11. A Closing Fee 里面包含了 Inception Fee
12. B 每个月都要买的保险insurance
16. A街区三的特点,适合larger bugdet预算充足的人
19. A condo这种房型的两个有点
21.所有课都可以和考古学课结合在一起除了 Classical History
22. compulsory 是必修课
23.第一个module 的名字 Object Matters
26.第二个module 的名字 Towns and Cities
33. traditional sports玩的人越来越少
34. Factory workers 发明的
40.会降低他们的 sense of community
题目：Butterflies farms : new resources or zoos
THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of theirpatterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance? Until recently, this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century naturalists, armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity, battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a mate, others are warning signals. They send out a message to any predators: “Keep off, we’re poisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords protection, other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol.
But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring should be found in any one area,” explains George Beccaloni of the Natural History Museum, London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. “The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicry research,” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of mimetic exuberance, Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity, the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich, but comparatively well collected, so I pretty much knew what was there, says Beccaloni.” The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to mimicry.”
Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks of the Rio Napo, Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies
called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell Beauty are abundant throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean.
They are famous for their bright colours, toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies, but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs,” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.
Even though all ithomiines are poisonous, it is in their interests to evolve to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one species
will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic, but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is: an adaptation called Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic, with varying degrees of verisimilitude, a focal or model species,” says John Turner from the University of Leeds. “The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to science.” In addition to colour, many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species.
But why are there so many different mimicry rings? One idea is that species flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. “It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height,” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy, providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light patterns and wing patterns don’t match very well,” he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still, according to DeVries, this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place.
“When I first went out to Ecuador, I didn’t believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it,” says Beccaloni.”A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way.” What he didn’t accept, however, was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought, if this idea really is true, and I can work out why, it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings, there were also 69 other insect species, including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly, all in a 200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him, Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5 metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers, he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.
The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were flying at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite distinctive,” he recalls. “For example, most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor, while the majority of the 12 species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height.
However, this being practice rather than theory, things were a bit fuzzy. “They’d spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they’d also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights,” Beccaloni admits. Species weren’t stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land, but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far, so good, but he still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights.
Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution of ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy,” he says. “For each one I’d record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field station’s lab, it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into adults which I could identify.”
题型：判断7 ,多项选择题3 ,选择题4
1.butterflies farmers are popular in the tropic areas F 原文只第一段定位 只是提及热带地区有很多蝴蝶however转折的是蝴蝶农场在英国等等国家很人民也可以通过蝴蝶农场看蝴蝶。
2.the butterflies farms are in the declining trend F 原文说这种经济起初能很快赚钱但持续时间很短并后文分析提出了原因。
3.rare species are more difficult to breed than many others T 原文 些少数品种不适用玻璃房老师想飞出去。
4.many butterflies spices have a longer life expectancy than in wild T 原文说倒数第四段提及in wild there are more predators。
5.many butterflies may cause health problems T 原文最后一P进是及及 health issues。
6. the butterflies farms market needs Act. T 原文最后一段 M.collins 专加 的建议是指定法律规范蝴蝶市场。
7. 更具某专家：butterflies specimen should not be posted T not be posted定位倒数第二段
A : not enough specimen on display
C:lack of educational phase
D: without appropriate breeding environment
题目：A new look for Talbot Park
题型：配对6,细节填空题3 ,人物配对3 文章主旨*
第一段：概述了 Talbot park这个地区的新的漂亮的城市面貌;
第六段：这个地区和national are地区相比存在的financial hardship;
第七段：一个L community manager提出的我们要通过supervision and regulations的手段提高community的环境保证这个地区人们能 有一个好的 neighborhoods;
第八段：某D 姓的community manager 说要organize community增加community integrity ,保安走在路上能叫上当地居民的名字来。
VI: list中的mix races和design定位第四段
III : list中的high density定位第三段分析了该城现在存在的问题
VII : supervision and regulations 定位
II:list的原句中出现the past experience定位原文第二段回顾以前生活方式
细节填空3 : 21-23
Higher density of accommodation may make the problems return.
A series of approaches could be taken on solving these problems.
Supervision and regulations are required to create the community.
25: D 专家:F more community activities 定位
26: L 管理者:C Supervision and regulations 定位
题目：looking for inspiration
题型：配对7 ,填空3 ,判断4
文章主旨：文章主要讲了人的什么会影响人的inspiration以及一些测试人inspiration的方法并且分析了几位专家对于人的哪些方面会影响到 人的 inspiration。
人的大脑一般很活跃除了有些dreaming的时候,某专家的理论对IQ的研究分为 2 个部分:inspiration and elaboration Creativity是区分上面两个过程的关键。
题目 The diagrams shows a museum and its surroundings in 1990 and 2010.
Describe the difference and compare them if possible.
题目 In some countries, it’s possible to buy a wide variety of foods transported from other countries. To what extent the benefits outweigh its drawbacks.