To understand the diversity, Pennsylvania maintained numerous religious affiliations. The greatest number are Lutheran or Reformed, but historically many were Anabaptists as well. Such religious and cultural diversity led to these various sub-groups among Pennsylvania Dutch who claim Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.
First, there are ethno-linguistic Pennsylvania Dutch who still speak Pennsylvania Dutch at home. They predominantly are Lutheran, Reformed, or are non-religious.
Second, there are ethno-religious Pennsylvania Dutch who some still speak Pennsylvania at home and others do not. They predominantly are Amish and Mennonites.
The Anabaptist promoted a simple lifestyle and their adherents were known as Plain people or Plain Dutch. This was in contrast to the Fancy Dutch, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. As a result, today the Pennsylvania Dutch either still replicate a Pennsylvania Dutch lifestyle and maintain the language of their forefathers. Or, they claim Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, yet no longer follow the tenants of their American Pennsylvania Dutch forefathers.
Nevertheless, people often only equate the Pennsylvania Dutch with Amish, a ethno-religious group coming from the Anabaptist traditions. Historically, the majority of speakers of the Pennsylvania Dutch German-derived language were not Amish, but were affiliated with Lutheran and German Reformed congregations. Today, however, the majority of the people claiming Pennsylvania Dutch as their ancestry no longer speak their historical Germanic language.
On the other hand, Amish do maintain the language; hence the impression that Amish are Pennsylvania Dutch people. The most famous Amish settlement is Lancaster County, PA. Because of a combination of pressures, including decreased availability of farmland and high birth rates, many Amish moved out of Lancaster County, to other parts of Pennsylvania and adjoining states, and as far west as Wisconsin. The migration of Lancaster Amish is not exceptional, however; Amish people have been historically quite mobile in order to adapt to changing external circumstances, often economic.
A large number of Amish live in the Midwest, especially the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa. Though Amish everywhere share core Christian beliefs, there are cultural and linguistic differences between Lancaster Amish and the midwestern United States Amish.
Historically, most Amish attended public schools until consolidation and curricular changes compelled them to operate their own schools. Recognizing the importance of fluency in English, Amish require that English be the sole medium of instruction in their schools, sometimes even during recess as well. High German, the language of the Bible, prayer books, and hymnals, is commonly taught as a subject in Amish schools.
Like the Amish, Mennonites come from the Anabaptist tradition. The early teachings of the Mennonites were founded on the belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus, which the original Anabaptist followers held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their belief in believer's baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism.
Both the Amish and Mennonites makeup the majority of those people who still speak Pennsylvania Dutch at home.
Third, there are socio-cultural Pennsylvania Dutch, though they claim a Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, no longer speak Pennsylvania Dutch at home. They predominantly are Lutheran, Reformed, or non-religious.
With all of the above in mind, there are people claiming Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry who are (1) an ethno-linguistic people group still speaking Pennsylvania Dutch at home (these are normally people who are either Lutheran, Reformed, or non-religious), (2) an ethno-religious people group (Amish and Mennonite) who speak English but advocate speaking Pennsylvania Dutch or Swiss German, and (3) a socio-cultural people group who no longer speak Pennsylvania Dutch at home (these are normally people who are either Lutheran, Reformed, or non-religious).