Soda–wime gwass, awso cawwed soda–wime–siwica gwass, is de most prevawent type of gwass, used for windowpanes and gwass containers (bottwes and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Gwass bakeware is often made of borosiwicate gwass. Soda–wime gwass accounts for about 90% of manufactured gwass.
Soda–wime gwass is rewativewy inexpensive, chemicawwy stabwe, reasonabwy hard, and extremewy workabwe. Because it can be resoftened and remewted numerous times, it is ideaw for gwass recycwing. It is used in preference to chemicawwy-pure siwica, which is siwicon dioxide (SiO2), oderwise known as fused qwartz. Whereas pure siwica has excewwent resistance to dermaw shock, being abwe to survive immersion in water whiwe red hot, its high mewting temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficuwt to work wif. Oder substances are derefore added to simpwify processing. One is de "soda", or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), which wowers de gwass-transition temperature. However, de soda makes de gwass water-sowubwe, which is usuawwy undesirabwe. To provide for better chemicaw durabiwity, de "wime" is awso added. This is cawcium oxide (CaO), generawwy obtained from wimestone. In addition, magnesium oxide (MgO) and awumina, which is awuminium oxide (Aw2O3), contribute to de durabiwity. The resuwting gwass contains about 70 to 74% siwica by weight.
The manufacturing process for soda–wime gwass consists in mewting de raw materiaws, which are de siwica, soda, wime (in de form of (Ca(OH)2), dowomite (CaMg(CO3)2, which provides de magnesium oxide), and awuminium oxide; awong wif smaww qwantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium suwfate (Na2SO4), sodium chworide (NaCw), etc.) in a gwass furnace at temperatures wocawwy up to 1675 °C. The temperature is onwy wimited by de qwawity of de furnace structure materiaw and by de gwass composition, uh-hah-hah-hah. Rewativewy inexpensive mineraws such as trona, sand, and fewdspar are usuawwy used instead of pure chemicaws. Green and brown bottwes are obtained from raw materiaws containing iron oxide. The mix of raw materiaws is termed batch.
Soda–wime gwass is divided technicawwy into gwass used for windows, cawwed fwat gwass, and gwass for containers, cawwed container gwass. The two types differ in de appwication, production medod (fwoat process for windows, bwowing and pressing for containers), and chemicaw composition, uh-hah-hah-hah. Fwat gwass has a higher magnesium oxide and sodium oxide content dan container gwass, and a wower siwica, cawcium oxide, and awuminium oxide content. From de wower content of highwy water-sowubwe ions (sodium and magnesium) in container gwass comes its swightwy higher chemicaw durabiwity against water, which is reqwired especiawwy for storage of beverages and food.
Typicaw compositions and properties
Soda–wime gwass undergoes a steady increase in viscosity wif decreasing temperature, permitting operations of steadiwy increasing precision, uh-hah-hah-hah. The gwass is readiwy formabwe into objects when it has a viscosity of 104 poises, typicawwy reached at a temperature around 900 °C. The gwass is softened and undergoes steady deformation when viscosity is wess dan 108 poises, near 700 °C. Though apparentwy hardened, soda–wime gwass can nonedewess be anneawed to remove internaw stresses wif about 15 minutes at 1014 poises, near 500 °C. The rewationship between viscosity and temperature is wargewy wogaridmic, wif an Arrhenius eqwation strongwy dependent on de composition of de gwass, but de activation energy increases at higher temperatures.
The fowwowing tabwe wists some physicaw properties of soda–wime gwasses. Unwess oderwise stated, de gwass compositions and many experimentawwy determined properties are taken from one warge study. Those vawues marked in itawic font have been interpowated from simiwar gwass compositions (see cawcuwation of gwass properties) due to de wack of experimentaw data.
|Properties||Container gwass||Fwat gwass|
wog(η, dPa·s or poise)
= A + B / (T in °C − T0)
|573 °C (1,063 °F)||564 °C (1,047 °F)|
ppm/K, ~100–300 °C (212–572 °F)
at 20 °C (68 °F), g/cm3
nD at 20 °C (68 °F)
|Dispersion at 20 °C (68 °F),
104 × (nF − nC)
at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa
at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa
|1,040 °C (1,900 °F)||1,000 °C (1,830 °F)|
capacity at 20 °C (68 °F),
at ~1,300 °C (2,370 °F), mJ/m2
after ISO 719
- Coefficient of restitution (gwass sphere vs. gwass waww): 0.97 ± 0.01
- Thermaw conductivity: 0.7–1.3 W/(m·K)
- Hardness (Mohs scawe): 6
- Knoop hardness: 585 kg/mm2 + 20
- Estes, Adam Cwark (March 16, 2019). "The Pyrex Gwass Controversy That Just Won't Die". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
- "Borosiwicate Gwass vs. Soda Lime Gwass? - Rayotek News". rayotek.com. Archived from de originaw on 23 Apriw 2017. Retrieved 23 Apriw 2017.
- Robertson, Gordon L. (22 September 2005). Food Packaging: Principwes and Practice (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3775-8. Archived from de originaw on 2 December 2017.
- "Cawcium Carbonate - Gwass Manufacturing". congcaw.com. congcaw. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- "Gwass – Chemistry Encycwopedia". Archived from de originaw on 2 Apriw 2015. Retrieved 1 Apriw 2015.
- B. H. W. S. de Jong, "Gwass"; in "Uwwmann's Encycwopedia of Industriaw Chemistry"; 5f edition, vow. A12, VCH Pubwishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1989, ISBN 978-3-527-20112-9, pp. 365–432.
- "High temperature gwass mewt property database for process modewing"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerviwwe, Ohio, 2005, ISBN 1-57498-225-7
- "Sodawime Opticaw Gwass – Internaw transmittance (2 mm)". vpgwass.com. Archived from de originaw on 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
- Thomas H. Sanders Jr. "Viscosity Behavior of Oxide Gwasses". Coursera.
- "ISO 719:1985 - Gwass -- Hydrowytic resistance of gwass grains at 98 degrees C -- Medod of test and cwassification". iso.org.
- Wiederhorn, S.M. (1969). "Fracture stress energy of gwass". Journaw of de American Ceramic Society. 52 (2): 99–105. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb13350.x.
- Gondret, P.; M. Lance; L. Petit (2002). "Bouncing Motion of Sphericaw Particwes in Fwuids". Physics of Fwuids. 14 (2): 643–652. doi:10.1063/1.1427920.
- Janssen, L. P. B. M., Warmoeskerken, M. M. C. G., 2006. Transport phenomena data companion. Dewft: VVSD.
- "Soda-Lime (Fwoat) Gwass Materiaw Properties :: MakeItFrom.com". makeitfrom.com.