Service locator pattern
The service locator pattern is a design pattern used in software development to encapsulate the processes involved in obtaining a service with a strong abstraction layer. This pattern uses a central registry known as the "service locator", which on request returns the information necessary to perform a certain task. The main criticism of service location is that it obscures dependencies. Meanwhile, its proponents say the approach should not be discarded as it simplifies component-based applications where all dependencies are cleanly listed at the beginning of the whole application design, consequently making traditional dependency injection a more complex way of connecting objects. The usual criticism of service locator pattern as being the one which is "much harder to test" actually becomes a benefit in such applications.
- The "service locator" can act as a simple run-time linker. This allows code to be added at run-time without re-compiling the application, and in some cases without having to even restart it.
- Applications can optimize themselves at run-time by selectively adding and removing items from the service locator. For example, an application can detect that it has a better library for reading JPG images available than the default one, and alter the registry accordingly.
- Large sections of a library or application can be completely separated. The only link between them becomes the registry.
- An application may use multiple structured service locators purposed for particular functionality/testing. Service locator does not mandate one single static class per process
- The solution may be simpler with service locator (vs. dependency injection) in applications with well-structured component/service design. In these cases the disadvantages may actually be considered as an advantage (e.g. no need to supply various dependencies to every class and maintain dependency configurations)
- Things placed in the registry are effectively black boxes with regards to the rest of the system. This makes it harder to detect and recover from their errors, and may make the system as a whole less reliable.
- The registry must be unique, which can make it a bottleneck for concurrent applications.
- The registry can be a serious security vulnerability, because it allows outsiders to inject code into an application.
- The registry hides the class' dependencies, causing run-time errors instead of compile-time errors when dependencies are missing.
- The registry makes the code more difficult to maintain (opposed to using Dependency injection), because it becomes unclear when you would be introducing a breaking change.
- The registry makes code harder to test, since all tests need to interact with the same global service locator class to set the fake dependencies of a class under test. However, this is easily overcome by injecting application classes with a single service locator interface.
- Seemann, Mark. "Service Locator is an Anti-Pattern". blog.ploeh.dk. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
- Sample code
- In Defense of Service Locator
- Game Programming Patterns: Service Locator
- Dependencies In Disguise
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