What happens to organic molecules on Mars?By Steve McGregor • August 1, 2010
The ongoing search for evidence of past or present life on Mars includes efforts to identify organic compounds and biomarkers, such as proteins in Martian soil, but their absence to date remains a mystery.
Mars has been bombarded by micrometeorites for billions of years, and some of these micrometeorites are carbonaceous chondrites that have significant organic component. Despite the expected presence of considerable amount of organic compounds in Martian regolith (the highly particulate soil), the probes failed to detect even traces of such molecules. This absence suggests the presence of oxidizers in the soil that convert the organic molecules to carbon dioxide and, possibly, methane (that has been recently found in the atmosphere), but no credible candidates for this oxidizer has emerged in 35 years since the discovery of organics scarcity on Mars by Viking probes. Furthermore, the recent studies have demonstrated that methane is emitted from the soil in plumes and that this process is seasonably variable, which excludes the known hydrothermal and thermal geochemistry leading to methane production.
A new theory to explain what happens to the carbon-based molecules is presented in an article “Photocatalytic Decomposition of Carboxylated Molecules on Light-Exposed Martian Regolith and its Relation to Methane Production on Mars” by Ilya Shkrob and Sergey Chemerisov of the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division at Argonne National Laboratory and Timothy Marin of Benedictine University.
Unlike on Earth, where plants and other organisms convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds via photosynthesis, the authors propose that the opposite happens on the surface of Mars. The iron oxides that make up Martian soil and give the planet its distinctive red color are photocatalysts. They use energy from ultraviolet light absorbed through the thin Martian atmosphere to oxidize carbon-containing organic molecules trapped in soil particles, converting them to carbon dioxide and gases such as methane. “There may be no ‘safe haven’ for these organic molecules on Mars,” they conclude in their article.
The authors present study data to support this model and to explain why it might not be realistic to rely on the discovery of proteins, amino acids and other carbon-containing compounds in the upper soil layers of Mars to determine whether life forms are or have been present on the planet.
“This is an interesting result and may be an important step in solving the enduring mystery of organics on Mars,” says Christopher P. McKay, Senior Editor of Astrobiology and Research Scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. “We see organics in many places in the solar system but have not been able to detect them on Mars—the planet that we think had the most Earth-like conditions. Why? Could it be our instrument approach has been wrong? Or could it be that there is some chemistry on Mars that is actively destroying organics? This work points toward this latter explanation. Mars may have a self-cleaning surface. If so, we may have to dig deeply to find any organic materials.”
"The importance of drilling below the Martian surface for rocks and soils that might retain preserved organics is certainly on the minds of future mission scientists," says Sherry L. Cady, PhD, Editor of Astrobiology and Associate Professor in the Department of Geology at Portland State University. "The possible 2018 joint ESA-NASA mission is a case in point."
Citation Information: Ilya A. Shkrob, Sergey D. Chemerisov, Timothy W. Marin. "Photocatalytic Decomposition of Carboxylated Molecules on Light-Exposed Martian Regolith and its Relation to Methane Production on Mars." Astrobiology. May 2010, 10(4): 425-436. doi:10.1089/ast.2009.0433.