First off all offset occurs on proportional control systems, it is the difference between setpoint and measurement.
The process variable is a parameter which describes the current position of the process, the Manipulated variable is a parameter used to control the process and Setpoint is the target value at which a controller attempts to maintain the process variable.
A response graph of a proportional control system includes all three parameters.
For every controller it’s ultimate aim is to get the process variable to the setpoint value. For a Proportional control system, it is impossible to return the measurement exactly to its setpoint. since proportional output only adjusts in response to a change in the error, not to the error’s duration. This steady gap/error between SP and PV is called offset in process control.
For example, consider that the outlet temperature of a furnace is regulated by a proportional-only controller and the temperature is at the setpoint. If the furnace feed rate increases, it will need more gas. This disturbance is a change in the load on the furnace. To get more oil, it is necessary to open the gas valve further.
The only reason the valve can be at a cost other than its point of departure is to have a malfunction. The proportional regulator alone is therefore unable to restore the outlet temperature to its setpoint
The offset is determined by the controller’s proportional band value and the change in valve position that happens when a disturbance occurs:
ΔE = PB (ΔO)/100
where: ΔE = Error shift
PB = Proportional band
ΔO = Valve position change
Setpoint shifts, which are called setpoint load shifts, may also occur in control systems. Integrating and non-integrating processes under proportional control respond differently to these changes in the load setpoint.
The proportional-only controller is the most easily operated continuous controller. It delivers quick response and is relatively stable. If it is possible to accept offset (loose control), it is reasonable to use only proportional control.