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Related post: Some poisons can be demonstrated much better by tests on animals than by any
chemic tests. For this object, they should be isolated in as pure a form as possible,
by the methods laid down in this section. The application of these life tests, which
have not hitherto received the attention that they deserve, falls peculiarly into the
province of the scientifically trained physician.
OUTLINE OF TOXICOLOGIC ANALYSIS 1
Precautions. The first duty of the analyst is to guard the material confided to
him from the wilful or accidental introduction of poisons. For this purpose, precaution
must be taken that no other person has access to the material; and every reagent and
apparatus must be tested personally.
As a rule, the different organs must be kept strictly separated throughout the analysis.
It will depend on circumstances whether the analysis of the individual organs is made
at the same time, or successively. If the latter is decided on, the largest organ, or that
most likely to contain the poison, is examined first. It may be advisable, however,
to mix a weighed quantity (one-fourth or one-third) of the comminuted organs, and to
use this mixture for the first analysis.
Since the material to be analyzed is usually limited in amount, and can not be
replaced, the examination must be arranged in such a way that as many tests as possible
can be made successively on a single sample of the material. An economy of time and
material is also secured by obtaining, as quickly as possible, some idea of what poisons
may be present. This may be done by some easy preliminary tests, or by using so-
called "group-reactions" which, if negative, will exclude a number of substances. The.
symptoms may also have furnished some important hints, but should never prevent the
complete examination of the substance.
During the isolation and the preliminary search for the poison, only the most im-
portant tests should be applied. When the poison has been isolated, however, it should
be subjected to every known test. A sample of the isolated poison should be preserved,
in stable form.
Preliminary Examination. The systematic examination is begun by a
careful inspection of the portions of the alimentary canal. These are
opened, and extended on an inverted evaporating dish, mucous surface
upward. Pathologic lesions are looked for, as also particles of the poison
which may be adherent. A magnifying lens should be employed. (Gran-
ules of arsenic have often been isolated in this way.) The contents of
the alimentary canal, or vomited matter, are subjected to a similar close
inspection. The odor should be carefully observed. During this exami-
nation, the reaction to litmus paper should be noted (caustic acids or
Each organ is then hashed, carefully weighed, and replaced in hermetically sealed
Isolation of the Poison. No routine schema of analysis will fit all
cases, since each presents its own problems. However, the following
illustrates the usual procedure.
Division of Material. Ordinarily, each organ, after comminution, is divided into
the following portions carefully weighed: One-third is reserved for control; one-
twentieth for preliminary tests. The remainder is divided into four parts, used respect-
ively for the search for volatile, fixed organic and inorganic poisons, and for reserve.
If the quantity of material is very scanty, two equal portions will suffice : one is reserved
for preliminary tests, easily decomposable poisons, and control; the other is examined
successively for easily volatile poisons, for fixed organic poisons, and for metals.
Volatile Poisons. A portion of the material is acidulated with tartaric
acid (adding water if necessary), and distilled from a flask or retort con-
1 This section should be studied in connection with the practical exercises. Gadamer's "Lehr-
buch der chemischen Toxicologie" is an excellent reference book.
2 As soon as the absence of volatile poisons has been proven, the contents of the jars may be
covered with 95 per cent, alcohol.
52 MANUAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
nectt'd with a Liebig's condenser. 1 Buy Procyclidine It is advisable to pass a slow current
of live steam through the mass. The distillation is continued until about
two-thirds of the liquid have been collected. The distillate is collected
in three portions. The odor is noted (volatile oils, chloroform, ether,
:.l the characteristic tests applied for phosphorus, phenol, cyanids,
ali-ohol, 2 chloroform, chloral, etc.
Phosphorus. A preliminary test for this element must be made with silver
nitrate and lead acetate papers before the distillation is begun. If this test indicates
iN presence, the condenser is set vertically downward, and the distillation is carried on
in a darkened room. All air is expelled from the apparatus by a stream of carbon
dioxid. This is then shut off, and replaced by live steam, the flask being heated at
the same time. If phosphorus is present, a luminous ring appears in the tubes
r condenser, shifting its position when the heat applied to the flask is altered (Mitscher-
m el hod). The appearance of this phenomenon proves the presence of phosphorus
There are, however, quite a number of substances the presence of which interferes
with the formation of this ring. Almost any volatile substance may do so; turpentine,
chloroform, ether, alcohol; and alcohol is often present, as it is usually given as an
The absence of the ring does not, therefore, prove the absence of phosphorus. The
distillate will contain phosphorus in the lower stages of oxidation, as phosphorous or
hypophosphorous acid. The best way to prove phosphorus in this is to add some bromin
\\.iter to the distillate and to evaporate to dryness. This results in phosphoric acid,
which may be demonstrated by magnesia mixture or ammonium molybdate. The
quantitative determination of phosphorus is not important; because if it is present at
all, it is present as a toxic agent.
Cyanids. The presence of mere traces of hydrocyanic acid in the distillate is no
proof of poisoning, since these may have been introduced in the way of food (almonds
or other seeds). A quantitative estimation, by means of silver nitrate, may be necessary.
The qualitative proof also requires two Procyclidine 5mg Procyclidine Tablets further precautions:
With the method which we have given, ferrocyanids might also be decomposed and
give rise to hydrocyanic acid; and since ferrocyanids are not toxic, this would lead
to wrong conclusions. To eliminate this, the original liquid is filtered and the Prussian
blue test applied to it directly. Mercuric cyanid does not yield its hydrocyanic acid in
this treatment. If it is suspected, the material must be treated with hydrogen
Distillation from Alkaline Solution. It is sometimes recommended to add water to
the residue in the retort, to make it alkaline with sodium carbonate, and to distill again.
The distillate contains ammonium, amines, chloroform (if chloral was present), and the
volatile alkaloids. This step may generally be omitted, as these poisons are discovered
in other parts of the process; or a small sample may be heated in a test-tube with sodium
carbonate, and the odor noted.
Extraction of Fixed Organic Poisons. The extraction, separation and
purification of these poisons are based on their special solubility in certain
solvents. As a rule, they are all fairly soluble in acidulated water and
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