The course aims to provide the fundamentals of the flow of fluids in pressure and free surface and the tools for the analysis of the main problems of hydrostatic and hydrodynamics, the design and verification of pipelines under pressure and free-surface currents.
Knowledge and ability to understand
At the end of the course, the student will have acquired the knowledge of the most widespread analysis tools for the study of the problems of fluid currents under pressure and free surface. The student will have developed the ability to identify, understand and deal with the most relevant issues in the design and verification of pipelines under pressure and free surface currents.
Knowledge and understanding skills applied
The student will have developed the ability to perform the analysis of hydrostatic problems such as thrusts on flat walls and curves, and the design and verification of pipelines under pressure, and therefore to treat the aspects of calculation. For this purpose, the course includes the drafting of specific calculation exercises, in order to pass a specific written test.
Autonomy of judgment
At the end of the course the student will have sufficient autonomy to perform the calculation of thrusts on flat walls and curves, and to perform design calculations and verification of pipelines under pressure on pipes of different materials (cast iron, steel, plastics). Finally, he will be able to independently assess the adequacy of the solutions to guarantee the fulfillment of project requirements for flat and curved bulkheads and pressure pipes for water transport.
Upon passing the exam, the student will have acquired sufficient language skills with regard to the specific scientific terminology of the basic hydraulics. He will be able to describe, with appropriate language, also in written form, the most important hydraulic issues of the project of hydraulic engineering works and to represent in an exhaustive form the results of the calculation of verification and design of the piping under pressure.
Ability to learn
The student will have acquired the most relevant analysis methodologies for the treatment of the basic hydraulics aspects of civil engineering works (tanks, aqueducts). It will therefore have acquired the necessary elements to learn the development of knowledge in the field of hydraulic engineering in the future.
Maths 1, Physics 1
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics - Definition of fluid and its properties. The continuous fluid. Forces acting on a continuous fluid - material derivative and local derivative, transport theorem. The principle of conservation of mass and momentum in a global form. State of tension in a fluid in stillness, cardinal equations of the static, static thrusts on flat and curve surfaces . Tension state in a moving fluid, the tension tensor. (6 hours).
Fluids in stillness: the statics - The distribution of pressure in an incompressible fluid and in a barotropic fluid. Evaluation of the forces on flat and curved surfaces. Components of the thrust. Coordinates of the thrust center (6 hours).
Fluids in motion: Ideal fluid scheme and Bernoulli's theorem - Geometric and energetic interpretation - applications: foronomy, pitot tube, venturimeter for pipelines - Fluid currents: definition - kinematic condition in correspondence of a interface - The principle of conservation of mass and momentum for a current (12 hours).
Pressure currents - The distributed resistance in pressure fields in stationary and uniform motion - tangential stresses in laminar and turbulent motion - Moody abacus - practical formulas for pressure fields - long pipelines - pressure drops - Design and verification of simple pump systems - Geodetic and manometric prevalence, efficiency, energy, cost - difference between pumps and turbines, selection of pumps (8 hours).
Free surface fields - gradually changed equation of motion - energy characteristics of the current - slow and fast currents - low and steep slope currents - calculation of the resistances in the steady and uniform currents, outflow diagram. Possible states of free-surface currents - current profiles in low-sloping and steep-sloping riverbed - critical depth - critical state crossing - conjugated heights in the hydraulic jump for rectangular-section bed - examples of hydraulic jump - sluice gate in low sloping and steep sloping riverbeds(14 hours).
Statics: Simple and differential pressure gauge - height and piezometric height - elements of mass geometry - moments of inertia of simple figures - hydrostatic thrust on a flat wall - thrust module - coordinates of the thrust center - thrust on a curved wall - gas interface with pressure higher and lower of atmospheric - component method and global equilibrium method (11 hours);
Kinematics: applications of the Bernoulli theorem - pump systems - calculation of power and energy calculation of power and yearly energy budget by a pump system - practical formulas for pressure field calculations - problems of verification for long pipelines - verification of a pipeline with a pump system - design of a new and used pipeline with commercial diameters - pipeline doubling problems (16 hours)
Traditional lessons with the aid of the blackboard and audio/visual slides
D. Citrini e G. Noseda: "Idraulica", Ed. CEI, Milano.
Carravetta A., Martino R.: Dispense di Idraulica, ed. Fridericiana, Napoli
Slides (in the site).
The exam provides a written and an oral exam. Verification tests are planned that allow, if passed, direct access to the oral exam.