Hans Kohlhase, (born c. 1500, Tempelberg, near Fürstenwalde, Brandenburg [Germany]—died March 22, 1540, Berlin), German merchant turned brigand who spent the later 1530s in a feud with Saxony, causing considerable disruption until he was captured and executed.
While Kohlhase was on his way to the Leipzig fair in 1532, two of his horses were confiscated by a Saxon nobleman. Unable to obtain redress from Saxon courts, Kohlhase two years later issued a public challenge not only to the aggressor but to all of electoral Saxony. For the next six years he and the band that he had collected terrorized the border region between Saxony and Brandenburg. The elector of Saxony set a price on the head of Kohlhase, who, however, was always able to find sanctuary in Brandenburg. His downfall came when he also began operating in Brandenburg. Captured by the elector Joachim II in 1540, he and his principal associate were broken on the wheel in Berlin. His career was the basis of Michael Kohlhaas (1810–11), a famous novella by Heinrich von Kleist.