Mapping the Earth
Minerals and Rocks
Geologic Processes/Features (Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanoes)
Freshwater/Geologic Processes and Features
Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources
The Atmosphere (Meteorology)
This equals the mass of an objects * its volume. The unit for this is g/mL.
How do you find the volume for an irregular object?
This type of air/water/magma rises because it's less dense
This type of air/water/magma sinks because it's more dense
What else increases when density increases?
What is the density of liquid water?
This form of water is the most dense
A prediction about a problem that can be tested
A changeable factor in an experiment
Factors that are the same throughout an experiment
True or False, there an be more than one explanation for any phenomena?
This type of variable is the one that YOU change
This type of variable is the result of the manipulation of the IV
The part of an experiment where there's no manipulation of the IV (ex. the blank cereal box)
Lines that go east-west, but measure north and south of the Equator
Lines that go north-south, but measure east and west of the Prime Meridian
True or False, when finding the coordinates of a location, the longitude is first and the latitude is second?
The closer the contour lines, the ____ the slope.
Contour lines form V's and point in this direction when there are rivers and creeks present
The increase in elevation between two adjacent contour lines
This is found in nature, is inorganic, solid, and has a definite chemical composition and structure
Mineral properties depend on this type of structure
A way to identify a mineral; it tells us what can scratch the mineral
The least efficient way to identify a mineral is by it's...
The shine of a mineral
The color of the powder in a mineral
This is made of one or more minerals
The most abundant group of minerals that contain silicon and oxygen
These type of rocks are produced by the cooling of magma or lava and are classified by composition and texture
Fast cooling rocks with small, fine-grained mineral grains, glassy, air holes present (ex. pumice, basalt, obsidian)
Slow cooling rocks with coarse or large mineral grains
This type of rock is formed by heat and pressure or chemical action
These metamorphic rocks have banded layers
These metamorphic rocks do not have banded layers
This type of rock is formed from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation
Fossils are found in this type of rock
This type of rock can be classified into three groups, clastic, organic, and chemical
This rock is formed both chemically and organically
This type of rock is made of fragments (ex. conglomerate, sandstone, shale)
Coal, oil, and mineral are all these type of resources
This part of the Earth is made up of the crust and upper mantle
This part of the Earth is made up of the lower mantle
This crust is thinner, younger, and denser than continental crust
This crust is thicker, older, and less dense of oceanic crust
This plate will always sink under a continental plate because it's more dense
These move tectonic plates
Colliding plates which cause folded or thrust faulted mountains, subduction zones (volcanoes & trenches), and reverse faults. It involves compression.
Folded and thrust-faulted mountains are features of these convergent boundary type of zones
Volcanoes and trenches are features of these convergent boundary type of zones
Dividing plates which cause sea-floor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and volcanoes.
These slide past each other and produce strike slip faults and earthquakes
Wave-like forms made of horizontally compressed rocks; commonly occurs during continental collisions
What type of mountains are the Appalachians?
A break or crack in the Earth's crust where the tectonic plate movement has occurred
How many seismic stations are needed to find the epicenter of an earthquake?
Which waves travel the fastest and reach the seismic station first?
Which waves are the second to reach the seismic station and can not travel through liquids?
Which waves are the last to reach the seismic station?
____ activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or sea floor spreading, and hot spots.
These types of volcanoes form steep sided mountains and have violent eruptions
These types of volcanoes form low sloping and broad mountains where the eruptions are generally considered quiet and oozing
These types of volcanoes are a combination of cinder cones and shield volcanoes in their actions. They alternately erupt violently and quietly forming layers that show evidence of the varying eruption types
The process of rocks breaking down chemically and physically by water, air, and organisms
This type of weathering alters the chemical makeup of a rock and occurs in warm, humid climates
This type of weathering alters the physical look of a rock and occurs in cold climates
When a rock with a crack in it gets filled with water, which freezes, expands the rock, and then melts
The process of Earth's materials being transported by moving water, ice, or wind
What causes erosion?
Streams and moving water are the major agents of ____.
The process of Earth's materials being carried by wind, water, or ice and settling out and being deposited
True or false, smaller particles settle out first?
The ability for water to move through soil
Loose rock fragments and clay derived from weathered rock mixed with organic material
An area with caves and sinkholes
What rock is dissolved by acidid groundwater forming caves?
The amount of space between the soil where the water will move
True or False, water does not pass through impermeable materials?
Cone of Depression
This is formed when more water is being used up than being replenished
This is a layer of permeable rock that transports groundwater freely and is confined between 2 impermeable rock layers
This area is where the water table reaches the land's surface
True or False, ores are not useful and profitable?
What state has resources including limestone, gravel, and coal?
Resources that can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used (ex. vegetation, sunlight, surface water)
Resources that are renewed very slowly or not at all (ex. coal, oil, minerals)
This is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of a former existence of life preserved in a rock
What type of fossils are mostly found in Virginia?
This is used to find the ages of human artifacts or things that were once living
4.6 Billion Years
How old is planet Earth?
Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, and the Appalachian Plateau
What are the 5 physiographic provinces of Virginia?
This VA region is the flattest
This VA region is an are of rolling hills, igneous and metamorphic rocks
This VA region is a high region separating the Piedmont from the Valley and Ridge regions; it has some of the oldest rocks in the state
Valley and Ridge
This VA region has long parallel ridges and valleys composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the collision of Africa and North American during the Paleozoic Era.
This VA region has rugged, irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks; most of VA's coal is found here
How many high and low tides occur each day?
The daily periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the moon
Cold to Warm
Do currents run from warm to cold or cold to warm areas?
This brings cold, nutrient rich water from the bottom of the ocean to the surface
These places are where salt water mixes with fresh water; it's a partially enclosed body of water with open access to the sea or ocean (ex. Chesapeake Bay)
What bacteria was responsible for the first oxygen on Earth?
These are in the ocean and are generated by wind
Continental shelves, slopes, abyssal plains, and seamounts can all be found in ____.
What planet has an atmosphere that is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% trace gases?
What planet has an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide and is very dense?
What planet has an atmosphere that is very thin and is mostly carbon dioxide?
This effect is caused by high CO2 levels.
The transfer of energy from the Sun to the Earth in the form of electromagnetic waves
The transfer of energy through direct contact
The transfer of energy through the flow of a heated material and is a major cause of weather in the atmosphere
These form when the air is at or below the dew point and condensation nuclei are present
This effect causes deflections of the atmosphere and oceans due to the rotation of the Earth
This measures humidity
This measures air pressure
This measures temperature
This measures wind speed
These are formed due to unequal heating of the atmosphere that causes air pressure differences; they move from high to low pressure areas
these fronts move quickly and produce rain at the front
These fronts move slow and produce many clouds and long periods of gentle rain
the typical weather patterns for a given location over a period of many years
this climate is cold
This climate is enjoyable
this climate is hot
a narrow violent funnel shaped column of spiral winds that extends downward
a tropical cyclone characterized by winds of 120 km/hr or greater
Solar Nebulae theory
this theory explains that the planets formed from the condensing of our sun or solar nebulae
What's life cycle consists of nebulae, yellow main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, and black dwarf?
Yellow Main Sequence
What kinds of star is the Sun?
These are the death stage of stars
We are located in this, spiral galaxy
Hubble space telescope
this telescope has improved our knowledge of the Universe
the reason the universe is parting from us
the big bang theory
the theory that once the entire universe was stuck together and then exploded creating what we have today
June 21st is what solstice?
Dec 21st is what solstice?
when the sun is at its most northern or southern point