One of the great things about language—any language, but I’m thinking especially of English—is how badly you can mangle it and still be understood. All spoken language has a certain amount of built-in redundancy, so you can figure out, for example, what would have come at the end of this sentence if I’d bothered to… And the same is true at the level of individual words. If I say “gonna” instead of “going to” or “kinda” instead of “kind of,” you’ll still know exactly what I’m trying to say.
What Isn’t in a Word
When I was studying linguistics, I ran across quite a few terms that refer, in one sense or another, to missing sounds (intentional or otherwise). Here are a few examples:
- contraction: a word formed from two or more other words, as in isn’t from “is not” or it’s from “it has”
- elision: the omission of a sound (or a syllable or even one or more words), often to make pronunciation easier, as in in ‘n’ out from “in and out” or ’cause from “because”
- aphesis: the loss of a vowel sound at the beginning of a word, as in ’bout from “about”
- ellipsis: the omission of words from a phrase that are implied by the context, as in “I like wine better than beer” from “I like wine better than I like beer”
(Surprisingly, I have not been able to find a term that generically refers to any case in which sounds are dropped. I believe there used to be such a term, but it was gradually shortened to the point where it has no sound at all.)
But there’s another linguistic phenomenon I find more interesting than any of these: the blend. A blend is similar to a contraction, except that the component words are mixed in a way that ignores the language’s usual grammatical rules for contractions—and usually, gives greater importance to similar or shared sounds than to meaning. (So a blended word can’t always be linearly deconstructed into morphemes, or meaningful segments.) The most common examples of blends are ones in which the beginning of one word is stuck onto the end of another, as in smog (from “smoke” + “fog”), brunch (from “breakfast” + “lunch”), and motel (from “motor” + “hotel”).
Packing Up Words
Lewis Carroll was particularly fond of blends, and he used them extensively—especially in his poem “Jabberwocky.” In Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, Carroll coined a term for his special variety of blends: portmanteau. Humpty Dumpty says, “Well, slithy means lithe and slimy…You see it’s like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word.” The “portmanteau” Carroll was referring to is a type of suitcase that’s hinged in the middle and opens into two equal parts; it comes from the French word porter (“to carry”) + manteau (“coat”). (The plural—I’m sure you were wondering—is portmanteaux.)
Linguists, meanwhile, did not adopt this usage (since they already had a perfectly good word to describe this phenomenon) but they do use the term in a more restrictive sense. The linguistic sense of portmanteau is a single-morpheme word that substitutes for (and functions grammatically as) two morphemes. The canonical example, coincidentally from French, is the word du (“of the,” masculine singular) which is used instead of de (“of”) + le (“the,” masculine singular).
You may sometimes hear portmanteau words referred to descriptively (if somewhat inelegantly) as frankenwords. Some other well-known examples include chortle (“chuckle” + “snort”), guesstimate, infomercial, edutainment, and televangelist. And even some well-known verbal blunders are cases of portmanteau (misunderestimate, anyone?).
One of my favorite examples is the word intertwingle—a portmanteau of “intertwine” and “intermingle”—which one of my editors uses when she wants to tell me that I’ve written a sentence or paragraph that mixes two concepts that should properly be separated. The great thing about intertwingle is that besides being a portmanteau itself, it describes a higher-level, semantic portmanteau effect.
Many portmanteau words are coined with humorous or ironic intent, and later become absorbed into the language as legitimate entries in the dictionary. If it’s good enough for the digerati, it’s good enough for me. —Joe Kissell
Also see Through the Blender at World Wide Words.
To read some fine original examples of portmanteau, read Lewis Carroll’s Jabberwocky and Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.