Status epilepticus (often simply called status) is a medical emergency where the brain will not stop having seizures. In medicine, a person who is having status epilepticus is described as being "in status."
What is Status Epilepticus?[change | change source]
Definitions of status epilepticus have changed over time. It used to be that a seizure had to last 20 or 30 minutes to be thought of as status epilepticus. (Most normal seizures last only one to two minutes.)
Today, a person is usually described as being "in status" when:
- They have a seizure that lasts more than five minutes; OR
- They have more than one seizure without recovering in between.
- "Recovering" means that the person wakes up and knows who they are; where they are; and what day, month, or year it is.
Why is Status Epilepticus a Medical Emergency?[change | change source]
Status epilepticus is very dangerous. About 10 - 20 % of the people who go into this status die from it.
- During a long seizure, it is very hard for the body to get oxygen to the brain and the heart.
- Status can cause very high body temperatures (hyperthermia), which can damage the brain.
- Status can cause pulmonary edema - fluid in the lungs - which makes it hard or impossible to breathe. This makes it even harder for oxygen to get to the brain, heart, and the rest of the body.
- The nerves in the brain can get damaged by the extra electricity in the brain that happens during long seizures.
Causes[change | change source]
Only about one in four people who go into status epilepticus have epilepsy. The other three out of four people who go into status have never had a seizure before. Status epilepticus can happen for many other reasons.
Illnesses[change | change source]
- In children, the most common cause of status is an infection with a fever
- Brain infection
- Brain tumor
- Hypoxia (not getting enough oxygen, especially to the brain)
- Gastroenteritis (a special form of diarrhea) while taking anticonvulsants
- Problems with metabolism (the way the body makes energy from food), like problems with the liver or kidneys
Injuries[change | change source]
Very bad injuries can also cause status:
Drugs and medications[change | change source]
- Illegal drugs
- When a person stops taking certain illegal drugs suddenly
- Bad reactions to some medicines, like some antidepressants
- When a patient does not take enough of certain medicines, or stops taking them suddenly
- Drinking too much alcohol
- When a person who drinks a lot of alcohol suddenly stops drinking (alcohol withdrawal), especially if the person gets delirium tremens from alcohol withdrawal
Other causes[change | change source]
- Exposure to nerve gas
Treatment[change | change source]
People in status epilepticus are unable to end their seizures on their own. They are often unconscious and unable to react.
The most common way to end status is to inject special medicines that can stop seizures. If these medicines do not help, the patient must be treated in the intensive care unit at a hospital. Sometimes patients have to be put into a coma to stop very bad status epilepticus.
References[change | change source]
- Schachter, MD, Steven C.; Shafer, RN, MN, Patricia O.; Sirven, MD, Joseph I. (August 2013, reviewed March 2014). "Status epilepticus". www.epilepsy.com. Retrieved December 26, 2015. Check date values in:
|date=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Nair, PP; Kalita, J., Misra, U. K. (Jul–Sep 2011). "Status epilepticus: why, what, and how". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 57 (3): 242–52. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.81807. PMID 21941070.
- "Epilepsy: Symptoms and Causes". www.mayoclinic.org. The Mayo Clinic. November 6, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
- Trinka, E; Höfler, J; Zerbs, A (September 2012). "Causes of status epilepticus.". Epilepsia 53 Suppl 4: 127–38. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03622.x. PMID 22946730.
- Fountain, N.B.. "Status epilepticus: Risk factors and complications". Epilepsia 41 (Suppl 2): S23-30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885737. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
- Stasiukyniene, V.; Pilvinis, V.; Reingardiene, D.; Janauskaite, L. (2009). "[Epileptic seizures in critically ill patients]". Medicina (Kaunas) 45 (6): 501–7. PMID 19605972.
- "Status Epilepticus: Causes". www.floridahospital.com. Florida Hospital. Retrieved December 26, 2015.