Jane Austen was born Dec. 16, 1775, at Steventon, Hampshire, England (near Basingstoke), to the Rev George Austen and his wife Cassandra. From her writings, it seems a happy, close and literate family, but poor when you consider Jane was the seventh of eight children. She was especially close to her sister, also named Cassandra, and her brother Henry, who saw that her novels Persuasion and Northanger Abbey were published after her death.The family saw successes and failures and joys and tragedies: they enjoyed staging plays and attending balls, two of her brothers became admirals, Henry suffered a bankruptcy, Cassandra’s fiancé died of yellow fever.
Jane’s romances were also in keeping with her heroines. In 1795-6 she had a “mutual flirtation” with Tom Lefroy, an Irish relative whose financial prospects made it unlikely there would ever be a match. Their romance is the basis for the movie Becoming Jane.
Jane famously did accept a marriage proposal when she was 27 to a man six years her junior but she turned down Mr. Harris Bigg-Wither the next day. This event was also incorporated, shifted in time, into Becoming Jane.
In 1800 after her father retired, the family moved to Bath, a move that, despite her close association with Bath, Jane did not desire. Her father died in January 1805, leaving Jane, her mother and sister, dependent largely on the benevolence of her brothers.
After her father’s death, the three women moved frequently, staying with friends and relatives, but in 1809, brother Edward provided them with a house in Chawton, near his home in Hampshire (he had been adopted by a rich childless cousin). It was in Chawton that Jane flourished and in 1811 her first book, Sense and Sensibility, was published, followed by Pride and Prejudice in 1813, Mansfield Park in 1814 and Emma in 1815.
But although she saw financial success her fame grew slowly because her books were anonymously credited to “a Lady.” Only her closest family knew her to be an author. Critics even scoffed that a woman could write such books. It was not until Persuasion and Northanger Abbey, published together in December 1817, that it was acknowledged that she was the author of her six novels.
She died July 18, 1817, at age 41, and like her sister, was never married. Since 1832, when her novels were republished, they have never been out of print.
It is nearly impossible to separate the author, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, from his creation, Sherlock Holmes. And there are many who insist Doyle was simply Watson’s literary agent and so many people believe Holmes to be a living person that he even requires a secretary, despite his advanced years.
Let us examine the creation first: Holmes was born Jan. 6, 1854, or so said Christopher Morley, the founder of the Baker Street Irregulars in New York City, and the society celebrates his birth on that date. It is unkown where he was born or who were his parents. We know that he has a brother Mycroft, whom Holmes calls smarter than himself and who sometimes “is the British government.”We don’t know where he went to school or what degrees he attained, although Dorothy L. Sayers in Sayers on Holmes suggested he attended Cambridge, rather than Oxford.
Holmes claimed to be the world’s first “consulting detective” and often worked with the police although his aims did not necessarily coincide with theirs. He frequently let criminals go and put his faith in a higher power to see that justice would be done. His clients include the rich and famous and poor and desperate. He often worked for free and famously said “I do not vary [my fees], save when I remit them altogether.”
His friend and biographer John H. Watson, in their first adventure together, summarized his friends accomplishments:
- Knowledge of Literature — nil.
- Knowledge of Philosophy — nil.
- Knowledge of Astronomy — nil.
- Knowledge of Politics — Feeble.
- Knowledge of Botany — Variable. Well up in belladonna, opium and poisons generally. Knows nothing of practical gardening.
- Knowledge of Geology — Practical, but limited. Tells at a glance different soils from each other. After walks, has shown me splashes upon his trousers, and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them.
- Knowledge of Chemistry — Profound.
- Knowledge of Anatomy — Accurate, but unsystematic.
- Knowledge of Sensational Literature — Immense. He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated in the century.
- Plays the violin well.
- Is an expert singlestick player, boxer and swordsman.
- Has a good practical knowledge of British law.
Over time, however, we come to believe that Watson’s assessment was flawed and that Holmes may have misled Watson.
His most famous quote: “Elementary, my dear Watson,” was never actually said, although there are close variants. The most famous quote he did say: “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Holmes burst onto the scene in 1887 in A Study in Scarlet. The author was Arthur Conan Doyle, a Scottish physician who based his creation on Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle worked at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.
Fortunately we know far more of Doyle, having been born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on May 22,1859, to Charles Altamont Doyle and his wife Mary Foley. He was the third of ten children. He studied at the University of Edinburgh and began his practice as a doctor, somewhat unsuccessfully, in Portsmouth in 1882. He began writing and found succes with A Study in Scarlet and eventually wrote four novels and 56 short stories featuring Holmes.
However, he hoped to be known for his historical novels, in which attempt he failed, and even went so far as to “kill” his detective in the 1893 story The Final Problem. But popular demand forced him to return Holmes in The Hound of the Baskervilles in 1901, although that adventure was dated before the detective’s death. He later fully resurrected Holmes in The Adventure of the Empty House.
Doyle involved himself in a number of causes and even ran for Parliament. He also emulated his detective in proving two men innocent, and the ensuing publicity spurred the creation of the Court of Criminal Appeal.
Despite the overwhelming popularity of Holmes, Doyle also created another well-known character, Professor George Edward Challenger, introduced in The Lost World in 1912 and featured in four other books.
In his later life, Doyle, at odds with Holmes’ own attitude regarding the supernatural, turned to spiritualism. He was friends with Harry Houdini, who had earlier been an advocate of spiritualism, but who later worked to debunk spiritualists.
Doyle died July 7, 1930, at age 71. Holmes lives on.