Physics 221, February 17 Key Concepts: •Definition of momentum and impulse •Conservation of momentum •The center of mass •Rockets Linear momentum Momentum: p = mv (vector) Rate of change: ∆p /∆t = m∆v/∆t = ma = F Fx = ∆px/∆t, Fy = ∆py/∆t Impulse: I = ∆p = pf – pi = F∆t (vector) Kinetic energy: Ekin = ½mv2 = p2/(2m) (scalar) p = (2m*Ekin)1/2 (magnitude) Why do we define a quantity called linear momentum? (a) We can rewrite Newton’s laws in terms of this quantity. (b) There is a conservation law associated with this quantity. Note: When we are talking about just momentum, we are referring o linear momentum. Two objects have masses m1 and m2, respectively. If m2 = 4m1, and both have the same kinetic energy, which has more momentum? For example: The same amount of elastic potential energy was converted to kinetic energy. 1. Object 1 with mass m1 . 2. Object 2 with mass m2 . 3. Their momenta are the same. or or …. The same net work was done. See previous slide: p = (2m*Ekin)1/2 Extra credit: A piece of clay with mass m = 0.01 kg collides with the floor at speed of 4 m/s and sticks. The collision takes 0.01 s. The magnitude of the average force the piece of clay experiences during the collision is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0 N. 1 N. 2 N. 4 N. 8 N. See previous slide: F = ∆p /∆t A ball (mass 0.40 kg) is initially moving to the left at 30 m/s. After hitting the wall, the ball is moving to the right at 20 m/s. What is the impulse of the ball receives during its collision with the wall? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20 kg m/s to the right 20 kg m/s to the left 4 kg m/s to the right 4 kg m/s to the left None of the above I = ∆p = pf – pi = m(vf – vi) vf = 20 m/s vi = - 30 m/s A ball initially at rest is hit by a club. It is in contact with a club for 6.0*10-3 seconds. Just after the club loses contact with the ball, the ball’s velocity is 2.0 m/s. If the ball’s mass is 50 g, what is the magnitude of the impulse the club gives to the ball? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 100 kg m/s 1.1*10-1 kg m/s 0.1 kg m/s 1.2*10-2 kg m/s 3.0*10-4 kg m/s I = ∆p = pf – pi A ball initially at rest is hit by a club. It is in contact with a club for 6.0*10-3 seconds. Just after the club loses contact with the ball, the ball’s velocity is 2.0 m/s. If the ball’s mass is 50 g, what is the magnitude of the impulse the club gives to the ball?? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 16.7 N 300 N 0.1 N 6.6*10-4 N 18.3 N I = ∆p = pf – pi = F∆t Conservation of momentum For a system of objects, a component of the momentum along a chosen direction is constant, if no net outside force with a component in this chosen direction acts on the system. In collisions between isolated objects momentum is always conserved. m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f Kinetic energy is only conserved in elastic collisions. (1/2)m1v1i2 + (1/2)m2v2i2 = (1/2)m1v1f2 + (1/2)m2v2f2 In explosions or disintegrations momentum is conserved. (∑mivi )before = (∑mivi )after Kinetic energy is not conserved. Stored potential energy is converted into ordered or disordered kinetic energy. Two objects with different masses collide and stick to each other. Compared to before the collision, the system of two objects after the collision has 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the same total momentum and the same total kinetic energy. the same total momentum but less total kinetic energy. less total momentum but the same total kinetic energy. less total momentum and less total kinetic energy. not enough information given to decide. See previous slide! You have a mass of 60 kg. You are standing on an icy pond, when your “friend” throws a 10 kg ball at you with horizontal velocity of 7 m/s. If you catch the ball, how fast will you be moving? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0 m/s 1 m/s 1.17 m/s 3.5 m/s 7 m/s How much mass is initially moving? How much mass is finally moving? Demonstrations Collisions and conservation of momentum Newton’s cradle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFNe_pFZrsA Astroblaster http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cloY0R5mj2s&feature=related Center of mass • • • • • The center of mass (CM) of a system moves as if the total mass of the system were concentrated at this special point. It responds to external forces as if the total mass of the system were concentrated at this point. The total momentum of the system only changes, if external forces are acting on the system. The center of mass of the system only accelerates, if external forces are acting on the system. Coordinates of the center of mass (CM): The CM is that point in an extended object that we are referring to when we treat it like a point object. It is the point that responds to external forces according to Newton’s 2nd law, Fext = Ma. Extra Credit: Two particles of masses 2 g and 8 g are separated by a distance of 6 cm. The distance of their center of mass from the heavier particle is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1.5 cm 1.2 cm 3 cm 4.8 cm 2 cm XCM = (m1x1 + m2x2)/(m1 + m2) A baseball bat with uniform density is cut at the location of its center of mass as shown in the figure. The piece with the smaller mass after the cut is 1. the piece on the left. 2. the piece on the right. 3. Both pieces have the same mass. 4. This is impossible to determine. Remember: The CM is closer to the larger mass. A radioactive nucleus of mass M moving along the positive x-direction with speed v emits an α-particle of mass m. If the α-particle proceeds along the positive y-direction, the centre of mass of the system (made of the daughter nucleus and the α-particle) will 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. remain at rest . move along the positive x-direction with speed less than v. move along the positive x-direction with speed greater than v. move in a direction inclined to the positive x-direction . move along the positive x-direction with speed equal to v. No external force No acceleration of CM CM moves with constant v The rocket principle System consisting of many parts: no external force no acceleration of the CM But different parts of the system can accelerate with respect to the CM, as long as the total momentum of the system is constant. Examples: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-5TovPg4F4 A 65 kg physics student is at rest on a 5 kg sled that also holds a chunk of ice with a mass of 1.5 kg. The student throws the ice horizontally with a speed of 10 m/s relative to the ground. If the sled slides over a frozen pond without friction, how fast (in m/s) are the sled and student traveling with respect to the ground after throwing the chunk of ice? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0.23 m/s 0.327 m/s 5 m/s 0.65 m/s 0.214 m/s Magnitudes: m1v1 = m2v2 What is m1, what is m2? Extra Credit: Suppose you are on a cart, initially at rest on a frictionless, horizontal track. You throw a series of identical balls against a wall that is rigidly mounted to the cart. If the balls are thrown at a steady rate and bounce straight back, is the cart put into motion? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Yes, it starts to move to the right with constant speed. Yes, it starts to move to the right and steadily gains speed. Yes, it starts to move to the left with constant speed. Yes, it starts to move to the left and steadily gains speed. No, it remains in place. What is the net effect Of him throwing the balls?
© Copyright 2017