CGI Programming on the World Wide WebBy Shishir Gundavaram
1st Edition March 1996
This book is out of print, but it has been made available online through the O'Reilly Open Books Project.
In Chapter 8, we introduced you to some of the problems of working with multiple forms, and presented a few possible solutions. In this chapter, we approach the problem again, using our new familiarity with clients and servers.
An interface consisting of multiple forms presents thorny problems for CGI. How do you remember the information stored on different forms? A normal graphical interface application (running on a local machine) simply displays forms and stores results, as shown in Figure 10.4.
It is easy to store information from successive forms when a client and a server are not involved. But when you use CGI, the server invokes the program repeatedly each time a form is submitted. Instead of a single running program, you have multiple instances, as shown in Figure 10.5.
The problem you face is how to tell each instance of the program what data was retrieved by the previous runs.
Temporary files are a simple solution, but a messy one. The program has to know which file to read and write each time. Knowing the right file is complicated when multiple users are running the program at the same time. Furthermore, the information is not very secure, because the files are visible on the system. The time required to access the files can slow down the operation. Finally, you have to remember to clean up the files, when the user goes away and does not finish the session.
A much more elegant solution involves a special server whose job is to maintain state for CGI programs. This server runs continuously, like any other server. CGI programs of all types and purposes can use this server to store information. The big advantage that a server has over temporary files is that the data remains in memory. This makes operations faster and keeps the data much more secure.
The heart of the server approach is that a CGI program knows how to retrieve data that a previous instance of the program sent to the server. Each instance of the program needs a kind of handle so it can find the data. To furnish this access, the server associates a unique identifier with each user who runs the CGI program. The program supplies the identifier when it stores the data, and another instance of the program supplies the identifier again to retrieve the data. Given to colorful language, computer people like to call such identifiers "magic cookies." Using a single cookie, a CGI program can keep track of any amount of data. So the server is called a cookie server, while the CGI program is called the cookie client.
Let's trace a cookie, and the data associated with it, through a complete session.
- The user fills out the first form, and the CGI program is invoked for the first time.
- The CGI program contacts the server for the first time. The server creates a cookie and passes it to the program. The program also passes data to the server, using the cookie given to it by the server.
- The program creates the next form for the user, embeds the cookie in a hidden field, and sends the form to the browser.
- The browser displays the form, which is filled out by the user and submitted. The form passes back the hidden field with the cookie.
- A new instance of the CGI program begins. It gets the cookie from the form data, and starts contacting the server all over again. This time, the program passes the existing cookie instead of creating a new one.
This is our strategy. Understanding this, you should not have much trouble following the code that is about to follow.
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