Genus ''Pellaea'' generally are attached to soils with short to long creeping rhizomes, characterized by overlapping scales that are narrowly linear, with light to reddish or medium brown, often with a darker mid-stripe. the fronds are persistent and erect, persistent, typically not exceeding one meter in length. The more or less cylindric petioles are generally dark or reddish brown to blackish, with a shiny, glabrous character. Leaf blades are one to four-pinnate, with segments generally stalked and free, linear to rounded, sometimes lobed, often folded lengthwise when desiccated. The blade veins are normally free. Sporangia are exhibited in generally continuous, submarginal bands, sometimes among a whitish to yellowish exudate. Segment margins are typically recurved; spores are most often tan to light yellow.
- * Jepson Manual. 1993. ''Pellaea''. University of California, Berkeley, Ca.
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