Dwarf planet Makemake examined for the first time
Astronomers have obtained an important first look at the dwarf planet Makemake - finding it has no atmosphere.
One of five such dwarfs in our Solar System including former planet Pluto, Makemake had until now eluded study.
But in April 2011, it passed between the Earth and a distant star, and astronomers used seven telescopes to study how the star's light was changed.
A report in Nature outlines how they unpicked Makemake's size, lack of atmosphere, and even its density.
Few battles in the astronomy community are as fierce as the one surrounding the demotion of the planet Pluto from planet status in 2006 to one of what the International Astronomical Union then dubbed "dwarf planets".
Pluto shares the category with four other little worlds: Ceres, Haumea, Eris and Makemake.
- Pluto, Ceres and Eris were the first three bodies to be recognised as dwarf planets
- Unlike planets, dwarfs lack the gravitational muscle needed to clear their orbits of other astronomical objects
- Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet in 2006 when a similar body, Eris, was found beyond Pluto's orbit
- Hundreds more dwarfs like Pluto might live in the Kuiper Belt, a region of icy objects beyond the orbit of Neptune, but they are hard to find
Ceres, as the only inner Solar System dwarf, has been analysed directly with telescopes.
The far more distant Eris and Haumea have both been analysed separately in the same kind of "occultation" that has now given clues as to Makemake's makeup.
Now Makemake has come under scrutiny by an international team led by Jose Luis Ortiz of the the Andalucian Institute of Astrophysics in Spain, making use of seven different telescopes across Brazil and Chile.
They watched as the dwarf planet blocked the light of distant star Nomad 1181-0235723, only for about one minute.
The dwarf was known to be about two-thirds the size of Pluto, but the team put the measurement on a firmer footing, measuring it to be not quite spherical - about 1,430km across in one direction and 1,500km across the other.
The team estimates that Makemake has a density of 1.7 grams per cubic centimetre (similar to that of Pluto, but still less than a third that of Earth) - but the key test was that of the dwarf planet's atmosphere.
"As Makemake passed in front of the star and blocked it out, the star disappeared and reappeared very abruptly, rather than fading and brightening gradually," said Dr Ortiz.
"This means that the little dwarf planet has no significant atmosphere. It was thought that Makemake had a good chance of having developed an atmosphere - that it has no sign of one at all shows just how much we have yet to learn about these mysterious bodies.
"Finding out about Makemake's properties for the first time is a big step forward in our study of the select club of icy dwarf planets."