Page 30 To do: 1. Component Local example Species Genus Camelus International/Global example Diceros bicornis Population Caravan Community Camels, Sheep, lizards, scorpions, plants Habitat Sand, rocks Ecosystem Desert Biome Desert Crash Rhinoceros, zebra, lion, elephant,, trees, grass, bacteria Soil, water, rocks, Jungle Jungle Pg. 46: Food Chain Simple Interactions between a limited number of animals in an ecosystem One path Food Web Complex Interactions between most animals in an ecosystem Multiple and different paths Pg. 47: 2. When the number of owl nests becomes high, the abundance of lemmings increases because as the owl population grows, more owls will be able to feed on lemmings. In the years that there are zero owl nests, there is also no abundance of lemmings. This means that the population of lemming is increasing during this time. The increase of lemming population will result in a negative feedback and the population of owls increases. Therefore there will be more owl nests and then an increase in lemming abundance will return. This cycle forms throughout the years. Pg. 48: 1. Vegetation -> Herbivorous insects -> spiders -> loads and lizards -> foxes = 5 organisms 2. Foxes: secondary and tertiary consumer. Spiders: Secondary and tertiary consumer 3. (a) The population of voles will increase due to decrease in predation from kestrels (b) The population of short-eared owls will increase due to increase in population in voles. 4. (a) The predators of the rabbits such as stoats and foxes will have an increase in population due to an increase of supply of rabbit. (b) The vegetation will heavily consumed by the rabbits and the food supply will decrease. Which will result to intraspecific competition. 5. The population of the foxes will not be heavily affected due to their ability to feed on many different animals. Pg. 52: 1. There are four trophic levels in this food web. Primary Producer, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, and Tertiary Consumer. 2. The DDT in the body of the cormorant is 6 times more concentrated than in the water. This happens because the cormorant needs to consumer a large amount of fish in order to survive. It needs to eat many fish because the higher in the food web an organism is, the less energy it is able to produce, and therefore it must eat plentiful fish to get the required amount of energy it needs to survive. 3. Bioaccumulation occurs in minnows, pickerels, Heron, Osprey, and Cormorant 4. Bio magnification occurs in all trophic levels Pg. 53: 3 birds a. Pyramid of Numbers 500 Spiders and Insects 1 Tree b. Pyramid of biomass 10 g Birds 0.25 g of spiders and insects 4000 Kg Tree c. The difference in these pyramids is that the size of the tree in the pyramid of numbers is the smallest, whereas the size of the tree in the pyramid of biomass is the largest. The same thing goes for the size of insects. Also what is different about these pyramids is that the pyramid of numbers shows how many individual species there are and the pyramid of biomass shows how much matter of the organism there is. 2. The energy “loss” in trophic levels is not in contradiction with the first law of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transferred from one form to another. The energy that is considered to be “lost” in between the trophic levels is just energy that is transferred into other forms such as heat. This is what happens when an organism utilizes its energy and uses it up. That is why the subsequent trophic level will lose energy because it will not be able to obtain some of the energy that is transferred by the latter trophic level. 3. The energy available at the tertiary consumer level will be 90 kJ m-2 yr-1 . This figure is 0.1 % of the energy value at the primary producer level, which is 90,000 kJ m-2 yr-1.