The Halved Joint
T he halved joint is frequently known as half-lapping, and sometimes as checking and half-checking. In the majority of cases it is made by halving the two pieces, i.e., by cutting half the depth of the wood away. There are, however, exceptions to this rule, as in the case of "three-piece halving" (or, as it is sometimes called, "third lapping") and in the halving of timber with rebated or moulded edges. Halving is one of the simplest methods of connecting two pieces of timber, especially where it is desired to make frames and bracket supports for either inside or outside use.
Fig. 28.—Frame, with various halved joints. These joints, numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., are shown in detail in Figs. 29 to 38.
shows the elevation of an imaginary frame which is indicated as made up of a number of halving joints; it shows also the application of the various joints to this class of work. Each joint used in the construction of this frame may be dealt with separately. The numbers marked on refer to the individual joints, shown separately in Figs. 29 to 38.
Fig. 29.—Halved Corner Joint.
Fig. 30.—Halved T Joint.
shows the "Halved Joint" at the corner of the frame where the two pieces form a right angle . Each piece is halved and shouldered at opposite sides, thus forming a perfect fit one with the other and giving a strong joint with a minimum amount of labour. For inside work the joint would be glued and screwed together, the screw heads being countersunk so as not to come in contact with the cutting iron of the plane when levelling off the work. For outside work, in exposed positions where the work will have to withstand the weather, the alternative method of smearing the joint with paint or with a mixture of varnish and white lead would be advisable, the joint being nailed or screwed. shows the two pieces separated.
shows a similar joint to the above, but in this case the top rail runs through and it is generally spoken of as a "Halved T Joint" . It may be used in nearly all cases where a top or bottom rail runs through an upright. The method of securing the joint is as before. shows a sketch of the joint separated.
Fig. 31.—Oblique Halving with Shoulder.
Fig. 32.—Oblique Halving.
At is shown an "Oblique Halving Joint," where the oblique piece, or strut, does not run through . This type of joint is used for strengthening framings and shelf brackets; an example of the latter is shown at. A strut or rail of this type prevents movement or distortion to a frame diagonally (generally spoken of in the trade as "racking"). shows the joint apart.
is an example of Oblique Halving with the upper piece running through . This joint is used in similar positions to , and has in some cases the disadvantage of showing end grain at the top of the frame. The sketch shows the two pieces separated.
is "Dovetail Halving," the dovetail running through the top piece . This is a strong joint, used where outside strain is likely to occur in the top piece, the dovetail preventing the rail from being drawn away from the shoulder. The two pieces are shown separate.
Fig. 33.—Dovetail Halving.
Fig. 34.—Mitre Halving.
At is seen "Mitred Halving," a somewhat weak joint, but necessary in mirror frames, etc., where good appearance is required on the face side . Its use is obvious if the face of the frame be moulded with beads or other sections which require to intersect one with the other. This also applies if the frame be moulded on its face edges.
is a halved joint with one side of the piece dovetailed . This joint is used in similar positions to , and rather less labour is required in the making. The two pieces are shown separate for clearness.
indicates the "Halved Joint," the pieces at one end showing a double dovetail . This particular joint is seldom used except for Manual Training purposes. The illustration shows a sketch of the joint apart.
is "Oblique Dovetail Halving," one side of the piece being dovetailed. The joint is used to prevent "racking," and as a cross brace to framing. It is occasionally made with both its sides dovetailed as shown at . (For reference, see ).
Fig. 35.—Halved Joint with one side Dovetailed.
Fig. 36.—Halved Joint with Double Dovetail.
Fig. 37.—Oblique Dovetail Halving.
Fig. 38.—Stopped Dovetail Halving.
shows "Stopped Dovetail Halving." In this case the dovetail is similar to , with the exception that it does not run through the bottom rail. This is an advantage if the bottom edge of the rail is in evidence, or if it is required to glue a moulding or hardwood facing slip on the lower edge. The glue adheres better with the grain than it would end way of the grain, and if slight shrinkage occurs across the width of the bottom rail the moulding would not be forced away by the upright (see example at ).
Fig. 39.—Cross Halving Joint.
Fig. 40.—Cross Halving Joint Edgeways.
Fig. 41.—Tee Halving Joint.
The joint lettered B in is a "Cross Halving Joint" where each piece runs through the other. shows this joint separated, and shows a similar joint separated where the joint is made edgeways.
shows a "Tee Halving Joint" with a dovetail cut on the edge. This is seldom used except as a woodwork exercise.
is a "Dovetailed Halving Joint" used for lengthening timber, and is also a favourite Manual Training model. It might also come under the heading of scarf joint, although rarely used in actual practice as such. As a practical woodwork exercise it calls for accurate marking out and careful fitting.
Fig. 42.—Dovetailed Halving Joint used for Lengthening Timber.
Fig. 43.—Dovetailed and Halved Joint.
Fig. 44.—Dovetailed Halved Joint with Shoulders.
shows a combination of a halved joint dovetailed edgeways, whilst shows a dovetailed halved joint with the shoulders housed. This latter is seldom used in actual work.
At we have the application of halving joints when constructing a barrow wheel. The centre portion is an example of three pieces half-lapped or, as it is sometimes called, one-third lapped. A sketch of the three pieces separated is shown at L, B, C, .
This joint is extensively used in the pattern making trade for lap-jointing the arms of pulley patterns, etc. It is probably the most difficult of the halving joints to mark out and construct with the desired degree of accuracy.
Fig. 45.—Halved Joints on Barrow Wheels.
Fig. 46.—Detail of Halved Joints in Fig. 45.
shows a combination of a bevelled dovetail half-lapped joint. This is only used as a puzzle joint. When neatly constructed and glued together it is apparently impossible to make it, showing as it does a half lap on one side and a dovetailed half lap on the reverse side.
is the end view of a kitchen table with drop leaf, showing the skirting board scribed to the solid side. A table of this type is fastened to the wall with two iron holdfasts which engage the ends of the table.
Fig. 47.—Bevelled Dovetailed Half Lap.
Fig. 48.—Bracket of Drop Table.
Figs. 49 and 50.—Separate pieces of Halved Moulded Joint.
Fig. 51.—Oblique Cross Halving Joint.
The hinged bracket frame shows the application of the halving joint to bracket supports for this and similar purposes, such as brackets to support shelving, etc. In this example the hinged brackets turn underneath the table top, and allow the leaf to drop out of the way when not required. The dotted lines show the position of a shelf for boots and shoes.
Fig. 52.—Manual Training Halved Exercise Joint.
Fig. 53.—Exercise Dovetail Joint.
Fig. 54.—Carpentry Tie Joint.
indicate the halving of cross pieces which have their edges moulded; the pieces are shown separately, the moulding being omitted to give a clearer representation of the method of construction.
Fig. 55.—Cross Halving Joint with Housed Corners.
Fig. 56.—The parts of Fig. 55 shown separate.
is an "Oblique Cross Halving Joint" where the two pieces are not at right angles. A plan and elevation of the joint are shown at the left, whilst a sketch of one piece of the joint is given in the right-hand illustration.
are principally used as Manual Training models, and call for patience and manual dexterity.
is used in carpentry and joinery where a tie or cross piece ties joists or beams at an angle.
shows the elevation and end view of a "Cross Halving Joint" with housed or notched shoulders. This joint is seldom used in actual practice. The separate parts are given in .
At are shown two cross rails and an upright halved together. This type of joint is used where three pieces meet, as is the case in building the framing of a poultry house. The joint is nailed together.
Fig. 57.—Cross Rail and Upright Halved Joint.
Fig. 58.—Workshop Trestle Joint.
Fig. 59.—Cellarette Partition Joints.
is the end view of an ordinary workshop trestle, showing the application of dovetailed halving where the legs have a tendency to strain outwards. The inset sketch of joint shows the housing of the top rail to receive the legs.
shows a deep drawer, generally known as a cellarette, and used in a sideboard to accommodate wine bottles. Here we have a good example of halving the cross pieces so as to form compartments. The part shown separately illustrates the method of construction. The ends of these pieces engage the housings or grooves of the drawer sides. Pigeon holes or compartments in stationery cases, bookcases and writing bureaux are constructed in a similar manner, although the method of housing, or combined halving and housing, is to be preferred in some cases.
Fig. 60.—Joint used for Table with Circular Top or Rim.
At is the plan of a circular table having a small circular shelf with the top removed. The rims or framing are built by the method known as laminating, after which they are veneered on the face sides. The application of the halving joint to the shaped bottom rails, which in this case carry and support the small shelf, is shown in the part elevation.
Fig. 61 (A).—Oxford Frame with Halved Joints. (Four alternative corner treatments are given.)
Fig. 61 (B).—Halved Joint of Oxford Frame with front edges champered.
Fig. 61 (C).—Back view of Oxford Frame.
shows the well-known "Oxford frame," illustrating halved joints when the edge is rebated. make clear the construction of this type of joint. Alternative suggestions are shown for the treatment of the corners, the simple inlay being black and white (ebony and holly or boxwood). Frames of this type are made in various widths and sizes and are used for pictures, mirrors, etc.
Fig. 62.—The Two Pieces of a Halved Joint.
The tools used for making joints of the above class are: planes, the gauge, tenon or other saw, chisels, try square, and in some cases a joiner's bevel to obtain and mark the necessary angles, pencil and marking knife.
Plane up the face side and face edge of the timber, gauge and plane to both thickness and width; mark shoulders with pencil or marking knife; gauge to the thickness of the required halving; saw waste portions away; pare up with chisel to a good fit; glue or glue and screw, or use paint as previously mentioned, and then level off the surfaces.
Next: Setting Out The Halved Joint
Previous: Supporting The Joint