Northwestern University researchers have developed a new solar cell with good efficiency that uses tin instead of lead perovskite as the harvester of light.
The scientists say the low-cost, environmentally friendly solar cell can be made easily using "bench" chemistry, with no fancy equipment or hazardous materials necessary.
"This is a breakthrough in taking the lead out of a very promising type of solar cell, called a perovskite," said Mercouri G. Kanatzidis, chemistry professor at Northwesterns Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and a tin expert. "Tin is a very viable material, and we have shown the material does work as an efficient solar cell."
The new solar cell uses a structure called a perovskite but with tin instead of lead as the light-absorbing material. Lead perovskite has achieved 15% efficiency, and tin perovskite should be able to match — and possibly surpass — that. Perovskite solar cells are being touted as the "next big thing in photovoltaics" and have reenergized the field.
Kanatzidis, who led the research, developed, synthesized and analyzed the material. He then recruited Northwestern collaborator and nanoscientist Robert P. H. Chang to help him engineer a solar cell that worked well.
"Our tin-based perovskite layer acts as an efficient sunlight absorber that is sandwiched between two electric charge transport layers for conducting electricity to the outside world," said Chang, a professor of materials science and engineering at the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.
Details of the lead-free solar cell was published May 4 by the journal Nature Photonics. Kanatzidis and Chang are the two senior authors of the paper, Lead-free solid-state organicinorganic halide perovskite solar cells.
Their solid-state tin solar cell has an efficiency of just below 6%, which is a very good starting point, Kanatzidis said. Two things make the material special: it can absorb most of the visible light spectrum, and the perovskite salt can be dissolved, and it will reform upon solvent removal without heating.
"Other scientists will see what we have done and improve on our methods," Kanatzidis said. "There is no reason this new material can't reach an efficiency better than 15%, which is what the lead perovskite solar cell offers. Tin and lead are in the same group in the periodic table, so we expect similar results."
Perovskite solar cells have only been around — and only in the lab — since 2008. In 2012, Kanatzidis and Chang reported the new tin perovskite solar cell with promises of higher efficiency and lower fabrication costs while being environmentally safe.
The solid-state tin solar cell is a sandwich of five layers, with each layer contributing something important, the researches explained. The first layer is electrically conducting glass, which allows sunlight to enter the cell, followed by titanium dioxide, deposited onto the glass. Together the two act as the electric front contact of the solar cell. Next, the tin perovskite — the light absorbing layer — is deposited. This is done in a nitrogen glove box — the bench chemistry is done in this protected environment to avoid oxidation. On top of that is the hole transport layer, which is essential to close the electrical circuit and obtain a functional cell. In order not to destroy the tin underneath, Kanatzidis and his colleagues used a substituted pyridine molecule. This layer also is deposited in the glove box. The solar cell is then sealed and can be taken out into the air.
A thin layer of gold caps off the solar-cell sandwich. This layer is the back contact electrode of the solar cell. The entire device, with all five layers, is about one to two microns thick.
The researchers then tested the device under simulated full sunlight and recorded a power conversion efficiency of 5.73%.
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