Its music to my ears.
Thats not music, its noise.
Turn down that noise!
What is music? How do we know whats musical and whats not? Why is music music to some ears and noise to others? Everyone thinks they know music when they hear it, but few can say exactly what it is and why. If youve ever been on the receiving end of a command like turn down that noise, you know how slippery ideas about music can be.
Few have succeeded in truly defining music. Imposing
a single definition on all of the worlds music is difficult
because peoples opinions differ about what music is and what
is musical. Many scholars of world music study behaviors
and sounds that are not considered to be music by the
people who make itthe chanting of the Koran, for instance. Its
our job to figure out a way of studying music that makes sense to
the people who make it. Rather than trying to come up with a definition
of music, we look for a concept of music that works for the culture
we study. Here are a few that are likely to work for any music.
can best be understood as humanly organized sound or the
purposeful organization of sound.1
- Music is a form of communication.
Music has much in common with language, and the two are almost inseparable
as ingredients in popular song, opera, and other musical forms. The
relationship between music and language has been an important part
of the human musical experience since prehistoric times.
- Music is difficult to describe
in nonmusical means (i.e., words). As Elvis Costello has observed,
writing about music is like dancing about architecture.
- Peoples concepts of
music do not always match the way they perform and experience music.
For example, societies may claim that music is highly valued, but
deny artists a livelihood, persecute them politically, or call them
a danger to public morals. Asking questions and comparing answers
about the activities and social status of musicians is key to the
informed study of music.
Many music lovers insist that music is best appreciated if we do not define it, analyze it, or expect it to communicate anything at all. So what does music have to tell us? Why study music? Music offers a record of history and human experience that words and images cannot. This record is especially important in nonliterate societies, or in cultures where colonization, war, and social rupture have interrupted the transmission of written history.
Second, music has a unique ability to convey memory.
Both song texts and tunes can remind us of people, places, and events,
accessing an ancient hard drive of historical memory.
In my own study of elderly Jewish immigrants, singing particular songs
in the Yiddish language helped them retrieve important recollections
from their past. It made it easier and less painful to recall their
experiences in the Holocaust, and as refugees in New York City and
Israel. Certain songs situated them (and me, their listener) at a
specific place in time, conquering the inadequacies of historical
facts and events to describe a particular situation.
We must always respect the fact that for many people music
is just music, and it acts on them in ways that are personal
and individual. Yet ethnomusicologists have found that music
is often implicated, or repurposed for different
ideas and agendas beyond its original conception. For example,
Richard Wagners music was used by Nazis to express notions
of Aryan supremacy in Germany. Music has been used to strengthen
the power of governments, sell cars, foment revolution, and
convert souls to a particular religion. Music does not just
act as a mirror of the culture that created it; it performs
1 John Blacking,
How Musical is Man? (Seattle: University of Washington Press,
1973), p. 3; Kay Shelemay, Soundscapes: Exploring Music in a Changing
World (New York, London: W.W. Norton and Company, 2001).