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Discourse is the use of language
both in written and spoken.
Discourse is neither absolutely
homogenous nor absolutely
• Discourse is a group of sentences which link
one proposition to another one and makes a
coherent unit of the sentences.
Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis aims to help reveal
some of the hidden and ‘out of sight’ values,
positions, and perspectives.
CDA explores the connection between the use
of language and the social and political
contexts in which it occurs
Media discourse refers to interactions that take
place through a broadcast platform, whether
spoken or written, in which the discourse is
oriented to a non-present reader, listener or
Two primary types :
of written texts include newspapers and
Radio and television, News broadcasts, Drama
• Immediacy: Specific actions and events
• Drama: Violence, crisis or conflict, extremist
behaviors, outrageous acts.
• Simplicity: Clear-cut opinions, images, major
personalities, two-sided conflicts.
• Ethnocentrism: ‘Our’ beliefs, myths and
symbols, ‘Our’ suffering, the brutality of some
• Government conflicts
• Crimes, scandals
• Investigations and disasters.
Discourse Influences on Micro and
• Micro Level Influences:
• Personal characteristics, professional
background, personal attitudes and
professional role, conception of media
workers are micro level influences that affect
upon media content.
Macro Level Influences:
• Individuals, organizations, interest groups,
public relations practitioners, government etc
macro level influences that affect upon media
• Sources that provide news to media
organizations sometimes withhold
information or lie.
• Based on the editor’s own experiences,
attitudes, and expectations.
• Journalists sometimes follow their personal
agenda that influences on the content.
• The selection or rejection of stories..
Media Interaction & Casual
• When a presenter or guest or interviewee interact on
television or radio they do so with the knowledge
not only that they have been over heard but also
they are having a conversation in front of audience.
• Involvement of audience.
• Institutional setting
• Turn taking rights
• Includes host, interviewer, interviewee, presenter,
guests and callers
• Both media interaction and casual talk
• speaker turns
• make up exchange structure
• Two types of exchange:
1. initiation and response
2. initiation, response and feedback
In media discourse but two way exchange
method is more common i.e.
initiation and response.
• Pragmatic markers can be described as those
constructions, such as you know, I mean, you see,
well, yeah, that are present in speech to support
interaction but do not generally add any specific
semantic meaning to the message.
• In media discourse these are use widely to
explain certain points.
• We use hedges to soften what we say or write.
• an important part of polite conversation.
• They make what we say less direct
• It involves:
• tense and aspect,
• modal expressions
• modal verbs and adverbs
• vague language such as sort of, any kind of, like and
• Discourse marker is a word or phrase that is
relatively syntax-independent and does not
change the truth conditional meaning of the
• For example: oh", "well", "now", "then", "you
know", and "I mean", and the connectives
"so", "because", "and", "but", and "or".
• Response tokens are the interjection that an
addressee makes in response to the speaker
• Examples are mm, ummhmm, yeah, o really,
wow, that’s right, absolutely,
• It means one is not using precise language.
Vague language is basically unclear and not
giving a full picture
• For example:
You write 'I walked across the road'. This is
vague. Precise would be 'I
sprinted/trotted/trudged/jogged across the
• Electronic media are media that use
electronics or electromechanical energy for
the end user to access the content.
• The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory
Authority was formed in 2002.
• The first television station began broadcasting
from Lahore in November 1963.
• The government-owned Pakistan Broadcasting
Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August
• At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in
Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major
programmed of expansion saw new stations open
at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948.
Criteria of electronic media discourse
• -external appearance of a clearly defined area
• -the subjects or topics covered
• Technique -
method of performance; way of accomplishing
Genre in electronic media discourse
• Talk shows
• Depiction of society
• Represent whatever audience wants to hear
• Likeness differ on the basis of gender, age and
• FEMALES – musicals, love story/romance
• Kids– Animations, animals etc
• MALES- action/adventure, gangster, war
• Love stories
• Inferiority complex in women
Examples of discourse in Pakistani
• Titles of dramas are deceptive. For example
• “band kirkion ka pechy” and “ mery mehrban”.
• Criticism on society
• typical quarrel between mother in law and
daughter in law.
• “Tum bhut manhoos ho.”
• It also shows
3. social class.
4. police oppression.
• Opening of show with the subject line such as
• “seyasi aasman par bad’gumanion key badal
kab ghaiyab hongey?”
• The skilled and bold personality of anchor
person raises people’s voice and clearly asks
the real point of the crisis.
• Aap Batain-e-na Qom Sunna Chahti hai…
• The ruling feels shame while speaking bluff in
live shows before the millions of the citizens.
When they are not able to give logic or
• Main aap ko kal bataaon ga… iska jawab nahi
de sakta….naam nahi bata sakta…
• Politicians gave answers of their questions in a
very logical way. They deal people technicaly.
They also uses proverbs in their disscussions.
• “ ount ka mun me ziry wali bat”
ask burning questions to politicions.
• “Fauzia Wahab sahiba aapkey colleague
kehty hein key muamla abhe nahi nimta….”
• The topics of news on TV channels are mostly
1. inner city news
2. gang culture
6. political affairs and international news
• The headlines of news are burning and anchors
speak in a very satirical tone. For example
• “Police ihalcar tez doop or lo me jalty ry”
• Titles stand alone; no explanation is given for
• “iltaf hussain ka mulk bar me darny katam krny
• “mulk bhar me garm havaon or shadeed garmi
• The themes of Pakistani music are
• In Pakistani music we have
• sufiana kalam
• “chalo koi gal nai chalo koi gal nai”