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This article is more than five years old. Autism research - and science in general - is constantly evolving, so older articles may contain information or theories that have been reevaluated since their original publication date.
A significant proportion of mutations linked to autism alter proteins that regulate gene expression by modifying the structure of DNA, according to a study published 13 November in Molecular Psychiatry1.
In a letter to the journal’s editor, the researchers presented their analysis of data from four papers published earlier this year. Those papers sequenced the protein-coding regions of the genomes of almost 1,000 children with autism and their families and found that children with autism have more spontaneous, harmful mutations than controls do2, 3, 4, 5.
In the new study, researchers looked at the 121 mutations that are most likely to be harmful. Twice as many of these mutations modify chromatin — a DNA-protein complex that regulates gene expression by modifying DNA structure — than would be expected by chance, they found.
Children with autism in the original four studies are eight times more likely to have mutations that disrupt chromatin-linked genes than are 6,000 controls from other studies, the researchers found. And in individuals with autism, harmful mutations are about seven times more likely to disrupt chromatin genes than are benign mutations. This suggests that chromatin genes are not affected just by chance, the researchers say.
For example, the researchers found two different mutations in CHD8 in two people with autism. Another study that sequenced candidate genes in 2,400 people with autism found that mutations in CHD8 may account for as much as 0.4 percent of cases of autism.
The researchers also looked at 105 of the 121 genes that are known to be expressed at specific times during development. Most of these genes are expressed preferentially in the fetal brain and function in chromatin regulation and in the nucleus, the analysis found.
1: Ben-David E. and S. Shifman Mol. Psychiatry Epub ahead of print (2012) PubMed
2: O’Roak B.J. et al. Nature 485, 246-250 (2012) PubMed
3: Sanders S.J. et al. Nature 485, 237-241 (2012) PubMed
4: Neale B.M. et al. Nature 485, 242-245 (2012) PubMed
5: Iossifov I. et al. Neuron 74, 285-299 (2012) Abstract