Female mice (and other mammals) have the ability to "pause" their pregnancies until conditions are favorable for giving birth.
Credit: Jeeyeon Cha, S. K. Dey lab, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation
Unlike human women, female mice and some other mammals can delay the onset of their pregnancies, and researchers have now identified the molecular mechanism behind this remarkable ability.
The phenomenon, known as embryonic diapause, is a temporary state of suspended animation that occurs when environmental conditions are not favorable to the survival of the mother and the newborn. A new study, published online today (April 23) in the journal Open Biology, reveals the genes that are responsible for pausing and resuming a pregnancy.
After an egg is fertilized, it forms a cluster of cells known as a blastocyst, which implants in the wall of the mother's uterus. But during diapause, the blastocyst is prevented from implanting and preserved in an inactive state until pregnancy resumes. Yet exactly how this process occurred was a mystery. [Gallery: Evolution's Most Extreme Mammals]
Sudhansu Dey, of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, and colleagues were studying the process of embryo implantation in mice when they noticed that a gene called MSX1 was very active just before implantation. They began to suspect that it might play a role in diapause, Dey told LiveScience.
To investigate further, Dey's team used hormones to induce pregnancy delays in mice, mink and Tammar wallabies. During this delayed state, the researchers measured how active the MSX1 gene and other related genes were in generating protein-making instructions. Then, they imaged tissue from the animals to see where the gene was active. Finally, they tested whether these genes were being made into proteins.
They found that the MSX genes were more active when pregnancies were delayed, and found this was true for all three animals. The genes were primarily active in epithelial cells, the type of cells that line body cavities such as the interior of the uterus, results showed. The experiments also confirmed that these genes were indeed making proteins.
Dey said the results are very exciting — they show that MSX genes, which are part of an ancient family of genes, have been preserved over much of evolutionary time, and play an important role in delaying pregnancy under harsh conditions.
Dey wants to know whether the same genes may enable delayed pregnancies in other animals, such as the polar bear or giant panda.
Ultimately, a deeper understanding of diapause could have implications for humans, Dey said. "If we keep MSX1 maintained at higher levels in human [women], maybe we can extend the receptive phase" for fertilization, he said, though he added that such an extension may be many years away.