Maloti Mountains, Maloti also spelled Maluti, mountain range, northern Lesotho. The term as generally used outside Lesotho refers to a particular range that trends off to the southwest from the Great Escarpment of the Drakensberg Range, which forms the northeastern arc of Lesotho’s circumferential boundary with South Africa. Within Lesotho, maloti means merely “mountains,” or “in the mountains,” and as used in the country’s western lowlands—all more than 3,300 feet (1,000 m) in elevation—it signifies the mountainous eastern two-thirds of Lesotho, containing the highest peaks in southern Africa.
The chain known outside Lesotho as the Maloti Mountains is properly the Front Range of the Maloti, sometimes called the Blue Mountains. It is a broad southwesterly spur from the Drakensberg Range near the northern tip of Lesotho and a few miles from its highest point, Mont aux-Sources. The Front Range is extended almost to Lesotho’s southwestern border by another range, the Thaba Putsoa (Blue-Gray) Mountains; it is extended nearly to the southeastern border by the Central Range. All these mountains belong geologically to the Stormberg Series (Upper Triassic Period) of the Karoo System; they are composed of sandstone and shale overlain by basalt. Their rugged terrain causes visitors viewing them from the western plateaus to style Lesotho the Switzerland of Africa; the rough terrain has also prevented significant exploitation of the range’s mineral resources. Winter (May–September) is usually dry, but winter precipitation in the maloti is virtually always snow; it snows in the mountains in every month of the year. This and the region’s rivers make the place the source of much of southern Africa’s water; the Front Range (Maloti Mountains) is the divide between the watersheds of the westward-draining Orange River and the eastward-draining Caledon River.