Throughout it’s nearly 400-year history, New York City’s demography has been characterized by an ever-changing series of immigration waves, coming from all corners of the globe.
The graphic below shows how these waves of immigration have varied over time. The circles represent each group’s share of New York City’s foreign-born population in the given year.
Hover over the graphic for more information.
Composition of New York City’s foreign-born population by place of origin, 1626-2013Note:
- Census statistics on country of origin are only available as far back as 1850. I estimated the figures for earlier years based on a variety of sources, explained below.
- Prior to 1776, all New York City residents are treated as foreign born.
- Credit to Asif Rahman for his awesome D3 punchcard implementation.
What About the Native Americans?
Native Americans are not included in the chart because their population went to zero as soon as the Dutch bought Manhattan Island in 1626. At that time, and until the five boroughs were consolidated in 1898, New York City included Manhattan only.
However, they did continue to inhabit the lands around Manhattan, and had a quite significant impact on the City’s history.
In 1641, an attempt by the Dutch to solicit taxes from the natives led to a violent conflict known as Kieft’s War, which nearly wiped the Dutch out.
The Dutch ultimately beat the natives, but they were left in a weakened position, one which the British took advantage of in 1664 when they captured New Amsterdam and renamed it New York.
Had it not been for Kieft’s War, the British may have never taken New York. And the history of the New York, and of the country, might have played out very differently.
For 1850 to the present, the information above comes directly from the Census’ dicennial surveys. All of it exists somewhere on the census.gov website, but for anything before about 1990, it is extremely difficult to find and to work with. Fortunately, there are some great resources there that have made this data much more accessible.
- The Univeristy of Minnesota’s IPUMS-USA website allows you to slice and dice the numbers in nearly any fashion imaginable. The University also maintains the National Historical Geographic Information System, which in addition to the raw data provides boundaries in GIS format.
- The University of Virginia’s Historical Census Browser is not quite as comprehensive, but the format of the information is much easier to work with.
For the years prior to 1850, the information available is scarce. Much of the estimates are based on one-off reports by city or state officials and personal accounts of people who lived during the period.
For the 17th century, the best information available comes from New Yorke Considered and Improved, the accounts of John Miller, a Chaplain who lived in New York in the 1690s.
Miller’s breakdown of the population by religion provides a pretty clear picture of New York’s demographics in 1695.
For the earlier part of the century, I looked to various records that list the City’s residents by name, and cross referenced the last names against various surname origin databases. One such list is from the Castello Plan, a 1660 map of lower Manhattan, including the names of property owners.
The map, available as part of the NYPL Historical GIS Project, is itself pretty interesting. Seeing it overlaid on the current map of lower Manhattan shows how much of the land is man-made. Not surprisingly, what is now Water Street used to be part of the East River.
Also clearly visible is the wall at the settlement’s northern border, the current-day location of Wall Street.
For another example, this list, the Dutch who swore allegiance to England after the surrender of New Amsterdam, provides a count of the number of Dutch families in 1664.
Into the 18th century, the information gets pretty spotty.
This list of burials due to a small pox outbreak represents about 7% of the City’s population, so I took it as a representative sample of the population in 1731
There are also several city and state Census surveys that give snapshots of the demographics, such as the 1703 New York City Census.
This 1810 letter, which ranks New York City’s demographic groups in terms of size, comes from Timothy Dwight’s Travels in New-England and New-York. According to his description, “immigrants” from New England, represent roughly two-fifths of the City’s population.
In 1810, the population of Manhattan had nearly tripled in the 27 years since the Revolutionary war ended, mostly due to an influx of migration from New England.
For the later half of the 19th century, national origin information comes directly from the Census Dicennial Surveys.
One ancillary piece from the Census data that I found interesting was the statistics on occupations, many of which I had never heard of. The table below has the full breakdown for New York City in 1850.
A few of my favorites:
- “Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc.” – an estimated 5,802 people
- “Hucksters and peddlers” – 844 people
- “Gentleman” – 316 people
New York City Occupations, 1850
|Laborers (not specified)||19199|
|Clerks in stores||14874|
|Tailors and tailoresses||7173|
|Boot and shoemakers||6646|
|Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc.||5802|
|Carpenters and joiners||5802|
|Traders and dealers (not specified)||5696|
|Other non-occupational response||3587|
|Masons (brick and stone)||3165|
|Traders and dealers in groceries||2954|
|Employees of hotels and restaurants (not clerks)||2848|
|Printers, lithographers, and stereotypers||2321|
|Porters and laborers in stores warehouses||2004|
|Painters and varnishers||2004|
|Ship carpenters, caulkers, riggers, and smiths||2004|
|Hat and cap makers||1899|
|Employees of government (not clerks)||1688|
|Marble and stone cutters||1688|
|Gold and silver workers and jewelers||1582|
|Engineers and firemen||1160|
|Others in manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industries||1160|
|Tinners and tinware makers||1055|
|Barbers and hairdressers||949|
|Musicians (professional) and teachers music||949|
|Physicians and surgeons||949|
|Saloon keepers and bartenders||949|
|Iron and steel works and shops operatives||949|
|Hucksters and peddlers||844|
|Traders and dealers in produce and provisions||844|
|Harness and saddle makers||844|
|Wood turners, carvers, and woodenware makers||844|
|Farmers and planters||633|
|Artists and teachers of art||633|
|Soldiers, sailors, and Marines (Army Navy)||633|
|Bookkeepers and accountants in stores||633|
|Traders and dealers in drugs and medicines||633|
|Bookbinders and finishers||633|
|Broom and brush makers||633|
|Clock and watchmakers and repairers||633|
|Pianoforte makers and tuners||633|
|Bankers and brokers||527|
|Traders and dealers in boots and shoes||527|
|Brass founders and workers||527|
|Plumbers and gasfitters||527|
|Boarding- and lodging-house keepers||422|
|Officials of government||422|
|Traders and dealers in cigars and tobacco||422|
|Traders and dealers in dry foods, fancy foods, and notions||422|
|Gun- and lock-smiths||422|
|Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, and tanners||422|
|Showmen and employees of shows||316|
|Teachers and scientific persons||316|
|Traders and dealers in books stationary||316|
|Traders and dealers in clothing and men's furnishing goods||316|
|Traders and dealers in lumber||316|
|Weighers, gaugers, and measurers||316|
|Blind, door and sash makers||316|
|Builders and contractors (not specified)||316|
|Employees in manufacturing estabs. (not specified)||316|
|Leather case and pocket-book makers||316|
|Sail and awning makers||316|
|Tool and cutlery makers||316|
|Others in professional and services||211|
|Boatmen and watermen||211|
|Milkmen and milkwomen||211|
|Officials and employees of trade and transportation companies (not specified)||211|
|Steamboat men and women||211|
|Stewards and stewardesses||211|
|Traders and dealers in iron, tin, and copperware||211|
|Traders and dealers in liquors and wines||211|
|Traders and dealers in music and musical instruments||211|
|Traders and dealers in oils, paints, and turpentine||211|
|Britannia and japanned ware makers||211|
|Carriage and wagon makers||211|
|Gardeners, nurserymen, and vine-growers||105|
|Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists||105|
|Clerks in government offices||105|
|Collectors and claim agents||105|
|Officers of the Army and Navy||105|
|Watchmen (private) and detectives||105|
|Agents (not specified)||105|
|Clerks and bookkeepers in banks||105|
|Employees of railroad companies||105|
|Salesmen and saleswomen||105|
|Shippers and freighters||105|
|Traders and dealers in coal and wood||105|
|Apprentices to trades||105|
|Bleachers, dyers and scourers||105|
|Candle, soap, and tallow makers||105|
|Fishermen and oystermen||105|
|Meat packers, curers, and picklers||105|
|Milliners, dressmakers, and seamstresses||105|
|Railroad builders and contractors||105|
|Rope and cordage makers||105|
|Trunk, valise, and carpet-bag makers||105|
|Wire makers and workers||105|
If you are interested in the history of New York City, here is a stunning video released by the New York Times last Sunday – a 500 year animated timelapse from the perspective of One World Trade Center.
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