The PEs were analyzed for hydroxyl value and saponification
number using ASTM D 2849 (acetic anhydride --pyridine) and ASTM D5558-95 respectively.
Other commercial sources of glycerol include fatty acids, fatty alcohols and from the soap industry via saponification
Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from the total lipid by saponification
and methyl esterification (Association of Official Analytical Chemists 1990).
is a reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, producing a free alcohol and an acid salt, such as the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make soap.
, the homogenate was spun at 6,825 RPM in a tabletop centrifuge (Allegra 21R, Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) at 4[degrees]C for 20 mins.
Also, the viscosity, density, saponification
value and iodine value (IV) are different when virgin oils are used (Tomasevic, Siler-Marinkovic 2003).
catappa oil: Acid, peroxide, iodine and saponification
values of the oil samples were determined according to the AOAC method .
Structure indices are iodine value; a measure of total unsaturation of an oil, saponification
value; an indicator of average molecular weight and hydroxyl value, which is applicable to fatty compounds (or their mixtures) containing hydroxyl groups, such as castor and lesquerell oils.
It had been long believed that cathodic polymers would give better corrosion resistance due to their alkaline nature, high saponification
resistance, and lack of substrate attack.
Pectic substances were characterized by titration of acidic functions of galacturonic acid before and after saponification
Mechanism of alkaline extraction is a saponification
of intermolecular ester bonds cross-linking hemicellulose and other components, for example, hemicellulose linked by lignin and hemicelluloses linked by itself .
While prior cleaning pathways relied heavily on solubilization and saponification
, novel pathways include but are not limited to dipole mechanisms (FIGURE 1).
The book describes soap-making methods such as kettle and continuous saponification
, semi-boiled soap production systems, and soap drying and finishing systems.
Hydroxyl value (HV), Iodine value (IV), saponification
value (SV) and refractive index (RI) were determined according to standard procedures (DFG, 1994).
It is found in natural fats and vegetable as glycerides (esters of glycerol and fatty acids), from which is obtained by saponification