John Shaw Billings, (born April 12, 1838, Switzerland county, Ind., U.S.—died March 11, 1913, New York, N.Y.), American surgeon and librarian whose organization of U.S. medical institutions played a central role in the modernization of hospital care and the maintenance of public health.
Billings graduated from Miami University (Oxford, Ohio) in 1857 and from the Medical College of Ohio (Cincinnati) in 1860. During the American Civil War he served as a surgeon in the field and in hospitals until 1864.
While on the staff of the U.S. surgeon general, Washington, D.C. (1864–95), Billings developed the library later known as the Army Medical Library. Under successive directors it grew into the Surgeon General’s Library and ultimately the National Library of Medicine, the world’s largest medical reference centre. His attempt to construct a logical classification system for the library resulted in his founding of the Index Medicus (1879), a monthly guide to current medical literature, and publication of the first edition of the Index Catalogue, 16 vol. (1880–95). The first of their kind, both indexes long remained predominant medical references, and the Index Medicus is still regarded as one of the primary medical bibliographies in the United States.
Billings also designed and served as medical adviser to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md., and administered national programs for collecting vital statistics. In the field of public health, he led a successful effort to eradicate yellow fever in the United States. He spent the last 17 years of his life as the first director of the New York Public Library.