As plans for re-opening businesses, communities, and schools emerge, it becomes increasingly important to better understand how many people are being infected and dying from COVID-19, and where and how the new coronavirus is transmitted.
In this conversation led by Nobel Laureate Saul Perlmutter, Director of the Berkeley Institute for Data Science and Professor of Physics, three Berkeley faculty opened different windows onto what we’re discovering about how to track and limit the pandemic, what data we need to learn more, and how we can use techniques like data encryption to advance our understanding while protecting private information. Presenters included Jacob Steinhardt, assistant professor in Statistics, Uros Seljak, professor of Physics and senior fellow with the Berkeley Institute for Data Science (BIDS) and Shafi Goldwasser, professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and Director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing.
Steinhardt has been assessing the relative benefits of data sources available to track infection rates, from smart thermometers to sampling wastewater for genetic traces of the coronavirus. Ideally, he said, “we want short time lag, low error,” or data sources that provide the most accurate picture in the shortest time after exposure. Some of his most recent research examines what measures are necessary to increase mobility levels more safely. In the Berkeley Conversation, Steinhardt also discussed where the sources of transmission have shifted under shelter-in-place measures.
Risk Rises with Age
Seljak, meanwhile, has been examining death rates connected with the SARS-COV-2 virus. He recently published a paper based on data from Italy that suggested that death rates are far higher than many initial estimates, particularly for older people. He and his co-authors compared death rates by age in the hard-hit region of Lombardy in 2020 with those over the previous five years. While the earlier five years showed little variation, 2020 saw a substantial increase beginning with the outbreak of COVID-19. The researchers hypothesized that many of the additional deaths were among older people who had died from SARS-COV-2 virus infections outside of hospital settings but had not been tested. They found similar results in other communities. “What is the risk of dying if you get infected? The answer to that is that it depends very strongly on age,” he said. “If you are for example in the age range of 30-39, then your risk of dying [if infected] is 1 in 10,000, so that’s a very small number, and it goes up from there…by the time we get to 70-79, it’s 1 in 40 or 2.5%; and 80-89 it’s 1 in 15 or 6.6%; and then finally if you are 90 or above it’s one in six, or roughly 17%.”
Steinhardt and Seljak noted that while the currently available data has provided critical insights that are helping to inform decisions about hospital capacity and re-opening business and communities, an urgent need remains for more robust and accurate data. Details about not just who is infected, but where they work and who they see can help build understanding about how the disease spreads and whom it affects. Some of that data has, in fact, already been collected. It’s held in private databases that belong to hospitals and medical centers that are prevented by law from sharing data with one another--or anyone else.
Computing on Hidden Data
Shafi Goldwasser is among the researchers pioneering ways to make use of this powerful arsenal of data without actually “seeing” it. In other words, she and her team are developing tools and approaches to aggregate and compute on huge volumes of encrypted data and enable insights without violating privacy. In the conversation, Goldwasser explained how this process, called homomorphic encryption, works.
Such an approach could be used if people agreed to share encrypted data from their phones to enable contact tracing, she said. With that data, it would be possible to see trends related to where and how people are becoming infected. “And you won’t know which household, who was infected, who was close to [someone] who was infected,” she said. “The kind of computations we’re talking about are not complicated and can be done efficiently under encryption.”
Perlmutter concluded, “These are really great examples of what a public research university does best. And their work is just what we need at this time.”