Anne Bonny, née Anne Cormac, (born 1698?, near Cork, Ire.—died April 25, 1782?, Charles Towne [now Charleston], S.C., U.S.), Irish American pirate whose brief period of marauding the Caribbean during the 18th century enshrined her in legend as one of the few to have defied the proscription against female pirates.
Most of what is known of Bonny’s life comes from the volume A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates (1724), written by a Capt. Charles Johnson (thought by some scholars to be a pseudonym of English writer Daniel Defoe) and considered highly speculative. Anne was thought to be the illegitimate daughter of Irish lawyer William Cormac and of a maid working in his household. Cormac separated from his wife following the discovery of his infidelity and later assumed custody of Anne. Following his cohabitation with her mother, he lost much of his clientele, and the trio emigrated to Charles Towne (now Charleston, S.C.). Anne’s mother died of typhoid fever when Anne was 13.
Her father betrothed her to a local man, but Anne resisted. Instead, in 1718 she married sailor John Bonny, with whom she traveled to the island of New Providence in the Bahamas. There her husband became an informant for the governor of the Bahamas, privateer Woodes Rogers. Disenchanted by her marriage, she became involved with pirate John (“Calico Jack”) Rackham. He offered to pay her husband to divorce her—a common practice at the time—but John Bonny refused.
In August 1720 Anne Bonny abandoned her husband and assisted Rackham in commandeering the sloop William from Nassau Harbour on New Providence. Along with a dozen others, the pair began pirating merchant vessels along the coast of Jamaica. Rackham’s decision to have Bonny accompany him was highly unusual, as women were considered bad luck aboard ship. He may have been swayed by her fierce disposition: apocryphal stories claimed that she had, in her youth, beaten an attempted rapist so badly that he was hospitalized. Bonny did not conceal her gender from her shipmates, though when pillaging she disguised herself as a man and participated in armed conflict. Accounts differ on when her female compatriot Mary Read joined the crew. Some state that Read—who had served as a mercenary while disguised as a man—was among the original hijackers of the William, while others claim that she was aboard a Dutch merchant ship that Rackham’s crew captured.
The exploits of the crew aboard the William had not gone unnoticed by Rogers, who soon sent privateer Capt. Jonathan Barnet in pursuit. On Nov. 15, 1720, Barnet caught up with the William at Negril Point, Jamaica. Save Bonny and Read, who fiercely battled their pursuers, the corsairs were too inebriated to resist, and the crew was captured and brought to Spanish Town, Jam., for trial. Rackham and the male crew members were immediately found guilty and hung. Bonny and Read were tried on November 28. Though they too were found guilty and sentenced to death, their recently discovered pregnancies won them stays of execution. Read died in prison the next year, but Bonny was released, likely due to her father’s influence. She returned to Charles Towne, where she married, had children, and lived out the remainder of her life.