1st Intermediate Period
2nd Intermediate Period - Hyksos
Late Bronze Age Collapse (LBAC) - Sea Peoples
3rd Intermediate Period.
Fall of the Roman Empire.
NOTES/ MAP SCHEMATICS.
| Discoveries: wheat seeds can be stored for later use, rivers can be diverted, canals constructed
10,000 BC - first farmers [ ecifm ]
9,000 BC - Jericho (southern Levant) - first of 20 settlements, near the start of the Holocene .
7,090 - Jarmo (Iraqi Kurdistan) - "one of the oldest agricultural communities" - discovered 1940
7,500 - 5,700 BC - Çatal Hüyük (Anatolia) - best-preserved Neolithic site. - excavated, 1958.
6,000 BC - Farmers from the Near East arrived in Europe about 8,000 years ago. [ sailer ]
5500 - small tribes settle in the Nile valley
|4400 - 3000 Naqada culture.
the Amratian (Naqada I)
the Gerzeh (Naqada II)
|3,500 - mud-brick building at Hierakonpolis - one of the oldest on earth
With 4 million bricks and 16 million joints, its irregular construction has saved it from earthquakes and ground settling.
the Varna Necropolis in Bulgaria - oldest gold treasure - religion, the afterlife, social status, and
"oldest known burial evidence of an elite male" --
He "held a war adze or mace and wore a gold penis sheath."
|Ubaid Period - "marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery"
South - 6,500-3,800
Ur - 3,800
North - 5,300 - 4,300
|4000 - "Marija Gimbutas claims the transition to male dominance began in Europe."
3 states in Upper Egypt:
Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen.
|NEWS FLASH from new DNA studies! -
Nomadic sheepherders from western Russia, the Yamnaya, arrived.
Their language may have given rise to European languages.
These are the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who used to be called the Aryans. [ sailer - 06/2015 ]
They carried a genetic mutation that allowed adults to tolerate drinking cow’s milk.
Basque may be the only surviving relic of an earlier language. [ daily mail - 06/2015 ]
|EGYPT||constructions [ list ]||Events||SUMER||Events|
|4,000-3,100 - Uruk Period.
3500 - Uruk - first true city.
|3200-3100 - Naqada III aka
Era of Two Kingdoms:
Lower (red crown, less sophisticated )
Upper (white crown, superior culture)
(Hierakonpolis, city of the hawk)
religio-political capital of
Upper Egypt in Predynasty.
Ivory labels of Dynasty 0, found at Abydos, have sound signs, like modern alphabets.
| 3400-3100 - late Uruk period
aka Protoliterate Period
|| The Sumerians had an accounting system of simple pictures and numbers. [TDC]
3000 - Sumerian cuneiform, "the earliest known writing" [HC]
|Early Dynasty (Archaic)
Dynasty 1 - 3100 - 2886
Dynasty 2 - 2890 – 2686
|Egyptian kings buried in shallow pits,
letting the natural de-moisturizers of the desert sands preserve the body
|EDP - Sumerians build the earliest ziggurats - homes for a city's patron god.
|Narmer or Menes - 3100 -
king of upper kingdom
conquers the lower kingdom,
wears the pschent, a double crown on the Narmer Palette
[Dynasty 1 #1]
kings used mud-brick mastabas at Abydos,
The Narmer Palette at Hierakonpolis - "first historical document in the world."
| Narmer defeats the "Papyrus People" of the Delta and secures Mediterranean trade routes.
Hierarchies: pharaoh, vizier, scribes, great wife, 2nd wives, concubines
|3100 - Battle of the Papyrus People|
|Hor-Aha (Menes' son)
moves capital from Abydos to Memphis, world's largest city
| The pharaoh's favorites got to join him in the afterlife.
"Hor-Aha's grave has the earliest retainer sacrifice."
|EGYPT||Events||SUMER / AKKAD.||constructions [ list ]||Events|
Dynasty 3 - 2686 - 2613
Dynasty 4 - 2613 - 2494
Dynasty 5 - 2494 - 2345
Dynasty 6 - 2345 - 2181
|Jemdet Nasr Period -
Early Dynastic Period - 2900- 2334
Enmebaragesi of Kish - 2600
|2800 - "Semitic Akkadian language first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish "
2700 BC, "cuneiform represents syllables of spoken Sumerian."
Ritual of rejuvenation for the king brings prosperity to the whole country and demonstrates no need to kill the king when he dodders, as some barbaric peoples did.
|step pyramid at Saqqara;
oldest cut-stone building,
3 1/2 miles of tunnels below
and a huge underground chamber.
Imhotep, the architect
imitates primal mound
that arose from chaos.
|100 pyramids built, and
"all the pyramids were robbed" - Hawass.
So why doesn't this failure of security, which defeats the purpose of the pyramid, detract from the genius of the architects?
|[Dyn 3 - last pharaohs ]||Buried Pyramid.
[Dyn 4 #1]
chief wife: Hetepheres I,
his half-sister, because his mother was a minor queen.
Incest becomes routine.
"When we think
of pyramids, we think
of the Fourth Dynasty."
| Isis and Osiris: sibling spouses.
Incest imitaties the Gods,
a main concern of the Pharaohs.
Sneferu addresses peasants
as "my friend" or "my brother."
Fights the B.O. of dancing girls: cone-hats of scented fat to melt all night - first time-released accoutrements
|1st Dynasty of Lagash -
Eannatum "introduced the use of terror as a weapon against his enemies."
|3 pyramids in Dahshur:
1 Maidum / Snefru endures - burial chamber inside - pyramid collapsed
2 Bent / Snefru shines in the South - discarded.
3 Red / Snefru shines in the North - first stable & straight-sided pyramid.
| [Terror vs. dancing girls?
We're done here.
The creators of civilization
are no longer a mystery.]
(Cheops, son of Snefru)
[Dyn 4 # 2]
|Khufu's horizon at Giza
"a miracle of logistics" & the base never more than 1/2° off, "geometric perfection" [AHC]
tallest until Eiffel Tower.
|The building of
Khufu's Great Pyramid
"proves ruinous to the economy." He sold his own daughters into prostitution, quips Herodotus.
(Radjedef, son of Khufu)
[Dyn 4 #3]
married his half-sister,
|first Sa-Rê ('Son of Ra'); first to connect his cartouche name with the sun god Ra.||c. 2550 -
Standard of Ur -
mosaic of war and peace
|Star tent of Djedefre
(most beautiful, ruined)
mortuary temple at Abu Rawash.
The Lost Pyramid (THC) has two hours hosted by Zahi Hawass. Interesting for the mad "deductions" of the Victorian archaeologist, Chassinat.
|Khafra , Khafre
(Chephren, son of Khufu)
[Dyn 4 #4]
|Khafra is great -
2nd largest pyramid at Giza
& Great Sphinx
(oldest monumental sculpture).
|Baka (Bikheris) - 2532 ?
[Dyn 4 #5]
(Mycerinus, son of Khafre)
[Dyn 4 #6]
|Menkaure is godlike -
3rd pyramid at Giza
a fraction of the size of
They control Mesopotamia,
the Levant, and parts of Iran.
c. 2503-2499 [Dyn 4 #7]
|One whole dynasty - and no wars.||finishes Menkaure's pyramid|
c. 2500 ?
[Dyn 4 #8]
[Dyn 5 #1 - founder]
|Ra has become a major god, identified with the midday sun.||Mesh-Ane-pada - 2400s.
first king of Ur.
|The pure sites of Userkaf ,
the "Heap of Stone"
[Dyn 5 # 2]
Dynasty 5 has 9 Pharaohs
|Semitic-speaking Akkadians move into Mesopotamia, north of Sumeria.||The soul of Sahure appears,
"milestone in Egyptian tomb architecture."
2332 – 2283 (D6)
Pepi II -
|Myth of Osiris, Isis, Horus
has basic form - 2300s
|Akkadian Empire Period
Sargon of Akkad -
began by conquering
|The beauty of Pepi
The beauty of Merenre
Pepi is established and living
|" first to create a multi-ethnic, centrally ruled empire"
|King Netjerkare Siptah
or Queen Nitocris
(D 6 #7-last, or D 7-8 # 1)
"Although male, Netjerkare Siptah is most likely the same person as the female ruler Nitocris mentioned by Herodotus and Manetho."
|2154: Akkadian Empire falls to raiders from the Zagros Mountains in Persia
Later: Two Akkadian-speaking nations:
Assyria, and, a few centuries later,
Babylonia in the south.
|What construction could be greater than the first trans-gendered she-male?
"Tennessee Williams' 1928 short story "The Vengeance of Nitocris", details the queen's revenge.
|Sargon's capital, Akkad, was destroyed at the end of his Empire, and has never been found. Hence, no documents from his period survive.|
|EGYPT||SUMER||constructions [ list ]||Events|
|1st Intermediate Period
2181-2055 (126 years)
Dynasty 7 & 8 - 2181-2160
Dynasty 9 - 2160 - 2130
Dynasty 10 - 2130 - 2055 (lower kingdom)
Dynasty 11 - 2134-2069 (upper at Thebes)
|Sumerian Renaissance -
the 3rd dynasty of Ur
Ur-Nammu - c. 2047-2030
Shulgi - 2029-1982
|Pyramid of Ibi (c. 2170)
Pyramid of Khui (c. 2150)
Flourishing are the abodes of Merikare.
| Shulgi completes
Great Ziggurat of Ur.
[Period of Reunification]
Dynasty 11 - 2061-1991
Dynasty 12 - 1991-1802, "brilliant"
Two concurrent Dynasties
evidence of Disunification,
leading to 2nd Intermediate:
Dynasty 13 - 1803-1649 (Memphis)
Dynasty 14 - 1805-1690 (Avaris)
|2000 - wild, barbaric Amorites descend on Mesopotamia,
only to assimilate to urbanity by 1900. [HC]
Semitic-speaking invaders from Syria, not native Akkadians,
they seem barbaric to the Mesopotamians,
living in tents, not burying their dead with dispatch,
not cooking their food,
2046-1995 [ D11]
2007- reunited Egypt.
|Amon becomes patron god of Thebes.|
1991-1962 - D12 #1
a vizier, he sacked his predecessor
|Amorites have founded dynasties in Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna, Babylon||Amenemhat appears at his place.||"brilliant" D12 (1991-1803) was Middle Kingdom "Golden Age"
Osiris became the most important deity in popular religion
|Senusret I - 1971-1926||Senusret beholds the 2 lands|
|Amenemhat II - 1929-1895
||Amenemhat is provided -
now a pile of rubble
|Senusret III / "Sesostris"
strongest of D12,
deified in his own life.
| work on Canal of the Pharaohs - 1
remarkably realistic sculptures show worry, concern, and age
extensive fortifications, like the Buhen super fort, now under Lake Nasser.
|Sesostris's goals: secure southern border and plunder the maximum Nubian gold
The Kermins of Nubians had expert archers, "the pupil-shooters."
Sesostris launched a campaign of terror .
"golden age of Middle Kingdom"
1830 - 1531
|Amenemhat is beautiful (Black Pyramid) / also Amenemhat lives.||Now the Amorites have taken over
the Greatest City in the World.
|Amenemhat IV - 1815-1806
[D12 #8 - last]
"brilliant" 12th Dynasty ends
N, Mazghuna pyramid.
|Pyramid of Ameny Qemau.||Nineveh for Ishtar-worship|
[Dyn 13 #21]
|Pyramid of Khendjer.|
|Neferhotep I - 1750s - D13||Sin-muballit,
chronology is most uncertain,
even the names
King # 6
|1754 - Code of Hammurabi -
Babylon - "first civilization to have a written legal code."
The stele has 282 legal verdicts.
|Hammurabi "single-handedly creates a legendary city"
Re-conquers almost all of Sargon's empire,
but he wants to be loved, not feared -
so he creates the idea of "justice" [HC]
son of Hammurabi,
loses control of Assyria
|Kassites first Invade Babylonia|
|Dynasty 15 - Hyksos:
Lower @ Avaris;
Dynasty 16 & Dynasty 17
Upper @ Thebes
in 1995 by radiocarbon dating
Asians from Canaan & Syria
introduce new weapons -- horse-drawn war chariot and composite bow.
"This invasion of hermetically-sealed Egypt
shook Egypt to the core, changing Egypt forever."
Egypt had to respond to the arms race.
It will create a defensive empire and
seek revenge on the Northerners. [rag]
|Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef aka Inref V
|1628: Santorini Eruption - radiocarbon dating|
last of Dyn. 17
|Ammi-saduqa's Venus tablet is astronomy|
|New Kingdom -
Dynasty 18 -
Dynasty 19 -
Dynasty 20 -
1600 - 1178
|Amorite Dynasty ends
1531 - 1155 :
| never in Egypt;
no wandering in the desert;
never took Canaan by war; they were Canaanites;
United Kingdom was a backwater -- say F&S.
|Amon expands beyond Thebes to
the whole nation as Amon-Ra:
other gods manifestations of him
|Ahmose I ,
drives out Hyksos,
founds Dynasty 18,
blood-kin until usurper, Ay.
1531 - sacks Babylon,
1526 - assassinated
last Amorite King
|1550: Santorini Eruption - archaeology||Pyramid of Ahmose -
not a tomb -
only rubble remains
|Ahmose builds his own war chariots.
The Kassites, foreigners like Hyksos in Egypt, took over after the sack of Babylon. "Their 500-year reign laid groundwork for Babylonian culture"
“Amon is pleased”
(Dyn 18 #2)
|next 65 years; flurry of short-lived kingships||1500 BC - Jericho razed,
dated by Kathleen Kenyon
Legend of King Keret of Ugarit,
brings cities down with marches and trumpet blasts.
[ Thoth-Born ]
(Dyn 18 #3)
|kingdom is weak and divided||1446 : early biblical date for exodus
(1 Kings 6:11)
|No more Pyramids
Thutmose I, first buried in the Valley of
(Dyn 18 #4)
son of Thutmose I & Mutnofret
wife: Hatshepsut, half-sister
|conquered lands to east and west are lost||Hatshepsut: "the first great woman in history," says James Breasted.
1480: Period of greatest Egyptian expansion (4th Nile cataract to Euphrates).
(Dyn 18 #5)
[dtr of Thutmose I & Ahmes]
wears strap-on beard & hides feminine curves
|(1) opposite Luxor is
(2) the Theban Necropolis.
There she built (3) Deir el-Bahari and
(4) twin obelisks at Temple of Karnak.
| Senenmut, a commoner, is Hatshepsut's architect : an obscene graffito of them.
Zahi Hawass: Senenmut built Deir el-Bahari out of love.
She vanished one year after Senenmut. Her tomb has been found, but not her body.
a harem girl
(Dyn 18 #6)
co-regent w. Hatshepsut
stops the chaos,
by banishing, not executing, the killers of his wife and son.
|"By the 14th century, before the cult of Yahweh had reached Israel, groups of
Edomites and Midianites worshipped
Yahweh as their god."
[ Shasu - q. v. ]
The Edict of Telepinu .makes rules for orderly succession
Telipini signs first Hittite peace treaty
| He destroyed Hatshepsut's statues & monuments, and removed her name from records.
1457 - Battle of Megiddo
vs. Mitanni and Canaanites
Thutmose had a transportable chariot,
rest-stops for water and supplies.
Defies generals, crossed mountains for a surprise attack.
But - his troops stopped to loot;
so a one day siege became 7 months.
"first battle recorded with relatively reliable detail."
Egypt's "sphere of influence" at its largest extent ever.
(Dyn 18 #7)
(Dyn 18 #8)
|Tudhaliya I||made Dream Stele to justify his unexpected kingship.|
|Amenhotep III -
(Dyn 18 #9)
Chief Queen Tiye,
Says that "the Hitties are finished."
Middle Assyrian Empire
Kassite king, known contemporary
|1400 - Jericho razed,
- as dated by John Garstang
Also, by some, "the accepted biblical date of the conquest."
|"unprecedented prosperity and artistic splendour."
Having no war to fight, no traditional path to glory,
A III declares himself a god, the Aten, "shining sun disk," begins largest construction job since the Pyramids.
He began the religious reform that his son too to its climax.
[ Temples of Power - YouTube ]
(Dyn 18 #10)
starts Amarna Period
son of Amenhotep III
and Queen Tiye)
has only daughters.
The heretic of Atenism
restores lost lands
at its height.
is not Shalmaneser]
put in power
|Wrote Great Hymn of Aten (Psalm 104)
Built a new new city with speed, using talatats, small limestone blocks his architects invented.
| Shut down, refused to fund, all other cults
Tried to deface all inscriptions to Amon
Even as he brought people and priests together in the courtyard for services,
he cared little for the people, who kept the old gods,
and worried: If no Osiris, who will resurrect the dead?
Neglected foreign affairs, trade missions,
ignored letters from outposts requiring assistance
concentrating on his new realistic art
- the first absurdism -
leaving no grateful people to carry on after him.
(Dyn 18 #11)
(Dyn 18 #12)
Dyn 18 #13
mother: sister of Akhenaten,
the Younger Lady
wife: a daughter of Nefertiti, and so a half-sister.
|Tut's widow seeks son of Suppiluliuma to marry - He is killed en route.||Tut moved the capital back to Thebes.||Tut's widow Ankhe-sen-amen
asks Suppiluliuma for a son to marry,
but the son is ambushed.
1922 - Howard Carter discovered
his nearly intact tomb
"underneath the remains of workmen's huts
built during the Ramesside Period."
father of Nefertiti
(Dyn 18 #14)
|Ay was Akhenaten's vizier, not a royal.|
end Amarna Period.
His wife was Gassulawiya.
|Horemheb was Akhenaten's military commander, not a royal,
so he married the sister of Nefertiti,
He began a campaign of damnatio memoriae against Akhenaten.
AN IRONY, AT LAST:
Horemheb dismantled Akhenaten's temples and used the stones for landfill so that they are well-preserved and can be reconstructed.
a noble, not a royal
(Dyn. 19 #1)
ruled 1 year, 6 months
|Job # 1: establish order in Egypt; sovereignty over Canaan & Syria; and bring back Amon-Ra.
1200s - Egypt "the dominant power in the world" - border with Canaan fortified and tightly controlled. (F&S)
(son of R I,
father of II)
"great warrior pharaoh"
ruled 11 years
|Great Hypostyle Hall
at Karnak -- 134 columns -- built from plans of Hatshepsut
Egyptians wanted big rooms, could not master interior space, so had forests of large columns. (van Siclen)
|Seti's list of pharaohs omits Akhenaten.
At Karnak, Seti details victory over Shasu,
a people of southern Canaan
when the Israelites emerged.
The Shasu lived in "YHW."
The Bible calls this territory Midian,
where Moses lived for 40 years,
seeing Yahweh as a burning bush.
So Israel got Yahweh from the Shashu.
|Ramesses II - the Great
8 Great Royal Wives:
Nefertari (his beloved),
"His Empire too big to attend to personally."
reigned 67 years,
3x life expectancy
After him, Egypt's long decline.
Battle of Nihriya - 1237 - T-N beats Hittites
1225 (?) -
T-N takes Babylon
Mursili III & Urhi-Teshub
peace treaty with R II, wife Puduhepa
|Joshua - Biblical dating: 1355-1245
built his capital, "The House of Ramesses"
in the Delta, say Egyptian records, referred to in the Bible.
late biblical date for exodus
|Abu Simbel temple
[copper chisels on limestone],
moved for Aswan Dam Reservoir.
his mortuary temple
KV5, largest complex in Valley of Kings
Apology of Hattusili, "an early autobiography."
|1274 - Battle of Kadesh - Ramesses II vs Muwatalli II.
a draw -- Egyptian and Hittite versions, the most detailed account of an ancient battle
1258: signs with Hittites first peace treaty in history.
most children, temples, & monuments of the pharaohs
At Abu Simbel, he worships himself as a god.
Nefertari: "the woman by whom the North Wind blows".
(Dyn 19 #4)
13th son of Ramesses II,
|1208 - Merneptah's stele -
over Sea Peoples - first and only mention of a tribe in ancient Egypt:
"Israel has been shorn; its seed no longer exists."
|Seti II -
Queen Twosret -
(Dyn 19 #8 - last)
(Dyn. 20 #1)
unrelated to previous rulers - usurper.
last Hittite king
|1180 - Trojan War, traditional date|
son of Setnakhte
last great king of Egypt
supremacy over Mesopotamia"
Sea Peoples end
Hittite Empire -
|Delta Sea Battle - 1175
Ramesses III repulses
The Sea Peoples,
a term for nine tribes,
"but the kingdom never recovers."
|Ramesses IV - 1155-1149
Ramesses V - 1149-1145
Ramesses VI - 1145-1137
Ramesses VII - 1137-1129
Ramesses VIII - 1130-1129
Ramesses IX - 1129-1111
Ramesses X - 1111-1107
makes Assyria "leading power of Middle East
for next 500 years"
2 Isin king #4
N I recovers idol
of Marduk from
|"no surprise that all the pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty called themselves Ramesses."
1100s: Arameans first appear in texts
(Jacob a wandering Aramean)
1000: domesticated camels as beasts of burden in common usage
|Ramesses XI - 1107-1078
[ Dyn. 20 #10 - last]
|Ramesses XI was "losing his grip on the city of Thebes" at the end of his reign|
End of Egyptian New Kingdom
Intermediate Period - 1069-664
Dyn. 21 (united) 1077-943
Dyn. 22 (lower) 943-716
Dyn. 23 (upper) 880-728
Dyn. 24 (Nubian) 732-720
Dyn. 25 (Kushite) 760-656
|Dynasty 22: Bubastite (city of Bubastis)
Dynasty 23: Meshwesh Libyan kings
Dynasty 25: reunited Nile Valley
|In Babylon, "decline and political instability, marked by division of the state for much of the period and conquest and rule by foreigners."
1077-1051 [D21 - #1]
Amenemnisu - 1051-1047
Pinedjem I (co-regent)
Psusennes I - 1047-1001
[tomb intact in 1940]
loses colonies to Arameans
2 Isin king #11
Babylonia overrun by Aramean tribesmen
|[contrary view] no United Kingdom -
always two (p. 149)
|Amenemope - 1001-992
[tomb intact in 1940]
Osorkon the Elder - 992-986
Siamen - 986-967
|1026-911 - Babylonian Chaos||David -
|c. 1000 -
The Zayit Stone
inscribed with a complete Paleo-Hebrew abecedary
|No David or Solomon in royal correspondence of the time. (p 129)
No name appears in the Bible more than David
Psusennes II - 967-943
[D21 - #8 - last]
|"There is no archaeological evidence for Solomon's Temple; no mention of it in the contemporary extra-biblical literature." - Wiki
The Bible's detailed plans for the Temple
resemble a temple at Ain Dara in Syria.
Guarding both temples are sphinxes,
called cherubim in Jerusalem.
The Temple for the One God, same as
the Temple for the Many Gods.
secede. cities of Shechem & Samaria
1st king of Neo-Assyrian Empire
910 - conquers and deports Arameans
subdues Neo-Hittites and Hurrians
- ? -900
are carved on the
Bubastite Portal at Karnak.
It mentions the invasion of Judah.
Sheshonk I is mentioned
in the film
Raiders of the Lost Ark
(1981), where he is said to have taken the Ark to Tanis.
|According to the Bible,
Shishaq invaded Judah,
mostly the area of Benjamin,
during the fifth year of the reign of
taking with him most of
the treasures of Solomon's temple, given to him by Rehoboam in tribute.
The fifth year would be 927/926?
(or Shoshenq II)
|800-600: Assyrians control lucrative camel caravan trade in "gum, balm, and myrrh" (Joseph)|
|870-750: Tel Dan Stele,
a triumph in Aramaic by Hazael of Aram-Damascus
I killed the king of Israel (melech yisrael) and his ally, the king of the house of David (bytdwd)validates David, founder of Judah dynasty (p 129)
independent king at Thebes
becomes legendary for war-making, empire-building, and cruelty
|thousands of idols found in Israel,
the Canaanite fertility goddess, Asherah.
Written reference to "Yahweh and His Asherah" -
no monotheism yet.
|From Ashurnasirpal, the aim was to conquer Babylon, while having the greatest respect for its antiquity|
Pedubast I (D23)
|841 - Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III has Jehu paying tribute, earliest depiction of a biblical figure.
840 - Mesha Stele of Moab :
god Kemosh punishes Moab with Israeli occupation
|Judah isolated, sparsely populated until 8th c. Jerusalem a small town (p 43)
Battle of Ramoth-Gilead
(Jehoram of Israel vs Arameans)
[ No one gives a date for this ]
[ greedy bedouins
smashed the stele in 1869
First Biblical confirmation
ever found - destroyed ! ]
(or Shoshenq III)
|750-710 - Nimrud Lens
at Assyrian palace of Nimrud:
(a) a magnifying glass, (b) a burning-glass to start fires by concentrating sunlight
760-752 (D25 #1)
|late 8th cent. Gerar becomes fortified Assyrian stronghold in the south (Abraham story)|
|Nabu-shuma-ishkun 761-748||Shallum -
|Ini - 755-750 (D23)
Piye - 753-721 (D25)
|Nabonassar's "systematic maintenance of chronologically precise historical records -
the Babylonian Chronicle & Ptolemaic Canon."
Biblical Pharaoh So
722 - takes Samaria
[ 722 end N.
|"Judah grows enormously in population,
becomes a power." (p 44)
Ten Lost Tribes to Assyria
| 689 - Sennacherib razes Babylon
His sons kill him for desecrating the sacred city
|7th cent.- Torah & Deuteronomic History -
(p 23, 46).
All incidental details are from this period. (p 38)
|Sennacherib rebuilds Nineveh
701 - Sennacherib takes Lachish,
but not Jerusalem,
where Hezekiah had refused to fight.
Assyrians agree with Bible on facts,
but not interpretation
664-656 (last D25)
|Esarhaddon rebuilds Babylon||Manasseh
|Late Period -
Dynasty 26 - 672-525
Dynasty 27 - 525-402
Dynasty 28 - 404-398
Dynasty 29 - 398-380
Dynasty 30 - 380-343
Dynasty 31 - 343-322
ruled city of Sais
Assyrian puppet .
"1500 years of Assyrian
Egypt to Persia
Assyrian king of Babylon
648 - 627
|Royal Library of Ashurbanipal - 22,000 tablets, including
Epic of Gilgamesh.
His "world's first library."
not to plumb archetypal myths,
but to gain power from "omen texts."
Due to sloppy handling, much of the library is jumbled, so scholars can not reconstruct many of the texts.
takes Assyrian lands
"a major inter-national power again"
617- Medes take Nimrud
616- Medes take Ashur
Nineveh falls - 612
old city razed by Babylonia and Media
last king of Assyria
enacts severe reform
[ prophet ]
[ prophet ]
fall of Nineveh
Jehoahaz - 609
The silver scroll
with the "apotropaic Priestly Blessing"
dates to Josiah
in the 7th cent.
pottery found with it
| Under Josiah,
High Priest Hilkiah discovers
"The Book of the Law" (622) - probably Deuteronomy
Megiddo - 609 -
Josiah dies in battle with Necho II
work on Canal of the Pharaohs - 2.
|Ashur-uballit fights on until 605 -
Empire (300 years)
Assyria over-reached; could not govern, so terrorized, subjects, who nursed revenge [TLC]
|Jehoiakim 609-598 refuses to pay tribute
allies with Hophra against Babylon, and fails
597 - Babylonian Exile begins .
|Tower of Babel
(no evidence for them)
| 605 -
Carchemish - Nebuchadnezzer II
beats Necho II & remnants of Assyrian army.
589- Nebuchadnezzer besieges Jerusalem for 18 months
He had a lot of aggravation from the last kings of Judah.
586 - Jerusalem destroyed, including 1st Temple
Ezekiel [ prophet ]
Cyrus I: 600-580
Cambyses I: 580-559
Neriglissar - 560-556
Labashi- marduk - 556
[THC] a commoner
enacts a bloody coup,
"A King loyal to the Enemy"
his son, Prince of Babylon
| In a fit of Akenatenism,
Nabonidus neglects Marduk, god of Babylon,
leaves the throne to his son, Belshazzar,
to traipse around the country,
building temples to Sin, the Moon god
who was beloved of his Mother
"last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest."
550 - Achaemenid
Empire - begins.
builds capital at
1st artificial park
| [ 539 -
Empire - 87 years ]
The Babylonians greet Cyrus as their new king without war
Babylonian Exile of 40,000 ends
"So said the Lord to His anointed one, to Cyrus" -
|No idols found in Jewish territory after the Return;
before then, thousands
80% infantry & 20% cavalry fit for Asian plains.
First not to enslave his captive nations
546 - Cyrus takes Greek colonies in Ionia.
539 - Opis - Cyrus "liberates" Babylonia &
allows the Jews to return to their homeland.
530 - died in battle, fighting the Massagetae,
leaving 3 capitals: Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana
[last of Dynasty 26]
end of Egypt
as world power
|538-520: Jews return to
Persian province of Judah
led by Zerubbabel.
monarchy is over
|525 - Pelusium - Cambyses beats Psamtik III, annexes Egypt|
|(1) Dynasty 27,
|Darius I, the Great :
(daughter of Cyrus)
died on his way to quell
a revolt in Egypt
Darius, like Cyrus,
paid workers on his projects
The greatest builder
wanted to be known
as a gardener
satrap of Sardis
2nd Temple built
[ prophet ]
[ prophet ]
[ 539/530/516 BC
- 70 AD:
hero of Marathon
Pheidippides, the Marathon runner
- 400s -
515 - Royal Road,
518 - Persepolis,
work on Canal of the Pharaohs - 3
506 - Fearing Sparta, desiring Persian allies, Athenians send Artaphernes tokens of "earth and water," ignorantly affirming their servitude to Persia in the Zoroastrian way.
|Xerxes I the Great
by Artabanus, commander of the bodyguard]
Artemisia I of Caria
lady admiral who prompted Xerxes
"My men have
and my women men."
|Xerxes I is
the Persian king
Ahasuerus in Esther.
Ezra [scribe] 480-440
led exiles home from Babylon and gave a public reading of the (recently completed) Torah
victor at Salamis
Zeno of Elea
|483 - Xerxes digs a channel through
isthmus of peninsula
of Mt. Athos,
preparing for invasion
480 - To invade
Greece, two pontoon bridges over
and when the water disobeyed,
it was whipped
(3) Interbellum - 490-480.
(4) Second Persian Invasion of Greece - 480-479.
[ see schematic map ]
480 - bridge across Hellespont
480 - Thermopylae - Spartans hold pass for 7 days
480 - Athens, found deserted, is burned
480 - Salamis - Persian fleet loses
479 - Plataea - Greek infantry beats Mardonius.
479 - Mycale - Greek army victory
(5) Greek Counterattack - 479-478.
478 - Siege of Sestos in Gallipoli
Thucydides begins, with Sestos.
(6) The Wars of the Delian League - 477–449
c. 469 - Eurymedon in Asia Minor - Delian League beats Xerxes
finishes Hall of 100 Columns
|Nehemiah [ cup-bearer to Artaxerxes and a eunuch ]
Malachi - last prophet
(Age of Pericles)
|pentekontaetia (the Fifty Years) - 479-431.
peace and prosperity in Greece
Peace of Callias - 449 - ends Persian wars
Peloponnesian War - 431-404.
Athens defeated by Sparta,
Corinth, Thebes -
recounted by Thucydides
|Xerxes II - 424
Sogdianus : 424-423
murders Xerxes II
Darius II : 423-405
about reign of Jeroboam II
|405 - Battle of Aegospotami - Sparta defeats Athens at sea in last battle of Peloponnnesian War.|
|(2) brief period of freedom -
Dyns 28, 29, 30
founds Dynasty 30.
[Dyn. 30 #3 - last]
last native ruler of ancient Egypt.
Artaxerxes II Mnemon
defeats a rival
murders royal family; murdered by
Bagoas, the Vizier
|401 - At Cunaxa in Babylon, Artaxerxes II is defeated by his brother Cyrus the Younger who, with the aid of Greek mercenaries, tries to usurp the throne.
Then Cyrus dies, making the venture pointless
Xenophon's Anabasis - the Greeks journey home.
343 - Artaxerxes III defeated Pharaoh Nectanebo II
and re-conquers Egypt.
"Last great victory of the Persian Empire." [HC]
Zarathustra first appears in the West - a Platonic dialogue - although he dates back perhaps 500 years
| (3) Dynasty 31, Second Egyptian Satrapy
[ last "dynasty" ]
|Artaxerxes IV (Arses)
puppet of Bagoas,
then killed by Bagoas, along with his sons
|Philip II of
|Philip: what's good for Persia is good for Greece
339-338 - Philip's Campaign in Greece.
Chaeronea - 338 - Philip defeats Athens & Thebes
satrap of Darius III, killed at Issus
without a fight
332 Alexander crowned Pharaoh, desert-treks to the Oracle of Amon,
whose priests declare him a son of Amon;
cousin of Arses,
raised to throne
whom Darius III kills
"The King who lost an empire." [HC]
burned to the ground. Alexander devastated.
330 - end of
Achaemenid Empire [220 years]
"late 4th century"
dies after night of binge drinking
& ascending paralysis,
|Alexander's Persian Wars:
Granicus - 334 - Alexander wins half of Asia Minor; Darius a no-show, expecting nothing of Alexander
Issus - 333 - he takes s. Asia Minor, mounted on Bucephalus, leading the Companion cavalry. Darius showed up, and he led the retreat from the battlefield, leaving his family behind
The Siege of Tyre - 332 - builds causeway for siege tower with catapults and battering ram
Gaza - 332__Alexander : Bathis :: Achilles : Hector
night before battle - total eclipse of the moon
Gaugamela - 1 Oct 331 - Darius is first to flee, and Alexander orientalizes as "King of Kings"
326 - Mutiny at Hyphasis River - 3/4 of army die in the desert trek back to Babylon
|Parthia [Iran] Arsacid
247 BC- 224 AD
took the title of
created a Greco-Egyptian god, Serapis.
The Wars of the Diadochi
("successors"), Alexander's generals,
begin the Hellenistic period.
[ Diadochi is a
19th cent. term ]
|Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy IV Philopator
|Philip IV -
"Mithridates" = "given by Mithra"
|Ptolemy IV is an antagonist of the apocryphal
events following the Battle of Raphia, in Jerusalem and Alexandria.
|Canal of the Pharaohs - 4.
Greek canal locks.
Lighthouse of Alexandria.
Aristarchus of Samos -
Manetho [3rd cent.], Egyptian
created Dynasties to group
kings of a common
238 - "Ptolemaic Decree #1"
The Canopus Decree of Ptolemy III shows the wheeling and dealing between the politicians and the priests.
218 - "Ptolemaic Decree #2"
of Ptolemy IV - "the dilettante" (Temple to Homer, wrote a tragedy)
|Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Ptolemy VI - Philometor
married A III
he's a new Cyrus
Seleucis IV Philopator.
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
nicknamed Epimanes (Mad One) for his love of the people
|200 - canon of
Book of Daniel,
not a prophecy"
Judas / Judah,
Antikythera Mechanism -
first analog computer
196 -"Ptolemaic Decree #3"
- The Rosetta Stone
produced by Ptolemy V.
oldest/earliest texts -Dead Sea Scrolls,
fragments of all books except Esther; also with Jubilees and Enoch.
(150 BC - 70 AD)
|167-160 - Maccabean Revolt
against "Seleucid tyranny"
[ or, a civil war between Hellenized Jews & Orthodox]
While Antiochus IV sees after the overdue taxes in Persia,
his governor, Lysias,
bans religious rites of Jews,
statue of Zeus in the Temple
prompts Jew to revolt
sacks Jerusalem when Jews object
166 - Through guerrilla warfare,
Judah Mac defeats the Seleucid army,
164 - purifies the Temple ["Hanukkah"].
163 - Seleucids compromise, give up the fight
This great defeat came upon the rejection of Persian religious tolerance
|Ptolemy IX Lathyros
116 - 110,
109 - 107,
88 - 81
Ptolemy X Alexander
110 - 109,
107 - 88.
Ptolemy XII Auletes
(flute-player) 80–58, 55–51
|Mithridates V Euergetes
King of Kings,
Pontus a Roman province
105 - failed to get an alliance with Rome
63 - Rome annexes
(1) 140 -110: rules Judea
63 - Roman Republic conquers
|132 BC -
"The Greek OT"
OT from Hebrew - quoted in NT.
(1) "This translation is not extant, except as rare fragments."
|Mithridates VI of Pontus takes on Rome
89: Mithridates defeats Romans, and,
88: In the "Asiatic Vespers,"
Mithridates massacres Roman settlers
88-84: 1 Mithridatic War vs Sulla
who gets distracted and quits
83-81: 2 Mithridatic War vs Murena,
another win for Mithridates.
73-63: 3 Mithridatic War
but they lose against Pompey.
|Cleopatra VII Philopator
daughter of Ptolemy XII
53 - Carrhae - crushing
defeat of Crassus
| (3) 63-40:
client-state of Rome
(4) 40-37: independent
| 60-53: First Triumvirate -
Caesar, Crassus, Pompey .
dies fighting for Parthia.
Then civil war between
Caesar and Pompey
44 BC - The Ides of March
night - Mars especially red
while in opposition
43-33: Second Triumvirate -
Augustus, Lepidus, Antony.
| 30 - Egypt becomes Roman /
until 641 AD
|[ Rome never takes
It will have to wait for the Arabs to take on the
in 651 AD.]
37 BC - 4 BC
last Hasmonean, becomes king with Roman support
|Augustus builds the Pantheon -
"still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome."
| 31 BC: Actium -
Mark Antony & Cleopatra.
Augustus annexes Egypt,
abolishes the Pharaoh.
27 BC - Roman Republic ends
|"All the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth, except Titus, were bad;
all were good who succeeded by adoption,
as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus.
But as soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, its ruin recommenced."
-- Machiavelli, while naming the "Five Good Emperors".
|ROMAN EMPIRE||Artifacts||THINKERS||+ DOERS||= EVENTS|
27 BC - 14 AD
10 BC - 70 AD
His Aeolipile (a steam engine).
|Lucretius: 99-55 BC
Virgil: 70-19 BC
Sallust: 86-35 BC
|20 BC - Herod the Great rebuilds Second Temple
Herodian Tetrarchy: 4 BC - 6 AD
4 sons of Herod
rule of Herod Archelaus
and forms Provincia Iudea: 6 - 35.
27 BC - 180 AD
200 years of relative peace
100 BC - 200 AD : trade between China and Rome is the largest the world had ever seen
Nero: 54-68 (#5)
mother: Agrippina, Caligula's sister
64: Roman fire;
"Qualis artifex pereo"
|Roman "concrete made of lime, volcanic sand, and volcanic rock" is said to be more durable than modern concrete.||Philo of Alexandria
25 BC - 50 AD
Greek and Jewish thought
harmonized with allegory
Rabbi Akiva - 40-137
set canon of the Tanakh: Torah + Prophets + Writings
|Pontius Pilate, 26-36,
rules from Caesarea,
HQ of the Occupation.
He went to Jerusalem at Passover, with a guard, fearing riots from strangers in the city, or Jesus starting up a fuss.
Herod Agrippa : 41-44
50 - Council of Jerusalem:
Gentiles exempt from circumcision,
subject to ban on bloody meat.
|49: Claudius expels the Jews from Rome
Three Wars Against the Jews:
(1) Great Jewish Revolt (GJR)
66 - At Beth Horon Romans lose. Vespasian & son Titus sent to end it
|Chaos - Year of 4 - 69
79-81: Titus (#10),
son of Vespasian.
81-96: Domitian (#11) Praetorian Guard kills.
|70 -80 -
Bellum Judaicum (on GJR)
Antiquities of the Jews)
(history 164 BC to 70 AD, inc. mentions of Jesus)
|Menahem ben Yehuda,
leader of Sicarii, a Zealot faction,
imposes harsh religious law in Jerusalem
Moderates make a deal with Rome.
Jews assassinate Menahem.
Eleazar ben Ya'ir
takes the Sicarii to Masada and
gets messages from God.
|70 AD - Siege of Jerusalem.
Titus, taking over after his father becomes emperor, razes the 2nd Temple, leaves the "western wall."
73-74 - Siege of Masada ends with mass suicide, says Josephus; scholars find no evidence of it.
|5 good emperors:
[ Nerva to Aurelius ]
96-98: Nerva (#12) elected by Senate
98-117: Trajan (#13)
elected by Senate
|Two view of the Jews:
Tacitus (56-117): "Jews profane the sacred, permit the abhorrent"
Numenius (2nd c): "What is Plato but Moses speaking Attic Greek?"
|(2) The Kitos War - 115-117
fought in the diaspora.
"a widespread slaughter"
Won by general Lusius Quietus, whose nomen named the war, Kitos (corruption of Quietus)
Antoninus Pius (#15)
161-169 Lucius Verus
161-180 (joint #16):
|126 - Hadrian rebuilds the Pantheon.||Marcion - 85-160
Christian horrified by the OT,
with Yahweh, an evil tyrant.
A Gnostic, he creates first NT .
Valentinus - 100-160 - Gnostic - knowledge saves, not faith
Basilides - 117-138 - Gnostic
Simeon bar Yohai - Kabbalist author of the 13c. Zohar.
170-180 Aurelius, Meditations.
|Simon bar Kokhba
rules free state
for 3 years as prince (Nasi).
Rabbi Akiva gave him
his messianic name,
"Son of the Star" in Aramaic
Tineius (Tynius) Rufus,
|117 Roman Empire greatest extent
(3) Bar Kokhba's Revolt
ends in decisive Roman victory
Marcus Aurelius sent an ambassador to China.
"the Fall of Rome [began] with the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD." - ma.
193 - Year of the 5 Emperors (#18-20,
with 2 usurpers)
- Septimius Severus 193-211 (#20) fought the Scots; died in York,
his ruling HQ.
198-217 - Caracalla (#21) builder of Baths
|Oxyrhynchus Papyri -
50,000 fragments, late 2nd. c.,
Chester Beatty papyri ,
early 3rd c.,
Bodmer Papyri, Luke and John from 175-225, disc. 1954
|Galen - died c. 216,
physician to Commodus
Irenaeus - 130-202
orthodox vs. heretic defined -
homoousian - "the trinitas is one substantia in three personae."
His "Credo" is a paraphrase.
Origen - 185-254
“Spiritual truth was often preserved in material falsehood.” [john]
|The Roman world was governed from wherever the emperor was located.
Emperor Septimius Severus lived in York between 208-11.
Having restored stability to the empire after a period of civil war, he came to Eboracum (Roman York) to lead campaigns against the Caledonians who had been attacking Roman targets in the north of Britain.
| Commodus - Rust Never Sleeps.
son of. Marcus Aurelius,
first to be "born in the purple"
180 - end of the Pax Romana
becomes a megalomaniac,
outdoes Nero debasing currency
took "a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust" -- Dio Cassius
started Decline of the Roman
Empire - Edward Gibbon
| 218-222 - Elagabalus - a nickname - (#23) Akhenatenish innovator
235 - Alexander Severus (#24) murdered by his troops
Trajan Decius -
|Elagabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus)
invented the whoopee
|Arius - 250-336
anti-homoousian: the Son subordinate to the Father;
favored by "academic elites"
Judaism was a religio licita (permitted religion)
since Julius Caesar.
Christianity, having no history,
was a superstitio.
| Decius &
Diocletian fought Christians.
Decian persecution, 250 - all must sacrifice to a Roman god - witnessed by a magistrate - Jews exempt.
But the State needs literate citizens.
Diocletian divided the Empire into
four regions, The Tetrarchy,
"allowing the Empire to survive in the West for over a century and in the East for over a millennium."
|"Crisis of the Third Century"
235-284 - "The Empire nearly collapsed from civil war, invasion, plague, and depression."
50 years - 26 Emperors.
251 - Plague of Cyprian (smallpox?)
his consort, Helena, mother of Constantine
Constantine I (CTG)
by his troops in Britain,
wins civil wars against
Maxentius (#58) &
Licinius I (#59)
|328: St. Helena finds True Cross.||290-300
In his Ecclesiastical History,
18 books in the new Bible.
Athanasius (298-373) defends Trinity against Arianism.
"One created being
another created being!"
325 - Arius banished to Illyria
with his Arian Christianity.
313 - Constantine's Edict of Milan -
Constantine baptized in his last year. Helena had given Christianity its symbol, the Cross, as Hope, not Defeat.
| Wars of the Tetrarchy.
312 - At the Milvian Bridge,
CTG, Christian, defeats Maxentius.
324 - Battle of Chrysopolis - CTG defeats Licinius after 10 years of war and executes him.
Constantine settles Franks on the Rhine, loses control of them.
330 - Constantine moves capital to Byzantium (Constantinople).
|Constantine II, CTG-son
Constantius II, CTG-son
|The Babylonian Talmud,
3rd to 5th centuries:
Mishnah (legal opinions)
(legal analysis of Mishnah)
|360 - Council of Constantinople:
ousia never appears in Bible.
|Brotherly love in action:
337 - 3 brothers, joint emperors
Constans defeats Constantine II in 340; his general Magnentius killed him in 350 for "preferring his barbarian bodyguards."
That leaves Constantius II standing.
|Julian II - Apostate
|Last Hurrah for Reason.
Julian had to fight in Persia
363 - Battle of Samarra - Julian is mortally wounded.
| [ 5 more, 3 numbered]
#67- last to rule
East & West
Nag Hammadi Library -
Gnostic texts buried in Upper Egypt, disc. 1946
(late 4th c)
In Syriac; disc. 1892, aka Codex Syriacus)
|367 - 39th Easter Letter of Athanasius, based on Eusebius: (1) Christian writ is the present canon of 27 books,
(2) all other books are banned.
Hellenism and Christianity, two forms of one universal religion.
|380 - Theodosius issues
Edict of Thessalonica:
Nicene Christianity mandatory - the
destroyed Temple of Apollo in Delphi
destroyed Serapeum in Alexandria.
dissolved Vestal Virgins in Rome.
banned the Olympics in Greece.
381- Constantinople Council 1
wraps up Nicenity.
|Western Empire||Eastern Empire||Artifacts||Barbarians at the Gates||Events|
son of Theodosius I
the Latin West
"one of the worst emperors, Rome was sacked for the
first time in 800 years."
in the Greek East
380s - John Chrysostom,
|382 - 405 -
397--400 - Confessions of St Augustine.
Dead Sea Scrolls
(408 BC - 318 AD,
|376 - "large numbers of Goths
crossed the Danube River."
Alaric I, king of Visigoths (395-410)
401 - he enters Italy
408 - He besieges Rome
410 - Sack of Rome - Visigoths.
They leave after 3 days,
having found no food.
|383 - Roman troops start to leave Britain
401 - capital moves to Ravenna
Tragedy: The Goths come as refugees,
then hire on as mercenaries.
Romans allow slave traders to sell dog meat
to the Goths in exchange for Gothic children.
At some point, the Goths revolt.
410 - Rescript of Honorius -
Britons responsible for their defense.
|Constantine III - 407/409 - 411
with Constans II - 409
Constantius III - 421
Joannes - 423-425 (usurper)
Valentinian III - 425-455
mother Galla Placidia rules the Empire.
Petronius Maximus - 455 - kills V III; killed by mob
|Theodosius II -
|Augustine dies in 430, during Gaiseric's siege of Hippo Regius.||Attila of the Huns -
"Attila is at the top of the scale
for a psychopathic killer." - THC.
Gaiseric, King of the Vandals - 428–477
Gaiseric takes Carthage - 439
and rules all of north Africa
451 Catalaunian Plains (Châlons) - Attila vs. Aetius - Attila withdraws
455 - Sack of Rome - Vandals
|"Along with his rival Count Boniface,
Flavius Aetius has often been called
'the last of the Romans'."
450 - Honoria, V III's sister, sends ring to Attila, who wants half the Empire as dowry.
Marriage never happens.
|Avitus - 455-456,
deposed by Ricimer
Appointed by Ricimer:
Majorian - 457-461
Libius Severus - 461-465
Anthemius - 467-472
Olybrius - 472
(Thracian, Butcher, Great) - 457-474
|Theoderic II, Visigoth king
proclaims Avitus emperor.
Ricimer, Roman Magister militum, "Romanized Germanic general,"
rules western empire, 456-472.
| Avitus fought (1) "Visigoths, under Euric,
in the Pyrenees"
|Glycerius - 473-474||Gundobad appoints Glycerius,
seen as an usurper.
Julius Nepos ("nephew")
|Leo I appoints
Leo II (the Little) -- 474
Zeno - 474-491
coup usurper - 475-476
Romanized Germanic general
in charge of
Western Roman Empire (475-476)
(1) deposes Julius in Italy and
(2) appoints his son, Romulus Augustus, emperor for parts of the Italian peninsula
Odoacer called himself client to the Emperor in Constantinople,
who was Zeno.
476 - Odoacer's Deposition of
(1) The "Fall of the Roman Empire"
(2) the start of the Middle Ages.
Western Roman Empire falls into pieces,
each controlled by a military strong man.
|Theodoric the Great,
ruler of Italy - 493-526
|Anastasius I - Dicorus -
The rule allows individuals to obliterate
|493-553 - Ostragoth Kingdom established by Ostragoths.
496: Rheims - pagan Clovis,
king of the Franks,
becomes a Catholic.
His plunders are now holy wars.
He was an early Merovingian
|Anastasius had one eye black and
one eye blue (heterochromia) -
hence his nickname, Dicorus (two-pupiled).
Justin I - 518-527:
70 years old and illiterate
have been called,
"do-nothing kings." Libertarians swoon. ]
|Justinian I -
sought to reunite the Empire
Succeeding emperors reject expense of
recreating the empire.
| Corpus juris civilis,
" foundation of law
for many modern
532-537: Hagia Sofia.
|Justinian's Vandalic War -
takes Carthage & north Africa.
Justinian's Gothic War - 535-554
546 - Sack of Rome - Totila's Ostrogoths
War with Sassanid Empire, 540–562
|Justinian I, needing money,
is famous for trickery - not paying his soldiers and saying it was their idea. Etc.
The people revolt, he rushes to the dock,
but Theodora, says, "I'm not going."
542 - Bubonic Plague
kills 50% of the western world.
Justinian, infected, survived but weakened.
The autumn chill put an end to it in Constantinople
|Mediterranean - Aegean Sea -- Dardanelles strait - Sea of Marmara - Bosporus strait - Black Sea
[ The Dardanelles was "formerly known as Hellespont" - Huh? Since when? ]
The two straits separate Europe (the Gallipoli peninsula) from the mainland of Asia (Anatolia)
The Caucasus - border of Europe and Asia - region between Black and Caspian seas.
It has Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.
Saqqara/ Dashur // Memphis
Valley of the Kings
Thebes (Karnak) [modern Luxor]
Aswan [1st cataract]
Nubia [ from map ]
|The road from the Hellespont
in the 2nd Persian Invasion [ map ]
[ FIN ]