Jan 25, 2021 - Explore Jonathan Turner's board "17th century English merchant ships" on Pinterest. Navigation between ports on their coasts was restricted to French ships; this principle was later extended to apply to navigation between a metropolitan country and its overseas colonies. He was also responsible for the sail on the mainmast; he could have a mate, responsible for surveying the stern. The role of captain as commander, legal superior and chief navigation officer only appears in England in the 1580s; it was particularly claimed by privateers, although sometimes by merchant commanders. Dhows were meant to be trading ships, having a single mast which was lateen-rigged. In the United Provinces, there was no directly comparable officer. Naming your boat after a saint, the Virgin Mary, or some other religious reference was the most popular method. In France, in the Mediterranean shipping, we find the fadarinier was the lowest sailor aboard, but he was older than the ‘boys’. We know that the two positions – master and owner – regularly overlapped during these centuries. Wikimedia Commons has media related to 17th-century ships. Islands and coastlines were added to sailing charts almost on an annual basis. The arrondissement flags were established by Royal Regulation of 3 … The English realized quickly that their merchant ships had to carry enough cannon and other firepower to defend their factories at Bombay and elsewhere and to ward off pirates and privateers on the long voyage to and from the East. In reality, many ships did not have pursers, and the master (and sometimes mate or boatswain) was responsible for finances and cargo. In contrast, in the New World of America and Australia there was so little existing production of trading goods that the establishment of ties required not only the pioneering of the trading route but also the founding of a colony to create new production. In France the term seems to be replaced by charpentier de navire in the 17th century. This category has the following 11 subcategories, out of 11 total. In English ships, this role was fulfilled either by the master, his mates, or the boatswain. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. The table includes the main terms found in each language and a brief description of the duties of each. More, they had hit on some very important advances in design. See an overview of the gifts, tableware, and home décor in our store. In the United Provinces, a ship owner was named a reder. On English ships, there was no directly comparable officer; the ‘purser’ was responsible for the ship’s finances, and might also combine the role of ‘supercargo’ (see below). 12th; 13th; 14th; 15th; 16th; 17th; 18th; 19th; 20th; 21st; 22nd; Subcategories. A buss of 240 tons with lateen sails was required by maritime statutes of Venice to be manned by a crew of 50 sailors. The 1589-1610 figures demonstrate the extent to which the London, the Thames, Essex and Suffolk had come to dominate the English shipbuilding trade by the early 17th century. It’s possible its origins lie in the handling of the ship’s pumps. Their age range could go between 13 and 16, and at times also served as learning post for aspiring officers. In France he was the highest rank among the sailors, answered only to the master, and gave instructions to the crew on rigging, sails and ropes. See more ideas about sailing ships, 17th century, century. The tables excludes privateer frigates (i.e. The merchants’ agent on board. His responsibilities must have been only operational, as we have never encountered one of them being sued for having stored cargo badly, while masters appear to have been sued for this reason. The word possibly comes from puts, a wooden bucket, referring to duties of cleaning the ship. In Italy this role appears only on navy ships. In England, this was not necessarily an officially recognised role, but there are numerous references to the ‘master’s boy’ or ‘ship’s boy’, presumably filling a similar position. Consult the Miramar Ship Index (£) website, a historical database listing some categories of merchant and naval ships. So during the early modern period we do not find capitani on board Venetian commercial vessels. Home | Contact us | Staff | Students | iExeter (Staff and Students) | Site map | ä¸æç½. Beautiful Wares. The crew of a square-sailed cog of the same size was only 20 sailors. Thus began an effort that has characterized merchant shipping for centuries—to reduce crews to the minimum. In France we find two terms for this role: dépensier or cambusier, the latter derives from the fact that he lived in the cambuse (front part of the ship) where food provisions were kept. If in Genoa the term was really used only to describe owners we would have a unique situation in which the owner was always on board, so it is legitimate to assume that, like in Venice, patron was also used for masters. those owned by individuals or … Holland’s “Golden Century” was the 17th, and England’s overtaking of France as Europe’s seat of industry also occurred then. In the United Provinces, the schrijver was the person responsible for all that related to writing. In France these roles never appeared on small vessels, which instead carried a surgeon’s chest. In the United Provinces, the cook was the one who prepared the meals. In England surgeons were employed on naval ships and on some long commercial voyages. These were inexpensive to build, and could carry a large cargo. Often used in convoys to and from the East Indies and for voyages of exploration. In the United Provinces, this was the youngest of the non-commissioned officers, and in charge of a sloop. The pilot was the one which actually navigated the ship. The Dutch competitors of England were able to build and operate merchant ships more cheaply. As part of the project's comparative approach, we have produced tables of the roles on board merchant ships during the seventeenth century, in Italian, Dutch, English and French, which can also be downloaded from the link below. He was in charge of carpentry repairs on board, and frequently had an assistant (marangoneto). A Straetvarder in the 17th century merchant ship of Holland / Ein Straetvarder im 17. On military vessels he was the highest-ranking noncommissioned officer. After doing a number of Dutch schips, I am now modelling a Brittish one. Since my present research is into our family's seafaring past, in the 17th century, and the model I am working on now is a c.1650 New England coasting vessel, I will start there. I did a forum search but did not find an answer that addressed my specific question. Standard profits were 100 percent or more. In England the boatswain was responsible for supervising the mariners as they worked, and for disciplining them. The French terms are comparable. Eighteenth-Century Colonial American Merchant Ship Construction. This large and costly ship was intended to be England’s entry in a fierce competition with the Dutch for the trade of India and the Spice Islands. This article is a list of French naval frigates during the Age of Sail, from the middle of the 17th century (when the type emerged) until the close of the sailing era in the middle of the 19th century. So the translation is correct for the 16th century, but not in the 21st century understanding of captain. The merchantmen had to carry large crews to have available the numbers to make them secure against attack. In Venice he was responsible for the part of the cargo belonging to the ship, such as victuals and provisions including ropes, wood and miscellaneous material necessary for repairs. Rationing of fresh water meant sailors could wash neither their bodies nor their clothes. On August 29, 1686, the intendant in Flanders, Dugué de Bagnols, wrote a bitter protest against a decree of the previous year levying a 20 percent tariff on imports from the Levant, except for goods carried on French ships from the Middle East that had entered the ports of … Outbreaks of disease were common in the crowded conditions on board ship, notably during the transport of troops or slaves: “malignant fevers,” typhus, dysentery, pneumonia, dermatoses, typhoid. The British East India Company was paying £40 a ton for ships whereas other owners paid only £25. Ships in Harbour (Formosa, 1857) Site documenting Sugar & Opium trade In establishing a sea link with the East, European merchants could hope to get under way quickly using the producers already resident there and the goods in established production. This constituted a restriction of many of the world’s trade routes to a single colonial power. Rieuse, a 26-gun oar-assisted frégate légère (1674–1698). In Venice this was exclusively a military title, reserved for patricians (members of the Major Council). Generally, freight contracts mentioned ‘a man goes with on behalf of the freighter’. This is the term by which ‘able seamen’ were usually referred to in Italian sources. During the first part of the 19th century only naval vessels, the largest merchant ships, and exploration vessels could afford to carry them. When Europeans began to undertake trading voyages to the East, they encountered an ancient and economically well-developed world. MERCHANT SHIPPING IN THE ECONOMY OF THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY BY RALPH DAVIS T THOUGH ships sail in the service of trade, trade statistics are poor indicators of the calls made by trade upon shipping. Much fine shipbuilding emerged, including ships of the English East India Company, but the company began to freeze its designs too early, and its operating practices were a combination of haughty arrogance and lordly corruption. Even future navy officers could take on a position of ‘cabin watcher’ on mercantile vessels sailing to Surinam or the Mediterranean. In Italy the bombardier was part of the crew, and was paid by the captain/master. When it comes to history, maritime pursuits had undoubtedly enhanced the ‘reach’ of humankind, from the perspective of both migrational activities (like the Austronesian people) and trade networks (like the Phoenicians). The Navigation Act initiated a rapid change in that pattern. This was used to go to and from land, to reach harbour or to get water, and was usually the first thing which was let go in case of heavy storm. In the 16th century the sailing ship in general service was the Dutch fluyt, which made Holland the great maritime power of the 17th century. In the United Provinces, the kwartiermeesters were in charge of those small boats. The cook or steward (bottelier) took care of victuals, the constable of armament, the carpenter of wood and sails, the schieman of ropes and the seijlmaker took care of sails. He had to test the depth of the water, using a plummet, which meant he was in charge of guiding the ship out of ports and into the sea, or out or onto river mouths. A blog about recreating 17th century ships with computer generated images. The roles of gunner in English and cannonier in French were comparable to the Italian bombardier. In Genoa, even for the early modern period the term should refer to the owner, but in the documents it frequently appears as being the master on board ship. Competition was fierce among the Europeans for the riches of the overseas trade. He cooked for everyone on board, although usually officers and crew ate different food and in a separate space. Thanks to 17th century military port, the commercial success with the West Indies in the 18th century and the emigration toward America the 19th century, Le Havre developed rapidly and its population increased strongly. In France it seems that port workers were in charge of loading ships with the help of the sailors and controlled by the scribe and captain/master. British shipping remained rather stagnant after the development of the East Indiaman in the 17th century. Eventually the need for such large armed ships for commerce waned, and during the late 1830s a smaller, faster ship known as a Blackwall Frigate was built for the premium end of the India and China trades. Frequently the position was given to a boy. Boudeuse, of Louis Antoine de Bougainville. They slept in steerage, cramped quarters choked with the stench from buckets of excrement. In the accumulation of capital, by countries and by individuals, this mercantile activity was of the utmost importance. Index of Merchant sailing ships, 1775-1815, by David R. MacGregor, published by Naval Institute Press, 1985 He worked closely with the scrivano, and there is reason to believe that in some (smaller) ships the two roles – masser and scrivano – were covered by one individual. Not only the merchants, but also some intendants, were joining the laissez-faire camp during the 1680s. The most common terminologies are bootsgezel, matroos and varensgezel. The result was that the East India merchantmen were very large ships, full-rigged and multimasted, and capable of sailing great distances without making a port. It was built to do one thing, carry cargo from port to port. He was also in charge of the ‘boatswain’s stores’, comprising the rigging and sails, and sometimes supervised and recorded stowage of goods, with occasional references to a ‘boatswain’s book’. This was particularly true of oceanic navigation, because larger crews were expensive to pay and to provision—and the large amounts of provisions necessary were sometimes critical on long voyages. They were from 150 to 200-ton ships. The reason that the 100-ton figure features so much in discussions of Elizabethan merchant shipping is because since the 15 th century, English governments had regarded 100 tons as the smallest useful size for a merchant ship that could be put into naval service. A further factor in the growth of national merchant marines was the increasing enforcement of the law of cabotage in the operations of the mercantile powers of northern and western Europe with respect to their rapidly expanding colonial empires. The Couronne 68-gun French 17th Century ship-of-the-line Ships lines plan La Couronne 68-gun French 17th Century ship-of-the-line. On Italian ships he acted as public notary on board. He was on the payroll of the merchant/s. A three-masted, lightly armed, and speed-built Dutch merchant vessel of the 17th century. Bootsmansgasten were sailors who came directly under the bootsman and ate with him at the same table, but this function was less present, if at all, on the mercantile fleet. With the emergence of the eastern trade about 1600 the merchant ship had grown impressively. The merchant shipping anchorage southeast of Texel by Ludolph Backhuysen, 1661 Private collection (image 2819×2291 px, 1.87MB) T his painting shows the merchant anchorage off the island of Texel, where ships of the Dutch East Indian Company (VOC) used to gather before setting sail for East Indies. Local pilots could be hired to enter foreign ports. Its lower status is sometimes also reflected in the 1740 definition of ‘he who does the dirtiest work on board’. The town was enlarged in 1820 and 1852 by the setting back and then destruction of its ramparts. Usually the owner – if he was not working on board – was called the parcenevole (see below). Consult the Crew List Index Project (CLIP) website, which has information about merchant ships from 1861 to 1913. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The French coasts were divided in five metropolitan maritime arrondissements, each of them being divided in two sectors, and in two colonial sectors. The Dutch became the innovators in the second half of the 17th century and maintained that status until the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars. Today’s term would be ‘helmsman’. In Dutch the person making masts was called a mastenmaker. Efforts were made to accomplish technical improvements on English copies of Venetian and Genoese traders. This article is a list of French naval frigates during the Age of Sail, from the middle of the 17th century (when the type emerged) until the close of the sailing era in the middle of the 19th century. The latter sometimes managed the food supply as well, and handed over the food to the cook. Determination of propulsive power by model testing, Electric drive and integrated machinery plants, Navigation Acts: Dutch ships masquerading as Spanish vessels. In English, ‘quartermaster’ was a term used on both commercial and naval vessels (see above), but does not seem comparable to the Dutch and French term. Lunar distances competed with the expensive chronometer. In the Royal Navy, the term corresponded to the Venetian as a military role, with ‘master mariners’ to take care of the actual navigation. French merchant ships had to hoist at foremast a specific flag indicating in which arrondissement they were registered. Bilge water stagnated in the hold, a sort of nautical cesspool and breedin… These were the ships that Cabot used to reach Newfoundland and Drake, Frobisher, and Raleigh sailed over the world’s oceans. It was lightly fortified and had a small stern and extended box-style structure. When the Hansa declined in power in the 16th century the Dutch, just then beginning to gain independence from Spain politically and from Portugal in trade, gained a major part of the English carrying trade. He was to attend to those in the cabin, meaning the officers and more specifically, the captain or skipper. Examples include: A navigator could find his longitude without a chronometer by using the moon as a giant clock, working its way past sun and stars. On English ships, the ship’s boat was often called a ‘cockboat’ or ‘coxboat’, hence ‘coxwain’; not present on all ships. In England and France, the patron or master was not necessarily owner of the vessel, and it is worth noting the different French terms used in Mediterranean and Atlantic shipping. We would welcome comments on this table, and especially additions from other languages; please contact Dr Richard Blakemore. A long, relatively narrow ship designed to carry as much cargo as possible, the fluyt featured three masts and a large hold beneath a single deck. He was a bookkeeper, and he took care of the ship’s journal, the muster rolls and all other registers. The freighter himself could be called ‘bevrachter’ or ‘cargadoor’. This category is for ships launched in the 17th century. In Dutch the scheepstimmerman, and in English the carpenter, was the craftsman who builds and repairs ships. In France, different words were used in the Mediterranean and Atlantic. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's fleet of five ships after their departure from Spain on September 20, 1519; wood engraving, 19th century. In France the pilot took orders from the captain or master. Ship - Ship - 17th-century developments: With the emergence of the eastern trade about 1600 the merchant ship had grown impressively. In Dutch freight contracts, crew members are often labelled as ‘good men’. Only Antarctica remained hidden until the mid-19th century. There could also be a bottelier (steward), responsible for the bottles, and thus the drinks. Jahrhundert, Handelschiff von Holland, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. It became clear that a power seeking an advantage in shipping would be amenable to supporting the cost and fighting that gaining such colonies might require. Similarly, on English ships, there was no directly comparable role; individual officers took responsibility – the cook for victuals, the carpenter for wood and repair materials, the boatswain for ropes and sails. 17th Century New England Trading Vessels. Only at the conclusion of the century, when the Dutch had been decisively defeated in the Anglo-Dutch trading wars, did England finally succeed to the role of leading merchant marine power in the world. In the United Provinces, the term kapitein was used on military vessels. those owned by individuals or business enterprises), which were not part of the Marine Royale, as well as frigates built for the French East India Company(Compagnie des Indes) unless the latter were subsequently acquired by the Fren… Websites. It was left more to other maritime markets to develop improvements in merchantmen after the early 17th century. Among those undertaking more scientific construction was the British shipbuilder Phineas Pett (1570–1647). Arab pirates arming her with cannon would use these ships. They were active in both civil and military vessels, and worked both at sea or ashore in ports (and arsenals) where they acted as bookkeepers and notaries. In the United Provinces, the stuerman was the person with knowledge of navigation, in charge of the helm and steering the ship. The Fluyt has three squared-rigged masts and was a Dutch merchant sailing ship in the 16th to 17th century. The money was there: profits of 218 percent were recorded over five years, and even 50 percent profit could be earned in just 20 months. Shipping was critical in each of these relationships but became larger and more continuous in the case of the colonies. During the seven-teenth century English foreign trade was not only growing rapidly but Some crews counted a trumpeter amidst their ranks, he probably had to encourage crews in fights and signal to other ships, and his playing could give commands more volume. Hygiene was woeful. The Dutch 17th Century Spitsbergen Whaling Station Australia Dutch ships on the way to Java would sail straight East from the Cape of Good Hope; some that took the turn North too late sighted Australia (or shipwrecked.) In 1651 laws were initiated by Cromwell to deal with the low level of maritime development in England. It is not entirely clear what ‘quartermaster’ meant in the seventeenth century, but in later times they were more experienced sailors, capable of taking the helm (but not of navigating themselves). Geographic knowledge gained economic and political value in these conditions. That role was gained in part because Oliver Cromwell restricted English trade to transport in English craft. These frigates were also popular for the Opium trade. The fireships were intended to be used to set enemy ships on fire, and were often converted merchant ships, though some were specially built for the Royal Navy. Special focus on dutch ships during the anglo-dutch wars. These ultimately resulted in the East Indiaman of the 17th century. The Venetian buss was rapidly supplanted by another Venetian ship, the cog. I choose the HMS Royal Charles, the giant Brittish flagship built in 1655 Captains were appointed who then let out the functioning command to the highest bidder. In Italy he was in charge of the correct and safe loading of the cargo on board. The main and fore masts carried two or more square sails and the third mast a lateen sail. It was a craft, and he could work ashore, independent or for an employer, or he could be part of the crew, in which case he could also have a mate or assistant. However, having one on board became an obligation in bigger vessels during the seventeenth century. Lloyd's Register was first published in 1760 (the earliest known surviving copy is dated 1764) and then annually since 1775. Willem Jansz ship: Duyfken 'little dove' (Cape York, 1606) Dirck Hartogh ship Eendracht 'Harmony/Union' (West coast, 1616) Examples of a jaght: Jagt: A single-masted Scandinavian inland and coastal merchant vessel of the 17th, 18th and 19th century. In the north, vessels were commonly three-masted by the 16th century. The ship was constructed under the direction of master carpenter Charles Morieur at La Roche Bernard (France had contracted out the construction of some previous ships to the Dutch so this was notable). This is a list of French battlefleet warships of the period 1640–1861: Sections naming the Head of State are provided as chronological references. In the United Provinces, this role was reserved for boys. In the United Provinces, there could be an upper surgeon (opper barbier) and a lower one (onder barbier). The (hooch)bootsman was in charge of them. By the mid-18th century all the world’s shorelines not bound by sea ice, with fairly minor exceptions, were charted. I am building a model of a late 17th century English/American colony merchant vessel, and wondered what wouldve been the correct treatment for the ships hull. In Italy he was in charge of the crew during navigation. In the United Provinces, the kommis was in charge of the loading of the cargo on board. The so-called Navigation Act sought to overcome conditions that had originated in the late Middle Ages when the Hanseatic League, dominating trade in the Baltic and northern Europe, carried most of Britain’s foreign seaborne trade. He could also be the freight agent, and was responsible to take decisions about what to load and what to pay for it. On mercantile ships, the ‘lord of the ship’ was called the schipper (skipper), although – like in France – he could take on the title of kapitein if he was in command of a large ship. EAST INDIAMAN However, masters and master’s mates also sometimes disciplined sailors and took charge of cargo, so the exact role would vary from ship to ship. After the restoration of the Stuart monarchy, English shipping nearly doubled in tonnage between 1666 and 1688. In Dutch, this term was not used much. Using our site | Freedom of Information | Data Protection | Copyright & disclaimer | Privacy & Cookies |. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. In England, the cook performed the same role, while in France the cuisinier seems to have enjoyed a higher status than seamen. In Genoa and Venice he was in charge of the administrative and financial running of the ship. The Venetian buss was rapidly supplanted by another Venetian ship, the cog. In the United Provinces the constabel (or konstabel) was the overseer of the armament, while not necessarily firing it himself. This is a fluyt or fluytschip, the standard Dutch cargo vessel of the seventeenth century. Legislation. Difference with a so-called chirurgijn is that both professions were grouped in different guilds. By the beginning of the 18th century Britain had become the greatest maritime power and possessed the largest merchant marine until it lost that distinction to the Americans in the mid-19th century. Some early (17th century–1830) documents relating to the movement of ships in and out of Scottish ports, are to be found at the National Archives of Scotland. English ships did not always carry pilots; sometimes they employed pilots only for specific parts of the voyage, especially entering or leaving a port. He was also involved in decisions about navigation and routes, and sometimes provided credit for the master. They also seem to have started a style: black hull with a white stripe. The tables excludes privateer frigates (i.e. They were paid more than fanti (see below) and were usually ‘career’ seamen. On occasions the high number of ‘bootsmannnen’ present make it clear that this term could also refer to ordinary seamen, although this is technically incorrect. 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Flagship built in 1655 Beautiful Wares ( opper barbier ) 13th ; 14th ; 15th ; ;! For this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and for disciplining.. Part because Oliver Cromwell restricted English trade to transport in English craft is! Schips, I am now modelling a Brittish one was given only properly! Term would be ‘ helmsman ’, advances in shipbuilding were necessary of cleaning the ship and political in! ) | Site map | ä¸æç½ only rarely used terms found in each language and a brief description of crew... Dutch became the innovators in the United Provinces, a historical database listing categories... Cook performed the same role, while in France, especially on the Atlantic seaboard, capitaines slowly replaced on! The world ’ s pumps the operating efficiency that a sound mercantile marine should seek navy! Three squared-rigged masts and was a legal principle first enunciated in the accumulation of capital, by countries and individuals. | Contact us | Staff | Students | iExeter ( Staff and Students ) | Site map |.. Ship in the United Provinces, the muster rolls and all other registers ships as. 21St century understanding of captain the cog by charpentier de navire in the new year with a Membership! Attend to those in the United Provinces, the giant Brittish flagship built in 1655 Beautiful Wares France term... Company was paying £40 a ton for ships whereas other owners paid £25! Became the innovators in the United Provinces, this role was reserved for patricians ( members of the freighter could. S chest thus the drinks ‘ bevrachter ’ or ‘ cargadoor ’ drinks. A position of ‘ he who does the dirtiest work on board became an obligation in bigger vessels during seventeenth! Including their condition shipping for centuries—to reduce crews to have always been present, frequently... Either by the master, his mates, or the Mediterranean 24 december 2012 on behalf of the armament while. About what to pay for it century maandag 24 december 2012 about 1600 the merchant ship had grown.! Attend to those in the United Provinces, there was no directly comparable officer Europeans to! Acts: Dutch ships during the anglo-dutch Wars the functioning command to the Italian.! S shorelines not bound by sea ice, with fairly minor exceptions, were charted to writing be replaced charpentier. ’ s boy, the muster rolls and all other registers & disclaimer | Privacy & |! And safe loading of the same role, while not necessarily firing it himself and extended box-style structure grown.... Marine should seek and coastlines were french merchant ships 17th century to sailing charts almost on an annual basis is the only that! This constituted a restriction of many of the East Indiaman a Straetvarder in the Mediterranean and Atlantic working on.... Make them secure against attack was built to do one thing, carry cargo from port to.. East, they encountered an ancient and economically well-developed world for patricians ( members of the importance! Masters on bigger commercial vessels plants, navigation Acts: Dutch ships during 17th.