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Sodium alginate, also called algin, comes from a special large brown algae seaweed or kelp found in the Pacific Ocean. It has a very interesting property of forming gels in the presence of calcium ions. Now you can make some terrific, colorific wormy gel things by connecting, or bonding, alginate with calcium ions.
Recommended for ages 5 and up with adult supervision.
This Kit Contains: 1 liter 0.8 % sodium alginate solution with red cabbage extract, 25 grams calcium chloride, 5 cups, 5 forks, 5 droppers, small scoop, plastic tub and these instruction sheets. You will need: water, paper towels, and various acids and bases such as lemon juice, baking soda, vinegar, clear ammonia cleaning solution, detergent containing sodium carbonate.
Caution! This is a safe and non-toxic chemical experiment kit when used as directed. However, anything can be dangerous when used in the wrong way. Always use any chemical, including household chemicals, with care. Do not drink or taste the chemicals in this kit. Keep the chemicals away from infants and young children. Always ask permission to use any household materials. Use safety glasses for Experiment 3. If any chemical gets on the skin or in the eyes or mouth, the best first aid is to wash with lots of water. Read the directions carefully. Never experiment with something you know nothing about. Experiment with small amounts of materials. It will be less dangerous and easier to control than large amounts; and you will conserve your resources. Keep the caps on the bottles when not in use. Calcium chloride is deliquescent. That means it will absorb moisture from the air. Discard the gels in the trash; do not put the gels down the sink. Wash with water, any cups, droppers, forks and the plastic container that you used in your experiments. Wash your hands and put away your materials when finished.
Experiment 1 Wormy Things For our Alginate Worm Connections, we will use two solutions: Algy and Calcium. Chemists call a mixture of something dissolved in something else a solution. A solution also means an answer to a problem. In chemistry, you may be able to find a solution with the solution. Words can be confusing, so it is a good idea to use a dictionary.
Algy is our short name for sodium alginate. It is already mixed and is ready to use.
You will need to make a Calcium Solution. Take every thing out of the large plastic 'shoe-box' container that this kit came in. Put 2 cups of water in it. Add one capful of calcium chloride to the water, and swirl the box back and forth gently. The white pellets of calcium chloride will begin to disappear. They dissolve in the water.
Now we are ready for Algy to meet Calcium. Take the bottle of Algy and pop up the flip-top lid and squeeze one drop of Algy into the Calcium Solution. Look where the drop lands and see how it begins to react. Now add a squirt of Algy and see what happens. Take the fork and try to pull up the 'wormy thing'. It should be like jelly. You may be able to pull up a long string of jelly. Place it on the paper towel. Scientists call substances like this gels. They are safe to touch, but remember: Do not eat any of these experiments.
Add another squirt of Algy to the Calcium Solution. This time leave the worm in longer. Watch carefully. Can you see any changes? The outer edge of the 'worm' will begin to turn blue. It is reacting with something. More about this later.
How did it happen? When Algy meets Calcium, Calcium grabs and holds two Algy. And this is a new substance. A substance is a kind of matter that has definite chemical composition. We can call the wormy things 'Calgy'. Chemists call them Calcium Alginate. 'Calgy' is different than Algy and does not stay in the solution. It is not soluble in water and does not dissolve. Algy is made of long molecules called polymers and that is a key in forming the worms.
Experiment 2 Color Changing Algy You will need lemon juice for this experiment. First we will practice using the dropper. The dropper is also called a pipet, which comes from a French word meaning 'little pipe'. Pour some water into a cup. Then put the dropper tip in the water and squeeze slightly. Notice that air bubbles come out. Keep the dropper in the water and release the bulb. Look at the water move up the dropper. Squeezing the air out creates a vacuum, or empty space. Releasing the bulb allows the liquid to move into the empty space and fills the dropper. Hold the pipet over the cup and practice squeezing out one drop at a time.
Empty the cup and squirt about 1 teaspoon of the Algy Solution into it. The exact amount is not important. Then add a few drops of lemon juice to it. What happens? The Algy Solution will turn pink or light red.
Algy is a purple color because we put an amazing pigment, or colored material, in it - red cabbage juice. Red cabbage can actually change colors in the presence of different acids and bases. Lemon juice is a weak acid and acids will turn red cabbage juice red.
Look at the pH chart to the right. pH is a measure of acidity. What is the pH of Algy with lemon juice in it? What is the pH of the original Algy? Save the red Algy for Experiment 3.
Experiment 3 Worms of Different Colors You will need different acid and bases such as lemon juice, vinegar, baking soda, clear ammonia cleaning solution and detergent containing sodium carbonate for this experiment. Caution: Do not use ammonia with young children. Take 4 more cups and put about 1 teaspoon of Algy in each. In cup 2 add a few drops of vinegar, in cup 3 a little baking soda and in cup 4 add a little ammonia cleaner. What happens to each?
Cup 1 will be our control, and we can compare it to the others. A control allows the experimenter, that's you, to observe, or see, how changing one thing affects the experiment. This is very important so we can know what changed what. Scientists use controls to help them see how something causes something else to change. A variable is the something that can cause the change. In our experiment, the acids and bases are the variables. How will acids and bases change the wormy things? What is the pH of each solution?
If necessary, make more of the calcium chloride solution (1 capful in 2 cups of water) in the large container, as you did in Experiment 1.
When you are ready to make worms of different colors, use the droppers to squirt the different Algy mixtures into the Calcium Solution. You could also pour the Algy in. What happens?
What do you think is the best color or best pH to make 'Calgy'?
Chemists know that chemical reactions are often affected by the pH or acidity of the solution. Do you think pH makes any difference in forming the calcium alginate gel?
Experiment 4 Jelly Worm Eggs We will make Calgy, or the calcium alginate gel, in a different way in this experiment and get a little surprise. Put a small squirt of Algy in a clean cup. Then use the small scoop and add 1 pellet of calcium chloride to the Algy. Watch it react or change. Pull it up with a fork. It will look like a jelly egg.
This time calcium chloride is dissolving in the sodium alginate solution. And as it dissolves, the calcium begin to react with the alginate. The 'skin' on the Jelly Worm Eggs is thick because there is lots of calcium nearby to react with alginate. Calcium is more 'concentrated' in this experiment than in the other experiments.
Chemistry of Algy Chemistry is the science what things are made of and how they change or react. We could see the 'Algy' change when it met Calcium in the solution. We could also see the color change. These are chemical changes or chemical reactions.
This is a model or symbol of 'Algy':
The actual molecule of Algy, or sodium algina
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