Flashcards in AOS 1 SAC 1 Deck (42):
the process by which the sense organs receive information about the environment and transmit it to the brain.
the process whereby the brain organises and interprets the incoming sensory information.
3 stages of sesnation
3 stages of perception
what are the 11 parts of the eye?
pupil, cornea, retina, blind spot, optic nerve, tapetum, sclera, lens, vitreous humor, iris, aqueous humor.
define absolute threshold
the minimum amount of stimulus energy needed before it can be detected.
what are rods
located all around the retina
used for peripheral vision
used for darker lighting
responds to green and blue lighting
what are cones
works best in bright lights
produce colour sensation
responds to yellow and green lighting
pick up fine details
found mainly in centre of retina
define size constancy (perceptual constancies)
refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even if the object moves.
define shape constancy (perceptual constancies)
refers to the fact that we can interpret objects when viewed from any angle.
what are the gestalt principles
phi phenomenon- cartoon
figure ground- contour line
camouflage- blends into background
closure- perceive object despite being incomplete
similarity- group together to provide whole unit
proximity- individual parts are close together
define perceptual set
a predisposition to perceive stimuli in a specific way. interpreting what we see according to certain preconceptions. to attend only certain features or aspects of our field of view.
what are some factors influencing perceptual set
explain the ponzo illusion
its the upper horizontal line in each diagram is perceived to be longer than the lower horizontal line.
explain the muller-lyer illusion
it consists of 2 lines of equal length, 1 line has regular arrowheads and the other has inverted arrowheads making it look longer than the other.
explain the ames room illusion
its an intentionally distorted room viewed through a peephole disrupting perceptual constancies and misleading the viewer to think that people are changing size when they walk across the room from 1 corner to the other.
what are the 5 primary tastes
how many taste buds in the mouth
around 10,000 in the mouth and throat
how many receptor cells does each taste bud have
each taste bud has 50-150 receptor cells which only live about 10 days
difference between taste and flavour
taste = in the mouth
flavour = smell, texture & taste
what are factors influencing taste & flavour
what are the scientific method steps
1. identify the area of research, form an aim
2. collect info
3. identify research question & form hypothesis
4. design research method to test hypothesis
5. collect and analyse data
6. draw a conclusion
7. report findings
8. test the conclusion
define independent variable (IV)
it is deliberately manipulated or varied in some way by the experimenter.
define dependant variable (DV)
it is the property that is measured in the research. it depends on the IV
it is using a certain method of testing and showing the range of testing in the same way
it is a clear statement predicting how changes in the IV will effect the value of the DV
define extraneous variable
it is a variable other than the IV that could cause change to the value of the DV
what is another variable that can affect the DV
The cofounding variable. If this exists the experiment then becomes a waste of time as nothing is valid.
what is random sampling
it is a sampling procedure where all the population has an equal chance
define feature detectors
they are cells that individually respond to lines of a certain length, a certain angle or lines moving in a certain direction
it refers to the participants behaviour being influenced by the experiment of how they should behave
define experimenter effect
it refers to the outcome of an experiment being unintentionally affected by the experimenter
function of lens
clear, flexible structure reflecting image on the retina
function of retina
detects images focused by lens and cornea
function of aqueous humor
clear fluid that keeps cornea in shape
function of optic nerve
bundle of nerve finders that carry info from retina to the brain
2 parts of binocular depth cues & explain
retinal disparity- because our eyes are separated apart they both receive 2 different images, both sent to the brain.
convergence- when an object becomes closer to the eye, the eyes become crossed and vision becomes blurry, a lot of pressure on ciliary muscles.
1 part of monocular depth cues & explain
accommodation- it involves the lens of the eye changing shape so it can focus light rays on the retina. greater the tension on the ciliary muscles the closer the object.
5 parts of pictorial depth cues & explain
linear perspective- parallel lines extend to an imaginary point
interposition- putting objects in front of the other to create depth cues
texture gradient- more detail is seen at the front of the image
relative size- largest image is nearest, smallest is furthest
height in visual field- objects further away are closer to the horizon
define depth perception
the ability to accurately judge 3D space and distance using cues in the environment
is an anomalous blending of the senses in which the stimulation of one modality simultaneously produces sensation in a different modality. Synesthetes hear colours, feel sounds and taste shapes