Robben Island: "island of exiles", apartheid prison, symbol of the ultimate triumph of non-racialism over intolerance, sanctuary for bird and animal life ... World Heritage Site. The windswept island 12 kilometres off the coast of Cape Town is a place of mystery and amazement to those who visit it.
The island was declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) in 1999.
In its description of the site, Unesco writes: "The buildings of Robben Island bear eloquent testimony to its sombre history, and at the same time symbolize the triumph of the human spirit, of freedom, and of democracy over oppression."
Place to house 'unwanted' people
Although people lived on Robben Island thousands of years before the sea separated it from the Cape mainland, it was used as a place to house "unwanted" people - mostly prisoners - from the mid-1600s, when the Dutch colonised the Cape, to the late 20th century. It was also used as a military base during the Second World War.
Those who fought against Dutch colonisation in southern and eastern Africa, religious Muslim leaders, opponents of British empire building in Africa, prisoners of war, criminals, leprosy sufferers, mentally ill patients, and more recently opponents of the apartheid government, were all packed off to Robben Island.
As author Lawrence Green wrote: Robben Island was "an island of exiles".
The windswept island, with its astounding legacy of confinement and brutality for those exiled there - and its paradoxical existence as a sanctuary for bird and animal life - is a place of mystery and amazement to the many who visit it.
Memories of brutality
For the many freedom fighters imprisoned there, including Nelson Mandela, who was incarcerated for 27 years, and Pan Africanist Congress leader Robert Sobukwe, who was housed there in solitary confinement, Robben Island holds less mystery and more torrid memories of brutality, isolation and victimisation.
But the island is remembered just as much as the site where anti-apartheid activists honed their principles of non-racialism and human rights, where they educated themselves - and their prison warders - and strengthened their resolve to attain freedom.
As African National Congress (ANC) stalwart and former Robben Islander Ahmed Kathrada remarked around the time of Mandela's release from prison: "While we will not forget the brutality of apartheid, we will not want Robben Island to be a monument to our hardship and suffering. We would want Robben Island to be a monument ... reflecting the triumph of the human spirit against the forces of evil. A triumph of non-racialism over bigotry and intolerance. A triumph of a new South Africa over the old."
Kathrada's wish has been realised. Robben Island is now home to the Robben Island Museum, a national museum and monument which displays its astounding history to the many tourists who flock there in search of more information and understanding about South Africa's past.
A place to learn about SA's democracy
The museum is also a place of learning, with workshops, tours and camps for children and adults keen to learn about both historical and modern day South Africa and its embracing of a culture of human rights and respect for ethnic, cultural and religious diversity.
Since it opened on 1 January 1997, the Robben Island Museum has experienced a steady increase in visitors. Daily four-hour tours are offered, weather permitting (the tour includes a half-hour ferry ride each way).
Visitors can expect an enriching experience. There's plenty to see on the island: from the maximum security prison which held political prisoners from the 1960s, to the memorabilia of prisoners incarcerated there, to the quarry mines where prisoners were forced to dig, to the church, to the many buildings dating back to the Second World War. There's a small village where the island's main centre is located.
A sanctuary for bird life
Robben Island generates its own electricity and is involved in a research initiative to draw electricity from the strong waves that pound its shores. It also gets its water from nine boreholes.
The island is a natural sanctuary for bird life - the northern part is a bird sanctuary - and has about 132 bird species, some of which are endangered.
Many birds use the island for breeding purposes, including the Crowned Cormorant and Black-crowned Night Herons that flock to the island in numbers. The African Penguin, once close to extinction, also breeds prolifically on the island.
Plant life also thrives on Robben Island, but farming and the introduction of exotic species have upset the natural fauna to some extent.
There are 23 species of mammals, including many types of buck, ostrich, lizards, geckos, snakes and tortoises. Marine life is also rich, and the ferry trip offers tourists a chance to spot Cape fur seals, southern right whales and dusky and heavyside dolphins.
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