Serotonin and melatonin are both hormones that regulate various human functions such as sleep, appetite and mood. Serotonin, which is produced in the body, is known as a neurotransmitter; this means it is responsible for sending messages between nerve cells. Melatonin is a neurotransmitterlike substance that plays a vital role in regulating circadian rhythms, which in turn control sleeping patterns, hormone release and body temperature, among many other human functions.
While serotonin has many important functions in the body, it may be most known for its role as a “feel good” hormone. Increased levels of serotonin are associated with feelings of happiness and relaxation. Low serotonin levels, on the other hand, are linked to weakened immune function and depression. Melatonin is most noted for its role as a sleep hormone. It is produced in the pineal gland in the brain when it's dark outside -- thus its nickname, “the hormone of darkness.” Deficiencies in this hormone can cause sleeplessness, among many other side-effects.
Disorders and Uses
Melatonin is used as a treatment for insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), jet lag and insomnia associated with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also used for other conditions, including chronic fatigue, depression, irritable bowel syndrome and anti-aging, though there is no scientific evidence supporting these uses. Serotonin-affecting compounds are primarily used as treatments for depression. Prescription drugs known as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) stop serotonin from being reabsorbed, which elevates serum serotonin levels and can improve depression symptoms. Too much serotonin can also cause problems. Serotonin syndrome is a life-threatening condition that can occur when more than one drug that affects serotonin levels is ingested.
One of the few rich food sources of melatonin is cherries. Other food sources that do not actually contain melatonin, but can aid in melatonin production, include bananas, oatmeal and milk. These foods contain amino acids, vitamins and complex carbohydrates necessary for melatonin manufacture. Foods that contain serotonin-boosting substances, namely the amino acid tryptophan, include seafood, dairy, chicken, nuts, seeds and eggs. Because both hormones have the same amino acid precursors, the same foods can boost production of both melatonin and serotonin.
Sizing Up Supplements
Tryptophan is an amino acid from which 5-HTP, another amino acid, is metabolized. In turn, it is then converted into both serotonin and melatonin. Additionally, serotonin can be converted into melatonin by the body. Both 5-HTP and tryptophan can be purchased in supplemental form. Melatonin, in its ready form, is also available as an over-the-counter supplement. If you're experiencing sleeplessness or depression, talk to a medical professional to find out which, if any, of these supplements may be most beneficial for you.