Since the first use of a smallpox vaccine in the 1790s, other vaccines have been developed and used to prevent diseases, helping to save countless lives. Yet throughout their history, vaccines have been met with resistance from individuals and groups who have deliberately tried to undermine their purpose. The aims of the first ‘anti-vaccine’ actors over 200 years ago are similar to that of the people who are anti-vaccine today: both are distrusting, have their doubts, and wish to share misleading information – often ‘fake news’ – with the public.
A key difference in 2022, however, is the speed and scale in which false information and ‘fake news’ on vaccination can be shared with people. The advent of the World Wide Web in the 1990s and social media in the 2000s has enabled fake news authors and actors to reach a global audience and share anti-vaccine information more quickly. While the content and goals of old and new movements may be similar, social media platforms and the Internet have helped to accelerate fake news today.
With anti-vaccine sentiment on the rise, action must be taken today to prevent false information from disrupting vaccination programmes in the future. Through conversations with experts from across Europe – including family doctors, paediatricians, researchers, and charity leaders – this report makes a detailed assessment of the impact that fake news is having on vaccination. This report makes recommendations for European civil society groups, healthcare professionals, social media companies and policy makers on what needs to be done to reduce the spread and impact of anti-vaccine fake news.