BGP4 Network - Router Hardware
For Autonomous Routing a router is required which supports the BGP4 protocol. The router is the gateway between the internal network and the external global Internet, and hides internal routing policies from the outside world.
BGP4 routers can be classified based on technology and performance. Which class is advisable depends on customer specific performance and availability requirements. Pricing is largely defined by the router class. Sometimes money can be saved by using refurbished router(s).
Which specific brand and type router is most suited depends on the specific type of use, performance and redundancy requirements, IPv6 requirements, amount of routes,
budget, etc. and can only be determined on a case-by-case basis. Contact us and we will be happy to help you finding a router that suits your requirements
Below different router classes are described briefly including specific advantages and vulnerabilities of each class:
Routers in this class have enough Content Addressable Memory (CAM - see also Wikipedia on this type of memory in routers) on each of their interface blades to contain and preload all Internet destinations (full routing table) in advance.
Advantages: Each arriving packet can be forwarded by the interface blades in (ASIC or FPGA) hardware using the CAM, without consulting the central CPU. This behavior makes wirespeed performance at any packet size and packet rate (packets per second) possible, regardless of the source/destination address of the packet.
Vulnerabilities: With the growing Internet routing table, optional implementation of IPv6 on the same router, large layer2 or layer4 switching tables, and use of trunking/multipath, total CAM usage will grow. Theoretically CAM might eventually exhaust, effectively downgrading the router to a CAM Cache class router as described below.
This type of router uses CAM on each interface blade in order to be able to forward traffic in hardware. The CAM size is not large enough to contain/prepopulate it with the full Internet routing table.
Advantages: When there is traffic for/from an Internet destination (flow), upon the first packet it is looked up in memory (CPU), and then programmed in the CAM. Following packets with the same source/destination (same flow) can then be handled in hardware (wirespeed). So the CAM functions like a cache, speeding up the handling of the second and following packets to wirespeed for existing flows.
Vulnerabilities: If the CAM is full, old destinations are removed from it by the CPU before programming new entries. With traffic for/from many different destinations (e.g. DDOS attacks with spoofed source addresses) both the CAM and CPU can easily be exhausted due to handling all the CAM cache misses, making room in the CAM by removing old entries, and programming new entries. During exhaustion, packet loss can occur.
Further certain traffic types sometimes cannot be programmed in hardware or services cannot be provided in hardware and still need to be handled in CPU (e.g. broadcast, multicast, rate limits, statistics), making it more vulnerable for exhaustion.
An appliance in this context is a router based largely on standard PC hardware components, running a custom and integrated real time OS and routing software and generally handling all traffic in a central CPU.
Advantages: In comparison to software routers, in a router appliance, hardware, OS and routing software are tightly integrated and the OS has specifically been designed and build for this purpose (just like in CAM-based routers). Most importantly this provides more stability.
Vulnerabilities: The disadvantage of an appliance router is that its performance is largely limited by the performance of the central CPU in terms of packets per second it can handle. It can generally not provide wirespeed performance on all ports, especially with small packet sizes. It is especially vulnerable to DDOS attacks with small packets.
A software router is completely based on standard PC hardware, and an open source Operating System (e.g. Linux, BSD) and open source routing software (e.g. Quagga).
Advantages: The main advantages of software routers is their low cost. Because of this very fast and modern CPU's and abundant system memory can be used. Compared to appliance routers this results in relatively higher performance (in terms of packets per second) and the practical absence of system memory limitations. Software routers offer the same type of redundancy features (VRRP) as the other router classes.
Vulnerabilities: A disadvantage of software routers is the less tight integration of hardware, OS and routing software, resulting in less stability. Software routers are also limited in performance by the central CPU, although generally the performance is a little better then appliance routers.
For a Non-Stop redundant setup two routers are required. They can be used either in a load sharing or in a primary/backup (hot standby) configuration.
An alternative for expensive new BGP4 routers is the use of refurbished routers. Refurbished routers are used routers, which have completely been tested, cleaned and updated, so they are ready for a second life.
BGP4 routers are generally designed for a very long and stable life. They are mostly not replaced because they don't work anymore, but because faster routers, routers with more or different interfaces or with different features are needed. That means that the use of refurbished routers generally do not impose a substantial stability or loss risk. A redundant setup, with two routers, reduces any possible risk even further.
Open Peering only offers new BGP4 router hardware in all-in turn-key projects, based on custom offers. Open Peering also often has refurbished BGP4 routers available, please contact us for up to date offerings and information:
The delivery time (other then under a hardware replacement contract) is (if all parts are in stock) generally max 10 working days.
All equipment is delivered with a three months hardware guarantee. With the hardware no guarantee or support is provided on the OS (firmware). It is possible to get a official software support contract for refurbished Foundry hardware directly from Foundry resellers.
To keep costs low, pricing (other then under a hardware replacement service) is based on customer-pickup from the Open Peering NOC in The Hague or customer-payed courier-pickup.