The story is that the idea to apply herbicides in irrigation water was developed by two drunken pest control advisors as they stood before the urinals in the men's room after drinking beer all night. Eptam was the first herbicide that included chemigation on the label. This occurred in the early 1960s and several chemigation applications have been registered since that time. Although there are times when it has seemed like an idea that was developed by a couple of drunks, in most cases it has offered growers a convenient and effective alternative to apply pesticides.
The recent special local need registration for the chemigation of Kerb in lettuce has created much interest and many questions about this technique. This brief article is intended to help answer some of those questions.
Kerb was first registered in 1969. Most of the use on lettuce, until the mid 1980s, was as a post-plant, preemergence treatment incorporated with furrow irrigation. From the mid 1980s until present, sprinkler irrigation to establish the crop has become increasingly widespread. When furrow irrigation is used, Kerb is held on the bed top where it is needed. When sprinklers are used and much water is applied prior to weed germination, the herbicide is pushed too deep and is ineffective. This problem has been overcome by delaying Kerb applications until just before weed seeds germinate. In most cases, delayed applications cannot be made by ground due to wet fields and aerial applications have been made. Aerial applications cannot be as precise as ground applications and overlaps and skips have sometimes occurred. Our tests and grower experience during the 2002-03 season indicated that making delayed application of Kerb through the sprinklers is often as effective and often more effective than aerial applications. The Western Growers Association applied for and was granted a special local need registration for the chemigation of Kerb to lettuce in July 2003. This 24C registration may be used only by members of Western Growers who have contracted with them for this use and signed a waiver of liability.
The correct timing of application is critical to the success of delayed application of Kerb and failures are more likely to occur from incorrect timing than poor applications. The correct time of application is just before weed seed germination and this will change depending upon season, weed species and environmental conditions. Typical weed germination times after moisture is present are:
These germination times will vary however depending upon soil temperature
and season. Purslane, for instance, will germinate in 24 hours in August.
It will still germinate in January but it will take 5 to 7 days at that
time. All of these variables make it difficult to time Kerb applications.
The following graphs from our tests illustrate this difficulty.
The normal application rates for Kerb are 2 to 4 lbs. per acre. At these higher rates, if 50% of the herbicide is leached below weed seeds, it still leaves enough to control some of the most sensitive species such as grasses. It is not uncommon, however, to miss even these sensitive weeds when Kerb is applied before starting sprinklers and they are run for 6 or 7 days before seeds germinate during mid and late season applications.
Delayed applications help avoid leaching of the herbicide and the 2 to 4 lbs. Per acre rate is not needed and can cause crop injury. In practice, half of the original labeled rates have been effective and helped avoid crop injury. The supplemental label for chemigation recommends 1 to 2 lbs. per acre depending upon soil type, weed species and level of infestation.
In theory, irrigation management can be highly technical. In practice, it involves common sense and experience more than anything else. Chemigation involves using systems that were designed to deliver water to apply pesticides. In general, these systems lack the precise nozzles, spacing, pressure and speed that are contained in spray equipment. It is not possible to always avoid the problems inherent in using irrigation systems to apply pesticides although experience has shown that chemigation can be effective.
Mixing: Kerb is a water-soluble powder that requires continuous agitation. Even with continuous agitation it is difficult to keep all of the product in suspension when flat bottom tanks are used and there is little water left toward the end of the application. Adjuvants are available that help keep the product in suspension although the effect of these products on crop safety and weed control have not yet been established. The label suggests a minimum of 3 gallons of water per pound of Kerb.
Time to Apply: No research data is available to help establish the amount of time it should take to apply Kerb through sprinklers. It is reasonable to assume that if the application is done too quickly that the product will not be applied uniformly. On the other hand, if too much time is taken, it increases the exposure to environmental and other factors that affect uniformity. The label suggests 1 to 2 hours for injection and a rule of thumb has been that it should take 1.5 hours to treat 35 acres.
Enough water should be applied after injection to incorporate the herbicide but not too much to push the herbicide below the weed seeds. It takes approximately 1/2 inch of water to incorporate the herbicide. Most systems apply approximately 1/10 inch of water per hour. The system should be run, therefore, for at least 5 hours after the Kerb has been injected for incorporation and to flush the system. Running the system for significantly longer than this could leach the herbicide.
System requirements: The label requires the following equipment:
All of this is designed to replace someone who continuously monitors the system during Kerb injection who can shut the injection down if problems occur. It is to safeguard against the possibility of Kerb going somewhere other than the field and against the wrong rate being applied. These requirements are similar to those appearing on many chemigation labels. They are a legal requirement and applicators can be cited if they are not in compliance.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, James A. Christenson, Director Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona.
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Information provided by:
Barry Tickes, firstname.lastname@example.org Extension Agent, Yuma County
University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Material written August 2003.
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