September 17, 2013 by mattfradd
In this article I’d like to examine and respond to the claim that the story of Jesus Christ was borrowed from earlier mythologies.
Similarity Does Not Imply Dependence
Before we look at some of these alleged parallels between Christianity and paganism (and why they’re false), it’s important to note that similarity does not imply dependence. That is, even if Christianity did have beliefs and practices similar to those of earlier religions, it doesn’t follow that there must be a causal connection between them.
Similarities among religions shouldn’t surprise us. Most religions, after all, try to answer the same fundamental questions in life: “Where did we come from?”, “Is there an afterlife?”, “How should we live?” Most religions have rituals, sacred stories, and moral codes. It would be surprising if there weren’t some similarities among them. In fact, you might say that the similarities are a sign that God does exist—you might expect different religions in different eras and cultures to reach many similar conclusions about what he’s like and how to relate to him.
Jesus, Pagan Myth, & Anti-Semitism
Claims that Christian beliefs about Jesus are adapted from pagan cults may be popular today, but they’re nothing new. A school of nineteenth-century German theologians sought to interpret Jesus against a pagan background rather than a Jewish one, perhaps due to the anti-Semitic desire for an “Aryan Jesus.” The movement continued into the early twentieth century with writers such as J. M. Robertson, William Benjamin Smith, Arthur Drews, and others who sought to deny the historicity of Christ by drawing upon the work of liberal theologians who tended to deny the value to the sources for Jesus outside of the New Testament.
Unfortunately for these critics, their arguments were not taken seriously by mainstream critics, and their work fell into relative obscurity. It was not until a British professor of German named G.A. Wells rediscovered and translated this German scholarship in the 1970s that the myth argument rose to prominence again. However, it is still a fringe movement, and even Wells has abandoned it and admits there is a historical basis for the stories about Jesus.
The fact is, there is no serious debate among the vast majority of scholars in the fields related to the question of the historicity of Jesus. Even agnostics such as Bart Ehrman who has become popular for his arguments against the reliability of the New Testament admit that Jesus was a real historical figure. He writes, “The view that Jesus existed is held by virtually every expert on the planet” 
Among the many ancient pagan deities of which Christ is said to be a copy, the Egyptian god Horus seems to get the most attention. Although much could be said about each of the alleged parallels between Jesus and Horus, due to our limited space we will examine three: 1) Horus’s virgin birth, 2) his crucifixion, and 3) his resurrection.
1) Horus was born to a virgin mother.
Several different (and contradictory) stories about Horus have developed gradually over the last 3,000 years, but the most common story of his conception espoused by mythicists today involves his father, Osiris, and mother, Isis.
It goes like this: When Osiris was murdered and his body cut up into fourteen pieces, his wife Isis journeyed throughout Egypt collecting them. She was able to find all pieces except his genitals (not making this up), which had been eaten by catfish at the bottom of the Nile. Isis then makes a prosthetic phallus, gets impregnated by it and along comes Horus.
A virgin birth? Not exactly.
2) Horus was crucified.
How did Horus die? Well, again, that depends on which account you go by. Horus either 1) did not die, 2) died as a child after having being poisoned by a scorpion, or 3) his death is conflated with Osiris (recounted above). Meanwhile the popular mythicist film Zeitgeist claims he was “crucified.” Now, crucifixion was a Roman invention; there was no Egyptian equivalent. So what is the justification for this belief? There are images of Horus standing with outstretched arms. That’s it.
As the film’s study guide explains, “The issue at hand is not a man being thrown to the ground and nailed to a cross, as Jesus is depicted to have been, but the portrayal of gods and goddesses in cruciform, where by the divine figure appears with arms outstretched in a symbolic context.”
By this line of reasoning we should also conclude that Barney the dinosaur was also crucified, since there are many images of him standing with outstretched arms!
3) Horus rose from the dead.
The fact is that the dying and revivification of Horus is vastly dissimilar to the death and resurrection of Christ. Indeed the view that ancient pagan religions were filled with dying and rising gods which the New Testament authors borrowed from in order to concoct the story of Christ was put to rest by Jonathan Z. Smith in the late 1980s, in his article “Dying-Rising Gods” in the scholarly and authoritative Encyclopedia of Religion. He writes:
“The category of dying and rising gods, once a major topic of scholarly investigation, must be understood to have been largely a misnomer based on imaginative reconstructions and exceedingly late or highly ambiguous texts. . . . All the deities that have been identified as belonging to the class of dying and rising deities can be subsumed under the two larger classes of disappearing deities or dying deities. In the first case the deities return but have not died; in the second case the gods die but do not return. There is no unambiguous instance in the history of religions of a dying and rising deity.”
When Dialoging with a Mythicist
When dialoging with those who claim that Jesus is just a spin-off of a pagan God, you should keep three things in mind.
1) Ask them where they are getting their information. If they point you to a particular website or movie, ask them where that website or movie got their information.
2) Take the parallels one at a time. It’s easy for someone to rattle off a list of alleged parallels making it appear that the evidence is overwhelming, but if you take the time to examine each supposed parallel you’ll find, as we found above, that they are not very similar at all.
3) Study the alleged parallels from authoritative sources yourself. You could purchase The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, put out by Oxford University Press. For a shorter treatment read some of the insightful articles that my colleague, Jon Sorensen has written. I’d also strongly suggest watching the following talk, “Refuting Zeitgeist: the Movie” by Professor of philosophy and religion, Mark W. Foreman:
Join the Discussion
Was this article helpful to you?
What other alleged parallels have you heard proposed?
What resources are you aware of that could help Christians better respond to mythicist claims?
 Can We Trust the New Testament? by George Albert Wells (Nov 26, 2003) ISBN 0812695674 p. 43
 Did Jesus Exist?, p. 4
 Cited in Jonathan Z. Smith, “Dying and Rising Gods,” Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed. Lindsay Jones, (Detroit: Macmillan, 2005 [original: 1987]), 4:2535).