Combustion control of engines has long been used to achieve various purposes. The three most notable purposes are to maximize power output, to maximize fuel economy, and to minimize emissions. In particular, emissions control has become a major factor in the development of engine controls.
Various conventional techniques exist for controlling the emissions of an engine. Most techniques deal in some form of controlling the amount of fuel, the amount of air or other combustible gas, and the timing of the ignition. These techniques vary significantly in the precision with which they are able to control emissions to a desired level. U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,127 to Quirchmayr, et. al. discloses regulating the combustion mixture pressure to achieve a desired NOx level. While this method may present some advantages over past strategies, further improvements are still sought by the industry.


The present invention relates to derivatives of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T.sub.3) which are useful for the measurement of free T.sub.3 in a liquid sample in which the T.sub.3 is present in both free and bound states.
T.sub.3 is one of the two physiologically important iodinated hormones, the other one being thyroxine (T.sub.4). In serum, most T.sub.3 is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), although some binding to albumin and probably thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) also occurs. Of the T.sub.3 present in serum, approximately 0.2 to 0.4 percent remains free; i.e., unbound to plasma proteins. It is this free fraction that is presumably active in stimulating metabolism. Moreover, it has been estimated that 65 to 75 percent of the total metabolic effects in man is due to T.sub.3. Consequently, the measurement of free T.sub.3 in blood serum or plasma is of clinical interest for the prophylaxis or treatment of a variety of disorders and diseases.


Side dumping vehicles for a variety of materials are known in the prior art and some examples of the patented prior art are contained in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,083,058, 3,712,675, 3,205,011, 3,844,617, 3,937,502.
The present invention is concerned with a broadly similar class of towed side dumping vehicle which is particularly constructed for transporting picked or stripped cotton from a harvester to a module. The objective behind providing the particular specialized cotton transporting and dumping vehicle is to enable the cotton farmer to keep the harvester working in the field and avoid the high cost and wasted time of using the harvester to deliver picked cotton to the module and then deadheading back to the end of a row. By means of the invention, the expensive harvester can be kept working more hours per day anc can take advantage of good harvesting weather, thus reducing the risk of crop deterioration in bad weather.
With the above in mind, the invention has been tailored to meet the problems which are peculiar to handling, transporting and dumping the fluffy lightweight cotton bolls, as distinguished from other materials having vastly different physical properties. The dump body or basket of the vehicle is constructed with wire mesh panels strategically located in its bottom and opposite end walls to permit the escape of air when the picked cotton is delivered into the dumping basket from the harvester. Without these air escape panels in proper locations, the loose cotton would simply boil and float over the open top of the basket on the cushion of air built up therein under the cotton. No known prior art vehicle is suitable in this respect for handling picked or stripped cotton.
A further feature of the invention adapting it to its very specialized mission resides in the provision of a dump body or basket having a capacity to hold two to three bales of picked cotton or two and one-half bales of stripped cotton. To achieve this, the basket must have a load holding volume of about 850 cubic feet.
Under such capacity or loading, the stability of the transport and dumping vehicle becomes of prime importance, and herein lies a further important aspect of the invention distinguishing it from the generally similar devices in the prior art. The geometric arrangement of the elevated dump basket pivot relative to the main frame wheels and the location of the dump basket hydraulic cylinders in relation to the main horizontal wheeled frame are quite critical to achieving stability particularly during dumping and retaining within reasonable limits the force required to raise and dump the loaded basket. A unique geometric arrangement of critical pivots and planes have been created in the invention to render the invention safe and very efficient as well as simplified and economical to manufacture.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent during the course of the following description.


Some types of sensors, such as angular position sensors for example, are configured to generate two or more sensing signals that vary sinusoidally with respect to a sensed parameter value. The two or more sensing signals may include a first sensing signal that varies with respect to the parameter value according to a sine function and a second sensing signal that varies with respect to the parameter value according to a cosine function. A decoder may be used to map the values of the two sensing signals to an output signal that corresponds to arctangent of the first sensing signal divided by the second sensing signal. Conventional decoders may perform the arctangent function digitally by using a look-up table.


In means of transportation, in particular airplanes, storable tables are frequently provided for the passengers. In VIP airplanes and in the first class section of conventional commercial passenger airplanes, a table of this type is usually pulled out of what is known as a credenza, which is arranged next to the seats, and is folded into a use position, in which the table top is arranged partially over the seat surface of the seats.
It is problematical in tables of this type that a plurality of requirements have to be united which are difficult to combine with one another. The credenza is usually lower than the armrests of the seats. This means that the table top has to be arranged considerably above the upper edge of the credenza in the use position. A mechanism therefore has to be provided which holds said table top in this higher position. The table top has to be self-supporting, and all loads which act on the table top therefore have to be conducted into the credenza. This can be problematical, in particular, in a long lever arm for the active forces (for example, a passenger who stumbles along the aisle).
It is known to secure the table top of a table of this type pivotably on a carrying arm which protrudes out of the upper edge of the credenza in the use position and therefore produces the necessary spacing between the upper edge of the credenza and the table top. The lid of the credenza is configured as a type of catching hook, and that edge of the table top which points away from the passenger seat can be hooked into the lid in its open position, with the result that the tilting moment which acts on the table top is conducted into the credenza via this lid. This solution is disadvantageous, as a lid which is fastened to the credenza by means of a hinge is not particularly well suited for absorbing loads.


Generally, a fixing device mounted in an image forming apparatus employs a lamp that emits infrared rays, e.g., a halogen lamp, as a heat source, or employs a method of heating with Joule heat by electromagnetic induction.
In general, fixing devices include a heating roller or a fixing belt coupled to a plurality of rollers and a press roller. It is necessary to reduce the heat capacity of each component as much as possible and to further concentrate heating areas of the fixing device in order to maximize overall thermal efficiency.
Furthermore, typical heating widths are wide, thus making it difficult to intensively provide widely distributed thermal energy to a nip portion.
In addition, fixing quality within the fixing device for an electronic photograph is affected if heat generated unevenness is present in a paper transport direction and in a perpendicular direction thereto. Particularly, with respect to color printing, heating unevenness produces differences in color developing and can generate a gloss-like appearance.
Additionally, in a fixing device in which heat capacity is extremely reduced, additional problems with respect to speed irregularity, warp or deterioration of the belt, and/or expansion of the transport roller exist in that the temperature of parts of the fixing device through which paper does not pass is increased dramatically. Due to energy conservation concerns, heating of such areas is not preferable. As such, due to environmental concerns, an apparatus or method that provides energy to the nip portion which heats only the passing area of the paper or the image forming area in the paper has become an area of focus in the field.
Furthermore, the area adjacent to the image forming area (referred to as an intermediate area) and the area inside the lateral width of the paper is in contact with the image forming area. As such, the heating of such areas affects the heating of the image forming area and the like. It is preferable that the intermediate heating area should have a low temperature in order to conserve energy, but the paper is heated during printing, and the paper typically expands and contracts due to heat. Differences in temperature at the border of the paper result in wrinkling. In addition, a diameter of the press roller (for pressing the paper from a rear surface thereof) changes depending on the temperature. Accordingly, the border between the intermediate area and the image forming area has an uneven shape thus reducing the overall print quality of the paper.


The present invention relates generally to a substrate polishing apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing of a semiconductor substrate. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a substrate supporting pad, to the various constructions and compositions of such a pad, and to polishing apparatus using such a pad to support a substrate during polishing.
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a process performed by a substrate polishing apparatus for planarizing or polishing semiconductor substrates, also known as substrates, to provide substantially planar front and/or backsides thereon. The CMP process is used to remove high elevation features, or other discontinuities, which are created during the fabrication of semiconductors on the substrate.
The CMP process is performed by a substrate polishing apparatus having a carrier head assembly that removably retains a substrate to be polished, the carrier head urging the substrate against a rotating polishing pad. Further, the carrier head assembly may or may not rotate and translate the substrate relative to the rotating polishing pad. As the polishing pad rotates, it tends to pull the substrate from beneath the carrier head assembly. To eliminate this problem, the carrier head assembly includes a substrate confining ring that extends circumferentially around the lateral edge of the substrate, and retains the substrate and limits movement of the substrate relative to the carrier head assembly. In addition, a controllable down force is applied on the substrate to urge it against the polishing pad.
A down force is applied according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,215 that discloses a carrier head assembly with a vertically expandable bellows chamber wherein fluid, preferably air, is pumped into and out of a primary pressure chamber to control the load to be applied to a substrate. When air is pumped into the primary pressure chamber, the pressure in the chamber increases and a base assembly is pushed downwardly. A substrate backing member is attached by a vertically expandable bellows. The bellows and the substrate backing member may be formed of stainless steel.
A down force is applied according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,316 that discloses a carrier head assembly for polishing a substrate by providing a downwardly opening plenum covered by a flexible membrane. When pressurized fluid is introduced to the plenum, the membrane applies a uniform downward pressure across a backside of a substrate to be polished. The membrane is several hundred microns in thickness and is composed of a synthetic rubber.
A down force is applied to a substrate according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,931,719 that discloses an inflatable bladder located beneath the polishing pad. The inflated bladder is used to vary the pressure exerted against the bottom of the polishing pad, which results in varying the down force of a substrate that is held against the top surface of the polishing pad. Varying the pressure is said to compensate for center slow polishing arising when a polishing pad has been used repeatedly for polishing multiple substrates.
Undesired overpolishing of the substrate can be attributed to a warped or otherwise unevenly planar substrate, and by the manner in which the substrate is retained to the carrier head assembly. The carrier head assembly includes a generally planar lower carrier face or platen on which is mounted a conformable and resilient carrier pad film in the form of a thick, resilient and solid film that contacts the backside of the substrate. The conformable and resilient carrier pad film may be a poromeric carrier pad film, commercially available from Rodel, Inc., Newark, Del. USA, and known as xe2x80x9cDF-200xe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cR200T3xe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cR200T4-470-510xe2x80x9d. Such a carrier pad film is a dense, porous, closed-cell polymer foam having a thickness generally less than 0.030 in. thick. When wetted, a fluid surface tension is provided for adhesion of a substrate in contact with the carrier pad film. Alternatively, a conformable carrier pad film may be provided by a wax mound against which the substrate is pressed to form a conformable film surface to receive a substrate for polishing. The wax material has limited resiliency.
The lower carrier face may lack a desired planar orientation, and may include protrusions or be misaligned from planar, all of which are irregularities that contribute to uneven distribution of a down force against the carrier pad film, and, in turn, against the backside of the substrate during polishing. Such uneven distribution will exert localized higher down force distribution on a portion of the substrate, which contributes to uneven rates of polishing and deviation from a planar polished surface on the substrate. Further, the substrate may become over-polished at a locations of localized higher down force distribution, which reduces the yield of useable planar semiconductor areas on the substrate. A conformable and resilient carrier pad film provides only limited improvement in attaining an even distribution of the applied down force. For example, the load distributing properties of the carrier pad are limited, and are often inadequate to compensate or overcome misalignment of the lower carrier face itself, and misalignments of the carrier pad film and the substrate on the lower carrier face. The carrier pad film itself may have variations in its thickness and constituent construction that might contribute to nonuniform distribution of down force. Further, the compressibility of a carrier pad film is limited by the amount of compression provided by its limited resiliency. A need exists for a conformable carrier pad that is more compressible than the resiliency provided by a carrier pad film, and that can be sufficiently compressible and/or resilient to compensate for uneven distribution of applied down force, as provided by a misaligned carrier face and by protrusions on the carrier face.
A recurring problem in chemical mechanical polishing is the so-called xe2x80x9cedge effectxe2x80x9d, i.e., the tendency of the substrate edge to be polished at a different rate than the center of the substrate. The edge effect typically results in overpolishing or under-polishing in spite of the use of carrier films. Further, variations in the composition and construction of the carrier film itself can contribute to nonuniformly distributed, localized pressure zones at certain areas across the contacting surface on the carrier film and, hence, across the substrate to be supported by the contacting surface.
The compressibility of a resilient film carrier pad is limited, and the resultant pressure on the substrate is directly proportional to the degree of resilient compression by the carrier pad. Since in practice, the film carrier film must be changed regularly, it would be desirable to provide carrier pads of uniform construction and of uniform composition from one carrier pad to another, which enables the same level of internal pressurization.
The present invention provides a carrier head assembly for a substrate polishing apparatus applying uniform down force distribution against a substrate by using an internally pressurizable carrier pad. Advantageously, the internally pressurized carrier pad conforms to, and thereby compensates for, variations in substrate thickness, carrier assembly irregularities, and avoids the limits to compressibility and the nonuniform distribution of down force due to variations in composition and thickness, as provided by conformable and resilient carrier pad films.
Embodiments and advantages of the invention will become apparent by way of example from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.


1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to nonionic fluorochemical surfactants useful as antistatic agents and lubricants for polymeric shapes.
2. Description of the Prior Art
U.S. Pat. 3,702,870 -- Pittman et al, issued Nov. 14, 1972, and U.S. Pat. 3,758,538 -- Litt et al, issued Sept. 11, 1973, describe preparation of fluorinated alcoholates by reaction of a fluoroketone with an alkali metal fluoride. In Pittman et al, the alcoholates are then reacted with acyl halides to obtain esters useful in improving water-repellency and oil-repellency of textiles. In Litt et al, the alcoholates are then reacted with olefins to obtain fluorine containing ethers useful as surfactants.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,723,999 -- Cowen et al. issued Nov. 15, 1955, describes preparation of nonionic surfactants by reaction of fluorinated alcohol with ethylene oxide.
Although these patents teach preparation of fluorinated surfactants, there is a definite need for improved fluorinated surfactants having useful properties as antistatic agents and lubricants for polymeric shapes.


Read Only Memories (ROMs) have become widely utilized in integrated devices today. They are used, amongst other things, to store data and programs. As the market moves towards system on chip solutions, the need for large on-chip ROMs has increased. The area that is used by these ROMs is usually between 5% and 30% of the overall chip area and can be as much as 50% of the total device area. Thus, the smaller the ROM can be made, the cost thereof will decrease.
The data and programs are stored in the ROM in the form of groups of 1's and 0's (binary code), or bits, known as words. The words are permanently stored, can only be read from the memory, and are typically made up of multiples of 8 bits or bytes. Bits forming words are, in turn, derived from compartments of equal area formed into rows and columns of a ROM array. Each compartment has an address.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1 which illustrates, by way of example, a 128 Kb ROM 10 in accordance with the prior art. ROM 10 comprises an array 12 containing 8 K words of 16 bits each. The bits of the words are configured as 256 rows and 512 columns within array 12. Each bit of each word is derived from a distinct physical unit or cell 13, equivalent to the compartments, imprinted on a silicon wafer utilizing digital Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. A cell has a minimum manufacturable size for a particular process based on the components, e.g., transistors, that are required to be imprinted therein. Cells occur at the cross-section of rows or word lines 15 with column lines or bit lines 17 and are all the same dimensions (and area) for a given array 12. FIG. 1 shows a cell 13A containing a bit of 1 at the intersection of word line 15A with bit line 17A. The location of particular cells 13 correspond to an address on the ROM array 12.
ROM 10 further comprises an X-decoder 14, a Y-decoder 16, a selector 18 and a sense amplifier and output driver 20. X-decoder 14 decodes 8 bits of an address which is the part of the address that determines the correct word line and activates one word line out of 256. The Y-decoder 16 selects a number of columns or bit-lines, corresponding to a word. In the present example, it connects one of every 32 cells 13 in the 16 groups of 32 cells 13 in the activated word line, in accordance with a supplied address. Y-decoder 16 achieves this by driving selector 18, which is, in effect, a switch with multiple inputs. Thus, for each address the 16 bits of a word are selected.
Sense amplifier and output driver 20 then sense whether there is a current in bit-line 17 when connected, i.e., whether a transistor (not shown) exists in each addressed cell 13 (whether the bit is a 1), and outputs the sequence as 16 bit words. If there is no transistor, a zero bit is registered. The sensing amplifier 20 is connected to a logic control unit 22 which controls its operation.
Reference is now made to FIG. 2 which is an illustration of a prior art layout of the two basic options for cell 13, that is, both with ad without a transistor. FIG. 3 shows an exemplary layout of four by four ROM cells 13 in an array 12. In FIG. 3, transistors or non-transistors connected to word lines 15, bit lines 17 and a ground connection 41, are shown.
The basic cell 13 contains one transistor 24 or a non-transistor 25 which is made up of the constituent parts of a transistor but not connected to form a transistor. Transistor 24 is formed so that the word line 15 (FIGS. 1, 3) is connected to its gate 30. The drain 32 and source 33 of transistor 24 (with transistor) are connected to the bit line 17 (FIG. 3) and a shared ground 41 (FIG. 3) respectively. The equivalent areas of non-transistor 25 are likewise connected but do not conduct current.
Transistor 24 is composed of a diffusion layer 34 of width W, a polysilicon or poly layer 36 of length, L and a contact 38 overlapped by a metal-1 layer 40. The diffusion layer 34, where it touches with poly 30 at gate 36, forms the active area or channel of transistor 24 and is a measure of the size of transistor 24 in terms of the current it draws. A non-transistor 25 does not have the diffusion layer 34 close to poly layer 36. There is therefore no active area or channel under poly layer 36 in this cell 13.
The minimum width and length, W.sub.min and L.sub.min of the transistor cell 24 is determined by the minimum allowed transistor size for a specific process. The minimum area of a cell 13, in general, is a function of a number of factors. One of these factors is the overlap of the diffusion layer 34 over the contact width. Therefore, an increase in the width W of diffusion layer 34 may affect the area of cell 13 if it increases this overlap beyond a certain limit. Another factor influencing the minimum area of a cell, 13 is the length, L, of the poly layer 36.
FIG. 3, which is referred to hereinabove and illustrates an exemplary prior art layout of four by four ROM cells 13 in an array 12, is now further referred to. The rows of memory cells 13, comprising non-transistors 25 and transistors 24 share the same word line 15 as shown. Each transistor 24 or non-transistor 25, of a row is shown connected to a different column or bit line 17. When a word line 15 is activated, only those cells in that row which contain a transistor 24 will conduct current from their bit line 17 to group 41 (or to a virtual ground or to a reference). Which of the cells has a transistor 24 can be determined by sensing the currents on the bit lines 17. The needed data is conveyed by pre-programming the location of the transistors in the array. As is illustrated, two basic cells 13 share the same contact 38 and all the contacts are connected together by the metal line of bit line 17. The shared ground line 41 formed by the meeting of diffusion layers 34 from two transistors 24 or non-transistors 25 is connected to ground by a metal line (not shown), for example, every 16 cells in order to save space.


Integrated semiconductor circuits (ICs) can be damaged by transient pulses or overvoltages, which are coupled in via terminals (pads) or directly in lines, such that they become nonfunctional or are even destroyed. Such pulses or overvoltages may occur for example in the event of so-called electrostatic discharges (ESD). High voltages and high currents, associated with transient or ESD disturbances, cause high disturbing powers to occur.
Such a pulse (e.g. burst) may also occur in many fields of application, e.g. automotive engineering. In automotive engineering, by way of example, there is the requirement that circuits of this type which have to function in the high-voltage range up to 90 volts or above are also to be designed for significantly higher disturbance pulse levels.
For high-voltage applications produced by means of high-voltage processes, provision is usually made of protection devices that are initiated or triggered by an electrical breakdown. The breakdown voltages must be significantly greater than the maximum permissible operating voltages of the application circuit to be protected. Only then is it possible to guarantee an undisturbed functionality of the integrated circuit. In the case of a fault, e.g. when an impermissibly high voltage is present, this overvoltage is dissipated to reference potential or ground by the protection circuit and downstream assemblies are thus protected from the high voltage.
One alternative for such breakdown-based protection concepts is an active circuit for protecting an integrated circuit, comprising a combination of an active trigger circuit with a known protection device such as a thyristor or a bipolar or MOS protection transistor.
Active circuits for protecting the IC are often triggered by the rise of the transient signal. In this case, the signal rise per unit time is detected and a protection transistor or a protection circuit is turned on by means of a drive circuit.
In the case of a fault, the protection circuit may accordingly be understood as an actively triggered overvoltage or overcurrent surge arrestor. A fast activation of the protection circuit is necessary in the case of a fault.
Short switch-on times and a precise switch-on threshold of the protection circuit for the integrated circuit and the protective effect thereof for different forms of disturbance pulses are important aspects of the product specification and constitute a competitive advantage.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,601 discloses a thyristor (SCR—silicon control rectifier) for ESD protection, which is triggered directly by the transient signal. The thyristor is realized in the semiconductor arrangement in a manner known per se by means of an n-type well, a p-type well and highly doped n-type and p-type regions. The transient voltage is detected by means of an RC element. By means of inverters connected downstream, the voltage level detected at the capacitance is converted into a control signal which drives the base of the pap transistor of the thyristor structure. As soon as the output current of the then active pnp transistor generates a sufficiently large voltage drop at a resistor, the npn transistor of the thyristor structure turns on, so that the transient pulse is dissipated from the pad potential of the I/O pin to reference potential through the low-impedance thyristor path. The thyristor then automatically remains turned on until its current falls below the holding current and the turn-off condition is met.


The present invention relates to a novel drug delivery system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a product in which a biologically active material is present in a multiphase system, i.e., (a) captured in multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV); (b) dissolved in the solvent components of the system; and (c) in a solid crystalline or amorphous state.
Liposomes are lipid vesicles composed of membrane-like lipid layers surrounding aqueous compartments. Liposomes are widely used to encapsulate biologically active materials for a variety of purposes, but particularly they are used as drug carriers. Depending on the number of lipid layers, size, surface charge, lipid composition and methods of preparation various types of liposomes have been utilized.
Multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV) were first described by Bangham, et al., (J. Mol. Biol. 13: 238:252, 1965). A wide variety of phospholipids form MLV on hydration. MLV are composed of a number of bimolecular lamellae interspersed with an aqueous medium. The lipids or lipophilic substances are dissolved in an organic solvent. The solvent is removed under vacuum by rotary evaporation. The lipid residue forms a film on the wall of the container. An aqueous solution generally containing electrolytes and/or hydrophilic biologically active materials are added to the film. Agitation produces larger multilamellar vesicles. Small multilamellar vesicles can be prepared by sonication or sequential filtration through filters with decreasing pore size. Small unilamellar vesicles can be prepared by more extensive sonication. An improved method of encapsulating biologically active materials in multilamellar lipid vesicles is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,054.
Unilamellar vesicles consist of a single spherical lipid bilayer entrapping aqueous solution. According to their size they are referred to as small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with a diameter of 200 to 500 .ANG.; and large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) with a diameter of 1000 to 10,000 .ANG.. The small lipid vesicles are restricted in terms of the aqueous space for encapsulation, and thus they have a very low encapsulation efficiency for water soluble biologically active components. The large unilamellar vesicles, on the other hand, encapsulate a high percentage of the initial aqueous phase and thus they can have a high encapsulation efficiency. Several techniques to make unilamellar vesicles have been reported. The sonication of an aqueous dispersion of phospholipid results in microvesicles (SUV) consisting of bilayer or phospholipid surrounding an aqueous space (Papahadjopoulos and Miller, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 135: 624-238, 1968). In another technique (U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,801) a mixture of a lipid, an aqueous solution of the material to be encapsulated, and a liquid which is insoluble in water, is subjected to ultrasonication, whereby liposome precursors (aqueous globules enclosed in a monomolecular lipid layer), are formed. The lipid vesicles are then prepared by combining the first dispersion of liposome precursors with a second aqueous medium containing amphiphilic compounds, and then subjecting the mixture to centrifugation, whereby the globules are forced through the monomolecular lipid layer and forming the bimolecular lipid layer characteristic of liposomes.
Alternate methods for the preparation of small unilamellar vesicles that avoid the need of sonication are the ethanol injection technique (S. Batzri and E. D. Korn, Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 298: 1015-1019, 1973) and the ether injection technique (D. Deamer and A. D. Bangham, Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 443: 629-634, 1976). In these processes, the organic solution of lipids is rapidly injected into a buffer solution where it spontaneously forms liposomes--of the unilamellar type. The injection method is simple, rapid and gentle. However, it results in a relatively dilute preparation of lipsomes and it provides low encapsulation efficiency. Another technique for making unilamellar vesicles is the so called detergent removal method (H. G. Weder and O. Zumbuehl, in "Liposome Technology" ed. G. Gregoriadis, CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, Fla., Vol. I, Ch. 7, pg 79-107, 1984). In this process the lipids and additives are solubilized with detergents by agitation or sonication yielding defined micelles. The detergents are then removed by dialysis.
Multilamellar vesicles can be reduced both in size and in number of lamellae by extrusion through a small orifice under pressure, e.g., in a French press. The French press (Y. Barenholz; S. Amselem and D. Lichtenberg, FEBS Lett. 99: 210-214, 1979), extrusion is done at pressures of 20,000 lbs/in at low temperature. This is a simple, reproducible, nondestruction technique with relatively high encapsulation efficiency, however it requires multilamellar liposomes as a starting point, that could be altered to oligo- or unilamellar vesicles. Large unilamellar lipid vesicles (LUV) can be prepared by the reverse phase evaporation technique (U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,871, Papahadjopoulos). This technique consists of forming a water-in-oil emulsion of (a) the lipids in an organic solvent and (b) the substances to be encapsulated in an aqueous buffer solution. Removal of the organic solvent under reduced pressure produces a mixture which can then be converted to the lipid vesicles by agitation or by dispersion in an aqueous media.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,100, Suzuki, et al., describes still another method of entrapping certain biologically active materials in unilamellar lipid vesicles by freezing an aqueous phospholipid dispersion of the biologically active materials and lipids. All the above liposomes, made prior to 1983, can be classified either as multilamellar or unilamallar lipid vesicles. A newer type of liposomes is referred to as multivesicular liposomes (S. Kim, M. S. Turker, E. Y. Chi, S. Sela and G. M. Martin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 728; 339-348, 1983). The multivesicular liposomes are spherical in shape and contain internal granular structures. A lipid bilayer forms the outermost membrane and the internal space is divided up into small compartments by bilayer septrum. This type of liposomes required the following composition: an amphiphatic lipid with net neutral charge, one with negative charge, cholesterol and a triacylglycerol. The aqueous phase containing the material to be encapsulated is added to the lipid phase which is dissolved in chloroform and diethyl ether, and a lipid-in-water emulsion is prepared as the first step in preparing multivesicular liposomes. Then a sucrose solution is shaken with the water-in-lipid emulsion; when the organic solvents are evaporated liposomes with multiple compartments are formed.
For a comprehensive review of types of liposome and methods for preparing them refer to a recent publication "Liposome Technology" Ed. by G. Gregoriadis. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., Vol. I, II, & III 1984.
Solutions are one of the oldest type of pharmaceutical dosage forms or drug delivery systems. A true solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components that form a homogeneous molecular dispersion, i.e., a one phase system. According to the United States Pharmacopeia, Twentieth Revision (USP XX, page 1027), solutions are liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water. Further, solutions are used for the specific therapeutic effect of the solute, either internally or externally. Id.
Suspensions are preparations of finely divided, undissolved drugs dispersed in liquid vehicles (USP XX page 1030). In this sense a suspension is a heterogenous, two-phase system. Suspensions have been used as drug delivery systems for centuries, for providing an insoluble bioactive ingredient for oral, parenteral and for the topical route of administration. In the present multicomponent, multiphase liposomal system the biologically active substance is present in the solid form dispersed in the aqueous medium both inside and outside the lipid vesicles.
Hydrogels can be any one of a wide variety of synthetic and natural hydrophilic polymers. They are used in pharmaceutical dosage formulation for various purposes, i.e., as viscosity inducing agents for suspensions and ophthalmic solutions; as protective colloids to stabilize emulsions and suspensions; as vehicles for topically applied dosage forms; as controlled-release drug delivery systems (J. D. Andrade (ed) "Hydrogels" for Medical and Related Applications: ACS Symposium, Series Nol. 31 ACS Washington, D.C., 1976). A gel is generally a semisolid system of at least two constituents, consisting of a condensed mass enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid. The gel mass may consist of flocculles of small particles or macromolecules existing as twisted, intermingled, matted strands. The polymer units are often bound together by electrostatic, hydrogen and van der Waal forces. Gels containing water are called hydrogels, those containing organic liquid are called organogels.
The hydrophilic polymers in aqueous media exhibit "pseudoplastic flow" due to the effect of intermolecular entanglements and the binding of water molecules. When the long randomly coiled polymer chain moves, their solvation layer (water of hydration) are dragged along which increases the resistance to flow, or the viscosity of the solution. This property is often utilized in pharmaceutical formulation to increase the viscosity of the preparation. Recently the hydrogels have been disclosed as useful for a controlled drug delivery system (S. W. Kim, Pharmacy International 4: 90-91 (1983)).


In a conveying system for conveying small articles such as cassettes or pallets, it is frequently necessary to remove the articles from the conveyor for processing. Traditionally, an operator has manually gathered the articles as they pass along the conveyor, and manually stacked the articles in preparation for transporting to the processing equipment. The manual gathering and stacking of the articles requires considerable labor and is a substantial cost factor.
Automatic stacking mechanisms have been proposed in the past, such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,470,996. In the stacking mechanism, as shown in the aforementioned patent, articles on a conveyor are pushed laterally by a pusher unit from a conveyor to a position beneath a stacking chute. A lift cylinder then operates to elevate the article upwardly into the chute and the elevated article is then held in the chute by a second plunger which is located opposite the pusher assembly. While devices of the type shown in the aforementioned patent can serve to stack articles one on top of each other, the mechanism requires that the articles slide against each other during movement from the conveyor to the stacking chute and this can cause substantial damage and scratching to the articles, if they are of a delicate nature.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a method and a device for operating a hybrid drive system having multiple drives, and relates particularly to the execution of learning functions in order to adapt regulation of the drives of the hybrid drive system to changed physical behavior of the drives.
2. Description of the Related Art
For previous drives having internal combustion engines, the internal combustion engines are activated by an appropriate engine control unit in order to provide the desired output variables such as rotational speed or torque, for example. Since the physical behavior of the internal combustion engine may change over time due to various influences, for example aging, temperature fluctuations, or the like, adaptation functions are usually implemented in the engine control unit. These adaptation functions may be triggered as a function of operating data, for example the operating time of the internal combustion engine, the distance traveled, the number of driving cycles, or the number of revolutions of the engine shaft, and as a function of a specified operating range of the internal combustion engine. If the specified operating range is operated for a minimum period of time which is necessary for completely executing the adaptation function, specific parameters may be adjusted or adapted with the aid of the adaptation function.
In hybrid drive systems, two or more than two types of drives are generally used in parallel. A higher-level hybrid control unit is used to select a subdivision of the torque to be provided, according to a drive strategy, as a function of the driver's specifications and as a function of the instantaneous operating states of the vehicle or of the drive system. Depending on the drive strategy provided, the operating control unit may provide that in the specific operating range of the motor vehicle and in specific ranges of driver specifications the load is distributed between the drives so that the drives are each operated in preferred operating ranges. However, this may result in certain operating ranges no longer being included in a drive, since the drive strategy which is implemented in the hybrid control unit keeps one or more of the drives in a preferred operating range.
In the example of the internal combustion engine as the drive, current drive strategies of the hybrid control units provide that the hybrid control units are operated in a medium load range so that, for example, operating modes such as coasting mode or idle speed occur rarely or not at all.
If this is the case, the engine control unit is no longer able to carry out the adaptation function, even when a suitable testing time is established, since the internal combustion engine no longer reaches the operating range which is necessary for executing the adaptation function.
An object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a method and a device for operating a hybrid drive system via which, also for a hybrid drive system, it may be ensured that necessary adaptation functions for the individual drives are executed.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a camera which can record information on a magnetic recording medium formed on a silver salt film (hereinafter referred to as a film), film means loadable to such a camera and a camera system.
2. Related Background Art
In an 8 mm talkie, a magnetic track which is a magnetic recording medium is formed on a film so that sound information is recorded as magnetic record information. In a conventional camera, date and time information of photographing is recorded on a film as optical record information by means of optical imaging.
Recently, a camera which records information on a magnetic track formed on a 35 mm film to allow recording of information other than optical record information has been proposed.
However, because of contact between a magnetic head and a magnetic tape, powders of magnetic material of the tape deposit on a surface of the magnetic head after a certain period of use and this deteriorates a recording characteristic.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a keycap, and in particular to a light-guiding method and a light-guiding assembly of a backlight source within the keycap.
2. Description of Prior Art
Back light source can be widely used in a liquid crystal display, a signboard or an advertisement board. In addition, it can be also applied to electronic products, such as mobile phone or personal digital assistant. Since the back light module is mounted within the keycap, the user can still smoothly operate the keycaps even in the night or without the illumination of a light source.
The conventional keycap is provided with a light-guiding plate in the interior of the key pad assembly, and the periphery or the bottom of the light-guiding plate is provided with a light-emitting diode. When the electronic product is in use, the light-emitting diode is lighted up, and the light is introduced into the light-guiding plate. At this time, with the light-guiding plate, the light is directed to the keycap above the light-guiding plate, so that the surface of the keycap has a light-transmitting effect. In this way, the user can clearly see the character, numeral or symbol on the surface of each keycap.
Recently, with the development of multi-color light-emitting diodes, they are also widely used in the keycaps of electronic products. The multi-color light-emitting diode generates the lights with various colors under the control of the circuit of the electronic product to, so that the surface of the keycap or some keycap groups can represent a colored back light effect with different colors. Since there is only one layer of light-guiding plate, if several multi-color light-emitting diodes are lighted up at the same time, and the lights with various colors are simultaneously introduced into the light-guiding plate, these lights may be mutually interfered with one another or mixed easily. As a result, the light displayed on the surface of the keycap is not the originally preset light. Therefore, in order to solve the mutual interference or mixing of the lights, adhesion of black patches or coating of inks is applied to the light-guiding plate so as to shield the light. After several multi-color lights are introduced into the light-guiding plate, the surface of the keycap or some keycap groups may represent a backlight effect with various colors and do not generate the interference or mixing of the lights. However, if the adhesion or coating process is not perfectly performed, such light-shielding measure may cause the leakage of light and in turn the waste of time and process in manufacturing the light-guiding plate.


As a kind of integrated circuit (IC) memory devices, flash memories have the function of storing information in an electrically erasable and rewritable manner. For this reason, flash memories are widely used in electronic products including portable computers, cell phones and digital music players. A flash memory has many memory cells that are required to be so arranged as to be adapted to its operations. Each of the memory cells stores a single bit of data.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a memory cell of a conventional flash memory device, and FIG. 2 shows an array of memory cells of the conventional device. The flash memory device includes a plurality of the arrayed memory cells, as well as a plurality of bit lines (BL0, BL1, BL2, BL3, . . . , and BLm), a plurality of word lines (WL) and a plurality of control gates (e.g., CG0, CG1 and so forth), configured to select and provide drive signals to the individual memory cells. As shown in FIG. 1, each of the memory cells includes two memory bits, i.e., bits A and B, and a word line common to the two bits. Each of the memory bits includes a bit line and a control gate. While only two control gates are depicted in FIG. 2, i.e., CG0 and CG1, in practical, the memory may have more control gates (i.e., CG0, CG1, CG2, CG3, . . . , and CGn), as generally and commonly known in this art, and a detailed description thereof is therefore omitted herein.
Conventionally, in order to check whether a memory bit has been properly programmed, programming verification is generally carried out by reading the memory bit. This process is explained below with the programming of the memory bit A as an example. Typically, the memory bit A is programmed, concurrently with voltages of the control gate CG0, the word line WL and the control gate CG1 at 8.6 V, 1.5 V and 5V, respectively. In addition, after completion of the programming, the memory bit A is typically verified with the voltages of the control gate COO, the word line WL and the control gate CG1 at 0 V, 4.5 V and 5 V, respectively.
Referring to FIG. 3, in which the abscissa axis represents time t. The memory bit A is programmed at an instant t0, with the voltage of the control gate CG0 at 8.6 V and the voltage of the word line WL at 1.5 V. After the programming is completed at an instant t1, in order to enable the programming verification, it is needed to decrease the voltage on the control gate CG0 to 0 V and increase the voltage on the word line WL to 4.5V. However, due to latch-up and other effects, the decrease of the voltage at the control gate CG0 to 0 V takes a period of time tf and ends at an instant t2, which lead to elongation of the programming verification time. In addition, after the programming verification has ended at an instant t3, the voltage on the control gate CG0 is required to increase again to 8.6 V, with the voltage on the word line WL required to drop to 1.5 V, in order to allow the next programming cycle to start. Again, due to latch-up and other effects, the increase of the voltage on the control gate CG0 takes a period of time tr and ends at an instant t4. This makes an additional contribution to the elongation of the needed programming time.


A technique in which a transistor is formed using a semiconductor layer formed over a substrate having an insulating surface is known. For example, a technique in which a transistor is formed over a glass substrate using a thin film including a silicon-based semiconductor material and the transistor is applied to a liquid crystal display device or the like is known.
A transistor which is used in a liquid crystal display device is generally formed using a semiconductor material such as amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon. Although transistors including amorphous silicon have low field effect mobility, a larger glass substrate can be used in the case of using amorphous silicon. Meanwhile, transistors including polycrystalline silicon have high field effect mobility; however, they need to be subjected to a crystallization step such as laser annealing and thus are not always suitable for larger glass substrates.
As another material, an oxide semiconductor attracts attention. Zinc oxide and a materials including zinc oxide are known as oxide semiconductor materials. Thin film transistors each of which is formed using an amorphous oxide (an oxide semiconductor) having an electron carrier concentration of lower than 1018/cm3 are disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3.


TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel amide-derived biaromatic compounds and to pharmaceutical/cosmetic compositions comprised thereof; the subject amido compounds are especially useful in human or veterinary medicine, or alternatively in cosmetic compositions.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to verifying illegitimate non-human users that are accessing content.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the past few years, there has been a significant increase in the number of automated non-human user software, known as “bots”, browsing the internet. Some of these bots are used for legitimate purposes to analyze and classify content across the World Wide Web. For example, GOOGLE® uses bots to gather content to be indexed for their search services. However, some other types of bots are used for illegitimate and many times for fraudulent purposes. One such illegitimate usage is the artificial inflation of impression counts (number of times an advertisement is viewed) and/or impression clicks (number of times an advertisement is clicked) in order to fraudulently profit from getting paid based on those inflated numbers.
These bots are very difficult to identify because they may originate from a server farm or from regular user computers, computers that real and unsuspecting humans use to legitimately view web pages or other types of digital content. The bots can spread and infect a computer through malware, adware, malvertising, viruses, plugins, email attachments, apps, websites, or through any other means. Further, once potential bots are identified, it is important to verify that that the potential bot actually is a bot and hasn't been misidentified.
A need arises for effective techniques that can be used to verify illegitimate non-human users that are accessing content.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a coil for a magnetic resonance imaging system, and particularly an arrangement for fixing such a coil in place.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a magnetic resonance system, there is a need to use a strong electromagnetic field created by high-powered radio frequency signals so as to excite nuclei in a human body to generate magnetic resonance signals, and then the magnetic resonance signals emitted from the human body are received. The said magnetic resonance signals are reconstructed into magnetic resonance images in a known manner. When a body is examined, normally it is necessary to position one or more radio frequency coils on a patient's bed with their field of view oriented at different parts of the human body, and a suitable coil needs to be placed at a corresponding position in order to carry out a scanning.
FIGS. 1 to 3 show schematic diagrams of the structure of a currently available breast coil and the manner of fixing it onto a patient bed. Tabs 14 are arranged respectively on both sides 12 of a breast coil 10 in a direction facing a patient bed 20. A plurality of slots 22 are formed respectively on both sides of the patient bed 20 along its longitudinal direction. When the breast coil 10 is used to carry out an examination, said tabs 14 are inserted along the arrow direction into the corresponding slots 22 according to the position that the patient is in said patient bed 20 or the patient's body height, so that the breast coil 10 can be fixed onto said patient bed 20.
FIGS. 4 to 6 show schematic diagrams of the structure of a currently available head coil and the manner of fixing it onto a patient bed. A number of studs 34 are arranged respectively on the bottom surface 32 of a head coil 30 in a direction facing a patient bed 20. A number of corresponding holes 24 are formed on the patient bed 20. When the head coil 30 is used to carry out an examination, the studs 34 are inserted along the arrow direction into the corresponding holes 24, so that the head coil 30 can be fixed onto the patient bed 20.
It can be seen that in such a currently available magnetic resonance imaging system, in order to fix different coils at different positions on the patient bed, it is necessary to arrange correspondingly specific structures, such as tabs and slots, studs and holes, etc., on the various coils and on the patient bed, so as to carry out the positioning or fixing therebetween.
Since specific structures have to be designed on a patient bed, such as forming slots, holes, etc., the strength of the bed base may be affected. In addition, the structures such as slots, holes, etc. tend to be soiled and collect dirt easily, therefore it is necessary for them to be cleaned regularly to prevent disease transmission.
In order to use a coil for scanning at a variety of positions, it is necessary to make a series of slots or holes on the patient bed, and this further reduces the structural strength of the patient bed. Furthermore, such a coil can only be located on the positions where the slots and holes are formed, and this leads to inconvenient placement operations, and also restricts the flexibility in using the coil.


The present invention relates generally to propellant charges in medium and large caliber cased or caseless gun systems. More specifically the invention is directed to the configuration of the charge that is loaded into the cartridge case assembly. The configuration, in this case, generally the shape, density and placement of the propellant charge is a departure from contemporary configurations.
Munitions that use solid propellants carried in the cartridge casing typically relied on spherical or cylindrical grain geometry for ease of processing. Burn rates, the speed that a flame front is propagated through the propellant, were controlled through geometry (i.e. grain perforations) or through chemical (i.e. deterrents) means. Burn rate modification and progressivity tuning are important considerations in designing charge loads. Another technique to provide a propellant in the cartridge is to use what are known as co-layered propellants in a disk or rolled scroll. Co-layered propellants being a descriptive term describing the use of layers of precut propellant elements cut from a sheet of propellant material. It is known to use co-layered propellants in the shape of rings or appertured disks of different propellants stacked in a sandwich configuration. In co-layered propellants so called "fast burn" propellant sheet stock, cut in the appropriate appertured disk or ring shape, is sandwiched between two layers of slower burning propellant sheet stock. The source of co-layered propellant sheets is Alliant Tech Systems who can provide the co-layered propellant in die-cut annular ring shapes or in uncut sheets.
Another use of co-layered propellants is in a rolled scroll form. In this configuration the propellant sheet is rolled to form a scroll. The scroll form is aligned longitudially with the boom of the projectile and if ignited from the end of the scroll, the normal technique, the flame propagation will be more difficult to control than the flame propagation of this invention. In the scroll form of propellant it is difficult to control burn propagation and there is a risk that waves of pressure may build to the point of weapon destruction. Therefore the scroll form of propellant is more difficult to specify than is the strip embodiment presented here.
One of the disadvantages of co-layered propellants is that the stacked disks provide, having only limited natural ullage, a barrier to gas flow which can lead to detrimental pressure waves in the gun. These detrimental waves are caused in part by the blockage presented by the disks. The invention presented in this specification avoids or minimizes the barrier to the gas flow as the strips of propellant allow sufficient ullage between the strips.
Another disadvantage of co-layered propellants in disk form, as is used in the prior designs, is that the manufacture of the rings creates a large amount of scrap propellant. It is known that to cut a circular disc from a rectangular sheet of propellant material will cause significant selvage or waste of material. The sheets of propellant are expensive and anytime you can save on material the cost of a loaded cartridge case will be commensurately lower.


The invention relates to a work-holding fixture for clamping a workpiece in position on a work-holding table, comprising a guide shoe, which can be fixed on the work-holding table and has recesses in symmetric arrangement, a clamping dog, which is designed as a rocking lever, has a clamping leg and a gripping leg and, with laterally projecting extensions arranged in the center region, engages into the recesses of the guide shoe and is supported there during clamping, and a clamping screw which passes through the clamping leg in the region of its free end and is supported on the guide shoe during clamping. Such work-holding fixtures are used in particular in the machining of workpieces by the workpiece being clamped in position on the work-holding table.
French Preliminary Published Specification 2,612,439 discloses a work-holding fixture of the type described at the beginning. In this work-holding fixture, a clamping dog is already allocated to a guide shoe. The guide shoe has two oblong-hole-like apertures and is clamped in position by means of two fixing screws in tapped holes which are provided in the work-holding table, the oblong-hole-like apertures enabling an infinitely variable displacement of the guide shoe in a single horizontal direction. The effective direction of the clamping dog in the horizontal direction is thus also established. The clamping dog is of plate-shaped design and, roughly in its center area, has two laterally projecting extensions, the plate-shaped clamping dog thus being designed as a rocking lever and having a clamping leg extending to the rear and a gripping leg extending forward from the extensions, with which gripping leg the workpiece is ultimately clamped in position. The laterally projecting extensions have a cylindrical cross-section and engage on their part into recesses of the guide shoe. These recesses, with the exception of an insertion shaft which can be closed by a headless setscrew or the like, are designed to be enclosed at the margins and enable the clamping dog to be displaced a certain limited distance in the single direction described above relative to the fixed guide shoe before the workpiece is clamped in position. The adjustability in this direction is only comparatively small. The recesses have an effective length which is arranged within the limits of the oblong-hole-like apertures and is smaller than the length of the oblong-hole-like apertures. A clamping screw passes through the free end of the gripping leg, which clamping screw is guided in a corresponding thread in the gripping leg and, when the workpiece is clamped in position, presses down on the rear end of the guide shoe. The clamping range of this known work-holding fixture is restricted vertically to a few bridgeable millimeters, since the clamping dog is of plate-shaped design and is pivotably mounted about the journal-like extensions essentially only to a very limited extent. Furthermore, it is disadvantageous that, due to the fixing of the guide shoe on the work-holding table, only a single direction in the horizontal plane is predetermined in which the work-holding fixture is infinitely adjustable. The displacement travel is here very small and it is necessary to provide a comparatively close grid of tapped holes in the work-holding table so that workpieces protruding to various widths can be clamped at the various locations in this single direction with one and the same work-holding fixture. In this arrangement, it is also disadvantageous that, as a result of the close grid, the guide shoe often has to be shifted on the work-holding table if different sizes of workpieces require this. Clamping in a horizontal direction other than that predetermined by the two fixing screws is not possible. The guide shoe cannot be rotated about a vertical axis. Furthermore, unfavorable force-transmission ratios also result if, for example, the fixing screws are inserted relatively far to the rear at the oblong-hole-like apertures and the extensions and thus the clamping dog come into use in a position displaced relatively far forward in the recesses. Furthermore, it is disadvantageous that the clamping screw, with the free end of its threaded shank, rests in a planar manner on the guide shoe only at a single, fixed workpiece height. At every deviating height of the workpiece, the clamping screw is supported only in a point-like manner on the guide shoe, in the course of which inadmissibly large surface pressures develop. With this known work-holding fixture, it is not possible to clamp workpieces of different height within a larger range, since the tilt angle of the plate-shaped clamping dog is limited to a few degrees.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,586 shows a work-holding fixture in which there is no guide shoe. Instead, the clamping dog, which here, too, has two laterally projecting extensions interacts directly with the slot of a slotted work-holding table. For this purpose, the clamping dog has a bent shape, the gripping leg and the clamping leg extending roughly in a straight line relative to one another and the extensions being arranged well below this straight line, since they have to engage into the slot of the work-holding table. A clamping screw is also provided here at the rear end of the clamping dog, that is, at the free end of the clamping leg, which clamping screw is supported on the root of the slot in the slotted table. The laterally projecting extensions provided on the clamping dog have a slightly oval shape, as a result of which the clamping height is limited. The clamping height ends here when the oval extensions abut against two opposite surfaces of the slot of the slotted table; higher workpieces can no longer be clamped with this work-holding fixture. It is thus possible to alternatively clamp workpieces in a height range which exceeds a few centimeters. In the horizontal plane, however, the work-holding fixture is tied to the direction which is predetermined by the direction of the slots in the slotted work-holding table. The work-holding fixture cannot be used in an angular position turned, for example, through 90.degree. thereto or also in any oblique angular position. The free end of the clamping screw here is certainly of spherical design; but here, too, the disadvantage of the point-like force transmission results. A precondition for the applicability of this work-holding fixture is a work-holding table provided with slots. In machining centers, the work-holding tables provided there are often only provided with tapped holes which are arranged in a certain grid. The known clamping dog cannot be used in combination therewith.