One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself. Act only the morality of freedom pdf to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law”. The word “ethics” is “commonly used interchangeably with ‘morality,’ and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual.
It does not connote objective claims of right or wrong, but only refers to that which is considered right or wrong. She characterizes the latter as predominantly negative and proscriptive: it defines a person’s territory, including his or her property and dependents, which is not to be damaged or interfered with. Apart from these proscriptions, territorial morality is permissive, allowing the individual whatever behaviour does not interfere with the territory of another. By contrast, tribal morality is prescriptive, imposing the norms of the collective on the individual.
Green relates the development of territorial morality to the rise of the concept of private property, and the ascendancy of contract over status. This belief has been confirmed by simple computational models of evolution. In simulations this discrimination can result in both unexpected cooperation towards the in-group and irrational hostility towards the out-group. They conclude that certain virtues have prevailed in all cultures they examined. Each of these includes several divisions.
One of these was whether the driver of a car would have his friend, a passenger riding in the car, lie in order to protect the driver from the consequences of driving too fast and hitting a pedestrian. Trompenaars found that different cultures had quite different expectations, from none to definite. Eastern and the Western cultures about morality. One of the important objectives of this book is to blend harmoniously the fine souls regarding conduct in the Eastern and the Western cultures, to take the result as the source and then to create newer and better conduct principles to suit the human society of the new century, and to introduce a lot of Chinese fine conduct spirits to the Western world. Humans consequently evolved “pro-social” emotions, such as feelings of empathy or guilt, in response to these moral behaviors. Biologists contend that all social animals, from ants to elephants, have modified their behaviors, by restraining immediate selfishness in order to improve their evolutionary fitness.
Human morality, although sophisticated and complex relative to the moralities of other animals, is essentially a natural phenomenon that evolved to restrict excessive individualism that could undermine a group’s cohesion and thereby reducing the individuals’ fitness. Its function is typically to ensure a reliable supply of essential resources, especially for animals living in a habitat where food quantity or quality fluctuates unpredictably. They define morality as “a suite of interrelated other-regarding behaviors that cultivate and regulate complex interactions within social groups. This suite of behaviors includes empathy, reciprocity, altruism, cooperation, and a sense of fairness. The brain areas that are consistently involved when humans reason about moral issues have been investigated by a quantitative large-scale meta-analysis of the brain activity changes reported in the moral neuroscience literature.