administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into the vena cava; used in cases of long-term coma or severe burns or severe gastrointestinal syndromes


the activity of supplying or taking on fuel


the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through services offered by the health profession


the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity)


(corporation law) the authorization and delivery of shares of stock for sale to the public or the shares thus offered at a particular time


handling an operation that involves providing labor and materials be supplied as needed


the activity of supplying a stock of something

he supervised the stocking of the stream with trout


the act or process of providing aid or help of any sort


the kidnapper's exorbitant demands for money


act of demanding or levying by force or authority


unjust exaction (as by the misuse of authority)

the extortion by dishonest officials of fees for performing their sworn duty


they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day


demand for payment in accordance with an insurance policy


a gradual depletion of energy or resources


depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel


oewn-respite-n oewn-recess-n oewn-break-n oewn-time_out-n


a week or more of recess during the spring term at school


oewn-hesitation-n oewn-waver-n oewn-falter-n oewn-faltering-n


the act of suspending activity temporarily


an interruption or temporary suspension of progress or movement


the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something)


oewn-rest-n oewn-ease-n oewn-repose-n oewn-relaxation-n

freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility)


confinement to bed continuously (as in the case of some sick or injured persons)


the laziness of the day helped her to relax


oewn-quiescence-n oewn-quiescency-n oewn-dormancy-n oewn-sleeping-n


inactivity that is passive and monotonous, comparable to the inactivity of plant life

their holiday was spent in sleep and vegetation


freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity


time that is free from duties or responsibilities


a holiday where you do the same things you do at work


the practice of taking holidays in a caravan


the act of delaying; inactivity resulting in something being put off until a later time


detention of a ship or freight car or other cargo beyond its scheduled time of departure


a delay in enforcing rights or claims or privileges; refraining from acting


the act of postponing to another time or place


discontinuation of the meeting (of a legislative body) without dissolving it


the act of procrastinating; putting off or delaying or deferring an action to a later time


the act of slowing down or falling behind


the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working


(law) a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches


oewn-interjection-n oewn-interposition-n oewn-interpolation-n oewn-interpellation-n

the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts


shouting to interrupt a speech with which you disagree


act or practice of refraining from indulging an appetite


rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint


abstaining from sexual relations (as because of religious vows)


(Christianity) the act of mortifying the lusts of the flesh by self-denial and privation (especially by bodily pain or discomfort inflicted on yourself)


the act of denying yourself; controlling your impulses


the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods)


control of the flow of traffic in a building or a city


the control of traffic by a policeman stationed at an intersection


control (by agreement among producers or by government) of the price of a commodity in interstate commerce


(psychology) the conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts or desires


lightening a penalty or excusing from a chore by judges or parents or teachers


leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice

he threw himself on the mercy of the court


an activity that affords excessive pleasure and enjoyment


act of receiving pleasure from something


the passionate and demonstrative activity of expressing grief


the activity of laughing; the manifestation of joy or mirth or scorn


act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite

the satisfaction of their demand for better services


the act of satisfying your own desires and giving yourself pleasure


oewn-indulgence-n oewn-indulging-n oewn-pampering-n oewn-humoring-n oewn-humouring-n

the act of indulging or gratifying a desire


the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding


(biochemistry) interference in or inhibition of the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure


the interdiction of a nation's lines of communication at sea by the use of naval power


oewn-siege-n oewn-besieging-n oewn-beleaguering-n oewn-military_blockade-n

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack


the act of freeing a city or town that has been besieged

he asked for troops for the relief of Atlanta


stalling or delaying especially by refusing to answer questions or cooperate


the third baseman made some remarkable stops


the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety


the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence

when two nations both resort to nuclear deterrence the consequence could be mutual destruction


(military) a tunnel dug to defeat similar activities by the enemy


the act of preventing something from occurring


they achieved his debarment from holding public office


the act of preventing someone from participating by finding them unqualified


the act of intercepting; preventing something from proceeding or arriving

he resorted to the interception of his daughter's letters


the prevention of something increasing or spreading (especially the prevention of an increase in the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons)

they protested that the nonproliferation treaty was just a plot to maintain the hegemony of those who already had nuclear weapons


the act of preventing something by anticipating and disposing of it effectively


(sports) the act of preventing the opposition from scoring


oewn-suppression-n oewn-crushing-n oewn-quelling-n oewn-stifling-n

forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority


the minimization of tax liability by lawful methods


(law) the disqualification of a judge or jury by reason of prejudice or conflict of interest; a judge can be recused by objections of either party or judges can disqualify themselves


activity considered appropriate on social occasions


the practice of communal living and common ownership


the act of forming an alliance or confederation


the act of consorting with or joining with others

you cannot be convicted of criminal guilt by association


associating with others in a brotherly or friendly way; especially with an enemy


the act of becoming formally connected or joined

welcomed the affiliation of the research center with the university


the action of people mingling and coming into contact

all the random mingling and idle talk made him hate literary parties


the action of changing from colonial to independent status


the orchestra faced the prospect of disbandment


the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England


the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning


the revolution resulted in a redistribution of wealth


the act of dispensing (giving out in portions)


oewn-allotment-n oewn-apportionment-n oewn-apportioning-n oewn-allocation-n oewn-parceling-n oewn-parcelling-n oewn-assignation-n

the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan

the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives is based on the relative population of each state


a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results)


there was a reshuffle of cabinet officers


the act of apportioning or distributing something

the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions


during the war the government imposed rationing of food and gasoline


the allotment of some amount by dividing something

death gets more than its share of attention from theologians


the deal was passed around the table clockwise


distribution of part of the federal tax income to states and municipalities


oewn-bestowal-n oewn-bestowment-n oewn-conferral-n oewn-conferment-n

the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift


the accordance to Canada of rights of access


the act of endowing with a permanent source of income

his generous endowment of the laboratory came just in the nick of time


governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need


government provision for unemployed, injured, or aged people; financed by contributions from employers and employees as well as by government revenue


social insurance program in Britain; based on contributions from employers and employees; provides payments to unemployed and sick and retired people as well as medical services


benefits paid to bring incomes up to minimum levels established by law


social welfare program in the U.S.; includes old-age and survivors insurance and some unemployment insurance and old-age assistance


aid for the aged or indigent or handicapped


payment by a United States agency to unemployed people


social insurance for the ill and injured


health care for the aged; a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over


health care for the needy; a federally and state-funded program


health care that is provided by a health care professional in the first contact of a patient with the health care system


an activity or gift that benefits the public at large


act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity


making voluntary contributions to aid the poor


giving money or food or clothing to a needy person


transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)


the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

Venice was an important center of trade with the East


trade that satisfies certain criteria on the supply chain of the goods involved, usually including fair payment for producers; often with other social and environmental considerations


international trade free of government interference


an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years


commerce conducted electronically (as on the internet)


reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries)

he earns his living from the interchange of currency


act of exchanging one type of money or security for another


conversion of an investment trust into a unit investment trust


disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned


the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest


a kind of hedged investment meant to capture slight differences in price; when there is a difference in the price of something on two different markets the arbitrageur simultaneously buys at the lower price and sells at the higher price


arbitrage involving risk; as in the simultaneous purchase of stock in a target company and sale of stock in its potential acquirer; if the takeover fails the arbitrageur may lose a great deal of money


a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public


the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects

computers are now widely used in business


activity undertaken as part of a commercial enterprise


a business especially one run on a large scale


the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers

even before noon there was a considerable patronage


any enterprise in which losses and gains cancel out

at the end of the year the accounting department showed that it was a wash


I have given this tailor my custom for many years


very large and profitable volume of commercial activity


a particular kind of commercial enterprise


the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

without competition there would be no market


an illegal market in which goods or currencies are bought and sold in violation of rationing or controls


a market in which more people want to sell than want to buy


an unofficial market in which goods are bought and sold at prices lower than the official price set by a regulatory agency


a market in which more people want to buy than want to sell


the market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers


a commercial enterprise owned by the people who work for it


the commercial activity of providing funds and capital


large and complex financial transactions


the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit


investing in United States businesses by foreign citizens (often involves stock ownership of the business)


investing with borrowed money as a way to amplify potential gains (at the risk of greater losses)


financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares


transacting business with a bank; depositing or withdrawing funds or requesting a loan etc.


banking in which transactions are conducted by means of electronic communication (via telephone or computer)


engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for issuing loans and credit etc.


a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods and services and is run for the benefit of its owners


the business of selling merchandise at a discount


the business of drawing public attention to goods and services


circulating printed notices as a means of advertising


the business of issuing printed matter for sale or distribution


(computer science) the use of microcomputers with graphics capacity to produce printed materials


the communication of something to the public; making information generally known


a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story


the craft of composing type and printing from it


the business of producing printed material for sale or distribution


using photography to produce a plate for printing


wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers)


the act of packaging cargo into unit loads


the commercial activity involved in repairing old structures or constructing new ones

their main business is home construction


construction of inferior buildings for a quick profit


the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials


the channel will be open to navigation as soon as the ice melts


the activity of transporting goods by truck


the work of taking something away in a cart or truck and disposing of it


transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates


the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)

no transactions are possible without him


transactions of professional or public interest


you can't really keep up with world affairs by watching television


financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records


(law) the voluntary and absolute transfer of title and possession of real property from one person to another

the power of alienation is an essential ingredient of ownership


oewn-conveyance-n oewn-conveyance_of_title-n oewn-conveyancing-n oewn-conveying-n

act of transferring property title from one person to another


act of transferring a title or right or claim to another


the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another


the delivery of personal property in trust by the bailor to the bailee


the transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause

lend-lease during World War II was extremely generous


transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession


the act of giving something in return for something received

deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable


oewn-barter-n oewn-swap-n oewn-swop-n oewn-trade-n

we had no money so we had to live by barter


the swapping of horses (accompanied by much bargaining)


act of exchanging favors for mutual gain; especially trading of influence or votes among legislators to gain passage of certain projects


a particular instance of buying or selling


a transaction in the stock market at a price below the price of the preceding transaction


a transaction in the stock market at a price above the price of the preceding transaction


borrowing and leaving an article as security for repayment of the loan


the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car)


the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia


the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country


the commercial activity of selling and shipping goods to a foreign country


secretly importing prohibited goods or goods on which duty is due


the smuggling of guns and ammunition into a country secretly and illegally


the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service

most companies have a manager in charge of marketing


marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer


marketing based on studies of consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective responses


the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer


the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money


a way of selling a company's product either directly or via distributors

possible distribution channels are wholesalers or small retailers or retail chains or direct mailers or your own stores


buying and selling; especially illicit trade


traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments


traffic in slaves; especially in Black Africans transported to America in the 16th to 19th centuries


the selling of goods to consumers; usually in small quantities and not for resale


the selling of goods to merchants; usually in large quantities for resale to consumers


the selling of an entire stock of something

the latest Xbox game is so popular, shops are warning of a probable sellout before Christmas


the sale by a company of a product line or a subsidiary or a division


the activity of persuading someone to buy


selling (an article or cartoon) for publication in many magazines or newspapers at the same time

he received a comfortable income from the syndication of his work


selling goods abroad at a price below that charged in the domestic market


a method of selling in which the price is reduced until a buyer is found


the activities involved in selling commodities directly to consumers


the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion and sales


automatic transmission and measurement of data from remote sources by wire or radio or other means


the measurement of changes in weight as a function of changes in temperature used as a technique of chemically analyzing substances


the measurement of intraocular pressure by determining the amount of force needed to make a slight indentation in the cornea


oewn-vending-n oewn-peddling-n oewn-hawking-n oewn-vendition-n


a commercial undertaking that risks a loss but promises a profit


an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices

they held a sale to reduce their inventory


bazaar at which books are sold or auctioned off in order to raise funds for a worthy cause


a fair at which objects made by craftsmen are offered for sale


an outdoor sale at which people sell things from the trunk of their car


a sale intended to dispose of all remaining stock


a sale of merchandise supposedly damaged by fire


a sale of assets at very low prices typically when the seller faces bankruptcy


an outdoor sale of used personal or household items held on the seller's premises


a sale of all the tangible assets of a business that is about to close

during the Great Depression going-out-of-business sales were very common


a sale in order to obtain money (as a sale of stock or a sale of the estate of a bankrupt person) or the money so obtained


a sale of a relatively large number of assets (stocks or bonds or commodities) at a low price typically done to dispose of them rather than as normal trade


the deliberate act of failing to pay money


payment of an obligation in a series of installments or transfers


payment (usually by doctors or lawyers) of part of the fee in return for the referral


the act of returning money received previously


the act of paying for goods or services or to recompense for losses


oewn-spending-n oewn-disbursement-n oewn-disbursal-n oewn-outlay-n


payment by one nation for protection by another


the act of spending money for goods or services


spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy


the reduction of the value of an asset by prorating its cost over a period of years


the movement of persons from one country or locality to another


a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field


a headlong rush of people on a common impulse

when he shouted `fire' there was a stampede to the exits


control exerted (actively or passively) by group action


social control achieved as a manifestation of self-will or general consent


a mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's standards


control over the growth of population; a government program


the activities and affairs involved in managing a state or a government

unemployment dominated the politics of the inter-war years


oewn-government-n oewn-governing-n oewn-governance-n oewn-government_activity-n oewn-administration-n

the act of governing; exercising authority

regulations for the governing of state prisons


government that is inefficient or dishonest


legislation that makes something illegal


legislation that makes something legal that was formerly illegal


(law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)


the craft and science of growing grapes and making wine


the cultivation of grapes and grape vines; grape growing


the passing of a law by a legislative body


the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to


the act of compelling by force of authority


the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order

the agency was created for the implementation of the policy


the act of imposing something (as a tax or an embargo)


the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition

he made trade protection a plank in the party platform


the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforce the laws


domination of a political organization by a party boss


the act of mastering or subordinating someone


domination (of a market or commodity) to the exclusion of others


oewn-socialization-n oewn-socialisation-n oewn-acculturation-n oewn-enculturation-n

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

the socialization of children to the norms of their culture


socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners


oewn-breeding-n oewn-bringing_up-n oewn-fostering-n oewn-fosterage-n oewn-nurture-n oewn-raising-n oewn-rearing-n oewn-upbringing-n

helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community

they debated whether nature or nurture was more important


the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

we must instill a sense of duty in our children


an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong

he did it out of a feeling of moral obligation


the obligation of those of high rank to be honorable and generous


acts which the law requires be done or forborne


the legal duty of a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the beneficiary


the care that a reasonable man would exercise under the circumstances; the standard for determining legal duty


supervised care for delinquent or neglected children usually in an institution or substitute home


more attention and consideration than is normally bestowed by prudent persons

the pilot exercised great care in landing


the guardianship and control exercised by a deity


such care as a careless or inattentive person would exercise


all that is normally required in some area of responsibility


the supposed responsibility of the white race to provide care for their non-white subjects


behavior intended to please your parents

their children were never very strong on obedience


the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power


he was given overall management of the program


the management of money and credit and banking and investments


bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf


management that is careless or inefficient

he accomplished little due to the mismanagement of his energies


the complete mismanagement or mishandling of a situation


the act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that can break down the undesirable substances


method or manner of conduct in relation to others


oewn-supervision-n oewn-supervising-n oewn-superintendence-n oewn-oversight-n

management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group


keeping watch over examination candidates to prevent cheating


a method of tending to or managing the affairs of some group of people (especially the group's business affairs)


administration of the activities contributing directly to an organization's output


the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business

he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department


the act of administering or being in charge of something

he has responsibility for the running of two companies at the same time


the tiresome but essential details that must be taken care of and tasks that must be performed in running an organization

he sets policy and leaves all the administrivia to his assistant


shrewd or crafty management of public affairs

we were innocent of stratagems and polity


an organization chartered for other than profit-making activities


the organization of a business according to scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiency


oewn-reorganization-n oewn-reorganisation-n oewn-shake-up-n oewn-shakeup-n

the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes)

a committee was appointed to oversee the reorganization of the curriculum


organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union)


organizing into or administering as a syndicate


the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant


the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization


they are living together without benefit of clergy


the act of certifying or bestowing a franchise on


the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise


the act of granting credit or recognition (especially with respect to an educational institution that maintains suitable standards)

a commission is responsible for the accreditation of medical schools


the act of granting authority to undertake certain functions


the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory


oewn-delegating-n oewn-delegation-n oewn-relegating-n oewn-relegation-n oewn-deputation-n

authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions


the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)


formal authorization to get a loan (usually from a bank)


routine authorization of an action without questions


He objected to the allowance of smoking in the dining room


an exemption from some rule or obligation


an official dispensation to act contrary to a rule or regulation (typically a building regulation)


official recognition of the right of individuals to hold dissenting opinions (especially in religion)


oewn-channelization-n oewn-channelisation-n oewn-canalization-n oewn-canalisation-n

management through specified channels of communication


the production of a canal or a conversion to canals


the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose


performing mild exercises to prepare for some more strenuous activity


the distribution of forces in preparation for battle or work


preliminary preparation as a basis or foundation

we are prepared today because of groundwork that was done ten years ago


the withdrawal and redistribution of forces in an attempt to use them more effectively


an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action

the planning was more fun than the trip itself


setting an order and time for planned events


act or process of unloading and loading and servicing a vessel or aircraft for a return trip


exercising in preparation for strenuous activity


oewn-coup_d-ap-etat-n oewn-coup-n oewn-putsch-n oewn-takeover-n

a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force


a sudden and decisive overthrow of a government that gained power by a coup d'etat


the act of controlling by restraining someone or something


asked for a collar on program trading in the stock market


the act of restraining power or action or limiting excess

his common sense is a bridle to his quick temper


the act of limiting movement or making incapable of movement

the storm caused complete immobilization of the rescue team


the act of restraining of a person's liberty by confining them


the act of confining someone in a prison (or as if in a prison)


the act of confining prisoners to their cells (usually to regain control during a riot)


(law) confinement without legal authority


the act of containing; keeping something from spreading


a strategy of defense in cases of bioterrorism; vaccination only of people exposed and others who are in contact with them

ring containment is a proven method of halting a smallpox epidemic


the act of withholding or withdrawing some book or writing from publication or circulation


any act that tends to prevent free competition in business


the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary)

the restriction of the infection to a focal area


restriction imposed by the government on documents or weapons that are available only to certain authorized people


reduction or removal by the government of restrictions on a classified document or weapon


a restriction that is insisted upon as a condition for an agreement


the act of constraining; the threat or use of force to control the thoughts or behavior of others


decrease in the diameter of blood vessels


act of depriving someone of food or money or rights


the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine

the besiegers used starvation to induce surrender


the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demands of)


the act of appeasing someone or causing someone to be more favorably inclined

a wonderful skill in the pacification of crying infants


the act of placating and overcoming distrust and animosity


the act of bringing something under international control


oewn-nationalization-n oewn-nationalisation-n oewn-communization-n oewn-communisation-n

changing something from private to state ownership or control


oewn-denationalization-n oewn-denationalisation-n oewn-privatization-n oewn-privatisation-n

changing something from state to private ownership or control


the action of rendering national in character


the action of forming or becoming a nation


the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living


the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism


the organization of a nation of the basis of communism


a change from private property to public property owned by the community


the act of constituting a political unity out of a number of separate states or colonies or provinces so that each member retains the management of its internal affairs


unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice


(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support


the system of patronage in communist countries; controlled by committees in the Communist Party


oewn-ableism-n oewn-ablism-n oewn-able-bodiedism-n oewn-able-bodism-n

discrimination in favor of the able-bodied


discrimination on the basis of a person's age


favoritism shown to friends and associates (as by appointing them to positions without regard for their qualifications)


discrimination against people who are overweight


discrimination in favor of heterosexual and against homosexual people


favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)


discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race


a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups


the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion


the act of changing the institution that invests your pension plan without incurring a tax penalty


discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex


activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women


discrimination (usually in employment) that excludes one sex (usually women) to the benefit of the other sex


oewn-mobilization-n oewn-mobilisation-n oewn-militarization-n oewn-militarisation-n

act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency:


the act of equipping with weapons in preparation for war


the act of renovating and fitting out a ship


outfitting a ship again (by repairing or replacing parts)


he opposed the rearmament of Japan after World War II


the disarmament of the aggressor nations must be complete


oewn-conscription-n oewn-muster-n oewn-draft-n oewn-selective_service-n


the act of drafting into military service


act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops


oewn-standardization-n oewn-standardisation-n oewn-normalization-n oewn-normalisation-n

the imposition of standards or regulations

a committee was appointed to recommend terminological standardization


the act of stabilizing something or making it more stable

he worked for price stabilization for farm products


the action of destabilizing; making something less stable (especially of a government or country or economy)


the act of stylizing; causing to conform to a particular style


the act of conventionalizing; conforming to a conventional style


the imposition of taxes; the practice of the government in levying taxes on the subjects of a state


oewn-punishment-n oewn-penalty-n oewn-penalization-n oewn-penalisation-n

the act of punishing, or the infliction of a penalty


oewn-beating-n oewn-thrashing-n oewn-licking-n oewn-drubbing-n oewn-lacing-n oewn-trouncing-n oewn-whacking-n

the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


the infliction of physical injury on someone convicted of committing a crime


punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed


a punishment in which a student must stay at school after others have gone home


the offenders deserved the harsh discipline they received


punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them

the economic strangulation of the Jews by the Nazi Party


putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment


the policy so far is all stick and no carrot


oewn-whipping-n oewn-tanning-n oewn-flogging-n oewn-lashing-n oewn-flagellation-n

beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment


beating as a source of erotic or religious stimulation


the use of electricity to administer punishment or torture

they used cattle prods to administer electric shocks


oewn-execution-n oewn-executing-n oewn-capital_punishment-n oewn-death_penalty-n


a form of punishment in which a person is forced to run between two lines of men facing each other and armed with clubs or whips to beat the victim


punishment inflicted by kicking the victim in the behind


the act of pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the victim (even unto death)


the burning to death of heretics (as during the Spanish Inquisition)


a form of capital punishment; victim is suspended by the neck from a gallows or gibbet until dead

in those days the hanging of criminals was a public entertainment


execution by cutting off the victim's head


the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world; the victim's hands and feet are bound or nailed to a cross


voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing


the official act of consigning a person to confinement (as in a prison or mental hospital)


(law) the reduction in severity of a punishment imposed by law


the social control of offenders through a system of imprisonment and rehabilitation and probation and parole


the act of changing one thing for another thing

Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience


(sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes

after a short rally Connors won the point


I faced a tradeoff between eating and buying my medicine


the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another


the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person


the act of obeying meanly (especially obeying in a humble manner or for unworthy reasons)


abject submission; the emotional equivalent of prostrating your body


bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension


any hard struggle between equally matched groups


a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights


actions counter to the main group activity

political crosscurrents disrupted the conference


a protest action by labor or minority groups to obtain their demands


the act of competing as for profit or a prize

the teams were in fierce contention for first place


a contest in which intelligence rather than violence is used


competition (real or figurative) for popular support


group action in opposition to those in power


group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence


the act of hostile groups opposing each other

the government was not ready for a confrontation with the unions


resistance by potential customers to aggressive selling practices


strife resulting from a lack of agreement


violence exhibited by drivers in traffic


a public act of violence by an unruly mob


a riot caused by hatred for one another of members of different races in the same community


oewn-fight-n oewn-fighting-n oewn-combat-n oewn-scrap-n

the act of fighting; any contest or struggle


the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules)


conflict between members of the same organization (usually concealed from outsiders)


the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat


oewn-hassle-n oewn-scuffle-n oewn-tussle-n oewn-dogfight-n oewn-rough-and-tumble-n


(informal British usage) aggravation or aggression

I skipped it because it was too much aggro


a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor


a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon


a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument


(fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward


(fencing) blocking a lunge or deflecting it with a circular motion of the sword


(fencing) a second thrust made on the same lunge (as when your opponent fails to riposte)


(fencing) a counterattack made immediately after successfully parrying the opponents lunge


a swinging blow directed upward (especially at an opponent's chin)


oewn-hammer-n oewn-pound-n oewn-hammering-n oewn-pounding-n

the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows)

the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard


he is still recovering from a shot to his leg


an illegal and unsportsmanlike act of unnecessary violence

he called a penalty on them when the lineman took a cheap shot at the quarterback


oewn-affray-n oewn-disturbance-n oewn-fray-n oewn-ruffle-n


a fight between rival gangs of adolescents


in all armies there were officers who needed to prove their bravery by single combat


the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent


refusal to accept some authority or code or convention

each generation must have its own rebellion


a public display of group feelings (usually of a political nature)

there were violent demonstrations against the war


a demonstration held in opposition to another demonstration

supporters of the president organized a counterdemonstration in his support


the act of walking out (of a meeting or organization) as a sign of protest

there was a walkout by the Black members as the chairman rose to speak


demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea


a protest march against (a particular) war and in favor of peace


a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move


occasion when workers continue to work as a protest against e.g. proposed dismissal or closure of the factory


occasion when you can express opposition by marching (usually on some government institution) without a license


obstinate rebelliousness and insubordination; resistance to authority


a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)

Thoreau wrote a famous essay justifying civil disobedience


a willful disobedience to or disrespect for the authority of a court or legislative body


deliberate obstruction of the operation of the federal legislative branch


disrespect for the rules of a court of law


a failure to follow a court order that benefits someone else


willful refusal to appear before a court or comply with a court order; can result in a finding of contempt of court


an act of disrespect that impedes the administration of justice


impeding those who seek justice in a court (as by trying to influence or intimidate any juror or witness or officer of the court); can result in a finding of contempt of court


(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards


a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong


an act by a government body or supranational organization

recent federal action undermined the segregationist position


oewn-lawsuit-n oewn-suit-n oewn-case-n oewn-cause-n oewn-causa-n

a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy

the family brought suit against the landlord


a lawsuit alleging violations of civil law by the defendant


a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group


a suit brought against someone who has sued you


a lawsuit alleging violations of criminal law by the defendant


a hypothetical case that law students argue as an exercise


a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined)


a legal action brought against parties who are charged with limiting free competition in the market place


legal action to protect a private civil right or to compel a civil remedy (as distinguished from criminal prosecution)


a claim filed in opposition to another claim in a legal action


a legal action to determine custody (usually of children following a divorce)


(law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked


a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood; the adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents (including the right to inherit)


(law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial

their appeal was denied in the superior court


a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was incorrect and should be set aside


a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was correct and should stand


a legal process intended to insure equality among the creditors of a corporation declared to be insolvent


a court action that places property under the control of a receiver during litigation so that it can be preserved for the benefit of all


a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights


litigation to settle custody of the children of a divorced couple


litigation shown to have been instituted maliciously and without probable cause

he got an injunction against vexatious litigation by his enemies


an accusation of crime made by a grand jury on its own initiative


the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship


(law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it


oewn-confession_of_judgment-n oewn-confession_of_judgement-n oewn-cognovit_judgment-n oewn-cognovit_judgement-n

a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings


oewn-default_judgment-n oewn-default_judgement-n oewn-judgment_by_default-n oewn-judgement_by_default-n

a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court)


a judgment entered in favor of the defendant when the plaintiff has not continued his action (e.g., has not appeared in court)


a judgment disposing of the case before the court; after the judgment (or an appeal from it) is rendered all that remains is to enforce the judgment


oewn-conviction-n oewn-judgment_of_conviction-n oewn-condemnation-n oewn-sentence-n

(criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed


oewn-judgment_in_personam-n oewn-judgement_in_personam-n oewn-personal_judgment-n oewn-personal_judgement-n

a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages


a judgment pronounced on the status of some particular subject or property or thing (as opposed to one pronounced on persons)


a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial


judgment rendered through analysis and adjudication of the factual issues presented


oewn-summary_judgment-n oewn-summary_judgement-n oewn-judgment_on_the_pleadings-n oewn-judgement_on_the_pleadings-n

a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law


the act of deciding as an arbiter; giving authoritative judgment

they submitted their disagreement to arbitration


the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself)


a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy


a ruling on a point of Islamic law that is given by a recognized authority


oewn-umpirage-n oewn-officiation-n oewn-officiating-n oewn-refereeing-n


the decision of a court on issues of fact or law


(law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment


a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts


a verdict resulting from improper compromises between jurors on material issues


a verdict entered by the court in a jury trial without consideration by the jury

there cannot be a directed verdict of guilty in a criminal trial


a manifestly unjust verdict; not true to the evidence


an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact


(criminal law) a finding that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others


an improper and unacceptable kind of compromise verdict


a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other


the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law


the physical ouster of a tenant from the leased premises; the tenant is relieved of any further duty to pay rent


action by a landlord that compels a tenant to leave the premises (as by rendering the premises unfit for occupancy); no physical expulsion or legal process is involved


an eviction in reprisal for the tenant's good-faith complaints against the landlord; illegal in many states


the act of rendering a person legitimate

he has filial rights because he obtained letters of legitimation from the king


(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law

he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty


a trial that is conducted by a military court


a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control; escape was usually taken as a sign of innocence


a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed


a trial held for show; the guilt of the accused person has been decided in advance


(law) a judicial reexamination of the proceedings of a court (especially by an appellate court)


a proceeding brought to obtain an explanation or an alteration or a reversal of a decree by the court that rendered it


review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court


an answer indicating why a suit should be dismissed


the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution


the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a defendant for criminal behavior


a representative legal action whose outcome is likely to become a precedent


oewn-defense-n oewn-defence-n oewn-denial-n oewn-demurrer-n

a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him


a defense that claims the defendant would not have broken the law if not tricked into doing it by law enforcement officials


a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors


(law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence


a hearing that takes place outside the judicial process before hearing examiners who have been granted judicial authority specifically for the purpose of conducting such hearings


a hearing to determine legal capacity (to determine whether the defendant can understand the charges and cooperate with a lawyer in preparing a defense)


a hearing that is granted in extraordinary situations where the normal judicial process would be inadequate to secure due process because the person would be harmed or denied their rights before a judicial remedy became available (as in deportation or loss of welfare benefits)


a hearing to determine by what authority someone has an office or franchise or liberty


the social act of separating or parting company


(law) the cessation of cohabitation of man and wife (either by mutual agreement or under a court order)


isolation to prevent the spread of infectious disease


the act of secluding yourself from others


retreating to the seclusion of your home (as for privacy or escape)


the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others


the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community


advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state


the act of ceasing to participate in an activity


their cooperation with us was essential for the success of our mission


a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions

we had an intense brainstorming session today


cooperative work done by a team (especially when it is effective)

it will take money, good planning and, above all, teamwork


oewn-conformity-n oewn-conformation-n oewn-compliance-n oewn-abidance-n

acting according to certain accepted standards

their financial statements are in conformity with generally accepted accounting practices


conformity with law or custom or practice etc.


a lack of conformity with law or custom or practice etc.


failure to conform to accepted standards of behavior


his behavior was not in keeping with the occasion


they worked either in collaboration or independently


act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country


acting together, as agents or circumstances or events


acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity


oewn-commitment-n oewn-allegiance-n oewn-loyalty-n oewn-dedication-n

the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action


the devotion of his time and wealth to science


devotion to the doctrine or a cult or to the practices of a cult


the act of enlisting (as in a military service)


loyalty or allegiance to a cause or a person


excessive or irrational devotion to some activity


oewn-aid-n oewn-assist-n oewn-assistance-n oewn-help-n

the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose


act of assisting or making easier the progress or improvement of something


thanks to hard work it was a great success


any of various services designed to aid the poor and aged and to increase the welfare of children


close sociological study of a maladjusted person or family for diagnosis and treatment


oewn-relief-n oewn-succor-n oewn-succour-n oewn-ministration-n

the contributions provided some relief for the victims


an act of help or assistance; something (such as a tool, software or system) used to render said help or assistance


an act intended to help that turns out badly


a service involving care for other people's children


an unpaid service for the benefit of the public that is performed by lawbreakers as part (or all) of their sentence


a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions


childcare during the day while parents work


a service that provides information and assistance to the users of a computer network


the service of ushering people to their seats


the act of providing something (lodging or seat or food) to meet a need


the act of giving hope or support to someone


assistance, such as that provided to an enemy or to a known criminal


the sight of flowers every morning was my morale builder


the act of consoling; giving relief in affliction


an act of excessive simplification; the act of making something seem simpler than it really is


(mathematics) the simplification of an expression or equation by eliminating radicals without changing the value of the expression or the roots of the equation


aiding the cause or policy or interests of

the president no longer has the support of his own party


faithful support for a cause or political party or religion


excessive adherence to ecclesiastical forms and activities

their ecclesiasticism overwhelmed their religion


adherence to some extreme traditional theological concept or interpretation


adherence or attachment to a monarchy or to the principle of monarchal government


adherence to tradition (especially in cultural or religious matters)


oewn-backing-n oewn-backup-n oewn-championship-n oewn-patronage-n

the act of providing approval and support

his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives


active support of an idea or cause etc.; especially the act of pleading or arguing for something


a vehement and vociferous advocacy of a cause

the warmongers kept up their drumbeat on Iraq


insistence on grammatical correctness is a conservative position


the act of earnestly supporting or encouraging


the tournament was held under the auspices of the city council


the act of sponsoring (either officially or financially)


a star athlete can make a lot of money from endorsements


the act of reassuring; restoring someone's confidence


the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities


oewn-sustenance-n oewn-sustentation-n oewn-sustainment-n oewn-maintenance-n oewn-upkeep-n

the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence


assistance between and within military commands


the pooling of specific resources by subscribing nations for the support of some joint operation


arrangements made between nations to assist each other


provision of logistic (or administrative) support by one or more of the military services to one or more departments or agencies of the United States government


action by one military service to provide logistic (or administrative) support to another military service


the act of representing; standing in for someone or some group and speaking with authority in their behalf


representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote


a way of hiring longshoremen by the day; applicants gather around a union boss who selects those to be hired


the recall of an employee after a layoff


the act of reserving (a place or passage) or engaging the services of (a person or group)


a small token in admiration of your works


the idealization of rural life was very misleading


oewn-sentimentalization-n oewn-sentimentalisation-n oewn-romanticization-n oewn-romanticisation-n


an act performed to strengthen approved behavior


promise of reward as in "carrot and stick"

used the carrot of subsidized housing for the workers to get their vote


the act of expressing disapproval (especially of yourself)


oewn-aspersion-n oewn-calumny-n oewn-slander-n oewn-defamation-n oewn-denigration-n

an abusive attack on a person's character or good name


he published an unexpected attack on my work


the act of discrediting or detracting from someone's reputation (especially by slander)

let it be no detraction from his merits to say he is plainspoken


oewn-behavior-n oewn-behaviour-n oewn-conduct-n oewn-doings-n

manner of acting or controlling yourself


(psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation


the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory


unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment


the final irritation that stretches your patience beyond the limit


his foolishness was followed by an exacerbation of their quarrel


aggressive remarks and behavior like that of a spiteful malicious woman


the act of intimidating a weaker person to make them do something


aggravation by deriding or mocking or criticizing


the act of asserting yourself in an aggressive manner


(law) the act of condemning (as land forfeited for public use) or judging to be unfit for use (as a food product or an unsafe building)


conduct that is unfair or unethical or unsportsmanlike


underhand commercial or political behavior designed to discredit an opponent


oewn-discourtesy-n oewn-offense-n oewn-offence-n oewn-offensive_activity-n

a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings of others


the quality of being easy in behavior or style


the act of deriding or treating with contempt


a deliberately offensive act or something producing the effect of deliberate disrespect

turning his back on me was a deliberate insult


an affront to one's dignity or self-esteem


a kind of discourtesy in the form of an act of presuming


a deliberate discourteous act (usually as an expression of anger or disapproval)


an aloof refusal to speak to someone you know


the manner in which people typically behave or things typically happen

the ordinary reader is endowed with considerable wisdom and knowledge of the way of the world


an act intending or showing kindness and good will


a show of affection motivated by selfishness


the act of excusing a mistake or offense


a pardon by treating the offender as if the offense had not occurred


alleviation of distress; showing great kindness toward the distressed

distributing food and clothing to the flood victims was an act of mercy


an act showing respect (especially a bow or curtsy)


a courteous or respectful or considerate act


something done as an indication of intention


a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture


she tried to win his heart with her many attentions


a courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard

his deference to her wishes was very flattering


the act of expressing respect for someone who has died

he paid his last respects by standing quietly at the graveside


I have to give my props to the governor for the way he handled the problem


act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action

mobilization of the country's economic resources


the act of mobilizing for a common purpose

the bell was a signal for the rallying of the whole neighborhood


the social act of assembling for some common purpose

his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day


a trip made by a repairman to visit the location of something in need of service


a secret rendezvous (especially between lovers)


a meeting planned at a certain time and place


a meeting devoted to a particular activity


a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study


oewn-socialization-n oewn-socialisation-n oewn-socializing-n oewn-socialising-n

there was too much socialization with the enlisted men


the act of going to see some person in a professional capacity


the act of visiting in an official capacity (as for an inspection)


a visit that last for only a very short time

he wanted to hear all about my flying visit to his old stamping grounds


the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time


the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)


formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action


attendance for a particular event or purpose (as to vote in an election)


failure to appear (especially as at court)


in return we gave them as good as we got


his answer to any problem was to get drunk


action taken in return for an injury or offense


the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life

Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord


a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime


the act of making or doing something in return


an active struggle between competing entities


conflict between law enforcement and those who deal in illegal drugs


a struggle (usually prolonged) between competing entities in which neither side is able to win

the hope that his superior campaigning skills would make a difference evaporated in the realization that electioneering had become a form of trench warfare


a feud in which members of the opposing parties murder each other


the action of making something democratic


the act of combining into an integral whole


the act of consolidating power under a central control


the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments


consolidating two or more things; union in (or into) one body


the combination of two or more commercial companies


absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution


absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level


oewn-engagement-n oewn-participation-n oewn-involvement-n oewn-involution-n

the act of sharing in the activities of a group

the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities


withdrawing from the activities of a group


a country's withdrawal from international politics

he opposed a policy of American isolation


an engagement by contract involving financial obligation

his business commitments took him to London


the act of incurring (making yourself subject to something undesirable)


the act of intervening (as to mediate a dispute, etc.)


the act of intervening for the purpose of bringing about a settlement


mediation in order to bring about a marriage between others


(law) a formal termination (of a relationship or a judicial proceeding etc)


the act of vindicating or defending against criticism or censure etc.

friends provided a vindication of his position


a specious or deceptive clearing that attempts to gloss over failings and defects


the act of defending or explaining or making excuses for by reasoning

the justification of barbarous means by holy ends


vindication of a person's character and the re-establishment of that person's reputation


a temporary action by workers to protest management decision or to make demands


a form of protest by workers in which they deliberately slow down in order to cause problem for their employers


a job action in which workers cause a slowdown by doing only the minimum amount required by the rules of the workplace


peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate


a voluntary fast undertaken as a means of protest


(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan


the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms


refusal to submit to established authority; originally the refusal of Roman Catholics to attend services of the Church of England


a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions

the strike lasted more than a month before it was settled


a strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached


a strike in support of other workers who are on strike; a strike not resulting from direct grievances against the workers' employer


a strike undertaken by workers without approval from the officials of their union


oewn-unsnarling-n oewn-untangling-n oewn-disentanglement-n oewn-extrication-n

the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition


a deliberate act of destruction or disruption in which equipment is damaged


systematic killing of a racial or cultural group


an act of mass destruction and loss of life (especially in war or by fire)


the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945


casting an object in order to determine an outcome randomly

he risked his fortune on a throw of the dice


(craps) a first roll of 7 or 11 that immediately wins the stake


an attack of machine-gun fire or cannon fire from a low flying airplane

the next morning they carried out a strafe of enemy airfields


a surprise attack involving the deliberate use of violence against civilians in the hope of attaining political or religious aims


oewn-ambush-n oewn-ambuscade-n oewn-lying_in_wait-n oewn-trap-n

the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise


a surprise attack that is launched in order to prevent the enemy from doing it to you


freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child


he believed in the manumission of the slaves


an observation made with a radio telescope


oewn-stupidity-n oewn-betise-n oewn-folly-n oewn-foolishness-n oewn-imbecility-n


the surgery was performed on his second admission to the clinic


the surgery was performed on his readmission to the clinic


admission to a group (especially a college or university)


the act of renewing yourself (or itself)


the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion

scientists will not believe an experimental result until they have seen at least one replication


the demolition of the huge tower was quite a spectacle


(law) the intentional destruction of a document or an alteration of it that destroys its value as evidence


willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others


a correction by emending; a correction resulting from critical editing


a murder carried out by an underworld syndicate


murder by shooting someone down in cold blood


an act that changes the form or character or substance of something


electronic jamming over a wide range of frequencies simultaneously


electronic jamming of a specific channel or frequency


the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information


actions to eliminate revealing telltale indicators that could be used by the enemy (or to convey misleading indicators)


actions to represent friendly notional or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces


the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions


(law) reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect


the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies


the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind)


the act of dismounting (a horse or bike etc.)


the act of spreading outward from a central source


the act of emitting; causing to flow forth


deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems


the act of making something legally void


a hypothetical mode of instantaneous transportation; matter is dematerialized at one place and recreated at another


singing by a soloist of the opening piece of plainsong


the intonation of keyboard instruments where the pitch of each note is fixed and cannot be varied by the performer


singing popular songs accompanied by a recording of an orchestra (usually in bars or nightclubs)


a voice exercise; singing scales or runs to the same syllable


singing using solfa syllables to denote the notes of the scale of C major


singing by changing back and forth between the chest voice and a falsetto


the playing of a card to start a trick in bridge


the President is at the helm of the Ship of State


a position of being the initiator of something and an example that others will follow (especially in the phrase `take the lead')


the initiating or popularizing of a trend or fashion


the act of preceding in time or order or rank (as in a ceremony)


any activity that is performed alone without assistance


the act of flooding; filling to overflowing


(law) a conditional release from imprisonment that entitles the person to serve the remainder of the sentence outside the prison as long as the terms of release are complied with


the act of populating (causing to live in a place)

he deplored the population of colonies with convicted criminals


(law) a way of dealing with offenders without imprisoning them; a defendant found guilty of a crime is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court

probation is part of the sentencing process


clemency or mercy shown to a defeated opponent


the act of removing an official by petition


the act (by someone having the authority) of annulling something previously done


the act of reprieving; postponing or remitting punishment


the mistake of not following suit when able to do so


(card games) the act of taking a trick with a trump when unable to follow suit


(card games) in a single round, the sequence of cards played by all the players; the high card is the winner


the buzz of excitement was so great that a formal denial was issued


the activity of fastening something firmly in position


fixation (as by a plaster cast) of a body part in order to promote proper healing

immobilization of the injured knee was necessary


she asked for money and then the fun began


he looked forward to the excitements of the day


excitation that makes your hair stand up or that chills your bones

the movie was an old-fashioned hair-raiser


something that causes you to experience a sudden intense feeling or sensation


an act of urging on or spurring on or rousing to action or instigating


arousing to a particular emotion or action


the act of arousing an organism to action


stimulation that arouses a person to lively action

the unexpected news produced a kind of galvanization of the whole team


the act of removing floating material from the surface of a liquid


the act of taking out money or other capital


the act of withdrawing blood, tumors, etc.

the nurse was expert at the withdrawal of blood


the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it


the act of turning a vehicle around in a limited space by moving in a series of back and forward arcs


an act that avoids a loss of face (of dignity or prestige)


the act of getting recruits; enlisting people for the army (or for a job or a cause etc.)


reference to an encyclopedia produced the answer


the act of giving special importance or significance to something


activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion

she had no other outlet for her feelings


a person's dying act; the final thing a person can do


a fast shot made with a short powerful swing of the hockey stick


an attempt to put the soccer ball into the net by using the head


the act of removing the husks from ears of corn


repeated blinking or winking (especially if uncontrolled and persistent)


an examination of the affairs and records of a bank by a state or federal bank examiner


the action of rendering supremely blessed and extremely happy


stabilization by bringing into equilibrium


the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area


starting an automobile engine that has a weak battery by means of jumper cables to another car

my battery was dead so I had to get a jumpstart from my neighbor


the activity of obscuring people's understanding, leaving them baffled or bewildered


the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms


the formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice

his promulgation of the policy proved to be premature


the action of establishing on a socialist basis


the act of making something (as a vessel or aircraft) less likely to overturn


the action of stupefying; making dull or lethargic

the professor was noted for his stupefaction of the students


reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood; an adverse reaction can range from fever and hives to renal failure and shock and death


the act of improving something (especially machinery) by raising it to a higher grade (as by adding or replacing components)


manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)


the act of rendering something coarse and unrefined


a surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are transferred from one species to another species


the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC


islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC


a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)


a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415


a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico


a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864


a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II


a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland


the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945


the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it


a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed

the Battle of Kerbala is the basis for the Ta'ziyehs that are performed annually


a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise


oewn-Second_Battle_of_the_Marne-n oewn-Battle_of_the_Marne-n oewn-Belleau_Wood-n oewn-Chateau-Thierry-n oewn-Marne_River-n

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918


a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943


the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession


Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army


the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII


in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages


a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts


a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots


a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico


either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles


the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces


ancient city in southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC


battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces


a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans


a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)


the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451


a major battle in the American Civil War (1863); the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker


a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847)


in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg


a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces


a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur


a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers


battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British


the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois


battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne


the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece


the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks


the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954


in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants


an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire


oewn-Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein-n oewn-First_Battle_of_El_Alamein-n oewn-El_Alamein-n oewn-Al_Alamayn-n oewn-Battle_of_El_Alamein-n

a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel


World War II (February 1944); American infantry landed and captured a Japanese stronghold


a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed


a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland


a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775


an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee


a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union


the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)


a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces


a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862); the indecisive battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac


the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest


a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians


a battle in the Korean War (1950); United States forces landed at Inchon


discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)


a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius


a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III


a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne


oewn-Battle_of_Iwo_Jima-n oewn-Iwo-n oewn-Iwo_Jima-n oewn-invasion_of_Iwo-n

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)


the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians


an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark


battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston


an amphibious assault in the Pacific in World War II (January 1944); American forces landed and captured a Japanese air base


a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius


(1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants


Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope


Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece


oewn-Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord-n oewn-Lexington-n oewn-Concord-n oewn-Lexington_and_Concord-n

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)


oewn-Battle_of_Leyte-n oewn-Leyte-n oewn-Leyte_Island-n oewn-Leyte_invasion-n

a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese


oewn-Little_Bighorn-n oewn-Battle_of_Little_Bighorn-n oewn-Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn-n oewn-Custer-ap-s_Last_Stand-n

a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command


the British residents of Lucknow were besieged by Indian insurgents during the Indian Mutiny (1857)


the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks


a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed


one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province


a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I


a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem


a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet


the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC


a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians


a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians


a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert


a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy


oewn-Meuse-Argonne_Offensive-n oewn-Meuse-n oewn-Meuse_River-n oewn-Argonne-n oewn-Argonne_Forest-n oewn-Meuse-Argonne-n oewn-Meuse-Argonne_operation-n

an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11


naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands


a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French


a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces


a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists


a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships


a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans


a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese


an operation as part of the Gulf War in 1991, where the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in ground combat lasting 100 hours


a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429


battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761


a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)


the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee


Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC


a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte


the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal


a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC


the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days


the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French


a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese


a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862


a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom


a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512


a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders


a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria


oewn-Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel-n oewn-Saint-Mihiel-n oewn-St_Mihiel-n oewn-battle_of_St_Mihiel-n

a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France


US forces captured the island from the Japanese in July 1944; it was an important air base until the end of World War II


a battle in World War II; the port was captured by United States troops in September 1943


a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape


a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated


the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386


the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory


oewn-Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne-n oewn-Soissons-n oewn-battle_of_Soissons-Reims-n oewn-battle_of_the_Chemin-des-Dames-n oewn-battle_of_the_Aisne-n

a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure


an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I


in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England


a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign


the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse


the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)


a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians


oewn-Battle_of_Tarawa-n oewn-Tarawa-n oewn-Makin-n oewn-Tarawa-Makin-n

battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting


a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis


a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions


the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians


a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece


a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)


a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC


a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait


the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)


a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped


a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered


a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians


in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines


the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon


American Civil War; a series of indecisive battles in Grant's campaign (1864) against Lee in which both armies suffered terrible losses


a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back


in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution


battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others


battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient


oewn-battle_of_Passchendaele-n oewn-Ypres-n oewn-battle_of_Ypres-n oewn-third_battle_of_Ypres-n

battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery


the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War


civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865


the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783


tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East


Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt


two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe


either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)


the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912


a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856


the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959


civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648


the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)


a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871


a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760


the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799


the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453


a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution


a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953


a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)


after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000


a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815


the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the battle of Hastings (1066)


a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC


a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991


one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC


the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660


the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917