St. Nicholas of Myra
(Also called NICHOLAS OF BARI).
Bishop of Myra in Lycia; died 6 December, 345 or 352. Though he is one of the most popular saints in the Greek as well as the Latin Church, there is scarcely anything historically certain about him except that he was Bishop of Myra in the fourth century.
Some of the main points in his legend are as follows: He was born at Parara, a city of Lycia in Asia Minor; in his youth he made a pilgrimage to Egypt and Palestine; shortly after his return he became Bishop of Myra; cast into prison during the persecution of Diocletian, he was released after the accession of Constantine, and was present at the Council of Nicaea. In 1087 Italian merchants stole his body at Myra, bringing it to Bari in Italy.
The numerous miracles St. Nicholas is said to have wrought, both before and
after his death, are outgrowths of a long tradition. There is reason to doubt
his presence at Nicaea, since his name is not mentioned in any of the old lists
of bishops that attended this council. His cult in the Greek Church is old and
especially popular in Russia. As early as the sixth century Emperor Justinian I
built a church in his honour at Constantinople, and his name occurs in the
liturgy ascribed to St. Chrysostom. In Italy his cult seems to have begun with
the translation of his relics to Bari, but in Germany it began already under
Otto II, probably because his wife Theophano was a Grecian. Bishop Reginald of
Eichstaedt (d. 991) is known to have written a metric,
Vita S. Nicholai. The
course of centuries has not lessened his popularity. The following places honour
him as patron: Greece, Russia, the Kingdom of Naples, Sicily, Lorraine, the
Diocese of Liège; many cities in Italy, Germany, Austria, and Belgium; Campen in
the Netherlands; Corfu in Greece; Freiburg in Switzerland; and Moscow in Russia.
He is patron of mariners, merchants, bakers, travellers, children, etc. His
representations in art are as various as his alleged miracles. In Germany,
Switzerland, and the Netherlands, they have the custom of making him the secret
purveyor of gifts to children on 6 December, the day on which the Church
celebrates his feast; in the United States and some other countries St. Nicholas
has become identified with Santa Claus who distributes gifts to children on
Christmas eve. His relics are still preserved in the church of San Nicola in
Bari; up to the present day an oily substance, known as Manna di S. Nicola,
which is highly valued for its medicinal powers, is said to flow from them.
The traditional legends of St. Nicholas were first collected and written in Greek by Metaphrastes in the tenth century. They are printed in P.G. 116 sq.
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