Germany) noted for his theories of intelligence and personality and for his strong criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis


a Hebrew prophet of the 6th century BC who was exiled to Babylon in 587 BC


a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem


Russian goldsmith noted for creating a series of jeweled and enameled Easter eggs for European royalty (1846-1920)


king of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005 (1921-2005)


German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer and developed the scale of temperature that bears his name (1686-1736)


oewn-Fairbanks-n oewn-Douglas_Fairbanks-n oewn-Douglas_Elton_Fairbanks-n oewn-Julius_Ullman-n

United States film actor noted for his swashbuckling roles (1883-1939)


United States film actor; son of Douglas Elton Fairbanks, (1909-2000)


king of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975 (1906-1975)


Spanish composer and pianist (1876-1946)


oewn-Gabriele_Falloppio-n oewn-Fallopius-n oewn-Gabriele_Fallopius-n oewn-Fallopio-n oewn-Gabriello_Fallopio-n

Italian anatomist who first described the Fallopian tubes (1523-1562)


French physician who described cardiac anomalies including Fallot's tetralogy (1850-1911)


the English physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867)


an expert on cooking whose cookbook has undergone many editions (1857-1915)


United States civil rights leader who in 1942 founded the Congress of Racial Equality (born in 1920)


king of Egypt who in 1952 was ousted by a military coup d'etat (1920-1965)


United States admiral who commanded Union ships during the American Civil War (1801-1870)


United States operatic soprano noted for the clarity and power of her voice (1920-2002)


United States writer remembered for his novels (1904-1979)


youngest daughter of the prophet Mohammed and wife of the fourth calif Ali; revered especially by Shiite Muslims (606-632)


oewn-Faulkner-n oewn-William_Faulkner-n oewn-William_Cuthbert_Faulkner-n oewn-Falkner-n oewn-William_Falkner-n

United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)


English conspirator who was executed for his role in a plot to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament (1570-1606)


German physicist who founded psychophysics; derived Fechner's law on the basis of early work by E. H. Weber (1801-1887)


United States cartoonist who created a sarcastic comic strip (born in 1929)


United States novelist; author of several popular novels (1887-1968)


king of Castile and Leon who achieved control of the Moorish kings of Saragossa and Seville and Toledo (1016-1065)


Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia (1503-1564)


Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)


Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia who signed the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (1608-1657)


oewn-Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon-n oewn-Ferdinand-n oewn-King_Ferdinand-n oewn-Ferdinand_of_Aragon-n oewn-Ferdinand_V-n oewn-Ferdinand_the_Catholic-n

the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella; his marriage to Isabella I in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain and their capture of Granada from the Moors in 1492 united Spain as one country; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and supported the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1452-1516)


French mathematician who founded number theory; contributed (with Pascal) to the theory of probability (1601-1665)


Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954)


United States physicist who contributed to the theory of the interaction of photons and electrons (1918-1988)


popular United States conductor (1894-1979)


English novelist and dramatist (1707-1754)


United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)


elected vice president and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874)


former president of Iceland; first woman to be democratically elected head of state (born in 1930)


English linguist who contributed to linguistic semantics and to prosodic phonology and who was noted for his insistence on studying both sound and meaning in context (1890-1960)


United States chess master; world champion from 1972 to 1975 (born in 1943)


German chemist noted for work on synthetic sugars and the purines (1852-1919)


German chemist noted for his synthesis of hemin (1881-1945)


United States author whose novels characterized the Jazz Age in the United States (1896-1940)


English poet remembered primarily for his free translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam (1809-1883)


Roman statesman and general who built the Flaminian Way; died when he was defeated by Hannibal (died 217 BC)


French writer of novels and short stories (1821-1880)


Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin (1881-1955)


British writer famous for writing spy novels about secret agent James Bond (1908-1964)


prolific English dramatist who collaborated with Francis Beaumont and many other dramatists (1579-1625)


British explorer who mapped the Australian coast (1774-1814)


British pathologist who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1898-1968)


English lexicographer remembered for his Italian and English dictionary (1553-1625)


United States chemist who developed methods for studying long-chain molecules (1910-1985)


United States film actress and daughter of Henry Fonda (born in 1937)


United States actress (born in England) who married Alfred Lunt and performed with him in many plays (1887-1983)


English dancer who danced with Rudolf Nureyev (born in 1919)


United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)


oewn-Ford-n oewn-Gerald_Ford-n oewn-Gerald_R._Ford-n oewn-Gerald_Rudolph_Ford-n oewn-President_Ford-n

38th President of the United States; appointed vice president and succeeded Nixon when Nixon resigned (1913-2006)


English writer of adventure novels featuring Captain Horatio Hornblower (1899-1966)


United States athlete who revolutionized the high jump by introducing the Fosbury flop in the 1968 Olympics (born in 1947)


United States songwriter whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War (1826-1864)


French physicist who determined the speed of light and showed that it travels slower in water than in air; invented the Foucault pendulum and the gyroscope (1819-1868)


French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837)


French mathematician who developed Fourier analysis and studied the conduction of heat (1768-1830)


English lexicographer who wrote a well-known book on English usage (1858-1933)


English religious leader who founded the Society of Friends (1624-1691)


English statesman who supported American independence and the French Revolution (1749-1806)


French artist whose rococo paintings typified the frivolity of life in the royal court of France in the 18th century (1732-1806)


French writer of sophisticated novels and short stories (1844-1924)


archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I (1863-1914)


oewn-Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria-n oewn-Francis_Joseph-n oewn-Franz_Joseph-n oewn-Francis_Joseph_I-n oewn-Franz_Josef_I-n

emperor of Austria and king of Hungary; was defeated by Napoleon III at the battle of Magenta (1830-1916)


oewn-Francis_of_Assisi-n oewn-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi-n oewn-St._Francis_of_Assisi-n oewn-Saint_Francis-n oewn-St._Francis-n oewn-Giovanni_di_Bernardone-n

(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars (1181-1226)


United States physicist (born in Germany) who with Gustav Hertz performed an electron scattering experiment that proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Niels Bohr (1882-1964)


French composer and teacher who influenced a generation of composers (1822-1890)


oewn-Franco-n oewn-Francisco_Franco-n oewn-El_Caudillo-n oewn-General_Franco-n

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)


printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790)


United States historian noted for studies of Black American history (born in 1915)


English social anthropologist noted for studies of primitive religion and magic (1854-1941)


Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190; conceded supremacy to the pope; drowned leading the Third Crusade (1122-1190)


son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)


the Holy Roman Emperor who led the Sixth Crusade and crowned himself king of Jerusalem (1194-1250)


king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; brought Prussia military prestige by winning the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1712-1786)


the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688)


son of Frederick I who became king of Prussia in 1713; reformed and strengthened the Prussian army (1688-1740)


king of Prussia who became involved in a costly war with France (1744-1797)


king of Prussia who became involved in the Napoleonic Wars (1770-1840)


king of Prussia who violently suppressed democratic movements (1795-1865)


United States explorer who mapped much of the American west and Northwest (1813-1890)


United States sculptor who created the seated marble figure of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. (1850-1931)


French physicist who invented polarized light and invented the Fresnel lens (1788-1827)


Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)


United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919)


oewn-Friedan-n oewn-Betty_Friedan-n oewn-Betty_Naomi_Friedan-n oewn-Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan-n

United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921)


United States economist noted as a proponent of monetarism and for his opposition to government intervention in the economy (born in 1912)


Austrian zoologist noted for his studies of honeybees (1886-1982)


Norwegian economist noted for his work in econometrics (1895-1973)


British physicist (born in Austria) who with Lise Meitner recognized that Otto Hahn had produced a new kind of nuclear reaction which they named nuclear fission; Frisch described the explosive potential of a chain nuclear reaction (1904-1979)


English explorer who led an expedition in search of the Northwest Passage to the orient; served under Drake and helped defeat the Spanish Armada (1535-1594)


German educator who founded the kindergarten system (1782-1852)


United States poet famous for his lyrical poems on country life in New England (1874-1963)


English dramatist noted for his comic verse dramas (born 1907)


English painter and art critic (1866-1934)


Canadian literary critic interested in the use of myth and symbolism (1912-1991)


British physicist who was born in Germany and fled Nazi persecution; in the 1940s he passed secret information to the USSR about the development of the atom bomb in the United States (1911-1988)


South African playwright whose plays feature the racial tensions in South Africa during apartheid (born in 1932)


oewn-J._William_Fulbright-n oewn-Fulbright-n oewn-William_Fulbright-n oewn-James_William_Fulbright-n

United States senator who is remembered for his creation of grants that fund exchange programs of teachers and students between the United States and other countries (1905-1995)


oewn-Fuller-n oewn-Buckminster_Fuller-n oewn-R._Buckminster_Fuller-n oewn-Richard_Buckminster_Fuller-n

United States architect who invented the geodesic dome (1895-1983)


oewn-Melville_Fuller-n oewn-Fuller-n oewn-Melville_W._Fuller-n oewn-Melville_Weston_Fuller-n

United States jurist and chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1833-1910)


American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)


United States biochemist (born in Poland) who showed that several diseases were caused by dietary deficiencies and who coined the term `vitamin' for the chemicals involved (1884-1967)


English philologist who first proposed the Oxford English Dictionary (1825-1910)


British physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on holography (1900-1979)


French writer considered by some to be a founder of the detective novel (1832-1873)


Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 was the first person to travel in space (1934-1968)


English portrait and landscape painter (1727-1788)


(Arthurian legend) the most virtuous knight of the Round Table; was able to see the Holy Grail


United States economist (born in Canada) who served as ambassador to India (born in 1908)


Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)


Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)


United States educator who established the first free school in the United States for the hearing impaired (1787-1851)


French mathematician who described the conditions for solving polynomial equations; was killed in a duel at the age of 21 (1811-1832)


English scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields including heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, and anthropology; founder of eugenics and first to use fingerprints for identification (1822-1911)


Italian physiologist noted for his discovery that frogs' muscles contracted in an electric field (which led to the galvanic cell) (1737-1798)


United States physicist (born in Russia) who was a proponent of the big-bang theory and who did research in radioactivity and suggested the triplet code for DNA (1904-1968)


political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance (1869-1948)


oewn-Gandhi-n oewn-Indira_Gandhi-n oewn-Indira_Nehru_Gandhi-n oewn-Mrs._Gandhi-n

daughter of Nehru who served as prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 (1917-1984)


United States film actress (born in Sweden) known for her reclusiveness (1905-1990)


Spanish poet and dramatist who was shot dead by Franco's soldiers soon after the start of the Spanish Civil War (1898-1936)


British historian remembered for his ten-volume history of England (1829-1902)


writer of detective novels featuring Perry Mason (1889-1970)


United States collector and patron of art who built a museum in Boston to house her collection and opened it to the public in 1903 (1840-1924)


oewn-Garfield-n oewn-James_Garfield-n oewn-James_A._Garfield-n oewn-James_Abraham_Garfield-n oewn-President_Garfield-n

20th President of the United States; assassinated by a frustrated office-seeker (1831-1881)


Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)


United States singer and film actress (1922-1969)


English actor and theater manager who was the foremost Shakespearean actor of his day (1717-1779)


United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)


English writer who is remembered for her biography of Charlotte Bronte (1810-1865)


United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)


United States inventor of the first rapid firing gun (1818-1903)


oewn-Gaudi-n oewn-Antonio_Gaudi-n oewn-Gaudi_i_Cornet-n oewn-Antonio_Gaudi_i_Cornet-n

Spanish architect who was a leading exponent of art nouveau in Europe (1852-1926)


French Post-impressionist painter who worked in the South Pacific (1848-1903)


oewn-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss-n oewn-Gauss-n oewn-Karl_Gauss-n oewn-Karl_Friedrich_Gauss-n

German mathematician who developed the theory of numbers and who applied mathematics to electricity and magnetism and astronomy and geodesy (1777-1855)


(Arthurian legend) a nephew of Arthur and one of the knights of the Round Table


French chemist and physicist who first isolated boron and who formulated the law describing the behavior of gases under constant pressure (1778-1850)


baseball player who died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1903-1941)


German physicist who developed the Geiger counter (1882-1945)


United States writer of children's books (1904-1991)


United States physicist noted for his studies of subatomic particles (born in 1929)


French writer of novels and dramas for the theater of the absurd (1910-1986)


French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)


oewn-Genghis_Khan-n oewn-Jinghis_Khan-n oewn-Jenghiz_Khan-n oewn-Temujin-n

Mongolian emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227)


king of the Vandals who seized Roman lands and invaded North Africa and sacked Rome (428-477)


Welsh chronicler who wrote an account of the kings of Britain which is now believed to contain little historical fact but it is a source of the Arthurian legend (circa 1100-1154)


Elector of Hanover and the first Hanoverian King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1727 (1660-1727)


King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover from 1727 to 1760 (1683-1760)


King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820; the American colonies were lost during his reign; he became insane in 1811 and his son (later George IV) acted as regent until 1820 (1738-1820)


King of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 1820 to 1830; his attempt to divorce his estranged wife undermined the prestige of the Crown (1762-1830)


King of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India from 1910 to 1936; gave up his German title in 1917 during World War I (1865-1936)


King of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India from 1936 to 1947; he succeeded Edward VIII (1895-1952)


Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)


(Arthurian legend) one of the knights of the Round Table


Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)


United States composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for musical comedies (1898-1937)


United States lyricist who frequently collaborated with his brother George Gershwin (1896-1983)


United States psychologist noted for his work in child development (1880-1961)


Swiss naturalist who was one of the founders of modern zoology (1516-1565)


Swiss sculptor and painter known for his bronze sculptures of elongated figures (1901-1966)


English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)


United States writer (born in Lebanon) (1883-1931)


United States tennis player who was the first Black woman player to win all the major world singles titles (1927-2003)


Australian actor (born in the United States in 1956)


United States illustrator remembered for his creation of the `Gibson girl' (1867-1944)


French author and dramatist who is regarded as the father of modern French literature (1869-1951)


English actor of Shakespearean roles who was also noted for appearances in films (1904-2000)


United States architect who influenced the development of the skyscraper (1859-1934)


English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America (1539-1583)


English court physician noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1540-1603)


oewn-W._S._Gilbert-n oewn-Gilbert-n oewn-William_Gilbert-n oewn-William_S._Gilbert-n oewn-William_Schwenk_Gilbert-n oewn-Sir_William_Gilbert-n

a librettist who was a collaborator with Sir Arthur Sullivan in a famous series of comic operettas (1836-1911)


a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories


United States jazz trumpeter and exponent of bebop (1917-1993)


United States inventor and manufacturer who developed the safety razor (1855-1932)


United States journalist who wrote a syndicated column of advice to the lovelorn (1870-1951)


United States poet of the beat generation (1926-1997)


Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style; considered the greatest Italian painter prior to the Renaissance (1267-1337)


United States financier (born in France) who helped finance the War of 1812 (1750-1831)


French novelist and dramatist whose plays were reinterpretations of Greek myths (1882-1944)


United States film actress who appeared in films by D. W. Griffith (1896-1993)


liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898)


oewn-Donald_A._Glaser-n oewn-Glaser-n oewn-Donald_Glaser-n oewn-Donald_Arthur_Glaser-n

United States physicist who invented the bubble chamber to study subatomic particles (born in 1926)


Welsh chieftain who led a revolt against Henry IV's rule in Wales (1359-1416)


made the first orbital rocket-powered flight by a United States astronaut in 1962; later in United States Senate (1921-)


German composer of more than 100 operas (1714-1787)


French film maker influenced by surrealism; early work explored the documentary use of film; noted for innovative techniques (born in 1930)


United States physicist who developed the first successful liquid-fueled rocket (1882-1945)


United States mathematician (born in Austria) who is remembered principally for demonstrating the limitations of axiomatic systems (1906-1978)


according to legend she rode naked through Coventry in order to persuade her husband not to tax the townspeople so heavily; the only person to look at her as she rode by was a man named Tom and Peeping Tom has become a synonym for voyeur (circa 1040-1080)


German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945)


United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928)


German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832)


Russian writer who introduced realism to Russian literature (1809-1852)


United States cartoonist who drew intricate diagrams of very complicated and impractical contraptions that accomplished little or nothing (1883-1970)


United States anarchist (born in Russia) who opposed conscription; was deported to the Soviet Union in 1919 (1869-1940)


United States inventor (born in Hungary) who made the first TV broadcast in 1940 and invented the long-playing record in 1948 and pioneered videocassette recording (1906-1977)


Irish writer of novels and poetry and plays and essays (1728-1774)


United States film maker (born in Poland) who founded his own film company and later merged with Louis B. Mayer (1882-1974)


Italian histologist noted for work on the structure of the nervous system and for his discovery of Golgi bodies (1844-1926)


(Old Testament) a giant Philistine warrior who was slain by David with a slingshot


United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)


French writer who collaborated with his brother Jules de Goncourt on many books and who in his will established the Prix Goncourt (1822-1896)


French writer who collaborated with his brother Edmond de Goncourt on many books (1830-1870)


a Spanish poet whose work was characterized by an affected elegance of style (1561-1627)


Irish patriot and a founder of the Sinn Fein (1865-1953)


English zoologist noted for her studies of chimpanzees in the wild (born in 1934)


oewn-Goodman-n oewn-Benny_Goodman-n oewn-Benjamin_David_Goodman-n oewn-King_of_Swing-n

United States clarinetist who in 1934 formed a big band (including black as well as white musicians) and introduced a kind of jazz known as swing (1909-1986)


United States inventor of vulcanized rubber (1800-1860)


Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)


South African novelist and short-story writer whose work describes the effects of apartheid (born in 1923)


legendary king of ancient Phrygia who was said to be responsible for the Gordian knot


Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948)


United States Army surgeon who suppressed yellow fever in Havana and in the Panama Canal Zone (1854-1920)


oewn-Goring-n oewn-Goering-n oewn-Hermann_Goring-n oewn-Hermann_Goering-n oewn-Hermann_Wilhelm_Goring-n

German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war (1893-1946)


oewn-Maxim_Gorky-n oewn-Gorky-n oewn-Maksim_Gorky-n oewn-Gorki-n oewn-Maxim_Gorki-n oewn-Aleksey_Maksimovich_Peshkov-n oewn-Aleksey_Maximovich_Peshkov-n

Russian writer of plays and novels and short stories; noted for his depiction of social outcasts


United States printer noted for designing typefaces (1865-1947)


United States financier who gained control of the Erie Railroad and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)


United States paleontologist and popularizer of science (1941-2002)


French composer best remembered for his operas (1818-1893)


oewn-Goya-n oewn-Goya_y_Lucientes-n oewn-Francisco_Goya-n oewn-Francisco_de_Goya-n oewn-Francisco_Jose_de_Goya-n oewn-Francisco_Jose_de_Goya_y_Lucientes-n

Spanish painter well known for his portraits and for his satires (1746-1828)


German tennis player who won seven women's singles titles at Wimbledon (born in 1969)


United States dancer and choreographer whose work was noted for its austerity and technical rigor (1893-1991)


United States evangelical preacher famous as a mass evangelist (born in 1918)


English writer (born in Scotland) of children's stories (1859-1932)


oewn-Grainger-n oewn-Percy_Grainger-n oewn-Percy_Aldridge_Grainger-n oewn-George_Percy_Aldridge_Grainger-n

United States composer (born in Australia) who lived in London and collected English folk songs (1882-1961)


Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938)


oewn-Grant-n oewn-Ulysses_Grant-n oewn-Ulysses_S._Grant-n oewn-Ulysses_Simpson_Grant-n oewn-Hiram_Ulysses_Grant-n oewn-President_Grant-n

18th President of the United States; commander of the Union armies in the American Civil War (1822-1885)


United States actor (born in England) who was the elegant leading man in many films (1904-1986)


Scottish painter; cousin of Lytton Strachey and member of the Bloomsbury Group (1885-1978)


English actor and dramatist and critic and director noted for his productions of Shakespearean plays (1877-1946)


German writer of novels and poetry and plays (born 1927)


English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985)


United States botanist who specialized in North American flora and who was an early supporter of Darwin's theories of evolution (1810-1888)


American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806)


English poet best known for his elegy written in a country churchyard (1716-1771)


English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965)


United States journalist with political ambitions (1811-1872)


United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952)


United States linguist who studied the historical relations among 5,000 languages (1916-2001)


English novelist and Catholic (1904-1991)


oewn-Pope_Gregory_I-n oewn-Gregory-n oewn-Gregory_I-n oewn-Saint_Gregory_I-n oewn-St._Gregory_I-n oewn-Gregory_the_Great-n

(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604)


oewn-Pope_Gregory_VII-n oewn-Gregory-n oewn-Gregory_VII-n oewn-Hildebrand-n

the Italian pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Roman Catholic Church and the supremacy of the church over the state (1020-1085)


oewn-Pope_Gregory_XII-n oewn-Gregory-n oewn-Gregory_XII-n oewn-Angelo_Correr-n

the Italian pope from 1406 to 1415 who worked to end the Great Schism and who retired to make it possible (1327-1417)


oewn-Pope_Gregory_XIII-n oewn-Gregory-n oewn-Gregory_XIII-n oewn-Ugo_Buoncompagni-n

the pope who sponsored the introduction of the modern calendar (1572-1585)


oewn-Pope_Gregory_XVI-n oewn-Gregory-n oewn-Gregory_XVI-n oewn-Bartolomeo_Alberto_Capillari-n

Italian pope from 1831 to 1846; conservative in politics and theology; worked to propagate Catholicism in England and the United States (1765-1846)


oewn-Gregory_of_Nazianzus-n oewn-Gregory-n oewn-Gregory_Nazianzen-n oewn-Gregory_of_Nazianzen-n oewn-St._Gregory_of_Nazianzen-n

(Roman Catholic Church) a church father known for his constant fight against perceived heresies; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-391)


high-scoring Canadian ice-hockey player (born in 1961)


Englishman who as Prime Minister implemented social reforms including the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire (1764-1845)


Queen of England for nine days in 1553; she was quickly replaced by Mary Tudor and beheaded for treason (1536-1554)


United States writer of western adventure novels (1875-1939)


Norwegian composer whose work was often inspired by Norwegian folk music (1843-1907)


United States film maker who was the first to use flashbacks and fade-outs (1875-1948)


oewn-Jacob_Grimm-n oewn-Grimm-n oewn-Jakob_Grimm-n oewn-Jakob_Ludwig_Karl_Grimm-n

the older of the two Grimm brothers remembered best for their fairy stories; also author of Grimm's law describing consonant changes in Germanic languages (1785-1863)


the younger of the two Grimm brothers remembered best for their fairy stories (1786-1859)


Soviet ambassador to the United States and to the United Nations (1909-1989)


United States architect (born in Germany) and founder of the Bauhaus school (1883-1969)


Dutch jurist and diplomat whose writings established the basis of modern international law (1583-1645)


United States general who served as military director of the atomic bomb project (1896-1970)


oewn-Guarneri-n oewn-Guarnieri-n oewn-Guarnerius-n oewn-Andrea_Guarneri-n

founder of a family of Italian violin makers (1626?-1698)


oewn-Giuseppe_Guarneri-n oewn-Guarneri-n oewn-Guarnieri-n oewn-Guarnerius-n oewn-Guiseppe_Guarneri-n

Italian violin maker and grandson of Andrea Guarneri (1687?-1745)


an Argentine revolutionary leader who was Fidel Castro's chief lieutenant in the Cuban revolution; active in other Latin American countries; was captured and executed by the Bolivian army (1928-1967)


(Arthurian legend) wife of King Arthur; in some versions of the legend she became Lancelot's lover and that led to the end of the Knights of the Round Table


United States journalist (born in England) noted for his syndicated homey verse (1881-1959)


United States industrialist (born in Switzerland) who with his sons established vast mining and metal processing companies (1828-1905)


United States philanthropist; son of Meyer Guggenheim who created several foundations to support the arts (1861-1949)


English stage and screen actor noted for versatility (1914-2000)


king of Sweden who established Lutheranism as the state religion (1496-1560)


oewn-Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden-n oewn-Gustavus-n oewn-Gustavus_II-n oewn-Gustavus_Adolphus-n

king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power; his domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state; in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years' War and was killed in the battle of Lutzen (1594-1632)


king of Sweden who increased the royal power and waged an unpopular war against Russia (1746-1792)


king of Sweden whose losses to Napoleon I led to his being deposed in 1809 (1778-1837)


king of Sweden who kept Sweden neutral during both World War I and II (1858-1950)


the last king of Sweden to have any real political power (1882-1973)


German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)


United States folk singer and songwriter (1912-1967)


oewn-Gwynn-n oewn-Gywn-n oewn-Gynne-n oewn-Nell_Gwynn-n oewn-Nell_Gywn-n oewn-Nell_Gwynne-n oewn-Eleanor_Gwynn-n oewn-Eleanor_Gwyn-n oewn-Eleanor_Gwynne-n

English comedienne and mistress of Charles II (1650-1687)


a Hebrew minor prophet who wrote the book of Habakkuk, which consists of five oracles about the Chaldeans


German chemist noted for the synthetic production of ammonia from the nitrogen in air (1868-1934)


Roman Emperor who was the adoptive son of Trajan; travelled throughout his empire to strengthen its frontiers and encourage learning and architecture; on a visit to Britain in 122 he ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall (76-138)


German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919)


a Hebrew minor prophet, the first of three post-exile prophets from the Neo-Babylonian Exile of the House of Judah


oewn-H._Rider_Haggard-n oewn-Haggard-n oewn-Rider_Haggard-n oewn-Sir_Henry_Rider_Haggard-n

British writer noted for romantic adventure novels (1856-1925)


German chemist who was co-discoverer with Lise Meitner of nuclear fission (1879-1968)


emperor of Ethiopia; worshipped by Rastafarians (1892-1975)


oewn-Haldane-n oewn-Richard_Haldane-n oewn-Richard_Burdon_Haldane-n oewn-First_Viscount_Haldane_of_Cloan-n

Scottish statesman and brother of Elizabeth and John Haldane (1856-1928)


Scottish writer and sister of Richard Haldane and John Haldane (1862-1937)


Scottish physiologist and brother of Richard Haldane and Elizabeth Haldane; noted for research into industrial diseases (1860-1936)


Scottish geneticist (son of John Haldane) who contributed to the development of population genetics; a popularizer of science and a Marxist (1892-1964)


prolific United States writer (1822-1909)


United States astronomer who discovered that sunspots are associated with strong magnetic fields (1868-1938)


a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British; his last words were supposed to have been `I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country' (1755-1776)


United States writer and Afro-American who wrote a fictionalized account of tracing his family roots back to Africa (1921-1992)


United States rock singer who was one of the first to popularize rock'n'roll music (1925-1981)


United States astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos (the two satellites of Mars) (1829-1907)


United States explorer who led three expeditions to the Arctic (1821-1871)


United States chemist who developed an economical method of producing aluminum from bauxite (1863-1914)


United States child psychologist whose theories of child psychology strongly influenced educational psychology (1844-1924)


English writer whose novel about a lesbian relationship was banned in Britain for many years (1883-1943)


English astronomer who used Newton's laws of motion to predict the period of a comet (1656-1742)


Dutch portrait and genre painter who endowed his portraits with vitality and humor (1580?-1666)


United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804)


United States toxicologist known for her work on industrial poisons (1869-1970)


English beauty who was the mistress of Admiral Nelson (1765-1815)


Swedish diplomat who greatly extended the influence of the United Nations in peacekeeping matters (1905-1961)


United States lyricist who collaborated on many musical comedies (most successfully with Richard Rodgers) (1895-1960)


United States writer of hard-boiled detective fiction (1894-1961)


Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC)


United States musician who was the first to use the vibraphone as a jazz instrument (1913-2002)


American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1793)


oewn-Handel-n oewn-George_Frideric_Handel-n oewn-George_Frederick_Handel-n oewn-Georg_Friedrich_Handel-n

a prolific British baroque composer (born in Germany) remembered best for his oratorio Messiah (1685-1759)


United States blues musician who transcribed and published traditional blues music (1873-1958)


general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War; crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans but was recalled to defend Carthage and was defeated (247-182 BC)


oewn-Warren_G._Harding-n oewn-Harding-n oewn-Warren_Harding-n oewn-Warren_Gamaliel_Harding-n oewn-President_Harding-n

29th President of the United States; two of his appointees were involved in the Teapot Dome scandal (1865-1923)


United States slapstick comedian who played the pompous and overbearing member of the Laurel and Hardy duo who made many films (1892-1957)


English inventor of the spinning jenny (1720-1778)


United States film actress who made several films with Clark Gable (1911-1937)


oewn-Alfred_Harmsworth-n oewn-Harmsworth-n oewn-Alfred_Charles_William_Harmsworth-n oewn-Viscount_Northcliffe-n


oewn-Harold_I-n oewn-King_Harold_I-n oewn-Harold_Harefoot-n oewn-Harefoot-n

illegitimate son of Canute who seized the throne of England in 1037 (died in 1040)


King of England who succeeded Edward the Confessor in 1066 and was the last of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs; he was killed fighting the invasion by William the Conqueror (1022-1066)


United States railway tycoon (1848-1909)


oewn-W._Averell_Harriman-n oewn-Harriman-n oewn-Averell_Harriman-n oewn-William_Averell_Harriman-n

United States financier who negotiated a treaty with the Soviet Union banning tests of nuclear weapons (1891-1986)


publisher of the first newspaper printed in America (1673-1713)


oewn-Sir_Arthur_Harris-n oewn-Harris-n oewn-Bomber_Harris-n oewn-Sir_Arthur_Travers_Harris-n

British marshal of the Royal Air Force; during World War II he directed mass bombing raids against German cities that resulted in heavy civilian casualties (1892-1984)


Irish writer noted for his sexually explicit but unreliable autobiography (1856-1931)


United States diplomat who was instrumental in opening Japan to foreign trade (1804-1878)


United States linguist (born in Ukraine) who developed mathematical linguistics and interpreted speech and writing in a social context (1909-1992)


United States author who wrote the stories about Uncle Remus (1848-1908)


oewn-Harrison-n oewn-William_Henry_Harrison-n oewn-President_Harrison-n oewn-President_William_Henry_Harrison-n

9th President of the United States; caught pneumonia during his inauguration and died shortly after (1773-1841)


oewn-Harrison-n oewn-Benjamin_Harrison-n oewn-President_Harrison-n oewn-President_Benjamin_Harrison-n

23rd President of the United States (1833-1901)


English rock star; lead guitarist of the Beatles (1943-2001)


oewn-Harrison-n oewn-Rex_Harrison-n oewn-Sir_Rex_Harrison-n oewn-Reginald_Carey_Harrison-n

English actor on stage and in films (1908-1990)


English merchant who took over a shop in London that was expanded by his son into a prestigious department store (1800-1885)


English merchant who expanded his father's shop in London into a prestigious department store (1841-1905)


United States lyricist who collaborated with Richard Rodgers (1895-1943)


United States playwright who collaborated with George S. Kaufman (1904-1961)


United States writer noted for his stories about life during the California gold rush (1836-1902)


English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757)


American philanthropist who left his library and half his estate to the Massachusetts college that now bears his name (1607-1638)


English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; he later proposed that all animals originate from an ovum produced by the female of the species (1578-1657)


general who commanded a Carthaginian army in Spain; joined his brother Hannibal in Italy and was killed by the Romans at the battle of Metaurus River (died 207 BC)


Czech author of novels and short stories (1883-1923)


United States painter noted for brilliant colors and bold brushwork (1859-1935)


Norwegian chemist noted for his research on organic molecules (1897-1981)


United States architect who formed an important architectural firm with John Merven Carrere (1860-1929)


Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936)


English theoretical physicist (born in 1942)


United States jazz saxophonist (1904-1969)


oewn-Hawkins-n oewn-Hawkyns-n oewn-Sir_John_Hawkins-n oewn-Sir_John_Hawkyns-n

English privateer involved in the slave trade; later helped build the fleet that in 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada (1532-1595)


English biochemist who was a pioneer in research on carbohydrates; when he synthesized vitamin C he became the first person to synthesize a vitamin artificially (1883-1950)


United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864)


prolific Austrian composer who influenced the classical form of the symphony (1732-1809)


English economist (born in Austria) noted for work on the optimum allocation of resources (1899-1992)


oewn-Hayes-n oewn-Rutherford_B._Hayes-n oewn-Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes-n oewn-President_Hayes-n

19th President of the United States; his administration removed federal troops from the South and so ended the Reconstruction Period (1822-1893)


acclaimed actress of stage and screen (1900-1993)


United States lawyer involved in several famous court trials (1881-1954)


oewn-Will_H._Hays-n oewn-Hays-n oewn-Will_Hays-n oewn-William_Harrison_Hays-n

United States lawyer and politician who formulated a production code that prescribed the moral content of United States films from 1930 to 1966 (1879-1954)


United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928)


English essayist and literary critic (1778-1830)


United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)


English physicist and electrical engineer who helped develop telegraphic and telephonic communications; in 1902 (independent of A. E. Kennelly) he suggested the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1850-1925)


United States writer of stories and plays (1894-1946)


German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831)


German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976)


United States writer of science fiction (1907-1988)


United States industrialist who manufactured and sold processed foods (1844-1919)


German mathematical physicist noted for stating the uncertainty principle (1901-1976)


United States novelist whose best known work was a black comedy inspired by his experiences in the Air Force during World War II (1923-1999)


United States playwright; her plays were often indictments of injustice (1905-1984)


German physiologist and physicist (1821-1894)


student and mistress and wife of Abelard (circa 1098-1164)


oewn-John_Heminges-n oewn-Heming-n oewn-Hemminge-n oewn-John_Heming-n oewn-John_Hemminge-n

English actor who edited the first folio of Shakespeare's plays (1556-1630)


an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961)


United States guitarist whose innovative style with electric guitars influenced the development of rock music (1942-1970)


United States physicist who studied electromagnetic phenomena (1791-1878)


a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)


English chemist who studied the quantities of gas absorbed by water at different temperatures and under different pressures (1775-1836)


King of England from 1100 to 1135; youngest son of William the Conqueror; conquered Normandy in 1106 (1068-1135)


first Plantagenet King of England; instituted judicial and financial reforms; quarreled with archbishop Becket concerning the authority of the Crown over the church (1133-1189)


king of France from 1547 to 1559; regained Calais from the English; husband of Catherine de Medicis and father of Charles IX (1519-1559)


son of King John and king of England from 1216 to 1272; his incompetence aroused baronial opposition led by Simon de Montfort (1207-1272)


son of Henry II of France and the last Valois to be king of France (1551-1589)


oewn-Henry_IV_of_England-n oewn-Henry_IV-n oewn-Bolingbroke-n oewn-Henry_Bolingbroke-n

the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413; deposed Richard II and suppressed rebellions (1367-1413)


King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (1050-1106)


oewn-Henry_IV_of_France-n oewn-Henry_IV-n oewn-Henry_of_Navarre-n oewn-Henry_the_Great-n

king of France from 1589 to 1610; although he was leader of the Huguenot armies, when he succeeded the Catholic Henry III and founded the Bourbon dynasty in 1589 he established religious freedom in France


son of Henry IV and King of England from 1413 to 1422; reopened the Hundred Years' War and defeated the French at Agincourt (1387-1422)


son of Henry V who as an infant succeeded his father and was King of England from 1422 to 1461; he was taken prisoner in 1460 and Edward IV was proclaimed king; he was rescued and regained the throne in 1470 but was recaptured and murdered in the Tower of London (1421-1471)


first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509; head of the house of Lancaster in the War of the Roses; defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field and was proclaimed king; married the daughter of Edward IV and so united the houses of York and Lancaster (1457-1509)


King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (1275-1313)


son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538, leading to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547)


United States puppeteer who created a troupe of puppet characters (1936-1990)


oewn-Audrey_Hepburn-n oewn-Hepburn-n oewn-Katharine_Hepburn-n oewn-Katharine_Houghton_Hepburn-n

United States film actress who appeared in many films with Spencer Tracy (1907-2003)


a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)


United States musician and composer and conductor noted for his comic operas (1859-1924)


German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803)


United States jazz musician and bandleader (1913-1987)


Greek mathematician and inventor who devised a way to determine the area of a triangle and who described various mechanical devices (first century)


king of Judea who (according to the New Testament) tried to kill Jesus by ordering the death of all children under age two in Bethlehem (74-4 BC)


the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (485-425 BC)


oewn-Herschel-n oewn-William_Herschel-n oewn-Sir_William_Herschel-n oewn-Sir_Frederick_William_Herschel-n

English astronomer (born in Germany) who discovered infrared light and who catalogued the stars and discovered the planet Uranus (1738-1822)


oewn-Herschel-n oewn-John_Herschel-n oewn-Sir_John_Herschel-n oewn-Sir_John_Frederick_William_Herschel-n

English astronomer (son of William Herschel) who extended the catalogue of stars to the Southern Hemisphere and did pioneering work in photography (1792-1871)


United States confectioner and philanthropist who created the model industrial town of Hershey, Pennsylvania; founded an industrial school for orphan boys (1857-1945)


German physicist who with James Franck proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Bohr (1887-1975)


German physicist who was the first to produce electromagnetic waves artificially (1857-1894)


Canadian physicist (born in Germany) noted for contributions to understanding the structure of molecules (born in 1904)


Greek poet whose existing works describe rural life and the genealogies of the gods and the beginning of the world (eighth century BC)


oewn-Victor_Francis_Hess-n oewn-Hess-n oewn-Victor_Hess-n oewn-Victor_Franz_Hess-n

United States physicist (born in Austria) who was a discoverer of cosmic radiation (1883-1964)


Nazi leader who in 1941 flew a solo flight to Scotland in an apparent attempt to negotiate a peace treaty with Great Britain but was imprisoned for life (1894-1987)


Swiss physiologist noted for studies of the brain (1881-1973)


Swiss writer (born in Germany) whose novels and poems express his interests in eastern spiritual values (1877-1962)


Hungarian chemist who studied radioisotopes and was one of the discoverers of the element hafnium (1885-1966)


Norwegian anthropologist noted for his studies of cultural diffusion (1914-2002)


Czechoslovakian chemist who developed polarography (1890-1967)


oewn-DuBose_Heyward-n oewn-Heyward-n oewn-DuBois_Heyward-n oewn-Edwin_DuBois_Hayward-n


(Old Testament) king of Judah who abolished idolatry (715-687 BC)


a Native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century)


oewn-Wild_Bill_Hickok-n oewn-Hickock-n oewn-Wild_Bill_Hickock-n oewn-James_Butler_Hickock-n

frontier marshal whose adventures have become legendary (1837-1876)


oewn-Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson-n oewn-Higginson-n oewn-Thomas_Higginson-n oewn-Thomas_Wentworth_Storrow_Higginson-n

United States writer and soldier who led the first Black regiment in the Union Army (1823-1911)


oewn-James_J._Hill-n oewn-Hill-n oewn-J._J._Hill-n oewn-James_Jerome_Hill-n

United States railroad tycoon (1838-1916)


oewn-Hillary-n oewn-Edmund_Hillary-n oewn-Sir_Edmund_Hillary-n oewn-Sir_Edmund_Percival_Hillary-n

New Zealand mountaineer who in 1953 first attained the summit of Mount Everest with his Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay (born in 1919)


Palestinian rabbi and interpreter of Judaic law


German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)


French racing cyclist who won the Tour de France five times (born in 1954)


German neoclassical composer and conductor who believed that music should have a social purpose (1895-1963)


German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933 (1847-1934)


Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made the first known star chart and is said to have invented trigonometry (second century BC)


medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine; author of the Hippocratic oath (circa 460-377 BC)


emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II (1901-1989)


United States artist noted for his line-drawn caricatures (1904-2003)


oewn-Hitchcock-n oewn-Alfred_Hitchcock-n oewn-Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock-n oewn-Alfred_Joseph_Hitchcock-n

English film director noted for his skill in creating suspense (1899-1980)


United States biochemist noted for developing drugs to treat leukemia and gout (1905-1998)


German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)


English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)


Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)


oewn-Hodgkin-n oewn-Alan_Hodgkin-n oewn-Sir_Alan_Hodgkin-n oewn-Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin-n

English physiologist who, with Andrew Huxley, discovered the role of potassium and sodium atoms in the transmission of the nerve impulse (1914-1998)


English chemist (born in Egypt) who used crystallography to study the structure of organic compounds (1910-1994)


English physician who first described Hodgkin's disease (1798-1866)


United States labor leader who was president of the Teamsters Union; he was jailed for trying to bribe a judge and later disappeared and is assumed to have been murdered (1913-1975)


versatile United States film actor (born in 1937)


oewn-Hoffmann-n oewn-E._T._A._Hoffmann-n oewn-Ernst_Theodor_Amadeus_Hoffmann-n oewn-Ernst_Theodor_Wilhelm_Hoffmann-n

German writer of fantastic tales (1776-1822)


United States chemist (born in Poland) who used quantum mechanics to understand chemical reactions (born in 1937)


Austrian architect known for his use of rectilinear units (1870-1956)


German poet who wrote libretti for operas by Richard Strauss (1874-1929)


United States golfer who won many major golf tournaments (1912-1997)


English artist noted for a series of engravings that satirized the affectations of his time (1697-1764)


Scottish writer of rustic verse (1770-1835)


Japanese painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1760-1849)


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German painter of religious works (1465-1524)


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German painter and engraver noted for his portraits; he was commissioned by Henry VIII to provide portraits of the English king's prospective brides (1497-1543)


United States inventor who invented a system for recording alphanumeric information on punched cards (1860-1929)


English geologist and supporter of the theory of continental drift (1890-1965)


United States writer of humorous essays (1809-1894)


United States jurist noted for his liberal opinions (1841-1935)


(Apocrypha) the Assyrian general who was decapitated by the biblical heroine Judith


ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)


United States painter best known for his seascapes (1836-1910)


Swiss composer (born in France) who was the founding member of a group in Paris that included Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc and Jean Cocteau (1892-1955)


English scientist who formulated the law of elasticity and proposed a wave theory of light and formulated a theory of planetary motion and proposed the inverse square law of gravitational attraction and discovered the cellular structure of cork and introduced the term `cell' into biology and invented a balance spring for watches (1635-1703)


United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879)


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31st President of the United States; in 1929 the stock market crashed and the economy collapsed and Hoover was defeated for reelection by Franklin Roosevelt (1874-1964)


United States lawyer who was director of the FBI for 48 years (1895-1972)


United States industrialist who manufactured vacuum cleaners (1849-1932)


United States comedian (born in England) who appeared in films with Bing Crosby (1903-2003)


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English biochemist who did pioneering work that led to the discovery of vitamins (1861-1947)


United States financier and philanthropist who left money to found the university and hospital that bear his name in Baltimore (1795-1873)


United States educator and theologian (1802-1887)


American Revolutionary leader and patriot; a signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1791)


Roman lyric poet said to have influenced English poetry (65-8 BC)


United States singer and actress (born in 1917)


United States operatic mezzo-soprano (born 1934)


Russian concert pianist who was a leading international virtuoso (1904-1989)


Belgian architect and leader in art nouveau architecture (1861-1947)


a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC), he warned the northern kingdom against the growing idolatry being practiced there, calling the people to repentance


United States magician (born in Hungary) famous for his ability to escape from chains or handcuffs or straitjackets or padlocked containers (1874-1926)


United States publisher who founded a printing shop that became an important book publisher (1823-1895)


United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)


Queen of England as the fifth wife of Henry VIII who was accused of adultery and executed (1520-1542)


English actor of stage and screen (1893-1943)


United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867)


United States feminist who was active in the women's suffrage movement (1819-1910)


Canadian hockey player who holds the record for playing the most games (born 1928)


United States writer and editor (1837-1920)


English writer on card games (1672-1769)


an English astrophysicist and advocate of the steady state theory of cosmology; described processes of nucleosynthesis inside stars (1915-2001)


a United States writer of science fiction and founder of Scientology (1911-1986)


United States astronomer who discovered that (as the universe expands) the speed with which nebulae recede increases with their distance from the observer (1889-1953)


United States neuroscientist noted for his studies of the neural basis of vision (born in 1926)


English navigator who discovered the Hudson River; in 1610 he attempted to winter in Hudson Bay but his crew mutinied and set him adrift to die (1565-1611)


English naturalist (born in Argentina) (1841-1922)


English astronomer who pioneered spectroscopic analysis in astronomy and who discovered the red shift (1824-1910)


United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1862-1948)


United States industrialist who was an aviator and a film producer; during the last years of his life he was a total recluse (1905-1976)


French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)


United States diplomat who did the groundwork for creating the United Nations (1871-1955)


United States naval officer who commanded the `Constitution' during the War of 1812 and won a series of brilliant victories against the British (1773-1843)


German naturalist who explored Central and South America and provided a comprehensive description of the physical universe (1769-1859)


German philologist noted for his studies of the relation between language and culture (1767-1835)


Scottish philosopher skeptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)


German composer of six operas and other incidental music (1854-1921)


British writer who defended the Romanticism of Keats and Shelley (1784-1859)


Englishman and Pre-Raphaelite painter (1827-1910)


United States railroad executive who built the western section of the first United States transcontinental railroad (1821-1900)


American revolutionary leader who signed the Declaration of Independence and was president of the Continental Congress (1731-1796)


United States physician who first described Huntington's chorea


United States impresario who was born in Russia (1888-1974)


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Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation; he questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake (1372-1415)


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king of Jordan credited with creating stability at home and seeking peace with Israel (1935-1999)


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Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937)


German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938)


United States film maker born in the United States but an Irish citizen after 1964 (1906-1987)


United States educator who was president of the University of Chicago (1899-1977)


American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)


Scottish geologist who described the processes that have shaped the surface of the earth (1726-1797)


English biologist and a leading exponent of Darwin's theory of evolution (1825-1895)


English writer; grandson of Thomas Huxley who is remembered mainly for his depiction of a scientifically controlled utopia (1894-1963)


English physiologist who, with Alan Hodgkin, discovered the role of potassium and sodium ions in the transmission of the nerve impulse (born in 1917)


Dutch physicist who first formulated the wave theory of light (1629-1695)


Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415)


realistic Norwegian author who wrote plays on social and political themes (1828-1906)


Spanish singer noted for his ballads and love songs (born in 1943)


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bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110)


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Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus; a leading opponent of the Reformation (1491-1556)


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English prelate noted for his pessimistic sermons and articles (1860-1954)


Italian pope from 1198 to 1216 who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1160-1216)


Italian pope from 1484 to 1492 who was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness (1432-1492)


Italian pope from 1676 to 1689 whose papacy was marked by the struggle with Louis XIV of France over papal authority over French Catholics; known for saintliness and canonized in 1956 (1611-1689)


Italian pope from 1691 to 1700 who abolished nepotism within the church hierarchy and was universally loved for his charity and piety


French dramatist (born in Romania) who was a leading exponent of the theater of the absurd (1912-1994)


Greek theologian who was bishop of Lyons and an antiheretical writer; a saint and Doctor of the Church (circa 130-200)


United States writer of darkly humorous novels (born in 1942)


United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)


(Old Testament) the second patriarch; son of Abraham and Sarah who was offered by Abraham as a sacrifice to God; father of Jacob and Esau


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the queen of Castile whose marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1451-1504)


(Old Testament) the first of the major Hebrew prophets (8th century BC)


United States writer (born in England) whose best known novels portray Berlin in the 1930's and who collaborated with W. H. Auden in writing plays in verse (1904-1986)