Constraints are very common in poetry, which often requires the writer to use a particular verse form.
The most common constrained forms of writing are strict restrictions in vocabulary, e.g. Basic English, copula-free text, defining vocabulary for dictionaries, and other limited vocabularies for teaching English as a Second Language or to children. This is not generally what is meant by “constrained writing” in the literary sense, which is motivated by more aesthetic concerns. For example:
- Reverse-lipograms: each word must contain a particular letter.
- Univocalic poetry, using only one vowel.
- Mandated vocabulary, where the writer must include specific words, chosen a priori, along with the writer's own freely chosen words (for example, Quadrivial Quandary, a website that solicits individual sentences containing all four words in a daily selection).
- Bilingual homophonous poetry, where the poem makes sense in two different languages at the same time, thus constituting two simultaneous homophonous poems.
- Alliteratives, in which every word must start with the same letter (or subset of letters; see Alphabetical Africa).
- Lipogram: a letter (commonly e or o) is outlawed.
- Acrostics: first letter of each word/sentence/paragraph forms a word or sentence.
- Palindromes, such as the word “radar”, read the same forwards and backwards.
- Anglish, favouring Anglo-Saxon words over Greek and Roman/Latin words.
- Pilish, where the lengths of consecutive words match the digits of the number π.
- Anagrams, words or sentences formed by rearranging the letters of another.
- Limitations in punctuation, such as Peter Carey's book True History of the Kelly Gang, which features no commas.
- One syllable article, a form unique to Chinese literature, using many characters all of which are homophones; the result looks sensible as writing but is very confusing when read aloud.
- Chaterism, where the length of words in a phrase or sentence increases or decreases in a uniform, mathematical way as in "I am the best Greek bowler running", or "hindering whatever tactics appear".
- Aleatory, where the reader supplies a random input.
There are a number of constrained writing forms that are restricted by length, including:
- Six-Word Memoirs: 6 words
- Haiku: ~ 3 lines (5-7-5 syllables or 2-3-2 beats recommended.)
- Minisaga: 50 words, +15 for title
- Drabble: 100 words
- Twiction: espoused as a specifically constrained form of microfiction where a story or poem is exactly 140 characters long.
- Gadsby is an English-language novel consisting of 50,100 words, none of which contain the letter “e”.
- In 1969, French writer Georges Perec published La Disparition, a novel that did not include the letter “e”. It was translated into English in 1995 by Gilbert Adair as A Void. Perec subsequently joked that he incorporated the “e”s not used in La Disparition in the novella Les Revenentes (1972), which uses no vowels other than “e”. Les Revenentes was translated into English by Ian Monk as The Exeter Text: Jewels, Secrets, Sex.
- Perec also wrote Life A User's Manual using the Knight's Tour method of construction. The book is set in a fictional Parisian block of flats, where Perec devises the elevation of the building as a 10×10 grid: 10 storeys, including basements and attics and 10 rooms across, including 2 for the stairwell. Each room is assigned to a chapter, and the order of the chapters is given by the knight's moves on the grid.
- The 2004 French novel Le Train de Nulle Part (The Train from Nowhere) by Michel Thaler was written entirely without verbs.
- let me tell you (2008), a novel by the Welsh writer Paul Griffiths, uses only the words allotted to Ophelia in Hamlet.
- Experimental Canadian poet Christian Bök’s Eunoia is a univocalic that uses only one vowel in each of its five chapters.
- One famous constrained writing in the Chinese language is The Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den which consists of 92 characters, all with the sound shi. Another is the Thousand Character Classic in which all 1000 characters are unique without any repetition.
- “Cadaeic Cadenza” is a short story by Mike Keith using the first 3835 digits of pi to determine the length of words. Not A Wake is a book using the same constraint based on the first 10,000 digits.
- Never Again is a novel by Doug Nufer in which no word is used more than once.
- Ella Minnow Pea is a book by Mark Dunn where certain letters become unusable throughout the novel.
- Alphabetical Africa is a book by Walter Abish in which the first chapter only uses words that begin with the letter "a", while the second chapter incorporates the letter "b", and then "c", etc. Once the alphabet is finished, Abish takes letters away, one at a time, until the last chapter, leaving only words that begin with the letter "a".
- Mary Godolphin produced versions of Robinson Crusoe "in Words of One Syllable".
- Theodor Geisel, also known as Dr. Seuss, wrote the well-known children's book Green Eggs and Ham using only 50 different words on a 50 dollar bet with Bennett Cerf.
- The Gates of Paradise is a book by Jerzy Andrzejewski where the whole text is just two sentences, one of which is very long.
- Zero Degree is a postmodern lipogrammatic novel written in 1998 by Tamil author Charu Nivedita, later translated into Malayalam and English. The Tamil words 'oru' and 'ondru' (the English equivalents are 'a', 'an' and 'one') have not been mentioned anywhere in the novel, except one chapter. Keeping with the numerological theme of Zero Degree, the only numbers expressed in either words or symbols are numerologically equivalent to nine (with the exception of two chapters). This Oulipian ban includes the very common word one. Many sections of the book are written entirely without punctuation, or using only periods.
- Up Goer Five is a page on XKCD detailing Saturn V using only the 1000 most common English words.
- Uruguayan musician, comedian and writer Leo Maslíah's 1999 novel Líneas (Lines) is written entirely with paragraphs comprising a single sentence.
- A novel Gorm, Son of Hardecnut (Горм, сын Хёрдакнута) by Peter Vorobieff is written in Russian without any words borrowed from English, French, Latin, or modern German since the 17th century. The book also never uses many common words, including "human," "please," and "thank you."
- Andrews, Dale (2013-02-26). "Constrained Writing". Washington: SleuthSayers.
- Bilingual Homophonous Poetry - Italo-Hebraic Bilingual Homophonous Poem by linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, in which the Hebrew poem sounds identical to the Italian one, both making full sense - see Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006), "Shir Du-Leshoni" (Bilingual Poem), Ho!, Literary Magazine 3, pp. 256-257.
- Lundin, Leigh (2009-06-07). "L'Oulipo". Constrained Writing. Orlando: Criminal Brief. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- A New Novel, No Verbs, in France, No Less by Scott McLemee, The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 2, 2004.
- Urban Legends Reference Pages: Language (Green Eggs and Ham), Snopes, Accessed on 26 November 2006.
- Gorm, son of Hardecnut by Peter Vorobieff, Accessed on 16 April 2013.
- Cadaeic.net, site with many pieces of constrained writing by Mike Keith.
- Eunoia by Christian Bök.
- From Never Again, an excerpt from Never Again by Doug Nufer
- Mike Schertzer, in Cipher and Poverty (The Book of Nothing), created a three-level acronymic poem. Beginning with a name a verse was created for which the name was the acronym. This verse was then expanded, and then again. The final verse is 224 words long (which means the previous verse, its corresponding acronym, contains 224 letters).
- Spineless Books, an independent publishing house dedicated to constrained literature.
- Confiction.org, a community website for short stories that adhere to various literary constraints.
- Quadrivial Quandary, a community website that challenges participants to write a single sentence containing all four words in a daily selection