an advertisement consisting of short scenes from a motion picture that will appear in the near future


he was a familiar sight on the television


something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight)

the tragic spectacle of cripples trying to escape


extravagant and conspicuous behavior intended to attract attention to yourself


an ostentatious display (of effort or extravagance etc.)


an ostentatious and inappropriate display of learning


a display of ornamental speech or language


a flourish added after or under your signature (originally to protect against forgery)


the act of displaying something ostentatiously


the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it

he prepared his presentation carefully in advance


they listened to ten different performances


oewn-act-n oewn-routine-n oewn-number-n oewn-turn-n oewn-bit-n

a short performance that is part of a longer program

he did his act three times every evening


an act so striking or impressive that the show must be delayed until the audience quiets down


a performance to raise money for a charitable cause


a concert given for the benefit of some charitable cause


a performance of music by players or singers not involving theatrical staging


performance by or technique of a pianist


performance of a play by a group of readers


the first public performance of a play or movie


performance of music or dance especially by soloists


a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc.

they heard a live rendition of three pieces by Schubert


theatrical performance combining singing and dancing


oewn-theatrical_performance-n oewn-theatrical-n oewn-representation-n oewn-histrionics-n


a theatrical performance held during the daytime (especially in the afternoon)


(music) the first public performance (as of a dramatic or musical work) anywhere in the world


a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose


an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language


a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards


an artificial language proposed by Cesare Meriggi in 1884


an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido


an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages


an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language


an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots


an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance languages


an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto


an artificial language derived from Esperanto and, indirectly, Latin


an artificial language, also known as the language of light


an artificial language created by René de Saussure


an artificial language created by Aldo Lavagnini


an artificial language based on Esperanto


a constructed international auxiliary language (IAL) for universal communication between speakers of different native languages, its vocabulary is based largely on that of the Germanic and Romance languages, and its grammar on that of English


an artificial language based on Latin, proposed by Daniele Rosa in 1890


a planned international auxiliary language created by Edgar de Wahl, and published in 1922


an artificial language created for a specific purpose


an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas


an artificial language for international use that rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas


an international auxiliary language created by Dr. Alfred Michaux of Boulogne-sur-Med in 1909


an artificial language in which the phonemes can be represented as the seven colours of the rainbow, as the seven notes of the musical scale, as spoken syllables (based on solfege), as hand gestures, etc


one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots


(computer science) a language designed for programming computers


an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions


an artificial language designed to express algorithms


a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user


a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language


a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed


oewn-computer_language-n oewn-computer-oriented_language-n oewn-machine_language-n oewn-machine-oriented_language-n

a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers


a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run


a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system


a language that can be used to describe languages


a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension


a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated


(computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure

C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C


a platform-independent object-oriented programming language


a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters


a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage


a language used to describe the syntax of another language


a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage


(from a combination of ALGOrithmic and Language); a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms


a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists


a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing


a high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes; stands for formula translation


a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system


a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn; an acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code; no longer in general use


a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach


software that provides better performance than an earlier version did


the language that a person has spoken from earliest childhood


a language that originated in a specified place and was not brought to that place from elsewhere


an indigenous language that contributes features to the language of an invading people who impose their language on the indigenous population

the Celtic languages of Britain are a substrate for English


the language of a later invading people that is imposed on an indigenous population and contributes features to their language


a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language


one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next


a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings


a tone language that uses different voice registers


a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages


a creole language spoken by most Haitians; based on French and various African languages


an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages


a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America


a common language used by speakers of different languages

Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times


oewn-Amerind-n oewn-Amerindian_language-n oewn-American-Indian_language-n oewn-American_Indian-n oewn-Indian-n oewn-American_Indian_language-n oewn-Indian_language-n oewn-Amerind_language-n

any of the languages spoken by Amerindians


family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains


oewn-Atakapa-n oewn-Atakapan-n oewn-Attacapa-n oewn-Attacapan-n oewn-Atakapan_language-n oewn-Attacapa_language-n oewn-Atakapa_language-n oewn-Attacapan_language-n

a language spoken by the Atakapa of the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas


oewn-Athapaskan-n oewn-Athapascan-n oewn-Athabaskan-n oewn-Athabascan-n oewn-Athapaskan_language-n

a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)


the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot


oewn-Algonkian-n oewn-Algonkin-n oewn-Algonkian_language-n oewn-Algonkin_language-n

the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian


oewn-Arapaho-n oewn-Arapahoe-n oewn-Arapaho_language-n oewn-Arapahoe_language-n

the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho


the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi


any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot


the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba


the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne


the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri


a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa


a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri


a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto


the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree


the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota


the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware


oewn-Hidatsa-n oewn-Gros_Ventre-n oewn-Gros_Ventre_language-n oewn-Hidatsa_language-n


a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa


the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami


oewn-Malecite-n oewn-Maleseet-n oewn-Malecite_language-n oewn-Maleseet_language-n

the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody


oewn-Massachuset-n oewn-Massachusetts-n oewn-Massachusetts_language-n oewn-Massachuset_language-n

the Algonquian language of the Massachuset


oewn-Menomini-n oewn-Menominee-n oewn-Menominee_language-n oewn-Menomini_language-n

the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini


oewn-Mohican-n oewn-Mahican-n oewn-Mohican_language-n oewn-Mahican_language-n

the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican


the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy


oewn-Oglala-n oewn-Ogalala-n oewn-Ogalala_language-n oewn-Oglala_language-n


oewn-Ojibwa-n oewn-Ojibway-n oewn-Chippewa-n oewn-Ojibway_language-n oewn-Ojibwa_language-n oewn-Chippewa_language-n

the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa


the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi


the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw


the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee


the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw


oewn-Choctaw-n oewn-Chahta-n oewn-Chahta_language-n oewn-Choctaw_language-n


the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti


the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati


the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee


the Siouan language spoken by the Santee


the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit


the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo


the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago


oewn-Muskhogean-n oewn-Muskhogean_language-n oewn-Muskogean-n oewn-Muskogean_language-n

a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States


a family of North American Indian languages


a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia


a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington


a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum


a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada


a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington


a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl


a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka


the language spoken by the Shoshone (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)


the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche


the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi


the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute


the Shoshonean language spoken by the Utes


oewn-Shoshonean-n oewn-Shoshonean_language-n oewn-Shoshonian-n oewn-Shoshonian_language-n

a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States


a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the Midwest by the Caddo


oewn-Arikara-n oewn-Aricara-n oewn-Aricara_language-n oewn-Arikara_language-n

the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara


the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee


the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita


the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee


the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga


the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk


the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca


the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida


the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga


the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora


a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois


oewn-Quechua-n oewn-Quechuan-n oewn-Quechuan_language-n oewn-Kechua-n oewn-Kechuan-n oewn-Quechua_language-n oewn-Kechua_language-n oewn-Kechuan_language-n

the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas


the language spoken by the Guarani of Paraguay and Bolivia


the language spoken by the Tupi of Brazil and Paraguay


a family of South American Indian languages


a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America


the family of languages spoken by the Carib


the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut


oewn-Eskimo-n oewn-Esquimau-n oewn-Eskimo_language-n oewn-Esquimau_language-n


the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima


the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec


the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl


the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara


oewn-Zapotec-n oewn-Zapotecan-n oewn-Zapotec_language-n oewn-Zapotecan_language-n


a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayas


an Apache language, spoken in New Mexico, Mescalero Reservation, and by some Chiricahua at Fort Sill, Oklahoma


an Apache language, spoken in East central Arizona, on several reservations


oewn-Navaho-n oewn-Navajo-n oewn-Navaho_language-n oewn-Navajo_language-n

the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho


the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa


the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole


oewn-Chipewyan-n oewn-Chippewyan-n oewn-Chippewaian-n oewn-Chipewyan_language-n oewn-Chippewaian_language-n oewn-Chippewyan_language-n


a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux


a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States


a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California


the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko


the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen


a group of seven languages of the Hokan family, its boundaries were the Pacific Ocean to the west, Wintuan territory in the Sacramento Valley to the east, the head of the Russian River to the north, and Bodega Head and present-day Santa Rosa to the south


the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo


a group of languages of the Hokan family, deriving from Quoratem, an area near Salmon River


a group of languages of the Hokan family in California


the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi


the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi


the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta


a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico


the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala


the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi


oewn-Cocopa-n oewn-Cocopah-n oewn-Cocopa_language-n oewn-Cocopah_language-n


the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno


the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai


oewn-Kiliwa-n oewn-Kiliwi-n oewn-Kiliwi_language-n oewn-Kiliwa_language-n


the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma


oewn-Mohave-n oewn-Mojave-n oewn-Mojave_language-n oewn-Mohave_language-n


oewn-Walapai-n oewn-Hualapai-n oewn-Hualpai-n oewn-Hualpai_language-n oewn-Hualapai_language-n oewn-Walapai_language-n

the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai


the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai


a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California


a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river


a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan


oewn-Mariposan-n oewn-Yokuts-n oewn-Yokuts_language-n oewn-Mariposan_language-n

a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts in the San Joaquin Valley


oewn-Moquelumnan-n oewn-Miwok-n oewn-Miwok_language-n oewn-Moquelumnan_language-n


oewn-Pujunan-n oewn-Maidu-n oewn-Pujunan_language-n oewn-Maidu_language-n


oewn-Chinookan-n oewn-Chinook-n oewn-Chinookan_language-n oewn-Chinook_language-n

a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook


oewn-Kalapooian-n oewn-Kalapuyan-n oewn-Kalapuyan_language-n oewn-Kalapooian_language-n

a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya


oewn-Shahaptian-n oewn-Sahaptin-n oewn-Sahaptin_language-n oewn-Shahaptian_language-n

a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian


the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce


oewn-Takilman-n oewn-Takelma-n oewn-Takelma_language-n oewn-Takilman_language-n

a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma


a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian


oewn-Yucatec-n oewn-Yucateco-n oewn-Yucatec_language-n oewn-Yucateco_language-n


the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel


a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe


oewn-Turki-n oewn-Turkic-n oewn-Turko-Tatar-n oewn-Turkic_language-n


oewn-Turkmen-n oewn-Turkoman-n oewn-Turcoman-n oewn-Turkmen_language-n oewn-Turcoman_language-n oewn-Turkoman_language-n

the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman


the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani


oewn-Kazak-n oewn-Kazakh-n oewn-Kazakh_language-n oewn-Kazak_language-n


the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains


oewn-Uzbek-n oewn-Uzbeg-n oewn-Uzbak-n oewn-Usbek-n oewn-Usbeg-n oewn-Uzbek_language-n oewn-Uzbak_language-n oewn-Usbek_language-n oewn-Uzbeg_language-n oewn-Usbeg_language-n


oewn-Uighur-n oewn-Uigur-n oewn-Uygur-n oewn-Uighur_language-n oewn-Uigur_language-n oewn-Uygur_language-n

the Turkic language spoken by approximately 7,000,000 Uighur in extreme northwestern China


oewn-Kirghiz-n oewn-Kirgiz-n oewn-Khirghiz-n oewn-Kirgiz_language-n oewn-Kirghiz_language-n oewn-Khirghiz_language-n

the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz


the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak


the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash


oewn-Chagatai-n oewn-Jagatai-n oewn-Jaghatai-n oewn-Eastern_Turki-n oewn-Chagatai_language-n oewn-Jaghatai_language-n oewn-Jagatai_language-n oewn-Eastern_Turki_language-n

a Turkic literary language of medieval central Asia (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)


an indigenous and isolated language of unknown origin spoken by the Chukchi that is pronounced differently by men and women


a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas


oewn-Tungus-n oewn-Tunguz-n oewn-Evenki-n oewn-Ewenki-n oewn-Ewenki_language-n oewn-Evenki_language-n oewn-Tungus_language-n oewn-Tunguz_language-n

the Tungusic language of the Evenki in eastern Siberia


the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu


a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia


oewn-Khalkha-n oewn-Khalka-n oewn-Kalka-n oewn-Kalka_language-n oewn-Khalkha_language-n oewn-Khalka_language-n

the language of the Khalkha that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic


the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese


the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands


any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system


oewn-Mandarin-n oewn-Mandarin_Chinese-n oewn-Mandarin_dialect-n oewn-Beijing_dialect-n

the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China


a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta


oewn-Yue-n oewn-Yue_dialect-n oewn-Cantonese-n oewn-Cantonese_dialect-n

the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China


oewn-Min-n oewn-Min_dialect-n oewn-Fukien-n oewn-Fukkianese-n oewn-Hokkianese-n oewn-Amoy-n oewn-Taiwanese-n oewn-Amoy_language-n oewn-Fukkianese_language-n oewn-Hokkianese_language-n oewn-Taiwanese_language-n oewn-Fukien_language-n oewn-Min_language-n

any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province


a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China by the Hakka


the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia


a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay Peninsula


oewn-Qiang-n oewn-Qiangic-n oewn-Qiangic_language-n oewn-Qiang_language-n

the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan


oewn-Bai-n oewn-Baic-n oewn-Baic_language-n oewn-Bai_language-n

the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan


the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim


the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma


oewn-Karen-n oewn-Karenic-n oewn-Karenic_language-n oewn-Karen_language-n

the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands


oewn-Lolo-Burmese-n oewn-Burmese-Yi-n oewn-Burmese-Yi_language-n oewn-Lolo-Burmese_language-n

the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan


languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas


a Loloish language spoken in West Yunnan Province, 11 prefectures, 63 counties, upper reaches of Salween and Mekong rivers, as well as Sichuan Province, southwest Liangshan prefecture


oewn-Hani-n oewn-Akha-n oewn-Hani_language-n oewn-Akha_language-n

a Loloish language, spoken in South Yunnan Province, Jingdong and Jinggu counties, Yuanjiang and Lancang (Mekong) river basins, Ailao mountains


a Loloish language spoken in Southwest Yunnan Province, Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, Lahu, and Va autonomous counties, as well as Lincang prefecture, Gengma Dai, and Va autonomous counties


oewn-Lolo-n oewn-Yi-n oewn-Lolo_language-n oewn-Yi_language-n

a Loloish language, spoken by the Yi or Lolo people in China, Vietnam and Thailand


oewn-Kachin-n oewn-Kachinic-n oewn-Kachin_language-n oewn-Kachinic_language-n

Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India


oewn-Jinghpo-n oewn-Jinghpaw-n oewn-Chingpo-n oewn-Chingpo_language-n oewn-Jinghpaw_language-n oewn-Jinghpo_language-n


oewn-Kuki-n oewn-Chin-n oewn-Kuki-Chin-n oewn-Kuki_language-n oewn-Kuki-Chin_language-n oewn-Chin_language-n

Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India


Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma


Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India


oewn-Bodo-Garo-n oewn-Barish-n oewn-Barish_language-n oewn-Bodo-Garo_language-n

Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India


oewn-Miri-n oewn-Mirish-n oewn-Abor-n oewn-Dafla-n oewn-Dafla_language-n oewn-Mirish_language-n oewn-Miri_language-n oewn-Abor_language-n


Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal


a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia


the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in the north, mainly along Red and Black rivers, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, and Son La provinces; some in the south, Lam Dòng Province, Tung Nghia


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Kachin State, from Myitkyina to Bamaw township, and Sagaing Region, Homalin township, along the Irrawaddy, Chindwin, and Uru rivers


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in the north, along Red and Black rivers, Son La, Dien Bien, Yen Bai, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, and Phu Tho provinces, south, Lam Dong Province, Tung Nghia, Dac Lak Province, Tho Thanh, Gia Lai Province, Pleiku


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Southwest Yunnan Province, Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures, Baoshan, Simao, and Lincang municipal prefectures


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Louangphabang Province


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Southern Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, 3 counties: Jinghong (Chiang Hung, Chien Rung), Menghai, and Mengla, also a few in Simao municipal prefecture, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous counties


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, Lampang, Mae Hong Son, Sukhothai, Nan, Phayao, Phrae, Uttaradit, Tak, and Kamphaeng Phet provinces


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Loungnamtha Province, Nale, Sing, and Viangphoukha districts, near the Lamet language area


the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Kachin State, Putao district and Myitkyina area, north Sagaing Region


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in Surat Thani, Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Phatthalung, Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Pattani, Yala, and Satun provinces


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in central and northeast Vietnam, near China border, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, and Hai Duong provinces, Bac Thai, Quang Ninh, Ha Bac, south in Lam Dong Province,Tung Nghia and Song Mao and possibly in Laos


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in the north, mainly Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Kan, Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang, Lao Cai and Thai Nguyen provinces, possibly in Ho Chi Minh City and other sothern locations


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in North Nghe An Province, highland areas, Cuoi Cham dialect in Tan Ky district, Tan Hop commune, also in Thanh Hoa Province


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in central Thailand, centered in Bangkok


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in South and southwest Guizhou Province, Guizhou-Yunnan plateau, mainly Buyi-Miao and Miao-Dong autonomous prefectures, Zhenning and Guanling counties; Yunnan Province, Luoping county, Sichuan Province, Ningnan and Huidong counties


a branch of the Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people; used in southern China


a branch of the Tai languages; spoken by the Bouyei people of the province of southern Guizhou, China


a branch of the Tai languages, spoken in a central area, near Viet Nam border; Khammouan Province, Upper Nam Noy and Nam Pheo areas; Bolikhamxai Province, Khamkeut district, Na Kadok village


a family of languages spoken in southern and southeastern Asia


a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India


a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages


oewn-Hmong-n oewn-Hmong_language-n oewn-Miao-n oewn-Miao_language-n

a language of uncertain affiliation spoken by the Hmong


oewn-Vietnamese-n oewn-Annamese-n oewn-Annamite-n oewn-Annamite_language-n oewn-Vietnamese_language-n oewn-Annamese_language-n

the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam


the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia


the Mon-Khmer language spoken by the Mon


the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia


the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific


an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages


the Polynesian language spoken by the Tongan people


the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori in New Zealand


a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages


a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages


oewn-Malaysian-n oewn-Bahasa_Malaysia-n oewn-Bahasa_Melayu-n oewn-Bahasa_Kebangsaan-n oewn-Malaysian_language-n oewn-Bahasa_Melayu_language-n oewn-Bahasa_Kebangsaan_language-n oewn-Bahasa_Malaysia_language-n

the Malay language spoken in Malaysia or neighbouring countries


the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia


the Indonesian language spoken on West Java


the Indonesian language of the people of Bali


oewn-Philippine-n oewn-Filipino-n oewn-Filipino_language-n oewn-Philippine_language-n

official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages


the language of the Tagalog on which Filipino is based


oewn-Cebuan-n oewn-Cebuano-n oewn-Cebuan_language-n oewn-Cebuano_language-n

language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines


oewn-Australian-n oewn-Aboriginal_Australian-n oewn-Australian_language-n oewn-Aboriginal_Australian_language-n

the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines


oewn-Dyirbal-n oewn-Jirrbal-n oewn-Jirrbal_language-n oewn-Dyirbal_language-n

a language of Australian aborigines, spoken in northeast Queensland


oewn-Walbiri-n oewn-Warlpiri-n oewn-Warlpiri_language-n oewn-Walbiri_language-n

a language of Australian aborigines, spoken in Australia's Northern Territory


the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa


oewn-Tayalic-n oewn-Atayalic-n oewn-Atayalic_language-n oewn-Tayalic_language-n

a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa


a group of Formosan languages comprising Tsou, Kanakanabu and Saaroa


a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people in Taiwan


any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages


a family of languages spoken in southern Africa


oewn-Khoikhoin-n oewn-Khoikhoi-n oewn-Hottentot-n oewn-Khoikhoi_language-n oewn-Hottentot_language-n oewn-Khoikhoin_language-n

any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa


the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia


a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages


the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania


the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia


the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy


the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia, but also in Azerbaijan


a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast


an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian


a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages


a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions


a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages


oewn-Slavic-n oewn-Slavic_language-n oewn-Slavonic-n oewn-Slavonic_language-n

a branch of the Indo-European family of languages


oewn-Old_Church_Slavonic-n oewn-Old_Church_Slavic-n oewn-Church_Slavic-n oewn-Old_Bulgarian-n oewn-Old_Bulgarian_language-n oewn-Church_Slavic_language-n oewn-Old_Church_Slavic_language-n oewn-Old_Church_Slavonic_language-n

the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th century


the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia


oewn-Belarusian-n oewn-Byelorussian-n oewn-White_Russian-n oewn-Belarusian_language-n oewn-Byelorussian_language-n oewn-White_Russian_language-n


the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine


the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet


oewn-Sorbian-n oewn-Lusatian-n oewn-Sorbian_language-n oewn-Lusatian_language-n

a Slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany


a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European


a dead language of the (non-German) Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European


the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European


the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European


a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic


an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries


the English language as used in the United States


oewn-African_American_Vernacular_English-n oewn-AAVE-n oewn-African_American_English-n oewn-Black_English-n oewn-Black_English_Vernacular-n oewn-Black_Vernacular-n oewn-Black_Vernacular_English-n oewn-Ebonics-n

a nonstandard form of American English characteristically spoken by African Americans in the United States


the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London


the nonstandard dialect of natives of Newcastle-upon-Tyne


English as spoken by educated persons in southern England


the approved pronunciation of British English; originally based on the King's English as spoken at public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (and widely accepted elsewhere in Britain); until recently it was the pronunciation of English used in British broadcasting


the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English


a dialect of Middle English, spoken in the western half of the Old English dialect area Mercia


a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans


a dialect of Middle English, originally spoken over the whole southeast part of England, including London and Essex


a dialect of Middle English, spoken in the area west of Sussex and south and southwest of the Thames


comprises the Mercian and Northumbrian dialects, two of the major dialects of Old English often classified together as the Anglian dialects


a southern dialect of Old English, spoken in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent


the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious


a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland


oewn-German-n oewn-High_German-n oewn-German_language-n oewn-High_German_language-n

the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic


a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken in Europe as a vernacular by many Jews; written in the Hebrew script


a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland


a German dialect spoken in northern Germany


the West Germanic language of the Netherlands


one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch


oewn-Afrikaans-n oewn-Taal-n oewn-Taal_language-n oewn-Afrikaans_language-n

an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish


the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700


the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350


the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600


either of two distinct works in Old Icelandic dating from the late 13th century and consisting of 34 mythological and heroic ballads composed between 800 and 1200; the primary source for Scandinavian mythology


oewn-Scandinavian-n oewn-Scandinavian_language-n oewn-Nordic-n oewn-Norse-n oewn-North_Germanic-n oewn-North_Germanic_language-n

the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland


a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark


a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland


a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway


oewn-Bokmal-n oewn-Bokmaal-n oewn-Dano-Norwegian-n oewn-Bokmaal_language-n oewn-Dano-Norwegian_language-n oewn-Bokmal_language-n

book language; one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish


in 1929 this dialect of Norwegian was officially renamed Bokmal


oewn-Nynorsk-n oewn-New_Norwegian-n oewn-Landsmal-n oewn-Landsmaal-n

one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects


a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland


oewn-Faroese-n oewn-Faeroese-n oewn-Faroese_language-n oewn-Faeroese_language-n

a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands


a West Germanic language spoken in Friesland in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English


the Frisian language until the 16th century; the Germanic language of ancient Frisia


an extinct branch of the Germanic languages


extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas


a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)


a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)


one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)


oewn-Udmurt-n oewn-Votyak-n oewn-Votyak_language-n oewn-Udmurt_language-n

the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak


a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals


oewn-Komi-n oewn-Zyrian-n oewn-Zyrian_language-n oewn-Komi_language-n


a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river


oewn-Cheremis-n oewn-Cheremiss-n oewn-Mari-n oewn-Mari_language-n oewn-Cheremis_language-n oewn-Cheremiss_language-n

the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis


oewn-Mordva-n oewn-Mordvin-n oewn-Mordvinian-n oewn-Mordvinian_language-n oewn-Mordvin_language-n oewn-Mordva_language-n

the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvinians


a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian


the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia


the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages


oewn-Karelian-n oewn-Carelian-n oewn-Carelian_language-n oewn-Karelian_language-n

a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia


the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages


oewn-Veps-n oewn-Vepse-n oewn-Vepsian-n oewn-Vepsian_language-n oewn-Vepse_language-n oewn-Veps_language-n


one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia


the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages


oewn-Khanty-n oewn-Ostyak-n oewn-Ostyak_language-n oewn-Khanty_language-n

a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak


oewn-Mansi-n oewn-Vogul-n oewn-Mansi_language-n oewn-Vogul_language-n

the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul


oewn-Lappic-n oewn-Lappish-n oewn-Lappic_language-n oewn-Lappish_language-n

any of the languages spoken by the Lapps and generally assumed to be Uralic languages


oewn-Lapp-n oewn-Sami-n oewn-Saami-n oewn-Same-n oewn-Saame-n oewn-Saame_language-n oewn-Sami_language-n oewn-Saami_language-n oewn-Lapp_language-n oewn-Same_language-n

the language of nomadic Lapps in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula


oewn-Samoyedic-n oewn-Samoyed-n oewn-Samoyed_language-n oewn-Samoyedic_language-n

the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed in northwestern Siberia


oewn-Nenets-n oewn-Nentsi-n oewn-Nentsy-n oewn-Yurak-Samoyed-n oewn-Yurak-Samoyed_language-n oewn-Nentsy_language-n oewn-Nenets_language-n oewn-Nentsi_language-n

a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed of northern Siberia


oewn-Enets-n oewn-Entsi-n oewn-Entsy-n oewn-Yenisei-n oewn-Yenisei-Samoyed-n oewn-Yeniseian-n oewn-Entsi_language-n oewn-Yenisei-Samoyed_language-n oewn-Yenisei_language-n oewn-Enets_language-n oewn-Entsy_language-n oewn-Yeniseian_language-n

the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian


the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan


oewn-Selkup-n oewn-Ostyak-Samoyed-n oewn-Ostyak-Samoyed_language-n oewn-Selkup_language-n

the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed


a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era


oewn-Gaelic-n oewn-Goidelic-n oewn-Erse-n oewn-Goidelic_language-n oewn-Erse_language-n oewn-Gaelic_language-n

any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland


oewn-Irish-n oewn-Irish_Gaelic-n oewn-Irish_language-n oewn-Irish_Gaelic_language-n


oewn-Scottish_Gaelic-n oewn-Scots_Gaelic-n oewn-Scottish_Gaelic_language-n oewn-Scots_Gaelic_language-n


the ancient Gaelic formerly spoken on the Isle of Man; the language is sometimes used on ceremonial occasions


oewn-Welsh-n oewn-Cymric-n oewn-Welsh_language-n oewn-Cymric_language-n


a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative


a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displaced by Latin


an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy, spoken by the Umbri


an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy, spoken by a number of tribes, including the Samnites, the Aurunci, and the Sidicini


an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions


any dialect of the language of ancient Rome


the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)


the language of educated people in ancient Rome

There's a distinct difference in pronunciation between Classical Latin and Ecclesiastical Latin


any dialect of Latin other than classical Latin


nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages


oewn-Late_Latin-n oewn-Biblical_Latin-n oewn-Late_Latin_language-n oewn-Biblical_Latin_language-n

the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries


Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages


oewn-Neo-Latin-n oewn-New_Latin-n oewn-New_Latin_language-n oewn-Neo-Latin_language-n

Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature


the group of languages derived from Latin


the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century


the Italian dialect spoken in Sardinia; sometimes considered a separate language with many loan words from Spanish


a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)


the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France


medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France


medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France


the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century


the medieval Norman dialect of Old French


oewn-Anglo-French-n oewn-Anglo-Norman-n oewn-Anglo-Norman_language-n oewn-Anglo-French_language-n

the French (Norman) language used in medieval England


the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada


a dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France


the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc (southern France)


the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil


a language spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community of Spain


the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language


the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain


the Spanish language as spoken in Castile


the Spanish dialect spoken by Sephardic Jews but written in the Hebrew script


the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)


Romance dialects spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland and northern Italy and the Tyrol


a Rhaeto-Romance dialect spoken in northeastern Italy


a Rhaeto-Romance dialect of Romansh spoken in southeastern Switzerland


oewn-Romansh-n oewn-Rumansh-n oewn-Romansh_language-n oewn-Rumansh_language-n

the Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in southeastern Switzerland; it is an official language of Switzerland


oewn-Romanian-n oewn-Rumanian-n oewn-Romanian_language-n oewn-Rumanian_language-n

an eastern Romance language spoken in Romania


oewn-Elamitic-n oewn-Elamite-n oewn-Susian-n oewn-Susian_language-n oewn-Elamite_language-n oewn-Elamitic_language-n

an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites


oewn-Kassite-n oewn-Cassite-n oewn-Cassite_language-n oewn-Kassite_language-n

an ancient language spoken by the Kassites


a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.


a dialect of Tocharian, of Qarašähär and Turpan


a dialect of Tocharian, of Kucha, Qarašähär, and Turpan


(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes


the Indic language of Sind which is spoken also in western India


oewn-Romany-n oewn-Gypsy-n oewn-Romany_language-n oewn-Gypsy_language-n


the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Muslims); written in Arabic script


the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is one of the main official languages of India; usually written in Devanagari script


oewn-Hindustani-n oewn-Hindoostani-n oewn-Hindostani-n oewn-Hindustani_language-n oewn-Hindoostani_language-n oewn-Hindostani_language-n


the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)


oewn-Assamese-n oewn-Asamiya-n oewn-Assamese_language-n oewn-Asamiya_language-n

the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali


oewn-Bengali-n oewn-Bangla-n oewn-Bengali_language-n oewn-Bangla_language-n

a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and Bengal


a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa


oewn-Marathi-n oewn-Mahratti-n oewn-Marathi_language-n oewn-Mahratti_language-n

an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script


oewn-Gujarati-n oewn-Gujerati-n oewn-Gujarati_language-n oewn-Gujerati_language-n

the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India


oewn-Punjabi-n oewn-Panjabi-n oewn-Panjabi_language-n oewn-Punjabi_language-n

the Indic language spoken by people in Pakistan and Punjab


oewn-Sinhalese-n oewn-Singhalese-n oewn-Sinhala-n oewn-Singhalese_language-n oewn-Sinhala_language-n oewn-Sinhalese_language-n

the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka


the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups


a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages


any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan


a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir


a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan


a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir in northeastern Afghanistan


any of the vernacular Indic languages of north and central India (as distinguished from Sanskrit) recorded from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD


an ancient Prakrit language (derived from Sanskrit) that is the scriptural and liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism


the modern Persian language spoken in Iran


oewn-Avestan-n oewn-Zend-n oewn-Avestan_language-n oewn-Zend_language-n

an ancient Iranian language, used as the language of Zoroastrian scripture


an ancient Iranian language used in the most sacred texts of the Zoroastrian faith, the Gathas


oewn-Persian-n oewn-Farsi-n oewn-Persian_language-n oewn-Farsi_language-n

the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms


oewn-Dari-n oewn-Dari_Persian-n oewn-Dari_Persian_language-n oewn-Dari_language-n

an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan


oewn-Tajiki-n oewn-Tajik-n oewn-Tadzhik-n oewn-Tajik_language-n oewn-Tadzhik_language-n oewn-Tajiki_language-n

the Iranian language of the Tajik that is closely related to Farsi; spoken in Iran and Tajikistan


an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia


oewn-Balochi-n oewn-Baluchi-n oewn-Baluchi_language-n oewn-Balochi_language-n

an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf


oewn-Pahlavi-n oewn-Pehlevi-n oewn-Pehlevi_language-n oewn-Pahlavi_language-n

the Iranian language of the Zoroastrian literature of the 3rd to 10th centuries


the Iranian language spoken in the Parthian kingdom (250 BC to AD 226)


oewn-Pashto-n oewn-Pashtu-n oewn-Paxto-n oewn-Afghani-n oewn-Afghan-n oewn-Afghan_language-n oewn-Pashto_language-n oewn-Pashtu_language-n oewn-Afghani_language-n oewn-Paxto_language-n

an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan; the official language of Afghanistan


a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia


the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians


an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European


the language of the Hittites and the principal language of the Anatolian group of languages; deciphered from cuneiform inscriptions


an Anatolian language spoken by the ancient Lycians


oewn-Luwian-n oewn-Luvian-n oewn-Luvian_language-n oewn-Luwian_language-n

an Anatolian language closely related to Lycian


an Anatolian language spoken in the region of Lydia


an Anatolian language spoken in the northwest of present mainland Turkey


the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages


oewn-Modern_Greek-n oewn-New_Greek-n oewn-Modern_Greek_language-n oewn-New_Greek_language-n

the Greek language as spoken and written today


oewn-Romaic-n oewn-Demotic-n oewn-Romaic_language-n oewn-Demotic_language-n


literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine


the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries


oewn-Medieval_Greek-n oewn-Middle_Greek-n oewn-Byzantine_Greek-n oewn-Middle_Greek_language-n oewn-Medieval_Greek_language-n oewn-Byzantine_Greek_language-n

the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD


a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire


the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire


oewn-Attic-n oewn-Ionic-n oewn-Ionic_dialect-n oewn-Classical_Greek-n

the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens and Ionia


the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis


the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians


the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Doris


a number of languages spoken in the Caucasus that are unrelated to languages spoken elsewhere


a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Chechen


a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian


oewn-Abkhazian-n oewn-Abkhasian-n oewn-Abkhazian_language-n oewn-Abkhasian_language-n

a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz


a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition


an extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey


a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka, as well as overseas in Malaysia and Singapore


a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India


a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India


oewn-Kota-n oewn-Kotar-n oewn-Kota_language-n oewn-Kotar_language-n


the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda in southern India


the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga


oewn-Kannada-n oewn-Kanarese-n oewn-Kanarese_language-n oewn-Kannada_language-n

a Dravidian language spoken in southern India


a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India


the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil in southern India and Sri Lanka


a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India


a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu in southeastern India


a Dravidian language spoken by the Savara in southeastern India (north of Madras)


a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond in south central India


a Dravidian language spoken in south central India, particularly in Odisha


a Dravidian language spoken in south central India, specifically in Odisha, Kalahandi district, Thuamur Rampur subdivision


the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui in southeastern India


a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India


a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India


the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam in central India


a Dravidian language spoken in south central India, specifically in the Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra states of India


a Dravidian language spoken in south central India, spoken by the Dhurwa tribe, in the districts of Koraput and Bastar in Chhattisgarh state


a Dravidian language spoken in south central India, particularly in Odisha, Koraput district, Pottangi and Nandapur blocks


the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba


a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India


a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India


the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto


an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui in Pakistan


the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language


oewn-Bole-n oewn-Bolanci-n oewn-Bole_language-n oewn-Bolanci_language-n

a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa, with dialects including Bara and Fika


a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa, with dialects including Hill Angas and Plain Angas


oewn-Ron-n oewn-Bokkos-n oewn-Daffo-n oewn-Ron_language-n oewn-Daffo_language-n oewn-Bokkos_language-n

a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria, especially in the Plateau State, Bokkos, Barakin-Ladi, and Mangu LGAs


a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria, especially in the Yobe State, Bade, Jakusko, Bursari, and Karasuwa LGAs, Jigawa State, Guri LGA, and Bauchi State, Zaki LGA


a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria, especially in Bauchi State, Ningi LGA, and Jigawa State, Birnin Kudu LGA


oewn-Zaar-n oewn-Sayanci-n oewn-Sayanci_language-n oewn-Zaar_language-n

a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria, especially in Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA


a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member


oewn-Tera-n oewn-Pidlimdi-n oewn-Yamaltu-n oewn-Tera_language-n oewn-Yamaltu_language-n oewn-Pidlimdi_language-n


oewn-Bura-n oewn-Pabir-n oewn-Bura_language-n oewn-Pabir_language-n

a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the Borno State, Biu and Askira-Uba LGAs, Adamawa State, Gombi LGA


oewn-Higi-n oewn-Kapsiki-n oewn-Higi_language-n oewn-Kapsiki_language-n

a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the Adamawa State, Michika LGA, Mandara mountains


oewn-Mandara-n oewn-Wandala-n oewn-Wandala_language-n oewn-Mandara_language-n

a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels


oewn-Matakam-n oewn-Mafa-n oewn-Mafa_language-n oewn-Matakam_language-n

a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the Far North Region, Mayo-Tsanaga division, from Mokolo town north


a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the North tip Adamawa State, Michika LGA, Mandara mountains


oewn-Daba-n oewn-Kola-n oewn-Musgoi-n oewn-Kola_language-n oewn-Musgoi_language-n oewn-Daba_language-n

a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the North Region, Mayo-Louti division, Mayo-Oulo and Guider subdivisions northwest of Guider, Far North Region, Mayo-Tsanaga division, Hina and Bourrah subdivisions


a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the Adamawa State, Yola North, Gombi, Song and Fufore LGAs


a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, usually spoken along the lower Chari and Logone rivers


oewn-Musgu-n oewn-Munjuk-n oewn-Mulwi-n oewn-Mulwi_language-n oewn-Munjuk_language-n oewn-Musgu_language-n

a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the Far North Region, Mayo-Danay division, Maga subdivision


a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad, especially in the North Region, Mayo-Louti division, Guider and Figuil subdivisions; Far North Region, a small section of Diamare division


a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad


oewn-Somrai-n oewn-Sibine-n oewn-Sibine_language-n oewn-Somrai_language-n

a Chadic language spoken in Chad, in the Tandjile Region, Tandjile Est department, Lai subprefecture, northeast of Lai, Domogou


a Chadic language spoken in Chad, in Tandjile Region, Tandjile Ouest department, Béré, Delban, and Kélo subprefectures


a Chadic language spoken in Chad, in Mayo-Kebbi Est Region, Mont d'Illi department, south of Fianga, near Lake Tikem


oewn-Dangla-n oewn-Dangaleat-n oewn-Dangla_language-n oewn-Dangaleat_language-n

a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length


a Chadic language spoken in Chad, in Guera Region, Guera department, Bitkine subprefecture, below Guera massif, Moukoulou, Séguine, Doli, Morgué, Djarkatché (Mezimi), and Gougué villages


a Chadic language spoken in Chad in the Guera Region, Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Gogmi to Badanga, southeast Hadjer-Lamis Region


a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad


an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages


a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa


oewn-Afroasiatic-n oewn-Afro-Asiatic-n oewn-Afroasiatic_language-n oewn-Afrasian-n oewn-Afrasian_language-n oewn-Hamito-Semitic-n

a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa


a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family


the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel


Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew


an ancient branch of the Semitic languages


oewn-Assyrian_Akkadian-n oewn-Assyrian-n oewn-Assyrian_Akkadian_language-n oewn-Assyrian_language-n

an extinct language of the Assyrians in ancient Mesopotamia


the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a Semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara have been in close contact


the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects


a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia


the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament


oewn-Mandaean-n oewn-Mandean-n oewn-Mandaean_language-n oewn-Mandean_language-n

the form of Aramaic used by the Mandeans


oewn-Maltese-n oewn-Maltese_language-n oewn-Malti-n oewn-Malti_language-n

the national language of the Republic of Malta; a Semitic language derived from Arabic but with many loan words from Italian, Spanish, and Norman-French


the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest


the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world


the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage


an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria


a group of languages in northern Africa related to Semitic


the ancient and now extinct language of Egypt under the Pharaohs; written records date back to 3000 BC


a simplified cursive form of the ancient hieratic script

Demotic script was eventually replaced by Greek


the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet


a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of northern Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco


the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg


a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions


the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali


a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages


the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in Africa south of the Sahara; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)


a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan


a family of African language spoken in west Africa


a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent


the Bantu language of the Chewa of east central Africa


a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia


a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe


a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya


a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya


a Bantu language spoken by the Herero in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola


a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba in Kenya


oewn-Kichaga-n oewn-Chaga-n oewn-Chagga-n oewn-Chaga_language-n oewn-Chagga_language-n oewn-Kichaga_language-n

a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga in northern Tanzania


a Bantu language, it is the official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by 12 million people in Burundi and adjacent parts of southern Uganda


a Bantu language, spoken in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of Congo


the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola


oewn-Luba-n oewn-Tshiluba-n oewn-Tshiluba_language-n oewn-Luba_language-n

a Bantu language spoken in southeastern Congo


the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda


a Bantu language, spoken in western Kenya


a Bantu language, spoken in Zambia and Angola


a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania


a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu


a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, with about three million speakers


a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, it is the second most common home language in South Africa


a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa


a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania


a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa


any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho


the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho


the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana in Botswana


the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa


the language of the Tongan people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)


a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana


a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa


oewn-Fula-n oewn-Ful-n oewn-Fulani-n oewn-Peul-n

a family of languages of the Fulani of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African languages


a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia


the West African language of the Wolof in Senegal; related to Fula


a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast


a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria


oewn-Yoruba-n oewn-Aku-n oewn-Aku_language-n oewn-Yoruba_language-n

a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria


a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast


a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe in Ghana and Togo and Benin


a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania


a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania


a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group


a Nilotic language, spoken in South Sudan


a Nilotic language spoken in the Adamawa Region, Mayo-Banyo division, Bankim subdivision, a section of Atta


a Nilotic language spoken in the Rift Valley Province, Kajiado and Narok districts


a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad


a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai in Mali and Niger


oewn-artwork-n oewn-art-n oewn-graphics-n oewn-nontextual_matter-n

photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication

the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book


visual communication by a skillful combination of text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.


artwork that helps make something clear or attractive


illustrations used to decorate or explain a text


a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

the area covered can be seen from Figure 2


a chart or graph showing the movements or progress of an object


a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities, represented as points, plotted with reference to a set of axes


(electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency


(electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters


a chart showing the lines of responsibility between departments of a large organization


a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle


a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities


a bar chart representing a frequency distribution; heights of the bars represent observed frequencies


a chart that is read from a fixed distance; used as a test of vision


a chart with several sheets hinged at the top; sheets can be flipped over to present information sequentially


a hand-held device, usually of paper, cardboard, or plastic, for conducting simple calculations or looking up information


a circular slide chart having rotating parts


a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole


a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky


an analysis (often in graphical form) representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics


a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages


an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper


oewn-comic_strip-n oewn-cartoon_strip-n oewn-strip-n oewn-funnies-n

a sequence of drawings telling a story in a newspaper or comic book


a graphical recording made by a ballistocardiograph


a graphical image of the brain produced by an echoencephalograph


a graphical image of the heart produced by an echocardiograph


oewn-electrocardiogram-n oewn-cardiogram-n oewn-EKG-n oewn-ECG-n

a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph


a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph


a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions


a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye


a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income; income increases as tax rates increase up to an optimum beyond which income declines


a graph showing the rate of learning (especially a graph showing the amount recalled as a function of the number of attempts to recall)


a graphical recording of muscle activity


graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle


the enhanced response of an antenna in a given direction as indicated by a loop in its radiation pattern


the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern which is intended to be along the forward axis and which gives the effect of a beam


a graphical record of speed and distance produced by a tachograph


a graphical record produced by a thermograph


oewn-dramaturgy-n oewn-dramatic_art-n oewn-dramatics-n oewn-theater-n oewn-theatre-n


the theater as a profession (usually `the stage')

an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage


a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television

have you seen the new production of Hamlet?


a highly successful theatrical production


theatrical productions performed by a stock company during the summer


a play for performance on the stage or television or in a movie etc.


a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

he wrote several plays but only one was produced on Broadway


a brief dramatic piece (usually comic) presented after a play


a missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript)


overheard snatches of their conversation


plays stressing the irrational or illogical aspects of life, usually to show that modern life is pointless

Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco have written plays for the theater of the absurd


a subdivision of a play or opera or ballet


a subdivision of an act of a play or performance


a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance


the copy of the playscript used by the prompter


a detailed script used in making a film in order to avoid discontinuities from shot to shot


the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction


a part of the script in which the speaking roles are limited to two actors


a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage


an actor's line that immediately precedes and serves as a reminder for some action or speech


a (usually long) dramatic speech by a single actor


a (usually long) dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections


words spoken in a casual way with conscious under-emphasis


a cue given to a performer (usually the beginning of the next line to be spoken)


an outline or synopsis of a play (or, by extension, of a literary work)


a script for a film including dialogue and descriptions of characters and sets


the final detailed script for making a movie or TV program


text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen

the letter consisted of three short lines


persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress

`let me show you my etchings' is a rather worn line


the first line of a paragraph that is set as the last line of a page or column


plausible glib talk (especially useful to a salesperson)


a linear sequence (as of characters, words, proteins, etc.)


a linear sequence of words as spoken or written


a string that is part of a longer string


a text that excludes a particular letter or particular letters of the alphabet


oewn-effusion-n oewn-gush-n oewn-outburst-n oewn-blowup-n oewn-ebullition-n


a (usually irritating) impulsive and uncontrollable outburst by a problem child or a neurotic adult


a gesture of greeting or elation; one person's upraised palm slaps the upraised palm of another person


drama more suitable for reading than for performing


light and humorous drama with a happy ending


Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters


a comedy characterized by grim or satiric humor; a comedy having gloomy or disturbing elements


a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations


a sophisticated comedy; often satirizing genteel society


a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque


an extravagant comedy in which action is more salient than characterization


a comedy with serious elements or overtones


drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance; excites terror or pity


a dramatic composition involving elements of both tragedy and comedy usually with the tragic predominating


a humorous television program based on situations that could arise in everyday life


a television production that features a particular person or work or topic

the last of a series of BBC specials on Iran is being shown tonight


a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life


a boisterous comedy with chases and collisions and practical jokes


a theatrical entertainment of broad and earthy humor; consists of comic skits and short turns (and sometimes striptease)


a farcical afterpiece in the ancient Roman theater


a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint or martyr


an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices


a medieval play representing episodes from the life of Christ


a play representing the Passion of Christ


an ancient Greek burlesque with a chorus of satyrs


a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing


a short play presented before the main play


a drama executed by throwing shadows on a wall


a variety show in which the performers are made up in blackface


a variety show with topical sketches and songs and dancing and comedians


a series of extravagant revues produced by Flo Ziegfeld


a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances


a variety show with songs and comic acts etc.


an artistic form of nonverbal communication


the representation of dancing by symbols as music is represented by notes


an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner


a note or passage that is played pizzicato


music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment)


music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments


music that uses two or more different keys at the same time


music adapted to the understanding and taste of the majority


(music) a free instrumental composition in one extended movement; typically emotional or exuberant in character


a musical form involving the simultaneous sound of two or more melodies


music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated choruses


traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste


serious music performed by a small group of musicians


a drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral overture and interludes


oewn-comic_opera-n oewn-opera_bouffe-n oewn-bouffe-n oewn-opera_comique-n

opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken


opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important; the music is appropriate to the action


the structure of music with respect to the composition and progression of chords


a piece of music whose original harmony has been revised


harmony in which each chord has four notes that create four melodic lines


(music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord

the resolution of one dissonance is often the preparation for another dissonance


(music) a dissonant chord is followed by a consonant chord


oewn-tune-n oewn-melody-n oewn-air-n oewn-strain-n oewn-melodic_line-n oewn-line-n oewn-melodic_phrase-n

a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence


a melodic phrase that accompanies the reappearance of a person or situation (as in Wagner's operas)


a melody that recurs and comes to represent a musical play or movie


a melody used to identify a performer or a dance band or radio/tv program


oewn-theme-n oewn-melodic_theme-n oewn-musical_theme-n oewn-idea-n

(music) melodic subject of a musical composition

the theme is announced in the first measures


a theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music


(music) the presentation of a musical theme


a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished


(counterpoint) a variation of a melody or part in which ascending intervals are replaced by descending intervals and vice versa


the statement of a theme in notes of greater duration (usually twice the length of the original)


the statement of a theme in notes of lesser duration (usually half the length of the original)


the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music


vocal music for several voices in independent parts (usually performed without accompaniment)


part music with one dominant voice (in a homophonic style)


the principal part of a duet (especially a piano duet)


the second or lower part of a duet (especially a piano duet)


the highest part (usually the melody) in a piece of choral music


oewn-accompaniment-n oewn-musical_accompaniment-n oewn-backup-n oewn-support-n

a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts


a decorative musical accompaniment (often improvised) added above a basic melody


a short melody in the bass that is constantly repeated


oewn-figured_bass-n oewn-basso_continuo-n oewn-continuo-n oewn-thorough_bass-n

a bass part written out in full and accompanied by numbers to indicate the chords to be played


the appropriation of a new style (especially in popular music) by combining elements of different genres in order to appeal to a wider audience


genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies


a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response


(Roman Catholic Church) an antiphon (usually from the Book of Psalms) immediately after the epistle at Mass


a sequence of prayers constituting the Christian Eucharistic rite


they played a Mass composed by Beethoven


a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead


a liturgical prayer (considered to be the essence of Jewish religion) that is recited at least twice daily by adult Jewish males to declare their faith

as soon as Leonard learned to talk he was taught to recite the first words of the Shema, the creed of Judaism which originated on Sinai with Moses and is recited daily


a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone


(Judaism) a chant of praise (Psalms 113 through 118) used at Passover and Shabuoth and Sukkoth and Hanukkah and Rosh Hodesh


(Roman Catholic Church) a liturgical chant consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line


a variety of plainsong named after Pope Gregory I


a pre-existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition; originally drawn from plainchant, but later drawn from other sources


a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States


joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ


a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation)


a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God


a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune


the first words of a medieval Latin hymn describing the Last Judgment (literally `day of wrath')


(ancient Greece) a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity)


(Luke) the canticle of the Virgin Mary (from Luke 1:46 beginning `Magnificat anima mea Dominum')


a hymn that is sung at the end of a service as the clergy and choir withdraw


oewn-musical_composition-n oewn-opus-n oewn-composition-n oewn-piece-n oewn-piece_of_music-n

the composition is written in four movements


a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments


an arrangement of a piece of music for performance by an orchestra or band


music intended to be performed by a musical instrument or group of instruments


the instruments called for in a musical score or arrangement for a band or orchestra


a musical composition that has been completed or enriched by someone other than the composer


(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) in which musical themes that were introduced earlier are repeated


the closing section of a musical composition


a short piece of instrumental music composed for performance between acts of a drama or opera


a musical composition or musical passage to be performed quickly in a brisk lively manner


a musical composition or musical passage to be performed at a somewhat quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro


a musical composition or musical passage to be performed moderately slow


a short movement coming between the major sections of a symphony


a composition of vocal music that is appropriate for opening church services


music that precedes a fugue or introduces an act in an opera


a composition for organ using a chorale as a basis for variations


orchestral music played at the beginning of an opera or oratorio


a musical composition for one voice or instrument (with or without accompaniment)


composition (often improvised) for a solo instrument (especially solo organ) and not a regular part of a religious service or musical performance


a voluntary played at the end of a religious service


a musical composition for two performers


a musical composition for three performers


a musical composition for four performers


a musical composition for five performers


a musical composition written for six performers


a musical composition written for seven performers


a musical composition written for eight performers


a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text


a musical composition in several movements; has no fixed form


a contrapuntal piece of music in which a melody in one part is imitated exactly in other parts


oewn-enigma_canon-n oewn-enigmatic_canon-n oewn-enigmatical_canon-n oewn-riddle_canon-n

a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries)


a composition for orchestra and a soloist


a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of solo instruments


a short composition for a solo instrument; intended as an exercise or to demonstrate technical virtuosity


a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement


oewn-pastorale-n oewn-pastoral-n oewn-idyll-n oewn-idyl-n

a musical composition that evokes rural life


a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata


a musical composition of 3 or 4 movements of contrasting forms


a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style


a musical composition of a free form usually incorporating several familiar themes


a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra


a short section of a musical composition


a musical composition or musical passage to be performed loudly


a musical composition or musical passage to be performed very loudly


a brief introductory passage to a piece of popular music


(music) a group of notes connected by a slur


a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition


a jazz ostinato; usually provides a background for a solo improvisation


a cadence (frequently ending church music) in which the chord of the subdominant precedes the chord of the tonic


a brilliant solo passage occurring near the end of a piece of music


a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata


(music) a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner


(music) a composition or passage played in a slow tempo slightly faster than largo but slower than adagio


a fast movement (usually in triple time)


a musical composition of several movements only loosely connected


(music) an instrumental suite common in the 18th century


one of the variations contained in a partita


an orchestral composition based on literature or folk tales


a musical composition consisting of a series of songs or other musical pieces from various sources


a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano)


(music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully)


a successful musical must have at least three good songs


a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique


alternate (responsive) singing by a choir in two parts


a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school)


a song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation


a poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States


a narrative song with a recurrent refrain


a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliers


oewn-chantey-n oewn-chanty-n oewn-sea_chantey-n oewn-shanty-n

a rhythmical work song originally sung by sailors


the part of a song where a soloist is joined by a group of singers


a set of nonsensical syllables used while humming a refrain


a short simple song (or the words of a poem intended to be sung)


oewn-dirge-n oewn-coronach-n oewn-lament-n oewn-requiem-n oewn-threnody-n

a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person


a song celebrating the joys of drinking; sung at drinking parties


a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture


a type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes


a German art song of the 19th century for voice and piano


a song about love or expressing love for another person


a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleep


the text of a popular song or musical-comedy number

his compositions always started with the lyrics


a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem


an unaccompanied partsong for 2 or 3 voices; follows a strict poetic form


a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time


a song in which a line or phrase is repeated as the refrain


a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquet


a song characteristically played outside the house of a woman


a popular song concerned with disappointment in love


a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work


oewn-shivaree-n oewn-chivaree-n oewn-charivari-n oewn-callithump-n oewn-callathump-n oewn-belling-n

a noisy mock serenade (made by banging pans and kettles) to a newly married couple


music written in the bolero rhythm of the beguine dance


music written in the rhythm of the bolero dance


guitar music composed for dancing the flamenco


music composed in quadruple time for dancing the gavotte


music composed in duple time for dancing the habanera


music in three-four time for dancing a jig


music in triple time for dancing the landler


a stately piece of music composed for dancing the minuet; often incorporated into a sonata or suite


music in march time composed for dancing the paso doble; often played at bull fights


syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba


music performed for dancing the schottische


20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition


music (especially dance music) that has a syncopated rhythm


oewn-twelve-tone_music-n oewn-12-tone_music-n oewn-twelve-tone_system-n oewn-12-tone_system-n

a type of serial music introduced by Arnold Schoenberg; uses a tone row formed by the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale (and inverted or backward versions of the row)


music written in duple time for dancing the tango


music composed in six-eight time for dancing the tarantella


a style of fast heavy electronic dance music usually without vocals


music composed in triple time for waltzing


brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade


martial music with variations; to be played by bagpipes


a slow march to be played for funeral processions


a march to be played for a wedding procession


any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time)


popular dance music (especially in the late 1970s); melodic with a regular bass beat; intended mainly for dancing at discotheques


popular dance music of Brazil; derived from the practices of the macumba religious cult


music of general appeal to teenagers; a bland watered-down version of rock'n'roll with more rhythm and harmony and an emphasis on romantic love


the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community


a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments


a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing


music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)


a style of dance music popular in the 1920s; similar to New Orleans jazz but played by large bands


a kind of danceable music popular among black South Africans; includes a whistle among its instruments


folk music consisting of a genre of a cappella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul)


a genre (usually a cappella) of Black vocal-harmony music of the 1950s that evolved in New York City from gospel singing; characterized by close four-part harmonies; the name derived from some of the nonsense syllables sung by the backup


a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s

soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement


a type of country music played at a rapid tempo on banjos and guitars


country music originating in mountainous regions of southern United States


music of southern Louisiana that combines French dance melodies with Caribbean music and blues


a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles


an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940)


an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)


jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat


an earthy type of jazz combining it with blues and soul; has a heavy bass line that accentuates the first beat in the bar


jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation


any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940


genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged


a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll


a fusion of black music and country music that was popular in the 1950s; sometimes described as blues with a country beat


oewn-rock_-ap-n-ap-_roll-n oewn-rock-ap-n-ap-roll-n oewn-rock-and-roll-n oewn-rock_and_roll-n oewn-rock-n oewn-rock_music-n

a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of black rhythm-and-blues with white country-and-western

rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock'n'roll.


loud and harsh sounding rock music with a strong beat; lyrics usually involve violent or fantastic imagery


a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s; associated with attempts to combine rock with jazz and other forms; intended for listening and not dancing


a musical style that emerged in the 1960s; rock music inspired by or related to drug-induced experience


rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock


traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s


a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz


popular music originating in the West Indies; repetitive bass riffs and regular chords played on the off beat by a guitar


a style of popular music in the 1950s; based on American folk music and played on guitars and improvised percussion instruments


a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period

all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper


the manner of speaking to another individual

he failed in his manner of address to the captain


a break or check in the voice (usually a sign of strong emotion)


the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride' instead of `the bride's father'


the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect


an affected elegance of style that was introduced into Spanish literature by the poet Gongora


the architect's brilliant conceit was to build the house around the tree


(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated


something in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect


using the technical language of ecology to make the user seem ecologically aware


his eloquence attracted a large congregation


any artificially elegant style of language


the jargon of European community documents and regulations


the almost self-conscious flatness of Hemingway's style


incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists


oewn-grandiosity-n oewn-magniloquence-n oewn-ornateness-n oewn-grandiloquence-n oewn-rhetoric-n

high-flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation


using the abbreviated style of headline writers


specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject


the style in which newspapers are written


a style that uses the abstruse technical vocabulary of the law


your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally


the style of writing characteristic of some government officials: formal and obscure


a style that has the power to evoke feelings


matter of fact, commonplace, or dull expression


using language loaded with psychological terminology


using language effectively to please or persuade


the saltiness of their language was inappropriate


the expression of one's individuality (usually through creative activities)


standard formulations uniformly found in certain types of legal documents or news stories


a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speech


the activity of expressing something in words


the words that are spoken in the activity of verbalization


a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language


an expression that is characteristic of English as spoken by Americans


an expression that is used in Great Britain (especially as contrasted with American English)


oewn-wording-n oewn-diction-n oewn-phrasing-n oewn-phraseology-n oewn-choice_of_words-n oewn-verbiage-n

the manner in which something is expressed in words


the use of manner of speaking to communicate particular meanings


a manner of speaking that is distinctive of a particular group of people


a tone of voice that shows what the speaker is feeling

there was a note of uncertainty in his voice


there is a musky roundness to his wordiness


an expert manner of speaking involving control of voice and gesture


oewn-barrage-n oewn-bombardment-n oewn-outpouring-n oewn-onslaught-n

the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)


the patterns of stress and intonation in a language


a manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified


intonations characteristic of questions and requests and statements


a single tone repeated with different words or different rhythms (especially in rendering liturgical texts)


a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation


a break or pause (usually for sense) in the middle of a verse line


the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause


the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch)


the use or application of an accent; the relative prominence of syllables in a phrase or utterance


emphasis that results from pitch rather than loudness


the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word


the distribution of stresses within a sentence


the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements


the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music


the first beat of a musical measure (as the conductor's arm moves downward)


an unaccented beat (especially the last beat of a measure)


a musical rhythm accenting a normally weak beat


a vocal passage of narrative text that a singer delivers with natural rhythms of speech


(music) a short recitative that is melodic but is not an aria


a musical passage moving from one key to another


oewn-bombast-n oewn-fustian-n oewn-rant-n oewn-claptrap-n oewn-blah-n


the journalistic use of subject matter that appeals to vulgar tastes

the tabloids relied on sensationalism to maintain their circulation


technical jargon from computing and other high-tech subjects


a neatly short and concise expressive style


a distinctive spoken or written expression

John's succinct turn of phrase persuaded her that it would not be a good idea


he could always come up with some inspired off-the-wall conceit


oewn-conciseness-n oewn-concision-n oewn-pithiness-n oewn-succinctness-n

terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words


an expressive style that is direct and to the point


he continued in this vein for several minutes


an expressive style that uses excessive or empty words


oewn-prolixity-n oewn-prolixness-n oewn-windiness-n oewn-long-windedness-n oewn-wordiness-n


a style that involves indirect ways of expressing things


verboseness resulting from excessive repetitions


repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission


to say that something is `adequate enough' is a tautology


(logic) a statement that is necessarily true

the statement `he is brave or he is not brave' is a tautology


abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds

the British get `pud' from `pudding' by apocope


an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced separately

HTML is an initialism for HyperText Markup Language


a word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced as one word

`NATO' is an initialism for North Atlantic Treaty Organization


a style of expressing yourself in writing


an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse


poetry celebrating the deeds of some hero


any communication resembling poetry in beauty or the evocation of feeling


the form or metrical composition of a poem


a metrical adaptation of something (e.g., of a prose text)


oewn-meter-n oewn-metre-n oewn-measure-n oewn-beat-n oewn-cadence-n

(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse


the absence of a syllable in the last foot of a line or verse