There have been a great many changes since the publication of this document. The USBC and the WIBC are now the USBC, United States Bowling Congress. Many more changes have been made in the blind bowling rules and procedures. I have left it up to the readers of this book to decide for themselves how they affect them.
Fred Nickl January 2013
This book was prepared at the request of the American Blind
Bowling Association and is intended as a guide for sighted persons
who will be working with the blind. The procedures outlined
herein are what we believe to be the simplest method of teaching
the blind. The procedures were decided upon only after much study
and experimentation. The methods are not claimed to be the
ultimate or the only way to teach, but will give the instructor
a starting point.
I would like to express my appreciation to my two blind
American University students, Maureen Sheedy and Seville Allen,
who were so cooperative during all the experimental stages and
still managed to learn to bowl. My sincere thanks to the American
University Athletic Department and Bob Frailey, the Athletic
Director for allowing the use of their bowling facilities for
the tests and instructions. A special thanks to Oral Miller, and Earl Schary of the American Blind Bowling Association for their critical and helpful comments and suggestions. I am grateful to my friend Ron Morgan for his excellant art work and to
Helen for her typing, art work and patience. Without the help of
these special people, this book would not be possible.
Artifacts of the stone age indicating that people of
primitive Europe rolled rocks at pointed stones or bones of
animals, certifies bowling to be one of the oldest forms of
recreation and competition. History records show that the ancient
polynesians played Ula Maika, a game in which rounded stones were
rolled at flat stone discs at a distance of 60 feet. While no
exact date for bowling's beginning can be determined, the
discovery of bowling instruments in the tomb of an Egyptian boy
indicated the game had its beginning as far back as 5200 BC.
Modern bowling had its origin in Europe, in the northern
provinces of Italy. Here, the Romans played a game similar to
the present Italian lawn bowling game of Bocce Ball. Bowling at
pins originated as a religious ceremony when parishioners rolled
rocks at clubs, designated the Heide or Heathen. That ceremony
was discontinued in the 5th Century. However, clerics modified
the procedures and used the game for sport and recreation,
hitting pins with a ball. Ultimately, rules were changed to
include as many pins as there were players in the game. Later,
larger balls were used and the game became popular with the
nobility and upper class.
Variations of the game, such as skittles, shovel board,
half-bowl, basgue and bowls soon spread throughout Europe, where
the games were first played outdoors on grassy later on clay alleys.
By 1200 a single wooden board comprised the surface. Soon
sheds were built over the alley to protect participants from the
weather. In 1455 the first indoor wooden lanes were constructed
in London. During this period the number and weight of
pins and balls varied according to the materials available.
Martin Luther brought some order to the game when he wrote the
first known rules for bowling and established the number of pins
9, thus standardizing this game which soon became the favorite
game in his native Holland.
The Dutch settlers on Manhattan Island introduced the game
of nine pins in the American Colonies in the 1620's, where the
game flourished to the extent an official bowling green was
established at Battery Park in New York City. This area is still
known today as bowling green, and some games are still played
there. Ninepins spread throughout the colonies and probably
attained its peak of popularity by 1840.
Until consruction of the Knickerbocker alleys in New York
city in 1840, all games were played outdoors or under sheds.
the Knickerbocker was the first known indoor bowling lane in the
united States. Because of heavy wagering on matches, gamblers
eventually gained control of the game and regulated it rigidly.
Rampant gambling caused the state of Connecticut to outlaw the
game of ninepins in 1840, with New York, Massachusetts and other
eastern states soon following suit.
No one knows who originated the game of ten pins, as the
game suddenly appeared in new York in the early 1820's. It rapidly
gained popularity when nine pins was outlawed. Nine pins were set
in 3 rows of 3 in a diamond formation, with a point of the diamond
facing the bowler. The additional pin was added, the back pin of
the diamond moved, and the triangle we now know was formed.
7 8 9 10
4 5 6
While popularity of ten pins grew, the game lacked
standardization until 1875 when the National Bowling Congress was
organized. This group soon went out of existence, but
historically it stands as the first organization to call for a set
of specific game rules and standardization of equipment. It
wasn't until 1895 when a regulatory organization, the American
Bowling Congress (USBC ) was established that the game of ten pins
was regulated and promoted. This organization, with headquarters
in Greendale, Wisconsin, boasts a membership today of over 10
million male ten pin bowlers.
The Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC was
organized in 1916 as the governing body for women in ten pin
bowling. The WIBC is currently headquartered with the USBC in
Greendale, Wisconsin and is still an organization of women
operated by women for the benefit of women bowlers.
Both regulatory organizations have programs for junior,
Senior and Collegiate bowlers. They also conducty annual
tournaments and organize teams for international competition.
CHAPTER TWO HISTORY OF BOWLING BY THE BLIND, AND THE AMERICAN BLIND BOWLING ASSOCIATION, INC
When or where bowling by the blind started is not
officially recorded. The first known record of bowling was
sometime around 1910 at the Overbrook school for the Blind in
Philadelphia where a limited program was conducted on a lane
shorter than standard. Other residential schools for the blind
were known to conduct limited bowling activities in spaces
normally used for recreation and mobility activities. What
guidance systems were used is not recorded, although it is thought
that a variety of devices, such as string, ropes, bannisters, mats
and walls were pressed into service as guides. For lack of a good
guidance system, adequate bowling facilities, and lack of human
understanding by sighted individuals, most bowling by the blind
ended upon graduation from resident schools for the blind. The
blind bowlers on the east coast, particularly around the
Philadelphia, New York city and other large city areas managed to
keep the sport alive and in the early 1940's a Philadelphia group
banded together and formed a small league which traveled to
various cities to compete with blind individuals and groups
located in the area
The Delaware County, Pennsylvania Blind Bowling Association
conceived the idea of a national tournament for the blind and
finally got such a tournament underway in 1948 in Philadelphia.
The first "NATIONAL" blind tournament drew only thirteen five man
teams, most from the Philadelphia area The second tournament
held in Brooklyn, New York in 1949, drew a few more teams, and
interest in organized bowling by the blind started to grow.-
The thought of forming a National Blind Bowling Association
was planted at the Third National Tournament in 1950, and in 1951
the American Blind Bowling Association was born. The basic
concept was an organization to promote, encourage and regulate
bowling by and for the blind. The ABBA has grown steadily and is
now the largest organization for recreational activities devoted
to the blind population.
Although membership in the ABBA is primarily in the industrial
belt from Chicago to New York and the fringes, National
tournaments have been held on both coasts and in Florida.
Portland, Oregon and Tallahassee, Florida have both hosted
National tournaments, as well as many cities in the rest of the
United States and Canada. The growth of the organization was
steady until 1978, when membership leveled off at about 3000 total
members in 150 or so leagues throughout the US. and Canada.
The ABBA is currently embarking on an extensive program of publicity,
instruction and organization to bring more groups into organized
bowling and provide a proven avenue for mainstreaming many
previously restricted visually handicapped individuals.
The ABBA provides general supervision and guidance for
leagues and has instituted an awards system for its members.. In
addition, they have created special categories for the totally
blind and partially sighted as well as provisions for rewarding
the sighted individuals who provide necessary assistance and
compete with them on a regular basis.
The ABBA decided in the early 1950's that a simplified and
somewhat standard guidance system was needed if blind bowling was
to expand. The Association took the problem to Martin Mahler, a
totally blind 'Brooklyn business man, who developed and produced
the basic system currently in use. The size and design of the
device has not been standardized for league operation as yet,
although the National tournament calls for a 15 foot rail
beginning at the foul line, with the option of a 12 foot rail
being available. The present guidance systems are a great
improvement over the improvized systems previously in use but
still leave much to the whims of the various leagues as to
location type and length. The ABBA is currently conducting
research on guidance systems and is constantly working toward
standardization of the game and equipment to be used
The main headquarters of the ABBA is usually located in the
town of residence of the current Secretary/Treasurer The
headquarters thus is rather transient as official changes of
officers occurs. The current Secretary/Treasurer is located in
Detroit, Michigan . The lack of funds to employ a permanent
Secretary and the unavailability of a permanent location for a
headquarters are two of the major problems the ABBA is currently
working to solve.
CHAPTER THREE INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION and INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES
Instructing blind persons is an individualistic procedure,
and many of the basic fundamentals of instruction must be
modified or disregarded if the instructor is to get all points
across to the student. In many cases you will be able to get the
person in the proper position by verbal instructions, but most
require some adjustment of positions, therefore, you must actually
place the students feet and body in the desired position. You
must then show the individual how you want the movement or
exercise performed. This normally consists of actually moving the
individual's body through the desired movements. Do not be afraid
to touch blind students, as many times this is the only way they
have of seeing what you want them to do
PRE BOWLING ORIENTATION
Before starting to teach blind persons to bowl, it is
necessary to show, with care and detail, the bowling lane and all
related equipment to each participant. This involves taking each
individual on the lane and letting him feel or SEE each object or
Item that will be used The instruction should start on the
approach with the ball return, ball rack and retarder or ball
stop. The orientation should include the safety procedures,
particularly the finding and handling of the bowling ball MUST be
conducted during this orientation. Explain that different
manufacturers have different types of returns and stops and that
all bowlers should become familiar with this mechanism before they
bowl in any other establishment.. The next instructional item
should be a walk on the approach to give the bowler an idea or
concept of the distance to give the bowler an idea or concept of
the distance allowed. Each student should then be shown the guide
rail, ball return and the lane, the foul line, foul lights and
head end of the channels should be shown and explained. If
possible, it is recommended that each bowler be walked down the
lane, from the foul line to the head pin. During the walk, they
should be asked to note the number of steps and the approximate
distance. Students should then be told the exact distance to
better understand. After the walk to the pins, show the bowler
the pin spots, the channels by the pin deck, the pin deck, the
kickbacks and as much of the pin spotting machinery as is safe for
them to see. Also let the student look at the pins to see how
they are spotted and give them an idea of how far apart they are,
how they fall and how much they weigh.
Following this, walk back to the bowling area, stopping at
the foul line before returning to the bowler's benches. After this
orientation, the student should be shown the bowling ball and
shoes, and assisted in getting a properly fitting ball and shoes.
Additional orientation could include having them walk from their seat to the scoring table alerting them that the lanes they will bowl on are on either side of this table.
Let them touch the telescores and score sheets. A complete tour of the bowling center is in order sometime during the early stages, so that the
student will know the location of such things as the bathrooms,
control counter, ball racks and other facilities that may be available .
LANE ASSIGNMENTS AND INSTRUCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
Following the orientation and the proper fitting of
equipment, students should be assigned to lanes, making sure that
right handed students are together and left handed students are
the same. This is necessary because of the positioning of the
rail (see equipment specifications and placement) for each.
Initially one instructor should teach no more than two lanes at
one time, with no more than two students per lane.
The student should be told what lane they are on, where the
ball return is located in relation to the bowlers benches and
guide rail, and the size and location of any obstacles on or near
the approach and bowling area Each bowler should also be shown
how to find their own bowling ball without getting fingers caught
between balls. The students should be shown how to keep their
hands and fingers on the tops and outsides of the ball closest to their body. Show them methods
of turning the ball so identification can be made by each
Individual. Methods shown will vary, depending on the type of
equipment being used, but basically the tops and far and near sides of the ball should be used Advise each student to read
the identification number on the ball if possible (HOUSE NUMBER OR
LAST THREE DIGITS OF SERIAL NUMBER). If numbers are not legible,
some other identification means should be used, such as nicks, or
gouges. Initially different textures of tape can be pressed into
service. The students should be taught to always check the grip
on the ball before picking up from return to make sure it is the
ball they have selected. Students should be taught to pick the
ball from the return by the fingerholes as the other hand will
be needed to find their lane, rail and position on the rail.
After this portion of the orientation, the student should be
encouraged to always obtain their ball by themselves, find their
lane and their position on the guide rail with a minimum amount of assistance.
During the technique portion of the instruction, the
instructor should allow each student to execute the separate
movements four or five times before having the next student up on
the lane. This will not only speed the learning process, but be
a time saver for the entire period, as time is not wasted looking
for a ball or finding the position on the approach.
CALLING HITS AND PINS
To assist the blind bowler? it is necessary for a sighted
Person to call where the ball hit, how many pins are knocked down
and what pins are left standing. This call procedure should be
uniform, since variations tend to confuse the bowler causing them
to miss easy shots or cause confusion over the remaining pins
This is especially true for beginners. Calls should be clear and
distinct and always in the same order. The best system found to
date consists of
Tell where the ball hit on the pins. EXAMPLE: 1-3 pocket
Tell them the number of pins knocked down. EXAMPLE: pins 4-7-8, the three on the left were knocked down.
The numbers of the pins left standing. EXAMPLE: 2-4-5-0, left
NOTE: WHEN LESS THAN FIVE PINS ARE KNOCKED DOWN ON THE FIRST
BALL, IT IS BETTER TO CALL THE NUMBERS OF THE PINS THAT ARE DOWN.
for a difficult pin grouping you might point out on the bowler's back where each pin is standing.
WHEN THIS PROCEDURE IS FOLLOWED, BE SURE TO DESIGNATE THAT THESE
ARE THE PINS DOWN AND ALL THE REST ARE STANDING.
A typical call might be: Hit the pocket, eight down, 5-8 standing.
By following this procedure, the sighted persons are able to
greatly assist the blind bowlers to score better and to adjust for
spares. The blind bowler should be taught to insist that the
sighted persons who are helping become familiar with calling
procedures and practices and attempt to standardize the procedure.
The equipment used in the game of bowling appears to be
simple, but the manufacture, installation and maintenance demand
precise measurements and careful handling. Bowlers should become
familiar with the standards established for the equipment to fully
appreciate the complexity of the game. Such understanding will
also assist beginners in developing their proficiency as they
proceed through the various levels of instruction and skill.
The specifications for all bowling equipment are established
and checked by the United States Bowling Congress. This consists of
inspection at installation as well as annual inspection thereafter
by the USBC representative to ensure proper maintenance of
equipment. Verification of the inspection is the seal of approval
issued by USBC and is displayed by each certified bowling
establishment. This assures bowlers that the equipment in use
is the same specifications in each establishment that they
THE BOWLING LANE
The bowling lane, or total playing area is constructed of
maple and hard pine woody or other materials which have been
tested and approved. Prior to the approval for synthetic lanes
in the early 1970's, -all bowling lanes were constructed of wood.
The wood utilized was normally 1&1/4" X 3" boards, tongue and
grooved to insure a solid fit, and nailed together. To facilitate
construction, lanes were built vertically, then laid over to
provide the surface that meets the eyes. Individuals are looking at the narrow side of boards that are at least 3" thick. A typical
bowling lane is 41 to 42" wide, and 62 feet, 10 & 3/16" long from
the foul line to the pit (underneath pins) with an approach area
of at least 15 feet.
After basic construction and alignment, the lanes are sanded
and a durable finish applied to protect the wood. The sanding
process must produce a surface that is free of gouges and grooves
and leveled to a tolerance of 40/1000. The sanding of a wooden
surface is a periodic requirement to maintain the surface as
required by USBC.
The synthetic surfaces, in most current applications, are
applied on top of existing wooden surfaces that have become too
thin to resurface. The installation of these surfaces usually
requires the leveling of the wooden surface and installation of a
sub-surface suitable for the application of a substance to hold
the synthetic surface. The new synthetic lanes are usually glued
to the sub-surface in sections. All sections are suitably marked
to resemble the wooden surface they are replacing.
A new installation of the synthetic surface would require the
construction of the basic framework for the wooden lane, plus some
appropriate surface for the installation of the new substance.
The bowling area is separated by markings and designated for
their purpose. The front portion on the spectator end of the
lane is called "THE APPROACH AREA". This area must be at least 15
feet in length, measuring back from the foul line (the black
line cutting across the lane) towards the spectators. Some lanes
have a bit more, but regulations call for a minimum of 15 feet.
The "BOWLING LANE". begins on the approach side of the foul line
and extends 60 feet towards the far end, ending at the center of
the head pin (pin nearest bowler). The area from the center of
the headpin to the end of the playing surface is called the "PINDECK"
and is where the pins are set. On wooden lanes, this area could
be of wood (usually maple), or some synthetic substance to
withstand the constant pounding of the machinery and falling pins.
This area is 2 feet, 10 3/16" long, measured from the center of
the headpin to the end of the lane. This does not include the
plank used to close off the end of the lane which is called the
tailplank. The total required length of the bowling area is 78
feet and 3/16 inch. This does not include space for score tables,
or bowlers benches, only the playing area.
The channels or gutters are located on both sides of the
bowling lane and pin-deck. They extend from the foul line to the
pit. From the foul line to the headpin, they are rounded or
concave to allow errant bowling balls to roll freely to the pit.
At the pindeck, they are flattened and squared off, as well as
lowered to prevent excessive rebounding of pins and to keep the
ball from accidentally rolling over the pindeck.
The width of each channel is dependant on the width of the
lane, as the total playing surface measured from the outside of
one gutter to the outside of the other gutter must be 60 inches.
The minimum width must be at least 9 inches and the maximum 9
1/2 inches. This is due to the tolerance at on the lane
width of 41 or 42 inches and the GO inch requirement./p>
The channels are intended to keep bowling balls within their'
playing area, and to determine legal pinfall Balls rolled in the
gutter are legal deliveries, but no pins can be scored once the
ball is in the channel. A channel or gutter ball counts as a ball
rolled during a game.
The pinspots are placed in the pin deck to designate the
position of the pins, to check the accuracy of the automatic
spotting equipment and to respot pins when they are accidentally
knocked down by the machinery. On wooden lanes, the spots are
usually constsructed of a colored wood or fibre substance, then
embedded in the pindeck On phenolic or synthetic surfaces, they
are manufactured as part of the material when the pindeck is
constructed. The spots are 21 1/4 inches in diameter and
arranged in the shape of a triangle, with the pinspot nearest the
bowler designated the headpin or number 1 pin. The remainder of
the spots are placed 12 inches apart from their nearest numbered
neighbor. It is 12 inches from the 1 pin to the 2 pin and 12
inches from the 2 pin to the 3 pin. The number 4 pin is 12 inches
from the 2 pin and so on across and down the lane. We, therefore,
have them placed in a 36 inch triangle, with it being 36 inches
from the center of the head pin to the center of the seven and ten
pins. It is also 36 inches from the 7 pin to the 10 pin. All
measurements are from the center of each pin. The spots are numbered:
7 8 9 10
4 5 6
It measures 31 & 3/16 inches from the center of the head pin to
centers of the pins on the back row.
THE FOUL LINE AND FOUL LIGHTS
The foul line is the dividing line between the lane and the
approach area and is also the dividing line between a legitimate
delivery and a foul call. It is normally made of a colored fibre
substance or plastic material and embedded in the lane surface.
The foul line must be at least 3/8 of an inch wide but no more
than one (1) inch wide. Measurements for length of lane and
approach are made from the approach side of the foul line. The
foul line is included in the measurements for length of lane but
The modern foul detecting devise is an electronic eye or
photo electric cell or tube positioned and focused on the foul
line. The device consists of two units positioned at the outside
edge of each channel sending a beam of light from one unit to the
other. The beam is usually the same width as the foul line and
about two inches high. Any encroachment upon the foul line will
break the beam and activate the foul light's bell or buzzer. It
is completely automatic.
The pins are constructed of all wood, a wooden core with a
plastic covering, or a synthetic substance, usually some form of
plastic. The pin most commonly used has a laminated wooden form
covered with a nylon sleeve and plastic coated. It is 15 inches
high and approximately 4.76 inches in diameter, with the shape of
the pin being graduated in various degrees, and with certain
measurements being called for at different heights on the pin
The USBC equipment specification manual gives complete details.
Pins may weigh as little as 3 lbs,2oz each, or as much as
3 lbs 10oz each. The pins used may not vary more than 4 ounces in
a set of 10. You could not have both limits in the same set. The
heaviest pin that could be used with 3lb 2oz would be 3lb 6oz
The variance allowed is to prevent unusual pinfall and leaves.
Bowling balls are made of non-metallic composition material,
usually with a base compound of either rubber or plastic, or some
instances, a combination of both. The circumference of a bowling
ball is approximately 27 inches, and the diameter approximately
8.59 inches. Bowling balls can weigh no more than 16 pounds.
At the present time there is no minimum weight prescribed,
although the lightest ball currently manufactured is approximately
6 pounds and is used almost exclusively by children or disabled
persons. The most common weights manufactured vary from 10 pounds
to 16 pounds. Present regulations limit the number of holes that
can be drilled to only those necessary for gripping and delivering
the ball, with at for positioning two (2) different grips
on the same ball. One hole is at for balancing purposes and
vent holes to the finger and/or thumb holes not to exceed 1/4 inch
in diameter, and one hole for inspection purposes not to exceed
5/8 in diameter and 1/8 in depth. Most bowlers use a 3 hole ball,
although some find it more comfortable to have the additional
holes drilled for other fingers. This is quite common with
individuals who have arthritis, or have suffered some injury to
the hand or arm.
THE BLIND BOWLING RAIL
The guide utilized by visually handicapped bowlers is an
additional piece of equipment that is peculiar to the visually
handicapped and is used exclusively by this group. It is not
intended as a supporting device. The guide rail should be used
for positioning and guidance by the visually handicapped.
Current ABBA regulations do not out exact specifications
for the rail or the exact placement of the device for league and
local tournament competition. The ABBA does utilize a 15 foot
long rail for it's national competition,with an option of a
12 foot long rail if the individual or special group desires.
The 15 foot rail begins at the foul line and extends back the
appropriate distance on the approach. The 15 foot rail have a
trombone like portion on each end attached to the supporting
uprights. This leaves the front upright approximately 18 to 24
inches from the foul line with the same clearance at the rear.
The 12 foot rail has the trombone at the rear portion, but ends at
the forward upright with a curved end that is attached to the upright. A three foot extention can be purchased to extend the twelve foot rail to fifteen feet.
At the present time there are no standard rails available for
purchase although several styles are available from various sources. None that we know of meet the minimum standards so far
established by ABBE. The ADDA currently has a group formed to
study the problem of standardization and production, but as of
this writing had not made any recommendation for adoption of a
The exact positioning of the rail on the approach has never
been approved for league competition as several different styles
and lengths of rails are in use throughout the ABBA The only
item that has been standardized is the position in relation to the
width of the lane. The preferred position is to place the rail on
the first board outside the exact lane surface. It is positioned
to run parallel with the lane and should provide a straight
guideline down the approach for the visually handicapped bowler.
the length of the rail used determines the placement from the foul
line. Normally the forward upright is placed 18-24 inches back
from the foul line, when the 15 foot rail is used, this should
have the front trombone portion end exactly at the foul line. The
12 foot rail would end at the forward upright. The rail should be
placed on the left hand side of the lane for right handed bowlers
and on the right side of the lane for left handed bowlers. When
both right and left handed bowlers are on the same team it would
require the installation of two (2) rails on the same lane.
Etiquette in bowling is common courtesy between bowlers
There are, however, some specific rules that should be learned
FIRST: as in driving and the rules of the highways,
there is a bowling right of way. If two persons on adjoining
lanes are ready to bowl at the same time, the person on the right,
as one faces the pins, should be given the opportunity to bowl
first without any interference or distractions.
SECOND: those not in the process of preparing to deliver the ball
should stay off the approaches, back in the player's area
Individuals should not go to the ball rack for their ball when
another is preparing to bowl.
THIRD: Persons should always use their own ball or the ball
they have selected for use. DO NOT useANOTHER PERSON'S BOWLING
BALL WITHOUT THEIR PERMISSION.
FOURTH: Individuals should assist with scorekeeping when possible.
FIFTH: Heckling is permissible and is part of the game,
however, persons should not engage in this activity when bowlers
are delivering or in the process of delivering the ball, It is
distracting and annoying.
Finally, the foul line is the dividing line between a
legal and a foul delivery. Bowlers should never go beyond the
foul line. A person who deliberately slides over the foul line on
each delivery is abusing the equipment and is discourteous to his
The equipment used in bowling is not normally dangerous, but
careless handling and bad manners can make it very hazardous,
especially for the blind and visually handicapped. The ball can
become quite lethal when handled carelessly. When finding the
ball on the rack persons should keep their hands on top of the
ball or on the outsides away from the return track. Hands should
never be placed between balls or equipment. When picking up their
ball, the visually handicapped person should pick the ball up by
the holes, as the free hand will be needed to position themselves
on the rail. Turning the ball to position the gripping holes at
the top of the ball will enable them to use this method. When
waiting for their ball to return from the pits prior to their
second delivery, the blind bowlers should find the last ball on
the return, or the one closest to the pins, and place their hand
on the top. When the previous bowler's ball hits his ball he
will know that is now safe to pick up his own ball. After picking
up the ball, it should always be gripped firmly because a bowling
ball can cause personal injury when carelessly dropped or allowed
to slip from the hand. Do not swing the bowling ball off the
approach, especially when in a crowd. Bowling shoes can become
dangerous if the soles are wet or damp. Bowling shoes will not
slide when damp, so bowlers should be careful when walking around
the bowling lanes. Bowlers should also observe rules regarding
the placement and handling of refreshments, especially beverages. Spilled beverages cause most bowling accidents.
In bowling, as in any other sports activity, there are
certain standard movements and procedures to be learned before
attempting to compete with others. These movements and procedures
are what we call "BASIC FUNDAMENTALS", and should be practiced to
become familiar with game and competition procedures. Experts
will concede that there is no one correct method of delivering the
ball; however, research has found that most bowlers, including the
professionals, have incorporated certain basic movements and
techniques into their delivery in efforts to improve their game.
These basic movements are the basic fundamentals that should be
learned and practiced.
Becoming proficient in the execution of these fundamentals
will not guarantee a top bowler but it will enable the individual
to bowl better consistently with a minimum of practice. Higher
scores make for more enjoyment of the game and competition.
In this section, the fundamentals are broken down or
separated into individual components, along with the teaching and
learning techniques to enable the instructor and the student to
better understand and master each component. We urge that the
beginning bowler learn the movements and techniques in each
component before moving to the next segment, especially before
trying to put all components together in an approach and delivery.
It is not necessary to become proficient in each segment,
providing the beginner knows and understands what should be done
and how. The beginner can practice each movement separately and
thus achieve desired proficiency before moving to other movements.
FITTING THE BOWLING BALL AND SHOES
Before beginning any bowling instruction, the instructor
must show the individuals the correct method of determining the
correct ball to use. For most visually handicapped persons, you
must show them the procedures, and find the best fitting ball available.
To fit a bowling ball, you are concerned with two major items:
THE CORRECT FIT OF THE THUMB HOLE
THE CORRECT SPAN, OR DISTANCE BETWEEN THUMB HOLE
AND FINGER HOLES
To measure the thumb, have the student start with a straight
thumb (no crooks) Insert the thumb as far as possible into the
ball. Turn the hand while the thumb is in the hole. The student
should just be able to feel the sides of the hole without any
movement of the thumb. If the skin on the thumb pulls, try a
larger ball. If students cannot feel the sides of the hole, try
a smaller thumb hole. Use this method as a start, and caution
students that they may have to try a larger thumb hole later, as
the thumb has a tendency to swell slightly during bowling due to friction.
To measure the span (distance between holes), insert the
thumb into the thumb hole as far as possible. Lay the hand flat
across the span and the two finger holes. Use the crease under
the large knuckle of the middle finger as a guide in measuring.
This crease should extend 1/4 to 1/2 inch over the hole. If the
crease does not reach the finger hole, the span is too long. If
the crease extends past the center of the finger hole, the span is too short. Do not bother fitting the ring finger, as the
holes are pre-drilled at the factory to give the correct fit on
the ring finger if the middle finger is correct.
AT THIS TIME, THE STUDENT SHOULD BE INSTRUCTED ON USING THE
TWO MIDDLE FINGERS OF THE BOWLING HAND IN THE BALL, AND THE INDEX
AND LITTLE FINGERS AS AIDS IN SUPPORTING THE BALL AND BALANCE.
THE ONLY GRIPPING OF THE BOWLING BALL IS DONE WITH THE THUMB
THE STUDENT SHOULD ALSO BE SHOWN THE CORRECT METHOD OF
HOLDING THE BALL, WITH ALL FOUR (4) FINGERS UNDERNEATH AND
SUPPORTING THE BALL, WITH THE THUMB PULLING STRAIGHT BACK INTO
THE PALM OF THE HAND TO GRIP AND BALANCE THE BALL. CAUTION THAT
THE WRIST SHOULD BE STRAIGHT AND FIRM, AND THE ELBOW STRAIGHT.
FITTING THE BOWLING SHOES
Instruction on the shoes should be limited to the difference
on the soles of personal shoes and the difference between personal
shoes and rental shoes. When using rental shoes, the student
should be shown the marking system for sizes and instructed to
try the same size shoe as he wears normally. The student should
have comfortable shoes and should try different sizes until they
Instruction should point out that the private shoes have
rubber soles on the shoe opposite the sliding foot. This rubber
should be on the same foot as the arm the student uses to bowl.
The sliding foot, or the foot opposite the bowling arm will have
a leather sole for ease of sliding.
All bowling begins with the stance, regardless of the type of
ball rolled, number of steps taken (if any), or the physical
capabilities or abilities of the individual. The stance is the
attitude assumed by the individual prior to start of a bowling
delivery. Included items to be aware of are:
Li>The manner you stand on the approach
The way the ball is held
The position of the feet, hands, shoulders and arms
A good stance should be consistent at all times to assure correct
execution of all fundamentals. The body should be placed in the
same position each time the individual steps on the approach to
deliver the ball. Where the individual stands determines the
direction of approach and ball path. The individual should always
check feet, hands, knees, ball, head, hips, shoulders and arms
each time the stance is taken until the position is automatically
taken each delivery. Where the individual assumes the approach
will vary for individual shots and changing lane conditions but
the positioning should never change. Where the ball is held and
how the hands and feet are positioned is an individual preference
as long as the bowler is comfortable and able to assume the stance consistently.
THE PENDULUM SWING
To achieve consistency in bowling it is essential that a
consistent and effortless swing be developed. The swing should
require the minimum muscle effort of the individual. The pendulum
swing is the easiest to achieve and the most consistent in
execution as it provides accuracy with the least muscle
involvement. Development of the pendulum swing only requires
that the ball be used as a weight on a straight arm swinging from
the shoulder, with the ball providing the inertia for the swing.
The initial exercise for learning the pendulum swing takes
place at the foul line. The student should assume a position
approximately 3 to 5 inches behind the foul line, with the foot
opposite the bowling arm slightly ahead of the other and the feet
slightly apart for balance, and pointing straight down the lane.
the student should bend at the waist as far forward as possible
without losing their balance. The knees should be bent to allow
the bowler to swing the ball as close to the approach and lane as
possible without hitting the lane. The bowling ball should be
held at the side, with the arm fully extended. The fingers should
be under and slightly behind the ball. The thumb should be in
towards the body and held somewhere between the 9 - 12 o'clock
position. The wrist and elbow should be straight and firm. Most of the
weight of the ball should be felt on the middle two fingers with the other two fingers there for support and the thumb gripping to provide proper balance and control of the ball.
The only muscles that should be used are those necessary to
commence the movement. The swing should start with a forward
motion (towards the pins) using only the necessary effort to start
the ball in motion. At this point let the weight of the ball start your arm swing backward (towards player's benches) as far as
comfortable. On the forward motion, the weight should again be
allowed to provide the inertia necessary for delivery of the ball.
About 3/4 through the return forward motion, the ball should be
delivered out on the lane as far as the bowler can reach comfortably.
The arm should then be at the farthest point to complete the natural movement
of the swing in a follow through.
During this exercise and in all practice, the feet and body
of the student should remain motionless and the body be as still
as possible as movement or use of muscles will defeat the purpose
of the exercise and cause a bad pendulum swing. Movement other
than of the arm will cause inconsistencies in development of a
THE ONE STEP APPROACH AND DELIVERY
The one step approach and delivery is a prelude to a full
approach and delivery, as well as a good position and exercise for
learning a push-away, a good stance, and the basics of sighting
and aiming. The one step approach and delivery is in use by many
visually handicapped persons and others with different disabilities.
To learn the one step approach and delivery, the student
should take a position approximately 3 feet behind (spectator
side) the foul line. Students should assume the same stance as
for learning the pendulum swing, The pendulum swing should be
executed as learned with the modification of taking a step
with the foot opposite the bowling arm as the ball comes forward on
the delivery portion of the swing. The step should be started as
the ball begins it's forward motion and be completed with the
delivery of the ball on the lane. During the movement forward,
the weight of the body should be allowed to move forward with the
swing until the weight is on the foot opposite the bowling arm.
Learning this movement will teach coordination between feet
and arms, and also increase the momentum of the ball. Some
students may find it difficult to attain this coordination, but
practice will enable them to overcome this difficulty.
The instructor can assist the student by swinging the bowling
ball and verbally instructing the bowler on when to take the step.
The instructor will need to stand beside the bowler and actually
make the movement with them to correctly execute the movement.
After most of the students have become comfortable with the
one step approach and delivery, modifications to the stance may be
made to allow the student to begin in an upright position and
execute the delivery. Many times, this will enable the student to
better execute and become familiar with the movements involved.
A further instruction that should be carried out at this time
is the basics of sighting and aiming, and instructions should be
given to the student on pointing the body at the pins and going in
a straight line towards what they are trying to hit. To bowl
consistently, a student should understand that the ball goes in
the direction the body is facing. Instructors should position the
bowlers in the middle of the lane and have them step straight ahead.
If the movements ar executed correctly, the ball should go
approximately down the middle of the lane. Next, move the students
to the right on the approach, and have them face slightly left,
then execute the movements, again stepping straight ahead.
The ball should then go towards the seven (7) pin if correctly done.
Next, move them to the left and repeat as above, except face to
the right. The ball should go in the direction of the ten (10)
pin this time.
Stress that accuracy at this time is not important, rather
understanding the concept of facing what you are trying to hit,
execute the fundamentals, and the ball will go in that direction.
This concept holds true regardless of number of steps taken or
pins that are standing. This concept will be refined and
practiced later in the course, but the understanding can better be
taught with the one step approach and delivery as not too many
principles are available at this time to confuse the student.
THE WALK TO THE FOUL LINE
The walk to the foul line involves a slight modification to
the normal walk. The bowler should walk on the balls of their
feet as much as possible as this will keep the weight of the body
over the feet and defeat the normal procedure of the heels
hitting the ground before the rest of the foot. Learning to walk
correctly is not difficult, but could feel awkward to some
individuals as weight distribution and balance have a different
feeling. Learning to keep the weight over the feet will eliminate
the danger of the student hitting their ankle as the
ball is delivered. With the modification, the only thing required
is a normal walking pace at a slightly faster than normal cadence.
To learn the walk, the student should be told that it is
executed by starting with small steps and at a slow pace, and
increasing the length of the step as well as the speed of the
steps as the delivery is executed. The FIRST STEP of a walk
should be approximately a HALF-STEP, taken with the foot on the
same side as the bowling arm. the SECOND STEP is approximately a
3/4 length step, naturally with the opposite foot. The THIRD STEP
IS a normal length step, and the FOURTH AND FINAL STEP IS a normal
length step that ends IN A SHORT SLIDE OF 4 to 6 INCHES.
The exercise to learn the walk should be started with the
student approximately 12 feet from the foul line, with the feet in
the opposite position as used for the one step approach. This
should place (for right handers) the left foot slightly ahead of
the right (2 to 3 inches) and the feet slightly apart for balance.
For group instruction, the students should hold hands during the
execution. The instructor should call the sequence of steps by
right or left, ending with the slide. The initial speed should be
rather slow, as some persons have difficulty starting off with the
correct foot. An aid to teaching the walk is to have the student
pick up the heel of the foot that is to move first and put all
the weight on the remaining foot. This sometimes solves the
incorrect foot problem. During the initial exercises the instructor
should caution students about bobbing up and down, and sliding
with the foot in front of the body. The weight should always be
above the feet. After three or four times going through the walk,
the speed of the walk should be increased to approximately that amount
required for the walk and execution of the swing and delivery.
At this time, the students who require the use of the rail
should be taught to slide their hand on the rail and not attempt
to grip the rail either before or during the walk. The student
can either run the fingers on the top of the rail, the outside
of the rail or the back of the hand on the inside (toward
student) of the rail. Any method is acceptable, as long as the
student does not use the rail for support and balance.
THE APPROACH AND DELIVERY
The approach and delivery combine all of the elements that
have been taught and become familiar to the student. It involves
putting the ball in motion, executing the swing, the walk, slide,
delivery and follow through. Some instructors prefer to have a
complete review of all these techniques before starting the
approach and delivery.
In executing the approach and delivery, there is one key that
should be taught. THE STUDENT AND THE BALL START MOVING TOWARDS
THE PINS AT THE SAME TIME In other words, the pushaway, or
motion used to start the ball in motion and the beginning of the
first step should be executed at the same time. Once the swing is
started, the student should continue to walk during the swing,
attempting to end up in the correct delivery position when the
ball does. The student should be taught that THE LENGTH AND
SPEED OF THE STEPS ARE ADJUSTED, NOT THE SPEED OR THE MOTION OF
THE SWING. THE SWING SHOULD ALWAYS BE THE SAME, WITH THE WALK
BEING THE ONLY VARIABLE.
After the student becomes familiar with the approach and
delivery, instruction should be given on finding the correct
starting position on the lane in relation to the foul line.
Students should be taken to the foul line, faced towards the
players benches and instructed to use the rail and take FOUR AND
ONE-HALF (4 1/2) STEPS AWAY FROM THE FOUL LINE. They should then
position them selves on the rail by finding a joint, upright or
some spot on the rail that can be used as a guide for finding the
starting spot. A piece of tape or some other material may be used
initially until the student has time to become familiar with the
rail and accustomed to finding the correct position from the end
of the rail.
Although scoring the game seems complicated, it is quite easy
to learn once you become familiar with the symbols utilized and
the symbols associated with multiple scoring.
A bowling game or line consists of ten frames of rolling one
or two balls in each frame to knock down all ten pins. The game
score is kept progressively by adding each frame to the previous
frame. The score is the number recorded in the tenth frame, and
is the total number of pins knocked down in all ten frames.
A bowling score sheet has markings across the sheet for each
person and down the sheet for each line or person bowling. Each
game is marked with the correct number of frames, with two boxes
in each frame to record the happenings within that frame. You
must record the results of each ball rolled within these boxes.
The easiest method of learning to score is to go through a
sample game, using all the symbols and giving the rules for each
symbol as we come to use it A sample game might be
FRAME ONE A STRIKE
A strike is scored when the bowler knocks down all ten pins
with the FIRST ball in any frame. It is indicated by marking an
"X" in the first little box in the frame. When a strike is
scored, the bowler is automatically credited with 10 pins for the
ten that were just knocked down and given the bonus of
crediting the number of pins scored on the next two balls to the ten pins scored on the strike. This number (10 plus total
of 2 balls) will be written in the first frame after the next two
balls are rolled. It can be seen that scoring cannot be completed
on the first frame strike until at least completion of the second
frame and possibly not until after the first ball in the third frame.
FRAME TWO SPARE
A spare is recorded when all ten pins are knocked down with
the two balls in a frame. A spare is indicated by recording the
number of pins knocked down with the first ball in the first box
in the frame, and the symbol "/"; in the second box. A SPARE
counts as the ten (10) pins knocked down, PLUS the bonus of the
number of pins knocked down on the next ball the bowler rolls.
Again, scoring in a frame with a SPARE cannot be completed until
the bowler rolls in the next frame.
Now that the individual has rolled two balls after scoring
the strike in the first frame, we can complete scoring in the
first frame. The score recorded would be The ten (10)
knocked down in the first frame, PLUS the ten (10) knocked down
with the two balls in the second, or twenty (20). This number is
recorded in the space below the two boxes in the first frame.
FRAME THREE - SPLIT
A SPLIT is recorded when the bowler fails to score ten pins on
the first ball, and two or more pins remain standing with pins
missing in between and the headpin down. EXAMPLES: 5 7 pins 3 10 pins and 4 5 pins.
A split is indicated by drawing a circle around the
number placed in the first box in the frame indicating the number
of pins knocked down on the first ball. If the split is converted
and the bowler knocks down all ten pins in the frame, a spare is
indicated. If the split is not converted, mark in the number of
pins knocked down on the second ball in the remaining box in the
frame. Now that we have completed the frame, and the bowler did
not convert the split, we can go back and score the second frame.
The bowler is awarded the ten pins for those scored in the second,
plus the eight pins knocked down on the first ball in frame three,
or a total of 18 pins. This number is added to the 20 recorded in
frame one, so the bowler has 38 pins through the second frame.
When an individual does not score a strike or spare in a
frame, the total number of pins knocked down in the frame is
simply added to the preceeding frame. In this case, we had 38 in
the second frame, so we take the 9 pin total knocked down in the
third frame and add to the 38, making a total of 47 pins scored
through the third frame.
FRAME FOUR - GUTTER BALL
A gutter ball is indicated whenever
ball falls in the channel/gutter. No pins can be scored if the ball should accidentally jump out of the gutter. indicate the gutter ball by making a "-"in the small box of the frame
that it occurred. Should the gutter occur after a foul it still counts as a ball rolled.
If it happens on the first ball, the bowler is entitled to ONE (1) more ball in which to
score in the frame. If it happens on the second ball, the bowler
is credited with ONLY THOSE PINS KNOCKED DOWN ON THE FIRST BALL
ROLLED IN THE FRAME. THEY ARE NOT ENTITLED TO ANOTHER BALL.
Let's suppose that our bowler rolled the first ball in the gutter
and knocked down 9 pins on the second ball. Since the individual
did not score a strike or spare, we again would simply add the 9
to the previous total of 47 and record 56 in the fourth frame as
the game total.
FRAME FIVE - FOUL
A foul is recorded when any part of the bowler's body goes
beyond and touches the lane, building or equipment at some point
beyond the foul line during or after the delivery of the ball.
A foul counts as a ball rolled in the game, but no pins can be
credited. A foul is indicated by placing a "F" in the box in the
frame in which it occurred. When the foul happens on the first
ball in a frame, the bowler is again allowed one (1) more ball in
the frame to score pins. The entire set-up or all 10 pins are
reset and the bowler then bowls their second ball. The individual
is NOT credited with any pins for the first ball even though some
or all of them may have been knocked over
When the foul occurs on the second ball in a frame, the
bowler is credited with only those pins knocked down with the
first ball in the frame. Suppose our phantom bowler scored 9 pins
on the first ball, but fouled. All ten pins would be reset and
the "F" would be recorded in the first box in the frame.
Our bowler, now scores 7 pins with the second ball in
the frame. The number 7 would be written in the second
box of the frame. Add this total to the previous frame, making
a total of 63 in the fifth frame.
FRAME SIX ERROR, MISS OR BLOW
An error, miss or blow is the terminology used to indicate
that the bowler did not knock down all ten pins in a frame and with the pins knocked down on each ball, which is recorded in the
appropriate block in the frame.
If no pins are hit and the ball
does not go in the gutter, we indicate this by the symbol "-" in
the second box. Our bowler scored six pins on the first ball and
two on the second, so again simply add to frame five and now
record 71 in the sixth frame.
FRAMES SEVEN THRU TEN
The remaining frames will be devoted to showing the
combinations of strikes and spares and the increase in scores from
FRAMES SEVEN AND EIGHT
These frames will illustrate the second combination of an
automatic score of 20 in the bonus frame. This is a spare and
strike combination. In seven we scored 8 pins on the first ball
and the spare with the second. In frame eight, a strike was scored. This again results in the 20 scored and added to the
score recorded in frame six, or 91 in the seventh frame. We must
wait for further scoring until more competition has been completed
before scoring in the eighth frame.
FRAMES EIGHT AND NINE
We have recorded another strike for the bowler in frame nine.
This results in two strikes in a row. The terminology for this
feat is "DOUBLE". When this occurs, we naturally cannot score in
the ninth at this point, but neither can we score in the eighth
frame, as the bowler has only rolled one ball following the
strike. We must wait until the individual rolls in the tenth
frame before scoring in the eighth frame.
FRAMES EIGHT, NINE AND TEN
To complete the game and scoring, we will use three
illustrations to give the variations that can occur.
FIRST, let us assume that the bowler scored a strike in the
tenth frame. This strike is the tenth frame of the game. This
strike now allows us to score on the strike recorded in the eighth
frame as two balls have been rolled following the strike. We
would combine the totals of 10 for the eighth, 10 for the 9th frame
strike and 10 for the 10th frame strike or 30. This would be
added to the 91 recorded for the 7th frame and give the bowler a
total of 121 in the 8th frame
At this point, we still cannot complete scoring in the 9th
frame as the bowler has only rolled one ball following this
strike. The game cannot be left in this fashion, as each game must be
completed before beginning the next and scoring cannot be carried
over to the new game. The bowler must now roll the bonus balls
allowed by the strike scored in the 10th frame. Our bowler again
scores a strike on his firsts bonus ball. This will allow
completion of the 9th frame as 2 balls have been rolled. We again
have 3 strikes in a row (TERMINOLOGY: TURKEY) and a score of 30
for the 9th frame. This is added to the 121 in the 8th frame and
gives a score of 151 in the ninth.
We still cannot complete the scoring, as only 1 ball has been
rolled following the strike in the 10th frame.
The bowler again scores a strike on his second bonus ball. This is
of called"STRIKING OUT" and result's in another 30 for the 10th
frame. Added to the 151 in the 9th, gives a total score of 181
for the game.
The second strike on the bonus ends the game and the
bowler is finished. They are only allowed to roll the number of
balls necessary to complete the scoring action in the tenth frame
and finish the game. THEY DO NOT CONTINUE BOWLING.
In our second illustration, the bowler scores 9 pins on the
1st ball in the 10th frame. This gives 29 on the 8th frame
strike, or a score of 120 in the 8th frame.
Our bowler makes the spare in the 10th frame. This at c
completion of scoring in the 9th frame as two balls have now been
rolled following this strike. The 10 in the 9th + the 10 scored
in the 10th give 20 to add to the 120 recorded in frame 8.
We again have a bonus situation, but this time only one (1)
ball is left for the spare. Our kegler scores 9 on their bonus
ball. This is added to the 10 for the frame for a total of 19 to
add to the 140 in the 9th frame, and gives a total score of 159
for the game. The bowler DOES NOT ROLL TO MAKE THE SPARE. ALL 10
PINS ARE RESPOTTED AND THE NEXT BOWLER ROLLS, OR THE BOWLER BEGINS
A NEW GAME.
Our last example involves a no bonus situation. The
bowler scores a 9 on the first ball as above. Scoring is the same
as before and the bowler has 120 in the 8th frame. The standing
pin is now missed for an error in the 10th frame. We now add the
19 (10 for 9th 9 for 10th) to the 120 in the 8th frame and have
139 in the 9th frame. Since no bonus rolls are required, we add
the 9 for the 10th frame to the 139 and have 148 as a total game
score for our bowler.
If possible, the visually handicapped bowler should be
instructed on keeping score, utilizing a braille slate
or some other device if possible. The instructor may have to draw
the symbols for the individual initially, and make a sample game
sheet for the student to use. In the absence of a braille slate
or other means of marking, the instructor should assist the bowler
in learning the symbols and bonus situations, and instruct them to
keep a mental account of their score, and later compare with the
The illustrations in the scoring chapter show that normally
the more strikes an individual can roll in a game, the higher the
score. This leads many bowlers to continually experiment with
various deliveries, positions from which to deliver the ball and
many other deviations from the basics. The entire effort is to
score strikes consistently, therefore having higher scores.
To better understand the theory of bowling for strikes, we
should take a look at the action and reaction of the pins and ball
when a perfect strike is rolled. It is called perfect because
all ten pins react correctly ending in the pit with none left
standing on the lane or lying in the gutter.
In this strike, the ball will hit mid-way or evenly between
the one and three pins (right handers). This will cause the
headpin to fly at an angle, knocking down the two pin. The two
pin will go into the four pin, sending it into the 7 pin, knocking
down those four. The three pin knocks the six pin into the ten
pin, thus clearing those three. The ball will deflect slightly to
the right and continue through the pins. The ball will hit the
five pin on the right hand side, sending it into and knocking down
the eight pin. Again, the ball will deflect slightly and take the
nine pin into the pit. thus, all ten pins end up in the pit. In
attempting to score strikes in this manner, the bowler is aiming
for a point approximately 1/2 inch wide midway between the 1 3
pins. Any slight deviation from this spot will not result in a
perfect strike, although the element of luck will many times
result in strikes when pins rebound from the kick-backs and other
For left handed bowlers, the procedure is reversed, with
the ball hitting midway between the one and two pins, with the
head pin being driven into the three and the ball sending the 2 pin
into the four pin. The ball would then take out the eight pin
instead of the nine, and the five pin would go into the nine pin.
To give the blind bowler a tactile example of how the pins are arranged take ten pennies and arrange them as the pins are arranged.
7 8 9 10
4 5 6
The student can readily see that hitting the correct spot for
a perfect strike(called the pocket strike) requires great accuracy
by the bowler which in turn calls for much practice and
development of individual skills. While hitting the pocket is the
most desirable method of scoring strikes consistently, the
beginning bowler and in fact most average bowlers do not have the
time or desire to develop the skills required. They do have other
options to give them a better chance of scoring strikes however
and should learn the alternatives.
Beginning bowlers should learn to utilize the dimensions of
the ball, pin and lane to assist them in scoring strikes. In
other words, the bowler should try to hit the headpin with the
first ball rather than the pocket. This procedure will enable to
beginner to score more pins without requiring the accuracy of
bowling for the pocket. Attempting to hit the headpin on either side allows the bowler a much larger area as an aiming point as
well as utilizes more lane space in which to keep the ball.
Rolling for the pocket keeps the ball in an area approximately 9
inches wide while hitting the headpin allows for almost 22 inches
of lane space. In other words, a much easier task, especially for
beginners. This method is called "AREA AIMING" and is used by
many bowlers. The method allows the pins, ball and equipment to
assist the bowler to the maximum. The pins will rebound from the
side kickbacks and the ball will assist by hitting other pins and
causing more pin action.
Whichever method is chosen, the bowler should strive to hit
the headpin consistently with the first ball thereby giving the
greatest first ball pin fall and normally easier spares to make.
THE STARTING POSITION
The starting position for all bowlers will not be the same as
physical appearance and capabilities will differ wideley among
bowlers. Lane conditions encountered will also contribute to the
variance in starting positions that can and will be utilized as
the beginner advances through the stages of skill. The best
method to use as a beginning is to position each bowler in the
center of the lane, having them note the position of the arm and
hand on the rail as well as the direction the body is pointed.
The beginner should then attempt to walk straight ahead and roll
the ball. Practice will develop consistency in the positioning
and walking and the skill will allow the bowler to make slight
adjustments in the starting position to accomodate the abilities
of the individual..
The instructor can assist the beginning blind bowler by
placing the bowler in the proper position during the initial
instructional and practice periods. In addition, the bowler
should be instructed to take careful note of all aspects of the
position in which they have been placed as well as notice all
variations they take that deviate from the basic fundamentals
CHANGING HIT OF THE BALL
Changing where the ball hit on the pins without changing or
modifying the basic fundamentals is a simple procedure. It
involves one rule that should be emphasized to students. The rule
is: MOVE THE BODY IN THE DIRECTION THE BALL IS HITTING AND
FACING SLIGHTLY TOWARDS THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
for example: The ball is consistently hitting to the left of the
head pin from the or starting position. The student should move their body to the left and face slightly towards the right and walk to
the right. This will change the path the ball takes on the lane
and change the angle of delivery. The basic fundamentals are
executed the same as before without trying to compensate for the
path of the ball. In other words, THE BOWLER AIMS THE BODY, NOT
Bowling for spares again have the bowler to utilize the
dimensions of the equipment to assist. Very few spares require
pin point accuracy as there are usually two or more points of
impact that will score the spare. Again, as in strikes, an exact
position cannot be designated due to the difference in individual
styles. Spares can however be designated by area allowing the
bowler to select a position that will give the greatest chance for
making the spare. There are only three (3) basic groups of spares
with all designated according to area of pindeck where they stand.
FIRST: The center spares. Those in the middle of the lane.
These include the 1-2-3-5-8 & 9 pins and most combinations
Positioning for these spares should be approximately the same as
for rolling for strikes. Slight variations will be necessary as
SECOND: left side spares. These are the 4 & 7 pins with
most combinations. The basic position for these would be further
away from the rail with the body turned slightly in the direction
of the pins. Walking towards the pins and execution of the basic
fundamentals is essential in knocking down all spare leaves.
THIRD: Right side spares. These are the 6 & 10 pins and
most combinations. The starting position should be taken closer
to the rail with the body turned slightly towards the pins.
Again, walking towards the pins and executing the fundamentals.
Instructors should position students initially making sure
the bowler is correctly aimed. Students should again be advised
to take careful note of the position of all aspects of the stance
and position, including the location and feel of the rail.
During the initial phases of strike and spare bowling,
instructors should emphasize that proficiency in the execution of
all the fundamentals and techniques taught will only be acquired
through practice. Beginners should be given all encouragement on
shots that are close to the desired method.
A bowling average is computed to indicate the approximate
ability of the bowler. It is commonly utilized in the formation
of leagues, bowling tournaments and other forms of organized
competition. Averages are also used when computing handicaps and
in ranking or grouping individuals by ability. A bowler's average
is based on the total number of pins scored and the total number
of games rolled.
TO COMPUTE A BOWLERS AVERAGE:
ADD together the total scores of all games rolled by
DIVIDE this figure by the total number of games rolled.
THE RESULT IS THE AVERAGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
(NOTE: Averages are only shown in whole numbers. No
fractions or pins left over are shown. Any pins remaining after
the whole number are dropped from the average to be shown. Do not
round averages to the next highest number.)
EXAMPLE OF AVERAGE COMPUTATION: in league Susan has rolled nine games competition
Her scores are: 137; 142; 165; 174; 117; 181; 147; 133 and 151.
FIRST ADD ALL SCORES:
TOTAL PINS 1347 NEXT DIVIDE BY NUMBER OF GAMES: (9
The result would be 149.6 or six pins over the basic average of
149. The six pins would be dropped from the computation, leaving
Susan with a posted average of 149.
This figure available to persons would enable them to figure
that Susan would roll scores between 139 159 approximately 70%
of the time with 15%. of her scores being below 139 and 15% above
159. Exceptions to these percentages would be new bowlers who are
practicing to improve and established bowlers who no longer bowl
as much as before.
Bowling handicaps are score allowances that are given to
teams and individuals to permit them to compete on an equal
basis. Handicaps are computed based on the individual and/or team
average(s) and are usually a percentage of the difference between
the true average and a pre-determined figure.
Several different methods of determining handicaps are in use
throughout the country but the two most popular methods are called
the "INDIVIDUAL" and "TEAM" systems.
The individual method is the most common method utilized as
it allows leagues and tournaments to award handicap prizes,
trophies or other compensation to individuals without requiring
additional administrative workloads to determine these special
winners. Additionally, it gives all or most of the individuals
competing a handicap thereby starting all participants from the
The individual handicap is figured from a Pre-determined
average. This average is normally 10 pins or more above the
highest average the group expects to have entering or engaging in
their competition. This pre-determined figure is called the
"SCRATCH" score. Any person entering who has an average at or
above this score would receive no handicap and would be called a
"scratch bowler". Popular figures that are in use are 180, 190,
200 and 210. Additionally, a pre-determined percentage figure
would be established to apply in handicap. .:computation.
To compute an individual handicap, the average of the
individual would be subtracted from the scratch figure. The
percentage factor would then be computed. the result would be the
individuals handicap for each game rolled. When figuring
handicaps,,, all fractions or pins left over after the whole number
are dropped from the compUtation Handicaps are not rounded to
the next higher number.
An example would be
SUSAN's AVERAGE: 149
PERCENTAGE FACTOR 80%
PRODUCT answer) 24.8
SUSAN'sHANDICAP 24 (allowance given each game)
In team competition Susan's handicap would be added to the
handicaps of all her teammates. This sum would be the team
handicap for each game of competition. For individual awards,
Susan's handicap could be added to each game as well as total
score she rolled for determination of awards.
The same method could be Utilized for team competition but
the scratch score would be determined on team total averages
rather than individual averages.
The easiest team handicap method utilized does not use a
scratch score but rather the total averages of the competing
teams. The averages of members of opposing teams are added to
determine the team average. The lower team average is subtracted
from the higher team average. The percentage factor is then
applied to the difference in team averages. The lower average
team is the only team receiving a handicap. THE TEAM HANDICAP
METHOD CAN ONLY BE USED IN LEAGUE COMPETITION WHERE TEAMS DIRECTLY
OPPOSE EACH OTHER. IT CANNOT BE USED IN TOURNAMENT COMPETITION
UNLESS IT IS AN ELIMINATION TOURNAMENT.
An example of team handicap is
TEAM "A" TOTAL AVG. 865
TEAM "B" TOTAL AVG 715
DIFFERENCE IN AVG
PERCENTAGE FACTOR PRODUCT BOX
120 TEAM HANDICAP PER GAME
Any fractions remaining after the whole number would again be
dropped. Team handicaps also are not rounded to the next highest number.
There are variations of the two basic system that may be
used but their use is normally specialized and for some special
reason so are not in popular use.
Studies conducted in the past show that even a handicap of
100% does not always give even competition with the higher average
bowlers winning a larger percentage of the time. It has been
determined that the true percentage for absolute equality should
be someplace above 100% but has never been (to my knowledge
utilized in actual competition. Whatever handicap method is
utilized, it should be remembered that:
THE HIGHER THE PERCENTAGE FACTOR THE CLOSER THE COMPETITION,
THE SCRATCH SCORE SHOULD ALWAYS BE ABOVE THE HIGHEST
AVERAGE IN THE COMPETITION,
NEGATIVE HANDICAPS SHOULD NEVER BE USED.
HANDICAPS ARE NEVER ROUNDED TO THE HIGHEST WHOLE NUMBER.
Groups should be organized for competition in accordance withthe rules and regulations established by The American Blind Bowling Association; The United States Bowling Congress and Women's International Bowling Congress. These rules are available from the parent organizations and the local bowling lanes.
The group should be organized to provide the best competition
possible within the group. Normally you should provide at least
one (1) totally blind individual on each team and one sighted
(Auxiliary) individual on each team. These sighted individuals are
required to call hits and pins for each team and to keep the team
score as well as assist in teaching the beginners. Teams should
be organized to give each team approximately the same beginning
average. Initially, assign no more than four (4) regular bowlers
to each team. This is in the interest of time needed to complete
rolling three (3) games within the the time usually allocated by
the bowling establishment and custom for such competition.
Individuals not assigned to regular team status, or who do not
desire regular team status should be utilized as much as possible
as substitute bowlers within the league.
If lanes and equipment are available, bowlers who desire regular status
should be formed into new teams to compete regularly within the league.
The USBC AND WIBC require bowling on two adjoining lanes for
league competition but will relax their rules to permit bowling on
one (1) lane when requested by visually handicapped groups. Some
of the ABBA members conduct their leagues on two lanes and have found that once the members became accustomed to changing lanes
they were able to roll as quickly as rolling on one lane. The
group should be polled for their preference prior to beginning
bowling and then again after a few weeks to at least try the two
Some visually handicapped leagues with many totals or
individuals with additional handicaps find it faster for bowlers
to roll two (2) frames at one time thereby not wasting time
looking for bowling balls and finding the position on the lanes.
This then is another option allowed by ABBA , but not by USBC &
WIBC . Options available for the group should be discussed prior
to the commencement of play and again at timely intervals after
the bowlers become fairly proficient in bowling and league operation.
It should be noted that this practice is not possible when using the automatic scoring available in most bowling houses.
Prior to the commencement of organized competition, the
groups should roll to establish averages (3 games at least) and
assist in the formation of teams. This pre-competition bowling
also allows the establishment of handicaps prior to the start of
competition. The handicap procedures, scratch score (if used) and
percentages should be determined before competition starts.
Always keep in mind that procedures, scratch scores and
percentages can be changed with the agreement of the majority of
Most other variations that might come into discussion during
the organizational and subsequent meetings are covered in the
published regulations of the three parent organizations. Consult
all of the manuals provided before adopting procedures. Any point
not covered should be referred to the appropriate organization
prior to adoption by the league.
This SHOULD GET YOU STARTED. GOOD LUCK GOOD
INSTRUCTION AND ABOVE all GOOD BOWLING.