Hindi Grammar Worksheets
Hindi is the national, union-level and one of the official languages of our country. Hindi was originated from Khari boli dialect of Delhi. In matters of script, Hindi uses Devanagari. As it is our national Language it’s very essential to learn Hindi properly. Most of the people are scared of Grammer ....so to keep itin mind, through this article we are giving you an overall Idea as well as Hindi Grammar Worksheets. Hope you will get benefited from this article.
Hindi distinguishes two genders, two numbers, and three cases of direct, oblique, and vocative. Nouns is further divided into declensional subtypes, type-I and type-II, with the basic difference being that the former has characteristic terminations in the direct singular while the latter does not. An alternative assessment of this division would be that of respectively "marked and unmarked" nouns.
Adjectives is divided into declinable and indeclinable categories.
Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparisons are made by using "than" (the postposition se), "more" (aur, zy?d?), and "less" (kam). The word for "more" is optional, while "less" is required, denoting that in the absence of either "more" will be inferred.
The aforementioned inflectional case system only goes so far on its own, and rather serves as that upon which is built a system of agglutinative suffixes or particles known as postpositions, which parallel English's prepositions. It is their use with a noun or verb that necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case (though the bare oblique is also minorly used adverbially), and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies. There are six such one-word primary postpositions.
Hindi has personal pronouns for the first and second persons, while for the third person demonstratives are used, which can be categorized deictically as proximate and non-proximate. Pronouns distinguish cases of direct, oblique, and dative. The lattermost, often called a set of "contracted" forms, is in free variation with the oblique case plus dative postposition. Pronouns do not distinguish gender.
Hindi has few underived forms. Adverbs may be derived in ways such as the following —
- Simply obliquing some nouns and adjectives: n?c? "low" → n?ce "down", s?dh? "straight" → s?dhe "straight", dh?r? "slow" → dh?re "slowly", saver? "morning" → savere "in the morning", ye taraf "this direction" → is taraf "in this direction", kalkatt? "Calcutta" → kalkatte "to Calcutta".
- Nouns using a postposition such as se "by, with, -ly": zor "force" → zor se "forcefully" (lit. "with force"), dhy?n "attention" → dhy?n se "attentively" (lit. "with attention").
- Adjectives using postpositional phrases involving "way, manner": acch? "good" → acch? tarah se "well" (lit. "by/in a good way"), x?s "special" → x?s taur par "especially" (lit. "on a special way").
- Verbs in conjunctive form: hãs- "laugh" → hãs kar "laughingly" (lit. "having laughed"), mehrb?n? kar- "do kindness" → mehrb?n? kar ke "kindly, please" (lit. "having done kindness").
- Formative suffixes from Sanskrit or Perso-Arabic in higher registers of Hindi. Skt. sambhava "possible" + -ta? → sambhavata? "possibly; Ar. ittif?q "chance" + -an → ittif?qan "by chance".
The Hindi verbal system is largely structured around a combination of aspect and tense/mood. Like the nominal system, the Hindi verb involves successive layers of (inflectional) elements to the right of the lexical base.
Hindi has 3 aspects: perfective, habitual, and continuous, each having overt morphological correlates. These are participle forms, inflecting for gender and number by way of a vowel termination, like adjectives. The perfective, though displaying a "number of irregularities and morphophonemic adjustments", is the simplest, being just the verb stem followed by the agreement vowel. The habitual forms from the imperfective participle; verb stem, plus -t-, then vowel. The continuous forms periphrastically through compounding with the perfective of rahn? "to stay".
Derived from hon? "to be" are five copula forms: present, past, subjunctive, presumptive, contrafactual (aka "past conditional"). Used both in basic predicative/existential sentences and as verbal auxiliaries to aspectual forms, these constitute the basis of tense and mood.
Non-aspectual forms include the infinitive, the imperative, and the conjunctive. Mentioned morphological conditions such the subjunctive, "presumptive", etc. are applicable to both copula roots for auxiliary usage with aspectual forms and to non-copula roots directly for often unspecified (non-aspectual) finite forms.
Finite verbal agreement is with the nominative subject, except in the transitive perfective, where it is with the direct object, with the erstwhile subject taking the ergative construction -ne (see postpositions above). The perfective aspect thus displays split ergativity.
Transitives or causatives are morphologically contrastive in Hindi, leading to the existence of related verb sets divisible along such lines. While the derivation of such forms shows patterns, they do reach a level of variegation so as to make it somewhat difficult to outline all-encompassing rules. Furthermore, some sets may have as many as four to five distinct members; also, the meaning of certain members of given sets may be idiosyncratic.
Compound verbs, a highly visible feature of Hindi grammar, consist of a verbal stem plus an auxiliary verb. The auxiliary (variously called "subsidiary", "explicator verb", and "vector"]) loses its own independent meaning and instead "lends a certain shade of meaning" to the main/stem verb, which "comprises the lexical core of the compound". While most any verb can act as a main verb, there is a limited set of productive auxiliaries. Shown below are prominent such auxiliaries, with their independent meaning first outlined, followed by their semantic contribution as auxiliaries.
Another notable aspect of Hindi grammar is that of "conjunct verbs", composed of a noun or adjective paired up with a general verbalizer, most commonly transitive karn? "to do" or intransitive hon? "to be(come)", functioning in the place of what in English would be single unified verb.
The passive construction is periphrastic. It is formed from the perfective participle by addition of the auxiliary j?n? "to go"; i.e. likhn? "to write" → likh? j?n? "to be written". The agent is marked by the postposition se. Furthermore, both intransitive and transitive verbs may be grammatically passivized to show physical/psychological incapacity, usually in negative sentences. Lastly, intransitives often have a passive sense, or convey unintentional action.
With regards to word order, Hindi- is an SOV language. In terms of branching, it is neither purely left- or right-branching, and phenomena of both types can be found. The order of constituents in sentences as a whole lacks governing "hard and fast rules", and frequent deviations can be found from normative word position, describable in terms of a small number of rules, accounting for facts beyond the pale of the label of "SOV".
On below links you can Get Hindi Works Sheets for all the Junior Classes.
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