Many scholars have noticed the significance of Abraham traditions in Early Christianity. However, none have analyzed early Jewish or Pauline texts from the perspective of the most prevalent tradition about Abraham: his rejection of idolatry for monotheistic faith. Here, Nancy Calvert-Koyzis examines early Jewish documents in which the tradition of Abraham and monotheism plays a significant part. These include works from both Philo and Josephus, as well as the Biblical Antiquities, Jubilees, and the Apocalypse of Abraham. Each document is analyzed with the historical context in mind in order to ascertain how this monotheistic tradition, and in some cases the tradition of Abraham's obedience of the law, functioned to define who were members of the people of God.
Next, the author analyses Paul's epistles to the Galatians and Romans from the standpoint of the tradition of Abraham's rejection of idolatry from monotheism. She finds that Paul most probably had traditions of Abraham's monotheistic faith in mind as he redefines the people of God in Christ. Abraham's monotheistic faith in the Pauline texts is now fulfilled in Christ. This is in contrast to the use of monotheistic traditions about Abraham to define the people of God in early Jewish literature. Ironically, those who maintain that obedience to the law is necessary for members of the people of God are shown to be idolaters. This in contrast to those who embrace fulfilled monotheistic faith like their forefather, Abraham.