the first Qin emperor who unified China, built much of the Great Wall, standardized weights and measures, and created a common currency and legal system (died 210 BC)


American patriot who presented the colonists' grievances to the English king (1744-1775)


United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001)


author of satirical attacks on medieval scholasticism (1494-1553)


(Old Testament) the second wife of Jacob and mother of Joseph and Benjamin


oewn-Rachmaninoff-n oewn-Sergei_Rachmaninoff-n oewn-Sergei_Vasilievich_Rachmaninoff-n oewn-Rachmaninov-n oewn-Sergei_Rachmaninov-n oewn-Sergei_Vasilievich_Rachmaninov-n

composer and piano virtuoso born in Russia (1873-1943)


French advocate of Jansenism; tragedian who based his works on Greek and Roman themes (1639-1699)


Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975)


British colonial administrator who founded Singapore (1781-1826)


a chief of the Sioux; he was with Sitting Bull and others at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when General Custer's troops were massacred (1835-1905)


oewn-Raleigh-n oewn-Walter_Raleigh-n oewn-Sir_Walter_Raleigh-n oewn-Ralegh-n oewn-Walter_Ralegh-n oewn-Sir_Walter_Ralegh-n

English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)


French composer of operas whose writings laid the foundation for the modern theory of harmony (1683-1764)


any of 11 kings of ancient Egypt between 1315 and 1090 BC


oewn-Rameses_II-n oewn-Ramesses_II-n oewn-Ramses_II-n oewn-Rameses_the_Great-n oewn-Ramesses_the_Great-n oewn-Ramses_the_Great-n

king of Egypt between 1304 and 1237 BC who built many monuments


Spanish histologist noted for his work on the structure of the nervous system (1852-1934)


United States writer (born in Russia) noted for her polemical novels and political conservativism (1905-1982)


leader in the women's suffrage movement in Montana; the first woman to serve in the United States House of Representatives (1880-1973)


Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520)


Danish philologist whose work on Old Norse pioneered in the field of comparative linguistics (1787-1832)


Danish ethnologist and Arctic explorer; led expeditions into the Arctic to find support for his theory that Eskimos and North American Indians originally migrated from Asia (1879-1933)


Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II; was assassinated by Russian noblemen who feared that his debauchery would weaken the monarchy (1872-1916)


French composer and exponent of Impressionism (1875-1937)


oewn-Rayleigh-n oewn-Third_Baron_Rayleigh-n oewn-Lord_Rayleigh-n oewn-John_William_Strutt-n

English physicist who studied the density of gases and discovered argon; made important contributions to acoustic theory (1842-1919)


oewn-Reagan-n oewn-Ronald_Reagan-n oewn-Ronald_Wilson_Reagan-n oewn-President_Reagan-n

40th President of the United States (1911-2004)


French physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer (1683-1757)


(Old Testament) wife of Isaac and mother of Jacob and Esau


leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)


United States actor and filmmaker who starred with Paul Newman in several films (born in 1936)


United States physician who proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902)


United States journalist who reported on the October Revolution from Petrograd in 1917; founded the Communist Labor Party in America in 1919; is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow (1887-1920)


United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)


Austrian born psychoanalyst who lived in the United States; advocated sexual freedom and believed that cosmic energy could be concentrated in a human being (1897-1957)


a Swiss chemist born in Poland; studied the hormones of the adrenal cortex


Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796)


German bacteriologist who described a disease now known as Reiter's syndrome and who identified the spirochete that causes syphilis in humans (1881-1969)


oewn-Rembrandt-n oewn-Rembrandt_van_Rijn-n oewn-Rembrandt_van_Ryn-n oewn-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn-n


French impressionist painter (1841-1919)


Italian composer remembered for his symphonic poems (1879-1936)


(Old Testment) a son of Jacob and forefather of one of the tribes of Israel


American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)


English portrait painter and first president of the Royal Academy (1723-1792)


United States parapsychologist (1895-1980)


oewn-Rhodes-n oewn-Cecil_Rhodes-n oewn-Cecil_J._Rhodes-n oewn-Cecil_John_Rhodes-n

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University (1853-1902)


English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)


oewn-Rice-n oewn-Elmer_Rice-n oewn-Elmer_Leopold_Rice-n oewn-Elmer_Reizenstein-n


English lyricist who frequently worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber (born in 1944)


oewn-Richard_I_of_England-n oewn-Richard_I-n oewn-Richard_Coeur_de_Lion-n oewn-Richard_the_Lionheart-n oewn-Richard_the_Lion-Hearted-n

son of Henry II and King of England from 1189 to 1199; a leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him in 1194 (1157-1199)


King of England from 1377 to 1399; he suppressed the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 but his reign was marked by popular discontent and baronial opposition in British Parliament and he was forced to abdicate in 1399 (1367-1400)


King of England from 1483 to 1485; seized the throne from his nephew Edward V who was confined to the Tower of London and murdered; his reign ended when he was defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) at the battle of Bosworth Field (1452-1485)


English literary critic who collaborated with C. K. Ogden and contributed to the development of Basic English (1893-1979)


British stage and screen actor noted for playing classic roles (1902-1983)


oewn-Richelieu-n oewn-Duc_de_Richelieu-n oewn-Armand_Jean_du_Plessis-n oewn-Cardinal_Richelieu-n

French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642)


the most decorated United States combat pilot in World War I (1890-1973)


oewn-Hyman_G._Rickover-n oewn-Rickover-n oewn-Hyman_Rickover-n oewn-Hyman_George_Rickover-n

United States admiral who advocated the development of nuclear submarines (1900-1986)


pioneer of non-Euclidean geometry (1826-1866)


German poet (born in Austria) whose imagery and mystic lyricism influenced 20th-century German literature (1875-1926)


French poet whose work influenced the surrealists (1854-1891)


Russian composer of operas and orchestral works; often used themes from folk music (1844-1908)


United States showman whose song-and-dance troop evolved into a circus (1863-1926)


United States astronomer said to have built the first telescope made in America; also the first director of the United States Mint (1732-1796)


Swiss hotelier who created a chain of elegant hotels (1850-1918)


socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)


United States choreographer who brought human emotion to classical ballet and spirited reality to Broadway musicals (1918-1998)


United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)


a Welsh pirate credited with having taken more than 400 ships (1682-1722)


United States writer remembered for his historical novels about colonial America (1885-1957)


United States biochemist (born in England) honored for his discovery that some genes contain introns (born in 1943)


United States basketball guard (born in 1938)


United States bass singer and an outspoken critic of racism and proponent of socialism (1898-1976)


French revolutionary; leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794)


United States film actor noted for playing gangster roles (1893-1973)


United States poet; author of narrative verse (1869-1935)


United States baseball player; first Black to play in the major leagues (1919-1972)


United States historian who stressed the importance of intellectual and social events for the course of history (1863-1936)


Irish playwright and theater manager in Dublin (1886-1958)


oewn-Robinson-n oewn-Ray_Robinson-n oewn-Sugar_Ray_Robinson-n oewn-Walker_Smith-n

United States prizefighter who won the world middleweight championship five times and the world welterweight championship once (1921-1989)


English chemist noted for his studies of molecular structures in plants (1886-1975)


French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807)


United States gynecologist and devout Catholic who conducted the first clinical trials of the oral contraceptive pill (1890-1984)


United States industrialist who made a fortune in the oil business and gave half of it away (1839-1937)


English statesman who served as prime minister and who opposed the war with the American colonies (1730-1782)


United States illustrator whose works present a sentimental idealized view of everyday life (1894-1978)


United States composer of musical comedies (especially in collaboration with Oscar Hammerstein II and with Lorenz Hart) (1902-1979)


French sculptor noted for his renderings of the human form (1840-1917)


oewn-John_A._Roebling-n oewn-Roebling-n oewn-John_Roebling-n oewn-John_Augustus_Roebling-n

United States engineer (born in Germany) who designed and began construction of the Brooklyn bridge (1806-1869)


oewn-Roentgen-n oewn-Wilhelm_Konrad_Roentgen-n oewn-Rontgen-n oewn-Wilhelm_Konrad_Rontgen-n

German physicist who discovered x-rays and developed roentgenography (1845-1923)


United States psychologist who developed client-centered therapy (1902-1987)


oewn-Rogers-n oewn-Ginger_Rogers-n oewn-Virginia_McMath-n oewn-Virginia_Katherine_McMath-n

United States dancer and film actress who partnered with Fred Astaire (1911-1995)


United States humorist remembered for his homespun commentary on politics and American society (1879-1935)


English physician who in retirement compiled a well-known thesaurus (1779-1869)


Norse chieftain who became the first duke of Normandy (860-931)


United States composer (born in Hungary) who composed operettas (1887-1951)


German field marshal noted for brilliant generalship in North Africa during World War II (1891-1944)


oewn-Roosevelt-n oewn-Theodore_Roosevelt-n oewn-President_Roosevelt-n oewn-President_Theodore_Roosevelt-n

26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration

Theodore Roosevelt said `Speak softly but carry a big stick'


oewn-Franklin_D._Roosevelt-n oewn-Roosevelt-n oewn-Franklin_Roosevelt-n oewn-Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt-n oewn-F._D._Roosevelt-n oewn-President_Roosevelt-n oewn-President_Franklin_Roosevelt-n oewn-FDR-n

32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945)


wife of Franklin Roosevelt and a strong advocate of human rights (1884-1962)


American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836)


a politician in Wyoming who was the first woman governor in the United States (1876-1977)


British physician who discovered that mosquitos transmit malaria (1857-1932)


British explorer of the Arctic and Antarctic; located the north magnetic pole in 1831; discovered the Ross Sea in Antarctica; nephew of Sir John Ross (1800-1862)


Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856)


English poet and painter who was a leader of the Pre-Raphaelites (1828-1882)


Italian composer remembered for his operas (1792-1868)


French dramatist and poet whose play immortalized Cyrano de Bergerac (1868-1918)


United States writer whose novels portray middle-class Jewish life (born in 1933)


United States abstract painter (born in Russia) whose paintings are characterized by horizontal bands of color with indistinct boundaries (1903-1970)


any of family of powerful Jewish bankers in Europe


United States pathologist who discovered viruses that cause tumors (1879-1970)


French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)


prolific Flemish baroque painter; knighted by the English king Charles I (1577-1640)


oewn-Anton_Rubinstein-n oewn-Rubinstein-n oewn-Anton_Rubenstein-n oewn-Anton_Gregor_Rubinstein-n oewn-Anton_Grigorevich_Rubinstein-n

Russian composer and pianist (1829-1894)


United States pianist (born in Poland) known for his interpretations of the music of Chopin (1886-1982)


German field marshal in World War II who directed the conquest of Poland and led the Ardennes counteroffensive (1875-1953)


United States writer of humorous stylized stories about Broadway and the New York underground (1884-1946)


English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682)


physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813)


British writer of novels who was born in India; one of his novels is regarded as blasphemous by Muslims and a fatwa was issued condemning him to death (born in 1947)


oewn-Russell-n oewn-Bertrand_Russell-n oewn-Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell-n oewn-Earl_Russell-n

English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970)


Irish writer whose pen name was A.E. (1867-1935)


United States astronomer who developed a theory of stellar evolution (1877-1957)


United States entertainer remembered for her roles in comic operas (1861-1922)


United States basketball center (born in 1934)


United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916)


the great-grandmother of king David whose story is told in the Book of Ruth in the Old Testament


oewn-Ruth-n oewn-Babe_Ruth-n oewn-George_Herman_Ruth-n oewn-Sultan_of_Swat-n

United States professional baseball player famous for hitting home runs (1895-1948)


oewn-Rutherford-n oewn-Ernest_Rutherford-n oewn-First_Baron_Rutherford-n oewn-First_Baron_Rutherford_of_Nelson-n

British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937)


British chemist who isolated nitrogen (1749-1819)


United States jurist and second chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; he was appointed by George Washington and briefly served as chief justice but was ultimately rejected by the United States Senate (1739-1800)


United States architect (born in Finland) (1910-1961)


Finnish architect and city planner who moved to the United States in 1923; father of Eero Saarinen (1873-1950)


United States microbiologist (born in Poland) who developed the Sabin vaccine that is taken orally against poliomyelitis (born 1906)


the Shoshone guide and interpreter who guided the Lewis and Clark expedition part of the way


United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Bartolomeo Vanzetti was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1891-1927)


Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)


oewn-Sade-n oewn-de_Sade-n oewn-Comte_Donatien_Alphonse_Francois_de_Sade-n oewn-Marquis_de_Sade-n

French soldier and writer whose descriptions of sexual perversion gave rise to the term `sadism' (1740-1814)


Soviet physicist and dissident; helped develop the first Russian hydrogen bomb; advocated nuclear disarmament and campaigned for human rights (1921-1989)


sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193)


United States virologist who developed the Salk vaccine that is injected against poliomyelitis (born 1914)


woman whose dancing beguiled Herod into giving her the head of John the Baptist


American financier and American Revolutionary War patriot who helped fund the army during the American Revolution (1740?-1785)


(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah


(Old Testament) Hebrew prophet and judge who anointed Saul as king


oewn-Sand-n oewn-George_Sand-n oewn-Amandine_Aurore_Lucie_Dupin-n oewn-Baroness_Dudevant-n

French writer known for works concerning women's rights and independence (1804-1876)


United States writer remembered for his poetry in free verse and his six volume biography of Abraham Lincoln (1878-1967)


United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood; she challenged Gregory Pincus to develop a birth control pill (1883-1966)


English biochemist who determined the sequence of amino acids in insulin and who invented a technique to determine the genetic sequence of an organism (born in 1918)


oewn-Santa_Anna-n oewn-Santa_Ana-n oewn-Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna-n oewn-Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Ana-n

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)


anthropologist and linguist; studied languages of North American Indians (1884-1939)


the Greek lyric poet of Lesbos; much admired although only fragments of her poetry have been preserved (6th century BC)


(Old Testament) the wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac


United States golfer who was first to win all four major golf tournaments (1902-1999)


United States painter (born in Italy) known for his society portraits (1856-1925)


United States businessman who pioneered in radio and television broadcasting (1891-1971)


United States writer of plays and short stories (1908-1981)


French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980)


French composer noted for his experimentalism and rejection of Romanticism (1866-1925)


(Old Testament) the first king of the Israelites who defended Israel against many enemies (especially the Philistines)


Italian religious and political reformer; a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope (1452-1498)


a Belgian maker of musical instruments who invented the saxophone (1814-1894)


oewn-Maurice_de_Saxe-n oewn-Saxe-n oewn-Hermann_Maurice_Saxe-n oewn-comte_de_Saxe-n oewn-Marshal_Saxe-n

a French marshal who distinguished himself in the War of the Austrian Succession (1696-1750)


Danish historian who chronicled the history of Denmark (including the legend of Hamlet) (1150?-1220?)


oewn-Sayers-n oewn-Dorothy_Sayers-n oewn-Dorothy_L._Sayers-n oewn-Dorothy_Leigh_Sayers-n

English writer of detective fiction (1893-1957)


oewn-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele-n oewn-Scheele-n oewn-Karl_Scheele-n oewn-Karl_Wilhelm_Scheele-n

Swedish chemist (born in Germany) who discovered oxygen before Priestley did (1742-1786)


fashion designer born in Italy who was noted for her use of synthetic materials and brilliant colors (1896-1973)


Italian astronomer who first noted lines (which he called canals) on the surface of Mars (1835-1910)


oewn-Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden-n oewn-Schleiden-n oewn-Matthias_Schleiden-n oewn-M._J._Schleiden-n

German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 formulated the cell theory (1804-1881)


oewn-Arthur_M._Schlesinger-n oewn-Schlesinger-n oewn-Arthur_Schlesinger-n oewn-Arthur_Meier_Schlesinger-n


oewn-Arthur_M._Schlesinger-n oewn-Schlesinger-n oewn-Arthur_Schlesinger-n oewn-Arthur_Schlesinger_Jr.-n oewn-Arthur_Meier_Schlesinger_Jr.-n

United States historian and advisor to President Kennedy (born in 1917)


German archaeologist who discovered nine superimposed city sites of Troy; he also excavated Mycenae (1822-1890)


German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany (born in 1918)


United States composer (born in Austria) and pianist noted for his interpretations of the works of Mozart and Beethoven and Schubert (1882-1951)


German chemist who discovered ozone and developed guncotton as a propellant in firearms (1799-1868)


oewn-Schonberg-n oewn-Arnold_Schonberg-n oewn-Schoenberg-n oewn-Arnold_Schoenberg-n

United States composer and musical theorist (born in Austria) who developed atonal composition (1874-1951)


United States geologist and ethnologist and explorer who discovered the source of the Mississippi River (1793-1864)


German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860)


Austrian physicist who discovered the wave equation (1887-1961)


oewn-Schubert-n oewn-Franz_Schubert-n oewn-Franz_Peter_Schubert-n oewn-Franz_Seraph_Peter_Schubert-n

Austrian composer known for his compositions for voice and piano (1797-1828)


oewn-Schulz-n oewn-Charles_Schulz-n oewn-Charles_M._Schulz-n oewn-Charles_Munroe_Schulz-n

United States cartoonist whose comic strip included the beagle Snoopy (1922-2000)


German romantic composer known for piano music and songs (1810-1856)


German pianist and composer of piano music; renowned for her interpretation of music, especially the music of her husband Robert Schumann (1819-1896)


United States operatic contralto (1861-1936)


United States economist (born in Czechoslovakia) (1883-1950)


German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882)


French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965)


oewn-Scipio-n oewn-Scipio_Africanus-n oewn-Scipio_Africanus_Major-n oewn-Publius_Cornelius_Scipio-n oewn-Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Africanus_Major-n oewn-Scipio_the_Elder-n

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)


oewn-John_T._Scopes-n oewn-Scopes-n oewn-John_Scopes-n oewn-John_Thomas_Scopes-n

Tennessee highschool teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution; in a highly publicized trial in 1925 he was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow (1900-1970)


United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state; caused the Supreme Court to declare the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional (1795?-1858)


British author of historical novels and ballads (1771-1832)


United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)


English explorer who reached the South Pole just a month after Amundsen; he and his party died on the return journey (1868-1912)


award-winning United States film actor (1928-1999)


oewn-Alexander_Scriabin-n oewn-Scriabin-n oewn-Aleksandr_Scriabin-n oewn-Aleksandr_Nikolayevich_Scriabin-n

Russian composer of orchestral and piano music (1872-1915)


United States newspaper publisher and half-brother of Edward Wyllis Scripps (1835-1908)


United States newspaper publisher who founded an important press association; half-brother of James Edmund Scripps (1854-1926)


United States chemist who was one of the discoverers of plutonium (1912-1999)


oewn-Seaman-n oewn-Elizabeth_Seaman-n oewn-Elizabeth_Cochrane_Seaman-n oewn-Nellie_Bly-n

muckraking United States journalist who exposed bad conditions in mental institutions (1867-1922)


United States poet killed in World War I (1888-1916)


United States folk singer who was largely responsible for the interest in folk music in the 1960s (born in 1919)


Spanish guitarist who made classical guitar a concert instrument (1893-1987)


United States tennis player (born in Yugoslavia in 1973)


Macedonian general who accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia; founded a line of kings who reigned in Asia Minor until 65 BC (358-281 BC)


oewn-Selkirk-n oewn-Selcraig-n oewn-Alexander_Selkirk-n oewn-Alexander_Selcraig-n

Scottish sailor who was put ashore on a deserted island off the coast of Chile for five years (providing the basis for Daniel Defoe's novel about Robinson Crusoe) (1676-1721)


United States filmmaker noted for his film adaptations of popular novels (1902-1965)


Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD)


German printer who invented lithography (1771-1834)


king of Assyria who invaded Judea twice and defeated Babylon and rebuilt Nineveh after it had been destroyed by Babylonians (died in 681 BC)


United States filmmaker (born in Canada) noted for slapstick movies (1880-1960)


Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)


United States concert pianist (born in Czechoslovakia) (1903-1991)


Spanish missionary who founded Franciscan missions in California (1713-1784)


Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958)


United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)


oewn-Elizabeth_Ann_Seton-n oewn-Seton-n oewn-Elizabeth_Seton-n oewn-Saint_Elizabeth_Ann_Bayley_Seton-n oewn-Mother_Seton-n

United States religious leader who was the first person born in the United States to be canonized (1774-1821)


French painter who developed pointillism (1859-1891)


United States politician who as Secretary of State in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872)


Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI (1509-1537)


Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)


United States artist whose work reflected social and political themes (1898-1969)


oewn-Shakespeare-n oewn-William_Shakespeare-n oewn-Shakspere-n oewn-William_Shakspere-n oewn-Bard_of_Avon-n

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)


Indian sitar player who popularized classical Indian music in the West (born in 1920)


oewn-Shannon-n oewn-Claude_Shannon-n oewn-Claude_E._Shannon-n oewn-Claude_Elwood_Shannon-n

United States electrical engineer who pioneered mathematical communication theory (1916-2001)


British playwright (born in Ireland); founder of the Fabian Society (1856-1950)


United States physician and suffragist (1847-1919)


United States humorist who wrote about rural life (1818-1885)


United States clarinetist and leader of a swing band (1910-2004)


United States dancer and choreographer who collaborated with Ruth Saint Denis (1891-1972)


Scottish ballet dancer and actress (born in 1926)


Englishman and romantic poet (1792-1822)


oewn-Shelley-n oewn-Mary_Shelley-n oewn-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley-n oewn-Mary_Godwin_Wollstonecraft_Shelley-n

English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)


astronaut who made the first United States' suborbital rocket-powered flight in 1961 (1923-1998)


United States author of surrealistic allegorical plays (born in 1943)


Irish playwright remembered for his satirical comedies of manners (1751-1816)


American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793)


United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West; he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891)


English physiologist who conducted research on reflex action (1857-1952)


United States broadcast journalist who was in Berlin at the outbreak of World War II (1904-1993)


United States physicist (born in England) who contributed to the development of the electronic transistor (1910-1989)


Russian composer best known for his fifteen symphonies (1906-1975)


English novelist who settled in Australia after World War II (1899-1960)


English actress noted for her performances in Shakespearean roles (1755-1831)


oewn-Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens-n oewn-Siemens-n oewn-Karl_Wilhelm_Siemens-n oewn-Sir_Charles_William_Siemens-n

engineer who was a brother of Ernst Werner von Siemens and who moved to England (1823-1883)


United States industrialist (born in Russia) who designed the first four-engine airplane and the first mass-produced helicopter (1889-1972)


United States operatic soprano (born in 1929)


United States poet and cartoonist remembered for his stories and poems for children (1932-1999)


French writer (born in Belgium) best known for his detective novels featuring Inspector Maigret (1903-1989)


oewn-Simon-n oewn-Herb_Simon-n oewn-Herbert_A._Simon-n oewn-Herbert_Alexander_Simon-n

United States economist and psychologist who pioneered in the development of cognitive science (1916-2001)


United States playwright noted for light comedies (born in 1927)


United States singer and songwriter (born in 1942)


oewn-Simon-n oewn-St._Simon-n oewn-Simon_Zelotes-n oewn-Simon_the_Zealot-n oewn-Simon_the_Canaanite-n

one of the twelve Apostles (first century)


Scottish obstetrician and surgeon who pioneered in the use of ether and discovered the anesthetic effects of chloroform (1811-1870)


oewn-Wallis_Simpson-n oewn-Simpson-n oewn-Mrs._Simpson-n oewn-Wallis_Warfield_Simpson-n oewn-Wallis_Warfield_Windsor-n oewn-Duchess_of_Windsor-n

United States divorcee whose marriage to Edward VIII created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication


United States singer and film actor (1915-1998)


English electrical engineer who founded a company that introduced many innovative products (born in 1940)


United States writer whose novels argued for social reform (1878-1968)


United States writer (born in Poland) of Yiddish stories and novels (1904-1991)


oewn-Isaac_Singer-n oewn-Singer-n oewn-Isaac_M._Singer-n oewn-Isaac_Merrit_Singer-n

United States inventor of an improved chain-stitch sewing machine (1811-1875)


Mexican painter of murals depicting protest and revolution (1896-1974)


Indian general and nawab of Bengal who opposed the colonization of India by England; he captured Calcutta in 1756 and many of his prisoners suffocated in a crowded room that became known as the Black Hole of Calcutta; he was defeated at the battle of Plassey by a group of Indian nobles in alliance with Robert Clive (1733-1757)


Dutch astronomer who calculated the size of the universe and suggested that it is expanding (1872-1934)


a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)


Italian pope from 1471 to 1484 who consented to the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and built the Sistine Chapel (1414-1484)


oewn-Skinner-n oewn-Fred_Skinner-n oewn-B._F._Skinner-n oewn-Burrhus_Frederic_Skinner-n

United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism (1904-1990)


United States actress noted for her one-woman shows (1901-1979)


oewn-Smalley-n oewn-Richard_Smalley-n oewn-Richard_E._Smalley-n oewn-Richard_Errett_Smalley-n

American chemist who with Robert Curl and Harold Kroto discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1943)


Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)


English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia; was said to have been saved by Pocahontas (1580-1631)


religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)


United States suffragist who refused to pay taxes until she could vote (1792-1886)


United States singer noted for her rendition of patriotic songs (1909-1986)


Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)


Scottish writer of adventure novels (1721-1771)


South African statesman and soldier (1870-1950)


United States golfer known for the graceful arc of his swing (1912-2002)


Dutch ophthalmologist who introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity (1834-1908)


oewn-Snow-n oewn-C._P._Snow-n oewn-Charles_Percy_Snow-n oewn-Baron_Snow_of_Leicester-n

English writer of novels about moral dilemmas in academe (1905-1980)


oewn-Fausto_Sozzini-n oewn-Socinus-n oewn-Faustus_Socinus-n oewn-Fausto_Paolo_Sozzini-n

Italian theologian who argued against Trinitarianism (1539-1604)


ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)


English chemist whose work on radioactive disintegration led to the discovery of isotopes (1877-1956)


(Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC)


Belgian chemist who developed the Solvay process and built factories exploiting it (1838-1922)


Soviet writer and political dissident whose novels exposed the brutality of Soviet labor camps (born in 1918)


United States composer of musicals (born in 1930)


one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (497-406 BC)


Danish chemist who devised the pH scale (1868-1939)


a United States bandmaster and composer of military marches (1854-1932)


English poet and friend of Wordsworth and Coleridge (1774-1843)


French expressionist painter (born in Lithuania) (1893-1943)


Italian physiologist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation (1729-1799)


oewn-Spark-n oewn-Muriel_Spark-n oewn-Dame_Muriel_Spark-n oewn-Muriel_Sarah_Spark-n

Scottish writer of satirical novels (born in 1918)


Russian chess master who moved to Paris; world champion from 1969 to 1972 (born in 1937)


German Nazi architect who worked for Hitler (1905-1981)


English explorer who with Sir Richard Burton was the first European to explore Lake Tanganyika; he also discovered Lake Victoria and named it (1827-1864)


English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)


German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936)


English poet who wrote an allegorical romance celebrating Elizabeth I in the Spenserian stanza (1552-1599)


United States engineer and inventor of the gyrocompass (1860-1930)


United States writer of popular detective novels (born in 1918)


oewn-Baruch_Spinoza-n oewn-Spinoza-n oewn-de_Spinoza-n oewn-Baruch_de_Spinoza-n oewn-Benedict_de_Spinoza-n

Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677)


United States pediatrician whose many books on child care influenced the upbringing of children around the world (1903-1998)


English potter who started a pottery famous for its bone china (1754-1827)


Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)


English colonist in America; leader of the Pilgrims in the early days of the Plymouth Colony (1584-1656)


United States railroad executive and founder of Stanford University (1824-1893)


Russian actor and theater director who trained his actors to emphasize the psychological motivation of their roles (1863-1938)


oewn-Stanley-n oewn-Henry_M._Stanley-n oewn-Sir_Henry_Morton_Stanley-n oewn-John_Rowlands-n

Welsh journalist and explorer who led an expedition to Africa in search of David Livingstone and found him in Tanzania in 1871; he and Livingstone together tried to find the source of the Nile River (1841-1904)


United States inventor who built a steam-powered automobile (1849-1918)


United States suffragist and feminist; called for reform of the practices that perpetuated sexual inequality (1815-1902)


oewn-Starr-n oewn-Ringo_Starr-n oewn-Starkey-n oewn-Richard_Starkey-n

rock star and drummer for the Beatles (born in 1940)


oewn-St._Denis-n oewn-Saint_Denis-n oewn-Ruth_Saint_Denis-n oewn-Ruth_St._Denis-n

United States dancer and choreographer who collaborated with Ted Shawn (1877-1968)


United States journalist whose exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)


United States photographer who pioneered artistic photography (1879-1973)


experimental expatriate United States writer (1874-1946)


United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers (1902-1968)


United States cartoonist (born in Romania) noted for his caricatures of famous people (1914-1999)


Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925)


United States civil engineer noted for designing suspension bridges (including the Mackinac Bridge) (1886-1960)


United States electrical engineer and inventor (born in Germany) (1865-1923)


oewn-Henry_E._Steinway-n oewn-Steinway-n oewn-Henry_Steinway-n oewn-Henry_Engelhard_Steinway-n oewn-Heinrich_Engelhard_Steinway-n

United States piano maker (born in Germany) who founded a famous piano manufacturing firm in New York (1797-1871)


United States minimalist painter (born in 1936)


French writer whose novels were the first to feature psychological analysis of the character (1783-1842)


United States baseball manager (1890-1975)


English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848)


United States concert violinist (born in Russia in 1920)


English writer (born in Ireland) (1713-1766)


American Revolutionary leader (born in Prussia) who trained the troops under George Washington (1730-1794)


oewn-Stevens-n oewn-Smitty_Stevens-n oewn-S._Smith_Stevens-n oewn-Stanley_Smith_Stevens-n

United States psychologist and psychophysicist who proposed Stevens' power law to replace Fechner's law (1906-1973)


oewn-Adlai_Stevenson_II-n oewn-Stevenson-n oewn-Adlai_Stevenson-n oewn-Adlai_Ewing_Stevenson-n

United States politician and diplomat (1900-1968)


Scottish philosopher and follower of Thomas Reid (1753-1828)


oewn-James_Stewart-n oewn-Stewart-n oewn-Jimmy_Stewart-n oewn-James_Maitland_Stewart-n

United States film actor who portrayed incorruptible but modest heros (1908-1997)


oewn-Joseph_Stilwell-n oewn-Stilwell-n oewn-Joseph_Warren_Stilwell-n oewn-Vinegar_Joe_Stilwell-n oewn-Uncle_Joe-n

United States general who commanded the Allied forces in China and Burma and India during World War II (1883-1946)


oewn-Frank_R._Stockton-n oewn-Stockton-n oewn-Frank_Stockton-n oewn-Francis_Richard_Stockton-n


Irish writer of the horror novel about Dracula (1847-1912)


United States conductor (born in Britain) (1882-1977)


United States journalist who advocated liberal causes (1907-1989)


United States feminist and suffragist (1818-1893)


oewn-Stone-n oewn-Harlan_Stone-n oewn-Harlan_F._Stone-n oewn-Harlan_Fisk_Stone-n

United States jurist who was named chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1872-1946)


birth-control campaigner who in 1921 opened the first birth control clinic in London (1880-1958)


oewn-Stoppard-n oewn-Tom_Stoppard-n oewn-Sir_Tom_Stoppard-n oewn-Thomas_Straussler-n

British dramatist (born in Czechoslovakia in 1937)


United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)


English biographer and leading member of the Bloomsbury Group (1880-1932)


oewn-Stradivari-n oewn-Antonio_Stradivari-n oewn-Stradivarius-n oewn-Antonius_Stradivarius-n

Italian violin maker who developed the modern violin and created violins of unequaled tonal quality (1644?-1737)


United States actor and film director (born in Austria) who was a leader in developing method acting in the United States (1901-1982)


oewn-Johann_Strauss_I-n oewn-Strauss-n oewn-Johann_Strauss-n oewn-Strauss_the_Elder-n

Austrian composer of waltzes (1804-1849)


oewn-Johann_Strauss_II-n oewn-Strauss-n oewn-Johann_Strauss-n oewn-Strauss_the_Younger-n

Austrian composer and son of Strauss the Elder; composed many famous waltzes and became known as the `waltz king' (1825-1899)


German composer of many operas; collaborated with librettist Hugo von Hoffmannsthal to produce several operas (1864-1949)


composer who was born in Russia but lived in the United States after 1939 (1882-1971)


United States film actress (born in 1949)


United States singer and actress (born in 1942)


United States architect and student of Latrobe (1787-1854)


Swedish dramatist and novelist (1849-1912)


United States film actor (born in Austria) (1885-1957)


United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)


English historian noted for his constitutional history of medieval England (1825-1901)


the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland; in 1664 he was forced to surrender the colony to England (1592-1672)


United States writer best known for his novels (born in 1925)


French writer whose novels described the sordid side of city life (1804-1857)


Indonesian statesman who seized power from Sukarno in 1967 (born in 1921)


Indonesian statesman who obtained the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1949 and served as president until ousted by Suharto in a coup d'etat (1901-1970)


oewn-Sullivan-n oewn-Arthur_Sullivan-n oewn-Arthur_Seymour_Sullivan-n oewn-Sir_Arthur_Sullivan-n

English composer of operettas who collaborated with the librettist William Gilbert (1842-1900)


United States educator who was the teacher and lifelong companion of Helen Keller (1866-1936)


United States host on a well known television variety show (1902-1974)


oewn-Sullivan-n oewn-Louis_Sullivan-n oewn-Louis_Henry_Sullivan-n oewn-Louis_Henri_Sullivan-n

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase `form follows function' (1856-1924)


United States painter (born in England) of portraits and historical scenes (1783-1872)


Chinese statesman who organized the Kuomintang and led the revolution that overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and 1912 (1866-1925)


Australian operatic soprano (born in 1926)


Norwegian explorer who led expeditions into the Arctic (1855-1930)


Dutch naturalist and microscopist who proposed a classification of insects and who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and was the first to see red blood cells (1637-1680)


United States actress in many silent films (1899-1983)


oewn-Swedenborg-n oewn-Svedberg-n oewn-Emanuel_Swedenborg-n oewn-Emanuel_Svedberg-n


English phonetician; one of the founders of modern phonetics (1845-1912)


an English satirist born in Ireland (1667-1745)


United States meat-packer who began the use of refrigerated railroad cars (1839-1903)


French pope from 999 to 1003 who was noted for his great learning (945-1003)


oewn-Synge-n oewn-J._M._Synge-n oewn-John_Millington_Synge-n oewn-Edmund_John_Millington_Synge-n

Irish poet and playwright whose plays are based on rural Irish life (1871-1909)


United States conductor (born in Hungary) (1897-1970)


United States biochemist (born in Hungary) who was the first to isolate vitamin C (1893-1986)


United States physicist and molecular biologist who helped develop the first atom bomb and later opposed the use of all nuclear weapons (1898-1964)


Roman historian who wrote major works on the history of the Roman Empire (56-120)


27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930)


Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941)


English inventor and pioneer in photography who published the first book illustrated with photographs (1800-1877)


United States ballerina who promoted American ballet through tours and television appearances (born in 1925)


English organist and composer of church and secular music; was granted a monopoly in music printing with William Byrd (1505-1585)


oewn-Tamerlane-n oewn-Tamburlaine-n oewn-Timur-n oewn-Timur_Lenk-n

Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405)


Norman leader in the First Crusade who played an important role in the capture of Jerusalem (1078-1112)


United States actress (born in England) who made many stage appearances, often with her husband Hume Cronyn (1909-1994)


oewn-Roger_B._Taney-n oewn-Taney-n oewn-Roger_Taney-n oewn-Roger_Brooke_Taney-n

United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens (1777-1864)


United States surrealist painter (born in France) (1900-1955)


oewn-Tarbell-n oewn-Ida_Tarbell-n oewn-Ida_M._Tarbell-n oewn-Ida_Minerva_Tarbell-n

United States writer remembered for her muckraking investigations into industries in the early 20th century (1857-1944)


oewn-Tarquin-n oewn-Tarquin_the_Proud-n oewn-Tarquinius-n oewn-Tarquinius_Superbus-n oewn-Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus-n

according to legend, the seventh and last Etruscan king of Rome who was expelled for his cruelty (reigned from 534 to 510 BC)


Dutch navigator who was the first European to discover Tasmania and New Zealand (1603-1659)


Italian poet who wrote an epic poem about the capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade (1544-1595)


United States poet and critic (1899-1979)


United States jazz pianist who was almost completely blind; his innovations influenced many other jazz musicians (1910-1956)


United States biochemist who discovered how genes act by regulating definite chemical events (1909-1975)


English economist remembered for his studies of the development of capitalism (1880-1962)


12th President of the United States; died in office (1784-1850)


United States film actress (born in England) who was a childhood star; as an adult she often co-starred with Richard Burton (born in 1932)


United States composer and music critic (1885-1966)


oewn-Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky-n oewn-Tchaikovsky-n oewn-Peter_Tchaikovsky-n oewn-Peter_Ilich_Tchaikovsky-n oewn-Pyotr_Tchaikovsky-n oewn-Pyotr_Ilych_Tchaikovsky-n

important Russian composer whose works are noted for their expressive melodies (1840-1893)


oewn-Teach-n oewn-Edward_Teach-n oewn-Thatch-n oewn-Edward_Thatch-n oewn-Blackbeard-n

an English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718)


a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)


French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955)


New Zealand operatic soprano (born in 1944)


United States physicist (born in Hungary) who worked on the first atom bomb and the first hydrogen bomb (1908-2003)


oewn-Tennyson-n oewn-Alfred_Tennyson-n oewn-First_Baron_Tennyson-n oewn-Alfred_Lord_Tennyson-n

Englishman and Victorian poet (1809-1892)


Sherpa mountaineer guide who with Sir Edmund Hillary was one of the first to attain the summit of Mount Everest (1914-1986)


dramatist of ancient Rome (born in Greece) whose comedies were based on works by Menander (190?-159 BC)


oewn-Teresa-n oewn-Mother_Teresa-n oewn-Theresa-n oewn-Mother_Theresa-n oewn-Agnes_Gonxha_Bojaxhiu-n

Indian nun and missionary in the Roman Catholic Church (born of Albanian parents in what is now Macedonia); dedicated to helping the poor in India (1910-1997)


Spanish mystic and religious reformer; author of religious classics and a Christian saint (1515-1582)


Soviet cosmonaut who was the first woman in space (born in 1937)


Carthaginian theologian whose writing influenced early Christian theology (160-230)


United States electrical engineer and inventor (born in Croatia but of Serbian descent) who discovered the principles of alternating currents and developed the first alternating-current induction motor and the Tesla coil and several forms of oscillators (1856-1943)


English writer (born in India) (1811-1863)


a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC)


innovative United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1941)


oewn-Thatcher-n oewn-Margaret_Thatcher-n oewn-Margaret_Hilda_Thatcher-n oewn-Baroness_Thatcher_of_Kesteven-n oewn-Iron_Lady-n

British stateswoman; first woman to serve as Prime Minister (born in 1925)


Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-459 BC)


oewn-Theodosius-n oewn-Theodosius_I-n oewn-Theodosius_the_Great-n oewn-Flavius_Theodosius-n

the last emperor of a united Roman Empire, he took control of the eastern empire and ended the war with the Visigoths; he became a Christian and in 391 banned all forms of pagan worship (347-395)


Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC)


Greek poet who is said to have originated Greek tragedy (sixth century BC)


oewn-Thomas_the_Apostle-n oewn-Thomas-n oewn-Saint_Thomas-n oewn-St._Thomas-n oewn-doubting_Thomas-n oewn-Thomas_the_doubting_Apostle-n

the Apostle who would not believe the resurrection of Jesus until he saw Jesus with his own eyes


a radio broadcast journalist during World War I and World War II noted for his nightly new broadcast (1892-1981)


United States socialist who was a candidate for president six times (1884-1968)


United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859)


English physicist (born in America) who studied heat and friction; experiments convinced him that heat is caused by moving particles (1753-1814)


oewn-Thompson-n oewn-Homer_Thompson-n oewn-Homer_A._Thompson-n oewn-Homer_Armstrong_Thompson-n

United States classical archaeologist (born in Canada) noted for leading the excavation of the Athenian agora (1906-2000)


oewn-J._J._Thomson-n oewn-Thomson-n oewn-Joseph_John_Thomson-n oewn-Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson-n

English physicist who experimented with the conduction of electricity through gases and who discovered the electron and determined its charge and mass (1856-1940)


English physicist (son of Joseph John Thomson) who was a co-discoverer of the diffraction of electrons by crystals (1892-1975)


United States electrical engineer (born in England) who in 1892 formed a company with Thomas Edison (1853-1937)


United States composer who collaborated with Gertrude Stein (1896-1989)


United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)


United States educational psychologist (1874-1949)


outstanding United States athlete (1887-1953)


ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)


United States humorist and cartoonist who published collections of essays and stories (1894-1961)


son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career (42 BC to AD 37)


United States artist who developed Tiffany glass (1848-1933)


United States tennis player who dominated men's tennis in the 1920s (1893-1953)


United States theologian (born in Germany) (1886-1965)


a disciple of Saint Paul who became the leader of the Christian community at Ephesus


Dutch economist noted for his work in econometrics (1903-1994)


Dutch zoologist who showed that much animal behavior is innate and stereotyped (1907-1988)


Italian painter of the Venetian school (1518-1594)


Spanish dramatist who wrote the first dramatic treatment of the legend of Don Juan (1571-1648)


old master of the Venetian school (1490-1576)


oewn-Josip_Broz_Tito-n oewn-Tito-n oewn-Marshal_Tito-n oewn-Josip_Broz-n

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980)


Emperor of Rome; son of Vespasian (39-81)


a Greek disciple and helper of Saint Paul


United States abstract painter influenced by oriental calligraphy (1890-1976)


French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)


oewn-Alexander_R._Todd-n oewn-Todd-n oewn-Sir_Alexander_Robertus_Todd-n oewn-Lord_Todd-n

Scottish chemist noted for his research into the structure of nucleic acids (born in 1907)


oewn-Hideki_Tojo-n oewn-Tojo-n oewn-Tojo_Hideki-n oewn-Tojo_Eiki-n

Japanese army officer who initiated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and who assumed dictatorial control of Japan during World War II; he was subsequently tried and executed as a war criminal (1884-1948)


United States writer remembered as the secretary and companion of Gertrude Stein (1877-1967)


British philologist and writer of fantasies (born in South Africa) (1892-1973)


Russian author remembered for two great novels (1828-1910)


United States astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto (1906-1997)


Japanese molecular biologist noted for his studies of how the immune system produces antibodies (born in 1939)


the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498)


Italian physicist who invented the mercury barometer (1608-1647)


Italian conductor of many orchestras worldwide (1867-1957)


French painter who portrayed life in the cafes and music halls of Montmartre (1864-1901)


United States architect who was noted for his design and construction of truss bridges (1784-1844)


United States physicist who developed the laser and maser principles for producing high-intensity radiation (1915-)


United States social reformer who proposed an old-age pension sponsored by the federal government; his plan was a precursor to Social Security (1867-1960)


English historian who studied the rise and fall of civilizations looking for cyclical patterns (1889-1975)


United States film actor who appeared in many films with Katharine Hepburn (1900-1967)


English botanist who was one of the first to collect specimens of plants (1570-1638)


Roman Emperor and adoptive son of Nerva; extended the Roman Empire to the east and conducted an extensive program of building (53-117)


United States operatic soprano (1903-1972)


English actor and theatrical producer noted for his lavish productions of Shakespeare (1853-1917)


oewn-Sir_George_Trevelyan-n oewn-Trevelyan-n oewn-George_Otto_Trevelyan-n oewn-Sir_George_Otto_Trevelyan-n

English historian who wrote a history of the American revolution and a biography of his uncle Lord Macaulay (1838-1928)


English historian and son of Sir George Otto Trevelyan whose works include a social history of England and a biography of Garibaldi (1876-1962)


oewn-Trevino-n oewn-Lee_Trevino-n oewn-Lee_Buck_Trevino-n oewn-Supermex-n


English engineer who built the first railway locomotive (1771-1833)


United States literary critic (1905-1975)


Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940)


oewn-Harry_S._Truman-n oewn-Truman-n oewn-Harry_Truman-n oewn-Harry_S_Truman-n oewn-President_Truman-n

elected vice president in Roosevelt's 4th term; became 33rd President of the United States on Roosevelt's death in 1945 and was elected President in 1948; authorized the use of atomic bombs against Japan (1884-1972)


United States screenwriter who was blacklisted and imprisoned for refusing to cooperate with congressional investigations of communism in America (1905-1976)


American painter of historical scenes (1756-1843)


American Revolutionary leader who as governor of Connecticut provided supplies for the Continental Army (1710-1785)


United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)


United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)


oewn-Barbara_W._Tuchman-n oewn-Tuchman-n oewn-Barbara_Tuchman-n oewn-Barbara_Wertheim_Tuchman-n


United States vaudevillian (born in Russia) noted for her flamboyant performances (1884-1966)


United States anarchist influential before World War I (1854-1939)


United States dancer and choreographer (born in England) (1909-1987)


United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship by defeating Jack Dempsey twice (1898-1978)


Russian writer of stories and novels and plays (1818-1883)


French economist who in 1774 was put in control of finances by Louis XVI; his proposals for reforms that involved abolishing feudal privileges made him unpopular with the aristocracy and in 1776 he was dismissed (1727-1781)


English mathematician who conceived of the Turing machine and broke German codes during World War II (1912-1954)


United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)


English landscape painter whose treatment of light and color influenced the French impressionists (1775-1851)


United States endocrinologist (1892-1970)


United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia; he was captured and executed (1800-1831)


oewn-Tussaud-n oewn-Marie_Tussaud-n oewn-Madame_Tussaud-n oewn-Marie_Grosholtz-n

French modeler (resident in England after 1802) who made wax death masks of prominent victims of the French Revolution and toured Britain with her wax models; in 1835 she opened a permanent waxworks exhibition in London (1761-1850)


Pharaoh of Egypt around 1358 BC; his tomb was discovered almost intact by Howard Carter in 1922


South African prelate and leader of the antiapartheid struggle (born in 1931)


elected vice president and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862)


oewn-Tyndale-n oewn-William_Tyndale-n oewn-Tindale-n oewn-William_Tindale-n oewn-Tindal-n oewn-William_Tindal-n

English translator and Protestant martyr; his translation of the Bible into English (which later formed the basis for the King James Version) aroused ecclesiastical opposition; he left England in 1524 and was burned at the stake in Antwerp as a heretic (1494-1536)


British physicist (born in Ireland) remembered for his experiments on the transparency of gases and the absorption of radiant heat by gases and the transmission of sound through the atmosphere; he was the first person to explain why the daylight sky is blue (1820-1893)


United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (born in 1966)


French poet (born in Romania) who was one of the cofounders of the dada movement (1896-1963)


oewn-Ulfilas-n oewn-Bishop_Ulfilas-n oewn-Ulfila-n oewn-Bishop_Ulfila-n oewn-Wulfila-n oewn-Bishop_Wulfila-n

a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-383)


a Roman Catholic who advocates ultramontanism (supreme papal authority in matters of faith and discipline)


United States architect (born in England) (1802-1878)


oewn-Pope_Urban_II-n oewn-Urban_II-n oewn-Odo-n oewn-Odo_of_Lagery-n oewn-Otho-n oewn-Otho_of_Lagery-n

French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099)


French pope from 1362 to 1370 who tried to reestablish the papacy in Rome but in 1367 returned to Avignon hoping to end the war between France and England; canonized in 1870 (1310-1370)


Italian pope from 1378 to 1389 whose contested election began the Great Schism; he alienated his political allies by his ruthless treatment of his opponents (1318-1389)


Italian pope from 1623 to 1644 who sanctioned the condemnation of Galileo but later freed him (1568-1644)


United States chemist who discovered deuterium (1893-1981)


(Old Testament) the husband of Bathsheba and a soldier who was sent to die in battle so that king David could marry his wife (circa 10th century BC)


oewn-Ussher-n oewn-James_Ussher-n oewn-Usher-n oewn-James_Usher-n

Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656)


British actor and playwright (1921-2004)


French painter noted for his paintings of Parisian street scenes (1883-1955)


United States physicist who discovered two belts of charged particles from the solar wind trapped by the Earth's magnetic field (born in 1914)


8th President of the United States (1782-1862)


English navigator remembered for his exploration of the Pacific coast of North America (1757-1798)


oewn-Robert_J._Van_de_Graaff-n oewn-Van_de_Graaff-n oewn-Robert_Van_de_Graaff-n oewn-Robert_Jemison_Van_de_Graaff-n


United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)


oewn-Henry_van_de_Velde-n oewn-van_de_Velde-n oewn-Henri_van_de_Velde-n oewn-Henri_Clemens_van_de_Velde-n


United States writer and literary critic (1885-1950)


oewn-Anthony_van_Dyck-n oewn-Vandyke-n oewn-Van_Dyck-n oewn-Anthony_Vandyke-n oewn-Sir_Anthony_Vandyke-n

Flemish painter of numerous portraits (1599-1641)


Dutch Post-impressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890)


United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Nicola Sacco was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1888-1927)


United States composer (born in France) whose music combines dissonance with complex rhythms and the use of electronic techniques (1883-1965)


Brazilian statesman who ruled Brazil as a virtual dictator (1883-1954)


French painter (born in Hungary) who was a pioneer of op art (1908-1997)


Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574)


United States jazz singer noted for her complex bebop phrasing and scat singing (1924-1990)


English composer influenced by folk tunes and music of the Tudor period (1872-1958)


United States landscape architect (born in England) who designed Central Park (1824-1895)


United States economist who wrote about conspicuous consumption (1857-1929)


English logician who introduced Venn diagrams (1834-1923)


oewn-Craig_Venter-n oewn-Ventner-n oewn-Craig_Ventner-n oewn-J._Craig_Ventner-n

United States geneticist who published the complete base sequences for all the genes of a free-living organism, the influenza bacterium; later led team that developed a first draft of the entire human genome (born in 1946)


oewn-Johannes_Vermeer-n oewn-Vermeer-n oewn-Jan_Vermeer-n oewn-Jan_van_der_Meer-n

Dutch painter renowned for his use of light (1632-1675)


French writer who is considered the father of science fiction (1828-1905)


French mathematician who described the vernier scale (1580-1637)


Italian painter of the Venetian school (1528-1588)


oewn-Verrazano-n oewn-Giovanni_da_Verrazano-n oewn-Verrazzano-n oewn-Giovanni_da_Verrazzano-n

Florentine navigator who explored the eastern coast of North America (circa 1485-1528)


South African statesman who instituted the policy of apartheid (1901-1966)


a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)


United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)


Emperor of Rome and founder of the Flavian dynasty who consolidated Roman rule in Germany and Britain and reformed the army and brought prosperity to the empire; began the construction of the Colosseum (9-79)


Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America; America was named in his honor (1454-1512)


Italian dancing-master for Louis XVI who was considered the greatest dancer of his day; he was the first to discard the mask in mime (1729-1808)


king of Italy who completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice and Rome (1820-1878)


king of Italy who appointed Mussolini prime minister; he abdicated in 1946 and the monarchy was abolished (1869-1947)


queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901; the last Hanoverian ruler of England (1819-1901)


French painter noted for her portraits (1755-1842)


oewn-Villa-n oewn-Pancho_Villa-n oewn-Francisco_Villa-n oewn-Doroteo_Arango-n

Mexican revolutionary leader (1878-1923)


United States railroad magnate and businessman (1835-1900)


British historian (born in Russia) (1854-1925)


United States jurist who served as chief justice of the Supreme Court (1890-1953)


German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease (1821-1902)


a Roman poet; author of the epic poem `Aeneid' (70-19 BC)


Christian martyr and patron of those who suffer from epilepsy and Sydenham's chorea (died around 300)


Italian baroque composer and violinist (1678-1741)


Spanish explorer who was the first European to explore the California coast (1550-1615)


French painter and exponent of fauvism (1876-1958)


Italian physicist after whom the volt is named; studied electric currents and invented the voltaic pile (1745-1827)


French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)


United States writer whose novels and short stories are a mixture of realism and satire and science fiction (born in 1922)


United States mathematician who contributed to the development of atom bombs and of stored-program digital computers (1903-1957)


United States film maker (born in Austria) whose films made Marlene Dietrich an international star (1894-1969)


English tennis player who won many women's singles titles (born in 1945)


German composer of operas and inventor of the musical drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883)


Austrian architect and pioneer of modern architecture (1841-1918)


oewn-Waite-n oewn-Morrison_Waite-n oewn-Morrison_R._Waite-n oewn-Morrison_Remick_Waite-n

United States jurist who was appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1874 by President Grant (1816-1888)


Austrian diplomat who was Secretary General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981; in 1986 he was elected president of Austria in spite of worldwide allegations that he had direct knowledge of Nazi atrocities during World War II (born in 1918)


Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943)


New Zealand runner who in 1975 became the first person to run a mile in less than 3 minutes and 50 seconds (born in 1952)


English naturalist who formulated a concept of evolution that resembled Charles Darwin's (1823-1913)


English writer noted for his crime novels (1875-1932)


Scottish insurgent who led the resistance to Edward I; in 1297 he gained control of Scotland briefly until Edward invaded Scotland again and defeated Wallace and subsequently executed him (1270-1305)


Austrian general who fought for the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years' War (1583-1634)


oewn-Walpole-n oewn-Robert_Walpole-n oewn-Sir_Robert_Walpole-n oewn-First_Earl_of_Orford-n

Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745)


oewn-Walpole-n oewn-Horace_Walpole-n oewn-Horatio_Walpole-n oewn-Fourth_Earl_of_Orford-n

English writer and historian; son of Sir Robert Walpole (1717-1797)


oewn-Walton-n oewn-E._T._S._Walton-n oewn-Ernest_Walton-n oewn-Ernest_Thomas_Sinton_Walton-n

Irish physicist who (with Sir John Cockcroft in 1931) first split an atom (1903-1995)


English writer remember for his treatise on fishing (1593-1683)


oewn-Walton-n oewn-William_Walton-n oewn-Sir_William_Walton-n oewn-Sir_William_Turner_Walton-n


United States businessman whose business grew into one of the first department stores (1838-1922)


German biochemist who pioneered the use of chemical techniques in biological investigations; noted for studies of cellular respiration (1883-1970)


United States businessman who in 1872 established a successful mail-order business (1843-1913)


oewn-Mary_Augusta_Ward-n oewn-Ward-n oewn-Mrs._Humphrey_Ward-n oewn-Mary_Augusta_Arnold_Ward-n

English writer of novels who was an active opponent of the women's suffrage movement (1851-1920)


English economist and conservationist (1914-1981)


United States artist who was a leader of the Pop Art movement (1930-1987)


United States filmmaker who with his brothers founded the movie studio that produced the first talking picture (1881-1958)


United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1891-1974)


United States writer and poet (1905-1989)


oewn-Warwick-n oewn-Earl_of_Warwick-n oewn-Richard_Neville-n oewn-Kingmaker-n

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)


1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)


United States educator who was born a slave but became educated and founded a college at Tuskegee in Alabama (1856-1915)


German bacteriologist who developed a diagnostic test for syphilis (1866-1925)


United States actress and singer (1896-1977)


United States geneticist who (with Crick in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1928)


United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology (1878-1958)


United States telephone engineer who assisted Alexander Graham Bell in his experiments (1854-1934)


Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)


English author of satirical novels (1903-1966)


oewn-Archibald_Wavell-n oewn-Wavell-n oewn-Archibald_Percival_Wavell-n oewn-First_Earl_Wavell-n

British field marshal in North Africa in World War II; he defeated the Italians before being defeated by the Germans (1883-1950)


American general during the American Revolution (1745-1796)


United States film actor who played tough heroes (1907-1979)


oewn-Webb-n oewn-Sidney_Webb-n oewn-Sidney_James_Webb-n oewn-First_Baron_Passfield-n

English sociologist and economist and a central member of the Fabian Society (1859-1947)


English writer and a central member of the Fabian Society (1858-1943)


German physiologist who studied sensory responses to stimuli and is considered the father of psychophysics (1795-1878)


German conductor and composer of romantic operas (1786-1826)


German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920)


United States abstract painter (born in Russia) (1881-1961)


German physicist and brother of E. H. Weber; noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1804-1891)


United States politician and orator (1782-1817)


German geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift (1880-1930)


United States mathematician (born in France) (1906-1998)


German composer; collaborated with Bertolt Brecht (1900-1950)


United States theoretical physicist (born in 1933)


German biologist who was one of the founders of modern genetics; his theory of genetic transmission ruled out the possibility of transmitting acquired characteristics (1834-1914)


Israeli statesman who persuaded the United States to recognize the new state of Israel and became its first president (1874-1952)


United States actor and filmmaker (1915-1985)


oewn-Wellington-n oewn-Duke_of_Wellington-n oewn-First_Duke_of_Wellington-n oewn-Arthur_Wellesley-n oewn-Iron_Duke-n

British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister (1769-1852)


prolific English writer best known for his science-fiction novels; he also wrote on contemporary social problems and wrote popular accounts of history and science (1866-1946)


United States writer about rural southern life (1909-2001)


German neurologist best known for his studies of aphasia (1848-1905)


English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)


English clergyman and brother of John Wesley who wrote many hymns (1707-1788)


English painter (born in America) who became the second president of the Royal Academy (1738-1820)


oewn-West-n oewn-Rebecca_West-n oewn-Dame_Rebecca_West-n oewn-Cicily_Isabel_Fairfield-n

British writer (born in Ireland) (1892-1983)


United States inventor and manufacturer (1846-1914)


American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)


English physicist and inventor who devised the Wheatstone bridge (1802-1875)


United States educator who in 1865 (with Ezra Cornell) founded Cornell University and served as its first president (1832-1918)


United States writer noted for his humorous essays (1899-1985)


United States political journalist (1915-1986)


oewn-Edward_Douglass_White-n oewn-White-n oewn-Edward_White-n oewn-Edward_D._White-n oewn-Edward_Douglas_White_Jr.-n

United States jurist appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1910 by President Taft; noted for his work on antitrust legislation (1845-1921)


English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947)


United States frontier missionary who established a post in Oregon where Christianity and schooling and medicine were available to Native Americans (1802-1847)


United States poet who celebrated the greatness of America (1819-1892)


United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)


United States poet best known for his nostalgic poems about New England (1807-1892)


English aeronautical engineer who invented the jet aircraft engine (1907-1996)


United States mathematician and founder of cybernetics (1894-1964)


United States writer (born in Romania) who survived Nazi concentration camps and is dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust (born in 1928)


Austrian investigator of Nazi war crimes (born in 1908)


United States physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on the structure of the atom and its nucleus (1902-1995)


United States filmmaker (born in Austria) whose dark humor infused many of the films he made (1906-2002)


United States writer and dramatist (1897-1975)


grandson of Queen Victoria and Kaiser of Germany from 1888 to 1918; he was vilified as causing World War I (1859-1941)


United States explorer of Antarctica (1798-1877)


English reformer who published attacks on George III and supported the rights of the American colonists (1727-1797)


English biochemist who helped discover the structure of DNA (1916-2004)


Australian who was the first to explore the Arctic by airplane (1888-1958)


United States civil rights leader (1901-1981)


English chemist honored for his research on pollutants in car exhausts (born in 1921)


United States educator who was an early campaigner for higher education for women (1787-1870)


United States advocate of temperance and women's suffrage (1839-1898)


oewn-Willebrand-n oewn-von_Willebrand-n oewn-E._A._von_Willebrand-n oewn-Erik_von_Willebrand-n oewn-Erik_Adolf_von_Willebrand-n

Finnish physician who first described vascular hemophilia (1870-1949)


duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; he defeated Harold II at the battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England (1027-1087)


the second son of William the Conqueror who succeeded him as King of England (1056-1100)


King of England and Scotland and Ireland; he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702)


King of England and Ireland; son of George III who ascended the throne after a long naval career (1765-1837)


English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism; he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663 (1603-1683)


United States baseball player noted as a hitter (1918-2002)


English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003)


oewn-Williams-n oewn-Hank_Williams-n oewn-Hiram_Williams-n oewn-Hiram_King_Williams-n

United States country singer and songwriter (1923-1953)


English physician who was a pioneer in the study of the brain (1621-1675)


English geneticist involved with the first successful cloning of a sheep from a cell from an adult ewe (born in 1944)


oewn-Wilson-n oewn-Woodrow_Wilson-n oewn-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson-n oewn-President_Wilson-n

28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924)


United States literary critic (1895-1972)


Scottish physicist who invented the cloud chamber (1869-1959)


United States entomologist who has generalized from social insects to other animals including humans (born in 1929)


American Revolutionary leader who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence (1742-1798)


Canadian geophysicist who was a pioneer in the study of plate tectonics (1908-1993)


United States physicist honored for his work on cosmic microwave radiation (born in 1936)


Scottish ornithologist in the United States (1766-1813)


English writer of novels and short stories (1913-1991)


author of the first novel by an African American that was published in the United States (1808-1870)


German archaeologist and art historian said to be the father of archaeology (1717-1768)


German chemist who studied steroids and cholesterol and discovered histamine (1876-1959)


English colonial administrator who traveled to America on the Mayflower and served as the first governor of the Plymouth Colony (1595-1655)


United States religious leader (born in Bohemia) who united reform Jewish organizations in the United States (1819-1900)


United States Jewish leader (born in Hungary) (1874-1949)


American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who signed of the Declaration of Independence and was president of the college that became Princeton University (1723-1794)


British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951)


English writer known for his humorous novels and stories (1881-1975)


German classical scholar who claimed that the Iliad and Odyssey were composed by several authors (1759-1824)


United States writer best known for his autobiographical novels (1900-1938)


oewn-Wolfe-n oewn-Tom_Wolfe-n oewn-Thomas_Wolfe-n oewn-Thomas_Kennerly_Wolfe_Jr.-n

United States writer who has written extensively on American culture (born in 1931)


English chemist and physicist who discovered palladium and rhodium and demonstrated that static and current electricity are the same (1766-1828)


English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; mother of Mary Shelley (1759-1797)


United States painter noted for works based on life in the Midwest (1892-1942)


oewn-Ellen_Wood-n oewn-Wood-n oewn-Mrs._Henry_Wood-n oewn-Ellen_Price_Wood-n

English writer of novels about murders and thefts and forgeries (1814-1887)


United States social economist (1876-1933)


United States advocate of women's suffrage; in 1872 she was the first woman to run for the United States presidency (1838-1927)


oewn-Woodward-n oewn-Bob_Woodward-n oewn-Robert_Woodward-n oewn-Robert_Burns_Woodward-n

United States chemist honored for synthesizing complex organic compounds (1917-1979)


English author whose work used such techniques as stream of consciousness and the interior monologue; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1882-1941)


United States drama critic and journalist (1887-1943)


English archaeologist who supervised the excavations at Ur (1880-1960)


United States businessman who opened a shop in 1879 selling low-priced goods and built it into a national chain of stores (1852-1919)


United States lexicographer who was accused of plagiarism by Noah Webster (1784-1865)


a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)


French couturier (born in England) regarded as the founder of Parisian haute couture; noted for introducing the bustle (1825-1895)


English architect who designed more than fifty London churches (1632-1723)


United States early feminist (born in Scotland) (1795-1852)


influential United States architect (1869-1959)


United States aviation pioneer who (with his brother Wilbur Wright) invented the airplane (1871-1948)


United States aviation pioneer who (with his brother Orville Wright) invented the airplane (1867-1912)


United States writer whose work is concerned with the oppression of African Americans (1908-1960)


United States writer of detective novels (1888-1939)


United States businessman (born in Germany) who founded a company to make pipe organs (1831-1914)


oewn-Wyatt-n oewn-Sir_Thomas_Wyatt-n oewn-Wyat-n oewn-Sir_Thomas_Wyat-n

English poet who introduced the sonnet form to English literature (1503-1542)


English playwright noted for his humorous and satirical plays (1641-1716)


oewn-Wycliffe-n oewn-John_Wycliffe-n oewn-Wickliffe-n oewn-John_Wickliffe-n oewn-Wyclif-n oewn-John_Wyclif-n oewn-Wiclif-n oewn-John_Wiclif-n

English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384)


English prelate and statesman; founded a college at Oxford and Winchester College in Winchester; served as chancellor of England and bishop of Winchester (1320-1404)


United States country singer (1942-1998)


Polish prelate who persuaded the Soviet to allow greater religious freedom in Poland (1901-1981)


Spanish missionary and Jesuit who establish missionaries in Japan and Ceylon and the East Indies (1506-1552)


Greek general and historian; student of Socrates (430-354 BC)


king of Persia who led a vast army against Greece and won the battle of Thermopylae but was eventually defeated (518-465 BC)


English philanthropist who made contributions to a college in Connecticut that was renamed in his honor (1649-1721)


Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 (1884-1943)


Saudi Arabian minister of petroleum who was a central figure in the creation of OPEC (born in 1930)


United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Tsung Dao Lee in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1922)


United States baseball player (born in 1939)


oewn-Robert_Yerkes-n oewn-Yerkes-n oewn-Robert_M._Yerkes-n oewn-Robert_Mearns_Yerkes-n

United States psychologist who studied the intelligence of primates (1876-1956)


French bacteriologist born in Switzerland; was a student of Pasteur; discovered the plague bacillus (1863-1943)


oewn-Yevgeny_Yevtushenko-n oewn-Yevtushenko-n oewn-Yevgeni_Yevtushenko-n oewn-Yevgeni_Aleksandrovich_Yevtushenko-n

Russian poet who expressed the feelings of the post-Stalinist generation (born in 1933)


United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith; he led the Mormon exodus from Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah (1801-1877)


United States baseball player and famous pitcher (1867-1955)


oewn-Lester_Young-n oewn-Young-n oewn-Pres_Young-n oewn-Lester_Willis_Young-n

United States jazz tenor saxophonist (1909-1959)


British physicist and Egyptologist; he revived the wave theory of light and proposed a three-component theory of color vision; he also played an important role in deciphering the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone (1773-1829)


United States civil rights leader (1921-1971)


United States film and television actress (1913-2000)


Japanese mathematical physicist who proposed that nuclear forces are mediated by massive particles called mesons which are analogous to the photon in mediating electromagnetic forces (1907-1981)


oewn-Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias-n oewn-Zaharias-n oewn-Babe_Zaharias-n oewn-Didrikson-n oewn-Babe_Didrikson-n oewn-Mildred_Ella_Didrikson-n oewn-Mildred_Ella_Didrikson_Zaharias-n

outstanding United States athlete (1911-1956)


oewn-Darryl_F._Zanuck-n oewn-Zanuck-n oewn-Darryl_Zanuck-n oewn-Darryl_Francis_Zanuck-n

United States filmmaker whose works include the first full-length feature film with sound sequences (1902-1979)


Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt for agrarian reforms (1879-1919)


a Hebrew minor prophet of the late 6th century BC


Dutch physicist honored for his research on the influence of magnetism on radiation which showed that light is radiated by the motion of charged particles in an atom (1865-1943)


ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC)


ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC)


a Hebrew minor prophet of the late 7th century BC


German inventor who designed and built the first rigid motorized dirigible (1838-1917)


Chinese revolutionary and communist leader (1898-1976)


oewn-Georgy_Zhukov-n oewn-Zhukov-n oewn-Georgi_Zhukov-n oewn-Georgi_Konstantinovich_Zhukov-n

Soviet general who during World War II directed the counteroffensive at Stalingrad and relieved Leningrad and captured Berlin (1896-1974)


United States theatrical producer noted for a series of extravagant revues known as the Ziegfeld Follies (1869-1932)


German chemist honored for his research on polymers (1898-1973)


United States violinist (born in Russia) (1889-1985)


United States filmmaker (born in Austria) (1907-1997)


United States bacteriologist who helped develop immunization against typhus fever (1878-1940)


French novelist and critic; defender of Dreyfus (1840-1902)


Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism (circa 628-551 BC)


German chemist (born in Austria) honored for his research on colloidal solutions (1865-1929)


oewn-Huldrych_Zwingli-n oewn-Zwingli-n oewn-Ulrich_Zwingli-n oewn-Huldreich_Zwingli-n

Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)


United States physicist who invented the iconoscope (1889-1982)


an adherent of fundamentalist principles


oewn-White_race-n oewn-White_people-n oewn-Caucasian_race-n oewn-Caucasoid_race-n


a servile black character in a novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe


(slang) a derogatory term for a white person (supposedly used by North American Indians)


(slang) a disparaging term for an Asian person (especially for North Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War)


oewn-nigger-n oewn-nigga-n oewn-nigra-n oewn-jigaboo-n

(ethnic slur) extremely offensive name for a Black person

only a Black can call another Black a nigga


(ethnic slur) offensive and derogatory name for a Black man who is abjectly servile and deferential to Whites


a person who has a large following on one or more social media platform that works to generate interest in contemporary social issues and/or advertise consumer products


an American whose ancestors were born in Africa


a member of an Oriental race; the term is regarded as offensive by Asians (especially by Asian Americans)


(ethnic slur) offensive and disparaging term for Black man


a person with dark skin who comes from Africa (or whose ancestors came from Africa)


a dark-skinned member of a race of people living in Australia when Europeans arrived


A student mentor may support up to seven mentees


a member of the race of people living in America when Europeans arrived


(ethnic slur) offensive term for Black people


oewn-colored_person-n oewn-colored-n oewn-coloured_person-n oewn-coloured-n

a United States term for Blacks that is now considered offensive


a female performer who performs sexual acts by camera on the internet


a male who is older than the speaker, especially used by Korean female


a female who is older than the speaker, especially used by Korean female


someone who is older or other superior to the speaker


Someone who wears a costume from a comic book or similar media


a character in an anime or manga who one has romantic feelings for


someone who is silly or stupid especially when seeming cute


an adult, male fan of the show My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic


an older other woman, especially a sister, used by a female


used by males to address an older female


a person who is initially cold and even hostile towards another person before gradually showing a warmer side over time.


A female fan who is obsessive about a particular subject (especially, someone or something in popular entertainment media)


oewn-hoe-n oewn-ho-n oewn-slut-n oewn-trollop-n oewn-hussy-n


A white person, who is obsessed with Japanese culture, usually pejorative


A person considered impressive due to extreme attitudes, behavior or appearance


a pair of twins, who are sexually promiscuous


the mother of at least one of your children


Any of various supernatural monsters, sometimes shapeshifters, in Japanese folklore


negative term for someone who promote liberal causes especially feminism


a believer in a conspiracy theory, especially that the earth is flat


a person, group, etc, making a suggestion or plea that is ignored.

Churchill's early warning of the danger of Nazism was a voice in the wilderness.


a trained person hired to determine the sex of chicken and other hatchlings.

Chick sexing is the method of distinguishing the sex of chicken and other hatchlings, usually by a trained person called a chick sexer or chicken sexer.


a male person who is not a serf or a slave


a male person who has received a degree from a school (high school or college or university)


a female human being whose body has been taken over in whole or in part by electromechanical devices


a female member of the United States House of Representatives


a husband who is an attractive young man; seldom the first husband of an affluent older woman


a female who attends a counter (as in a diner)


a female person who has been freed from slavery


a man hired to help children cross a road safely near a school


the female officer who presides at the meetings of an organization


a male person who investigates and reports or edits news stories


a seductive man who uses his sex appeal to exploit women


an adulterous man; a man who has an ongoing extramarital sexual relationship with a woman


a man who can be a succesful husband and care for his children


a female person who is not a serf or a slave


a female person who owns or sails a yacht


a male member of the United States House of Representatives


the male officer who presides at the meetings of an organization


a husband who is left alone much of the time because his wife is playing golf


a male who serves (or waits to be called to serve) on a jury


a male stand-in for movie stars to perform dangerous stunts


a male assistant who has a range of duties


a male human being whose body has been taken over in whole or in part by electromechanical devices


a female stand-in for movie stars to perform dangerous stunts


a female journalist employed to provide news stories for newspapers or broadcast media


a male who signs a bond as surety for someone else


a young boy who carries flowers in a (wedding) procession


the father of at least one of your children


a female competitor who holds a preeminent position


a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs


a female person who has received a degree from a school (high school or college or university)


a male hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback


a male person who has been freed from slavery


A male fan who is obsessive about a particular subject (especially, someone or something in popular entertainment media


an informal term for a father who can combine childcare and full-time employment


a female who serves (or waits to be called to serve) on a jury


a male employee who mixes and serves alcoholic drinks at a bar


a male newspaper columnist who answers questions and offers advice on personal problems to people who write in


a male journalist employed to provide news stories for newspapers or broadcast media


a very pretty boy who works as a photographer's model


a male competitor who holds a preeminent position


a female who signs a bond as surety for someone else


a male who attends a counter (as in a diner)


a male person who spends time outdoors (e.g., hunting or fishing)


any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment


food that is simply prepared and gives a sense of wellbeing; typically food with a high sugar or carbohydrate content that is associated with childhood or with home cooking


oewn-comestible-n oewn-edible-n oewn-eatable-n oewn-pabulum-n oewn-victual-n oewn-victuals-n


oewn-dainty-n oewn-delicacy-n oewn-goody-n oewn-kickshaw-n oewn-treat-n


inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) prepared and served quickly


solid and liquid nourishment taken into the body through the mouth


food that fulfills the requirements of Jewish dietary law


the food and drink that are regularly served or consumed


the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal)


a diet designed to avoid the foods that you are allergic to


a diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity


he ate a bland diet because of his colitis


a diet of fluids with minimal residues (fat-free broth or strained fruit juices or gelatin); cannot be used for more than one day postoperative


a diet designed to help control the symptoms of diabetes


something added to complete a diet or to make up for a dietary deficiency


a diet of foods high in starch that increases carbohydrate reserves in muscles

carbo loading is used by endurance athletes just before competing


a reducing diet that enjoys temporary popularity


diet prescribed to treat celiac disease; eliminates such foods as wheat and rye and oats and beans and cabbage and turnips and cucumbers that are rich in gluten


a diet high in plant and animal proteins; used to treat malnutrition or to increase muscle mass


a diet designed to patients with vitamin deficiencies


diet prescribed for bedridden or convalescent people; does not include fried or highly seasoned foods


a diet of foods that can be served in liquid or strained form (plus custards or puddings); prescribed after certain kinds of surgery


a diet containing limited amounts of fat and stressing foods high in carbohydrates; used in treatment of some gallbladder conditions


a diet that limits the intake of salt (sodium chloride); often used in treating hypertension or edema or certain other disorders


a diet consisting chiefly of beans and whole grains


a diet designed to help you lose weight (especially fat)


a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders


oewn-chow-n oewn-chuck-n oewn-eats-n oewn-grub-n


planned meals for athletes in training (usually served in a mess hall)


a meal eaten in a mess hall by service personnel


the food allowance for one day (especially for service personnel)

the rations should be nutritionally balanced


rations issued for United States troops in the field


a small package of emergency rations; issued to United States troops in World War II


a canned field ration issued by the United States Army


a substance that can be used or prepared for use as food


foodstuff rich in natural starch (especially potatoes, rice, bread)


flour or meal or grain used in baking bread


oewn-coloring-n oewn-colouring-n oewn-food_coloring-n oewn-food_colouring-n oewn-food_color-n oewn-food_colour-n

a digestible substance used to give color to food


a concentrated form of a foodstuff; the bulk is reduced by removing water


coarsely ground foodstuff; especially seeds of various cereal grasses or pulse


coarsely ground grain in the form of pellets (as for pet food)


fine meal made from cereal grain especially wheat; often used as a cooked cereal or in puddings


meal made of finely ground corn mixed with sugar and spices


coarse, indigestible plant food low in nutrients; its bulk stimulates intestinal peristalsis


food prepared from the husks of cereal grains


fine powdery foodstuff obtained by grinding and sifting the meal of a cereal grain


flour that does not contain a raising agent


oewn-whole_wheat_flour-n oewn-graham_flour-n oewn-graham-n oewn-whole_meal_flour-n

flour made by grinding the entire wheat berry including the bran; (`whole meal flour' is British usage)


milled product of durum wheat (or other hard wheat) used in pasta


a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough


a feed consisting primarily of corn gluten


oewn-nutriment-n oewn-nourishment-n oewn-nutrition-n oewn-sustenance-n oewn-aliment-n oewn-alimentation-n oewn-victuals-n

a source of materials to nourish the body


the practice or manner of preparing food or the food so prepared


traditional Chinese cuisine; a variety of foods (including several kinds of steamed or fried dumplings) are served successively in small portions


(French) an elaborate and skillful manner of preparing food


a school of French cooking that uses light sauces and tries to bring out the natural flavors of foods instead of making heavy use of butter and cream


a particular style of cookery (as of a region)


oewn-commissariat-n oewn-provisions-n oewn-provender-n oewn-viands-n oewn-victuals-n


food in a secure or hidden storage place


a supply of food especially for a household


food that is not preserved by canning or dehydration or freezing or smoking


oewn-canned_food-n oewn-canned_foods-n oewn-canned_goods-n oewn-tinned_goods-n


whatever happens to be available especially when offered to an unexpected guest or when brought by guests and shared by all

having arrived unannounced we had to take potluck


snacks and drinks served as a light meal


the first meal of the day (usually in the morning)


a breakfast that usually includes a roll and coffee or tea


combination of breakfast and lunch; usually served in late morning


oewn-lunch-n oewn-luncheon-n oewn-tiffin-n oewn-dejeuner-n


lunch (usually at a restaurant) where business is discussed and the cost is charged as a business expense


substantial early evening meal including tea


a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes

an Englishman would interrupt a war to have his afternoon tea


the main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday


a light evening meal; served in early evening if dinner is at midday or served late in the evening at bedtime


a meal set out on a buffet at which guests help themselves


a meal that is prepared in advance and frozen; can be heated and served


any informal meal eaten outside or on an excursion


an informal meal cooked and eaten outdoors


a cookout in which food is cooked over an open fire; especially a whole animal carcass roasted on a spit


a cookout at the seashore where clams and fish and other foods are cooked--usually on heated stones covered with seaweed


a cookout where fried fish is the main course


a cookout where roasted frankfurters are the main course


a meal consisting of a sandwich of bread and cheese and a salad