Fascism always takes on the individual characteristics of the country in which it is located, which leads to very different regimes. For example, Paxton wrote in “The Five Stages of Fascism” that “Religion. would play a much more important role in genuine fascism in the United States” than in a more secular Europe. National variants of fascism differ more widely than national variants of communism or capitalism, for example, Paxton said. In September 1919, the nationalist reaction of the indignant war hero Gabriele D`Annunzio declared the establishment of the Italian regency of Carnaro.  For his independent Italian state, he campaigned as regent Duce and proclaimed the Carta del Carnaro (Charter of Carnaro, 8. September 1920), a politically syncretic constitutional fusion of right-wing and left-wing anarchist politics, proto-fascist and democratic-republican, which strongly influenced the political-philosophical development of early Italian fascism. Following the Treaty of Rapallo (1920), the Italian Empire deposed the regency of Duce D`Annunzio at Christmas 1920. In the development of the fascist model of government, D`Annunzio was a nationalist, not a fascist, whose legacy of political practice (“politics as theater”) was stylistic (ceremony, uniform, harangue and singing) and not substantial, which Italian fascism skillfully developed as a model of government.   Lachlan Montague, a Melbourne, Australia-based writer and researcher on fascism, economic history, and the interwar period, told Live Science, “Fascism is definitely revolutionary and dynamic. He said that some definitions of fascism, such as Zeev Sternhell`s description as a “form of extreme nationalism” in “Neither Right nor Left” (Princeton, 1995), are too broad to be useful. Fascism has been criticized for being ideologically dishonest. Important examples of ideological dishonesty have been identified in the changing relationship of Italian fascism to German Nazism.
  Fascist Italy`s official foreign policy positions were known to use rhetorical ideological exaggerations to justify its actions, even though during Dino Grandi`s tenure as Italian foreign minister, the country pursued a realpolitik free of such fascist exaggerations.  Italian fascism`s attitude toward German Nazism fluctuated from support in the late 1920s to 1934, when it celebrated Hitler`s seizure of power and Mussolini`s first meeting with Hitler in 1934; oppositional from 1934 to 1936 after the assassination of the Italian Allied leader in Austria, Engelbert Dollfuss, by the Austrian Nazis; and back to support after 1936, when Germany was the only great power not to denounce Italy`s invasion and occupation of Ethiopia. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Allies forced the Kingdom of Italy to give Yugoslavia until early 1919 the Croatian seaport of Fiume (Rijeka), a predominantly Italian city of little nationalist importance. In addition, Italy was then excluded from the secret Treaty of London (1915), which it had concluded with the Triple Entente; , by which Italy was to leave the Tripartite Alliance and join the enemy by declaring war on the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in exchange for areas at the end of the war over which the Kingdom of Italy had claims (see Italia irredenta). The term neofascism refers to fascist movements after World War II. In Italy, the Italian Social Movement, led by Giorgio Almirante, was a major neo-fascist movement that transformed into a self-proclaimed “post-fascist” movement called the National Alliance (NA), which was an ally of Silvio Berlusconi`s Forza Italia for a decade. .