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Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart was born in January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, Austria. His Christian name
was Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. His father Leopold
Mozart educated him and was a violinist, author, and composer. He began
composing minuets at the age of five. When Mozart was six, he was successful at
the clavier, violin, and organ. Mozart started composing symphonies at nine
years of age. In 1762 his father brought him to many concerts through Europe.
Europeans ignored Mozart when he was 21 in his search for more spirited and
pleasing career. He traveled to Mannheim, then he went to the musical center of
Europe, because of its famous orchestra and fell in love with Aloysia Weber.
His father promptly told his son and wife to come to Paris. His mother died in
Paris, on July 1778. he was rejected by Weber and the neglect from his
girlfriends made Mozart's trip in Paris the most miserable moments in his life.
The success of Mozart's opera, "Idomeneo re di Creta," influenced the
archbishop of Salzburg to invite Mozart to his palace at Vienna. His
exploitation to the people of the court forced Mozart to leave! In 1782 Mozart
married Constanze Weber, Aloysia's sister. Poverty and illness endangered the
family until Mozart's death. While Mozart was working on the "Magic Flute" in
1791 an emissary requested a requiem mass written by Mozart but he never got to
finish this because he died. He supposedly died of typhoid fever, in Vienna on
December 5, 1791. His funeral was attended by a few friends. Mozart died young
and had an unsuccessful career, but he ranks as one of the greatest composer of
all time. With more than six hundred works it shows that even as a child he had
a feel of the resources of musical composition as well as an original
imagination. His instrumental works include symphonies, divertimentos, sonatas,
chamber music for a number of instrumental combination, and concertos; his vocal
works consist mainly of church music and operas. He almost thought a complete
work before writing it on paper. Today he is known for his most famous pieces
Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni. He Is the most important
composer of the classical era, and one of the most inspirational composer in
western musical tradition.
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Nationalism in German Music During the Early Romantic Period
Until the nineteenth century, music was generally regarded as an international language. Folk music had always been in place and linked directly with particular regions. On a larger scale though, European music was a device for expression through the application of Italian techniques and styles. In other words, its technical vocabulary was Italian, and from the time of the early baroque, European music, in general, had evolved its styles and technical devices from the developments of Italian composers. Furthermore, court opera was nearly always performed in Italian, whether in Dresden or in London, no matter who composed it or where it was performed. For example, in 1855, Queen Victoria suggested to Richard Wagner that he translate his opera Tannhauser into Italian so that it could secure a production in London. Thus, European music, regardless of where it was composed could be (and was) performed throughout Europe and understood through the common Italian commands, descriptions, and styles. It was unacceptable for most to compose in any other way. The international idea began to collapse in the early nineteenth century as embattled nations or nations subjugated by a foreign invader began to think of music as an expression of their own national identity, personality, or as a way of voicing national aspirations.
In Germany, the ideas of nationalism were prevented from finding an outlet in the world of political ideology and instead found outlets in music. This started in a very subtle manor. Take for example the increasing use, by Beethoven, of the German language in his instructions in his music. In his Adieux Sonata (op. 81a), Beethoven's farewell to the Archduke Rudolph, the master progressively uses increasing amounts of German in his instructions and by the third movement, little Italian at all. Sonatas written a few years later are designated for the Hammerklavier and not for the pianoforte, Italian for piano. Such subtle changes in traditional composition direction foreshadowed ever-increasing tendencies toward German nationalistic ideas in music. As Henry Raynor puts it, "the Napoleonic invasions which turned Beethoven from a simple revolutionary into a patriotic Austrian revolutionary seem to have made him feel that his own language was a perfectly satisfactory way of telling pianists how he wanted his music played."
These early feelings of nationalism, if not just for Beethoven, stemmed from the years of unity under the auspices of Napoleon's Empire, which gave a considerable portion of central Europe reason to realize their collective similarities. This large area shared a common language and historical legacy. Traditions were similar as were aspirations. Indeed, "the complex that was to become the German Empire presented a more or less homogeneous state, united by language and culture but forced by political organization into political disunity"
Nonetheless, the idea of German unity had surfaced years earlier, long before the revolutionary borders of Central Europe were rationalized by Napoleon and before Beethoven's use of German vocabulary for instruction in his music. The prominent German Enlightenment thinkers Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann Gottlieb Fichte had espoused that nationalism in Germany was found in the unity of culture and not in the political situation of the region. Herder though that if the German-speaking world obtained a unity of culture and education, political unity would follow. More importantly, it was the personality of the German people or Volk and their awareness of a common culture that would create the less vital political unity. Herder was concerned with the cultural character exclusively in his nationalism. Also, his brand of philosophical nationalism was applicable to others, and not exclusively Germans. Somewhat conversely, Fichte believed that a nation was not merely the combination of people and a certain geographical area but was a spiritual unity created through shared culture and aspirations, a result of religious, social, economic, and political pressures. Fichte was twenty years younger than Herder and promoted a more intense brand of German nationalism that surfaced later in the nineteenth century. Of great importance though, Fichte, unlike Herder, "attributed to the Germans an originality and a genius not possessed by other peoples." Conversely altogether is the thinking of Hegel. His viewpoint was that the state, its policies, and the order it enforces ... more
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Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, Austria. His Christian name was Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. His father Leopold Mozart educated him and was a violinist, author, and composer. He began composing minuets at the age of five. When Mozart was six, he was successful at the clavier, violin, and organ. Mozart started composing symphonies at nine years of age. In 1762 his father brought him to many concerts through ...
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