- Objectivism says that some statements are objective, in that they are true independent of anyone's opinion. e.g. This ball is red. Alternatively, values assigned to properties can be dependent on other factors and be described by a function rather than a simple value. e.g. The color of Ayer's Rock is F(time-of-day, weather).
- Subjectivism says that (potentially all) statements are subjective, in that they are dependent on the opinion of the person making the statement. e.g. This cake is delicious.
- Relativism says that statements are always subjective even when the decider thinks he's made an objective evaluation. I.E. no evaluations are objective because man is always biased by his particular cultural, historical, religious, etc viewpoint, and no particular viewpoint is "the right one". e.g. This society is primitive.
- Existential Programming philosophy says that even if something is supposedly scalar & objective, and even if one does not subscribe to relativism (thus implying that there is no need to ascribe to values a particular data source), the reliability of any particular data source is never perfect, and thus one needs to model data as if relativism were true. I.E. keep track of "says who" for each "fact" and therefore be prepared to simultaneously handle/store multiple values for everything, tagging them with "says who", "said when", etc. So, in effect, there are no scalar values, only functions with at least a data source as a parameter.
 ibid, pg 667
 ibid, pg 800