A-F, G-R, S-Z
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Transmission or Cause
Leptospira interrogans, LeptospirosisCanine typhus, infectious jaundice, LeptospiraAffected Animals Dogs, cats, humans, and all other animals can become infected with different types, or serovars, of Leptospira.OverviewA contagious bacterial disease of animals that can be passed on to humans, leptospirosis affects the kidneys and the liver, causing damage that can lead to organ failure and death. Typically, rodents and wild animals are carriers of the disease. Infection occurs most commonly when the mucous membrane or abraded skin of an animal or human comes into contact with urine containing the infective leptospire bacteria.
Once infected, the organism begins to replicate in various tissues and causes significant infection in the liver and kidneys, with clinical signs developing within a week of exposure. Cats tend not to be significantly affected by leptospirosis. Dogs, however, can develop serious clinical disease, although not all canines with leptospirosis will show clinical signs of infection. In fact, many animals that have this disease will be asymptomatic or will have chronic or mild symptoms.
Animals can transmit leptospirosis to their owners. People who suspect that they have been exposed to infection should consult a physician. Clinical SignsClinical signs include anorexia, muscle soreness, depression, tachypnea, vomiting, fever, anemia, pale mucus membranes, dehydration, weakness, diarrhea, stiffness, tachycardia, epistaxis, petechiae, melena, coughing, dyspnea, polyuria and polydipsia becoming anuric, weight loss, ascites, and signs of hepatic encephalopathy due to liver damage.SymptomsClinical signs may include loss of appetite, depression, increased respiratory rate, sore muscles, vomiting, fever, anemia, pale mucous membranes, dehydration, difficulty breathing, weakness, diarrhea, dark and tarry stools, increased drinking and urinating, jaundice from liver disease, bleeding from the nose, kidney failure, and death. DescriptionLeptospires are tiny, moving spiral bacteria called spirochetes that are found worldwide. Different types of Leptospira can cause disease in animals and humans. Dogs tend to develop leptospirosis from L. australis, L. autumnalis, L.ballum, L. bratislava, L. braviae, L. canicola, L. grippotyphosa, L. harjo, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. pomona, and L. tarassovi forms of the bacteria. L. canicola, L. grippotyphosa, L.pomona, and L.bratislava can infect cats. Infections appear to be more common in warm and moist climates, in standing water that is neutral to slightly alkaline pH, and in areas where animals are closely housed, such as kennels and urban settings. In addition, exposure to wildlife and rodents that can carry the bacteria is a significant risk factor. DiagnosisIf leptospirosis is present, a complete blood count, or CBC, may show evidence of dehydration, anemia, low platelet numbers, and increased or decreased numbers of white blood cells. A chemistry panel will detect evidence of kidney failure or liver disease. In addition, specific diagnostic tests are available that will detect exposure to Leptospira, such as a test that will examine a blood sample for antibodies to the disease. Before antibiotic drugs are given, the organism can be cultured from urine, blood, kidney or liver tissues. PrognosisFor animals that have acute, severe disease, the prognosis is guarded. Most animals, however, have subclinical or asymptomatic disease, or chronic disease. These animals have a fair to good prognosis. Transmission or CauseLeptospires are passed in the urine of infected animals. Infection occurs when the organism in the infected urine penetrates abraded skin or the mucous membranes. In addition, the ingesting of urine in contaminated food, water, or soil can transmit leptospirosis. Transmission also has been known to occur through a bite wound, through the placenta to an unborn animal, and through venereal contact. TreatmentLife-threatening complications of leptospirosis should be addressed immediately. Because this organism typically affects the kidneys, the use of intravenous fluid therapy is essential. The use of intravenous antibiotics, such as penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin, is needed during the initial treatment phase. Oral antibiotics are prescribed after the animal has begun to recover. Precautions and proper hygiene should be instituted in order to prevent human infection. PreventionA vaccine is available that provides protection to the more common types of Leptospira bacteria. Dogs in areas of risk should receive three vaccines, given three to four weeks apart; from that time on, they should receive vaccines on a yearly basis. Other prevention steps include keeping rodents away from the animal's environment, since rodents often are carriers of the bacteria. In addition, animals should be kept away from areas in which the bacteria thrive, such as stagnant water, marshes, ponds, and muddy areas. Humans should avoid contact with the urine of animals.